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commonly used among
Mexican families are consejos (advice). Additional research has supported the idea that parents' consejos have had a significant influence on the education of Mexican American students. Espino (2016) studied the influence that parental involvement had on seven, 1st generation Mexican American PhDs. The study found that one of the participant's father would frequently use consejos to encourage his son to continue his education. The father's consejos served as an encouragement tool, which motivated the participant to continue his education. Consejos are commonly associated with the parents' occupation. Parents use their occupation as leverage to encourage their child to continue his or her education, or else they may end up working an undesirable job (Espino, 2016). While this might not be the most common form of parental involvement, studies have shown that it has been an effective tool that encourages Mexican American students. Although that might be an effective tool for Mexican American students, a mother can be just as an important figure for consejos. A mother's role teaches their child the importance of everyday tasks such as knowing how to cook, clean and care for oneself to be independent and also to help out around the house. The children of single mothers have a huge impact on their children in pushing them to be successful in school to have a better life than what they provided to their children. Most single mothers live in poverty and are dependent of the government, so they want the best for their children so they are always encouraging their children to be focused and do their best.
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a steady decline. In addition, the percentage of births to unmarried mothers increased for females of
Mexican descent from 20.3% in 1980 to 40.8% in 2000, more than doubling in that time frame. The study also found that for females of all Hispanic ethnicities, including Mexican origin, "considerably fewer births to unmarried Latino mothers involve partnerships with non-Latino white males than is the case for married Latino mothers. Second, births outside marriage are more likely to involve a non-Latino black father than births within marriage." Additionally, "Unions among partners from different Latino origins or between Latinos and non-Latino blacks are considerably more evident in cohabitation and parenthood than they are in marriage. In particular, unions between Latinos and non-Latino blacks are prominent in parenthood, especially non-marital births." Furthermore, for 29.7% of unmarried births to native-born females of Mexican origin and 40% of unmarried births to females of "Other Latino" origin, which may include Mexican American, information on the father's ethnicity was missing. The study was supported by the US Census Bureau, among other sources.
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Mexican
Americans from Whites in Texas. Racial attitudes that supported segregation of African Americans probably arrived in Texas during the 1820s in company with the "peculiar institution," slavery. Anglo-Americans began extending segregation to Mexican Americans after the Texas Revolution as a social custom. Tejanos formed a suspect class during and after the revolution, and that fact led to a general aversion of them. After the Civil War, segregation developed as a method of group control. For both minority groups, segregation existed in schools, churches, residential districts, and most public places such as restaurants, theaters, and barber shops. By the latter years of the nineteenth century, institutionalized segregation flourished legally in places with a visible Black population and was extended informally to Tejanos. Most Texas towns and cities had a "Negro quarter" and a "Mexican quarter."
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3603:(1954), civil rights lawyers for the appellant, named Pedro Hernandez, were confronted with a paradox: because Mexican Americans were classified as White by the federal government and not as a separate race in the census, lower courts held that they were not being denied equal protection by being tried by juries that excluded Mexican Americans by practice. The lower court ruled there was no violation of the Fourteenth Amendment by excluding people with Mexican ancestry among the juries. Attorneys for the state of Texas and judges in the state courts contended that the amendment referred only to racial, not "nationality", groups. Thus, since Mexican Americans were tried by juries composed of their racial group—whites—their constitutional rights were not violated. The US Supreme Court ruling in
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the notion that
Mexicans do not value education by providing evidence that shows the opposite. Setting high expectations and expressing their desire for their children to be academically successful has served as powerful tools to increase of the academic achievement among Mexican American students (Valencia & Black, 2002). Keith and Lichtman (1995) also conducted a research study that measured the influence of parental involvement and academic achievement. The data was collected from the NELS and used a total of 1,714 students that identified as Mexican American (Chicana/o). The study found a higher level of academic achievement among 8th grade Mexican American students and parents who had high educational aspirations for their children (Keith & Lichtman, 1995).
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primary identification as an
American. Testing these hypotheses with data from the US Census and national and Los Angeles opinion surveys, Citrin et al. (2007) show that Latinos generally acquire English and lose Spanish rapidly beginning with the second generation, and appear to be no more or less religious or committed to the work ethic than native-born non-Mexican American whites. However, the children and grandchildren of Mexican immigrants were able to make close ties with their extended families in Mexico, since United States shares a 2,000-mile border with Mexico. Many had the opportunity to visit Mexico on a relatively frequent basis. As a result, many Mexicans were able to maintain a strong Mexican culture, language, and relationship with others.
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4553:. Their longitudinal analysis of seven hundred Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban immigrants followed from 1990 to 1995 finds broad support for hypotheses derived from the classical account of assimilation into American society. High income, English-language use, and embeddedness in American social contexts increased Latin American immigrants' geographic mobility into multi-ethnic neighborhoods. US citizenship and years spent in the United States were positively associated with geographic mobility into different neighborhoods while co-ethnic contact and prior experiences of ethnic discrimination decreased the likelihood that Latino immigrants would move from their original neighborhoods and into non-Latino white census tracts.
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citizenship. Although
Mexican Americans were legally classified as "White" in terms of official federal policy, many organizations, businesses, and homeowners associations and local legal systems had official policies to exclude Mexican Americans. Throughout the southwest discrimination in wages were institutionalized in "white wages" versus lower "Mexican wages" for the same job classifications. For Mexican Americans, opportunities for employment were largely limited to guest worker programs. The bracero program, which began in 1942 and officially ended in 1964, allowed them temporary entry into the United States as migrant workers in farms throughout California and the Southwest.
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Progressive era did not improve matters. During the 1920s, Black schoolchildren were more likely to miss school than White students, Black teachers received less pay and training than their White counterparts, and teaching accommodations ordinarily amounted to one-room buildings generally under the tutelage of a single teacher. The same circumstances applied to
Hispanic students, who were segregated because some Whites thought them "dirty" and because some White employers desired an uneducated, inexpensive labor pool. Whatever schools existed often suffered from inadequate financing, poor educational facilities, and racist curriculum.
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diverse set of peoples, stereotypes and discriminatory practices will decrease, as awareness and acceptance increase. The diffusion model predicts that new immigrants will break down old patterns of discrimination and prejudice, as one becomes more and more comfortable with the more diverse neighborhoods that are created through the influx of immigrants. Applying this model to the experiences of
Mexican Americans forces one to see Mexican American immigrants as positive additions to the "American melting pot", in which as more additions are made to the pot, the more equal and accepting society will become.
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have been migrating, but to make the transition from one country to another involves re-training and re-adjusting to conform to US laws —i.e. professional licensing is required. Millions crossed into the United States to find work that would help them survive as well as sustain their families in Mexico. However now, Mexican
Americans, primarily those who are bilingual are being used by firms to attract immigrant clientele. More value is being placed on Mexican Americans because they possess the ability to communicate with Spanish-speaking clients, thus expanding the customer range of companies.
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groups was 1.6 months shorter than the average school year. Some have interpreted the shortened school year as a "means of social control" implementing policies to ensure that
Mexican Americans would maintain the unskilled labor force required for a strong economy. A lesser education would serve to confine Mexican Americans to the bottom rung of the social ladder. By limiting the number of days that Mexican Americans could attend school and allotting time for these same students to work, in mainly agricultural and seasonal jobs, the prospects for higher education and upward mobility were slim.
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education. A key aspect of parental involvement in education is that it can be transmitted in many ways. For a long time, there has been a misconception that the parents of Mexican American students are not involved in their children's education; however, multiple studies have demonstrated that parents are involved in their children's education (Valencia & Black, 2002). It is important to know that the parents of Mexican American students frequently display their involvement through untraditional methods; such as, consejos, home-base practices, and high academic expectations.
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assimilation model. More contemporary models are the polarization model and the diffusion model: The spatial assimilation model posits that as immigrants would live within this country's borders, they would simultaneously become more comfortable in their new surroundings, their socioeconomic status would rise, and their ability to speak English would increase. The combination of these changes would allow for the immigrant to move out of the barrio and into the dominant society. This type of assimilation reflects the experiences of immigrants of the early twentieth century.
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perceived parental involvement, acculturation, and self-esteem had any effect on academic achievement and aspirations. Results from their study demonstrated that perceived parental involvement had an influence on the students' academic achievement and aspirations. Additionally, Carranza et al. noted that among females, those who perceived that their parents expected them to get good grades tended to study more and have higher academic aspirations (2009). The findings suggest that parental expectations can affect the academic performance of Mexican American students.
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Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. In a 2014 study, The US Census Bureau estimates that by 2050, one in three people living in the United States will be of Latino origin including Mexican Americans. Type 2 diabetes prevalence is rising due to many risk factors and there are still many cases of pre-diabetes and undiagnosed diabetes due to lack of sources. According to the US Department of Health and Human Services (2011), individuals of Mexican descent are 50% more likely to die from diabetes than their white counterparts.
5355:– Colorado has the eighth largest population of Hispanics, seventh highest percentage of Latinos, fourth largest population of Mexican-Americans, and sixth highest percentage of Mexican-Americans in the United States. According to the 2010 census, there are over one million Mexican-Americans in Colorado. Over one-third of the city's population is Mexican-American or Latino, as well as approximately one-fourth of the entire Denver Metropolitan area. About 17% of the cities population is foreign born, mostly from Latin America.
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4252:, former Chairman of the Federal Reserve, has said that the growth of the working-age population is a large factor in keeping the economy growing and that immigration can be used to grow that population. According to Greenspan, by 2030, the growth of the US workforce will slow from 1 percent to 1/2 percent, while the percentage of the population over 65 years will rise from 13 percent to perhaps 20 percent. Greenspan has also stated that immigration reform could be brought about with a "stroke of the pen", referring to the
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Study (NELS) of 1988. The data was used to evaluate the influence of parental practices in the 8th grade and their effect on students once they were in the 10th grade. Altschul (2011) noted that home-based parental involvement had a more positive effect on the academic achievement of Mexican American students, than involvement in school organizations. The literature suggests that parental involvement in the school setting is not necessary, parents can impact the academic achievement of their children from their home.
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Chicano (Mexican American) nationalism. The 1968 Los Angeles school walkouts expressed Mexican American demands to end segregation, increase graduation rates, and reinstate a teacher fired for supporting student organizing. A notable event in the Chicano movement was the 1972 Convention of La Raza Unida (United People) Party, which organized with the goal of creating a third party that would give Chicanos political power in the United States.
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that had been advanced as politically "progressive" and had resulted in the removal of the Mexican American landowners of Chavez Ravine, was abandoned after passage of a public referendum prohibiting the original housing proposal and election of a conservative Los Angeles mayor opposed to public housing. Years later, the land acquired by the government in Chavez Ravine was dedicated by the city of Los Angeles as the site of what is now
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3443:, which genotyped 104 samples, reported that Mestizo Mexicans are 58.96% European, 35.05% Amerindian, and 5.03% African. According to a 2009 report by the Mexican Genome Project, which sampled 300 Mestizos from six Mexican states and one Indigenous group, the gene pool of the Mexican mestizo population was calculated to be 55.2% percent Indigenous, 41.8% European, 5% African, and 0.5% Asian. A 2012 study published by the
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4630:(regarding employment, income, credit checks, etc.) and asked to meet the same general qualifications of their non-Hispanic white peers. In this same study, it was found that Mexican Americans were more likely than non-Hispanic white Americans to be asked to pay a security deposit or application fee and Mexican American applicants were also more likely to be placed onto a waiting list than non-Latino white applicants.
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displayed through various forms. There are numerous studies that suggest that parental expectations are associated with the achievement level of Mexican American students. Future research should continue to study the reasons why Mexican American students perform better when their parents expect them to do well in school. Furthermore, future research can also look into whether gender influences parental expectations.
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Mexican Americans to attend white schools and colleges, mix socially with whites and marry whites: all of these things were impossible for African Americans, largely due to the legalized nature of black-white segregation. Racial segregation was rarely as rigid for Mexican Americans as it was for African Americans, even in situations where African Americans enjoyed higher economic status than Mexican Americans.
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3013:, and other steel-producing regions, where they gained industrial jobs. Like European immigrants, they were attracted to work that did not require proficiency in English. Industrial restructuring in the second half of the century put many Mexican Americans out of work in addition to people of other ethnic groups. Their industrial skills were not as useful in the changing economies of these areas.
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grants, or as a result of legislation passed after the treaty. Even those statutes which Congress passed to protect the owners of property at the time of the extension of the United States' borders, such as the 1851 California Land Act, had the effect of dispossessing Californio owners. They were ruined by the cost over years of having to maintain litigation to support their land titles.
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the coast and outside the California interior. The California economy was based on agriculture and livestock. In contrast to central New Spain, coastal colonists found little mineral wealth. Some became farmers or ranchers, working for themselves on their own land or for other colonists. Government officials, priests, soldiers, and artisans settled in towns, missions, and presidios.
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motivated by a bias toward the victims' ethnicity or national origin were directed at Latinos. In California, the state with the largest Mexican American population, the number of hate crimes committed against Latinos almost doubled from 2003 to 2007. In 2011, hate crimes against Hispanics declined 31% in the United States and 43% in California. The
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civil rights, and a change in editing procedures to accept reports of "Other race" for respondents who wrote in ethnic Hispanic entries, such as Mexican, Cuban, or Puerto Rican. In 1970, such responses in the Other race category were reclassified and tabulated as white. During this census, the bureau attempted to identify all
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exclude Mexican Americans in a racially discriminatory way. Throughout the Southwest, discrimination in wages was institutionalized in "White wages" versus lower "Mexican wages" for the same job classifications. For Mexican Americans, opportunities for employment were largely limited to guest worker programs.
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Based on current literature, one can conclude that parental involvement is an extremely important aspect of Mexican American students' education. The studies demonstrated that parental involvement is not limited to participating in school activities at the school; instead, parental involvement can be
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Additional research done by Carranza, You, Chhuon, and Hudley (2009) added support to the idea that high parental expectations were associated with higher achievement levels among Mexican American students. Carranza et al. (2009) studied 298 Mexican American high school students. They studied whether
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election to the Los Angeles City Council in 1949 and then to Congress in 1962 also represented this rising Mexican American political power. In the late 1960s the founding of the Crusade for Justice in Denver in and the land grant movement in New Mexico in 1967 set the bases for what would become the
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A study done by the National Research Council (US) Panel on Hispanics in the United States published in 2006 looked at not only marriages, but also non-marriage unions. It found that since at least 1980, marriage for females across all Hispanic ethnic groups, including Mexican Americans, has been in
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makes them highly vulnerable to exploitation by employers. Many employers, however, have developed a "don't ask, don't tell" attitude toward hiring undocumented Mexican nationals. In May 2006, hundreds of thousands of undocumented immigrants, Mexicans and other nationalities, walked out of their jobs
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From 1970 to 1980, there was a dramatic increase in the number of people who identified as "of Other Race" in the census, reflecting the addition of a question on 'Latino origin' to the 100-percent questionnaire, an increased propensity for Latinos to identify as other than White as they agitated for
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Mexican Americans were found to place more importance on social and economic issues than they do on immigration. Those who are not citizens care considerably more about social issues. Both citizens and noncitizens identify ethnic issues as the key problem that Mexican Americans face, highlighting the
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list. The National Film Board said that it was "one of the most popular of a new wave of narrative feature films produced in the 1980s by Latino filmmakers" and that it "celebrates in a direct, approachable, and impactful way, values of self-betterment through hard work and power through knowledge."
