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a Lodge social function or open evening. The onus is upon candidates to ask to join; while they may be encouraged to ask, they may not be invited. Once the initial inquiry is made, a formal application may be proposed and seconded or announced in open Lodge and a more or less formal interview usually follows. If the candidate wishes to proceed, references are taken up during a period of notice so that members may enquire into the candidate's suitability and discuss it. Finally, the Lodge takes an officially secret ballot on each application before a candidate is either initiated or rejected. The exact number of adverse ballots ("blackballs") required to reject a candidate varies between
Masonic jurisdictions. As an example, the
1941:
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for example, the Grand Lodge of New York split into two rival factions, each claiming to be the legitimate Grand Lodge. Other Grand Lodges had to choose between them until the schism was healed.) Exclusive
Jurisdiction can be waived when the two overlapping Grand Lodges are themselves in amity and agree to share jurisdiction. For example, since the Grand Lodge of Connecticut is in amity with the Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Connecticut, the principle of Exclusive Jurisdiction does not apply, and other Grand Lodges may recognise both. Likewise, the five distinct kinds of lodges in Germany have nominally united under one Grand Lodge in order to obtain international recognition.
2600:; however, they were increasingly suppressed by the government. According to Ludwick Hass, Freemasonry was officially illegal in Tsarist Russia, but would later be introduced by exiles who returned after the 1905 revolution. These individuals had been active Masons in Paris, where lodges were politically active in the new Radical Party. In Russia, the Freemasons supported constitutional liberalism, and maintained ties with France while simplifying many of the ceremonial rituals. Their secret meetings became a centre of progressive ideals, attracting politicians and activists. The lodges initially supported World War I, promoting close ties with France.
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a systematic creed with its own myths, values and set of rituals. It fostered new codes of conduct – including a communal understanding of liberty and equality inherited from guild sociability – "liberty, fraternity, and equality" Scottish soldiers and
Jacobite Scots brought to the Continent ideals of fraternity which reflected not the local system of Scottish customs but the institutions and ideals originating in the English Revolution against royal absolutism. Freemasonry was particularly prevalent in France – by 1789, there were between 50,000 and 100,000 French Masons, making Freemasonry the most popular of all Enlightenment associations.
1149:
far as practicality and the law permit, and to support a fellow Mason in distress. There is formal instruction as to the duties of a
Freemason, but on the whole, Freemasons are left to explore the craft in the manner they find most satisfying. Some will simply enjoy the dramatics, or the management and administration of the lodge, others will explore the history, ritual and symbolism of the craft, others will focus their involvement on their Lodge's sociopolitical side, perhaps in association with other lodges, while still others will concentrate on the lodge's charitable functions.
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3151:'s Home Mission Board determined that some parts of freemasonry are incompatible with Christianity, while others are compatible, concluding that participation in freemasonry should be considered "a matter of personal conscience". The topic of Freemasonry remains controversial within the convention. James L. Holly, president of Mission and Ministry to Men, published a three volume book series titled "The Southern Baptist Convention and Freemasonry," critiquing the report to the
2390:(CLIPSAS) was set up, which today provides a forum for most of these Grand Lodges and Grand Orients worldwide. Included in the list of over 70 Grand Lodges and Grand Orients are representatives of all three of the above categories, including mixed and women's organisations. The United Grand Lodge of England does not communicate with any of these jurisdictions and expects its allies to follow suit. This creates the distinction between Anglo-American and Continental Freemasonry.
3479:(who was not a Freemason) and explained to him that Freemasonry was a supporter of the law and lawfully constituted authority and was much involved in charitable work. As a result, Freemasonry was specifically exempted from the terms of the Act, provided that each private lodge's Secretary placed with the local "Clerk of the Peace" a list of the members of his lodge once a year. This continued until 1967, when the obligation of the provision was rescinded by
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century and beyond it would be strongly associated with the cause of
Liberalism." In Catholic lands it was anti-clerical and came under heavy attack from the Catholic Church. In the 20th century, it was suppressed by Fascist and Communist regimes. It was especially attractive to royalty, aristocrats and politicians and businessmen, as well as intellectuals, artists and political activists. Davies notes that prominent members included
89:
3203:, appeared to harbour some reservations about Masonic ritual, while being anxious to avoid causing offence to Freemasons inside and outside the Church of England. In 2003 he felt it necessary to apologise to British Freemasons after he said that their beliefs were incompatible with Christianity and that he had barred the appointment of Freemasons to senior posts in his diocese when he was Bishop of Monmouth.
1993:" to signify that these lodges were maintaining older traditions and rejected changes that "modern" Lodges had adopted (historians still use these terms – "Ancients" and "Moderns" – to differentiate the two bodies). These two Grand Lodges vied for supremacy until the Moderns promised to return to the ancient ritual. They united on 27 December 1813 to form the
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purposes, such or in association with some hobby, sport, Masonic research, business, profession, regiment or college. The rank of Master Mason also entitles a
Freemason to explore Masonry further through other degrees, administered separately from the basic Craft or "Blue Lodge" degrees described here, but generally having a similar structure and meetings.
3092:, which states: "... the Church's negative judgment in regard to Masonic association remains unchanged since their principles have always been considered irreconcilable with the doctrine of the Church and therefore membership in them remains forbidden. The faithful who enroll in Masonic associations are in a state of grave sin and may not receive
3195:. In the past, few members of the Church of England would have seen any incongruity in concurrently adhering to Anglican Christianity and practising Freemasonry. In recent decades, however, reservations about Freemasonry have increased within Anglicanism, perhaps due to the increasing prominence of the evangelical wing of the church. The former
3221:. This has been generally affirmed throughout the whole Eastern Orthodox Church. The Orthodox critique of Freemasonry agrees with both the Catholic and Protestant versions: "Freemasonry cannot be at all compatible with Christianity as far as it is a secret organisation, acting and teaching in mystery and secret and deifying rationalism."
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constituted a normative model for society as a whole. This was especially true on the
Continent: when the first lodges began to appear in the 1730s, their embodiment of British values was often seen as threatening by state authorities. For example, the Parisian lodge that met in the mid-1720s was composed of English
2929:) has been defined as "opposition to Freemasonry", but there is no homogeneous anti-Masonic movement. Anti-Masonry consists of widely differing criticisms from diverse (and often incompatible) groups who are hostile to Freemasonry in some form. Critics have included religious groups, political groups, and
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According to Adrian
Lyttelton, in the early 20th century, Freemasonry was an influential but semi-secret force in Italian politics; with a strong presence among professionals and the middle class across Italy, its appeal spread to the leadership of the parliament, public administration, and the army.
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exiles. Furthermore, freemasons all across Europe made reference to the
Enlightenment in general in the 18th century. In French lodges, for example, the line "As the means to be enlightened I search for the enlightened" was a part of their initiation rites. British lodges assigned themselves the duty
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in the 18th century, Freemasons comprised an international network of like-minded men, often meeting in secret in ritualistic programs at their lodges. They promoted the ideals of the
Enlightenment and helped diffuse these values across Britain and France and other places. British Freemasonry offered
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to allow them, in 1899, to form their own grand council, recognised by the other Continental Grand Councils of that Rite. The United Grand Lodge of England issued a statement in 1999 recognising the two women's grand lodges there, The Order of Women Freemasons and The Honourable Fraternity of Ancient
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Jamaica served as an arms depot for the revolutionary forces when two Kingston Freemasons, Wellwood and Maxwell Hyslop, financed the campaigns of Simón Bolívar, the Liberator, to whom six Latin American Republics owe their independence". Bolívar himself was a Mason, enjoying contacts with Brethren in
1285:, the basic membership requirements, tenets and rituals of the craft. Each Grand Lodge sets its own definition of what these landmarks are, and thus what is Regular and what is Irregular (and the definitions do not necessarily agree between Grand Lodges). Essentially, every Grand Lodge will hold that
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Candidates for Freemasonry will usually have met the most active members of the Lodge they are joining before being elected for initiation. The process varies among Grand Lodges, but in modern times interested people often look up a local Lodge through the Internet and will typically be introduced to
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elected, obligated, and invested to preside over a Lodge, is valued as a separate rank with its own secrets and distinctive title and attributes; after each full year in the chair the Master invests his elected successor and becomes a Past Master with privileges in the Lodge and Grand Lodge. In other
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Regular Freemasonry has traditionally not responded to these claims, beyond the often-repeated statement that Freemasonry explicitly adheres to the principle that "Freemasonry is not a religion, nor a substitute for religion. There is no separate 'Masonic deity,' and there is no separate proper name
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Jacob argues that Masonic lodges probably had an effect on society as a whole, for they "reconstituted the polity and established a constitutional form of self-government, complete with constitutions and laws, elections and representatives". In other words, the micro-society set up within the lodges
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to "designate the Lodges on the Continent of Europe which retain many usages which have either been abandoned by, or never were observed in, the Lodges of England, Ireland, and Scotland, as well as the United States of America". Today, it is frequently used to refer to only the Liberal jurisdictions
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The idea of Masonic brotherhood probably descends from a 16th-century legal definition of a "brother" as one who has taken an oath of mutual support to another. Accordingly, Masons swear at each degree to support and protect their brethren unless they have broken the law. In most Lodges, the oath or
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as both Grand Master of the Craft and First Grand Principal of the Royal Arch. The English Knights Templar and Cryptic Masonry share the Mark Grand Lodge offices and staff at Mark Masons Hall. The Ancient and Accepted Rite (similar to the Scottish Rite), requires a member to proclaim the Trinitarian
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Blue Lodges, known as Craft Lodges in the United Kingdom, offer only the three traditional degrees. In most jurisdictions, the rank of past or installed master is also conferred in Blue/Craft Lodges. Master Masons are able to extend their Masonic experience by taking further degrees, in appendant or
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A minimum requirement of every body of Freemasons is that each candidate must be "free and of good reputation". The question of freedom, a standard feudal requirement of mediaeval guilds, is nowadays one of independence: the object is that every Mason should be a proper and responsible person. Thus,
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Most Lodges have some sort of social functions, allowing members, their partners, and non-Masonic guests to meet openly. Often coupled with these events is the discharge of every Mason's and Lodge's collective obligation to contribute to charity. This occurs at many levels, including in annual dues,
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In preparing this work has been about equally Author and Compiler. (p. iii.) ... The teachings of these Readings are not sacramental, so far as they go beyond the realm of Morality into those of other domains of Thought and Truth. The Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite uses the word "Dogma" in its
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by their husbands who were continental masons, which worked three degrees with the same names as the men's but different content. The French officially abandoned the experiment in the early 19th century. Later organisations with a similar aim emerged in the United States but distinguished the names
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being struck out. It is possible that the immediate objections of the United Grand Lodge of England were at least partly motivated by the political tension between France and Britain at the time. The result was the withdrawal of recognition of the Grand Orient of France by the United Grand Lodge of
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by British immigrants who colonized the island for over 300 years. In 1908, there were eleven recorded Masonic lodges, which included three Grand Lodges, two Craft lodges, and two Rose Croix chapters. During slavery, the lodges were open to all "freeborn" men. According to the Jamaican 1834 census,
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Exclusive Jurisdiction is a concept whereby normally only one Grand Lodge will be recognised in any geographical area. If two Grand Lodges claim jurisdiction over the same area, the other Grand Lodges will have to choose between them, and they may not all decide to recognise the same one. (In 1849,
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Freemasonry is viewed with distrust even in some modern democracies. In the UK, Masons working in the justice system, such as judges and police officers, were required to disclose their membership from 1999 to 2009. While a parliamentary inquiry found that there had been no evidence of wrongdoing,
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By the 1980s, such discrimination was a thing of the past. Today most (but not all) U.S. Grand Lodges recognise their Prince Hall counterparts, and the authorities of both traditions are working towards full recognition. The United Grand Lodge of England has no problem with recognising Prince Hall
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During the ceremony of initiation, the candidate is required to undertake an obligation, swearing on the religious volume sacred to his personal faith to do good as a Mason. In the course of three degrees, Masons will promise to keep the secrets of their degree from lower degrees and outsiders, as
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There is much diversity and little consistency in Freemasonry because each Masonic jurisdiction is independent and sets its own rules and procedures while Grand Lodges have limited jurisdiction over their constituent member Lodges, which are ultimately private clubs. The wording of the ritual, the
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Private Lodges form the backbone of Freemasonry, with the sole right to elect their own candidates for initiation as Masons or admission as joining Masons, and sometimes with exclusive rights over residents local to their premises. There are non-local Lodges where Masons meet for wider or narrower
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made by a Bishops Conference in 2003. For its part, Freemasonry has never objected to Catholics joining their fraternity. Those Grand Lodges in amity with the United Grand Lodge of England deny the Church's claims, stating that "Freemasonry does not seek to replace a Mason's religion or provide a
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spread the phenomenon to the English-speaking world. Disagreements over ritual led to the formation of exclusively female bodies of Freemasons in England, which spread to other countries. Meanwhile, the French had re-invented Adoption as an all-female lodge in 1901, only to cast it aside again in
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The status of women in the old guilds and corporations of medieval masons remains uncertain. The principle of "femme sole" allowed a widow to continue the trade of her husband, but its application had wide local variations, such as full membership of a trade body or limited trade by deputation or
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appeared in the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of Louisiana, recognised by the Grand Orient de France, but regarded by the older body as an invasion of their jurisdiction. The new Scottish Rite body admitted Black people. The resolution of the Grand Orient the following year that neither colour,
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Jan A. M. Snoek: "the best way to characterize Freemasonry is in terms of what it is not, rather than what it is". All Freemasons begin their journey in the "craft" by being progressively "initiated", "passed" and "raised" into the three degrees of Craft, or Blue Lodge Masonry. During these three
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and laws that effectively ban the tradition, it does not have a presence in every country. In the spirit of brotherhood and hopefulness, however, Freemasons usually presume that clandestine lodges may nonetheless exist in those countries in which it is banned, even if they may not actually exist.
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The first lodge formed in China was the Amity Lodge which constituted at Canton in 1767. In 1875, District Grand Lodge of China split into two Districts, Northern China, and Hong Kong and South China. During the second world war, All Masonic activity in Hong Kong was brought to a halt due to the
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personal opinion only, and furthermore, an opinion grounded in the attitudes and understandings of late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the US. Notably, his book carries in the preface a form of disclaimer from his own Grand Lodge. No one voice has ever spoken for the whole of Freemasonry.
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is often quoted (in some cases misquoted) by Protestant anti-Masons as an authority for the position of Masonry on these issues. However, Pike, although undoubtedly learned, was not a spokesman for Freemasonry and was also controversial among Freemasons in general. His writings represented his
942:. Once the Craft degrees have been conferred upon a Mason, he is qualified to join various "Concordant bodies" which offer additional degrees. These organisations are usually administered separately from the Grand Lodges who administer the Craft degrees. The extra degrees vary with locality and
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has argued that Freemasonry was a powerful force in Europe, from about 1700 to the twentieth century. It expanded rapidly during the Age of Enlightenment, reaching practically every country in Europe, as well as the European colonies in the New World and Asia. Davies states, "In the nineteenth
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There is no clear mechanism by which these local trade organisations became today's Masonic Lodges. The earliest rituals and passwords known, from operative lodges around the turn of the 17th–18th centuries, show continuity with the rituals developed in the later 18th century by accepted or
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prompted the Grand Orient de France to commission a report by a Protestant pastor, which concluded that, as Freemasonry was not a religion, it should not require a religious belief. The new constitutions read, "Its principles are absolute liberty of conscience and human solidarity", the
1979:, 24 June 1717, when four existing London Lodges met for a joint dinner. Over the next decade, most of the existing Lodges in England joined the new regulatory body, which itself entered a period of self-publicity and expansion. New lodges were created, and the fraternity began to grow.
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or Grand Orient. There is no international, worldwide Grand Lodge that supervises all of Freemasonry; each Grand Lodge is independent, and they do not necessarily recognise each other as being legitimate. Lodges are found around the world and on all populated continents; however due to
1861:, among others. Moral lessons are attributed to each of these tools, although the assignment is by no means consistent. The meaning of the symbolism is taught and explored through ritual, and in lectures and articles by individual Masons who offer their personal insights and opinions.
2200:
in 19th- and early 20th-century North America made it difficult for African Americans to join Lodges outside of Prince Hall jurisdictions. Even if a lodge was willing to entertain non-White applicants, generally only a single anonymous vote could prevent someone from being admitted.
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rituals, the candidate is progressively taught the Masonic symbols, and entrusted with grips or tokens, signs, and words to signify to other Masons which degrees he has taken. The dramatic allegorical ceremonies include explanatory lectures and revolve around the construction of the
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The Rising Sun Lodge No. 1401 is the lodge meeting in Kobe, Japan and under the jurisdiction of District Grand Lodge of Hong Kong and Far East rather than Grand Lodge of Japan. As a result, there are 20 lodges currently under the District Grand Lodge of Hong Kong and Far East.
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1242:, and the brethren of each may visit each other's Lodges and interact Masonically. When two Grand Lodges are not in amity, inter-visitation is not allowed. There are many reasons one Grand Lodge will withhold or withdraw recognition from another, but the two most common are
2123:, administered the oath. This event effectuated the establishment of the Executive Branch of the Federal Government of the United States, which had until then existed only virtually after the US Constitution become operational almost two months earlier, on March 4, 1789.
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were leading Masons, but the significance of freemasonry in the revolution is a topic of debate. Daniel Roche contests freemasonry's claims for egalitarianism, writing that "the real equality of the lodges was elitist", only attracting men of similar social backgrounds.
2175:. When the British military Lodge left North America after the end of the Revolution, those 15 men were given the authority to meet as a Lodge, but not to initiate Masons. In 1784, these individuals obtained a Warrant from the Grand Lodge of England (Moderns) and formed
1122:
each Grand Lodge has a standard minimum age, varying greatly and often subject to dispensation in particular cases. (For example, in England the standard minimum age to join is 18, but university lodges are given dispensations to initiate undergraduates below that age.)
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The Spanish government outlawed Freemasonry in its overseas empire in the mid-18th century, and energetically enforced the ban. Nevertheless, many Freemasons were active in planning and plotting for independence. Leaders with Freemason membership included Grand Master
1877:. The degrees are those of "Entered apprentice", "Fellowcraft" and "Master Mason". While many different versions of these rituals exist, with various lodge layouts and versions of the Hiramic legend, each version is recognizable to any Freemason from any jurisdiction.
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Freemasons, to be regular in all but the participants. While they were not, therefore, recognised as regular, they were part of Freemasonry "in general". The attitude of most regular Anglo-American grand lodges remains that women Freemasons are not legitimate Masons.
