288:(HMI) for the control room of the Super Proton Synchrotron particle accelerator. In a handwritten note dated 11 March 1972, Stumpe presented his proposed solution – a capacitive touch screen with a fixed number of programmable buttons presented on a display. The screen was to consist of a set of capacitors etched into a film of copper on a sheet of glass, each capacitor being constructed so that a nearby flat conductor, such as the surface of a finger, would increase the capacitance by a significant amount. The capacitors were to consist of fine lines etched in copper on a sheet of glass – fine enough (80 μm) and sufficiently far apart (80 μm) to be invisible. In the final device, a simple lacquer coating prevented the fingers from actually touching the capacitors. In the same year,
299:'s Input Research Group were among the earliest to explore the software side of multi-touch input systems. A 1982 system at the University of Toronto used a frosted-glass panel with a camera placed behind the glass. When a finger or several fingers pressed on the glass, the camera would detect the action as one or more black spots on an otherwise white background, allowing it to be registered as an input. Since the size of a dot was dependent on pressure (how hard the person was pressing on the glass), the system was somewhat pressure-sensitive as well. Of note, this system was input only and not able to display graphics.
262:
31:
422:
373:, and in its iPhone announcement Apple even stated it "invented multi touch", however both the function and the term predate the announcement or patent requests, except for the area of capacitive mobile screens, which did not exist before Fingerworks/Apple's technology (Fingerworks filed patents in 2001–2005, subsequent multi-touch refinements were patented by Apple).
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of the time, describing single touch gestures such as rotating knobs, swiping the screen to activate a switch (or a U-shaped gesture for a toggle switch), and touchscreen keyboards (including a study that showed that users could type at 25 words per minute for a touchscreen keyboard compared with 58
321:
had working multi-touch-screen prototypes – both input and graphics – that could respond interactively in response to multiple finger inputs. The Bell Labs system was based on capacitive coupling of fingers, whereas the CMU system was optical. In 1985, the canonical multitouch pinch-to-zoom gesture
242:
IV computer, an infrared terminal used for educational purposes, which employed single-touch points in a 16Ă—16 array user interface. These early touchscreens only registered one point of touch at a time. On-screen keyboards (a well-known feature today) were thus awkward to use, because key-rollover
474:
sensor that is attached to the touch surface. Usually, separate companies make the ASIC and screen that combine into a touch screen; conversely, a touchpad's surface and ASIC are usually manufactured by the same company. There have been large companies in recent years that have expanded into the
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It splits the touch surface away from the screen, so that user fatigue is reduced and the users' hands don't obstruct the display. Instead of placing windows all over the screen, the windowing manager, Con10uum, uses a linear paradigm, with multi-touch used to navigate between and arrange the
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or several other terms by other companies and researchers. Several other similar or related terms attempt to differentiate between whether a device can exactly determine or only approximate the location of different points of contact to further differentiate between the various technological
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or several other terms by other companies and researchers. Several other similar or related terms attempt to differentiate between whether a device can exactly determine or only approximate the location of different points of contact to further differentiate between the various technological
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words per minute for a standard keyboard, with multi-touch hypothesized to improve data entry rate); multi-touch gestures such as selecting a range of a line, connecting objects, and a "tap-click" gesture to select while maintaining location with another finger are also described.
391:(formerly Surface) started development, which interacts with both the user's touch and their electronic devices and became commercial on May 29, 2007. Similarly, in 2001, Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories (MERL) began development of a multi-touch, multi-user system called
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A few companies are focusing on large-scale surface computing rather than personal electronics, either large multi-touch tables or wall surfaces. These systems are generally used by government organizations, museums, and companies as a means of information or exhibit display.
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technology. It functions when a finger or an object touches the surface, causing the light to scatter, the reflection of which is caught with sensors or cameras that send the data to software that dictates response to the touch, depending on the type of reflection measured.