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Additional literature has demonstrated that parent involvement also comes in the form of parent expectations. Valencia and Black (2002) argued that Mexican parents place a significant amount of value on education and hold high expectations for their children. The purpose of their study was to debunk
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The diffusion model has also been suggested as a way of describing the immigrant's experience within the United States. This model is rooted in the belief that as time passes, more and more immigrants enter the country. This model suggests that as the United States becomes more populated with a more
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over approximately ten years (1951–1961). The eventual result was the removal of the entire population of Chavez Ravine from land on which Dodger Stadium was later constructed. The great majority of the Chavez Ravine land was acquired to make way for proposed public housing. The public housing plan
4629:
Studies have shown that the segregation among Mexican Americans and Mexican immigrants seems to be declining. One study from 1984 found that Mexican American applicants were offered the same housing terms and conditions as non-Hispanic white Americans. They were asked to provide the same information
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Two marginalized identities has a bigger impact on the oppression and struggles that the oppressed face. This is specially true in the case of women and immigrants. The level of education and the cultural factors directly effect women facing domestic violence, and women with lower levels of literacy
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Genetic studies made in the Mexican population have found their common ancestry at 58.96% European, 31.05% Amerindian and 10.03% African. There is genetic asymmetry, with the direct paternal line predominately European and the maternal line predominately Amerindian. Younger Mexican Americans tend to
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The barrier that the language places on people who are immigrating from Mexico is difficult due to the importance that is placed in the United States related to knowing how to speak English. The lack of support from surrounding people places an even more difficult strain given that there is not much
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For the first time, Mexicans in increasing numbers migrated north into the United States for better economic opportunities. In the early 20th century, the first main period of migration to the United States happened between the 1910s to the 1920s, referred to as the Great Migration. During this time
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One of the most important events in the history of Mexican settlers in California occurred in 1833, when the Mexican Government secularized the missions. In effect this meant that the government took control of large and vast areas of land. The government eventually distributed these lands among the
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settlers outnumbered Tejanos ten to one in the region. Both groups were settled mostly in the eastern part of the territory. The Mexican government became concerned about the increasing volume of Anglo-American immigration and restricted the number of settlers from the United States allowed to enter
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Various reasons for the inferiority of the education given to Mexican American students have been listed by James A. Ferg-Cadima including: inadequate resources, poor equipment, unfit building construction. In 1923, the Texas Education Survey Commission found that the school year for some non-white
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Despite the similarities between Mexican American and African American patterns of segregation, there were important differences. The racial demarcations between whites and blacks in a state like Texas were inviolable, whereas those between whites and Mexican Americans were not. It was possible for
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According to James P. Smith, the children and grandchildren of Hispanic immigrants tend to lessen educational and income gaps with White American. Immigrant Latino men earn about half of what whites make, while second generation US-born Hispanics make about 78 percent of the salaries of their white
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Most immigrants from Mexico, as elsewhere, come from the lower classes and from families generationally employed in lower skilled jobs. They also are most likely from rural areas. Thus, many new Mexican immigrants are not skilled in white collar professions. Recently, some professionals from Mexico
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The Mexican American population was still concentrated in Southwestern states such as Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Texas, and California in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Mexican Americans starting moving from the southwestern to large northeastern and midwestern cities after World War II. Large
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Thus in Mexico, the term "Mestizo", while still applying mostly to people who are of mixed European and Indigenous descent, to various degrees, has become more of a cultural label rather than a racial one. It is vaguely defined and may include people who do not have Indigenous ancestry, people who
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embarked on a program of economic modernization that triggered not only a wave of internal migration in Mexico from rural areas to cities, but also Mexican emigration to the United States. A railway network was constructed that connected central Mexico to the US border and also opened up previously
2710:
who colonized Texas in the Spanish Colonial Period established a government in Texas that desired independence from Spanish-ruled Mexico. In those days, there was no concept of identity as Mexican. Many Mexicans were more loyal to their states/provinces than to their country as a whole, which was a
3534:
The 1930 US census added a separate category for "color" or "race" which declassified Mexicans as white. Census workers were instructed to write "W" for white and "Mex" for Mexican. Other categories were "Neg" for Negro; "In" for Amerindian; "Ch" for Chinese; "Jp" for Japanese; "Fil" for Filipino;
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While Mexico does not have comprehensive modern racial censuses, some international publications believe that Mexican people of predominately European descent (Spanish or other European) make up approximately one-sixth (16.5%); this is based on the figures of the last racial census in the country,
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came to the United States from Argentina. In 2015, the United States admitted 157,227 Mexican immigrants, and as of November 2016, 1.31 million Mexicans were on the waiting list to immigrate to the United States through legal means. A 2014 survey showed that 34% of Mexicans would immigrate to
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Following the concession of California to the United States under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexicans were repeatedly targeted by legislation that targeted their socio-economic standing in the area. One significant instance of this is exemplified by the passage of legislation that placed the
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In California, Mexican settlement had begun in 1769 with the establishment of the Presidio and Catholic mission of San Diego. 20 more missions were established along the California coast by 1823, along with military Presidios and civilian communities. Settlers in California tended to stay close to
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Another study emphasized the importance of home-based parental involvement. Altschul (2011) conducted a study that tested the effects of six different types of parental involvement and their effect on Mexican American students. The study used previous data from the National Education Longitudinal
4826:
Polarization model suggests that the immigration of non-black minorities into the United States further separates blacks and whites, as though the new immigrants are a buffer between them. This creates a hierarchy in which blacks are at the bottom, whites are at the top, and other groups fill the
4822:
This model of immigration and residential segregation, explained above, is the model which has historically been accurate in describing the experiences of Latino immigrants. However, the patterns of immigration seen today no longer follows this model. This old model is termed the standard spatial
4545:
Huntington (2005) argues that the sheer number, concentration, linguistic homogeneity, and other characteristics of Latin American immigrants will erode the dominance of English as a nationally unifying language, weaken the country's dominant cultural values, and promote ethnic allegiances over a
3638:
In the past, Mexicans were legally considered "White" because either they were accepted as being of Spanish ancestry, or because of early treaty obligations to Spaniards and Mexicans that conferred citizenship status to Mexican peoples before the American Civil War. Numerous slave states bordered
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An autosomal ancestry study performed in 2007 on residents of Mexico City reported that the European ancestry of Mexicans was 52%, with the rest being Amerindian and some African contribution. Maternal ancestry was analyzed, with 47% being of European origin. Unlike previous studies that included
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was taking place, creating turmoil within and against the Mexican government causing civilians to seek out economic and political stability in the United States. Over 1.3 million Mexicans relocated to the United States from 1910 well into the 1930s, with significant increases each decade. Many of
9315:
Price, Alkes L.; Patterson, Nick; Yu, Fuli; Cox, David R.; Waliszewska, Alicja; McDonald, Gavin J.; Tandon, Arti; Schirmer, Christine; Neubauer, Julie; Bedoya, Gabriel; Duque, Constanza; Villegas, Alberto; Bortolini, Maria Catira; Salzano, Francisco M.; Gallo, Carla; Mazzotti, Guido; Tello-Ruiz,
7092:
among Mexican Americans in the United States. Mexican American men have higher prevalence rates in comparison to non-Latinos, whites and blacks. "The prevalence of diabetes increased from 8.9% in 1976–1980 to 12.3% in 1988–94 among adults aged 40 to 74" according to the third National Health and
4950:
Literature has demonstrated that parental involvement has had a positive influence in the academic achievement of Mexican American students. Studies have shown that Mexican families show their value towards education by using untraditional methods (Kiyama, 2011). One educational practice that is
4683:
When comparing the contemporary segregation of Mexican Americans to that of Black Americans, some scholars claim that "Hispanic segregation is less severe and fundamentally different from Black residential segregation." suggesting that the segregation faced by Latinos is more likely to be due to
4363:
took place from June 3–8, 1943, in Los Angeles involving white American servicemen stationed in Southern California and young Latino and Mexican American city residents. It was one of the dozen wartime industrial cities that suffered race-related riots in the summer of 1943. White servicemen and
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Although Mexican Americans were legally classified as "white" in terms of official federal policy, socially they were seen as "too Indian" to be treated as such. Many organizations, businesses, and homeowners associations and local legal systems had official policies in the early 20th century to
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is probably the most famous Tejano to be involved in the War of Texas Independence. His story is complex because he joined the Anglo rebels and helped defeat the Mexican forces of Santa Anna. But later on, as Mayor of San Antonio, he and other Tejano felt the hostile encroachments of the growing
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9061:
Silva-Zolezzi, Irma; Hidalgo-Miranda, Alfredo; Estrada-Gil, Jesus; Fernandez-Lopez, Juan Carlos; Uribe-Figueroa, Laura; Contreras, Alejandra; Balam-Ortiz, Eros; del Bosque-Plata, Laura; Velazquez-Fernandez, David; Lara, Cesar; Goya, Rodrigo; Hernandez-Lemus, Enrique; Davila, Carlos; Barrientos,
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Parents are commonly associated with being a child's first teacher. As the child grows older, the parent's role in their child's learning may change; however, a parent will often continue to serve as a role model. There are multiple research articles that have looked at parental involvement and
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have been growing in size since 2010. According to Gutiérrez, Ramón throughout the 1980s, single Mexican women have made up an important portion of this migration, they are representing up to 40% of the total immigrant movement. Mexican women are mostly employed in service-related jobs such as
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Although many Mexican Americans descend from indigenous Amerindians, and although many Mexican Americans have been in country for many generations, Mexicans are often seen and stereotyped as newly arrived cultural parasites and border hoppers in the United States. Mexican men are stereotyped as
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in June 2007, 63% of Americans would support an immigration policy that would put undocumented immigrants on a path to citizenship if they "pass background checks, pay fines and have jobs, learn English", while 30% would oppose such a plan. The survey also found that if this program was instead
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Mexican Americans have the highest fertility rate in the United States. While only 10% of the United States's population was Mexican American in the year 2008, 16% of the country's births were to Mexican mothers. Mexican-Americans are generally younger than other racial and ethnic groups in the
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ethnic segregation (also based on residential patterns), increase graduation rates, and reinstate a teacher fired for supporting student political organizing. A notable event in the Chicano movement was the 1972 Convention of La Raza Unida (United People) Party, which organized with the goal of
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draft. An estimated 4.6 million Mexican immigrants were pulled into the United States through the Bracero Program from the 1940s to the 1960s. The lack of agricultural laborers due to increases in military drafts for World War II opened up a chronic need for low-wage workers to fill jobs.
2884:
Although the treaty promised that the landowners in this newly acquired territory would have their property rights preserved and protected as if they were citizens of the United States, many former citizens of Mexico lost their land in lawsuits before state and federal courts over terms of land
3683:
While both Mexican American and African American minorities were subject to segregation and racial discrimination, they were treated differently. Segregation is the physical separation of peoples on the basis of ethnicity and social custom historically applied to separate African Americans and
4441:
magazine reported that the number of hate groups in the United States increased by 33% since 2000, with illegal immigration being used as a foundation for recruitment. According to the 2011 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Hate Crimes Statistics Report, 56.9% of the 939 victims of crimes
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program which was intended to encourage people to voluntarily move to Mexico, but thousands were deported against their will. During the 1930s, between 355 000 and 1 million individuals were repatriated or deported to Mexico, approximately 40 to 60 percent of which were actually United States
3629:
In the late 1960s the founding of the Crusade for Justice in Denver and the land grant movement in New Mexico in 1967 set the bases for what would become known as Chicano (Mexican American) nationalism. The 1968 Los Angeles, California school walkouts expressed Mexican-American demands to end
2889:
heaviest tax burden on land. The fact that there was such a heavy tax on land was important to the socio-economic standing of Mexican Americans, because it essentially limited their ability to retain possession of the Ranchos that had been originally granted to them by the Mexican government.
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Historically, immigrants first settled in immigration hubs, where immigrants of similar background settle after they first arrive to the United States. Although they are segregated from the general population, hubs have helped many immigrants to acclimate to the United States, learn English,
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Although the law specified until 1890 that Black schools were to have equal access to the common school fund, they often did not. In the early twentieth century, Black and Mexican schools faced lamentable conditions endemic in an antiquated educational system, and educational reforms of the
3415:
This identification as "some other race" reflects activism among Mexican Americans as claiming a cultural status and working for their rights in the United States, as well as the separation due to different language and culture. Hispanics are not a racial classification but an ethnic group.
4736:
In the past, Mexicans were legally considered "White" because either they were considered to be of full Spanish heritage, or because of early treaty obligations to Spaniards and Mexicans that conferred citizenship status to Mexican peoples at a time when whiteness was a prerequisite for US
3625:
In times and places in the United States where Mexicans were classified as White, they were permitted by law to intermarry with what today are termed "non-Latino whites". Social customs typically approved of such marriages only if the Mexican partner was not of visible Indigenous ancestry.
3107:
Trend of Mexican migration to the United States. Here the term immigrant refers to those who were not born in the United States but are now currently residing in the United States. This can include naturalized US citizens, legal permanent residents, employees and students on visas, and the
3239:, which was promoted by the post-revolutionary Mexican government in an effort to create a united Mexican ethno-cultural identity with no racial distinctions. It is because of this that sometimes the Mestizo population in Mexico is estimated to be as high as 93% of the Mexican population.
9001:
en el censo de 1930 el gobierno mexicano dejó de clasificar a la población del país en tres categorías raciales, blanco, mestizo e indígena, y adoptó una nueva clasificación étnica que distinguía a los hablantes de lenguas indígenas del resto de la población, es decir de los hablantes de
2849:. On July 9, US military forces reached Sonoma; they lowered the Bear Flag Republic's flag, replacing it with a US flag. Californios organized an army to defend themselves from invading American forces after the Mexican army retreated from Alta California to defend other parts of Mexico.
4300:
schooling in a number of Western states during the Depression era. In Wyoming, the segregation of Mexican children—regardless of US citizenship—mirrored the South's Jim Crow laws. The segregation of Mexicans also occurred in California and in neighboring Colorado, Montana, and Nebraska.
3116:
were founded. By the early 21st century, the states with the largest percentages and populations of Mexican Americans are California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Colorado, Nevada and Utah. There have also been markedly increasing populations in Oklahoma, Pennsylvania and Illinois.
11549:
4421:
is recorded exhibiting prejudice toward Mexican Americans and African Americans. Referring to Latinos he states, "At the present time they steal, they're dishonest, but they do have some concept of family life. They don't live like a bunch of dogs, which the Negroes do live like."
4211:
signed into law by President Ronald Reagan, which granted citizenship to Mexican nationals living and working without documentation in the US). Governmentalities have been the result of unequal relations with its northern neighbors versus a response to more locally driven needs.
4542:
service workers, housekeepers, and nannies, with a smaller involvement in agricultural labor. While Mexicans who have strong academic skills, have been granted with legal status in the United States, and their percentage is less compared to the infusion of unskilled immigrants.
4494:
There have been increases in average personal and household incomes for Mexican Americans in the 21st century. US-born Americans of Mexican heritage earn more and are represented more in the middle and upper-class segments more than most recently arriving Mexican immigrants.
4292:
Throughout US history, Mexican Americans have endured various types of negative stereotypes which have long circulated in media and popular culture. Mexican Americans have also faced discrimination based on ethnicity, race, culture, poverty, and use of the Spanish language.
