85:
25:
2994:
2982:
224:
3018:
3006:
327:, then as the lake grew once again, the trees were preserved under cold water. However, a 2016–2017 expedition by the Undersea Voyager Project found evidence that the ancient trees did not grow there during an ancient drought, but rather slid into the lake during one of the many seismic events that have occurred in the Tahoe Basin since it was formed.
912:
652:
In medieval times the
California droughts coincided roughly with a warmer climate in Europe, which allowed the Vikings to colonize Greenland and vineyards to grow in England, and with a severe dry period in South America, which caused the collapse of that continent's most advanced pre-Inca empire,
835:
Marine coral records from the core ENSO region of the tropical
Pacific also support the concept of decadal and longer ENSO variability during the last millennium (Cobb et al., 2003), with some indication that the MCA period experienced persistent La Niña-like SST conditions that would be
334:
was the driest 22-year period in the region since at least 800. Both 2002 and 2021 were drier than any other years in nearly 300 years and were, respectively, the 11th and 12th driest years between 800 and 2021. The atmospheric rivers of 2024 delivered some of the wettest climate since
691:
Although the relationship between climate and societal change is complex and not necessarily deterministic, the widespread societal changes across monsoon Asia between the mid 13th to 15th centuries, which include famines and significant political reorganization within India (, and ),
790:
The evidence for the big droughts comes from an analysis of the trunks of trees that grew in the dry beds of lakes, swamps and rivers in and adjacent to the Sierra Nevada, but died when the droughts ended and the water levels rose. Immersion in water has preserved the trunks over the
235:
When megadroughts occur, lakes dry up and trees and other plants grow in the dry lake beds. When the drought ends, the lakes refill; when this happens the trees are submerged and die. In some locations these trees have remained preserved and can be studied giving accurate
726:
As well as the periodic droughts lasting decades, there was evidence that the Sahel region has undergone several droughts lasting a century or more....The most recent mega-drought was just 500 years ago, spanning 1400 to 1750 and coinciding with Europe's Little Ice
142:
suggested that the definition be a drought which is exceptionally severe compared to the weather during the previous 2,000 years. This was still quite imprecise and so research has suggested quantitative measures based on a
Standard Precipitation Index.
586:
New findings suggest that a decades-long drought at about the time the kingdom began fading away in the 14th century may have been a major culprit. Evidence for a megadrought comes from centuries-old conifers that survived the Angkor
973:
621:
This far-reaching rainfall chronology also provides the first independent confirmation of the so-called
Terminal Classic drought, a megadrought some anthropologists relate to the collapse of the Mayan civilization.
518:
Consequently, despite considerable limitations of the proxy evidence, to date it does support the idea that, during medieval times, the global hydroclimate tended towards what we would now call a La Niña-like
210:
region in particular has suffered multiple megadroughts throughout history, with the most recent lasting from approximately 1400 AD to 1750 AD. North
America experienced at least four megadroughts during the
759:
The new record sheds light on a drought-prone 400-year period between A.D. 900 and 1300. It is punctuated by four decades-long, regionwide megadroughts centered on the years 936, 1034, 1150 and 1253.
132:. In this, it referred to two periods of severe drought in the US – one at the end of the 13th century and the other in the middle of the 16th century. The term was then popularised as a similar
316:
and the oxygen isotope ratio in living corals to convert fossil coral records into sea surface temperatures. This has been used to establish the occurrence and frequency of La Niña conditions.
2718:
297:, New Mexico and other locations. The cores from Valles Caldera go back 550,000 years and show evidence of megadroughts that lasted as long as 1,000 years during the mid-
532:
270:
has recorded patterns of drought covering most of the U.S. for every year since 1700. Certain species of trees have given evidence over a longer period, in particular
2894:
2562:
2019:
282:
has produced a 1238-year tree-ring based chronology of weather condition in central Mexico by examining core samples taken from living
Montezuma Cypress trees.
2735:
453:
Kim, Youngkyu; Kim, Sunmin; Jeong, Hoseong; An, Hyunuk (31 December 2022), "Quantitatively defining megadrought based on drought events in central Chile",
2171:
1987:
566:
2166:
266:
states have experienced droughts that lasted ten times longer than anything the modern U.S. has seen. Based upon data derived from annual tree rings,
2034:
700:
fame in
Cambodia (Buckley et al., 2010), strongly suggest that the MMDs may have played a major contributing role in shaping these societal changes.