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In 2008, the
Diamondtouch became a commercial product and is also based on capacitance, but able to differentiate between multiple simultaneous users or rather, the chairs in which each user is seated or the floorpad on which the user is standing. In 2007, NORTD labs
1978:
2016:
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Thom-Santelli, J. and Hedge, A. (2005) Effects of a multitouch keyboard on wrist posture, typing performance and comfort. Proceedings of the Human
Factors and Ergonomics Society 49th Annual Meeting, Orlando, Sept. 26-30, HFES, Santa Monica,
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Sears, A., Plaisant, C., Shneiderman, B. (June 1990) A new era for high-precision touchscreens. Advances in Human-Computer
Interaction, vol. 3, Hartson, R. & Hix, D. Eds., Ablex (1992) 1-33 HCIL-90-01, CS-TR-2487, CAR-TR-506.
2019:, Hillis, W. Daniel & Ferren, Bran, "Touch driven method and apparatus to integrate and display multiple image layers forming alternate depictions of same subject matter", published May 25, 2010
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advanced the topic publishing about his multi-touch "Digital Desk", which supported multi-finger and pinching motions. Various companies expanded upon these inventions in the beginning of the twenty-first century.
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Westerman, W., Elias J.G. and A.Hedge (2001) Multi-touch: a new tactile 2-d gesture interface for human-computer interaction
Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 45th Annual Meeting, Vol. 1,
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Dannenberg, R.B., McAvinney, P. and Thomas, M.T. Carnegie-Mellon
University Studio Report. In Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference (Paris, France, October 19–23, 1984). ICMI. pp. 281-286.
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Shanis, J. and Hedge, A. (2003) Comparison of mouse, touchpad and multitouch input technologies. Proceedings of the Human
Factors and Ergonomics Society 47th Annual Meeting, Oct. 13–17, Denver, CO, 746-750.
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In the past few years, several companies have released products that use multi-touch. In an attempt to make the expensive technology more accessible, hobbyists have also published methods of constructing
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Krueger, Myron, W., Gionfriddo, Thomas., &Hinrichsen, Katrin (1985). VIDEOPLACE - An
Artificial Reality, Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’85), 35–40.
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Touch surfaces can also be made pressure-sensitive by the addition of a pressure-sensitive coating that flexes differently depending on how firmly it is pressed, altering the reflection.
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Handheld technologies use a panel that carries an electrical charge. When a finger touches the screen, the touch disrupts the panel's electrical field. The disruption is registered as a
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published a comprehensive discussion of touch-screen based interfaces, though it makes no mention of multiple fingers. In the same year, the video-based Video Place/Video Desk system of
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related to the implementation of multi-touch in user interfaces, however the legitimacy of some patents has been disputed. Apple additionally attempted to register "Multi-touch" as a
366:, a music controller that became in 2005 the first commercial product to feature a proprietary transparent multi-touch screen, allowing direct, ten-finger manipulation on the display.
376:
However, the U.S. Patent and
Trademark office declared that the "pinch-to-zoom" functionality was predicted by U.S. Patent # 7,844,915 relating to gestures on touch screens, filed by
410:
Small-scale touch devices rapidly became commonplace in 2008. The number of touch screen telephones was expected to increase from 200,000 shipped in 2006 to 21 million in 2012.
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signed a non-disclosure agreement to tour CMU's Sensor Frame multi-touch lab. In 1990, Sears et al. published a review of academic research on single and multi-touch touchscreen
2307:
1321:
Kaplow, Roy; Molnar, Michael (1976-01-01). "A computer-terminal, hardware/Software system with enhanced user input capabilities: The enhanced-input terminal system (EITS)".
717:
Years before it was a viable consumer product, popular culture portrayed potential uses of multi-touch technology in the future, including in several installments of the
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Several uses of the term multi-touch resulted from the quick developments in this field, and many companies using the term to market older technology which is called
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The two different uses of the term resulted from the quick developments in this field, and many companies using the term to market older technology which is called
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Mehta, Nimish (1982), A Flexible
Machine Interface, M.A.Sc. Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Toronto supervised by Professor K.C. Smith.