4335:
During World War II, more than 300,000 Mexican Americans served in the US armed forces. Mexican Americans were generally integrated into regular military units; however, many Mexican–American War veterans were discriminated against and even denied medical services by the
4936:
2860:
The United States had first come into conflict with Mexico in the 1830s, as the westward spread of United States settlements and of slavery brought significant numbers of new settlers into the region known as Tejas (modern-day Texas), then part of Mexico. The
2852:
The Californios defeated an American force in Los Angeles on September 30, 1846. In turn, they were defeated after the Americans reinforced their forces in what is now southern California. Tens of thousands of miners and associated people arrived during the
2957:– overwhelmingly children. Voluntary repatriation was much more common during the repatriations than formal deportation. According to legal professor Kevin R. Johnson, the repatriation campaign was based on ethnicity and meets the modern legal standards of
2774:
Although the events of 1836 led to independence for the people of Texas, the Latino population of the state was very quickly disenfranchised, to the extent that their political representation in the Texas State Legislature disappeared entirely for several
7794:
2620:. Mexicans living in the United States after the treaty was signed were forced to choose between keeping their Mexican citizenship or becoming a US citizen. Few chose to leave their homes, despite the changes in national government. The majority of these
3661:
program, begun in 1942 during World War II, when many United States men were drafted for war, allowed Mexicans temporary entry into the United States as migrant workers at farms throughout California and the Southwest. This program continued until 1964.
3546:. This practice continued through the 1960 census. The 1960 census also used the title "Spanish-surnamed American" in their reporting data of Mexican Americans; this category also covered Cuban Americans, Puerto Ricans and others under the same category.
9496:
4691:
Legally, Mexican Americans could vote and hold elected office, however, it was not until the creation of organizations such as the League of United Latin America Citizens and the G.I. Forum that Mexican Americans began to achieve political influence.
2857:, and their activities in some areas meant the end of the Californios' ranching lifestyle. Many of the English-speaking 49ers turned from mining to farming and moved, often illegally, onto land granted to Californios by the former Mexican government.
11447:
Carranza, Francisco D.; You, Sukkyung; Chhuon, Vichet; Hudley, Cynthia (22 June 2009). "Mexican American adolescents' academic achievement and aspirations: the role of perceived parental educational involvement, acculturation, and self-esteem".
9316:
Marcela; Riba, Laura; Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos A.; Canizales-Quinteros, Samuel; Menjivar, Marta; Klitz, William; Henderson, Brian; Haiman, Christopher A.; Winkler, Cheryl; Tusie-Luna, Teresa; Ruiz-Linares, Andrés; Reich, David (June 2007).
2632:. Also called Hispanos, these descendants of independent Mexico from the early-to-middle 19th century differentiate themselves culturally from the population of Mexican Americans whose ancestors arrived in the American Southwest after the
7713:
4827:
middle. In other words, the polarization model posits that Asians and Hispanics are less segregated than their African-American peers because white American society would rather live closer to Asians or Latinos than African-Americans.
2750:
Consistent with its abolition of slavery, the Mexican government banned slavery within the state, which angered American slave owners. The American settlers, along with many of the Tejano, rebelled against the centralized authority of
4857:
The Chicano Moratorium, formally known as the National Chicano Moratorium Committee, was a movement of Chicano anti-war activists that built a broad-based but fragile coalition of Mexican-American groups to organize opposition to the
5762:
New Jersey The North Jersey region (nicknamed "Puebla Jersey" by migrants) is home to Mexican migrants and their descendants primarily from the states of Puebla and Oaxaca. The largest Mexican community is found in the small city of
2821:
With relations between Californios and Americans quickly souring, Fremont returned to Alta California, where he encouraged European-American settlers to seize a group of Castro's soldiers and their horses. Another group seized the
3128:. Notably, according to a Pew Hispanic Center report in 2006 and the Pew Religious Landscape Survey in 2008, Mexican Americans are significantly less likely than other Latino groups to abandon Catholicism for Protestant churches.
4287:
began in the Mexican-American barrios of Los Angeles in the mid-to-late 1940s and during the post-war prosperity of the 1950s. Initially, some youths would place sandbags in the trunk of their customized cars to create a lowered
3424:
have more Indigenous ancestry; in those studied born between the 1940s and 1990s, there was an average increase in Indigenous ancestry of 0.4% per year. Though there is no simple explanation, it is possibly some combination of
4602:
In addition, based on 2000 data, there is a significant amount of ethnic absorption of ethnic Mexicans into the mainstream population with 16% of the children of mixed marriages not being identified in the census as Mexican.
10808:
5785:
at #2), despite being much smaller cities. The Mexican population of these respective cities began to grow in the 1990s from the tens into the hundreds, to around 8,000 each by 2020. New Haven has thousands of migrants from
4785:
decision, held that the forced segregation of Mexican American students into separate "Mexican schools" was unconstitutional and unlawful because Mexicans were white. It was the first ruling in the United States in favor of
9177:
Spear, Melissa L; Diaz-Papkovich, Alex; Ziv, Elad; Yracheta, Joseph M; Gravel, Simon; Torgerson, Dara G; Hernandez, Ryan D (2020-12-29). Sohail, Mashaal; Wittkopp, Patricia J; Sohail, Mashaal; Wojcik, Genevieve L (eds.).
2952:
and the Department of Labor. The government deported at least 82,000 people. Between 355,000 and 1,000,000 were repatriated or deported to Mexico in total; approximately forty to sixty percent of those repatriated were
4790:
In the 1940s in Texas, Mexican American children were at times forced to register at "Mexican schools", where classroom conditions were poor, the school year was shorter, and the quality of education was substandard.
3621:
While Mexican Americans served in all-White units during World War II, many Mexican–American veterans continued to face discrimination when they arrived home; they created the G.I. Forum to work for equal treatment.
3753:
Mexican American communities developed in cities in the northeast and midwest such as St. Louis, Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, and Pittsburgh. Around 90 percent of Mexicans in the United States live in urban areas.
3166:
has led in part to an increased polarization in the nation over an increasingly diverse population. Mexican Americans have increasingly settled in areas other than traditional centers in the Southwest and Chicago.
2563:. In 2019, 71% of Mexican Americans were born in the United States. Mexicans born outside the US make up 53% of the total population of foreign-born Hispanic Americans and 25% of the total foreign-born population.
3577:
For certain purposes, respondents who wrote in "Chicano" or "Mexican" (or indeed, almost all Latino origin groups) in the "Some other race" category were automatically re-classified into the "White race" group.
3542:. Instructions for enumerators were: "Mexicans – Report 'White' (W) for Mexicans unless they are definitely of Indigenous or other non-white race." During the same census, however, the bureau began to track the
2691:
Mexican Americans of Spanish and Indigenous descent, Spanish settlers, other Hispanicized European settlers who settled in the Southwest during Spanish colonial times, as well as local and Mexican Amerindians.
3476:
notable figure in the U.S. Census Bureau, serving as its director from 1974 to 1979, where he played a key role in modernizing census methodologies and improving the use of data for public policy and planning.
2592:
ancestry, with the latter being of mostly Spanish origins. Those of indigenous ancestry descend from one or more of the over 60 indigenous groups in Mexico (approximately 200,000 people in California alone).
3223:
The meaning of the word has changed through time, and in the early 21st century, it is used to refer to the segment of the Mexican population who are of at least partial Indigenous ancestry, but do not speak
14534:
4031:
Family units and structures are typically larger among Mexican Americans. Parents and elders are treated with a high degree of respect by Mexican Americans. Mexican Americans often celebrate Quinceanerais.
3568:
From 1980 on, the Census Bureau has collected data on Latino origin on a 100-percent basis. The bureau has noted in 2002 that an increasing number of respondents identify as of Latino origin but not of the
2771:
Anglo power against them. After receiving a series of death threats, Seguín relocated his family in Mexico. He was coerced into military service and fought against the US in 1846–1848 Mexican–American War.
2464:
11419:
Keith, Patricia B.; Lichtman, Marilyn V. (1994). "Does parental involvement influence the academic achievement of Mexican-American eighth graders? Results from the National Education Longitudinal Study".
1294:
5101:– Unincorporated community of roughly 130,000, name synonymous with Mexican Americans, 97% Hispanic, 88% of Mexicans are immigrant, 40% of east L.A. residents reportedly Mexican including American-born.
2869:
in 1853, extended US control over a wide range of territory once held by Mexico, including the present-day borders of Texas and the states of New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, Arizona and California.
14361:
5722:
New York City – Mexicans are the third largest Hispanic ethnic group after Puerto Ricans and Dominicans. New York City's Mexican population ranked 11th among major American cities in 2000 at 186,872.
1700:
12678:
Seligman, Rebecca; Mendenhall, Emily; Valdovinos, Maria D.; Fernandez, Alicia; Jacobs, Elizabeth A. (March 2015). "Self-care and Subjectivity among Mexican Diabetes Patients in the United States".
8992:
9786:
4241:
Some immigrants to the United States, both from Mexico and elsewhere, oppose illegal immigration, even if they once lacked documents themselves. However, according to a survey conducted by the
3503:. The Census Bureau estimates that during this period the number of persons who could not be categorized as white or black did not exceed 0.25% of the total population based on 1860 census data.
3100:
Since there were not many job opportunities in their country, Mexicans moved to the United States to gain work. They often had to settle for low-paying jobs, including as agricultural workers.
2948:
in the 1930s, many Mexicans and Mexican Americans were repatriated to Mexico. Many deportations were overseen by state and local authorities who acted on the encouragement of Secretary of Labor
10368:
Sandoval, Denise M. (2013). "The Politics of Low and Slow/Bajito y Suavecito: Black and Chicano Lowriders in Los Angeles, from the 1960s through the 1970s". In Kun, Josh; Pulido, Laura (eds.).
7030:
4414:
violated the Fourteenth Amendment of the Federal Constitution from 1868. The case involved Andrea Perez, a Mexican-American woman listed as White, and Sylvester Davis, an African American man.
7849:
3085:; demands ranged from the restoration of land grants to farm workers' rights, to enhanced education, to voting and political rights, as well as emerging awareness of collective history. The
1962:
8009:
11767:
8917:"U.S. State Department: "Annual Report of Immigrant Visa Applicants in the Family-sponsored and Employment-based preferences Registered at the National Visa Center as of November 1, 2016"
5488:
Chicago – As of 2021, 571,577 people or 21.2% of the city population, largest Mexican population outside of the Southwest region. Mexicans represent almost 80% of the Latinos in Chicago.
9271:
Martínez-Cortés, G; Salazar-Flores, J; Fernández-Rodríguez, LG; Rubi-Castellanos, R; Rodríguez-Loya, C; Velarde-Félix, JS; Muñoz-Valle, JF; Parra-Rojas, I; Rangel-Villalobos, H (2012).
11004:"Violencia de género y mujeres migrantes en la frontera: el Caso de El Paso, Texas. [Domestic Violence Against Migrant Women at the Border: The Case Study of El Paso, Texas. ]"
10050:
Scruggs, O. (1984). Operation Wetback: The Mass Deportation of Mexican Undocumented Workers in 1954. Labor History, 25(1), 135–137. Retrieved from America: History & Life database.
3428:, changes in migration patterns over time (with more recent immigrants coming from areas of more concentrated Indigenous communities), population growth and other unexamined factors.
2699:
were a notably large majority of the southwest US population. The vast majority of Hispanos are genetically Mestizo with varying degrees of Spanish ancestry, as well as ancestry from
5245:, California – slightly less than one-third of the city's population is Latino, primarily Mexican American, making it the lowest percentage of Latinos of any significant border city.
13645:
10203:"Steven H. Wilson | Brown over "Other White": Mexican Americans' Legal Arguments and Litigation Strategy in School Desegregation Lawsuits | Law and History Review, 21.1"
3484:
changed its racial classification methods for Mexican Americans under United States jurisdiction. The Bureau's classification system has evolved significantly from its inception:
12776:
4395:
4400:
mural by artist David Alfaro Siqueiros, created in 1932, that depicts the struggles of indigenous peoples and critiques imperialism, colonialism, and the exploitation of labor.
2783:
is the term for the Spanish-speaking residents of modern-day California; they were the original Mexicans (regardless of race) and local Hispanicized Amerindians in the region (
13198:
5794:
speakers), where New Haven is the primary destination for migrants. Mexicans are the second largest Hispanic group in both cities, but in both they are heavily outnumbered by
2220:
11392:
Altschul, I. (1 September 2011). "Parental Involvement and the Academic Achievement of Mexican American Youths: What Kinds of Involvement in Youths' Education Matter Most?".
5798:(Bridgeport has the 7th largest Puerto Rican community in the US), there they outnumber Mexicans roughly 4:1 there. Mexicans are the largest groups in the West End and North
13736:
7697:
4324:
2130:
8916:
8775:
2596:
It is estimated that approximately 10% of the current Mexican-American population are descended from residents of the Spanish Empire and later Mexico, which preceded the
13655:
12849:
12165:
5091:. Unsurprisingly, it has the largest Mexican American population in the United States. (according to the 2010 census, L.A. is now 31.9% of Mexican descent with numerous
3266:(0.1%). It is notable that only 5% of Mexican Americans reported being of two or more races despite the presumption of mestizaje among the Mexican population in Mexico.
2802:
arrived in Alta California with a United States force of 60 men on an exploratory expedition. Fremont made an agreement with Comandante Castro that he would stay in the
13218:
12147:
11899:"B03001 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN – United States – 2021 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates – Chicago Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI Metro Area"
3216:. Also on a smaller scale, some also have backgrounds of East Asian and Middle Eastern descent (mainly Lebanese). The majority of the Mexican population identifies as
10557:
9414:"Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States"
8437:
7778:
5646:– Largest Mexican-American community bordering a state of Mexico. 74% of El Paso is of Mexican descent, highest percentage of any city with a population of over 500k.
4256:
which would have created a guest worker program and put undocumented immigrants currently residing in the US on a path to citizenship if they met certain conditions.
14615:
12979:
8706:
de la Garza, Rodolfo O. "Interests Not Passions: Mexican-American Attitudes toward Mexico, Immigration from Mexico, and Other Issues Shaping U.S.-Mexico Relations."
3649:
the first Mexican American mayor of a major U.S. city, San Antonio, Texas, in 1981. Cisneros later went on to serve as the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
3597:
In some cases, legal classification of White racial status has made it difficult for Mexican-American rights activists to prove minority discrimination. In the case
1955:
14751:
11808:
7177:
5139:– About two-thirds are of Mexican ancestry or Hispanic, one of the largest Hispanic (in percentage, the most Mexican American community) populations in California.
11357:
Espino, Michelle M. (2 April 2016). "The Value of Education and Educación : Nurturing Mexican American Children's Educational Aspirations to the Doctorate".
4684:
factors such as lower socioeconomic status and immigration while the segregation of African Americans is more likely to be due to larger issues of the history of
3607:
case held that "nationality" groups could be protected under the Fourteenth Amendment, and it became a landmark in the civil rights history of the United States.
14694:
8886:
7920:
Borunda, Rose; Martinez, Lorena Magdalena (September 2020). "Strategies for Defusing Contemporary Weapons in the Ongoing War Against Xicanx Children and Youth".
2521:
10356:
Over the next few days, crowds of white civilians joined in the rampage, targeting mainly Mexican American youths but also some African Americans and Filipinos.
5305:– Nearly one-third of the city's population is Mexican American or of Hispanic origin; San Jose has the largest Mexican American population within the Bay Area.
13519:
12632:
11472:
2916:
isolated regions. The second factor was the shift in land tenure that left Mexican peasants without title or access to land for farming on their own account.
2225:
7750:
7509:
14487:
12327:
11041:
11003:
7212:
5593:
4317:
citizens – overwhelmingly children. Voluntary repatriation was far more common than formal deportation. In the post-war era, the Justice Department launched
1796:
14298:
12961:
4453:
offended Mexican Americans by stating "They're bringing drugs. They're bringing crime. They're rapists. And some, I assume, are good people." He built the
1948:
1630:
12970:
9671:
3449:
found the deep paternal ancestry of the Mexican Mestizo population to be predominately European (64.9%) followed by Amerindian (30.8%) and African (5%).