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Freemasons were leaders in liberalism and anti-clericalism in 19th and 20th-century Mexico. Members included numerous top leaders. The Freemasons were divided regarding relations with the United States, with a pro-U.S. faction supported by the American ambassador
2387:
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and promoted unification. The Catholic Church was a vigorous opponent of unification, and thus of the Freemasons; various national governments would repeatedly alternate and backpedal between the anticlerical side and the Church side. Politically, they promoted
2233:. From France and England, Freemasonry spread to most of Continental Europe during the course of the 18th century. The Grande Loge de France was formed under the Grand Mastership of the Duke of Clermont, who exercised only nominal authority. His successor, the
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the government believed that Masons' potential loyalties to support fellow Masons should be transparent to the public. The policy of requiring a declaration of masonic membership by applicants for judicial office (judges and magistrates) was ended in 2009 by
3648:, was responsible for "ideological" tasks, by which was meant the creation of antisemitic and anti-Masonic propaganda. While the number of victims is not accurately known, historians estimate that between 80,000 and 200,000 Freemasons were killed under the
2076:, which was particularly well represented in the travelling lodges of the British Army. Many lodges came into existence with no warrant from any Grand Lodge, applying and paying for their authorisation only after they were confident of their own survival.
3442:(UGLE) was opened. Nine lodges under UGLE existed by the 1950s, and a Scottish lodge was formed in 1923. However, the position changed following the revolution, and all lodges were forced to close in 1965. This position was later reinforced under
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on religious and political grounds. The Catholic Church, some Protestant denominations, and certain Islamic countries or entities have expressed opposition to or banned membership in Freemasonry. Opposition to Freemasonry is sometimes rooted in
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of New York. Originally, it was expected that Washington would bring his own Bible upon which to swear his oath of office, and there was some consternation when it turned out that no one had informed Washington to bring one. Thinking quickly,
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that, from the end of the 14th century, regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients. Freemasonry is the oldest fraternity in the world and among the oldest continued organizations in history.
3539:, and state that Freemasonry as an organisation is either bent on world domination or already secretly in control of world politics. Historically Freemasonry has attracted criticism, and suppression from both the politically far right (e.g.,
2191:
Unlike other fraternal orders, there was never any blanket rule against the admission of men based on their race. Each lodge and grand lodge had their own rules, both written and unwritten. A few non-Prince Hall lodges did admit Blacks, with
930:. The candidate of these three degrees is progressively taught the meanings of the symbols of Freemasonry and entrusted with grips, signs, and words to signify to other members that he has been so initiated. The degrees are part allegorical
1129:(although every candidate must interpret this condition in his own way, as all religious discussion is commonly prohibited). In a few cases, the candidate may be required to be of a specific religion. The form of Freemasonry most common in
1004:, elect new members, appoint officers and take their reports, consider correspondence, bills and annual accounts, organise social and charitable events, etc.). In addition to such business, the meeting may perform a ceremony to confer a
2959:
These hoaxes and exposés have often become the basis for criticism of Masonry, often religious or political in nature or are based on suspicion of corrupt conspiracy of some form. The political opposition that arose after the American
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landmarks (its requirements, tenets and rituals) are Regular, and judge other Grand Lodges based on those. If the differences are significant, one Grand Lodge may declare the other "Irregular" and withdraw or withhold recognition.
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In general, Continental Freemasonry is sympathetic to Freemasonry among women, dating from the 1890s when French lodges assisted the emergent co-masonic movement by promoting enough of their members to the 33rd degree of the
2460:
stating that, in regard to transgender women, "A Freemason who after initiation ceases to be a man does not cease to be a Freemason". The guidance also states that transgender men are allowed to apply to become Freemasons.
2385:
The majority of Freemasonry considers the Liberal (Continental) strand to be Irregular, and thus withhold recognition. The Continental lodges, however, did not want to sever masonic ties. In 1961, an umbrella organisation,
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Grand Lodge. (This lodge is not to be confused with the various Grand Lodges in Africa.) As with the rest of U.S. Freemasonry, Prince Hall Freemasonry soon grew and organised on a Grand Lodge system for each state.
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it condemns. It states: "A person who joins an association which plots against the Church is to be punished with a just penalty; one who promotes or takes office in such an association is to be punished with an
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true sense of doctrine, or teaching; and is not dogmatic in the odious sense of that term. Everyone is entirely free to reject and dissent from whatsoever herein may seem to him to be untrue or unsound (p. iv)
1215:
3072:." This named omission of Masonic orders caused both Catholics and Freemasons to believe that the ban on Catholics becoming Freemasons may have been lifted, especially after the perceived liberalisation of
2628:
focused on unification and undermining the power of the Catholic Church. Freemasons took on the challenge of mobilizing the press, encouraging public opinion and the leading political parties in support of
3081:
2352:. In 1913, the United Grand Lodge of England recognised a new Grand Lodge of Regular Freemasons, a Grand Lodge that follows a similar rite to Anglo-American Freemasonry with a mandatory belief in a deity.
1884:. These painted depictions of Masonic themes are exhibited in the lodge according to which degree is being worked and are explained to the candidate to illustrate the legend and symbolism of each degree.
2087:, who was a member of a Virginian lodge, as the first Grand Master, but the idea was short-lived. The various state Grand Lodges did not wish to diminish their own authority by agreeing to such a body.
1849:
Freemasonry describes itself as a "beautiful system of morality, veiled in allegory and illustrated by symbols". The symbolism is mainly, but not exclusively, drawn from the tools of stonemasons – the
3558:(who had initiated the requirement in the 1990s). Straw stated that the rule was considered disproportionate since no impropriety or malpractice had been shown as a result of judges being Freemasons.
3181:" or "alternate" religion and encouraged his church not to support ministers who were Freemasons. Freedom from secret societies is one of the "frees" upon which the Free Methodist Church was founded.
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2678:, and many others. The movement was important after independence was achieved in the 1820s. In Brazil, many prominent men were Freemasons, and they played a leading role in the abolition of slavery.
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in Scotland and Ireland, but completely separate in England. In England, the Royal Arch is closely associated with the Craft, automatically having many Grand Officers in common, including H.R.H the
597:
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during the early twentieth century. Influenced by Rida, Islamic anti-Masons argue that Freemasonry promotes the interests of the Jews around the world and that one of its aims is to destroy the
2582:. It used two Masonic devices: the "civil leadership model", which Freemasonry developed in late 19th century France, and the local Masonic congresses of the Grand Orient of France federations.
1982:
During the course of the 18th century, as aristocrats and artists crowded out the craftsmen originally associated with the organization, Freemasonry became fashionable throughout Europe and the
7305:
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have had high-profile negative attitudes to Masonry, banning or discouraging their members from being Freemasons. The denomination with the longest history of objection to Freemasonry is the
1051:) confined to his new rank. Although these symbols and gestures are nominally secret, they are readily found in public sources, including those published by Masonic organizations themselves.
2140:, the Lodges were open to all Jamaican men of any race. Jamaica also kept close relationships with Masons from other countries. Jamaican Freemasonry historian Jackie Ranston, noted that:
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3692:
in 1948. The badge is now sometimes worn in the coat lapel by Freemasons around the world to remember all who suffered in the name of Freemasonry, especially those during the Nazi era.
1989:
Between 1730 and 1750, the Grand Lodge endorsed several significant changes that some Lodges could not endorse. A rival Grand Lodge was formed on 17 July 1751, which called itself the "
2604:
was an important Masonic activist who came to political power with the overthrow of the tsars, in 1917. The organization collapsed as the Bolsheviks took power and was again outlawed.
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The Persons admitted Members of a Lodge must be good and true Men, free-born, and of mature and discreet Age, no Bondmen, no Women, no immoral or scandalous Men, but of good Report.
2283:, a town already inhabited by a large Italian community. Meanwhile, the French Freemasons publicly organised a local chapter in Alexandria in 1845. During the 19th and 20th century
1345:
is a system of 33 degrees, including the three Blue Lodge degrees administered by a local or national Supreme Council. This system is popular in North America, South America and in
2183:. Thus, separated from both English jurisdiction and any concordantly recognised U.S. Grand Lodge, African Lodge retitled itself as the African Lodge, Number 1 – and became a
1236:. Each Grand Lodge maintains a list of other Grand Lodges that it recognises. When two Grand Lodges recognise and are in Masonic communication with each other, they are said to be
3228:
Christian men, who were discouraged from joining the Freemasons by their Churches or who wanted a more religiocentric society, joined similar fraternal organisations, such as the
2435:
was initiated into Freemasonry in 1882, then resigned to allow her lodge to rejoin their Grand Lodge. Having failed to achieve acceptance from any masonic governing body, she and
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in 1813. However, the two jurisdictions continued in amity, or mutual recognition, until events of the 1860s and 1870s drove a seemingly permanent wedge between them. In 1868 the
2034:. The collector for the port of Pennsylvania, John Moore, wrote of attending lodges there in 1715, two years before the putative formation of the first Grand Lodge in London. The
1929:
of the craft, the duties of its grades, and the manner in which oaths of fidelity are to be taken on joining. The 15th century also sees the first evidence of ceremonial regalia.
1047:. In each of these ceremonies, the candidate must first take the new obligations of the degree, and is then entrusted with secret knowledge including passwords, signs and grips (
8018:
1063:
subscriptions, fundraising events, Lodges and Grand Lodges. Masons and their charities contribute for the relief of need in many fields, such as education, health and old age.
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2201:
Inter-jurisdiction recognition between traditional and Prince Hall U.S. Masonic authorities was also not forthcoming. As demonstrated by the case of the famous black boxer
1186:). There is no single overarching governing body that presides over worldwide Freemasonry; connections between different jurisdictions depend solely on mutual recognition.
1214:
In the United States, there are 51 Grand Lodges (one in each state and the District of Columbia) which together have a total membership of around 875,000 according to the
7380:
9352:
9305:
9010:
7873:
Die Freimaurer-Logen Deutschlands und deren Grosslogen 1737–1985 : Matrikel und Stammbuch; Nachschlagewerk über 248 Jahre Geschichte der Freimaurerei in Deutschland
2948:
There have been many disclosures and exposés dating as far back as the 18th century. These often lack context, may be outdated for various reasons, or could be outright
3561:
Freemasonry is both successful and controversial in France. As of the early 21st century, membership is rising, but reporting of it in popular media is often negative.
9300:
3588:, making it a felony to "promote or acclaim Zionist principles, including Freemasonry, or who associate with Zionist organisations". Professor Andrew Prescott of the
2760:
Japanese invasion. After the 1949, the new China government (Communist) established, some lodges in China moved to Hong Kong or closed due to lack of new candidates.
2500:
to "initiate the unenlightened". Many lodges praised the Grand Architect, the masonic terminology for the divine being who created a scientifically ordered universe.
2324:
race, nor religion could disqualify a man from Masonry prompted the Grand Lodge to withdraw recognition, and it persuaded other American Grand Lodges to do the same.
3949:
2083:, independent U.S. Grand Lodges developed within each state. Some thought was briefly given to organising an overarching "Grand Lodge of the United States," with
3446:; the death penalty was "prescribed" for those who "promote or acclaim Zionist principles, including freemasonry, or who associate with Zionist organisations."
2619:
The two main organisations were the Grand Orient and the Grand Lodge of Italy. They had around 25,000 members in some 500 lodges. Freemasons typically espoused
2149:
On 25 May 2017, Masons around the world celebrated the 300th anniversary of the fraternity. Jamaica hosted one of the regional gatherings for this celebration.
2107:, the Marshal of the Inauguration (and Master of St. John's Lodge), borrowed the Lodge's Bible for use in the ceremony. That bible has been known since as the
1894:, whichever book of divine revelation is appropriate to the religious beliefs of the individual brother (usually the Bible in the Anglo-American tradition). In
310:
7135:
5778:, Presented to Waikato Lodge of Research No 445 at Rotorua, New Zealand, on 9 November 2004, as the annual Verrall Lecture, and subsequently published in the
5536:
7904:
6859:
6836:
2091:
3160:
2424:, the basis for most subsequent constitutions, which specifically excluded women from Freemasonry. As Freemasonry spread, women began to be added to the
7084:
1937:
in Scotland show a continuity from an operative lodge in 1598 to a modern speculative Lodge. It is reputed to be the oldest Masonic Lodge in the world.
8137:
Kantrowitz, Stephen. " 'Intended for the Better Government of Man': The Political History of African American Freemasonry in the Era of Emancipation."
6954:
3525:. However, by this time the lodge was operating independently and irregularly, as the Grand Orient had revoked its charter and expelled Gelli in 1976.
3173:
was a vocal opponent of Freemasonry in the mid 19th century. Roberts opposed the society on moral grounds and stated, "The god of the lodge is not the
2359:
Liberal, also called adogmatic or progressive – Principles of liberty of conscience, and laicity, particularly the separation of the Church and State.
7301:
7260:
2145:
Spain, England, France, and Venezuela until after gaining power in Venezuela, he prohibited all secret societies in 1828 and included the Freemasons.
1000:
is the basic organisational unit of Freemasonry. The Lodge meets regularly and conducts the usual formal business of any small organisation (approve
5699:
2826:
Now, there are 19 (English Constitution) lodges under the District Grand Lodge of Hong Kong and Far East, United Grand Lodge of England and meet at
8895:
8717:
6985:
2205:, if word spread that a mainstream lodge had admitted a Black person, that lodge could potentially face sanction from other discriminatory lodges.
4237:
2637:
to promote a new post-war, universal order based upon the peaceful coexistence of independent and democratic nations. In the early 1920s, many of
6070:
1182:
Grand Lodges and Grand Orients are independent and sovereign bodies that govern Masonry in a given country, state or geographical area (termed a
5722:
4953:
9140:
6875:
6777:
5676:
4856:
3927:
3100:
reaffirmed the ban on Catholics becoming Freemasons stating the « irreconcilability between Catholic doctrine and Freemasonry » in response to
1917:
Since the middle of the 19th century, Masonic historians have sought the origins of the movement in a series of similar documents known as the
4535:
4279:
2907:
2209:
Grand Lodges. While celebrating their heritage as lodges of African Americans, Prince Hall is open to all men regardless of race or religion.
2163:
Prince Hall Freemasonry exists because of the refusal of early American lodges to admit African Americans. In 1775, an African American named
6999:
6894:
2328:
2008:
were formed in 1725 and 1736, respectively, although neither persuaded all of the existing lodges in their countries to join for many years.
834:
5447:
4515:
3681:(the welfare branch of the Nazi party). This coincidence enabled Freemasons to wear the forget-me-not badge as a secret sign of membership.
1059:
jurisdictions, the grade is not recognised, and no inner ceremony conveys new secrets during the installation of a new Master of the Lodge.
8558:
8325:
3240:
for Protestants, although these fraternal organisations have been "organized in part on the style of and use many symbols of Freemasonry".
2968:, which is still in use in America today, both by Masons in referring to their critics and as a self-descriptor by the critics themselves.
1008:
or receive a lecture, which is usually on some aspect of Masonic history or ritual. At the conclusion of the meeting, the Lodge may hold a
373:
1145:, does not require a declaration of belief in any deity and accepts atheists (the cause of the distinction from the rest of Freemasonry).
901:. These private Lodges are usually supervised at the regional level (usually coterminous with a state, province, or national border) by a
7656:
5400:
4053:
1934:
8198:
1082:, or outer guard, outside the door of a working Lodge, who may be paid to secure its privacy. Other offices vary between jurisdictions.
1054:
Another ceremony is the annual installation of the Master of the Lodge and his appointed or elected officers. In some jurisdictions, an
5872:
3728:
3127:
In contrast to Catholic allegations of rationalism and naturalism, Protestant objections are more likely to be based on allegations of
3085:
2179:. When the two English grand lodges united in 1813, all U.S.-based Lodges were stricken from their rolls – largely because of the
1189:
Estimates of the worldwide membership of Freemasonry in the early 21st century ranged from about two million to more than six million.
1078:
are elected or appointed annually. Every Masonic Lodge has a Master, two Wardens, a treasurer and a secretary. There is also always a
4076:
2315:
The ritual form on which the Grand Orient of France was based was abolished in England in the events leading to the formation of the
2024:
6538:
3159:. Gary Leazer published "Fundamentalism and Freemasonry", arguing that the convention's discussion of Freemasonry was influenced by
9116:
8890:
6935:
5268:
2911:
1925:
in about 1425 to the beginning of the 18th century. Alluding to the membership of a lodge of operative masons, they relate it to a
1293:
The most commonly shared rules for Recognition (based on Regularity) are those given by the United Grand Lodge of England in 1929:
8150:
Freemasonry on Both Sides of the Atlantic: Essays concerning the Craft in the British Isles, Europe, the United States, and Mexico
8087:
Freemasonry on Both Sides of the Atlantic: Essays concerning the Craft in the British Isles, Europe, the United States, and Mexico
8038:
7968:
Fozdar, Vahid. " 'That Grand Primeval and Fundamental Religion': The Transformation of Freemasonry into a British Imperial Cult."
7948:
3287:
Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.
2980:
states and organised religions that believe it is in competition with religion or perceive the fraternity's views or practices as
4955:
The Secret Teachings of All Ages: An Encyclopedic Outline of Masonic, Hermetic, Qabbalistic and Rosicrucian Symbolical Philosophy
4338:
3001:
2552:. Steven Bullock notes that in the late 18th century, English lodges were headed by the Prince of Wales, Prussian lodges by king
2095:
411:
7709:
5643:
5511:
8028:
7388:
6958:; T. W. Hugo; Scottish Rite (Masonic order). Supreme Council of the Thirty-Third Degree for the Southern Jurisdiction (1950) .
4922:
3799:
3678:
2444:
1935. The lodges, however, continued to meet, which gave rise, in 1959, to a body of women practising continental Freemasonry.
934:
and part lecture. These three degrees form Craft (or Blue Lodge) Freemasonry, and members of any of these degrees are known as
5382:
2945:(1876–1960), have exclusively criticized "Continental Masonry" while considering "Regular Masonry" an honourable association.
2266:
8926:
8855:
7880:
7762:
7580:
7541:
6645:
6606:
6454:
6206:
5419:
5219:
5039:
5012:
4156:
2578:
of 1789. Avner Halpern has traced French Freemasonry's major role in building France's first modern political party in 1901,
1983:
1865:
1836:
339:
5838:
4482:
2507:
noted that lodges operated separately and Masons politically did not act together as a group. American historians note that
2234:
1933:
speculative Masons, as those members who did not practice the physical craft gradually came to be known. The minutes of the
9347:
5488:
4005:
3946:
2653:; however, Mussolini decided he needed to come to terms with the Catholic Church, in the mid-1920s, outlawing Freemasonry.
2242:
5294:
3671:, Germany. In 1938, a forget-me-not badge, made by the same factory as the Masonic badge, was chosen for the Nazi Party's
4017:
3593:
3532:
3105:
3089:
7280:
5931:
5890:
4031:
2413:
7172:
6759:
6575:
5909:
5601:
4963:
4744:
4302:
2961:
2449:
2409:
approved members of that body. In masonry, the small available evidence points to the less empowered end of the scale.