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windows. An area at the right side of the touch screen brings up a global context menu, and a similar strip at the left side brings up application-specific menus.
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travels to the underwater headquarters of Mapple to visit Steve Mobbs, who is shown to be performing multiple multi-touch hand gestures on a large touch wall.
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Multi-touch has been implemented in several different ways, depending on the size and type of interface. The most popular form are mobile devices,
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506:, touchtables and walls. Both touchtables and touch walls project an image through acrylic or glass, and then back-light the image with LEDs.
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1976:, Platzer, Andrew & Herz, Scott, "Application programming interfaces for scrolling operations", published 2010-11-30
352:
1481:
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Multi-touch touchscreen gestures enable predefined motions to interact with the device and software. An increasing number of devices like
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technology predates both multi-touch technology and the personal computer. Early synthesizer and electronic instrument builders like
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1119:
1948:
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Doble, Niels; Gatignon, Lau; HĂĽbner, Kurt; Wilson, Edmund (2017-04-24). "The Super Proton
Synchrotron (SPS): A Tale of Two Lives".
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McAvinney, P. The Sensor Frame - A Gesture-Based Device for the Manipulation of Graphic Objects. Carnegie Mellon University, 1986.
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was influential in development of multi-touch gestures such as pinch-to-zoom, though this system had no touch interaction itself.
128:
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a device similar to the Microsoft Surface was shown. It took up an executive's entire desk and was used to communicate with the
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In May 2015, Apple was granted a patent for a "fusion keyboard", which turns individual physical keys into multi-touch buttons.
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growing multi-touch industry, with systems designed for everything from the casual user to multinational organizations.
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published several studies about this technology. In 2005, Apple acquired Fingerworks and its multi-touch technology.
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developed various multi-touch technologies, including Touchstream keyboards and the iGesture Pad. in the early 2000s
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in 2007. Multi-touch may be used to implement additional functionality, such as pinch to zoom or to activate certain
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Walker, Geoff (August 2012). "A review of technologies for sensing contact location on the surface of a display".
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Exceptions to these were a "cross-wire" multi-touch reconfigurable touchscreen keyboard/display developed at the
2364:– An overview by researcher Bill Buxton of Microsoft Research, formerly at University of Toronto and Xerox PARC.
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1700:
Lee, SK; Buxton, William; Smith, K. C. (1985-01-01). "A multi-touch three dimensional touch-sensitive tablet".
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284:. This technology, allowing an exact location of the different touch points, was used to develop a new type of
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contains a history of pen computing, including touch and gesture technology, from approximately 1917 to 1992.
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experimented with using touch-sensitive capacitance sensors to control the sounds made by their instruments.
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has retailed and distributed numerous products using multi-touch technology, most prominently including its
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2225:
1949:"Touch Screen Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Determining Commands by Applying Heuristics"
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capacitive screen, based on the capacitance touch screens developed in 1972 by Danish electronics engineer
815:, which premiered 2009, makes use of multi-touch surfaces and wall panels as an initiative to go digital.
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Proceedings of the 3rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques - SIGGRAPH '76
749:, Tom Cruise uses a set of gloves that resemble a multi-touch interface to browse through information.
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popularized the term "multi-touch" in 2007 with which it implemented additional functionality, such as
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17:
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An open source community preview of the Con10uum window manager was made available in November, 2009.
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Infrared Grid Technology (opto-matrix) or Digital Waveguide Touch (DWT) or Infrared Optical Waveguide
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516:(gesture) and may be sent to the software, which may then initiate a response to the gesture event.
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respond to touch input rather than traditional stylus input and it is supported by many recent
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in the 1970s. CERN started using multi-touch screens as early as 1976 for the controls of the
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797:, where MI6 uses a touch interface to browse information about the criminal Dominic Greene.