12122:
11872:
9151:
8996:
3453:
only Mexicans who self-identified as Mestizos, the only criteria for sample selection in this study was that the volunteers self-identified as Mexicans.
3113:
2818:, raised a US flag and vowed to fight to the last man to defend it. After three days of tension, Fremont retreated to Oregon without a shot being fired.
2210:
1299:
13191:
11701:
11492:
9413:
8377:
11775:
9896:
9862:
8115:
13729:
12148:"B03001 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN – United States – 2021 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates – Milwaukee County, Wisconsin"
11169:
9557:
5755:
Detroit – In the early 1900s, many Mexican American families moved to Michigan and Detroit. The epicenter of Detroit's Mexican American community is
4537:
counterparts and by the third generation US-born Latinos make on average identical wages to their US-born white counterparts. However, the number of
3538:
In the 1940 census, due to widespread protests by the Mexican American community following the 1930 changes, Mexican Americans were re-classified as
13007:
10827:
8073:
8035:
4652:
has several meanings, but often refers to controversy surrounding government acquisition of land largely owned by Mexican Americans in Los Angeles'
14564:
13830:
13660:
13514:
12430:
12257:
12166:"B03001 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN – United States – 2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates – Milwaukee city, Wisconsin"
11924:
10202:
2787:) before the United States acquired it as a territory. In the mid-19th century, more settlers from the United States began to enter the territory.
9014:
Lizcano Fernandez, Francisco (August 2005). "Composición étnica de las tres áreas culturales del continente americano al comienzo del siglo XXI".
8655:
7061:
is a distinguished physician and academic leader who has made significant contributions to healthcare and medical education, particularly in Texas
12805:
12069:"B03001 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN – United States – 2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates – Waukegan city, Illinois"
11979:"B03001 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN – United States – 2021 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates – Dupage County, Illinois"
8013:
7816:"Table 4. Top Five States for Detailed Hispanic or Latino Origin Groups With a Population Size of One Million or More in the United States: 2010"
5080:
11943:"B03001 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN – United States – 2021 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates – Chicago city, Illinois"
11873:"B03001 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN – United States – 2021 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates – Chicago city, Illinois"
8754:
7336:
2703:
and various North American Indigenous tribes. New Mexico was far more populated since the 16th century in comparison to Texas & California.
16858:
16818:
14396:
13555:
12087:"B03001 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN – United States – 2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates – Lake County, Illinois"
12051:"B03001 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN – United States – 2021 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates – Lake County, Illinois"
12033:"B03001 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN – United States – 2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates – Aurora city, Illinois"
12015:"B03001 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN – United States – 2021 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates – Kane County, Illinois"
11961:"B03001 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN – United States – 2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates – Cicero city, Illinois"
11925:"B03001 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN – United States – 2021 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates – Cook County, Illinois"
10904:
8323:
7072:, which then affects the levels of glucose. The prevalence of diabetes in the United States is constantly rising. Common types of Diabetes are
4226:
4204:
4154:
3440:
3251:
1936:
1931:
12105:"B03001 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN – United States – 2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates – Lake County, Indiana"
12068:
12032:
11997:"B03001 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN – United States – 2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates – Elgin city, Illinois"
11996:
11960:
11942:
10450:
15590:
14608:
14440:
13703:
13693:
13235:
13184:
12557:
9303:
In the total population sample, paternal ancestry was predominately European (64.9%), followed by Native American (30.8%) and African (4.2%).
7222:
1778:
12104:
12086:
12050:
12014:
11978:
11898:
9952:"Mexican | Immigration and Relocation in U.S. History | Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress | Library of Congress"
13722:
10614:
8797:"U.S. Religious Landscape Survey: Religious Affiliation, Diverse and Dynamic, February 2008 | Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life"
8681:
4461:
illiterate criminals. Mexican women are depicted as hypersexual. Mexicans are stereotyped as lazy, dirty, physically unattractive menaces.
4337:
4253:
4172:
2968:
implemented by the United States beginning in World War II. They contracted agricultural labor from Mexico due to labor shortages from the
12504:
8509:
7670:
5164:(Riverside/ San Bernardino Counties- and the cities of that namesake) – About a third of the population are of Mexican descent. Including
4348:
to address the concerns of Mexican American veterans who were being discriminated against. The AGIF's first campaign was on the behalf of
16863:
14761:
14729:
14659:
14582:
14392:
14388:
11720:
7202:
5051:
Large Mexican American populations by both size and per capita exist in the following American counties, metropolitan areas, and cities:
4352:, a Mexican American private who was killed in the Philippines while in the line of duty. Upon the return of his body to his hometown of
2954:
2514:
1764:
4308:
have traditionally been from Latin America, the Mexican American community has been the subject of widespread immigration raids. During
14029:
13060:
12784:
12532:
12448:
10285:
4882:
4208:
3488:
From 1790 to 1850, there was no distinct racial classification of Mexican Americans in the US census. The categories recognized by the
2245:
824:
8618:
7280:
5767:, where roughly a quarter of the city's population is of Mexican origin, where Mexicans began to arrive in the 1970s to work in mills.
4446:
which resulted in 23 deaths, was a result of the gunman's racist attitude towards Mexican Americans and Latino immigrants in general.
3461:
organization in 2011, 52% of Mexican respondents said they were mestizos, 19% Indigenous, 6% white, 2% mulattos, and 3% "other race".
15902:
13650:
13629:
13605:
11277:
Valencia, Richard R. (April 2002). "'Mexican Americans Don't Value Education!' On the Basis of the Myth, Mythmaking, and Debunking".
8055:
4581:
4215:
US politicians cited numbers as high as 20 million undocumented immigrants in the United States without providing statistical proof.
4077:
2280:
14779:
9245:
5739:– Atlanta has a sizable Mexican population. Mexicans are the largest Hispanic ethnic group in Atlanta. Mexicans are concentrated in
5383:'s population is Latino, mostly Mexican-American. Many other towns in southern Colorado have high proportions of Mexican-Americans.
5379:
is home to many communities of Hispanics descended from Mexican settlers who arrived during Spanish colonial times. Roughly half of
4576:, German and French ancestry, while her paternal grandparents, who were born in California, were the children of Mexican immigrants.
15019:
14679:
14633:
14601:
14011:
13984:
10304:
7084:
is the more common type of diabetes among Mexican Americans, and is constantly increasing due to poor diet habits. The increase of
4198:
Since the 1960s, Mexican immigrants have met a significant portion of the demand for low cost labor in the United States. Fear of
4158:
3152:
3148:
2205:
1323:
801:
774:
12582:
5453:
Illinois – As of 2021, the state has 1.76 million people of full or partial Mexican ancestry (13.9% of the state population)
4814:
begun by Carmelita Torres at the Santa Fe International Bridge disinfecting plant at the El Paso, Texas and Juarez, Mexico border.
2569:
is a term used by some to describe the unique identity held by Mexican-Americans. The United States is home to the second-largest
14903:
14878:
14746:
14492:
13918:
13223:
11073:
10526:
8927:
8776:"Changing Faiths: Latinos and the Transformation of American Religion (2006 Hispanic Religion Survey) | Pew Hispanic Center"
7217:
5623:
4479:
4297:
3163:
1801:
1537:
806:
556:
12518:
11312:
Kiyama, Judy Marquez (January 2011). "Family Lessons and Funds of Knowledge: College-Going Paths in Mexican American Families".
10184:
9765:
9699:
5719:– This region of Washington contains many communities of Mexican-American majority thanks to high demand for agricultural labor.
15108:
14719:
14699:
14689:
14654:
14381:
14017:
13577:
12965:
7232:
2742:
was initially a colonial Tejano cause. Mexico encouraged immigration from the United States to settle east Texas and, by 1831,
2507:
1757:
1711:
812:
12893:
12874:
10882:
South, Scott J.; Crowder, Kyle; and Chavez, Erick. "Geographic Mobility and Spatial Assimilation among US Latino Immigrants."
7751:"B05006 PLACE OF BIRTH FOR THE FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES – 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates"
7510:"B05006 PLACE OF BIRTH FOR THE FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES – 2021 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates"
5606:– Over half of the population in the city proper (53.2%, 705,530) and second largest Mexican population of any city in the US.
16061:
15024:
14674:
14549:
14482:
13134:
12903:
12857:
10947:
10847:
10062:"Crossing Borders: Mexican State Practices, Managing Migration, and the Construction of "Unsafe" Travelers: Crossing Borders"
9811:
9731:
9597:
7207:
3420:
remorse or yet very little patience that comes from those who these Mexican immigrants may find themselves seeking aid from.
3339:
2469:
2350:
2240:
2170:
1791:
357:
268:
12909:
Sánchez, George I (2006). "Ideology, and Whiteness in the Making of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement, 1930–1960".
12365:
661:
14995:
14794:
14724:
14709:
14559:
13524:
13083:
12843:
10565:
7149:
5295:– California's third largest Mexican-American city by percentage (over 25%) after Long Beach (about 30%). Many live in the
5021:
Los Angeles attracts Mexican American immigrants because of its rich Spanish and Mexican architecture, history and culture.
5012:
4943:
4474:
4004:
2495:
2372:
1304:
711:
292:
12976:
11478:
11099:
Martin, Michael E. Residential Segregation Patterns of Latinos in the United States, 1991–2000. New York: Routledge, 2007.
9929:
6977:
The largest populations of Mexicans are situated in the following metropolitan areas (Source: 2020 ACS 5-Year Estimates):
16045:
15287:
15280:
15218:
15007:
14893:
14734:
14305:
14153:
13592:
13587:
13545:
13498:
13493:
13488:
11059:
James, Franklin J., and Eileen A. Tynan. Minorities in the Sunbelt. New Jersey: The State University of New Jersey, 1984.
7255:
3293:
3259:
3255:
3247:
3220:. In colonial times, Mestizo was understood to be a person of mixed heritage, particularly European and Native American.
2444:
2439:
2434:
1637:
716:
11819:
7956:
2919:
15135:
15061:
15012:
14990:
14809:
14669:
14400:
14274:
13989:
13550:
12183:
11144:
7541:"B03001 HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN – United States – 2022 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates"
7250:
7187:
4679:
focuses on the freeway construction and difficult conditions for the Mexican Americans living in this area at the time.
1605:
1484:
1166:
779:
666:
4194:
faltered a few years after Chavez died in 1993, he became an iconic "folk saint" in the pantheon of Mexican Americans.
2290:
15974:
14846:
14789:
14741:
14664:
14624:
14461:
14414:
13597:
13572:
13562:
13098:
13018:
12241:
10624:
10381:
10349:
10029:
9906:
9872:
9838:
8953:
8573:
8544:
8485:
8234:
7904:
7680:
7638:
7596:
7569:
7485:
5494:– As of 2021, 67,434 people or 79.42% of the city population, the largest Mexican ancestry majority city in the state
4886:
4305:
3078:
3016:
2584:, with more than 60% of Mexican Americans living in the states of California and Texas. They have varying degrees of
2200:
10692:
Salgado, Casandra D.; Ortiz, Vilma (2019-05-03). "Mexican Americans and wealth: economic status, family and place".
9180:"Recent shifts in the genomic ancestry of Mexican Americans may alter the genetic architecture of biomedical traits"
8257:
5557:
5539:
5521:
5503:
5482:
5265:– also with over one million Hispanics, many of whom are Mexican Americans, both US-born and foreign-born (see also
4853:
A plaque honoring Ruben Salazar mounted in the Globe Lobby of the Los Angeles Times Building in downtown Los Angeles
3771:
United States. Mexican Americans also have more children than other races and Hispanic groups in the United States.
14925:
14883:
14868:
14684:
14544:
14333:
13617:
13567:
13540:
7331:
7309:
7172:
4877:, known for his reporting on civil rights and police brutality. The official story is that Salazar was killed by a
3034:
farm worker strike in Coachella Valley, May 1965. Migrant Filipino-American workers asked for a $ 0.15/hour raise.
2798:
Relations between Californios and English-speaking settlers were relatively good until 1846, when military officer
1896:
1665:
17:
13028:
12835:(Volume 1, "Notre Dame History of Hispanic Catholics in the U.S." series), (University of Notre Dame Press, 1994).
8590:
8140:
4962:'s Mexican-American studies program. A new state law HB2281 effectively ended the program, saying it was divisive.
4750:). However, most were not socially considered white, and therefore, according to Historian Neil Foley in the book
2795:
elite of the population in the form of Ranchos, which soon became the basic socio-economic units of the province.
1187:
14935:
14873:
14312:
14056:
13582:
13023:
12987:
8631:
7000:
5597:
5589:
5308:
3749:
Mexican Americans have long been the second largest minority group in the United States after African Americans.
3739:
2878:
1644:
1180:
846:
127:
10134:
9977:"Mexican Immigration to the United States and Its Effect on Mexican Culture and the Family Structure – LatinxKC"
9976:
7655:
3506:
From 1850 through 1920, the Census Bureau expanded its racial categories to include multi-racial persons, under
14980:
14955:
14836:
14756:
14649:
13612:
13165:
13053:
12271:
12205:
10373:
10185:"Life on the Texas-Mexico Border: Myth and reality as represented in Mainstream and Independent Western Cinema"
9675:
9365:
8796:
8536:
7275:
7182:
5640:. 53% of San Antonio is of Mexican descent, highest percentage of any city with a population of over 1 million.
5084:
4959:
4538:
1131:
11631:
10424:
9997:
9466:"Race and Nationality Descriptions from the 2000 US Census and Bureau of Vital Statistics. 2007. May 21, 2007"
5667:
Brownsville,Texas – The Hispanic population of Brownsville is 94.6% due to its proximity to the Mexico border.
16497:
14816:
14784:
14771:
14554:
14507:
13963:
13624:
13207:
12822:
10505:
9421:
4376:
youths who were wearing zoot suits were also attacked. The defiance of zoot suiters became inspirational for
4223:
3677:
2964:
The second period of increased migration is known as the Bracero Era from 1942 to 1964. This referred to the
2684:
2560:
2195:
1983:
1901:
1117:
726:
361:
14259:
1403:
16567:
14888:
14821:
14714:
13160:
13093:
12657:
11738:
10480:
9565:
8510:"Immigration, Repatriation, and Deportation: The Mexican-Origin Population in the United States, 1920–1950"
8456:
8348:
8119:
7167:
7024:
5315:
5098:
4709:
4329:
4176:
3639:
Mexican territory at a time when 'whiteness' was nearly a prerequisite for US citizenship in those states.
3205:
2645:
2585:
2190:
2140:
1843:
471:
353:
13928:
13003:
11165:
11109:
10648:"Trump's border wall was never just about security. It's meant to remind all Latinos that we're unwelcome"
8041:
4803:
2779:
As a Spanish colony, the territory of California also had an established population of colonial settlers.
736:
16833:
16808:
16604:
14960:
14447:
13943:
13103:
12298:"Understanding the Diversity Of Atlanta's Latino Population: Intersections of Race, Ethnicity, and Class"
12297:
11645:
9532:
5677:
5576:
5282:
5252:
4685:
4385:
4008:
3481:
3103:
3020:
2833:
The Henry B. González Convention Center and Lila Cockrell Theater along the San Antonio River Walk. The
2613:
2235:
2230:
1785:
1547:
1145:
1090:
691:
518:
110:
11844:
10790:
10206:
8381:
8156:
4810:
newspaper January 30, 1917, headlinedː "Bill Before Legislature to Prevent Mexicans Voting" depicts the
4673:
Viramontes' childhood neighborhood was divided by the East LA interchange in the early 1960s. The novel
4595:
26.7% of US-born Mexican men and 28.1% of US-born Mexican women were married to non-Hispanic whites; and
3124:, which was largely established in culture during the Spanish and Mexican periods. A large minority are
16589:
14831:
13835:
8659:
8420:
5272:
5203:
3557:
Spanish speakers and persons belonging to a household where the head of household was a Spanish speaker
3263:
3243:
2994:
2581:
2125:
1344:
641:
571:
229:
207:
179:
11790:
11592:
5269:
about 10–20% Hispanic and San Francisco – the Mission District section- the city is 10–20% Hispanic).