17:
8596:
8233:(1734), James Anderson, Benjamin Franklin, Paul Royster. Hosted by the Libraries at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln
3501:
890:, that no women be admitted, and that the discussion of religion and politics do not take place within the lodge; and
9198:
8666:
8586:
8267:
7500:
5073:
3838:
3302:
3069:
2108:
2038:
appointed a Provincial Grand Master for North America in 1731, based in Pennsylvania, leading to the creation of the
1674:
827:
246:
2362:
Traditional – Old French ritual with a requirement for a belief in a Supreme Being. (This strand is typified by the
1196:(or sometimes Grand Orients), each of which governs its own Masonic jurisdiction, which consists of subordinate (or
8318:
8113:
Formisano, Ronald P., and Kathleen Smith Kutolowski. "Antimasonry and Masonry: The Genesis of Protest, 1826–1827."
7128:
5759:
5554:
5531:
4699:
3480:
2692:
2591:
2016:
1976:
806:
368:
4719:
Snoek, Jan A. M. (2016). "Part III: The Renaissance and Early Modernity – Freemasonry". In Magee, Glenn A. (ed.).
3600:
was a Zionist plot have been accompanied by suggestions that the attacks were inspired by a masonic world order".
3505:
Lodge in Erlangen, Germany. First meeting after World War II with guests from US, France and Czechoslovakia, 1948.
1224:, the largest jurisdiction in Continental Freemasonry in terms of membership, claims to have over 50,000 members.
1207:(with local organisation into Provincial Grand Lodges possessing a combined membership estimated at 175,000). The
9406:
9261:
8656:
8651:
8641:
7912:
7675:
5619:
4791:
3339:
2938:
2345:
1382:
552:
281:
4561:
2167:, along with 14 other African American men, was initiated into a British military lodge with a warrant from the
8646:
8636:
8606:
8576:
8209:
7047:
5592:
De Poli, Barbara (2019). "Chapter 6: Sufi and Freemasons in the Ottoman Empire 6.1 ʿAbd Al-Qādir Al-Jazāʾirī".
4905:
3689:
3552:
3014:. The objections raised by the Catholic Church are based on the allegation that Masonry teaches a naturalistic
2630:
2556:, and French lodges by royal princes. Emperor Napoleon selected his own brother as the Grand Master of France.
2479:
2344:
Not all French lodges agreed with the new wording. In 1894, lodges favouring the compulsory recognition of the
2230:
2099:
2065:
2035:
1990:
1972:
951:
741:
736:
60:
2704:
1898:
continental Freemasonry, books other than scripture are permissible, a cause of rupture between Grand Lodges.
1297:
The Grand Lodge should be established by an existing regular Grand Lodge, or by at least three regular Lodges.
9241:
9233:
9090:
9040:
9015:
8998:
8548:
8543:
8503:
8468:
8369:
7954:
Berger, Joachim. "The great divide: Transatlantic brothering and masonic internationalism, c. 1870–c. 1930."
3653:
3439:
2457:
2316:
1994:
1561:
1390:
1362:
1268:
1204:
1176:
1111:
681:
582:
401:
261:
221:
7638:
4099:
3688:, the forget-me-not flower was used again as a Masonic emblem in 1948 at the first Annual Convention of the
3490:
by Freemasons and his subsequent disappearance. Reports of the "Morgan Affair", together with opposition to
3403:
Several predominantly Muslim countries have banned Freemasonry within their borders, while others have not.
2700:
1273:
9342:
9337:
9310:
8840:
8770:
8614:
8419:
8388:
7439:
6341:
Miriam Erickson, "Don José Rossi y Rubí and Spanish Freemasonry in the Revolutionary Atlantic, 1785–1798."
3707:
3156:
2058:
1416:
1071:
number of officers present, the layout of the meeting room, etc. varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.
1005:
871:
820:
547:
509:
128:
7937:
7409:
6032:
5209:
4260:
3521:'s leadership, in the late 1970s, P2 became involved in the financial scandals that nearly bankrupted the
2712:
2355:
There are now three strands of Freemasonry in France, which extend into the rest of Continental Europe: –
9401:
9193:
9188:
9183:
9063:
9033:
8820:
8810:
8533:
8457:
8311:
8285:
7000:"Baptists and Freemasonry? Can a Christian be a Faithful Believer and be a Freemason? | Jeff Straub"
5696:
3487:
3460:
In 1799, English Freemasonry almost came to a halt due to Parliamentary proclamation. In the wake of the
3419:, there are District Grand Lodges operating under a warrant from an established Grand Lodge. In 1972, in
3152:
3148:
3054:
2985:
2934:
2775:
For the English Constitution, Provincial or District Grand Lodge name in Hong Kong Changed as following:
2421:
2039:
1373:
1172:
766:
504:
454:
406:
201:
3924:
2136:
that potentially included 5,000 free black men and 40,000 free people of colour (mixed race). After the
9053:
8735:
8696:
8538:
8479:
8094:
Speculative Freemasonry and the Enlightenment: A Study of the Craft in London, Paris, Prague and Vienna
4728:
4234:
3636:
3619:
3514:
3428:
3281:
3244:
3174:
3155:
in addition to the influence of Gary Leazer, then Director of the Interfaith Witness Department of the
2803:
For the Irish Constitution, Provincial or District Grand Lodge name in Hong Kong Changed as following:
2541:
2436:
2417:
2246:
2137:
2116:
1940:
1476:
444:
133:
118:
35:
8058:
Snoek Jan A.M. and Henrik Bogdan. "The History of Freemasonry: An Overview" in Bogdan and Snoek, eds.
5137:
4581:
3596:, antisemitism has gone hand in hand with anti-masonry, so it is not surprising that allegations that
2570:
In the 18th century, liberal French politicians met together in Masonic lodges to develop some of the
9380:
9375:
9020:
8921:
8800:
8795:
8730:
8626:
8108:
Revolutionary brotherhood: Freemasonry and the transformation of the American social order, 1730–1840
7737:, by Christopher Hodapp, Wiley Publishing Inc., Indianapolis, 2005, p. 85, sec. "Hitler and the Nazi"
6475:
5719:
5212:
Revolutionary brotherhood: Freemasonry and the transformation of the American social order, 1730–1840
4190:
3597:
3251:
2748:
1829:
1309:
The Grand Lodge has complete control over the first three degrees and is not subject to another body.
716:
529:
334:
9045:
5673:
5243:
2237:, reconstituted the central body as the Grand Orient de France in 1773. Briefly eclipsed during the
9246:
9111:
9080:
8936:
8911:
8845:
8825:
8780:
8631:
6725:
4979:
4276:
3748:
3476:
3400:, and other similar groups "work in the interest of Zionism and according to its instructions ..."
3276:
3214:
3196:
2487:
1738:
801:
776:
691:
416:
226:
8219:
7754:
7748:
6107:
Margaret C. Jacob, "Polite worlds of Enlightenment", in Martin Fitzpatrick and Peter Jones, eds.
3855:
2744:
2728:
2388:
Centre de Liaison et d'Information des Puissances maçonniques Signataires de l'Appel de Strasbourg
2275:, a number of Italian Freemasons were forced to flee. They secretly set up an approved chapter of
2272:
950:
of Freemasonry, that require an individual to be a Master Mason before they can join (such as the
9256:
9251:
9058:
8993:
8954:
8885:
8863:
8835:
8805:
8790:
8785:
8775:
8765:
8745:
8571:
8508:
5444:
4512:
4335:
3652:. Masonic concentration camp inmates were classified as political prisoners and wore an inverted
3589:
3237:
3233:
3207:
3028:
2537:
2374:
2337:
2158:
2120:
2069:
2005:
1138:
1115:
891:
761:
746:
636:
499:
266:
138:
123:
6234:
Steven C. Bullock, "Initiating the enlightenment?: recent scholarship on European freemasonry."
5210:
Bullock, Steven C.; Institute of Early American History and Culture (Williamsburg, Va.) (1996).
4655:
4481:
Campbell, Donald G.; Committee on Ritual. "The Master Mason; Irregular and Clandestine Lodges".
3773:
3609:
9178:
9160:
9155:
9126:
9085:
9075:
9028:
9003:
8750:
8725:
8591:
8513:
8379:
8343:
7363:
7032:
3585:
3465:
3073:
3059:
3042:
3007:
2579:
2168:
2073:
2046:
2020:
2001:
1907:
1783:
1221:
1208:
1142:
1075:
946:. In addition to these bodies, there are further organizations outside of the more traditional
796:
751:
711:
676:
671:
661:
656:
641:
524:
305:
300:
271:
251:
156:
113:
8023:
Loiselle, Kenneth. "Freemasonry and the Catholic Enlightenment in Eighteenth-Century France."
7533:
7527:
6637:
6631:
6565:
6196:
5951:
5187:, Arrow 1998, Appendix 2, pp. 360–362, "Masonic Field Lodges in Regiments in America", 1775–77
5029:
4050:
3494:(Andrew Jackson was a prominent Mason), helped fuel an Anti-Masonic movement. The short-lived
3380:
1312:
All Lodges shall display a volume of scripture with the square and compasses while in session.
9359:
9271:
9121:
8931:
8877:
8760:
8671:
8661:
8619:
8581:
8414:
8374:
8355:
7786:
7207:
6751:
6598:
6592:
5742:
5520:
Most Worshipful Prince Hall Grand Lodge Free and Accepted Masons Jurisdiction of Pennsylvania
5104:
5065:
5059:
5002:
4620:, "Basic Principles for Grand Lodge Recognition", any year since 1930, page numbers may vary.
3475:
The Grand Masters of both the Moderns and the Antients Grand Lodges called on Prime Minister
3247:
3178:
3166:
2675:
2597:
2565:
2504:
2399:
2363:
2349:
2241:, French Freemasonry continued to grow in the next century, at first under the leadership of
2225:
English Freemasonry spread to France in the 1720s, first as lodges of expatriates and exiled
2176:
1965:
1596:
1332:
947:
894:, which consists of the jurisdictions that have removed some, or all, of these restrictions.
791:
781:
756:
731:
666:
646:
577:
358:
329:
324:
241:
8177:
6380:
Renata Ribeiro Francisco, "Os heróis maçônicos na historiografia da abolição em São Paulo"
4759:
3856:"Fighting the International Conspiracy: The Francoist Persecution of Freemasonry, 1936–1945"
2792:
For the Scottish Constitution, District Grand Lodge name in Hong Kong Changed as following:
2667:
9450:
9429:
9106:
9070:
8916:
8830:
8740:
8601:
8553:
8444:
8236:
8192:
7212:
6567:
Ritual America: Secret Brotherhoods and Their Influence on American Society: A Visual Guide
5154:
3528:
3491:
3486:
Freemasonry in the United States faced political pressure following the 1826 kidnapping of
3397:
2930:
2732:
2663:
2613:
2571:
2300:
2202:
2112:
1890:
1850:
1822:
1700:
1526:
1460:
771:
726:
701:
686:
618:
557:
72:
55:
4073:
8:
8815:
8755:
8399:
7302:"The 'War Against Islam': How a Conspiracy Theory Drove and Shaped the Islamist Movement"
7261:"The 'War Against Islam': How a Conspiracy Theory Drove and Shaped the Islamist Movement"
7079:
7013:
6721:
6542:
6315:
Fulvio Conti, "From Universalism to Nationalism: Italian Freemasonry and the Great War."
3615:
3424:
3229:
3022:. More than 600 Papal pronouncements have been issued against Freemasonry. The first was
2942:
2915:
2769:
2740:
2724:
2720:
2625:
2553:
2307:
and Freemasonry shared close similarities in doctrines, spiritual outlook and mysticism.
2080:
1808:
1763:
1636:
1496:
1491:
1368:
In Britain, separate bodies administer each order. Freemasons are encouraged to join the
967:
786:
721:
706:
696:
651:
519:
514:
474:
166:
161:
31:
8247:
7465:, The Canonbury Papers I (London: Canonbury Masonic Research Centre, 2002), pp. 116–34,
7458:
7235:
6941:
6670:
6422:
Watson Smith, "Influences from the United States on the Mexican Constitution of 1824."
5657:
4811:
4171:
4006:
https://www.shrinersinternational.org/en/news-and-events/news/2022/05/aaonms-ritual-book
3358:(1865–1935) played the crucial role in leading the opposition to Freemasonry across the
1137:), for example, accepts only Christians. At the other end of the spectrum, "Liberal" or
9332:
9266:
9170:
7838:
7572:
7566:
7341:
7188:
6979:
6913:
4850:
3701:
3495:
3385:
3343:
3267:
3217:
and thus, until he repents, the person involved with Freemasonry cannot partake of the
2696:
2601:
2254:
2197:
2111:, and is still in possession of St. John's Lodge No. 1 of the Grand Lodge of New York.
1354:
1346:
494:
489:
396:
211:
6302:
Adrian Lyttelton, "An Old Church and a New State: Italian Anticlericalism 1876–1915."
5319:
4018:
https://museumfreemasonry.org.uk/blog/learn-about-freemasonry-what-freemason-handshake
3498:
was formed, which fielded candidates for the presidential elections of 1828 and 1832.
2478:
Goose and Gridiron, where the Grand Lodge of London and Westminster, later called the
1448:
1436:
8394:
8255:
8242:
7886:
7876:
7801:
7768:
7758:
7713:
7586:
7576:
7547:
7537:
7478:
7168:
7106:
6963:
6819:
6651:
6641:
6612:
6602:
6571:
6450:
6202:
5848:
5597:
5574:
5508:
5225:
5215:
5069:
5035:
5008:
4959:
4901:
4740:
4431:"Jurisdictional Membership Statistics – Masonic Service Association of North America"
3893:
3875:
3834:
3811:
3461:
3367:
3185:
3077:
2736:
2634:
2575:
2549:
2545:
2512:
2508:
2238:
2084:
1960:
put forward the theory that suggested that Freemasonry may have been an outgrowth of
1953:
1870:
1778:
1579:
1536:
1282:
1102:
592:
567:
459:
7319:
6792:
5485:
4930:
4430:
2121:
Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of the State of New York
1085:
Each Masonic Lodge exists and operates according to ancient principles known as the
8251:
8228:
7423:
5775:
5566:
4732:
4597:
4455:
4218:
3867:
3577:
3431:, placed a ban on Freemasonry. Lodge buildings were confiscated by the government.
3210:
3064:
3023:
2638:
2425:
2333:
2321:
Supreme Council of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of the State of Louisiana
1971:
The first Grand Lodge, the Grand Lodge of London and Westminster, later called the
1753:
1748:
1728:
1718:
1400:
1048:
927:
479:
42:
8174:
REHMLAC: Revista de Estudios Históricos de la Masonería Latinoamericana y Caribeña
6094:
Margaret C. Jacob's seminal work on Enlightenment freemasonry, Margaret C. Jacob,
5423:
3984:
3800:"Jews and Freemasonry in the nineteenth century: An overview of current knowledge"
2716:
2708:
2671:
2196:
being one notable Masonic personality of African descent. Nonetheless, widespread
2064:
Other lodges in the colony of Pennsylvania obtained authorisations from the later
9203:
9165:
8982:
8289:
8271:
8213:
7661:
7367:
7284:
6843:
6252:
Living the Enlightenment: Freemasonry & Politics in Eighteenth-Century Europe
6071:"Freemasons to admit women – but only if they first joined as men | UK news"
6036:
5935:
5913:
5726:
5703:
5680:
5623:
5540:
5515:
5492:
5465:
5451:
5363:
5347:
5055:
4795:
4736:
4703:
4565:
4547:
4519:
4342:
4306:
4283:
4241:
4103:
4080:
4057:
4035:
3953:
3931:
3871:
3712:
3673:
3649:
3544:
3517:
in 1877, as a lodge for visiting Masons unable to attend their own lodges. Under
3192:
3047:
3011:
2620:
2432:
1945:
1798:
1695:
1664:
1631:
1425:
1381:
Christian faith, and is administered from Duke Street in London. Conversely, the
1369:
1358:
1079:
587:
216:
206:
8277:
8172:
Jacob, Margaret. "The Radical Enlightenment and Freemasonry: where we are now."
8132:
All Men Free and Brethren: Essays on the History of African American Freemasonry
6096:
Living the Enlightenment: Free masonry and Politics in Eighteenth-Century Europe
5795:
1948:, Suffolk, England, early 20th century, set up for a Holy Royal Arch convocation
8961:
8429:
8347:
8295:
8001:
Living the Enlightenment: Freemasonry and Politics in Eighteenth-Century Europe
6895:"Pastoral guidelines in dealing with individual Catholics – members of Masonry"
5167:
4358:
3723:
3718:
3656:. Hitler believed Freemasons had succumbed to Jews conspiring against Germany.
3581:
3510:
3443:
3328:
3320:
3200:
3093:
2596:
Freemasons had been active in Russia in the 18th century, working to introduce
2533:
2403:
2299:
were members and patrons of Freemasonry. They were also closely allied against
2296:
2284:
2250:
2193:
1961:
1803:
1684:
1328:
1020:
919:
605:
439:
344:
276:
191:
7815:
6837:
Congregation of the Doctrine of the Faith, Declaration on Masonic Associations
6692:
5570:
5088:
4384:
4261:
Jack Buta, "The God Conspiracy, The Politics of Grand Lodge Foreign Relations"
3968:
2229:, and then as distinctively French lodges that still follow the ritual of the
1723:
984:
9444:
9411:
9287:
8452:
8424:
8409:
8404:
8351:
7277:
6862:: Note for the audience with the Holy Father, Vatican City, 13 November 2023.
6263:
Avner Halpern, "Freemasonry and party building in late 19th-Century France."
6239:
5928:
5578:
4488:
4359:"Freemasonry | Definition, History, Stages, Lodges, & Facts | Britannica"
4028:
3879:
3815:
3641:
3101:
3037:
in a letter by the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith 13 November 2023.
2688:
2642:
2520:
2287:, Masonic lodges operated widely across all parts of the empire and numerous
2276:
1926:
1881:
1758:
1584:
1393:
1342:
1168:
1125:
Additionally, most Grand Lodges require a candidate to declare a belief in a
1009:
997:
979:
963:
931:
898:
562:
484:
464:
236:
231:
108:
7890:
7772:
7551:
6967:
6937:
Is it True What They Say About Freemasonry, 2nd edition (revised), chapter 1
6823:
6655:
6616:
5906:
5229:
4299:
2691:
known as the "Yorkinos." According to historian Karen Racine, Freemasons in
2369:
Regular – Standard Anglo-American ritual, mandatory belief in Supreme Being.
2245:, Comte de Grassy-Tilly. A career Army officer, he lived with his family in
1023:
consists of degree ceremonies. Candidates for Freemasonry are progressively
970:, and Freemasons have historically been persecuted by authoritarian states.