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8:
2278:"10/GUI the human computer interface of the future for people with more than two fingers"
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paradigm. Created in 2009 by R. Clayton Miller, it combines multi-touch input with a new
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Two devices for operator interaction in the central control of the new CERN accelerator
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in 2005, as was inertial scrolling, thus invalidated a key claims of Apple's patent.
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The prototypes of the x-y mutual capacitance multi-touch screens (left) developed at
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Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems - CHI '85
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Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI '83
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2239:"User Interfaces For Simultaneous Group Collaboration Through Multi-Touch Devices"
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758:, another form of a multi-touch computer was seen where the professor, played by
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in the early 1970s and the 16 button capacitive multi-touch screen developed at
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was demonstrated, with coordinated graphics, on CMU's system. In October 1985,
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described a keyboard with variable graphics capable of multi-touch detection.
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Nakatani, L. H., John A Rohrlich; Rohrlich, John A. (1983). "Soft machines".
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762:, has a multi-touch desktop to organize files, based on an early version of
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1973:
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introduced both surface and wall multi-touch displays in its sixth season.
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392:
235:
152:
1882:"Developing the First Commercial Product that Uses Multi-Touch Technology"
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the interface used to control the alien ship features similar technology.
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Future of human/computer interface: Paul McAvinney at TEDxGreenville 2014
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51:
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Knowledge base:Multitouch technologies. Digest author: Gennadi Blindmann
1142:"Multi-touch definition of Multi-touch in the Free Online Encyclopedia"
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323:
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Henriksen, Benjamin; Munch Christensen, Jesper; Stumpe, Jonas (2012).
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with the surface at the same time. The origins of multitouch began at
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and holding down a shift key while typing another were not possible.
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123:. A capacitive touchscreen typically consists of a capacitive touch
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Experiments to find a manufacturing process for an x-y touch screen
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In January 2007, multi-touch technology became mainstream with the
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began building the first touch screens in the late 1960s. In 1972,
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47:
2379:
Annotated bibliography of references to tablet and touch computers
2036:
https://www.usatoday.com/tech/products/2007-06-21-1895245927_x.htm
1993:"US patent office rejects claims of Apple 'pinch to zoom' patent"
1627:
478:
It is now common for laptop manufacturers to include multi-touch
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Touch technologies for large-format applications by Geoff Walker
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capabilities, but they are often used as synonyms in marketing.
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capabilities, but they are often used as synonyms in marketing.
2088:"Apple's Pinch to Zoom Patent Has Been Tentatively Invalidated"
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452:
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370:
124:
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2300:"10/GUI interface looks to redefine the touch-enabled desktop"
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Acoustic and radio-frequency wave-based technologies include:
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have functions that are triggered by multi-touch gestures.
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in the United States—however its request was denied by the
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59:
1294:"Multi-Touch Technology, Applications and Global Markets"
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And we have invented a new technology called Multi-touch
988:"Multi-Touch Technology and the Museum: An Introduction"
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Force-Sensing, Multi-Touch, User Interaction Technology
2034:
Wong, May. 2008. Touch-screen phones poised for growth
1077:"Touchscreen technology basics & a new development"
2461:
Video: Introduction to mTouch Capacitive Touch Sensing
82:. Capacitive multi-touch displays were popularized by
2374:
Annotated bibliography of references to pen computing
1035:
Advanced Series on Directions in High Energy Physics
147:) technology. A more recent alternative approach is
1508:. A joint Fermilab/SLAC publication. Archived from
1110:"Finger Fail: Why Most Touchscreens Miss the Point"
2410:Jeff Han's Multi Touch Screen's chronology archive
2385:Video: Notes on the History of Pen-based Computing
362:In 2004, French start-up JazzMutant developed the
2450:Video: How 3M™ Dispersive Signal Technology Works
2055:
1934:"US patent 7,046,230 "Touch pad handheld device""
1863:"Multi-Touch Systems that I Have Known and Loved"
1316:
1314:
1276:
1274:
470:Multi-touch sensing and processing occurs via an
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2400:Camera-based multi-touch for wall-sized displays
1740:
1561:
1456:The One Device: The Secret History of the iPhone
1187:Gardner, N.; Haeusler, H.; Tomitsch, M. (2010).