2559:
of Mexican heritage. In 2022, Mexican Americans comprised 11.2% of the US population and 58.9% of all
2135:
16813:
16780:
16424:
15914:
15514:
14539:
14148:
13046:
13033:
8327:
7389:
7102:
7036:
7012:
7006:
5456:
5277:
5161:
4866:", a group with roots in the high school student movement that staged walkouts in 1968, known as the
4776:
4744:
laws in most western states until the 1960s, could not legally marry African or Asian Americans (See
4675:
4598:
13.6% of US-born Mexican men and 17.4% of US-born Mexican women were married to Mexico-born Mexicans.
3735:
3445:
3354:
2815:
2687:
of Mexican descent living in New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Colorado, California, and Texas. Most were
1891:
1848:
1580:
1152:
1004:
561:
160:
13893:
12379:
11212:
10283:
1930s Mexican Deportation: Educator brings attention to historic period and its effect on her family
10113:
9465:
9064:"Analysis of genomic diversity in Mexican Mestizo populations to develop genomic medicine in Mexico"
7540:
4237:
and classify undocumented immigrants and anyone who helped them enter or remain in the US as felons.
1527:
696:
16828:
16803:
15599:
15446:
15195:
15145:
15086:
14863:
14475:
14143:
13855:
12519:"Hispanic Population and Origin in Select U.S. Metropolitan Areas, 2014 | Pew Research Center"
12490:
11226:
10458:
10229:""Things change you know": Schools as the Architects of the Mexican Race in Depression-Era Wyoming"
7356:
7089:
7081:
7077:
7073:
5802:
census tracks of Bridgeport, while in New Haven they are the largest national origin group in East
5376:
5287:
5191:
5088:
5066:
4717:
2981:
2862:
2728:
2617:
2145:
1337:
1221:
933:
686:
591:
498:
304:
13933:
13888:
12775:
Drive, American Diabetes Association 2451 Crystal; Arlington, Suite 900; Va 22202 1-800-Diabetes.
12607:
11606:
8903:
8293:
741:
636:
16765:
16372:
15924:
15123:
15039:
14229:
13316:
13256:
10015:
7427:
5815:
5704:
5652:– Heavily populated by Mexican-Americans, who are the ethnic majority, in a region spanning from
5499:
5339:
5335:
5110:
4729:
4648:
4592:
50.6% of US-born Mexican men and 45.3% of US-born Mexican women were married to US-born Mexicans;
4411:
3073:" (Spanish for "Yes we can"), was popularized by Chávez's fast. It became a rallying cry for the
2080:
1886:
1509:
1368:
1235:
546:
513:
142:
12341:
10891:
9806:. American Social and Political Movements of the 20th Century. Taylor & Francis. p. 3.
9270:
8685:
7994:
5302:
16552:
15150:
14985:
14856:
14454:
14078:
14040:
14023:
13285:
11252:
10990:
Hispanic Families in the United States: Family Structure and Process in an Era of Family change
10588:
9951:
7197:
5799:
5716:
5472:
5459:– As of 2021, nearly 1.69 million people or 17.8% of the metro population (which includes
5430:
5327:
5262:
5130:
5120:
5104:
4999:
4725:
4713:
4588:. Based on a sample size of 38,911 US-born Mexican husbands and 43,527 US-born Mexican wives:
4265:
3610:
2696:
2650:
2601:
2574:
2474:
2412:
1831:
1489:
1228:
818:
671:
454:
308:
95:
13261:
12476:
10962:
10937:
10322:
9828:
8181:
7896:
7890:
7779:
Number of Mexican Immigrants and Their Share of the Total U.S. Immigrant Population, 1850–2019
7628:
7586:
2662:
2407:
681:
16732:
16649:
16614:
16609:
16510:
15969:
15944:
15681:
15644:
15566:
15414:
15409:
15029:
14930:
14704:
14529:
14524:
14433:
14347:
14284:
14264:
14133:
13994:
13339:
12321:
12231:
11199:
11035:
10839:
9721:
9587:
8591:"The Forgotten Repatriation of Persons of Mexican Ancestry and Lessons for the War on Terror"
8224:
7559:
7058:
5803:
5657:
5553:
5535:
5517:
5478:
5434:
5364:
5224:
5216:
5175:
5136:
4771:
4766:
4638:
4443:
4275:
3669:
3593:, a Californio statesman and first Mexican to serve in the US House of Representatives (1877)
3121:
3082:
2834:
2636:. The number of Mexican immigrants in the United States has sharply risen in recent decades.
2025:
1881:
1876:
1722:
1679:
1616:
1479:
1408:
784:
566:
508:
11134:
10282:
10092:
9801:
9243:
9126:
7815:
5025:
4503:
4028:
Mexican American culture reflects the influences of Spain, Mexico, and indigenous cultures.
3696:
1532:
16722:
16712:
16702:
16692:
16644:
16535:
16530:
16525:
16515:
15954:
15929:
15919:
15773:
15686:
15576:
15546:
15500:
15353:
15341:
15190:
15128:
15000:
14467:
14340:
14088:
14035:
13953:
13948:
13860:
13840:
13680:
The U.S. Census Bureau excludes Brazilian Americans from the "Hispanic or Latino" category.
13429:
13414:
13409:
13364:
13359:
13354:
13344:
12992:
12890:
No Mexicans, women, or dogs allowed: The rise of the Mexican American civil rights movement
9246:"Evaluation of Ancestry and Linkage Disequilibrium Sharing in Admixed Population in Mexico"
9075:
7435:
7304:
7121:
6102:
5756:
5683:
5572:
5468:
5400:
5392:
5388:
5233:
is the highest densely populated Mexican-American region, but by areas of percentage it is
5207:
5183:
5169:
5152:
4313:
4309:
4022:
4013:
3727:
3719:
3369:
2986:
2854:
2345:
2100:
2085:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2045:
2040:
1926:
1672:
1446:
1083:
835:
701:
656:
596:
576:
51:
14326:
10752:"Weighing the Costs and Benefits of Mexican Immigration: The Mexican-American Perspective"
10400:
9748:
8226:
Las Tejanas: 300 Years of History – Teresa Palomo Acosta, Ruthe Winegarten – Google Boeken
8059:
2762:
Author John P. Schmal wrote of the effect Texas independence had on the Tejano community:
1658:
8:
16717:
16687:
16677:
16667:
16547:
16441:
16040:
16033:
16011:
15989:
15984:
15887:
15820:
15624:
15561:
15531:
15483:
15473:
15426:
15397:
15387:
15368:
15096:
15071:
15034:
14965:
14950:
14945:
14841:
14421:
14163:
13958:
13938:
13424:
13404:
13394:
13384:
13311:
13155:
10061:
9249:
7699:
On religion, Mexicans are more Catholic and often more traditional than Mexican Americans
7381:
7227:
7192:
7018:
6982:
5839:
5764:
5426:
5292:
5266:
5230:
5124:
5034:
4585:
4550:
4353:
4242:
4234:
4190:'s supporters say his work led to numerous improvements for union laborers. Although the
4179:, which deals with the issue of migration in the context of the United States and Mexico.
4166:
4081:
4069:
3731:
3614:
3586:
3225:
3140:
3066:
3038:
3027:
3002:
2362:
2340:
2250:
2095:
2035:
2020:
2010:
2000:
1771:
923:
885:
756:
706:
263:
196:
12313:
11739:"Riverside, California | City of Arts & Innovation | at Home in Riverside"
11469:
10308:
9079:
8202:
3175:
the United States if given the opportunity, with 17% saying they would do it illegally.
16740:
16707:
16697:
16672:
16581:
16520:
16505:
16490:
15959:
15939:
15872:
15850:
15830:
15808:
15763:
15758:
15753:
15740:
15696:
15676:
15671:
15634:
15609:
15536:
15478:
15441:
15392:
15377:
15255:
15243:
15228:
15200:
15185:
15175:
15160:
15140:
15118:
15091:
15066:
15044:
14975:
14940:
14427:
14291:
14254:
14098:
13913:
13908:
13820:
13789:
13779:
13470:
13460:
13450:
13419:
13389:
13349:
13150:
13108:
12926:
12752:
12727:
12169:
12151:
12108:
12090:
12072:
12054:
12036:
12018:
12000:
11982:
11964:
11946:
11928:
11902:
11876:
11374:
11339:
11294:
10771:
10717:
10401:"Perez v. Sharp – 32 Cal.2d 711 – Fri, 10/01/1948 | California Supreme Court Resources"
10250:
9342:
9317:
9214:
9179:
9098:
9063:
8846:
8821:
7976:
7937:
7754:
7544:
7513:
7491:
7398:
7341:
6882:
5661:
5545:
5414:
5404:
5384:
5331:
5323:
5296:
5199:
5165:
5148:
5142:
4917:
4867:
3715:
3665:
3599:
3425:
3086:
3077:
or Mexican-American civil rights movement. The Chicano movement aimed for a variety of
3042:
3031:
2937:
2846:
2823:
2807:
2803:
2756:
2633:
2075:
2050:
2005:
1623:
1499:
1398:
1052:
1047:
852:
676:
651:
541:
493:
433:
413:
169:
13714:
10751:
10533:
9060:
7286:
4498:
4097:
3711:
Mexican Americans are concentrated in California (34%), Texas (26%) and Arizona (5%).
3458:
3162:
The struggle of presidents of both Democratic and Republican administrations to solve
3093:
is traditionally seen as the start of the more radical phase of the Chicano movement.
16798:
16682:
16624:
16016:
16001:
15994:
15964:
15934:
15909:
15897:
15855:
15835:
15825:
15798:
15793:
15788:
15783:
15778:
15728:
15723:
15711:
15701:
15691:
15629:
15614:
15556:
15551:
15519:
15488:
15451:
15436:
15419:
15402:
15346:
15324:
15297:
15238:
15170:
15165:
15155:
15113:
15101:
14970:
14920:
14354:
13850:
13845:
13465:
13445:
13399:
13129:
13088:
12949:
12853:
12799:
12757:
12739:
12703:
12695:
12237:
11650:
11465:
11457:
11378:
11298:
11191:
11140:
11023:
10943:
10887:
10843:
10767:
10721:
10709:
10620:
10377:
10345:
10270:
Strategies of Segregation: Race, Residence, and the Struggle for Educational Equality
10254:
10188:
9902:
9868:
9834:
9807:
9727:
9703:
9593:
9347:
9294:
9219:
9201:
9103:
8851:
8569:
8540:
8481:
8477:
Unwanted Mexican Americans in the Great Depression: Repatriation Pressures, 1929–1939
8230:
7980:
7941:
7900:
7729:
7676:
7634:
7613:
7592:
7565:
7495:
7481:
7065:
5749:– Mexicans are one of the largest Hispanic groups in New Orleans following Hondurans.
5712:
5629:
5358:
5319:
5212:
4994:
4721:
4507:
4373:
4345:
4318:
4207:
to support immigration reform (many in hopes of a path to citizenship similar to the
3309:
3156:
3062:
3046:
2720:
2275:
2090:
2015:
1693:
1686:
626:
586:
581:
16414:
16228:
14593:
14083:
11343:
8822:"Explaining the Decline in Mexico-U.S. Migration: The Effect of the Great Recession"
8273:
7068:
refers to a disease in which the body has an inefficiency of properly responding to
3159:
president depended in part on the growing importance of the Mexican American vote.
2759:
regime, while other Tejano remained loyal to Mexico, and still others were neutral.
2330:
890:
16634:
16629:
16619:
16599:
16278:
16156:
16076:
16006:
15979:
15949:
15877:
15860:
15768:
15718:
15664:
15659:
15649:
15585:
15493:
15466:
15456:
15431:
15382:
15329:
15314:
15309:
15304:
15292:
15250:
15233:
15223:
15207:
15180:
15081:
15076:
14799:
14577:
14188:
14178:
14168:
14158:
14045:
13903:
13875:
13769:
13455:
13228:
13069:
12918:
12747:
12687:
12309:
12272:"Percentage of Mexican Population in Oklahoma by City | 2023 | Zip Atlas"
11429:
11401:
11366:
11329:
11321:
11286:
11015:
10835:
10775:
10763:
10701:
10240:
10172:
Batos, Bolillos, Pochos, and Pelados: Class & Culture on the South Texas Border
10073:
9443:
9337:
9329:
9284:
9273:"Admixture and population structure in Mexican-Mestizos based on paternal lineages"
9209:
9191:
9093:
9083:
9023:
8841:
8833:
8715:
8096:
7968:
7929:
7715:
Among U.S. Latinos, Catholicism Continues to Decline but is Still the Largest Faith
7473:
7412:
6567:
6066:
5847:
5527:
5491:
5422:
5418:
5380:
5151:– There is a large Mexican American community in San Gabriel Valley cities such as
5092:
5060:
4910:
4849:
4840:
4693:
4381:
4341:
4121:
4093:
3673:
3590:
3074:
2958:
2945:
2941:
these immigrants found agricultural work, being contracted under private laborers.
2866:
2739:
2735:
2716:
2625:
2320:
2315:
2165:
1504:
1330:
1271:
1138:
1110:
999:
840:
751:
611:
389:
253:
190:
154:
12864:
Making Aztlán: Ideology and Culture of the Chicana and Chicano Movement, 1966–1977
12533:"Detailed Races and Ethnicities in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2020 Census"
11370:
10705:
8142:
Multicultural America: An Encyclopedia of the Newest Americans [4 volumes]
5127:, one of many cities in the region with a large Mexican/Latin American population.
4874:
4754:, Mexicans and Mexican-Americans did marry non-whites typically without reprisal.
4700:
4425:
3767:
The Mexican population has been rapidly increasing in North Carolina and Georgia.
3700:
2912:
16594:
16542:
16183:
16146:
16101:
16028:
15892:
15882:
15845:
15840:
15813:
15748:
15654:
15639:
15619:
15541:
15524:
15505:
15461:
15363:
15358:
15334:
15319:
15275:
14851:
14005:
13865:
13825:
13815:
13306:
12983:
12206:"Percentage of Mexican Population in Nevada by City | 2023 | Zip Atlas"
11325:
11173:
10289:
9379:
8561:
8530:
8515:. Vol. 47, no. 4. The International migration review. pp. 944–975.
8475:
8261:
7404:
7346:
6994:
5740:
5509:
5438:
5410:
5396:
5368:
5248:
5114:
4844:
4811:
4779:. In its ruling, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, in an
4549:
South et al. (2005) examine Hispanic spatial assimilation and inter-neighborhood
4487:
4384:
that worked to embrace a Chicano identity and worldview that combated structural
4360:
3743:
3473:
3324:
2965:
2949:
2806:
only for the winter, then move north to Oregon. However, Fremont remained in the
2799:
2784:
2743:
2629:
2597:
2335:
2030:
1276:
1254:
1173:
961:
895:
795:
601:
551:
536:
273:
248:
122:
13176:
12962:
California Ethnic and Multicultural Archives – In the Chicano/Latino Collections
11519:
10527:"Latino Communities of the Central Valley: Population, Families, and Households"
9518:
5361:– Over one-third of the city's population is Hispanic, mostly Mexican-American.