9396:
8125:
That Religion in Which All Men Agree : Freemasonry in American Culture
8013:
Jacob, Margaret, and Matthew Crow. "Freemasonry and the Enlightenment." in
7643:
7590:
5844:
3685:
3640:(the Reich Security Main Office) show the persecution of Freemasons during
3565:
3540:
3522:
3455:
3384:, Rashid Rida spread anti-Masonic ideas which would directly influence the
3375:
3359:
3170:
3097:
3034:
2902:
2827:
2440:
2104:
2031:
1743:
1659:
1626:
1404:
1377:
1134:
1097:
958:
943:
907:
863:
610:
391:
256:
8692:
United Grand Lodge of New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory
7816:"Das Vergißmeinnicht-Abzeichen und die Freimaurerei, Die wahre Geschichte"
7504:
6276:
Douglas Smith, "Freemasonry and the public in eighteenth-century Russia."
4409:
3076:. However, the matter was clarified when Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (later
2049:
became a Freemason while working on a commission to resolve boundaries in
1452:
Freemasonry structure showing the symbols associated with the organization
8384:
8264:
6960:
Morals and Dogma of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry
6955:
4814:, from Transactions of the Lodge of Research No. 2429 (Leicester), 2006,
3573:
3518:
3355:
3140:
3112:
2525:
2292:
2180:
2164:
2054:
2050:
1922:
1918:
1880:
In some jurisdictions, the main themes of each degree are illustrated by
1874:
1531:
1516:
1193:
1163:
1130:
902:
572:
469:
449:
103:
8259:
6411:
5776:
Tony Pope, "At a Perpetual Distance: Liberal and Adogmatic Grand Lodges"
4696:
4206:
2217:
1353:, with a similar range, administers three orders of Masonry, namely the
8160:
8142:
8118:
8073:
7973:
5594:
Freemansonry and the Orient: Esotericisms between the East and the West
3555:
3536:
3189:
2953:
2650:
2496:
2280:
2226:
1793:
1788:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1591:
1429:
1306:
Only men can be admitted, and no relationship exists with mixed Lodges.
1300:
A belief in a supreme being and scripture is a condition of membership.
923:
855:
421:
8216:
at the University of Bradford. A database of donated Masonic material.
7747:
Katz (1990). "Jews and Freemasons in Europe". In Israel Gutman (ed.).
7676:"Jack Straw scraps rule saying judges must declare if they are masons"
7414:
Lodges linked to the Grand Lodge of Scotland, retrieved 22 August 2013
5952:
Jeanne Heaslewood, "A Brief History of the Founding of Co-Freemasonry"
5616:
4788:
3006:
Although members of various faiths cite objections, certain Christian
1238:
8265:
The United Grand Lodge of England's Library and Museum of Freemasonry
4789:"Masonic U.S. Recognition of French Grand Lodges in the 20th century"
4724:
4558:
3645:
3468:
banned any meetings of groups that required their members to take an
3371:
3351:
3218:
3132:
3128:
3108:
2981:
2977:
2474:
1773:
1768:
1679:
1641:
1601:
1556:
1541:
1506:
1441:
1350:
883:
196:
8206:
6289:
Ludwik Hass, "The Russian Masonic Movement in the Years 1906–1918."
4536:
Ossian Lang, "History of Freemasonry in the State of New York" (pdf)
3624:
3509:
In Italy, Freemasonry has become linked to a scandal concerning the
886:
be open in a working lodge, that every member professes belief in a
870:
Modern Freemasonry broadly consists of two main recognition groups:
88:
9211:
8439:
8068:
Stevenson, David. "Four Hundred Years of Freemasonry in Scotland."
6933:
6876:"Vatican confirms Catholics still forbidden to join Masonic lodges"
6778:"Vatican confirms Catholics still forbidden to join Masonic lodges"
6041:
Honourable Fraternity of Ancient Freemasons – Freemasonry For Women
5617:
Paul Bessel, "U.S. Recognition of French Grand Lodges in the 1900s"
3660:
3628:
3420:
3412:
3342:, though other criticisms are made, such as linking Freemasonry to
3316:
3136:
3111:, who stated concerns over the growing number of Freemasons in the
3019:
2529:
1964:. The theory had also been postulated in 1803 by German professor;
1733:
1606:
1521:
1386:
989:
363:
295:
50:
8346:
with origins in the United Kingdom in the 18th century, sorted by
8191:
4760:
Mark S. Dwor, "Some thoughts on the history of the Tracing Boards"
914:
The degrees of Freemasonry are the three grades of medieval craft
7987:
Builders of Empire: Freemasons and British Imperialism, 1717–1927
6807:
5985:"The Order of Women Freemasons | Womens Freemasonry | Nationwide"
5138:
Francis Vicente, An Overview of Early Freemasonry in Pennsylvania
4096:
3569:
3416:
3408:
3363:
3347:
3335:
3324:
3213:
officially declared that being a Freemason constitutes an act of
3015:
2646:
2132:
1551:
1501:
1407:
is dominant; a variation of it is also used in parts of Germany.
1001:
30:"Masonic" and "Freemason" redirect here. For the ghost town, see
7865:
Die Freimaurer-Logen Deutschlands und deren Grosslogen 1737–1972
7107:"Freemasonry: Official Statement of the Church of Greece (1933)"
6749:
6406:
Lillian Estelle Fisher, "Early Masonry in Mexico (1806–1828)."
5445:"Prince Hall History Education Class" by Raymond T. Coleman(pdf)
5089:
I. R. Clarke, "The Formation of the Grand Lodge of the Antients"
3046:
explicitly declared that joining Freemasonry entailed automatic
2788:
1963–present, District Grand Lodge of Hong Kong and the Far East
1232:
Relations between Grand Lodges are determined by the concept of
1203:
The largest single jurisdiction, in terms of membership, is the
41:"Freemasons" redirects here. For the house music producers, see
8080:
The First Freemasons. Scotland's Early Lodges and Their Members
7867:(in German) (Second rev. ed.). Bayreuth: Quatuor Coronati.
7710:"World War II Documents showing the persecution of Freemasonry"
6500:
6029:
5628:
Heredom: The Transactions of the Scottish Rite Research Society
5004:
Druidry Handbook: Spiritual Practice Rooted in the Living Earth
3668:
3404:
2989:
2304:
2288:
2172:
1858:
1854:
1690:
1546:
1511:
1338:
other bodies whether or not approved by their own Grand Lodge.
1192:
The fraternity is administratively organised into independent
8303:
2768:
Royal Sussex Lodge No. 501 was the first lodge established in
2633:
of the First World War in 1914–1915. In 1919, they favoured a
5420:"Who is Prince Hall? And other well known Prince Hall Masons"
5401:"English Freemasons To Celebrate Their 300th Year In Jamaica"
5269:"President George Washington's First Inaugural Speech (1789)"
3393:
3389:
2846:
Hong Kong and Far East District Grand Stewards Lodge No. 9879
2171:, having failed to obtain admission from the other lodges in
1421:
915:
879:
875:
859:
7870:
7862:
7463:
The Social Impact of Freemasonry on the Modern Western World
6726:"Letter of 19 April 1985 to U.S. Bishops Concerning Masonry"
5555:"Prolegomena to a study of secret societies in modern Egypt"
5377:
5375:
3323:
in 1748 CE and since that time Freemasonry was equated with
2796:
1905–1958, District Grand Lodge of Hong Kong and South China
2785:
1875–1963, District Grand Lodge of Hong Kong and South China
5596:. Edizioni Ca' Foscari-Digital publishing. pp. 75–86.
4721:
The Cambridge Handbook of Western Mysticism and Esotericism
3469:
3435:
2949:
2641:'s collaborators, especially the leaders in organizing the
1031:. At some later time, in separate ceremonies, they will be
897:
The basic, local organisational unit of Freemasonry is the
874:, which insists that a “volume of sacred law”, such as the
8282:
6756:"From Clement XII to Ratzinger, the Popes and Freemasonry"
5984:
5466:"Prince Hall Masonry Recognition details: Historical Maps"
4672:
4336:"Difficult Questions; Is Freemasonry a Global Conspiracy?"
3411:
have established Grand Lodges, while in countries such as
2816:
1954–1967, Grand Inspector for Hong Kong, China and Malaya
2439:
started a mixed masonic lodge that worked masonic ritual.
7525:
5372:
3667:
in 1926, as a Masonic emblem at the annual convention in
1126:
887:
8684:
8155:
York, Neil L. "Freemasons and the American Revolution."
6683:
Lists many books which perpetuate Masonic ritual hoaxes.
6172:
Neil L. York, "Freemasons and the American Revolution",
3749:"History of Freemasonry | United Grand Lodge of England"
3644:. RSHA Amt VII (Written Records), overseen by Professor
2057:; Philipps founded the first Masonic lodge in Canada at
8044:
Racine, Karen. "Freemasonry" in Michael S. Werner, ed.
7201:
7199:
7197:
6668:
5295:"On this day, government begins under our Constitution"
5091:, Ars Quatuor Coronatorum, vol 79 (1966), pp. 270–273,
4487:. Grand Lodge F.&A.M. of California. Archived from
4480:
4209:, Grande Loge de Luxembourg, retrieved 23 November 2013
3184:
Since the founding of Freemasonry, many Bishops of the
2212:
7657:
Police want judges and MPs to reveal Masonic links too
7035:: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 727.
6393:
Karen Racine, "Freemasonry" in Michael S. Werner, ed.
6354:
Karen Racine, "Freemasonry" in Michael S. Werner, ed.
5352:. Google Books: Jamaica Government. 1908. p. 449.
5342:
5340:
4884:
History of the Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel) No 1
8046:
Encyclopedia of Mexico: History, Society, and Culture
7237:
The Study of Freemasonry as a New Academic Discipline
7072:
6356:
Encyclopedia of Mexico: History, Society, and Culture
6054:
Haunted Chambers: the Lives of Early Women Freemasons
5509:"History of Prince Hall Masonry: What is Freemasonry"
5368:. Google Books: Jamaica Government. 1908. p. 33.
5299:
National Constitution Center – constitutioncenter.org
1873:, and the artistry and death of the chief architect,
7945:
Freemasonry in context: history, ritual, controversy
7897:
7568:
Concise History of Great Nations: History of Germany
7357:
7194:
7048:"Archbishop Fisher – A Godly man and a Brother"
7014:"FREEMASONRY AND THE SOUTHERN BAPTIST CHURCH Part 2"
6669:
de Hoyos, Arturo; S. Brent Morris (18 August 2002).
6009:
5543:, Grand Orient de France, retrieved 12 November 2013
5168:
Werner Hartmann, "History of St. John's Lodge No. 1"
4827:
A. F. A. Woodford, preface to William James Hughan,
3564:
In some countries, anti-Masonry is often related to
2822:
1988–present, Provincial Grand Lodge of the Far East
2053:
and, in 1739, he became provincial Grand Master for
1322:
1227:
7963:
The Craft: How the Freemasons Made the Modern World
7871:Francke, Karl Heinz; Ernst-Günther Geppert (1988).
7863:Francke, Karl Heinz; Ernst-Günther Geppert (1974).
7839:"The Blue Forget-Me-Not: Another Side Of The Story"
5760:"Women in Freemasonry, and Continental Freemasonry"
5648:, Grande Loge de France, retrieved 14 November 2013
5337:
5214:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
4923:"Rosicrucians and Freemasonry | Masonic Dictionary"
3513:lodge (a.k.a. P2). This lodge was chartered by the
3161:
Southern Baptist Convention conservative resurgence
2914:, one of the few Masonic temples that survived the
1303:
Initiates should take their vows on that scripture.
1089:, which elude any universally accepted definition.
9199:Order of Royal and Select Masters (Anglo-European)
7440:Kent Henderson, "Freemasonry in Islamic Countries"
6563:
6161:The Age of the Democratic Revolution: The struggle
3243:There are some elements of Freemasonry within the
2813:1947–1954, Grand Inspector for Hong Kong and China
2799:1958–present, District Grand Lodge of the Far East
6808:"Roman Catholic Church Law Regarding Freemasonry"
5891:Barbara L. Thames, "A History of Women's Masonry"
4178:, from address of 2011, retrieved 8 November 2013
4016:UGLE museum website with picture of secret grip:
3438:as early as 1917, when the first lodge under the
3063:did not explicitly name Masonic orders among the
2952:on the part of the author, as in the case of the
2260:
1318:"Ancient landmarks, customs and usages" observed.
957:Throughout its history, Freemasonry has received
9442:
7073:Hastings, Chris; Elizabeth Day (20 April 2003).
5830:
5658:Alain Bernheim, "My approach to Masonic History"
4712:
4172:Alain Bernheim, "My Approach to Masonic History"
8248:A Legislative Investigation into Masonry (1832)
7994:Freemasonry and German Civil Society, 1840–1918
7673:
7532:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. p.
7360:District Grand Lodge of the Eastern Archipelago
5383:"Charting The History Of Freemasons In Jamaica"
5324:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
5054:
2995:
2855:Paul Chater Lodge of Installed Masters No. 5391
1315:There is no discussion of politics or religion.
8008:The Origins of Freemasonry: Facts and Fictions
7633:
7631:
7158:
7156:
6846:, 26 November 1983, retrieved 26 November 2015
4900:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–44.
2090:On April 30, 1789, George Washington took his
1281:Regularity is a concept based on adherence to
1114:only requires a single "blackball", while the
8319:
7459:Andrew Prescott, "The Unlawful Societies Act"
6564:Heimbichner, S. Craig; Parfrey, Adam (2012).
6194:
5837:Anderson, James (1734) . Paul Royster (ed.).
2469:
2329:Lausanne Congress of Supreme Councils of 1875
1830:
828:
8559:Grand Landlodge of the Freemasons of Germany
8166:
8055:(1999), wide-ranging global popular history.
7617:
7615:
7613:
7461:, First published in M. D. J. Scanlan, ed.,
7299:
7258:
7191:", Pietre-Stones Review of Freemasonry, 1996
7121:
6984:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6934:Arturo de Hoyos and S. Brent Morris (2004).
6795:. Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon.
6793:"Canon Law regarding Freemasonry, 1917–1983"
6720:
6068:
4812:Andrew Prescott, "The Old Charges Revisited"
4410:"About Grand Lodge | Grand Lodge of Ireland"
4385:"Who we are | United Grand Lodge of England"
4139:
4137:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4129:
3798:Schreiber, Jean-Philippe (9 November 2010).
2464:
2291:shared a close relationship with them. Many
2249:from 1793 to the early 1800s, after leaving
1216:Masonic Service Association of North America
1211:claims it has approximately 19,000 members.
374:International Order of the Rainbow for Girls
7980:The Craft: A History of English Freemasonry
7628:
7526:Wilkenson, James; H. Stuart Hughes (1995).
7454:
7452:
7153:
6673:. Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon
6526:Oxford English Dictionary (Compact Edition)
6447:The Craft: a history of English freemasonry
5961:
5942:, retrieved 5 March 2013. (French Language)
4840:
4604:, by Kent Henderson & Tony Pope, 1998,
4582:"Regularity in Freemasonry and its Meaning"
4223:Grand Lodge of British Columbia & Yukon
3388:and subsequent Islamist movements, such as
3338:anti-Masonic arguments are closely tied to
2819:1967–1988, Grand Inspector for the Far East
2429:of the degrees from those of male masonry.
2341:England, a situation that continues today.
2303:. Many Ottoman intellectuals believed that
2030:The earliest known American lodges were in
8326:
8312:
8296:The International Order of Co-Freemasonry
7728:
7571:. New York: Leon Amiel Publisher. p.
6784:
6709:The Complete Idiot's Guide to Freemasonry,
5886:
5884:
4855:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4322:(editors) John Hamill and Robert Gilbert,
4150:
4119:(editors) John Hamill and Robert Gilbert,
3729:Freemasonry under the Second French Empire
3531:have long associated Freemasonry with the
3346:(the false Messiah in Islamic Scripture).
3086:Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
3018:religion which is in conflict with Church
2779:1847–1866, Provincial Grand Lodge of China
2422:first printed constitutions for Freemasons
2152:
1837:
1823:
835:
821:
8096:(Columbia University Press, 1993) 243 pp.
7938:Freemasonry in France § Bibliography
7875:(in German). Bayreuth: Quatuor Coronati.
7610:
7487:Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon
7075:"Rowan Williams apologises to Freemasons"
7045:
6905:
6599:85 (also discussed in chapters 13 and 16)
6594:The Complete Idiot's Guide to Freemasonry
6064:
6062:
5827:, Blackwood, Edinburgh, 1873, pp. 121–123
5552:
5093:Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon
5061:The Complete Idiot's Guide to Freemasonry
5031:Casanova: The World of a Seductive Genius
4895:
4764:Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon
4656:J S M Ward, "The Higher Degrees Handbook"
4126:
4063:, 3 March 2013, retrieved 2 November 2013
4051:"Maçon célèbre : le Maître Installé"
3973:Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon
3957:Provincial Grand Lodge of East Lancashire
3920:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3828:
3797:
3663:flower was first used by the Grand Lodge
3303:Learn how and when to remove this message
3053:In 1983, the Church issued a new code of
2976:Freemasonry has attracted criticism from
2941:. Certain prominent Anti-Masons, such as
2119:of the State of New York, also the first
2025:Old Burying Ground (Halifax, Nova Scotia)
2023:, first Freemason in present-day Canada,
1253:
1027:into Freemasonry, first in the degree of
1016:, sometimes involving toasting and song.
7905:"The Story Behind Forget Me Not Emblem!"
7836:
7712:. Mill Valley Lodge #356. Archived from
7449:
7300:Rickenbacher, Daniel (6 December 2019).
7259:Rickenbacher, Daniel (6 December 2019).
6940:. M. Evans & Company. Archived from
6805:
6790:Canon 2335, 1917 Code of Canon Law from
6629:
6623:
5836:
5814:, Mandarin paperbacks, 1989, pp. 108–109
5027:
3833:. Oxford University Press. p. 105.
3715: – Fraternity organized as an order
3623:
3592:writes: "Since at least the time of the
3500:
3257:
3050:and banned books favouring Freemasonry.
2912:Masonic Temple of Santa Cruz de Tenerife
2906:
2858:Perseverance Lodge of Hong Kong No. 1165
2782:1866–1875, District Grand Lodge of China
2473:
2393:
2382:typified by the Grand Orient de France.
2216:
2015:
1939:
1935:Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel) No. 1
1447:
1435:
1420:
1272:
1167:
1096:
983:
926:or Fellow (now called Fellowcraft), and
49:
9099:
7227:
7167:. Transaction Publishers. p. 113.
6962:. Washington, DC: House of the Temple.
6812:Transactions of Texas Lodge of Research
6528:, Oxford University Press, 1979, p. 369
5881:
5766:, June 2009, retrieved 30 November 2013
5591:
5417:
4598:Tony Pope, "Regularity and Recognition"
4256:
4254:
4186:
4184:
4085:Provincial Grand Lodge of Hertfordshire
3449:
3177:." Roberts believed Freemasonry was a "
3002:Christian attitudes towards Freemasonry
2971:
2126:
1410:
412:Christian attitudes towards Freemasonry
14:
9443:
9227:Holy Royal Arch Knight Templar Priests
8035:Freemasonry: a very short introduction
7564:
7181:
7162:
7026:
6911:
6870:
6868:
6799:
6590:
6470:
6468:
6466:
6444:
6098:(Oxford University Press, 1991) p. 49.