1134:
2428:LCD In-Cell Touch by Geoff Walker and Mark Fihn
2362:Multi-Touch Systems that I Have Known and Loved
1500:Stumpe, Bent; Sutton, Christine (1 June 2010).
1011:
787:Multi-touch technology can be seen in the 2008
451:tablet. Additionally, Apple also holds several
387:In 2001, Microsoft's table-top touch platform,
355:, professor of human factors and ergonomics at
27:Touchscreen interactions using multiple fingers
1699:
1483:The evolution of CERN's capacitive touchscreen
1311:
1271:
1222:Journal of the Society for Information Display
1021:. Reed Business Information. pp. 790–791.
1005:
2131:"How It Works: Multitouch Surfaces Explained"
1180:
1087:. CMOS Emerging Technologies Research: 1–13.
54:) to recognize the presence of more than one
2064:"Key Apple Multi-Touch Patent Tech Approved"
2015:
1499:
1443:
1384:The first capacitative touch screens at CERN
1320:
1190:Infostructures: A Transport Research Project
175:to recognize more than one or more than two
167:, multi-touch is technology which enables a
1972:
1606:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2439:Video: Surface Acoustic Wave Touch Screens
1672:
1620:
1352:Beck, Frank; Stumpe, Bent (May 24, 1973).
1351:
1155:
953:
951:
111:Multi-touch is commonly implemented using
1777:Wellner, Pierre. 1991. The Digital Desk.
1524:
461:United States Patent and Trademark Office
2328:Miller, R. Clayton (November 26, 2009).
2297:
2213:Minority Report Touch Interface for Real
2192:"Diffused Illumination (DI) - NUI Group"
2110:"Apple Denied Trademark for Multi-Touch"
2049:"Apple Patent Tips Multi-Touch Keyboard"
1449:
1432:
1107:
420:
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46:is technology that enables a surface (a
29:
2215:. Gizmodo.com. Retrieved on 2013-12-09.
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129:application-specific integrated circuit
14:
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2395:Multi-Touch Interaction Research @ NYU
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2171:
2169:
2107:
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1403:
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1038:. World Scientific. pp. 152–154.
957:
584:Digital Resistive or In-Cell Resistive
94:attached to predefined gestures using
2298:Melanson, Donald (October 15, 2009).
2275:
1879:
1844:"Apple's most important acquisitions"
1489:(Bachelor). University of Copenhagen.
1253:
1251:
1144:. encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com
1081:CMOS Emerging Technologies Conference
593:Optical touch technology is based on
248:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
2368:The Unknown History of Pen Computing
2330:"WPF Con10uum: 10/GUI Software part"
2310:from the original on 19 October 2009
2236:
2108:Golson, Jordan (26 September 2011).
1074:
964:A new principle for x-y touch system
624:Frustrated Total Internal Reflection
2166:
629:Diffused Surface Illumination (DSI)
347:Between 1999 and 2005, the company
24:
2276:Quick, Darren (October 14, 2009).
2226:" Quantum of Solace Multitouch UI"
1888:. SID Information Display Magazine
1860:
1743:"The Untold History of MultiTouch"
1248:
707:
497:
25:
2502:
2355:
2062:Heater, Brian (27 January 2009).
1704:. New York: ACM. pp. 21–25.
1165:. x2computing.com. Archived from
2340:from the original on 9 June 2010
1946:
1635:from the original on 2021-12-14.
1122:from the original on 11 May 2014
1108:Ganapati, Priya (5 March 2010).
806:, Microsoft's Surface was used.