4819:
accumulate wealth, and once they are established, move into mainstream society.
4708:
in ancestry or national origin by census tracts. Heaviest concentrations are in
3134:
3070:
16775:
16436:
16389:
16253:
16248:
16213:
16198:
15803:
15604:
15571:
15056:
15051:
14234:
14108:
14093:
12886:
12462:
11632:"Cities with the Highest Percentage of Mexicans in California | Zip Atlas"
11290:
10989:
10667:
10647:
9068:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
7933:
7612:
Gutiérrez, Verónica F.; Wallace, Steven P.; Castañeda, Xóchitl (October 2004).
7477:
7421:
7326:
7260:
6735:
6588:
5851:
5824:
5643:
5464:
5017:
4921:
4746:
4658:
4483:
4406:
4349:
4249:
4113:
3757:
3646:
3209:
3197:
3058:
2897:
2842:
2668:
2589:
2295:
1575:
1451:
1373:
1076:
1057:
488:
115:
11110:"ROYBAL, Edward R. | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives"
9027:
8837:
7972:
5413:– The San Luis Valley has many towns with large Mexican-American populations.
4704:
Map of Los Angeles County showing percentage of population self-identified as
4218:
4018:
3635:
creating a third party to give Chicanos political power in the United States.
3189:
2767:
16852:
16481:
16352:
16300:
16288:
16283:
16273:
16263:
16258:
16178:
16151:
16141:
16136:
16131:
15706:
14826:
14319:
14244:
14224:
14128:
14103:
12743:
12699:
12658:"Article: Mexican Immigrants in the United States | migrationpolicy.org"
11027:
10713:
10613:
Gonzales, Phillip B.; Rosaldo, Renato; Pratt, Mary Louise (15 October 2021).
9205:
7558:
Frazier, John W.; Tettey-Fio, Eugene L.; Henry, Norah F. (29 December 2016).
7444:
7375:
7292:
7135:
6988:
6903:
6504:
6336:
5835:
5795:
5726:
5653:
5609:
5460:
5256:
5195:
5040:
5030:
4978:
4939:
4862:. The committee was led by activists from local colleges and members of the "
4741:
4653:
4580:
According to 2000 census data, US-born ethnic Mexicans have a high degree of
4569:
4418:
4372:. While most of the violence was directed toward Mexican American youth, and
3489:
3213:
3171:
3125:
3050:
2845:
as Commander in Chief and on July 5, 1846, he proclaimed the creation of the
2417:
2325:
2285:
1651:
1388:
1363:
900:
345:
300:
219:
173:
137:
105:
11493:"Complete National Film Registry Listing – National Film Preservation Board"
9088:
5701:, Nevada – 70% of Hispanics that are eligible to vote in Nevada are Mexican
5594:
Fifth-largest Mexican-American population and over 1.5 million Mexicans
4752:
The White Scourge: Mexicans, Blacks, and Poor Whites in Texas Cotton Culture
4457:
to prevent undocumented Mexican immigrants from entering the United States.
4229:
in Chicago. The protests began in response to proposed legislation known as
3204:
Ethnically, Mexican Americans are a diverse population made up primarily of
16461:
16337:
16121:
14249:
14203:
14193:
14118:
14113:
12828:
12761:
12707:
12431:"Passaic-Puebla Connection: New Jersey Enclave Rooted in One Mexican State"
11461:
11405:
11019:
9527:
9351:
9298:
9223:
9107:
8855:
7864:
7054:
6756:
6714:
6693:
6609:
5831:
5613:
5044:
4863:
4573:
4565:
4525:
4521:
4450:
4269:
4187:
4129:
4125:
4120:. It also includes the indigenous and Mexican American music styles of the
3144:
3054:
2969:
2873:
2814:. When Castro demanded that Fremont leave Alta California, Fremont rode to
2655:
2621:
1570:
1542:
1461:
1393:
1214:
1159:
1124:
1009:
989:
984:
966:
956:
830:
631:
329:
224:
10037:
8904:
Department of Homeland Security: "2015 Yearbook of Immigration Statistics"
8157:"The U.S.-Mexican War: War (1846–1848): The Borderlands on the Eve of War"
6972:
4775:
was a 1947 federal court case that challenged Mexican remedial schools in
4669:
3642:
16456:
16377:
16357:
16243:
16116:
16021:
14123:
14050:
13999:
13251:
12842:
edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 3, Gale, 2014), pp. 195–217.
12404:
8255:
7244:
6399:
6024:
5859:
5778:
5746:
5649:
5603:
5234:
5187:
5156:
4954:
4859:
4391:
4199:
4133:
4109:
3723:
3520:
3469:
3090:
2998:
2780:
2752:
2609:
1565:
1441:
1378:
951:
789:
325:
132:
12930:
11765:
11699:
11190:
White, Michael J.; Bueker, Catherine; Glick, Jennifer E. (August 2002).
10245:
10228:
9289:
9272:
9244:
J.K. Estrada; A. Hidalgo-Miranda; I. Silva-Zolezzi; G. Jimenez-Sanchez.
9196:
8887:"Romani Heritage: A Glimpse Into Mexico's Misunderstood Gypsy Community"
8116:"Latinos and the Changing Face of America – Population Reference Bureau"
4561:
2892:
2711:
colony of Spain. This was particularly true in frontier regions such as
16419:
16362:
16193:
14407:
13898:
13268:
13014:
Think Mexican – News, Culture, and Information on the Mexican Community
12366:"A Glance at New Orleans' Contemporary Hispanic and Latino Communities"
10077:
9764:
Moslimani, Mohamad; Noe-Bustamante, Luis; Shah, Sono (16 August 2023).
7957:"Decolonizing Xicana/x Studies: Healing the Susto of De-indigenization"
7321:
7265:
6546:
6525:
5982:
5820:
5770:
5633:
4906:
4454:
4137:
3010:
2928:
2402:
2392:
1826:
746:
646:
503:
337:
312:
16466:
16218:
12691:
12380:"Mexican Americans in Kansas – Kansapedia – Kansas Historical Society"
11334:
11168:. Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund. April 28, 2008
8984:
7738:
a citizen or resident of the U.S. of Mexican birth or descent; Chicano
5777:, Connecticut have the 1st and 3rd largest Mexican populations in the
5481:– As of 2021, 1,032,984 people or 20.0% of the county population, the
4280:
3707:, the United States' largest Hispanic nonprofit advocacy organization.
3061:, founder of the National Farm Workers Association, and her co-leader
16793:
16770:
16745:
16471:
16367:
16223:
16173:
16091:
14208:
14183:
13321:
12922:
12677:
11433:
11002:
Deusdad-Ayala, Blanca; Moya, Eva M.; Chávez-Baray, Silvia M. (2012).
8324:"American Experience | The Gold Rush | People & Events"
7361:
7157:
6924:
6777:
6378:
6273:
5843:
5774:
5698:
5242:
4913:
4369:
4365:
4230:
4049:
4045:
3431:
3006:
2712:
2700:
2556:
2422:
2357:
1207:
1014:
258:
184:
100:
16203:
13979:
13883:
9700:"JS Online: Filmmaker explores practice of redlining in documentary"
8719:
8656:"Meet the 20 MAKERS Inducted Into the National Women's Hall of Fame"
8092:
5556:– As of 2021, 105,266 people or 15.1% of the county population, the
5538:– As of 2021, 127,648 people or 18.0% of the county population, the
5520:– As of 2021, 140,682 people or 27.1% of the county population, the
5081:
The city proper is home to over 1.2 million of Mexican ancestry
3235:
Such transformation of the word is the result of a concept known as
621:
16750:
16404:
16394:
16322:
16295:
16208:
16188:
16126:
16106:
16086:
16081:
14239:
14138:
13794:
13038:
13013:
10652:
9672:"RACE – History – Post-War Economic Boom and Racial Discrimination"
9333:
8100:
7162:
6861:
6651:
6462:
6420:
6357:
6315:
6252:
6168:
6045:
6003:
5961:
5787:
5575:– As of 2021, 74,884 people or 15.1% of the county population, the
5502:– As of 2021, 98,864 people or 10.7% of the county population, the
5179:
4878:
4517:
4284:
4183:
4117:
4105:
4101:
4065:
3704:
3514:
3508:
3232:
do not have European ancestry, as well as people of mixed descent.
3193:
3184:
2811:
2570:
2367:
1821:
1494:
1383:
994:
423:
349:
13019:
Regiones de origen y destino de la migración México-Estados Unidos
12971:
California Ethnic and Multicultural Archives – Digital Chicano Art
12900:
Chicano! The history of the Mexican American civil rights movement
11721:"Strength in numbers: Hispanics now the majority in Inland Empire"
10616:
Trumpism, Mexican America, and the Struggle for Latinx Citizenship
9062:
Eduardo; March, Santiago; Jimenez-Sanchez, Gerardo (26 May 2009).
8995:(in Spanish). Programa Universitario México Nacion. Archived from
8755:"Mexicans, Dominicans are more Catholic than most other Hispanics"
5600:(third-largest foreign born Mexican population in the US per MSA).
4974:
4873:
The best known historical fact of the Moratorium was the death of
4834:
3617:
became the first Mexican American to serve in the US Senate (1928)
905:
16829:
Race and ethnicity in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
16562:
16476:
16451:
16399:
16384:
16268:
16096:
16066:
14804:
14198:
13784:
13774:
13764:
13745:
13290:
13278:
12999:
Mexican American News – Network of the Mexican American Community
12774:
9766:"Facts on Hispanics of Mexican origin in the United States, 2021"
8294:
An Ethnic Historic Site Survey for California (Mexican Americans)
7351:
7270:
7085:
7069:
6945:
6840:
6441:
6189:
6087:
5940:
5898:
5855:
5791:
5736:
5637:
5619:
4781:
4529:
4470:
4430:
4377:
4246:
labeled "amnesty", 54% would support it, while 39% would oppose.
4073:
4041:
3761:
3217:
2903:
2688:
2605:
2565:
2397:
928:
428:
418:
377:
341:
333:
14173:
12881:
Leaders of the Mexican American Generation: Biographical Essays.
11666:
Mexican Americans: Leadership, Ideology, and Identity, 1930–1960
11192:"The Impact of Immigration on Residential Segregation Revisited"
10168:
Latino Images in Film: Stereotypes, Subversion, & Resistance
8093:
The Evolution of the Mexican-Born Workforce in the United States
7614:"Demographic Profile of Mexican Immigrants in the United States"
5616:. The majority of Laredo speaks Spanish as their first language.
4740:
Mexican Americans legally classified as "White", following anti-
4664:
3730:. The metropolitan areas with the largest Mexican population is
3246:, the majority (52.8%) of Mexican Americans identified as being
1456:
16755:
16347:
16332:
16327:
16315:
16310:
16238:
16168:
16071:
15865:
14500:
14062:
13799:
12998:
12258:"Mexicans Are Now New York City's Fastest Growing Ethnic Group"
11253:"Death of Rubén Salazar | Smithsonian American Art Museum"
10988:
Nancy S. Landale, R. Salvador Olopesa, and Christina Bradatan.
9830:
An Historical Introduction to American Education: Third Edition
9723:
Black, Brown, Yellow, and Left: Radical Activism in Los Angeles
8313:
State of California, Department of Parks and Recreation. p.207.
8182:"American Experience | Remember the Alamo | Timeline"
8095:(Report). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
7561:
Race, Ethnicity, and Place in a Changing America, Third Edition
6672:
6483:
6231:
6126:
5919:
5782:
5680:– As of 2021, 97,796 people or 10.5% of the county population.
5352:
5133:– Over 70.77% of the population is Mexican or Mexican American.
4528:
did decades before and assimilated to the American market like
4368:
attacked and stripped children, teenagers, and youths who wore
4061:
4053:
3581:
3526:
2724:
2707:
2429:
1836:
438:
10114:"FRB: Testimony, Greenspan-Aging population-February 27, 2003"
9176:
5752:
Kansas – There is a large Mexican American presence in Kansas.
4916:
and activist. He was most well known for his role in the 1968
2865:, followed by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 and the
16446:
16429:
16409:
16342:
16305:
16233:
16163:
12838:
Englekirk, Allan, and Marguerite Marín. "Mexican Americans."
11001:
10370:
Black and Brown in Los Angeles: Beyond Conflict and Coalition
6798:
6294:
6147:
5730:
4902:
4356:, he was denied funeral services because of his nationality.
3254:(39.5%), "two or more races" (5.0%), Native American (0.4%),
2924:
2255:
2215:
721:
9152:"The Impact of Language Barriers for Latinos Across America"
8077:
5686:– As of 2021, 77,354 people or 13.4% of the city population.
5548:– As of 2021, 40,229 people or 44.8% of the city population.
5530:– As of 2021, 67,498 people or 36.8% of the city population.
5512:– As of 2021, 46,467 people or 40.7% of the city population.
4328:
Sign from a restaurant in Dallas, Texas, now located in the
3457:
made in 1921. According to an opinion poll conducted by the
2829:
16760:
16111:
13923:
12977:
Calisphere > California Cultures > Hispanic Americans
12850:
Manifest Destinies: The Making of the Mexican American Race
12449:"New Jersey city has Mexican flavor of the state of Puebla"
11791:"This City Is 78% Latino, and the Face of a New California"
11520:"2011 National Film Registry More Than a Box of Chocolates"
11074:"What Dodger Stadium looked like when it was Chavez Ravine"
9763:
9056:
9054:
8871:
Mexican American and Immigrant Poverty in the United States
8529:
Balderrama, Francisco E.; Rodriguez, Raymond (2006-01-01).
8274:"The Hispanic Experience – Tejanos in the Texas Revolution"
8113:
6819:
6630:
6210:
5865:
5326:
have majority Mexican American communities. Examples being
5087:, and a total of about 6.3 million in the five-county
4524:
has become part of the mainstream American market, just as
4057:
731:
12871:
Encyclopedia of the Mexican American civil rights movement
12583:"Mexican-American Population in the United States in 2018"
11695:
11693:
11691:
11689:
9552:
9550:
9548:
8732:
4935:
3560:
persons with Spanish heritage by birth location or surname
2976:
2961:, because it frequently ignored individuals' citizenship.
2911:
In the late nineteenth century, liberal Mexican President
11570:
10506:"FBI Statistics Show Anti-Latino Hate Crimes on the Rise"
9558:"Mexican American Voters / Voting Rights and Citizenship"
9411:
8305:
8303:
8301:
8160:
7611:
4191:
11136:
Racial Dynamics in Early Twentieth-Century Austin, Texas
10791:"Assimilation of immigrants is not a problem in the U.S"
9051:
7668:
5227:– 78% Latino with the majority being of Mexican descent.
3531:
It classified Mexicans and Mexican Americans as "white".
3097:
need for stronger community and political organization.
16825:
Births of U.S. states and territories by race/ethnicity
13744:
11686:
11446:
9545:
9358:
8954:"Third of Mexicans would migrate to U.S., survey finds"
8632:"When Grapes Became America's Most Controversial Fruit"
8606:
On the Move: Changing Mechanisms of Mexico-US Migration
8593:. Vol. 26, no. 1. Davis, CA: Pace Law Review.
8417:
On the Move: Changing Mechanisms of Mexico-US Migration
8223:
Acosta, Teresa Palomo; Winegarten, Ruthe (2010-01-01).
7463:
7461:
6973:
Metropolitan areas with the largest Mexican populations
5069:– 30% of the almost 1 million people in the metro area.
11789:
Nagourney, Adam; Medina, Jennifer (October 11, 2016).