6059:
5155:"History of Freemasons in Nova Scotia"
5082:
4300:"Who are Masons, and what do they do?"
3911:
3831:Freemasonry: A Very Short Introduction
3829:Önnerfors, Andreas (24 January 2017).
2984:; it has also long been the target of
2882:University Lodge of Hong Kong No. 3666
2456:In 2018, guidance was released by the
1432:dressed in full Masonic attire in 1925
1389:organization that requires members be
858:that trace their origins to the local
8307:
7837:Bernheim, Alain (10 September 2004).
7430:(News site), retrieved 3 January 2012
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7205:
7165:Northern Ireland: Society Under Siege
6892:
6766:from the original on 9 December 2023.
5782:of the lodge, vol 14 #1, March 2005,
5105:H. L. Haywood, "Various Grand Lodges"
5000:
4829:The Old Charges of British Freemasons
4718:
3543:) and the far left (e.g., the former
2852:Lodge Star of Southern China No. 2013
2519:In long-term historical perspective,
2253:, now Haiti, during the years of the
992:, set out for French (Moderns) ritual
340:Prince Hall Order of the Eastern Star
9276:Sovereign Order of Knights Preceptor
8230:The Constitutions of the Free-Masons
7746:
7498:
7308:from the original on 18 August 2021.
7267:from the original on 18 August 2021.
7233:
7141:from the original on 5 November 2013
6541:. Webster Dictionary. Archived from
6358:(Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997) 1:538–540.
5840:The Constitutions of the Free-Masons
5823:for example, see David Murray Lyon,
5747:Mackey's Encyclopedia of Freemasonry
4951:
4251:
4181:
3853:
3261:
2885:Victoria Lodge of Hong Kong No. 1026
2870:St Joseph's & La Salle No. 10050
2861:Rotarian Lodge of Hong Kong No. 9378
2243:Alexandre Francois Auguste de Grasse
2213:Emergence of Continental Freemasonry
9230:Knights of the York Cross of Honour
8278:Articles on Judaism and Freemasonry
8224:Pietre-Stones Review of Freemasonry
8048:(Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997) 1:538–540.
7843:Pietre-Stones Review of Freemasonry
7799:
7674:Sparrow, Andrew (5 November 2009).
7639:MPs told to declare links to Masons
7625:. Indianapolis: Wiley, 2005. p. 86.
7424:Peerzada Salman, "Masonic Mystique"
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6865:
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6463:
5634:website, retrieved 12 November 2013
5244:"George Washington Inaugural Bible"
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4608:website, retrieved 25 November 2013
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3679:National Socialist People's Welfare
3610:Holocaust victims § Freemasons
3090:Declaration on Masonic Associations
3033:28 April 1738; the most recent was
2807:1933–1938, District Grand Inspector
24:
8292:– Edward L. King's Masonic website
8141:96#4, (2010), pp. 1001–1026.
7931:
7911:. 11 December 2009. Archived from
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7342:"Freemasonry in the Islamic World"
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5174:, 2012, retrieved 16 November 2013
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4572:, 1998, retrieved 25 November 2013
4526:, 2007, retrieved 25 November 2013
4228:
3978:
3677:, the annual charity drive of the
3572:. For example, in 1980, the Iraqi
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1944:View of room at the Masonic Hall,
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25:
9462:
8184:
8072:90#230 (2011), pp. 280–295.
7750:The Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
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6408:Southwestern Historical Quarterly
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4920:
4766:, 1999, retrieved 7 November 2013
3995:website, retrieved 9 January 2014
3969:"Gentlemen, please be upstanding"
3962:
3940:
3860:Politics, Religion & Ideology
3392:. In article 28 of its Covenant,
3115:. The renewed ban cited both the
2988:that assert Freemasonry to be an
2933:, in particular, those espousing
2837:Corinthian Lodge of Amoy No. 1806
2645:, were Masons. The lodges hailed
2138:full abolition of slavery in 1838
2109:George Washington Inaugural Bible
1323:Other degrees, orders, and bodies
1277:Freemasons' Hall, London, c. 1809
1228:Recognition, amity and regularity
247:Order of Royal and Select Masters
9425:
9424:
9166:Holy Royal Arch (Anglo-European)
8451:
8438:
8100:
8037:(Oxford University Press, 2017)
8017:(Brill, 2014) pp. 100–116.
8010:(U of Pennsylvania Press, 2007).
7856:
7830:
7808:
7793:
7779:
7740:
7702:
7693:
7667:
7649:
7637:Bright, Martin (12 June 2005). "
7597:
7558:
7519:
7492:
7472:
7433:
7417:
7403:
7373:
7351:
7334:
7312:
7293:
7290:, 2007, retrieved 8 January 2014
7271:
7252:
7189:Freemasonry in the Islamic World
7099:
7066:
7039:
7020:
7006:
6992:
6948:
6927:
6886:
6849:
6830:
6770:
6743:
6714:
6701:
6686:
6662:
6584:
6557:
6531:
6518:
6493:
6449:. Wellingborough, GB: Crucible.
6438:
6429:
6416:
6400:
6387:
6374:
6361:
6348:
6335:
6322:
6309:
6296:
6283:
6270:
6265:Modern & Contemporary France
6257:
6244:
6228:
6215:
6188:
6179:
6166:
6153:
6140:
6127:
6114:
6101:
6088:
6056:, Cornerstone, 2009, pp. 204–205
6046:
6023:
6002:
5977:
5945:
5922:
5900:
5866:
4484:Handbook for Candidate's Coaches
3947:"Materials: Papers and Speakers"
3603:
3266:
3188:have been Freemasons, including
2964:" in 1826 gave rise to the term
2656:
2592:History of Freemasonry in Russia
2011:
1853:, the level and plumb rule, the
1475:
973:
87:
27:Group of fraternal organizations
9407:Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory
8333:
8159:55#2 (1993), pp. 315–330.
7972:22#3 (2011), pp. 493–525.
7387:. 17 April 2005. Archived from
7208:"Saddam to be formally charged"
5877:Mackey's Lexicon of Freemasonry
5817:
5804:
5789:
5769:
5752:
5736:
5713:
5690:
5667:
5651:
5637:
5610:
5585:
5546:
5533:Histoire de la Franc-maçonnerie
5525:
5502:
5479:
5457:
5438:
5411:
5393:
5356:
5312:
5287:
5261:
5236:
5190:
5177:
5161:
5147:
5131:
5118:
5098:
5064:. Alpha/Penguin Books. p.
5048:
5021:
4994:
4982:. United Grand Lodge of England
4972:
4945:
4914:
4889:
4876:
4863:
4845:. Manchester. pp. 341–342.
4834:
4821:
4805:
4782:
4769:
4753:
4690:
4665:
4649:
4636:
4623:
4591:
4575:
4552:
4529:
4506:
4474:
4448:
4423:
4402:
4377:
4351:
4329:
4326:, Angus, 2004, Glossary, p. 247
4316:
4293:
4270:
4212:
4200:
4165:
4113:
4090:
4074:"Introduction into Freemasonry"
4066:
4044:
4022:
4010:
3998:
3594:Protocols of the Elders of Zion
3340:antisemitic conspiracy theories
3331:and the broader Islamic world.
2939:Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory
2896:
2772:of Hong Kong on 29 April 1844.
2346:Great Architect of the Universe
2221:Masonic initiation, Paris, 1745
1383:Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia
1157:
1152:
553:Great Architect of the Universe
8148:Weisberger, R. William et al.
8062:(Brill, 2014) ch. 2 pp 13–32.
7529:Contemporary Europe: A History
7206:Sands, David R (1 July 2004).
7046:Beresiner, Yasha (July 2006).
6860:Dicasterium Pro Doctrina Fidei
6636:. New York: M. Evans. p.
6480:www.freemasons-freemasonry.com
6111:(Routledge, 2004) pp. 272–287.
6010:"HFAF | Freemasonry for Women"
5172:St. John's Lodge No. 1, A.Y.M.
5128:, Rider 2006, Chapter 1, p. 17
4873:, Rider 2006, Chapter 4, p. 53
4277:"Social events and activities"
4207:"Comment devenir franc-maçon?"
3971:Toasts for the festive board,
3886:
3847:
3822:
3791:
3766:
3741:
3690:United Grand Lodges of Germany
3057:. Unlike its predecessor, the
2267:Freemasonry in the Middle East
2261:Freemasonry in the Middle East
2066:Antient Grand Lodge of England
1991:Antient Grand Lodge of England
1866:scholar of Western esotericism
1440:Example of Masonic symbols in
952:Rosicrucian Society of England
13:
1:
9242:Order of Saint Thomas of Acon
9171:Royal Arch Masonry (American)
8549:Norwegian Order of Freemasons
8544:Icelandic Order of Freemasons
8504:United Grand Lodge of England
8238:The Mysteries of Free Masonry
8127:(U of California Press, 2015)
8085:Weisberger, R. William et al.
7485:– Vol. XI, March 1933 No. 3,
7278:"Can a Muslim be a Freemason"
5929:"Maria Deraismes (1828–1894)"
5198:Cracking the Freemason's Code
5126:Cracking the Freemason's Code
4871:Cracking the Freemason's Code
4777:Cracking the Freemason's Code
4631:Cracking the Freemason's Code
4513:Jim Bantolo, "On Recognition"
4147:, Arcturus, 2005, pp. 101–120
3935:United Grand Lodge of England
3734:
3634:The preserved records of the
3440:United Grand Lodge of England
3225:for a deity in Freemasonry."
2879:United Service Lodge No. 1341
2649:as the saviour of Italy from
2631:Italy's joining of the Allies
2503:On the other hand, historian
2458:United Grand Lodge of England
2317:United Grand Lodge of England
1995:United Grand Lodge of England
1701:List of magical organizations
1391:United Grand Lodge of England
1269:Regular Masonic jurisdictions
1262:
1205:United Grand Lodge of England
1177:United Grand Lodge of England
1112:United Grand Lodge of England
583:List of Masonic Abbreviations
402:Grand Anti-Masonic Exhibition
262:Order of Saint Thomas of Acon
9311:Supreme Council of Louisiana
8283:Anti-Masonry: Points of View
7996:(U of Michigan Press, 2007).
7818:(in German). Internetloge.de
7699:Prescott, pp. 13–14, 30, 33.
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5630:, vol 5, 1996, pp. 221–244,
5320:"Today in History - March 4"
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3925:"Frequently Asked Questions"
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3708:List of general fraternities
3319:outlawed Freemasonry in the
3157:North American Mission Board
2996:Christianity and Freemasonry
2763:
2131:Freemasonry was imported to
2059:Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia
1958:Rosicrucians and Freemasonry
1417:Masonic ritual and symbolism
548:Masonic ritual and symbolism
129:Regular Masonic jurisdiction
7:
9279:York Rite Sovereign College
9252:Reformed and Rectified Rite
9194:Order of the Secret Monitor
9184:Order of Mark Master Masons
8534:Swedish Order of Freemasons
8139:Journal of American History
8070:Scottish Historical Review,
7985:Harland-Jacobs, Jessica L.
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4225:, Accessed 19 November 2013
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3153:Southern Baptist Convention
3149:Southern Baptist Convention
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2705:Antonio López de Santa Anna
2379:Encyclopedia of Freemasonry
2040:Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania
1101:Print from 1870 portraying
407:Masonic conspiracy theories
351:Masonic youth organizations
202:Order of Mark Master Masons
10:
9467:
9204:Cryptic Masonry (American)
8697:Grand Lodge of New Zealand
8539:Danish Order of Freemasons
8241:, by William Morgan, from
7935:
7607:, Arcturus, 2005, pp 73–75
7489:, retrieved 4 January 2014
7446:, retrieved 4 January 2014
7370:, retrieved 9 January 2014
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6384:(2020), 13#34 pp. 271–302.
6382:História da Historiografia
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4898:The Origins of Freemasonry
4729:Cambridge University Press
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4195:Masonic Lodge of Education
3854:Ruiz, Julius (June 2011).
3620:Suppression of Freemasonry
3613:
3607:
3453:
3434:Masonic lodges existed in
3429:Prime Minister of Pakistan
2999:
2900:
2864:Royal Sussex Lodge No. 501
2810:1938–1947, Grand Inspector
2611:
2589:
2563:
2542:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
2470:18th century Enlightenment
2397:
2377:was used in Mackey's 1873
2264:
2247:Charleston, South Carolina
2156:
2098:upon a bible belonging to
1912:
1905:
1901:
1414:
1326:
1266:
1161:
977:
134:Anglo-American Freemasonry
40:
36:Freemason (disambiguation)
29:
9420:
9389:
9368:
9325:
9286:
9238:Masonic Order of the Bath
9220:
9189:Order of the Scarlet Cord
9148:
9139:
8975:
8953:
8904:
8891:Newfoundland and Labrador
8876:
8854:
8716:
8709:
8685:Australia and New Zealand
8526:
8496:
8489:
8478:
8464:headquarters (1775/1933-)
8436:
8362:
8341:
8212:29 September 2007 at the
8167:Historiography and memory
8025:Journal of Modern History
7992:Hoffmann, Stefan-Ludwig.
7348:Retrieved 2 October 2007.
7288:Wake up from your slumber
6591:Morris, S. Brent (2006).
6476:"Chinese Masonic Society"
6148:Living the Enlightenment,
6135:Living the Enlightenment,
5843:(Philadelphia ed.).
5571:10.1080/00263206508700010
5553:M. Landau, Jacob (1965).
5454:retrieved 13 October 2013
5405:Jamaica Gleaner Newspaper
5387:Jamaica Gleaner Newspaper
5183:M. Baigent and R. Leigh,
4927:www.masonicdictionary.com
4896:Stevenson, David (1988).
4886:, Blackwood 1873, Preface
4709:retrieved 7 November 2013
4240:28 September 2013 at the
4235:"Faut-il croire en Dieu?"
4123:, Angus, 2004, pp 214–220
3975:retrieved 30 October 2013
3937:retrieved 30 October 2013
3637:Reichssicherheitshauptamt
3396:states that Freemasonry,
2867:St. Paul's Lodge No. 9718
2713:Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada
2681:
2585:
2574:ideas that dominated the
2559:
2465:Development and expansion
2310:
2271:After the failure of the
2177:African Lodge, Number 459
1888:obligation is taken on a
1341:The Ancient and Accepted
988:Lodge in Palazzo Roffia,
530:List of Masonic buildings
510:Mark Masons' Hall, London
335:Order of the Eastern Star
9247:Red Cross of Constantine
8110:(UNC Press Books, 2011).
8092:Weisberger, R. William.
7970:Journal of World History
7947:(Lexington Books, 2004)
7943:Belton, John L., et al.
7802:"Hitler and Freemasonry"
7499:King, Edward L. (2007).
7163:Fields, Rona M. (1980).
6698:retrieved 9 January 2014
6367:Bogdan and Snoek, eds.,
6030:"Text of UGLE statement"
5912:22 February 2020 at the
5897:, retrieved 5 March 2013
5581:– via Tandfonline.
5539:26 December 2015 at the
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5185:The Temple and the Lodge
5111:, vol X no 5, May 1924,
5095:, retrieved 28 June 2012
4559:"Exclusive Jurisdiction"
3985:"Words, Grips and Signs"
3952:11 November 2016 at the
3366:in order to rebuild the
3197:archbishop of Canterbury
2849:Lodge of Lu Pan No. 9387
2754:
2693:the presidency of Mexico
2607:
2488:Age of the Enlightenment
1087:Landmarks of Freemasonry
959:criticism and opposition
505:Freemasons' Hall, London
417:Papal ban of Freemasonry
317:Masonic groups for women
227:Red Cross of Constantine
9257:Royal Order of Scotland
8864:Prince Hall Freemasonry
8509:Grand Lodge of Scotland
8344:Fraternal organisations
8199:Encyclopædia Britannica
8130:Hinks, Peter P. et al.
8060:Handbook of Freemasonry
8015:Handbook of Freemasonry
7483:The Short Talk Bulletin
7027:Snyder, Howard (2006).
6914:"The Curse of Baphomet"
6806:McInvale, Reid (1991).
6369:Handbook of Freemasonry
6304:European Studies Review
6291:Acta Poloniae Historica
6236:Eighteenth-Century Life
6109:The Enlightenment World
5725:20 January 2015 at the
5679:20 January 2015 at the
5491:22 October 2013 at the
4958:. Courier Corporation.
4952:Hall, Manly P. (2010).
4564:3 December 2013 at the
4546:1 December 2010 at the
4244:, Foire aux Questions,
4160:Maconnieke Encyclopedie
4157:"Les Officiers de Loge"
4102:22 October 2013 at the
4079:9 November 2013 at the
3991:, 1923, Chapter XVIII,
3930:22 October 2013 at the
3590:University of Sheffield
3515:Grande Oriente d'Italia
3364:Al-Aqsa Mosque compound
3275:Some of this section's
3238:Royal Black Institution
3236:for Catholics, and the
3234:Knights of Peter Claver
3029:In eminenti apostolatus
2876:The Club Lodge No. 9880
2843:Harriers Lodge No. 9882
2538:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
2375:Continental Freemasonry
2338:immortality of the soul
2273:1830 Italian revolution
2159:Prince Hall Freemasonry
2153:Prince Hall Freemasonry
2070:Grand Lodge of Scotland
2006:Grand Lodge of Scotland
1857:, the rough and smooth
1385:is a fully independent
1139:Continental Freemasonry
1116:Grand Lodge of New York
892:Continental Freemasonry
856:fraternal organisations
500:Lodge Mother Kilwinning
267:Royal Order of Scotland
139:Continental Freemasonry
124:Prince Hall Freemasonry
9179:Order of Knight Masons
9161:Grand College of Rites
9156:Allied Masonic Degrees
8514:Grand Lodge of Ireland
8202:(11th ed.). 1911.
8117:29.2 (1977): 139–165.
8027:94.3 (2022): 499–536.
7965:(PublicAffairs, 2020).
7735:Freemasons for Dummies
7623:Freemasons for Dummies
7411:Freemasonry in Lebanon
7366:9 January 2014 at the
7033:Grand Rapids, Michigan
6410:42.3 (1939): 198–214.
6395:Encyclopedia of Mexico
6330:Modern Italy 1871–1995
6195:Norman Davies (1996).
5934:4 October 2013 at the
5873:"Adoptive Freemasonry"
5720:"Regular Grand Lodges"
5674:"Liberal Grand Lodges"
5559:Middle Eastern Studies
5486:"Foreign Grand Lodges"
4707:Grand Lodge of Alberta
4702:9 January 2014 at the
4697:"What is Freemasonry?"