387:
2014:
1961:
863:
35:
559:
1670:
1903:
1787:
1047:
2056:
2004:
2935:
2051:
1626:
2266:
1977:
1695:
1472:
772:
634:
2622:
2411:
1569:
1060:
409:
Woodhouse, Connie A.; Overpeck, Jonathan T. (1 December 1998), "2000 Years of
Drought Variability in the Central United States",
331:
133:
2271:
2234:
2088:
2073:
1982:
1631:
1575:
849:
2930:
2068:
536:
2952:
1898:
1893:
815:
502:
2433:
2211:
2029:
1951:
1941:
1924:
1831:
1638:
1956:
713:
2862:
2723:
2680:
2176:
354:
2789:
2665:
2482:
1675:
809:"Megadroughts in North America: Placing IPCC Projections of Hydroclimatic Change in a Long-Term Paleoclimate Context"
69:
3022:
2660:
2640:
2587:
2539:
1591:
740:
600:
2779:
2730:
2156:
2118:
2063:
1523:
1040:
431:
2847:
2131:
1878:
808:
665:
Ashish Sinhaa (January 2011). "A global context for megadroughts in monsoon Asia during the past millennium".
2957:
2492:
2024:
823:
324:
2940:
2612:
2141:
2136:
2041:
1908:
1465:
1409:
696:(Zhang et al., 2008); Rajarata civilization in Sri Lanka (Indrapala, 1971), and the Khmer civilization of
2151:
1994:
1144:
747:
231:
There are several sources for establishing the past occurrence and frequency of megadroughts, including:
992:
a historic atmospheric river storm slams
Southern California the city's wettest day since December 2004
3010:
2774:
2577:
2534:
2307:
2229:
2083:
1033:
305:
remains found in core samples from the bottom of lakes have been also studied and added to the record.
2879:
2554:
2529:
2502:
2464:
2381:
2199:
2046:
1999:
1749:
1518:
1513:
1508:
139:
2394:
3054:
2889:
2884:
2874:
2815:
2655:
2161:
2126:
2009:
1936:
1777:
1606:
1542:
1503:
978:
570:
51:
498:
92:, which experienced its worst megadrought in 1,200 years in 2022. The drought was precipitated by
2998:
2920:
2830:
2572:
2544:
2224:
1873:
1851:
1458:
313:
2597:
2417:
2359:
2276:
2261:
2146:
1782:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
604:
323:
that lasted from the 9th to the 12th centuries, trees would grow on newly exposed shoreline at
279:
240:, and the tree rings of the same long dead trees can be studied. Such trees have been found in
89:
3049:
2986:
2632:
2509:
2317:
1767:
1690:
913:"Rapid intensification of the emerging southwestern North American megadrought in 2020–2021"
2825:
2703:
2364:
1929:
1856:
1115:
924:
802:
674:
418:
320:
212:
8:
2842:
2617:
1841:
1836:
1025:
974:"Flash flooding, mudslides ongoing threat from Santa Barbara to Los Angeles to San Diego"
819:
803:
Edward R. Cook; Richard Seager; Richard R. Heim, Jr.; Russell S. Vose; Celine
Herweijer;
506:
184:
928:
678:
422:
2670:
2602:
2519:
2369:
2334:
2291:
2286:
2281:
1846:
948:
777:
639:
480:
237:
172:
262:, the dating and study of annual rings in trees. The tree-ring data indicate that the
84:
3044:
2904:
2567:
2312:
2078:
1861:
1824:
1611:
1565:
1424:
1134:
1068:
952:
940:
499:"The characteristics and likely causes of the Medieval megadroughts in North America"
484:
472:
436:
298:
271:
192:
176:
125:
43:
1020:
Persistent drought in North America: a climate modeling and paleoclimate perspective
1019:
686:
2947:
2514:
2497:
2438:
2329:
2093:
1807:
1680:
1616:
1356:
1350:
1152:
1056:
932:
804:
682:
462:
426:
275:
259:
121:
47:
467:
151:
Past megadroughts in North America have been associated with persistent multiyear
2899:
2820:
2784:
2713:
2687:
2675:
2592:
2524:
2399:
2256:
1868:
1819:
1797:
1255:
97:
2852:
2708:
2650:
2645:
2487:
2376:
2108:
2103:
2098:
1946:
1883:
1621:
1601:
1560:
1481:
1208:
1124:
936:
294:
168:
93:
3038:
2925:
2857:
2582:
2404:
2389:
2324:
2219:
1419:
1217:
944:
864:"Undersea Voyager Project Returns to Fallen Leaf Lake To Study Ancient Trees"
476:
440:
392:
309:
249:
175:
from pre-drought levels. They are suspected of playing a primary role in the
156:
911:
Williams, A. Park; Cook, Benjamin I.; Smerdon, Jason E. (14 February 2022).