254:in 1972 for the controls of the
2321:
2291:
2269:
2252:
2241:. Purdue University. p. 17
2230:
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2041:
2028:
2009:
1985:
1966:
1940:
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1900:
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1842:Heisler, Yoni (June 25, 2013).
1835:
1825:
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1683:from the original on 2021-12-14
1666:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1614:
1555:
1546:
1493:
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1439:(Bachelor). Aalborg University.
1426:
1397:
1375:
1345:
1286:
1213:
773:In 2007, the television series
617:Rear Diffused Illumination (DI)
463:because it considered the term
416:
342:
1387:, CERN Courrier, 31 March 2010
1101:
1068:
1025:
980:
712:
672:Force-Sensing Touch Technology
258:that were under construction.
13:
1:
1910:"And Boy Have We Patented It"
1602:: CS1 maint: date and year (
941:
875:Gesture-enhanced single-touch
803:The Day the Earth Stood Still
782:
540:Surface Capacitive Technology
527:
201:gesture-enhanced single-touch
158:
104:gesture-enhanced single-touch
2133:. Retrieved January 9, 2010.
567:
317:By 1984, both Bell Labs and
213:
148:
7:
2129:Scientific American. 2008.
2090:. Gizmodo. 20 December 2012
867:
770:which now bear that name).
542:or Near Field Imaging (NFI)
10:
2507:
1044:10.1142/9789814749145_0005
890:Human–computer interaction
766:(not be confused with the
681:
664:Acoustic Pulse Recognition
588:
546:Projected Capacitive Touch
328:human–computer interaction
319:Carnegie Mellon University
208:
72:Carnegie Mellon University
1673:TEDx Talks (2014-06-15),
1436:Man-machine communication
1163:"Glossary - X2 Computing"
849:10/GUI is a proposed new
844:
822:of the television series
654:Bending Wave Touch (BWT)
145:metal–oxide–semiconductor
2237:Garofalo, Frank Joseph.
1433:Petersen, Peter (1983).
1013:Crowley-Milling, Michael
295:In the early 1980s, The
256:Super Proton Synchrotron
149:optical touch technology
133:digital signal processor
80:Super Proton Synchrotron
2405:David Wessel Multitouch
2038:. Retrieved April 2008.
1886:informationdisplay.org/
1880:Guillaume, Largillier.
1794:Pierre Wellner's papers
1075:Kent, Joel (May 2010).
738:Master Control computer
684:Pointing device gesture
658:Dispersive Signal Touch
639:
632:Laser Light Plane (LLP)
533:Capacitive technologies
286:human machine interface
187:or to activate certain
2260:"District 9 - Ship UI"
2162:DIY Multi-touch screen
895:Natural user interface
835:In the 2009, the film
809:The television series
573:Resistive technologies
482:on their laptops, and
437:
269:
131:(ASIC) controller and
35:
2144:"How the iPhone Works
2142:Brandon, John. 2009.
1710:10.1145/317456.317461
1572:10.1145/800045.801573
1362:10.5170/CERN-1973-006
1331:10.1145/563274.563297
1282:"Multitouch Overview"
1015:(29 September 1977).
649:Surface Acoustic Wave
424:
297:University of Toronto
264:
68:University of Toronto
33:
1325:. pp. 116–124.
1259:"What is Multitouch"
935:Touch user interface
678:Multi-touch gestures
602:Optical technologies
389:Microsoft PixelSense
1907:Steve Jobs (2006).
1512:on 16 November 2016
1502:"CERN touch screen"
1407:(6 February 1978),
1193:. Freerange Press.
885:Gesture recognition
726:In the 1982 Disney
613:Infrared technology
405:CUBIT (multi-touch)
403:system offered its
280:, was developed at
193:predefined gestures
179:with the surface.
96:gesture recognition
2421:2013-01-22 at the
2149:2012-10-10 at the
1947:Jobs; et al.