4522:, Masonic Short Talk,
4460:Grand Orient de France
4305:4 January 2020 at the
4282:9 January 2014 at the
4246:Grand Orient de France
4056:4 October 2018 at the
3898:www.chevalierramsay.be
3778:encyclopedia.ushmm.org
3631:
3506:
3466:Unlawful Societies Act
3374:. Through his popular
3117:1983 Code of Canon Law
3060:1983 Code of Canon Law
3043:1917 Code of Canon Law
2925:(alternatively called
2919:
2840:Foochow Lodge No. 1912
2483:
2480:Grand Lodge of England
2222:
2169:Grand Lodge of Ireland
2147:
2100:St. John's Lodge No. 1
2074:Grand Lodge of Ireland
2047:Erasmus James Philipps
2036:Grand Lodge of England
2027:
2021:Erasmus James Philipps
2002:Grand Lodge of Ireland
1973:Grand Lodge of England
1949:
1908:History of Freemasonry
1453:
1445:
1433:
1278:
1254:Exclusive Jurisdiction
1244:Exclusive Jurisdiction
1222:Grand Orient de France
1209:Grand Lodge of Ireland
1179:
1175:, London, home of the
1143:Grand Orient de France
1106:
1105:as Master of his Lodge
993:
525:Detroit Masonic Temple
306:Tall Cedars of Lebanon
301:Royal Order of Jesters
272:Order of Knight Masons
252:Grand College of Rites
157:History of Freemasonry
114:Masonic lodge officers
65:
34:. For other uses, see
9360:Freemasonry and women
9306:Southern Jurisdiction
9301:Northern Jurisdiction
9272:Societas Rosicruciana
9054:Grand Orient of Italy
8375:Chamber of Reflection
7958:16.3 (2019): 405–422.
7936:Further information:
7621:Hodapp, Christopher.
7565:Zierer, Otto (1976).
7320:"Hamas Covenant 1988"
7283:29 March 2014 at the
6842:14 March 2001 at the
6722:Cardinal Law, Bernard
6445:Hamill, John (1986).
6319:20.5 (2015): 640–662.
6306:13.2 (1983): 225–248.
6267:10.2 (2002): 197–210.
6176:55#2 (1993), pp 315+.
6069:Damien Gayle (2018).
5645:Historique de la GLDF
5622:10 April 2006 at the
5565:(2). Routledge: 139.
4794:10 April 2006 at the
4673:"The Supreme Council"
4602:Freemasonry Universal
4586:Grand Lodge of Latvia
4540:Masonic Trowel eBooks
4538:, 1922, pp. 135–140,
4518:14 March 2008 at the
4061:GADLU blog Maçonnique
3894:"What is Freemasonry"
3627:
3504:
3258:Islam and Freemasonry
3167:Free Methodist Church
2910:
2888:Zetland Lodge No. 525
2873:Swatow Lodge No. 3705
2834:Cathay Lodge No. 4373
2745:Abelardo L. Rodríguez
2729:Plutarco Elías Calles
2701:Valentín Gómez Farías
2612:Further information:
2590:Further information:
2566:Freemasonry in France
2564:Further information:
2505:Robert Roswell Palmer
2477:
2400:Freemasonry and women
2394:Freemasonry and women
2364:Grande Loge de France
2350:Grande Loge de France
2327:A dispute during the
2265:Further information:
2220:
2142:
2019:
1943:
1597:Esoteric transmission
1451:
1439:
1424:
1372:, which is linked to
1333:List of Masonic rites
1276:
1171:
1141:, exemplified by the
1100:
987:
882:, or other religious
578:Chamber of Reflection
330:Order of the Amaranth
325:Women and Freemasonry
242:Societas Rosicruciana
53:
9288:Ancient and Accepted
9107:Universal Co-Masonry
8554:Grand Lodge of Spain
8420:Ritual and Symbolism
8220:Masonic Books Online
8033:Önnerfors, Andreas.
7213:The Washington Times
6545:on 28 September 2011
6505:Zetland Hall Website
6426:4.2 (1962): 113–126.
6424:Arizona and the West
6238:20#1 (1996): 80–92.
5743:"Continental Lodges"
5702:14 July 2014 at the
5450:3 March 2016 at the
5200:, Rider 2006, p. 190
5196:Robert L.D. Cooper,
5124:Robert L.D. Cooper,
4869:Robert L.D. Cooper,
4841:John Yarker (1909).
4775:Robert L.D. Cooper,
4731:. pp. 200–210.
4633:, Rider 2006, p. 229
4629:Robert L.D. Cooper,
4034:11 July 2015 at the
3547:in Eastern Europe).
3529:Conspiracy theorists
3492:Jacksonian democracy
3450:Political opposition
3356:Mūhammād Rashīd Ridâ
3124:substitute for it."
2972:Religious opposition
2931:conspiracy theorists
2749:Miguel Alemán Valdés
2664:Francisco de Miranda
2614:Freemasonry in Italy
2598:Enlightenment ideals
2416:, during the 1720s,
2301:European imperialism
2295:affiliated with the
2127:Jamaican Freemasonry
1927:mythologised history
1891:Volume of Sacred Law
1851:square and compasses
1411:Ritual and symbolism
619:Volume of Sacred Law
558:Square and Compasses
56:Square and Compasses
9402:Conspiracy theories
8986:(several countries)
8615:Regular Grand Lodge
8288:19 May 2019 at the
8270:27 May 2019 at the
8193:"Freemasonry"
8134:(Cornell UP, 2013).
8106:Bullock, Steven C.
8006:Jacob, Margaret C.
7999:Jacob, Margaret C.
7800:McKeown, Trevor W.
7716:on 10 December 2012
7603:Michael Johnstone,
7479:"The Morgan Affair"
7391:on 27 February 2014
7087:on 23 November 2007
7080:The Daily Telegraph
6944:on 2 December 2013.
6882:. 15 November 2023.
6780:. 15 November 2023.
6730:CatholicCulture.org
6371:(2014) pp. 439–440.
6345:63.1 (2019): 25–47.
6280:29.1 (1995): 25–44.
6250:Margaret C. Jacob,
6035:4 June 2013 at the
5660:, Manchester 2011,
5389:. 10 December 2017.
5365:Handbook of Jamaica
5349:Handbook of Jamaica
4882:David Murray Lyon,
4779:, Rider 2006, p. 79
4727:and New York City:
4642:Michael Johnstone,
4341:3 June 2015 at the
4143:Michael Johnstone,
3425:Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
3354:Islamic theologian
3230:Knights of Columbus
2986:conspiracy theories
2943:Nesta Helen Webster
2916:Franco dictatorship
2741:Pascual Ortiz Rubio
2725:Venustiano Carranza
2721:Francisco I. Madero
2626:Italian nationalism
2554:Frederick the Great
2412:At the dawn of the
2081:American Revolution
1956:in his work titled
1764:Hermes Trismegistus
1637:Ritual purification
1497:Eastern esotericism
1492:Western esotericism
1076:officers of a Lodge
968:conspiracy theories
872:Regular Freemasonry
515:House of the Temple
475:John the Evangelist
167:Masonic manuscripts
32:Masonic, California
9333:List of Freemasons
9267:Royal Order of Eri
9208:Royal Ark Mariners
9175:Order of Athelstan
9149:Non-Denominational
9064:Female Grand Lodge
8999:Female Grand Lodge
8927:Dominican Republic
8123:Hackett, David G.
8115:American Quarterly
8078:Stevenson, David.
7507:on 3 February 2021
7381:"Mystery unveiled"
7234:Prescott, Andrew.
6752:Angela Pellicciari
6707:Morris, S. Brent;
6293:48 (1983): 95–131.
6159:Robert R. Palmer,
5917:Masonic Dictionary
5731:French Freemasonry
5708:French Freemasonry
5685:French Freemasonry
4933:on 28 January 2020
4843:The Arcane Schools
4365:. 16 November 2023
4363:www.britannica.com
4288:Hampshire Province
4219:"Swedish Rite FAQ"
4039:Masonic Dictionary
3989:Symbolical Masonry
3702:List of Freemasons
3632:
3507:
3496:Anti-Masonic Party
3386:Muslim Brotherhood
3344:Al-Masih ad-Dajjal
3139:. Masonic scholar
2920:
2697:Guadalupe Victoria
2676:Bernardo O'Higgins
2668:José de San Martin
2602:Alexander Kerensky
2534:Sir Robert Walpole
2484:
2426:Lodges of Adoption
2255:Haitian Revolution
2223:
2198:racial segregation
2096:first inauguration
2028:
1950:
1921:, dating from the
1654:Esoteric societies
1454:
1446:
1434:
1349:. In America, the
1347:Continental Europe
1279:
1180:
1107:
1029:Entered Apprentice
994:
920:Entered Apprentice
854:refers to various
495:List of Freemasons
490:Elizabeth Aldworth
397:Anti-Masonic Party
212:Royal Arch Masonry
66:
18:Masonic fraternity
9438:
9437:
9376:Masonic Buildings
9321:
9320:
9135:
9134:
9034:Mixed Grand Lodge
8987:
8949:
8948:
8945:
8944:
8872:
8871:
8705:
8704:
8680:
8679:
8567:
8566:
8522:
8521:
8243:Project Gutenberg
7882:978-3-925749-05-6
7764:978-0-02-897166-7
7582:978-0-8148-0673-9
7543:978-0-13-291840-4
7481:, Reprinted from
7426:, December 2009,
7340:Leyiktez, Celil.
7187:Layiktez, Cecil "
6724:(19 April 1985).
6647:978-0-87131-732-2
6608:978-1-59257-490-2
6524:"Anti-Masonry" –
6456:978-0-85030-460-2
6435:Racine, p. 1:540.
6397:(1997) 1:538–540.
6343:Latin Americanist
6208:978-0-19-820171-7
6198:Europe: A History
5849:Benjamin Franklin
5812:The Weaker Vessel
5796:"Current members"
5764:Corn Wine and Oil
5273:National Archives
5221:978-0-8078-4750-3
5041:978-1-4767-1652-7
5014:978-1-63341-224-8
4494:on 21 August 2007
4311:MasonicLodges.com
4097:"Charitable work"
4004:Old ritual book:
3553:Justice Secretary
3462:French Revolution
3368:Temple of Solomon
3313:
3312:
3305:
3201:Dr Rowan Williams
3186:Church of England
3119:, as well as the
3078:Pope Benedict XVI
2737:Emilio Portes Gil
2635:League of Nations
2580:the Radical Party
2576:French Revolution
2550:George Washington
2546:Benjamin Franklin
2513:George Washington
2509:Benjamin Franklin
2239:French Revolution
2113:Robert Livingston
2085:George Washington
1984:American colonies
1975:, was founded on
1954:Thomas De Quincey
1871:Temple of Solomon
1864:According to the
1847:
1846:
1580:Astral projection
1537:Mystical theology
1283:Masonic Landmarks
1103:George Washington
1049:secret handshakes
1043:to the degree of
1035:to the degree of
845:
844:
593:Masonic Landmarks
568:Eye of Providence
460:Thomas Smith Webb
434:People and places
16:(Redirected from
9458:
9428:
9427:
9146:
9145:
9141:Appendant Orders
8985:
8973:
8972:
8856:African-American
8852:
8851:
8714:
8713:
8707:
8706:
8682:
8681:
8524:
8523:
8494:
8493:
8487:
8486:
8471:Lodge of England
8458:Freemasons' Hall
8455:
8442:
8354:, locations and
8328:
8321:
8314:
8305:
8304:
8252:Internet Archive
8203:
8195:
8176:1 (2013): 11–25.
8051:Ridley, Jasper.
7956:Atlantic Studies
7925:
7924:
7922:
7920:
7901:
7895:
7894:
7868:
7860:
7854:
7853:
7851:
7849:
7834:
7828:
7827:
7825:
7823:
7812:
7806:
7805:
7797:
7791:
7790:
7783:
7777:
7776:
7744:
7738:
7732:
7726:
7725:
7723:
7721:
7706:
7700:
7697:
7691:
7690:
7688:
7686:
7671:
7665:
7653:
7647:
7635:
7626:
7619:
7608:
7601:
7595:
7594:
7562:
7556:
7555:
7523:
7517:
7516:
7514:
7512:
7503:. Archived from
7496:
7490:
7476:
7470:
7456:
7447:
7437:
7431:
7421:
7415:
7407:
7401:
7400:
7398:
7396:
7377:
7371:
7355:
7349:
7338:
7332:
7331:
7329:
7327:
7316:
7310:
7309:
7297:
7291:
7275:
7269:
7268:
7256:
7250:
7249:
7247:
7245:
7240:. pp. 13–14
7231:
7225:
7224:
7222:
7220:
7203:
7192:
7185:
7179:
7178:
7160:
7151:
7150:
7148:
7146:
7140:
7133:
7125:
7119:
7118:
7116:
7114:
7103:
7097:
7096:
7094:
7092:
7083:. Archived from
7070:
7064:
7063:
7061:
7059:
7043:
7037:
7036:
7024:
7018:
7017:
7010:
7004:
7003:
6996:
6990:
6989:
6983:
6975:
6952:
6946:
6945:
6931:
6925:
6924:
6922:
6920:
6909:
6903:
6902:
6890:
6884:
6883:
6872:
6863:
6853:
6847:
6834:
6828:
6827:
6803:
6797:
6796:
6788:
6782:
6781:
6774:
6768:
6767:
6754:(26 June 2023).
6750:Emanuela Tulli;
6747:
6741:
6740:
6738:
6736:
6718:
6712:
6705:
6699:
6690:
6684:
6682:
6680:
6678:
6666:
6660:
6659:
6633:A Pilgrim's Path
6627:
6621:
6620:
6588:
6582:
6581:
6561:
6555:
6554:
6552:
6550:
6535:
6529:
6522:
6516:
6515:
6513:
6511:
6497:
6491:
6490:
6488:
6486:
6472:
6461:
6460:
6442:
6436:
6433:
6427:
6420:
6414:
6404:
6398:
6391:
6385:
6378:
6372:
6365:
6359:
6352:
6346:
6339:
6333:
6326:
6320:
6313:
6307:
6300:
6294:
6287:
6281:
6274:
6268:
6261:
6255:
6248:
6242:
6232:
6226:
6219:
6213:
6212:
6192:
6186:
6183:
6177:
6170:
6164:
6157:
6151:
6144:
6138:
6131:
6125:
6118:
6112:
6105:
6099:
6092:
6086:
6085:
6083:
6081:
6066:
6057:
6050:
6044:
6027:
6021:
6020:
6018:
6016:
6006:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5995:
5981:
5975:
5965:
5959:
5949:
5943:
5926:
5920:
5904:
5898:
5888:
5879:
5870:
5864:
5863:
5858:
5856:
5847:, Pennsylvania:
5834:
5828:
5821:
5815:
5810:Antonia Frazer,
5808:
5802:
5793:
5787:
5773:
5767:
5756:
5750:
5740:
5734:
5717:
5711:
5694:
5688:
5671:
5665:
5655:
5649:
5641:
5635:
5614:
5608:
5607:
5589:
5583:
5582:
5550:
5544:
5529:
5523:
5506:
5500:
5483:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5472:
5464:Bessel, Paul M.
5461:
5455:
5442:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5422:. Archived from
5415:
5409:
5408:
5407:. 18 April 2017.
5397:
5391:
5390:
5379:
5370:
5369:
5360:
5354:
5353:
5344:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5330:
5316:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5305:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5280:
5265:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5254:
5240:
5234:
5233:
5207:
5201:
5194:
5188:
5181:
5175:
5165:
5159:
5158:
5151:
5145:
5135:
5129:
5122:
5116:
5102:
5096:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5052:
5046:
5045:
5025:
5019:
5018:
4998:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4976:
4970:
4969:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4938:
4929:. Archived from
4921:Dafoe, Stephen.
4918:
4912:
4911:
4893:
4887:
4880:
4874:
4867:
4861:
4860:
4854:
4846:
4838:
4832:
4825:
4819:
4809:
4803:
4786:
4780:
4773:
4767:
4757:
4751:
4750:
4716:
4710:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4669:
4663:
4653:
4647:
4640:
4634:
4627:
4621:
4615:
4609:
4595:
4589:
4579:
4573:
4556:
4550:
4533:
4527:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4493:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4456:"Notre histoire"
4452:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4406:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4355:
4349:
4333:
4327:
4320:
4314:
4297:
4291:
4274:
4268:
4258:
4249:
4232:
4226:
4216:
4210:
4204:
4198:
4188:
4179:
4169:
4163:
4154:
4148:
4141:
4124:
4117:
4111:
4094:
4088:
4070:
4064:
4048:
4042:
4026:
4020:
4014:
4008:
4002:
3996:
3982:
3976:
3966:
3960:
3944:
3938:
3922:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3745:
3545:Communist states
3308:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3288:
3270:
3262:
3211:Church of Greece
3175:God of the Bible
3065:secret societies
3024:Pope Clement XII
2992:and evil power.
2927:Anti-Freemasonry
2334:existence of God
1839:
1832:
1825:
1479:
1456:
1455:
1401:Nordic countries
1118:requires three.
1056:Installed Master
837:
830:
823:
600:Morals and Dogma
520:Solomon's Temple
480:John the Baptist
386:Views on Masonry
91:
68:
67:
43:Freemasons (DJs)
21:
9466:
9465:
9461:
9460:
9459:
9457:
9456:
9455:
9441:
9440:
9439:
9434:
9416:
9385:
9364:
9317:
9289:
9282:
9234:Knights Templar
9216:
9131:
9095:
8983:Le Droit Humain
8965:
8960:
8956:
8941:
8900:
8868:
8850:
8701:
8676:
8632:North Macedonia
8563:
8518:
8481:
8474:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8463:
8461:
8456:
8450:
8449:
8446:
8443:
8434:
8358:
8337:
8332:
8298:Le Droit Humain
8290:Wayback Machine
8272:Wayback Machine
8214:Wayback Machine
8190:
8187:
8169:
8103:
7940:
7934:
7932:Further reading
7929:
7928:
7918:
7916:
7915:on 6 March 2016
7909:Masonic Network
7903:
7902:
7898:
7883:
7861:
7857:
7847:
7845:
7835:
7831:
7821:
7819:
7814:
7813:
7809:
7798:
7794:
7785:
7784:
7780:
7765:
7745:
7741:
7733:
7729:
7719:
7717:
7708:
7707:
7703:
7698:
7694:
7684:
7682:
7672:
7668:
7662:The Independent
7654:
7650:
7636:
7629:
7620:
7611:
7602:
7598:
7583:
7563:
7559:
7544:
7524:
7520:
7510:
7508:
7497:
7493:
7477:
7473:
7457:
7450:
7438:
7434:
7422:
7418:
7408:
7404:
7394:
7392:
7385:The Star Online
7379:
7378:
7374:
7368:Wayback Machine
7356:
7352:
7339:
7335:
7325:
7323:
7318:
7317:
7313:
7298:
7294:
7285:Wayback Machine
7276:
7272:
7257:
7253:
7243:
7241:
7232:
7228:
7218:
7216:
7204:
7195:
7186:
7182:
7175:
7161:
7154:
7144:
7142:
7138:
7131:
7127:
7126:
7122:
7112:
7110:
7105:
7104:
7100:
7090:
7088:
7071:
7067:
7057:
7055:
7044:
7040:
7029:Populist Saints
7025:
7021:
7012:
7011:
7007:
6998:
6997:
6993:
6977:
6976:
6953:
6949:
6932:
6928:
6918:
6916:
6910:
6906:
6891:
6887:
6874:
6873:
6866:
6854:
6850:
6844:Wayback Machine
6835:
6831:
6804:
6800:
6791:
6789:
6785:
6776:
6775:
6771:
6748:
6744:
6734:
6732:
6719:
6715:
6706:
6702:
6691:
6687:
6676:
6674:
6667:
6663:
6648:
6628:
6624:
6609:
6589:
6585:
6578:
6562:
6558:
6548:
6546:
6537:
6536:
6532:
6523:
6519:
6509:
6507:
6499:
6498:
6494:
6484:
6482:
6474:
6473:
6464:
6457:
6443:
6439:
6434:
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6405:
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6388:
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6193:
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6184:
6180:
6171:
6167:
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6154:
6145:
6141:
6137:pp. 20, 73, 89.