496:
2810:
2607:
2251:
2241:
1888:
1772:
1685:
1414:
1336:
1331:
1164:
1129:
1077:
744:
263:
200:
188:
180:
120:
There is no exact definition of a megadrought. The term was first used by
155:
conditions (cooler than normal water temperatures in the tropical eastern
2837:
2354:
2346:
1596:
1429:
1248:
1227:
1222:
1100:
653:
the rich and powerful state of Tiwanaku, other recent studies have found.
286:
245:
2869:
2246:
1110:
697:
608:
171:
of humans away from drought affected lands, resulting in a significant
889:
223:
152:
1814:
1439:
1434:
1382:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1090:
1085:
355:"California is rationing water amid its worst drought in 1,200 years"
241:
388:"What is megadrought? How scientists define extreme water shortages"
1389:
1377:
1282:
1182:
358:
196:
1792:
1450:
1372:
1346:
1307:
1243:
1174:
1095:
1013:
290:
109:
2805:
1007:
302:
301:
during which summer rains were almost non-existent. Plant and
134:
severe drought affected the Southwestern US from the year 2000
130:
2000 Years of Drought Variability in the Central United States
2719:
Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
1802:
1203:
1157:
253:
207:
1340:
432:
10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<2693:YODVIT>2.0.CO;2
267:
1055:
2895:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
34:
deal primarily with North America and do not represent a
1022:
Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University
2736:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
497:
Richard Seager, Celine Herweijer and Ed Cook (2011).
910:
598:
567:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
112:, lasting for many years and covering a wide area.
773:"Severe Ancient Droughts: A Warning to California"
770:
635:"Severe Ancient Droughts: A Warning to California"
632:
312:. Using the relationship between tropical Pacific
408:
3036:
2936:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
711:
411:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
16:Prolonged drought lasting two decades or longer
847:
1671:History of climate change policy and politics
1466:
1041:
664:
557:
452:
385:
352:
32:The examples and perspective in this article
738:
530:
1788:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
3017:
3005:
2462:
1473:
1459:
1048:
1034:
227:Montezuma Bald Cypress tree, 900 years old
167:Megadroughts have historically led to the
2757:
2563:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
1696:United Nations Climate Change conferences
694:the collapse of the Yuan dynasty in China
603:. Fulbright College of Arts and Sciences
601:"Trees Tell of MesoAmerican MegaDroughts"
466:
430:
70:Learn how and when to remove this message
2267:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
560:"Tree Rings Tell of Angkor's Dying Days"
222:
83:
2623:National Adaptation Programme of Action
2412:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
850:"The Alien World of Deepwater Research"
599:Melissa Lutz Blouin (3 February 2011).
535:. Fort Stockton Pioneer. Archived from
332:southwestern North American megadrought
3037:
2272:Economics of climate change mitigation
2235:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
1748:
1576:Scientific consensus on climate change
714:"Africa trapped in mega-drought cycle"
319:During a 200-year mega drought in the
218:
2931:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
2756:
2461:
2197:
1747:
1659:
1540:
1492:
1454:
1029:
187:of the North American Southwest, the
2953:Representative Concentration Pathway
1894:Tipping points in the climate system
1570:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
1010:Current worldwide drought conditions
836:drought-inducing over North America.