10558:"Report Shows Anti-Latino Hate Crimes Down 31 Percent"
10093:"Summary of Findings: Mixed Views on Immigration Bill"
8401:
Martín Valadez, "Migration: To the United States", in
8298:
7557:
5862:, Minnesota have a large Mexican-American population.
4410:, the Supreme Court of California recognized that the
4068:, are regular in American vernacular. The cuisines of
3120:
In terms of religion, Mexican Americans are primarily
14623:
10905:"Hollywood Now: New Fall Previews – InterfaithFamily"
10589:"Here Are All the Times Donald Trump Insulted Mexico"
10425:"Nixon On Tape Expounds On Welfare And Homosexuality"
8532:
Decade of Betrayal: Mexican Repatriation in the 1930s
7630:
Geopolitics: The Geography of International Relations
4885:
into the Silver Dollar Café at the conclusion of the
3714:
The counties with the largest Mexican population are
3563:
Persons who self-identified Spanish origin or descent
2997:: California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas, during
2893:
19th-century and Early 20th-century Mexican migration
2734:
As shown by the writings of colonial Tejanos such as
2598:
acquisition of their territories by the United States
12833:
Mexican Americans and the Catholic Church, 1900–1965
12429:
Haddon, Heather; Roman, Esteban (6 September 2014).
12230:
Simich, Jerry L.; Wright, Thomas C. (7 March 2005).
11126:
10612:
9616:
Haney-Lopez, Ian F. (1996). "3 Prerequisite cases".
9407:
9405:
9403:
9401:
9399:
8978:
Race and Classification: The Case of Mexican America
7844:
7842:
7840:
7458:
7178:
Migrant deaths along the Mexico–United States border
7111:
4040:
Mexican Americans have influenced American cuisine,
3774:
3112:
During this period, civil rights groups such as the
12993:
ImaginArte – Interpreting and Re-imaging Chican@Art
12405:"Mexicantown | Historical Society of Michigan"
11646:"Latinos' rising fortunes are epitomized in Downey"
11593:"Demographic Statistics for Montebello, California"
9740:
9674:. Understandingrace.org. 1956-12-21. Archived from
9633:
9615:
9481:
9318:"A Genomewide Admixture Map for Latino Populations"
9314:
8566:
The Praeger Handbook of Latino Education in the U.S
8528:
5612:– The largest Mexican-American community bordering
4958:Protesters are seen in June 2011 in support of the
3464:
3114:
National Mexican-American Anti-Defamation Committee
12721:
12719:
12717:
11185:
11183:
11181:
11160:
11158:
11156:
11095:
11093:
11055:
11053:
11051:
10668:"Mexican and Latino Stereotypes – Jim Crow Museum"
10299:
10297:
9694:
9692:
8524:
8522:
8405:, vol. 2, p. 890. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997.
7669:Montero-Sieburth, Martha; Meléndez, Edwin (2007).
3554:by use of the following criteria in sampled sets:
3250:. The remainder identified themselves as being of
13206:
12326:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
11040:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
9666:
9664:
9662:
9660:
9642:
9396:
9239:
9237:
9235:
9233:
9121:
9119:
9117:
9013:
8508:Gratton, Brian; Merchant, Emily (December 2013).
8438:"Mexican-Born Population Over Time, 1850–Present"
8372:
8370:
7837:
7535:
7533:
7531:
7213:History of Mexican Americans in Dallas–Fort Worth
4464:
4259:
3439:For instance, a 2006 study conducted by Mexico's
16850:
14565:List of Mexican-American political organizations
12883:Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado, 2015.
11189:
11072:Radio, Southern California Public (2017-10-31).
11067:
11065:
10832:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History
10395:
10393:
10344:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 33.
8568:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 400–403.
8222:
7470:Multicultural America: A Multimedia Encyclopedia
3441:National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN)
2993:While Mexican Americans are concentrated in the
56:Percent of population of Mexican descent in 2010
12816:
12728:"Diabetes and Mexicans: Why the Two Are Linked"
12714:
11788:
11178:
11153:
11090:
11048:
10294:
9956:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
9689:
9648:
9629:
9627:
9611:
9609:
9366:"Encyclopædia Britannica: Mexico Ethnic groups"
8813:
8619:Mexicans in the Midwest – University of Arizona
8519:
8507:
7919:
7795:"National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011"
7743:
7654:Zong, Jie; Batalova, Jeanne (October 5, 2018).
5006:
4835:The Chicano movement and the Chicano Moratorium
4642:View of downtown and the Palos Verdes Peninsula
3196:bands, who are available for hire, wait at the
2683:In 1900, there were slightly more than 500,000
2639:
12946:A documentary history of the Mexican Americans
12302:Norteamérica, Revista Académica del CISAN-UNAM
12296:Odem, Mary; Browne, Irene (19 December 2011).
12233:The Peoples Of Las Vegas: One City, Many Faces
11766:Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS).
11700:Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS).
11680:Mexican American Baseball in the Central Coast
10272:. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.
10135:"Immigration curbs hurting US, Greenspan says"
9726:. University of California Press. p. 53.
9657:
9412:Gibson, Campbell; Jung, Kay (September 2002).
9230:
9114:
8367:
7722:
7528:
7502:
4798:
4155:2006 United States immigration reform protests
3518:, as well as new categories of distinction of
2612:. They became US citizens in 1848 through the
14609:
13730:
13192:
13054:
12777:"Diabetes Among Hispanics: All Are Not Equal"
11809:"2010 Population by Race and Hispanic Origin"
11418:
11062:
10390:
9898:Chicanas and Chicanos in Contemporary Society
8311:A History of Mexican Americans in California.
8091:Borjas, George; Katz, Lawrence (April 2005).
7223:History of Mexican Americans in Metro Detroit
5407:all have large Mexican American communities.
5371:has a very large Hispanic population as well.
4665:Hispanic segregation versus Black segregation
4616:have a higher vulnerability in facing abuse.
4340:when they arrived home. In 1948, war veteran
4143:
3001:many moved to industrial communities such as
2658:, San Diego, stating "All the way to the Bay"
2515:
1956:
40:
13024:Mexican Americans | History Detectives | PBS
12229:
10984:
10982:
10980:
10978:
10976:
10974:
10942:. University of Chicago Press. p. 244.
10691:
10090:
9715:
9713:
9636:White by Law: The Legal Construction of Race
9634:Haney-Lopez, Ian F. (1996). "Appendix "A"".
9624:
9618:White by Law: The Legal Construction of Race
9606:
9127:"The Hispanic Population: 2010 Census Brief"
9046:The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1870–1940
9040:Knight, Alan. 1990. "Racism, Revolution and
8553:
8467:
7913:
7882:
7653:
7468:García, Justin (2013). "Mexican Americans".
7337:El Pueblo de Los Ángeles Historical Monument
5145:– Between 45 and 50% are of Mexican descent.
5063:– Fifth-largest Mexican-American population.
4338:United States Department of Veterans Affairs
4254:Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007
4173:United States Conference of Catholic Bishops
3582:Politics and debate of racial classification
3480:As the United States' borders expanded, the
3355:Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders
2877:An example of a Chicano-themed mural in the
14583:Category:American people of Mexican descent
12944:Moquin, Wayne, and Charles Van Doren, eds.
12840:Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America,
12804:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
12428:
11719:Cruz, Rene Ray De La (September 28, 2017).
10931:
10929:
10927:
10925:
9489:"LexisNexis® Litigation Essentials – Error"
9436:
7948:
7203:History of Mexican Americans in Los Angeles
4624:
4312:, the United States government sponsored a
14616:
14602:
13737:
13723:
13199:
13185:
13061:
13047:
12295:
10828:"Mexican Immigration to the United States"
9589:Racial Transformations: Latinos And Asians
9444:"US Population in the 1930 Census by Race"
8819:
8648:
8503:
8501:
8499:
8497:
8114:Population Reference Bureau (2013-11-13).
8090:
4633:
4209:Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986
2522:
2508:
1963:
1949:
50:
12862:Gómez-Quiñones, Juan, and Irene Vásquez.
12751:
12725:
11333:
10971:
10825:
10244:
10205:. The History Cooperative. Archived from
9930:"II. Mexican-American Fertility Patterns"
9799:
9787:"Mexican Immigrants in the United States"
9710:
9585:
9341:
9288:
9213:
9195:
9097:
9087:
8990:
8845:
8658:. Makers. October 5, 2015. Archived from
8608:. Princeton University Press. p. 22.
8457:"Mexican Immigrants in the United States"
7656:"Mexican Immigrants in the United States"
7633:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 137.
7616:. UCLA Center for Health Policy Research.
5733:have sizable growing Mexican populations.
4610:
4078:cuisine of the Southwestern United States
3544:White population of Spanish mother tongue
13029:A History of the Mexican-American People
12995:– University of California Santa Barbara
12973:– University of California Santa Barbara
11391:
11276:
11132:
10964:Mexican Immigration to the United States
10939:Mexican Immigration to the United States
10922:
10451:"How Immigration is Rousing the Zealots"
10367:
10059:
9860:
9380:"Informe 2011 Latinobarómetro – pag. 58"
8993:"El Mestizaje Y Las Culturas Regionales"
8752:
8674:
8423:. pp. Introduction & Chapter 1.
7774:
7772:
7627:Cohen, Saul Bernard (25 November 2014).
7053:
5866:US states by Mexican American population
5823:on Navigation Boulevard, established by
5814:
5810:
5624:Third-largest Mexican ancestry community
5577:second-most populous county in the state
5558:fourth-most populous county in the state
5504:second-most populous county in the state
5107:– Over 62% of the population is Mexican.
5039:
5024:
5016:
4973:
4953:
4934:
4901:
4848:
4802:
4765:
4699:
4668:
4637:
4560:
4516:
4497:
4478:
4424:
4390:
4323:
4279:
4217:
4182:
4171:, a pastoral letter written by both the
4159:Illegal immigration to the United States
4140:, which originate in the United States.
4012:
3695:
3664:
3641:
3609:
3585:
3468:
3430:
3188:
3102:
3015:
2980:
2918:
2896:
2872:
2828:
2661:
2649:
2496:Hispanic and Latino Americans portal
1324:Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza
16794:People of the United States / Americans
15020:African immigrants to the United States
14535:U.S. communities with Hispanic majority
13919:Mission Cultural Center for Latino Arts
12908:
12115:
11548:. Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from
11514:
11512:
10749:
10739:. Harvard University Press. p. 76.
10694:Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies
10448:
9901:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
9746:
8684:. The Adelante Movement. Archived from
8588:
8582:
8559:
8494:
8473:
8432:
8430:
7888:
7787:
7696:Donoso, Juan Carlos (8 December 2014).
7218:History of Mexican Americans in Houston
7007:Chicago-Joliet-Naperville, IL-IN-WI MSA
5781:region respectively in 2020 (alongside
5540:third-most populous county in the state
5522:fifth-most populous county in the state
4897:
4883:Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department
3164:immigration reform in the United States
2977:Late 20th century to early 21st century
2667:Arrival of the caravan at Santa Fe the
1538:Mission Cultural Center for Latino Arts
168:Northwestern United States (especially
14:
16851:
15109:Southern Africans in the United States
12966:University of California Santa Barbara
12184:"Latinos in the 2014 Election: Nevada"
11356:
11311:
10935:
10902:
10840:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.146
10734:
10586:
10267:
10226:
9895:Anda, De Roberto M. (18 August 2004).
9864:Mexican Americans and the U.S. Economy
9827:Gutek, Gerald L. (18 September 2012).
9719:
9322:The American Journal of Human Genetics
8562:"Repatriation of Mexicans from the US"
8007:
7954:
7695:
7467:
7233:History of Mexican Americans in Tucson
6983:Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA MSA
5083:, another 2.3 million throughout
3535:"Hin" for Hindu; and "Kor" for Korean.
2575:Mexican-origin population of the world
203:(also growing/emerging populations in
16859:Mexican diaspora in the United States
15025:Central Africans in the United States
14597:
14550:List of Hispanic and Latino Americans
13718:
13180:
13042:
12869:Meier, Matt S., and Margo Gutiérrez.
11845:"San Luis Valley Statistical Profile"
11071:
10788:
10778:– via Business Source Complete.
10339:
10164:Black-Brown Relations and Stereotypes
9826:
9753:. Texas State Historical Association.
9592:. Duke University Press. p. 96.
8884:
8753:Krogstad, Jens Manuel (27 May 2014).
8603:
8414:
8012:. National Geographic. Archived from
7769:
7626:
7584:
7208:History of Mexican Americans in Texas
5334:, and the heaviest concentrations in
4761:
4619:
4148:
4080:, and Mexican cuisine has influenced
3435:Mexican American family eating a meal
3178:
3065:united with the strikers to form the
2373:Indigenous languages of Latin America
358:Native Americans in the United States
14996:Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans
14931:Afro-Caribbean/West Indian Americans
14560:List of Mexican-American communities
13985:1985–1987 Watsonville Cannery strike
13699:
13068:
11718:
11509:
10750:Jiménez, Tomás R. (September 2007).
9894:
9861:Gonz‡lez, Arturo (4 December 2002).
9493:litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com
8951:
8820:Villarreal, Andrés (December 2014).
8710:, vol. 32, no. 2, 1998, pp. 401–22.
8454:
8427:
8349:"Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)"
7961:Aztlán: A Journal of Chicano Studies
7862:
7591:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 334.
7150:Hispanic and Latino Americans portal
5013:List of Mexican-American communities
4475:Mexican cuisine in the United States
4005:Mexican cuisine in the United States
3756:There is recent Mexican enclaves in
1305:UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center
84:Regions with significant populations
16046:White Hispanic and Latino Americans
15281:Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans
15219:North Africans in the United States
15008:Black Hispanic and Latino Americans
14362:DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.
14306:Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co.
12477:"Tlaxcala Dreams Land in New Haven"
12314:10.22201/cisan.24487228e.2011.3.147
10968:page 252 | retrieved March 20, 2013
10867:
10060:Marchand, Marianne H. (June 2017).
10002:National Museum of American History
9149:
7675:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 59.
7256:White Hispanic and Latino Americans
4981:Historic Freedom Trail and Monument
3340:American Indians and Alaska Natives
3131:In 2008, "Yes We Can" (in Spanish:
2628:as their first language and became
2445:White Hispanic and Latino Americans
2440:Black Hispanic and Latino Americans
2435:Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans
1701:DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.
1638:Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co.
148:Southwestern United States (Arizona
24:
16864:American people of Mexican descent
15136:West Africans in the United States
15062:East Africans in the United States
14991:Stateside Virgin Islands Americans
13674:
12938:
12892:(University of Texas Press, 2010)
12726:Martorell, Reynaldo (2004-12-15).
10826:Gutiérrez, Ramón A. (2019-07-29),
10619:. University of New Mexico Press.
9747:Calvert, Robert (1 January 1996).
9620:. New York University. p. 61.
9044:: Mexico 1910–1940". Chapter 4 in
8885:Carey, Lydia (February 21, 2018).
8708:The International Migration Review
8076:. 19 February 2024. Archived from
7251:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
4881:canister fired by a member of the
4233:, which would raise penalties for
4096:includes Mexican styles of music;
2552:estadounidenses de origen mexicano
1167:The Revolt of the Cockroach People
78:11.2% of total US population, 2022
25:
16875:
16641:Americans of Euro Oceanic origin
15975:Nordic and Scandinavian Americans
14625:Demographics of the United States
12955:
12831:, and Gilberto M. Hinojosa, eds.
10903:Miller, Gerri (August 29, 2014).
10449:Ressner, Jeffrey (May 29, 2006).