6132:
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6079:
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6028:
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6012:
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6007:
6003:
5993:
5991:
5983:
5982:
5978:
5966:
5962:
5956:Phoenix Masonry
5950:
5946:
5936:Wayback Machine
5927:
5923:
5914:Wayback Machine
5905:
5901:
5895:Phoenix Masonry
5889:
5882:
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5854:
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5835:
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5822:
5818:
5809:
5805:
5794:
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5741:
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5727:Wayback Machine
5718:
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5119:
5103:
5099:
5087:
5083:
5076:
5056:S. Brent Morris
5053:
5049:
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5015:
4999:
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4796:Wayback Machine
4787:
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4774:
4770:
4758:
4754:
4747:
4717:
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4704:Wayback Machine
4695:
4691:
4681:
4679:
4677:www.sc33.org.uk
4671:
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4389:www.ugle.org.uk
4383:
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4378:
4368:
4366:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4346:MasterMason.com
4343:Wayback Machine
4334:
4330:
4321:
4317:
4307:Wayback Machine
4298:
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4275:
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4095:
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4058:Wayback Machine
4049:
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4036:Wayback Machine
4027:
4023:
4015:
4011:
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3999:
3987:H. L. Haywood,
3983:
3979:
3967:
3963:
3954:Wayback Machine
3945:
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3932:Wayback Machine
3923:
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3804:Archives Juives
3796:
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3771:
3767:
3757:
3755:
3753:www.ugle.org.uk
3747:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3713:Fraternal order
3698:
3674:Winterhilfswerk
3659:The small blue
3622:
3612:
3606:
3580:was changed by
3533:New World Order
3472:or obligation.
3458:
3452:
3315:Ottoman Caliph
3309:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3271:
3260:
3193:Geoffrey Fisher
3048:excommunication
3012:Catholic Church
3004:
2998:
2974:
2905:
2899:
2766:
2757:
2733:Lázaro Cárdenas
2684:
2659:
2621:anticlericalism
2616:
2610:
2594:
2588:
2568:
2562:
2472:
2467:
2433:Maria Deraismes
2414:Grand Lodge era
2406:
2398:Main articles:
2396:
2313:
2269:
2263:
2235:Duke of Orléans
2215:
2161:
2155:
2129:
2014:
1952:Alternatively,
1946:Bury St Edmunds
1915:
1910:
1904:
1843:
1814:
1813:
1714:
1713:Notable figures
1706:
1705:
1696:Typhonian Order
1687:
1655:
1647:
1646:
1632:Rite of passage
1575:
1567:
1566:
1487:
1419:
1413:
1370:Holy Royal Arch
1363:Knights Templar
1359:Cryptic Masonry
1335:
1325:
1271:
1265:
1256:
1230:
1173:Freemasons Hall
1166:
1160:
1155:
1095:
1093:Joining a lodge
982:
976:
841:
812:
811:
737:North Macedonia
632:
624:
623:
588:Sprig of Acacia
543:
535:
534:
455:William Preston
435:
427:
426:
387:
379:
378:
369:Job's Daughters
222:Knights Templar
217:Cryptic Masonry
207:Holy Royal Arch
180:
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152:
144:
143:
99:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
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9221:Christian Only
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9018:
9013:
9008:
9007:
9006:
9001:
8996:
8988:
8979:
8977:
8970:
8962:Co-Freemasonry
8951:
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8587:Czech Republic
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8480:Anglo-American
8476:
8475:
8437:
8435:
8433:
8432:
8430:Research lodge
8427:
8422:
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8412:
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8293:
8280:
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8245:
8234:
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8204:
8186:
8185:External links
8183:
8182:
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8168:
8165:
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8163:
8153:
8146:
8135:
8128:
8121:
8111:
8102:
8099:
8098:
8097:
8090:
8089:(2002), 969 pp
8083:
8076:
8066:
8056:
8053:The Freemasons
8049:
8042:
8031:
8021:
8011:
8004:
7997:
7990:
7983:
7978:Hamill, John.
7976:
7966:
7961:Dickie, John.
7959:
7952:
7933:
7930:
7927:
7926:
7896:
7881:
7855:
7829:
7807:
7792:
7778:
7763:
7755:vol. 2, p. 531
7739:
7727:
7701:
7692:
7680:guardian.co.uk
7666:
7648:
7627:
7609:
7605:The Freemasons
7596:
7581:
7557:
7542:
7518:
7491:
7471:
7448:
7442:, 2007 paper,
7432:
7416:
7402:
7372:
7350:
7333:
7311:
7292:
7270:
7251:
7226:
7193:
7180:
7174:978-1412845090
7173:
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6991:
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6783:
6769:
6758:(in Italian).
6742:
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6700:
6696:infoplease.com
6685:
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6607:
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6577:978-1936239153
6576:
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6462:
6455:
6437:
6428:
6415:
6399:
6386:
6373:
6360:
6347:
6334:
6332:(1996) p. 254.
6328:Martin Clark,
6321:
6308:
6295:
6282:
6269:
6256:
6243:
6227:
6214:
6207:
6187:
6178:
6165:
6152:
6139:
6126:
6120:Daniel Roche,
6113:
6100:
6087:
6058:
6045:
6022:
6001:
5989:www.owf.org.uk
5976:
5960:
5944:
5921:
5899:
5880:
5865:
5829:
5816:
5803:
5788:
5768:
5751:
5735:
5712:
5689:
5666:
5650:
5636:
5609:
5603:978-8869693397
5602:
5584:
5545:
5524:
5501:
5478:
5456:
5437:
5426:on 2 June 2007
5410:
5392:
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5311:
5286:
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5146:
5130:
5117:
5097:
5081:
5074:
5047:
5040:
5020:
5013:
4993:
4971:
4965:978-0486471433
4964:
4944:
4913:
4906:
4888:
4875:
4862:
4833:
4831:, London, 1872
4820:
4804:
4800:Paul M. Bessel
4781:
4768:
4752:
4746:978-1139027649
4745:
4711:
4689:
4664:
4648:
4644:The Freemasons
4635:
4622:
4610:
4590:
4574:
4570:Paul M. Bessel
4551:
4528:
4505:
4473:
4447:
4422:
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4376:
4350:
4328:
4315:
4292:
4269:
4250:
4227:
4211:
4199:
4180:
4164:
4149:
4145:The Freemasons
4125:
4112:
4089:
4065:
4043:
4021:
4009:
3997:
3977:
3961:
3939:
3910:
3885:
3866:(2): 179–196.
3846:
3839:
3821:
3790:
3765:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3724:Co-Freemasonry
3721:
3719:Secret society
3716:
3710:
3705:
3697:
3694:
3616:Liberté chérie
3608:Main article:
3605:
3602:
3582:Saddam Hussein
3511:Propaganda Due
3488:William Morgan
3451:
3448:
3444:Saddam Hussein
3329:Ottoman Empire
3321:Ottoman Empire
3311:
3310:
3277:listed sources
3274:
3272:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3094:Holy Communion
3082:as the Prefect
3000:Main article:
2997:
2994:
2973:
2970:
2901:Main article:
2898:
2895:
2890:
2889:
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2756:
2753:
2683:
2680:
2658:
2655:
2609:
2606:
2587:
2584:
2561:
2558:
2482:, was founded.
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2437:Georges Martin
2418:James Anderson
2404:Co-Freemasonry
2395:
2392:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2360:
2312:
2309:
2297:Bektashi order
2285:Ottoman Empire
2262:
2259:
2251:Saint-Domingue
2214:
2211:
2194:Angelo Soliman
2157:Main article:
2154:
2151:
2128:
2125:
2092:oath of office
2013:
2010:
1962:Rosicrucianism
1914:
1911:
1906:Main article:
1903:
1900:
1882:tracing boards
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1834:
1827:
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1685:Rosicrucianism
1682:
1677:
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1587:
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1574:Esoteric rites
1573:
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1569:
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1565:
1564:
1562:Traditionalism
1559:
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1415:Main article:
1412:
1409:
1329:Masonic bodies
1324:
1321:
1320:
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1310:
1307:
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1301:
1298:
1267:Main article:
1264:
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1226:
1162:Main article:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1133:(known as the
1094:
1091:
1021:Masonic ritual
1006:Masonic degree
978:Main article:
975:
972:
843:
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839:
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621:
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606:Propaganda Due
603:
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445:James Anderson
442:
440:Masonic Temple
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345:Co-Freemasonry
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2:
9463:
9452:
9449:
9448:
9446:
9431:
9423:
9422:
9419:
9413:
9412:Morgan Affair
9410:
9408:
9405:
9403:
9400:
9398:
9395:
9394:
9392:
9388:
9382:
9379:
9377:
9374:
9373:
9371:
9367:
9361:
9358:
9354:
9353:US presidents
9351:
9349:
9346:
9344:
9341:
9339:
9336:
9335:
9334:
9331:
9330:
9328:
9324:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9304:
9302:
9299:
9298:
9296:
9295:
9293:
9291:
9290:Scottish Rite
9285:
9278:
9275:
9273:
9270:
9268:
9265:
9263:
9260:
9258:
9255:
9253:
9250:
9248:
9245:
9243:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9232:
9229:
9226:
9225:
9223:
9219:
9213:
9210:
9207:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9185:
9182:
9180:
9177:
9174:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9164:
9162:
9159:
9157:
9154:
9153:
9151:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9138:
9128:
9125:
9123:
9120:
9118:
9117:United States
9115:
9113:
9110:
9108:
9105:
9104:
9102:
9098:
9092:
9089:
9087:
9084:
9082:
9079:
9077:
9074:
9072:
9069:
9065:
9062:
9060:
9057:
9055:
9052:
9051:
9049:
9047:
9044:
9042:
9039:
9035:
9032:
9030:
9027:
9026:
9024:
9022:
9019:
9017:
9014:
9012:
9009:
9005:
9002:
9000:
8997:
8995:
8992:
8991:
8989:
8984:
8981:
8980:
8978:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8963:
8958:
8952:
8938:
8935:
8933:
8930:
8928:
8925:
8923:
8920:
8918:
8915:
8913:
8910:
8909:
8907:
8905:Latin America
8903:
8897:
8894:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8884:
8883:
8881:
8879:
8875:
8865:
8862:
8861:
8859:
8857:
8853:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8841:West Virginia
8839:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8787:
8784:
8782:
8779:
8777:
8774:
8772:
8771:Massachusetts
8769:
8767:
8764:
8762:
8759:
8757:
8754:
8752:
8749:
8747:
8744:
8742:
8739:
8737:
8734:
8732:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8723:
8721:
8719:
8718:United States
8715:
8712:
8708:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8689:
8687:
8683:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8635:
8633:
8630:
8628:
8625:
8621:
8618:
8616:
8613:
8612:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8598:
8595:
8593:
8590:
8588:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8570:
8569:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8531:
8529:
8525:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8501:
8499:
8497:British Isles
8495:
8492:
8488:
8485:
8483:
8477:
8472:
8459:
8454:
8448:
8441:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8410:Masonic myths
8408:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8393:
8390:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8370:Abbreviations
8368:
8367:
8365:
8361:
8357:
8353:
8349:
8345:
8340:
8336:
8329:
8324:
8322:
8317:
8315:
8310:
8309:
8306:
8300:
8299:
8294:
8291:
8287:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8276:
8273:
8269:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8257:
8253:
8250: at the
8249:
8246:
8244:
8240:
8239:
8235:
8232:
8231:
8227:
8225:
8221:
8218:
8215:
8211:
8208:
8205:
8201:
8200:
8194:
8189:
8188:
8179:
8175:
8171:
8170:
8162:
8158:
8154:
8152:(2002), 969pp
8151:
8147:
8144:
8140:
8136:
8133:
8129:
8126:
8122:
8120:
8116:
8112:
8109:
8105:
8104:
8101:United States
8095:
8091:
8088:
8084:
8081:
8077:
8075:
8071:
8067:
8065:
8061:
8057:
8054:
8050:
8047:
8043:
8040:
8036:
8032:
8030:
8026:
8022:
8020:
8016:
8012:
8009:
8005:
8002:
7998:
7995:
7991:
7988:
7984:
7981:
7977:
7975:
7971:
7967:
7964:
7960:
7957:
7953:
7950:
7946:
7942:
7941:
7939:
7914:
7910:
7906:
7900:
7892:
7888:
7884:
7878:
7874:
7866:
7859:
7844:
7840:
7833:
7817:
7811:
7803:
7796:
7788:
7787:"Freemasonry"
7782:
7774:
7770:
7766:
7760:
7756:
7752:
7751:
7743:
7736:
7731:
7715:
7711:
7705:
7696:
7681:
7677:
7670:
7664:
7663:
7658:
7652:
7646:
7645:
7640:
7634:
7632:
7624:
7618:
7616:
7614:
7606:
7600:
7592:
7588:
7584:
7578:
7574:
7570:
7569:
7561:
7553:
7549:
7545:
7539:
7535:
7531:
7530:
7522:
7506:
7502:
7495:
7488:
7484:
7480:
7475:
7468:
7467:Pietre-Stones
7464:
7460:
7455:
7453:
7445:
7444:Pietre Stones
7441:
7436:
7429:
7425:
7420:
7413:
7412:
7406:
7390:
7386:
7382:
7376:
7369:
7365:
7362:
7361:
7358:"Home Page",
7354:
7347:
7346:Pietre-Stones
7343:
7337:
7321:
7315:
7307:
7303:
7296:
7289:
7286:
7282:
7279:
7274:
7266:
7262:
7255:
7239:
7238:
7230:
7215:
7214:
7209:
7202:
7200:
7198:
7190:
7184:
7176:
7170:
7166:
7159:
7157:
7137:
7130:
7124:
7108:
7102:
7086:
7082:
7081:
7076:
7069:
7053:
7049:
7042:
7034:
7030:
7023:
7015:
7009:
7001:
6995:
6987:
6981:
6974:
6969:
6965:
6961:
6957:
6951:
6943:
6939:
6938:
6930:
6915:
6908:
6900:
6896:
6889:
6881:
6877:
6871:
6869:
6861:
6857:
6852:
6845:
6841:
6838:
6833:
6825:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6809:
6802:
6794:
6787:
6779:
6773:
6765:
6761:
6757:
6753:
6746:
6731:
6727:
6723:
6717:
6710:
6704:
6697:
6694:
6689:
6672:
6665:
6657:
6653:
6649:
6643:
6639:
6635:
6634:
6626:
6618:
6614:
6610:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6595:
6587:
6579:
6573:
6569:
6568:
6560:
6544:
6540:
6534:
6527:
6521:
6506:
6502:
6496:
6481:
6477:
6471:
6469:
6467:
6458:
6452:
6448:
6441:
6432:
6425:
6419:
6413:
6409:
6403:
6396:
6390:
6383:
6377:
6370:
6364:
6357:
6351:
6344:
6338:
6331:
6325:
6318:
6312:
6305:
6299:
6292:
6286:
6279:
6273:
6266:
6260:
6253:
6247:
6241:
6237:
6231:
6224:
6218:
6210:
6204:
6200:
6199:
6191:
6182:
6175:
6174:The Historian
6169:
6162:
6156:
6149:
6143:
6136:
6130:
6123:
6117:
6110:
6104:
6097:
6091:
6076:
6072:
6065:
6063:
6055:
6049:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6031:
6026:
6011:
6005:
5990:
5986:
5980:
5973:
5969:
5964:
5957:
5953:
5948:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5930:
5925:
5918:
5915:
5911:
5908:
5903:
5896:
5892:
5887:
5885:
5878:
5874:
5869:
5862:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5841:
5833:
5826:
5820:
5813:
5807:
5800:
5797:
5792:
5785:
5784:Pietre-Stones
5781:
5777:
5772:
5765:
5761:
5758:For instance
5755:
5748:
5744:
5739:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5721:
5716:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5698:
5693:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5675:
5670:
5663:
5662:Pietre-Stones
5659:
5654:
5647:
5646:
5640:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5618:
5613:
5605:
5599:
5595:
5588:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5549:
5542:
5538:
5535:
5534:
5528:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5510:
5505:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5487:
5482:
5467:
5460:
5453:
5449:
5446:
5441:
5425:
5421:
5414:
5406:
5402:
5396:
5388:
5384:
5378:
5376:
5367:
5366:
5359:
5351:
5350:
5343:
5341:
5325:
5321:
5315:
5300:
5296:
5290:
5275:. 18 May 2021
5274:
5270:
5264:
5249:
5245:
5239:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5217:
5213:
5206:
5199:
5193:
5186:
5180:
5173:
5169:
5164:
5156:
5150:
5143:
5142:Pietre-Stones
5139:
5134:
5127:
5121:
5114:
5113:Pietre Stones
5110:
5106:
5101:
5094:
5090:
5085:
5077:
5075:1-59257-490-4
5071:
5067:
5063:
5062:
5057:
5051:
5043:
5037:
5033:
5032:
5024:
5016:
5010:
5006:
5005:
4997:
4981:
4975:
4967:
4961:
4957:
4956:
4948:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4917:
4909:
4903:
4899:
4892:
4885:
4879:
4872:
4866:
4858:
4852:
4844:
4837:
4830:
4824:
4817:
4813:
4808:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4785:
4778:
4772:
4765:
4761:
4756:
4748:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4715:
4708:
4705:
4701:
4698:
4693:
4678:
4674:
4668:
4661:
4660:Pietre Stones
4657:
4652:
4645:
4639:
4632:
4626:
4619:
4614:
4607:
4606:Pietre Stones
4603:
4599:
4594:
4587:
4583:
4578:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4560:
4555:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4532:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4514:
4509:
4490:
4486:
4485:
4477:
4461:
4457:
4451:
4436:
4432:
4426:
4411:
4405:
4390:
4386:
4380:
4364:
4360:
4354:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4332:
4325:
4319:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4296:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4278:
4273:
4266:
4265:Pietre-Stones
4262:
4257:
4255:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4231:
4224:
4220:
4215:
4208:
4203:
4196:
4192:
4187:
4185:
4177:
4176:Pietre Stones
4173:
4168:
4161:
4158:
4153:
4146:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4122:
4116:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4098:
4093:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4075:
4072:For instance
4069:
4062:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4047:
4040:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4029:"Past Master"
4025:
4019:
4013:
4007:
4001:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3981:
3974:
3970:
3965:
3958:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3943:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3926:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3899:
3895:
3889:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3850:
3842:
3840:9780198796275
3836:
3832:
3825:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3806:(in French).