404:
402:
381:
379:
377:
375:
18:
2724:Nationally determined contributions
2434:Individual action on climate change
1639:World energy supply and consumption
848:Perrin Ireland (13 February 2013).
771:William K. Stevens (19 July 1994).
633:William K. Stevens (19 July 1994).
455:Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk
13:
2863:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
1480:
741:"Tree rings reveal 'megadroughts'"
712:Catherine Brahic (16 April 2009).
446:
14:
3066:
2790:Satellite temperature measurement
2395:forestry for carbon sequestration
1676:History of climate change science
1008:Global Drought Information System
1001:
399:
372:
88:A typical dry lakebed is seen in
3016:
3004:
2993:
2992:
2980:
2641:Climate Change Performance Index
2020:Destruction of cultural heritage
816:Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory
739:Jim Erickson (11 October 2004).
503:Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory
386:James Dinneen (7 October 2022),
23:
2780:Instrumental temperature record
2731:Sustainable Development Goal 13
1016:Current U.S. drought conditions
966:
904:
882:
856:
841:
796:
764:
732:
705:
687:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.10.005
658:
558:Richard Stone (12 March 2009).
2848:Climate variability and change
2198:
1879:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
626:
592:
551:
531:Bob Varmette (4 August 2011).
524:
490:
346:
1:
2958:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
2493:Climate emergency declaration
824:Journal of Quaternary Science
468:10.1080/19475705.2022.2060763
353:Irina Ivanova (2 June 2022).
339:
115:
2941:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
2167:Middle East and North Africa
1493:
1410:Potentially hazardous object
7:
2015:Depopulation of settlements
1660:
748:Scripps Howard News Service
108:is an exceptionally severe
46:, discuss the issue on the
10:
3071:
2775:Global surface temperature
2666:Popular culture depictions
2578:Ecosystem-based adaptation
2308:Carbon capture and storage
2230:Carbon offsets and credits
1541:
937:10.1038/s41558-022-01290-z
892:. Undersea Voyager Project
667:Quaternary Science Reviews
256:; and various other lakes.
179:of several pre-industrial
2987:Climate change portal
2974:
2913:
2880:Extreme event attribution
2798:
2767:
2763:
2752:
2696:
2631:
2553:
2503:School Strike for Climate
2475:
2471:
2457:
2426:
2382:Climate-smart agriculture
2343:
2300:
2210:
2206:
2193:
2117:
1970:
1917:
1760:
1756:
1743:
1666:
1655:
1584:
1553:
1549:
1536:
1519:Climate change adaptation
1514:Climate change mitigation
1509:Effects of climate change
1499:
1488:
1402:
1365:
1324:
1306:
1275:
1268:
1236:
1202:
1195:
1173:
1143:
1109:
1076:
1067:
868:California Diver Magazine
162:
146:
2890:Global warming potential
2697:International agreements
2344:Preserving and enhancing
1778:Arctic methane emissions
1700:Years in climate change
1607:Greenhouse gas emissions
1504:Causes of climate change
314:sea surface temperatures
2921:Climate change scenario
2573:Disaster risk reduction
2225:Carbon emission trading
2035:U.S. insurance industry
2005:Civilizational collapse
1852:sea surface temperature
2914:Research and modelling
2598:Nature-based solutions
2418:Nature-based solutions
2360:Carbon dioxide removal
2277:Fossil fuel divestment
2262:Climate risk insurance
2172:Small island countries
1783:Arctic sea ice decline
605:University of Arkansas
289:taken at the volcanic
280:University of Arkansas
228:
101:
2875:Earth's energy budget
2758:Background and theory
2646:Climate crisis (term)
2318:Fossil fuel phase-out
2212:Economics and finance
2177:by individual country
2119:By country and region
2094:Security and conflict
2089:Psychological impacts
1768:Abrupt climate change
1691:Charles David Keeling
1524:By country and region
917:Nature Climate Change
226:
128:in their 1998 paper,
87:
2704:Glasgow Climate Pact
2365:Carbon sequestration
1930:Mass mortality event
213:Medieval Warm Period
199:of Bolivia, and the
195:of Mesoamerica, the
52:create a new article
44:improve this article
2843:Climate sensitivity
2618:The Adaptation Fund
2074:Infectious diseases
1971:Social and economic
929:2022NatCC..12..232W
820:Columbia University
679:2011QSRv...30...47S
576:on 14 December 2011
507:Columbia University
423:1998BAMS...79.2693W
219:Historical evidence
185:Ancestral Puebloans
2414:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
2386:Forest management
2370:Direct air capture
2335:Sustainable energy