1799:2012-07-18 at the
1741:O'Connell, Kevin.
1566:. pp. 12–15.
1542:(4): 116–17. 1974.
1298:www.prnewswire.com
915:Sketch recognition
880:Lemur Input Device
563:In-cell Capacitive
552:Mutual capacitance
438:
364:Lemur Input Device
357:Cornell University
270:
113:capacitive sensing
36:
34:Multi-touch screen
2196:wiki.nuigroup.com
1532:"Data processing"
1506:Symmetry Magazine
1466:978-1-4735-4254-9
1053:978-981-4749-13-8
994:. 18 October 2015
961:(16 March 1977),
920:Surface Computing
855:windowing manager
812:NCIS: Los Angeles
800:In the 2008 film
794:Quantum of Solace
764:Microsoft Surface
752:In the 2005 film
743:In the 2002 film
702:desktop computers
488:operating systems
177:points of contact
16:(Redirected from
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768:tablet computers
694:tablet computers
580:Analog Resistive
557:Self-capacitance
484:tablet computers
427:virtual keyboard
56:point of contact
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635:In-Cell Optical
609:Optical Imaging
591:
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498:Implementations
447:smartphone and
419:
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143:(complementary
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2356:External links
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2205:
2202:on 2008-10-16.
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2100:
2079:
2054:
2051:. 26 May 2015.
2040:
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1861:Buxton, Bill.
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1459:. Transworld.
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1280:Buxton, Bill.
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524:touchscreens.
514:computer event
499:
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418:
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344:
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336:Pierre Wellner
272:In 1976 a new
215:
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117:mobile devices
115:technology in
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185:pinch to zoom
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19:
2486:Touchscreens
2342:. Retrieved
2323:
2312:. Retrieved
2293:
2282:. Retrieved
2280:. Gizmag.com
2271:
2254:
2243:. Retrieved
2232:
2220:
2208:
2200:the original
2195:
2186:
2157:
2138:
2125:
2114:. Retrieved
2103:
2092:. Retrieved
2082:
2071:. Retrieved
2067:
2057:
2043:
2030:
2011:
2000:. Retrieved
1996:
1987:
1968:
1957:. Retrieved
1953:the original
1942:
1928:
1920:
1914:. Retrieved
1909:
1902:
1890:. Retrieved
1885:
1875:
1866:
1856:
1847:
1837:
1827:
1818:
1808:
1789:
1773:
1761:
1750:. Retrieved
1736:
1701:
1695:
1685:, retrieved
1675:
1668:
1659:
1650:
1641:
1626:
1616:
1563:
1557:
1548:
1539:
1536:CERN Courier
1535:
1526:
1514:. Retrieved
1510:the original
1505:
1495:
1482:
1475:
1455:
1445:
1435:
1428:
1418:, retrieved
1409:
1405:Stumpe, Bent
1399:
1389:, retrieved
1383:
1377:
1366:. Retrieved
1364:. CERN-73-06
1347:
1322:
1302:. Retrieved
1297:
1288:
1262:. Retrieved
1225:
1221:
1215:
1204:. Retrieved
1189:
1182:
1171:. Retrieved
1167:the original
1157:
1146:. Retrieved
1136:
1124:. Retrieved
1113:
1103:
1084:
1080:
1070:
1034:
1027:
1017:
1007:
996:. Retrieved
991:
982:
972:, retrieved
963:
959:Stumpe, Bent
863:
859:
848:
836:
834:
830:Lisa Simpson
825:The Simpsons
823:
817:
810:
808:
801:
799:
792:
786:
774:
772:
753:
751:
744:
742:
731:
725:
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687:
643:
600:
595:image sensor
592:
571:
531:
518:
511:
508:
501:
492:
477:
469:
439:
417:Applications
412:
409:
397:
393:DiamondTouch
386:
375:
368:
361:
346:
343:2000–present
333:
316:
301:
294:
271:
245:
236:Control Data
217:
199:
197:
191:attached to
162:
155:technology.