3805:
3801:
3794:
3779:
3775:
3774:"Freemasonry"
3769:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3740:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3661:forget-me-not
3657:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3642:the Holocaust
3639:
3638:
3630:
3629:Forget-me-not
3626:
3621:
3617:
3611:
3604:The Holocaust
3601:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3503:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3360:Islamic world
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3307:
3304:
3296:
3293:December 2022
3284:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3264:
3263:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3206:In 1933, the
3204:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3147:In 1993, the
3145:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3102:Julito Cortes
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3008:denominations
3003:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2962:Morgan Affair
2957:
2955:
2951:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2894:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2830:, Hong Kong:
2829:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2770:Victoria City
2761:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2717:Porfirio Díaz
2714:
2710:
2709:Benito Juárez
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2689:Joel Poinsett
2679:
2677:
2673:
2672:Simón Bolivar
2669:
2665:
2657:Latin America
2654:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2643:March on Rome
2640:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2615:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2572:Enlightenment
2567:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2521:Norman Davies
2517:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2498:
2492:
2489:
2481:
2476:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2420:composed the
2419:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2391:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2277:Scottish Rite
2274:
2268:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2219:
2210:
2206:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2139:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2012:North America
2009:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1977:St John's Day
1974:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1936:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1909:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1885:
1883:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1828:
1826:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
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1661:
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1651:
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1623:
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1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1585:Body of light
1583:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1438:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1394:Master Masons
1392:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1343:Scottish Rite
1339:
1334:
1330:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1275:
1270:
1260:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1127:Supreme Being
1123:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1104:
1099:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1014:festive board
1011:
1010:formal dinner
1007:
1003:
999:
998:Masonic lodge
991:
986:
981:
980:Masonic lodge
974:Masonic lodge
971:
969:
965:
960:
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
932:morality play
929:
925:
921:
917:
912:
909:
904:
900:
895:
893:
889:
888:Supreme Being
885:
881:
877:
873:
868:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
838:
833:
831:
826:
824:
819:
818:
816:
815:
808:
807:United States
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
634:
628:
627:
620:
617:
615:
614:
609:
607:
604:
602:
601:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
563:Pigpen cipher
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
545:
539:
538:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
485:William Schaw
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
465:Albert Mackey
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
437:
431:
430:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
389:
383:
382:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
356:
353:
350:
349:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
322:
319:
316:
315:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
290:
287:
286:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
237:Knight Kadosh
235:
233:
232:Scottish Rite
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
182:
176:
175:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
154:
148:
147:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
109:Masonic lodge
107:
105:
102:
101:
95:
94:
90:
86:
85:
82:
79:
78:
74:
70:
69:
63:
62:
57:
52:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
9397:Anti-Masonry
9390:Anti-Masonry
9029:Grand Orient
8994:Grand Orient
8821:Pennsylvania
8811:North Dakota
8620:Grand Orient
8527:Swedish Rite
8469:United Grand
8334:
8297:
8237:
8229:
8223:
8207:Web of Hiram
8197:
8173:
8156:
8149:
8138:
8131:
8124:
8114:
8107:
8093:
8086:
8079:
8069:
8059:
8052:
8045:
8034:
8024:
8014:
8007:
8000:
7993:
7986:
7979:
7969:
7962:
7955:
7944:
7917:. Retrieved
7913:the original
7908:
7899:
7872:
7864:
7858:
7846:. Retrieved
7842:
7832:
7820:. Retrieved
7810:
7795:
7781:
7749:
7742:
7734:
7730:
7718:. Retrieved
7714:the original
7704:
7695:
7683:. Retrieved
7679:
7669:
7660:
7651:
7644:The Guardian
7642:
7622:
7604:
7599:
7567:
7560:
7528:
7521:
7509:. Retrieved
7505:the original
7494:
7486:
7482:
7474:
7466:
7462:
7443:
7435:
7427:
7419:
7410:
7405:
7393:. Retrieved
7389:the original
7384:
7375:
7359:
7353:
7345:
7336:
7324:. Retrieved
7314:
7295:
7287:
7273:
7254:
7242:. Retrieved
7236:
7229:
7217:. Retrieved
7211:
7183:
7164:
7143:. Retrieved
7123:
7111:. Retrieved
7101:
7089:. Retrieved
7085:the original
7078:
7068:
7056:. Retrieved
7051:
7041:
7028:
7022:
7008:
6994:
6971:
6959:
6956:Pike, Albert
6950:
6942:the original
6936:
6929:
6919:29 September
6917:. Retrieved
6912:Jack Chick.
6907:
6898:
6888:
6880:Vatican News
6879:
6855:
6851:
6832:
6815:
6811:
6801:
6786:
6772:
6745:
6733:. Retrieved
6729:
6716:
6708:
6703:
6695:
6693:"Anti-mason"
6688:
6675:. Retrieved
6664:
6632:
6625:
6593:
6586:
6566:
6559:
6547:. Retrieved
6543:the original
6533:
6525:
6520:
6510:11 September
6508:. Retrieved
6504:
6495:
6483:. Retrieved
6479:
6446:
6440:
6431:
6423:
6418:
6407:
6402:
6394:
6389:
6381:
6376:
6368:
6363:
6355:
6350:
6342:
6337:
6329:
6324:
6316:
6311:
6303:
6298:
6290:
6285:
6277:
6272:
6264:
6259:
6251:
6246:
6235:
6230:
6222:
6217:
6197:
6190:
6181:
6173:
6168:
6163:(1970) p. 53
6160:
6155:
6150:pp. 145–147.
6147:
6142:
6134:
6129:
6121:
6116:
6108:
6103:
6095:
6090:
6078:. Retrieved
6075:The Guardian
6074:
6053:
6052:Karen Kidd,
6048:
6040:
6025:
6013:. Retrieved
6004:
5992:. Retrieved
5988:
5979:
5972:Droit Humain
5971:
5963:
5955:
5947:
5940:Droit Humain
5939:
5924:
5916:
5902:
5894:
5876:
5868:
5860:
5853:. Retrieved
5851:. p. 49
5845:Philadelphia
5839:
5832:
5824:
5819:
5811:
5806:
5798:
5791:
5783:
5780:Transactions
5779:
5771:
5763:
5754:
5746:
5738:
5730:
5715:
5707:
5692:
5684:
5669:
5661:
5653:
5644:
5639:
5631:
5627:
5612:
5593:
5587:
5562:
5558:
5548:
5532:
5527:
5519:
5504:
5497:UGLE Website
5496:
5481:
5469:. Retrieved
5459:
5440:
5428:. Retrieved
5424:the original
5413:
5404:
5395:
5386:
5364:
5358:
5348:
5327:. Retrieved
5323:
5314:
5302:. Retrieved
5298:
5289:
5277:. Retrieved
5272:
5263:
5251:. Retrieved
5247:
5238:
5211:
5205:
5197:
5192:
5184:
5179:
5171:
5163:
5149:
5141:
5133:
5125:
5120:
5112:
5108:
5100:
5092:
5084:
5060:
5050:
5030:
5023:
5003:
4996:
4984:. Retrieved
4974:
4954:
4947:
4935:. Retrieved
4931:the original
4926:
4916:
4897:
4891:
4883:
4878:
4870:
4865:
4842:
4836:
4828:
4823:
4815:
4807:
4799:
4784:
4776:
4771:
4763:
4755:
4720:
4714:
4706:
4692:
4680:. Retrieved
4676:
4667:
4659:
4651:
4643:
4638:
4630:
4625:
4617:
4613:
4605:
4601:
4593:
4585:
4577:
4569:
4554:
4539:
4531:
4523:
4508:
4496:. Retrieved
4489:the original
4483:
4476:
4464:. Retrieved
4459:
4450:
4438:. Retrieved
4434:
4425:
4413:. Retrieved
4404:
4392:. Retrieved
4388:
4379:
4367:. Retrieved
4362:
4353:
4345:
4331:
4323:
4318:
4310:
4295:
4287:
4272:
4264:
4245:
4230:
4222:
4214:
4202:
4194:
4175:
4167:
4159:
4152:
4144:
4120:
4115:
4107:
4092:
4084:
4068:
4060:
4046:
4038:
4024:
4012:
4000:
3993:Sacred Texts
3992:
3988:
3980:
3972:
3964:
3956:
3942:
3934:
3901:. Retrieved
3897:
3888:
3863:
3859:
3849:
3830:
3824:
3810:(2): 30–48.
3807:
3803:
3793:
3781:. Retrieved
3777:
3768:
3756:. Retrieved
3752:
3743:
3686:World War II
3683:
3672:
3664:
3658:
3654:red triangle
3635:
3633:
3598:11 September
3586:Ba'ath Party
3566:antisemitism
3563:
3560:
3549:
3541:Nazi Germany
3527:
3523:Vatican Bank
3508:
3485:
3477:William Pitt
3474:
3459:
3456:Anti-Masonry
3433:
3402:
3379:
3333:
3314:
3299:
3290:
3279:
3242:
3227:
3223:
3205:
3183:
3171:B.T. Roberts
3165:
3146:
3126:
3120:
3116:
3098:Pope Francis
3096:." In 2023,
3058:
3052:
3041:
3039:
3035:Pope Francis
3027:
3005:
2975:
2966:Anti-Masonry
2965:
2958:
2947:
2926:
2923:Anti-Masonry
2922:
2921:
2903:Anti-Masonry
2897:Anti-Masonry
2891:
2828:Zetland Hall
2825:
2802:
2791:
2774:
2767:
2758:
2685:
2660:
2617:
2595:
2569:
2518:
2502:
2493:
2485:
2455:
2446:
2441:Annie Besant
2431:
2411:
2407:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2354:
2343:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2270:
2224:
2207:
2203:Jack Johnson
2190:
2184:
2162:
2148:
2143:
2130:
2105:Jacob Morton
2089:
2078:
2063:
2044:
2032:Pennsylvania
2029:
1999:
1988:
1981:
1970:
1957:
1951:
1931:
1916:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1879:
1863:
1848:
1669:
1627:Propitiation
1486:Key concepts
1461:
1405:Swedish Rite
1398:
1378:Duke of Kent
1374:Mark Masonry
1367:
1340:
1336:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1257:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1233:
1231:
1220:
1213:
1202:
1197:
1194:Grand Lodges
1191:
1188:
1184:jurisdiction
1183:
1181:
1158:Grand Lodges
1153:Organization
1147:
1135:Swedish Rite
1124:
1120:
1108:
1086:
1084:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1053:
1045:Master Mason
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1019:The bulk of
1018:
1013:
995:
964:antisemitism
956:
944:jurisdiction
939:
935:
928:Master Mason
913:
908:anti-Masonry
896:
869:
851:
847:
846:
767:South Africa
613:Ahiman Rezon
612:
599:
392:Anti-Masonry
288:Side degrees
257:Swedish Rite
119:Grand Master
80:
59:
54:The Masonic
47:
9451:Freemasonry
9059:Grand Lodge
9004:Grand Lodge
8957:Freemasonry
8955:Continental
8736:Connecticut
8667:Switzerland
8647:Philippines
8642:Netherlands
8482:Freemasonry
8400:Manuscripts
8385:Grand Lodge
8335:Freemasonry
7395:13 February
7244:18 December
6549:8 September
6485:2 September
6185:Roche, 437.
5875:Entry from
5632:Paul Bessel
5471:14 November
5430:14 November
5109:The Builder
4524:Pilar lodge
4466:17 December
4462:(in French)
4440:17 December
4415:17 December
4394:17 December
4369:17 December
4324:Freemasonry
4121:Freemasonry
3758:6 September
3650:Nazi regime
3519:Licio Gelli
3376:pan-Islamic
3280:may not be
3141:Albert Pike
3135:, and even
3113:Philippines
3088:, issued a
2526:Montesquieu
2486:During the
2348:formed the
2293:Young Turks
2289:Sufi orders
2181:War of 1812
2165:Prince Hall
2055:Nova Scotia
2051:New England
2045:In Canada,
1966:J. G. Buhle
1923:Regius Poem
1919:Old Charges
1896:Progressive
1875:Hiram Abiff
1675:Golden Dawn
1670:Freemasonry
1532:Metaphysics
1517:Hermeticism
1470:Esotericism
1234:Recognition
1198:constituent
1164:Grand Lodge
1131:Scandinavia
1074:Almost all
1039:; and then
1037:Fellowcraft
903:Grand Lodge
864:stonemasons
848:Freemasonry
742:Philippines
573:Hiram Abiff
470:Albert Pike
450:Prince Hall
104:Grand Lodge
81:Freemasonry
8966:including
8922:Costa Rica
8801:New Mexico
8796:New Jersey
8731:California
8627:Luxembourg
8445:Square and
7753:. p.
7685:7 November
7511:31 October
7501:"P2 Lodge"
7326:15 January
7145:2 November
7113:15 January
6856:Franciscus
4907:0521396549
3735:References
3614:See also:
3584:'s ruling
3578:penal code
3556:Jack Straw
3537:Illuminati
3481:Parliament
3454:See also:
3190:Archbishop
3121:Guidelines
3109:Dumanguete
3074:Vatican II
2978:theocratic
2954:Taxil hoax
2695:included:
2651:Bolshevism
2281:Alexandria
2117:Chancellor
2079:After the
2072:, and the
1794:Pythagoras
1789:Paracelsus
1665:Élus Coëns
1622:Meditation
1617:Invocation
1612:Initiation
1592:Divination
1430:Ahmad Nami
1355:Royal Arch
1327:See also:
1263:Regularity
1248:Regularity
1200:) Lodges.
936:Freemasons
924:Journeyman
717:Luxembourg
631:By country
611:Dermott's
422:Taxil hoax
311:The Grotto
296:The Shrine
9381:Libraries
9112:Venezuela
9021:Catalonia
8937:Venezuela
8846:Wisconsin
8826:Tennessee
8781:Minnesota
8447:Compasses
8395:Landmarks
8157:Historian
7869:Also in:
6980:cite book
6818:: 86–97.
5855:12 August
5579:0026-3206
4851:cite book
4725:Cambridge
4492:(excerpt)
4435:msana.com
3880:2156-7689
3816:0003-9837
3783:19 August
3665:Zur Sonne
3646:Franz Six
3568:and anti-
3372:Jerusalem
3252:Mormonism
3219:Eucharist
3133:occultism
3129:mysticism
3106:Bishop of
3070:interdict
3055:canon law
2982:heterodox
2764:Hong Kong
2639:Mussolini
2373:The term
2227:Jacobites
1769:Ibn Arabi
1754:Gurdjieff
1739:Dionysius
1719:Blavatsky
1680:Martinism
1642:Sacrifice
1602:Evocation
1557:Theosophy
1542:Mysticism
1507:Astrology
1442:Szprotawa
1351:York Rite
1025:initiated
884:scripture
802:Venezuela
777:Sri Lanka
692:Indonesia
197:York Rite
9445:Category
9430:Category
9348:monarchs
9262:S.R.I.A.
9212:Shriners
9100:Americas
9081:Portugal
9011:Denmark
8990:Belgium
8886:Manitoba
8836:Virginia
8806:New York
8791:Nebraska
8786:Missouri
8776:Michigan
8766:Kentucky
8746:Illinois
8710:Americas
8652:Portugal
8286:Archived
8274:, London
8268:Archived
8210:Archived
7891:75446479
7773:20594356
7552:31009810
7428:Dawn.com
7364:Archived
7306:Archived
7281:Archived
7265:Archived
7136:Archived
6968:12870276
6899:CBCPNews
6840:Archived
6824:47204246
6764:Archived
6656:27381296
6617:68042376
6080:1 August
6033:Archived
5954:, 1999,
5932:Archived
5910:Archived
5723:Archived
5700:Archived
5677:Archived
5620:Archived
5537:Archived
5512:Archived
5489:Archived
5448:Archived
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5230:33334015
5058:(2006).
4792:Archived
4700:Archived
4562:Archived
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4516:Archived
4339:Archived
4303:Archived
4280:Archived
4238:Archived
4100:Archived
4077:Archived
4054:Archived
4032:Archived
3950:Archived
3928:Archived
3696:See also
3535:and the
3421:Pakistan
3413:Malaysia
3381:Al-Manar
3378:journal
3352:Egyptian
3317:Mahmud I
3282:reliable
3215:apostasy
3208:Orthodox
3169:founder
3137:Satanism
3020:doctrine
2918:in Spain
2530:Voltaire
2497:Jacobite
2336:and the
2185:de facto
2004:and the
1607:Exorcism
1522:Kabbalah
1462:a series
1459:Part of
1387:esoteric
1239:in amity
990:Florence
787:Thailand
762:Scotland
747:Portugal
722:Malaysia
637:Barbados
364:A.J.E.F.
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9086:Romania
9046:Ibérico
9025:France
8976:Eurasia
8968:CLIPSAS
8896:Ontario
8751:Indiana
8726:Alabama
8657:Romania
8607:Germany
8592:Finland
8577:Belgium
8572:Armenia
8490:Eurasia
8473:(1722-)
8462:London,
8380:History
8363:General
8260:1560509
8222:of the
8039:excerpt
7591:3250405
7219:18 June
6254:(1992).
6225:p. 634.
6221:Davis,
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6133:Jacob,
6015:17 June
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5799:CLIPSAS
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4937:14 June
4682:17 June
4600:, from
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3570:Zionism
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3336:Islamic
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3248:rituals
3179:mystery
3084:of the
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2937:or the
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2231:Moderns
2133:Jamaica
2094:at his
1913:Origins
1902:History
1859:ashlars
1804:Steiner
1784:Mathers
1729:Crowley
1552:Thelema
1502:Alchemy
1426:Ottoman
1399:In the
1002:minutes
852:Masonry
797:Ukraine
752:Romania
712:Lebanon
682:Iceland
677:Germany
672:Finland
662:Denmark
657:Croatia
642:Belgium
598:Pike's
542:Related
359:DeMolay
184:Masonic
151:History
9369:Places
9326:People
9127:Mexico
9122:Canada
9091:Turkey
9076:Poland
9050:Italy
9041:Greece
8932:Mexico
8912:Brazil
8878:Canada
8761:Kansas
8672:Turkey
8662:Russia
8611:Italy
8597:France
8582:Cyprus
8466:of the
8352:lodges
8348:bodies
8258:
8178:online
8161:online
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8119:online
8082:(1988)
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8029:online
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7982:(1986)
7974:online
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7919:19 May
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9297:USA
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5281:2024
5255:2024
5226:OCLC
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