2292:Net zero emissions
2287:Low-carbon economy
2282:Green Climate Fund
2069:Indigenous peoples
1962:Plant biodiversity
1750:Effects and issues
1061:list by death toll
1014:US Drought Monitor
778:The New York Times
640:The New York Times
238:radio-carbon dates
229:
173:population decline
102:
3032:
3031:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2905:Radiative forcing
2748:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2568:Adaptive capacity
2453:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2313:Energy transition
2189:
2188:
2185:
2184:
1899:Tropical cyclones
1825:Urban heat island
1739:
1738:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1612:Carbon accounting
1566:Greenhouse effect
1532:
1531:
1448:
1447:
1425:Geomagnetic storm
1398:
1397:
1264:
1263:
1191:
1190:
1135:Soil liquefaction
1057:Natural disasters
982:. 5 February 2024
539:on 20 August 2011
417:(12): 2693–2714,
330:The 2000–present
308:Fossil corals on
299:Pleistocene Epoch
272:Montezuma Cypress
191:of Cambodia, the
126:Jonathan Overpeck
80:
79:
72:
54:, as appropriate.
3062:
3020:
3019:
3008:
3007:
2996:
2995:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2948:Paleoclimatology
2765:
2764:
2754:
2753:
2515:Ecological grief
2498:Climate movement
2473:
2472:
2459:
2458:
2439:Plant-based diet
2330:Renewable energy
2208:
2207:
2195:
2194:
2030:Economic impacts
1952:Invasive species
1808:Coastal flooding
1758:
1757:
1745:
1744:
1681:Svante Arrhenius
1657:
1656:
1627:from agriculture
1617:Carbon footprint
1602:Greenhouse gases
1551:
1550:
1538:
1537:
1490:
1489:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1452:
1451:
1357:Tropical cyclone
1351:Tornado outbreak
1273:
1272:
1200:
1199:
1153:Pyroclastic flow
1145:Volcano eruption
1074:
1073:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1027:
1026:
995:
994:
989:
987:
970:
964:
963:
961:
959:
908:
902:
901:
899:
897:
886:
880:
879:
877:
875:
860:
854:
853:
845:
839:
838:
832:
830:
813:
805:Connie Woodhouse
800:
794:
793:
787:
785:
768:
762:
761:
756:
754:
736:
730:
729:
723:
721:
709:
703:
702:
662:
656:
655:
649:
647:
630:
624:
623:
618:
616:
611:on 9 August 2011
607:. Archived from
596:
590:
589:
583:
581:
575:
569:. Archived from
564:
555:
549:
548:
546:
544:
528:
522:
521:
515:
513:
494:
488:
487:
470:
450:
444:
443:
434:
406:
397:
396:
383:
370:
369:
367:
365:
350:
325:Fallen Leaf Lake
276:Bristlecone pine
260:Dendrochronology
183:, including the
122:Connie Woodhouse
75:
68:
64:
61:
55:
27:
26:
19:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3055:Weather hazards
3035:
3034:
3033:
3028:
2981:
2979:
2962:
2909:
2900:Orbital forcing
2794:
2759:
2740:
2714:Paris Agreement
2692:
2688:Warming stripes
2627:
2593:Managed retreat
2588:Loss and damage
2549:
2483:Business action
2467:
2445:
2422:
2345:
2339:
2296:
2257:Climate finance
2202:
2181:
2113:
1966:
1942:Extinction risk
1918:Flora and fauna
1913:
1874:Permafrost thaw
1869:Ozone depletion
1798:Extreme weather
1752:
1735:
1662:
1643:
1580:
1545:
1528:
1495:
1484:
1479:
1449:
1444:
1394:
1361:
1325:Cyclonic storms
1320:
1302:
1260:
1256:Limnic eruption
1232:
1206:
1187:
1175:Natural erosion
1169:
1139:
1113:
1105:
1063:
1054:
1004:
999:
998:
985:
983:
972:
971:
967:
957:
955:
909:
905:
895:
893:
888:
887:
883:
873:
871:
862:
861:
857:
846:
842:
828:
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870:. October 2016
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96:. California
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2811:Carbon cycle
2768:Measurements
2463:Society and
2347:carbon sinks
2252:Climate debt
2242:Carbon price
2064:Human rights
1889:Season creep
1847:heat content
1773:Anoxic event
1686:James Hansen
1415:Impact event
1403:Astronomical
1337:Thunderstorm
1332:Bomb cyclone
1315:
1196:Hydrological
1165:Volcanic ash
1130:Seismic risk
1078:Mass wasting
991:
984:. Retrieved
977:
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884:
872:. Retrieved
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745:Deseret News
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609:the original
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571:the original
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541:. Retrieved
537:the original
526:
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510:. Retrieved
492:
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414:
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391:
362:. Retrieved
348:
287:core samples
264:Western U.S.