153:image sensor
110:
102:
100:
43:
37:
2481:Multi-touch
2112:. MacRumors
1516:16 November
818:In a 2008,
723:franchise.
713:Before 2007
690:smartphones
401:open source
378:Bran Ferren
349:Fingerworks
308:Murray Hill
278:Bent Stumpe
228:Robert Moog
220:touchscreen
218:The use of
189:subroutines
173:touchscreen
151:, based on
92:subroutines
52:touchscreen
44:multi-touch
2475:Categories
2344:2010-07-02
2314:2009-10-16
2284:2009-10-14
2245:2012-06-03
2116:2011-09-27
2094:2013-06-12
2073:2011-09-27
2017:US 7724242
2002:2017-11-01
1974:US 7844915
1959:2012-08-27
1916:2010-05-14
1892:26 January
1752:2018-07-15
1687:2017-02-24
1420:2010-05-25
1391:2010-05-25
1368:2020-01-28
1304:2015-11-16
1264:2010-05-30
1206:2014-11-23
1173:2014-11-23
1148:2014-11-23
1126:9 November
998:2020-11-06
974:2010-05-25
942:References
838:District 9
820:an episode
789:James Bond
783:After 2007
776:CSI: Miami
755:The Island
528:Capacitive
353:Alan Hedge
324:Steve Jobs
159:Definition
137:fabricated
18:Multitouch
2068:PCmag.com
1598:cite book
1062:1793-1339
925:Tenori-on
910:Sensacell
905:Reactable
760:Sean Bean
720:Star Trek
604:include:
575:include:
568:Resistive
535:include:
480:touchpads
457:trademark
334:In 1991,
304:Bell Labs
302:In 1983,
214:1960–2000
165:computing
76:Bell Labs
40:computing
2419:Archived
2338:Archived
2334:CodePlex
2308:Archived
2304:Engadget
2147:Archived
1832:646-650.
1813:632-636.
1803:via DBLP
1797:Archived
1681:archived
1633:Archived
1590:12140440
1339:16749393
1242:40545665
1120:Archived
930:Touchpad
868:See also
169:touchpad
48:touchpad
2466:YouTube
2455:YouTube
2444:YouTube
2390:YouTube
2265:YouTube
1997:PCWorld
1783:YouTube
1728:1196331
1628:YouTube
698:laptops
589:Optical
504:tablets
465:generic
453:patents
429:before
209:History
2224:2009.
2023:
1980:
1726:
1716:
1588:
1578:
1463:
1416:, CERN
1337:
1240:
1197:
1091:
1060:
1050:
970:, CERN
845:10/GUI
728:sci-fi
626:(FTIR)
548:(PCT)
445:iPhone
433:on an
371:iPhone
135:(DSP)
125:sensor
88:iPhone
1779:Video
1746:(PDF)
1724:S2CID
1586:S2CID
1487:(PDF)
1414:(PDF)
1335:S2CID
1238:S2CID
1115:Wired
968:(PDF)
791:film
730:film
666:(APR)
660:(DST)
651:(SAW)
441:Apple
431:iOS 7
240:PLATO
181:Apple
139:from
84:Apple
2491:CERN
1894:2018
1714:ISBN
1608:link
1604:link
1576:ISBN
1518:2016
1461:ISBN
1195:ISBN
1128:2019
1089:ISBN
1058:ISSN
1048:ISBN
733:Tron
640:Wave
472:ASIC
449:iPad
435:iPad
380:and
282:CERN
267:CERN
252:CERN
226:and
141:CMOS
119:and
74:and
60:CERN
2464:on
2453:on
2442:on
2388:on
2263:on
1781:on
1706:doi
1568:doi
1358:doi
1327:doi
1230:doi
1040:doi
700:or
611:or
522:DIY
306:at
290:MIT
274:x-y
232:IBM
171:or
163:In
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