246:Tenaya lakes
230:
206:The African
205:
201:Yuan Dynasty
189:Khmer Empire
166:
150:
138:
129:
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100:in response.
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2838:Carbon sink
2816:atmospheric
2681:video games
2355:Blue carbon
1978:Agriculture
1957:Marine life
1904:Water cycle
1862:temperature
1597:Fossil fuel
1430:Solar flare
1316:Megadrought
1276:Temperature
1249:Megatsunami
1228:Storm surge
1223:Flash flood
1101:Debris flow
958:15 February
278:trees. The
106:megadrought
3039:Categories
2870:Cryosphere
2831:permafrost
2603:Resilience
2555:Adaptation
2530:Litigation
2520:Governance
2465:adaptation
2247:Carbon tax
2200:Mitigation
2137:Antarctica
2025:Disability
1111:Earthquake
1069:Geological
791:centuries.
698:Angkor Wat
340:References
203:of China.
116:Definition
90:California
2885:Feedbacks
2656:Education
2157:Caribbean
2152:Australia
2079:Migration
2042:Fisheries
1983:Livestock
1909:Wildfires
1815:Heat wave
1440:Hypernova
1435:Supernova
1383:Firestorm
1298:Heat wave
1293:Ice storm
1288:Cold wave
1091:Avalanche
1086:Landslide
953:246815806
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753:15 August
720:15 August
646:15 August
615:15 August
580:15 August
543:15 August
512:15 August
485:248073159
477:1947-5705
441:0003-0007
285:Sediment
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3045:Droughts
3011:Glossary
2999:Category
2821:biologic
2535:Politics
2427:Personal
2132:Americas
1995:Children
1761:Physical
1554:Overview
1494:Overview
1390:ARkStorm
1378:Wildfire
1283:Blizzard
1183:Sinkhole
979:ABC News
359:CBS News
197:Tiwanaku
177:collapse
42:You may
2826:oceanic
2676:fiction
2525:Justice
2476:Society
2084:Poverty
1793:Drought
1661:History
1585:Sources
1373:Derecho
1347:Tornado
1308:Drought
1244:Tsunami
1096:Mudflow
986:17 June
925:Bibcode
675:Bibcode
419:Bibcode
291:caldera
153:La Niña
110:drought
2806:Albedo
2799:Theory
2510:Denial
2301:Energy
2162:Europe
2142:Arctic
2127:Africa
2052:Health
2047:Gender
2000:Cities
1925:Biomes
1832:Oceans
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890:"Home"
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364:4 June
303:pollen
163:Impact
147:Causes
3023:Index
2785:Proxy
2545:Women
2010:Crime
1937:Birds
1803:Flood
1366:Other
1237:Other
1204:Flood
1158:Lahar
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574:(PDF)
563:(PDF)
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335:2004.
254:Ghana
208:Sahel
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2147:Asia
1729:2024
1724:2023
1719:2022
1714:2021
1709:2020
1704:2019
1341:Hail
1209:List
1116:List
988:2024
960:2022
941:ISSN
898:2019
876:2019
831:2011
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755:2011
727:Age.
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