10327:History.comdate=December 14, 2023
10227:Guzmán, Gonzalo (November 2021).
8629:
8560:Rosales, F. Arturo (2007-01-01).
8326:. PBS. 2006-09-13. Archived from
8203:"(DV) Felux: Remember the Alamo?"
7096:
5483:most populous county in the state
4946:from August 1988 to December 1990
4887:National Chicano Moratorium March
4306:undocumented immigrants in the US
4169:: Together on the Journey of Hope
4035:
3775:Mexican-born population over time
2580:Most Mexican Americans reside in
2201:Congressional Hispanic Conference
16819:Race and ethnicity in the census
14926:African diaspora in the Americas
14154:Mexican-American women's fashion
13698:
13689:
13688:
13646:Stereotypes in the United States
12768:
12671:
12650:
12625:
12600:
12575:
12550:
12525:
12511:
12497:
12483:
12469:
12455:
12441:
12422:
12397:
12372:
12358:
12334:
12289:
12264:
12250:
12223:
12198:
12176:
12158:
12140:
12097:
12079:
12061:
12043:
12025:
12007:
11989:
11971:
11953:
11935:
11917:
11891:
11865:
11837:
11801:
11782:
11759:
11745:
11731:
11712:
11672:
11658:
11638:
11624:
11599:
11585:
11563:
11538:
11485:
11440:
11412:
11385:
11359:Journal of Latinos and Education
11350:
11314:Journal of Latinos and Education
11305:
11279:Journal of Latinos and Education
11270:
11245:
11219:
11133:McDonald, Jason (14 June 2012).
11102:
11078:Southern California Public Radio
10995:
10956:
10896:
10876:
10861:
10819:
10801:
10782:
10768:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2007.00474.x
10743:
10728:
10685:
10660:
10640:
10606:
10587:Reilly, Katie (31 August 2016).
10580:
10550:
10519:
10498:
10473:
10442:
10417:
10361:
10333:
10315:
10276:
10261:
10220:
10195:
10177:
10153:
10127:
10116:. Federalreserve.gov. 2003-02-27
10106:
10084:
10053:
10044:
10022:
10008:
9990:
9969:
9944:
9048:. Richard Graham (ed.) pp. 78–85
7332:List of Mexican-American writers
7310:Texan raids on New Mexico (1843)
7142:
7128:
7114:
6989:Riverside-San Bernardino, CA MSA
6938:
6917:
6896:
6875:
6854:
6833:
6812:
6791:
6770:
6749:
6728:
6707:
6686:
6665:
6644:
6623:
6602:
6581:
6560:
6539:
6518:
6497:
6476:
6455:
6434:
6413:
6392:
6371:
6350:
6329:
6308:
6287:
6266:
6245:
6224:
6203:
6182:
6161:
6140:
6119:
6101:
6080:
6059:
6038:
6017:
5996:
5975:
5954:
5933:
5912:
5891:
5113:– Also the site of the infamous
5029:Oasis Drive Inn with mural of a
4556:
3465:US Census Bureau classifications
3081:reforms and was inspired by the
3049:struggle when labor leaders and
2573:in the world (24% of the entire
2489:
2465:Communities with Latino majority
1920:
388:
14936:Antiguan and Barbudan Americans
14299:San Antonio I.S.D. v. Rodriguez
12988:University of California System
11768:"American FactFinder – Results"
11702:"American FactFinder – Results"
10305:"Counseling Kevin: The Economy"
10016:"History of California Cuisine"
9922:
9888:
9867:. University of Arizona Press.
9854:
9820:
9803:Rethinking the Chicano Movement
9793:
9779:
9757:
9649:Gomez, Laura E. (Feb 6, 2018).
9579:
9511:
9458:
9372:
9308:
9264:
9170:
9143:
9034:
9007:
8970:
8945:
8909:
8897:
8878:
8862:
8789:
8768:
8746:
8725:
8700:
8623:
8612:
8597:
8564:. In Soto, Lourdes Diaz (ed.).
8474:Hoffman, Abraham (1974-01-01).
8448:
8408:
8395:
8380:. Worldbook.com. Archived from
8341:
8316:
8287:
8266:
8249:
8216:
8195:
8174:
8149:
8133:
8107:
8084:
8066:
8048:
8037:Mexican Americans – MSN Encarta
8028:
8008:Cengel, Katya (June 25, 2013).
8001:
7995:"TSHA | Mexican Americans"
7987:
7856:
7808:
7706:
7689:
5692:
5172:with high Mexican percentages.
5079:Los Angeles, California area –
4502:Two Mexican American boys at a
3691:
2879:Richard Riordan Central Library
1631:San Antonio I.S.D. v. Rodriguez
557:California agricultural strikes
14981:Kittian and Nevisian Americans
14956:Dominican Americans (Dominica)
12680:Medical Anthropology Quarterly
12236:. University of Nevada Press.
10884:International Migration Review
10789:Cowen, Tyler (June 18, 2006).
10374:University of California Press
10233:History of Education Quarterly
10166:(2003); Charles Ramírez Berg,
8537:University of New Mexico Press
8074:"김프로의 건강 관리법 – 건강과 웰빙에 대한 블로그"
7955:Zepeda, Susy (15 March 2020).
7922:Contemporary School Psychology
7892:Chicano Movement For Beginners
7662:
7647:
7620:
7605:
7578:
7551:
7276:Bronze (racial classification)
7247:(metaphor for cultural fusion)
7188:Mexico–United States relations
7183:American immigration to Mexico
4960:Tucson Unified School District
4539:Mexican American professionals
4465:Social status and assimilation
4260:Discrimination and stereotypes
2907:arrived in California in 1917.
2826:and captured Mariano Vallejo.
2706:As early as 1813, some of the
1132:From This Wicked Patch of Dust
13:
1:
16498:Hispanic and Latino Americans
13964:Occupation of Catalina Island
13939:Farm workers' rights campaign
13656:In the United States Congress
13208:Hispanic and Latino Americans
13004:Mexican Americans MSN Encarta
12823:Mexican American bibliography
12781:American Diabetes Association
11753:Mexican Americans in Redlands
11371:10.1080/15348431.2015.1066250
11164:Ferg-Cadima, James A. Black,
10809:"Mexican American Proarchive"
10795:Deseret News (Salt Lake City)
10706:10.1080/1369183X.2019.1592878
9998:"The Mexican Food Revolution"
8778:. Pewhispanic.org. 2007-04-25
8229:. University of Texas Press.
7797:. 2.statcan.gc.ca. 2013-05-08
7672:Latinos in a Changing Society
7658:. Migration Policy Institute.
7451:
7281:Brown (racial classification)
7031:San Francisco–Oakland, CA MSA
5842:, Kansas; Detroit, Michigan;
5219:(primarily Mexican-American).
5073:
3678:Congressional Hispanic Caucus
2837:is visible in the background.
2674:
2561:Hispanic and Latino Americans
2196:Congressional Hispanic Caucus
1188:...y no se lo tragó la tierra
727:Occupation of Catalina Island
362:Hispanic and Latino Americans
27:Americans of Mexican ancestry
16568:Indigenous Mexican Americans
12902:(Arte Público Press, 1997);
12817:Bibliography/further reading
11326:10.1080/15348431.2011.531656
10872:. Philadelphia: Mason Crest.
9586:De Genova, Nicholas (2006).
8991:Navarrete, Federico (2004).
8589:Johnson, Kevin (Fall 2005).
8455:Zong, Jie (March 17, 2016).
7823:The Hispanic Population 2010
7173:Mexico–United States barrier
7168:Indigenous Mexican Americans
5671:
5316:Central Valley of California
5099:East Los Angeles, California
5007:Mexican American communities
4998:was an inductee of the 2011
4892:
4330:National Civil Rights Museum
4177:Mexican Episcopal Conference
3676:, first Latino chair of the
2646:History of Mexican Americans
2640:History of Mexican Americans
2191:Association of Hispanic Arts
1844:Indigenous Mexican Americans
1548:Self Help Graphics & Art
354:Indigenous Mexican Americans
264:Indigenous Mexican languages
7:
16809:Maps of American ancestries
16605:French Polynesian Americans
14961:Dutch West Indian Americans
12911:Journal of Southern History
11422:School Psychology Quarterly
10813:Mexican American Proarchive
10735:Minian, Ana Raquel (2018).
10091:Publications (2007-06-07).
9533:Chicago-Kent College of Law
9418:Working Paper Series No. 56
8952:Romo, Rafael (2014-08-27).
8722:. Accessed 6 December 2023.
7107:
7049:
6965:
6962:
6952:
6949:
6931:
6928:
6910:
6907:
6889:
6886:
6868:
6865:
6847:
6844:
6826:
6823:
6805:
6802:
6784:
6781:
6763:
6760:
6742:
6739:
6721:
6718:
6700:
6697:
6679:
6676:
6658:
6655:
6637:
6634:
6616:
6613:
6595:
6592:
6574:
6571:
6553:
6550:
6532:
6529:
6511:
6508:
6490:
6487:
6469:
6466:
6448:
6445:
6427:
6424:
6406:
6403:
6385:
6382:
6364:
6361:
6343:
6340:
6322:
6319:
6301:
6298:
6280:
6277:
6259:
6256:
6238:
6235:
6217:
6214:
6196:
6193:
6175:
6172:
6154:
6151:
6133:
6130:
6112:
6109:
6094:
6091:
6073:
6070:
6052:
6049:
6031:
6028:
6010:
6007:
5989:
5986:
5968:
5965:
5947:
5944:
5926:
5923:
5905:
5902:
5790:(some of whom are reported
5598:Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex
5447:
5346:
5253:Imperial County, California
4799:Immigration and segregation
4412:ban on interracial marriage
4009:Mexican-American literature
3740:Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex
3482:United States Census Bureau
3021:LA Plaza de Cultura y Artes
2614:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
2236:National Hispanic Institute
2231:National Council of La Raza
1146:The Dirty Girls Social Club
519:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
10:
16880:
16590:Pacific Islander Americans
12820:
12732:Preventing Chronic Disease
11291:10.1207/S1532771XJLE0102_2
10966:edited by George J. Borjas
10936:Borjas, George J. (2007).
8461:Migration Policy Institute
8442:Migration Policy Institute
8421:Princeton University Press
7934:10.1007/s40688-020-00312-x
7895:. For Beginners. pp.
7783:Migration Policy Institute
7564:. SUNY Press. p. 53.
7478:10.4135/9781452276274.n570
7100:
7088:results in an increase of
5566:
5467:counties in Wisconsin and
5441:are all Hispanic majority.
5204:San Bernardino, California
5054:
5010:
4870:, also called "blowouts".
4838:
4468:
4449:In 2015, future president
4273:
4263:
4152:
4144:Economic and social issues
4002:
3998:
3182:
3139:) was adopted as the 2008
2643:
1345:This Bridge Called My Back
1091:Who Would Have Thought It?
16789:
16781:Punjabi Mexican Americans
16731:
16660:
16580:
16054:
15915:Liechtensteiner Americans
15739:
15268:
14913:
14902:
14770:
14640:
14631:
14573:
14517:
14371:
14273:
14217:
14149:Mexican-American folklore
14071:
13972:
13929:Plan Espiritual de Aztlán
13874:
13808:
13757:
13669:
13638:
13533:
13507:
13481:
13438:
13377:
13332:
13299:
13244:
13214:
13143:
13122:
13076:
10636:– via Google Books.
10170:(2002); Chad Richardson,
9918:– via Google Books.
9884:– via Google Books.
9850:– via Google Books.
8838:10.1007/s13524-014-0351-4
8733:"Census Bureau Home Page"
8378:"World Book Encyclopedia"
8118:. Prb.org. Archived from
7973:10.1525/azt.2020.45.1.225
7588:The Rocky Mountain Region
7364:, a clothing fad in 1940s
7103:List of Mexican Americans
7044:
7001:Dallas–Fort Worth, TX MSA
5457:Chicago metropolitan area
5367:is Hispanic majority and
5162:Inland Empire, California
4777:Orange County, California
4676:Their Dogs Came with Them
4433:No. 2, in Houston, Texas.
4092:The popular radio format
3736:Chicago metropolitan area
3446:Journal of Human Genetics
3406:
3396:
3391:
3383:
3378:
3368:
3363:
3353:
3348:
3338:
3333:
3323:
3318:
3308:
3303:
3292:
3285:
3278:
3273:
2766:A native of San Antonio,
1849:Punjabi Mexican Americans
1581:Great Wall of Los Angeles
1153:The House on Mango Street
1005:Mexican-American folklore
737:Plan Espiritual de Aztlán
562:Cantaloupe strike of 1928
323:
318:
287:
282:
244:
239:
88:
83:
66:
61:
49:
38:
16804:Native American ancestry
15591:Hungarian Slovak Gypsies
15447:Indo-Caribbean Americans
15196:Sierra Leonean Americans
15146:Bissau-Guinean Americans
15087:South Sudanese Americans
14144:Mexican-American cuisine
11227:"The Chicano Moratorium"
11172:October 8, 2007, at the
10909:www.interfaithfamily.com
10756:Social Science Quarterly
10672:jimcrowmuseum.ferris.edu
10372:. Berkeley, California:
10288:October 5, 2006, at the
10159:Flores Niemann Yolanda,
9800:Rodriguez, M.S. (2014).
8260:October 9, 2007, at the
7357:Mexican-American cuisine
5583:
5123:– Third largest city in
5089:Greater Los Angeles Area
4625:Housing market practices
4417:In 1971, U.S. president
4087:
2577:), behind only Mexico.
2540:mexicano-estadounidenses
2171:Latino American politics
1927:United States portal
1338:The Church in the Barrio
1198:Poetry and Short Stories
934:Mexican-American cuisine
775:1985–1987 cannery strike
305:Evangelical Christianity
42:Mexicano-estadounidenses
16766:Louisiana Creole people
15925:Luxembourgish Americans
15124:South African Americans
15040:Equatoguinean Americans
14334:Flores-Figueroa v. U.S.
14230:Coyolxauhqui imperative
12879:Quiroz, Anthony (ed.),
11497:The Library of Congress
11022:(inactive 2024-09-12).
10030:"Mexican American Song"
9089:10.1073/pnas.0903045106
7889:Montoya, Maceo (2016).
7869:Encyclopedia Britannica
5336:Kern County, California
5111:Culver City, California
4649:Battle of Chavez Ravine
4634:Battle of Chavez Ravine
3126:Evangelical Protestants
3045:farmworkers, became an
2624:populations eventually
2081:Stateside Puerto Ricans
1666:Flores-Figueroa v. U.S.
1510:Royal Chicano Air Force
1369:Coyolxauhqui imperative
1181:Under the Feet of Jesus
92:California (Los Angeles
16553:Puerto Rican Americans
15151:Cape Verdean Americans
14986:Saint Lucian Americans
14762:Ethnocultural politics
14730:Racial achievement gap
14660:Educational attainment
14313:U.S. v. Brignoni-Ponce
14079:Anti-Mexican sentiment
14041:Killing of Adam Toledo
14024:Great American Boycott
13894:Centro de Arte Público
12316:(inactive 2024-09-12).
11207:Cite journal requires
11020:10.5218/prts.2012.0002
10268:Garcia, David (2018).
9720:Pulido, Laura (2006).
9638:. New York University.
9248:. ASHG. Archived from
8403:Encyclopedia of Mexico
8056:"Contested Landscapes"
7850:"Gale – Product Login"
7198:Emigration from Mexico
7062:
5827:
5717:Tri-Cities, Washington
5590:Dallas/Fort Worth Area
5263:San Francisco Bay Area
5131:South Gate, California
5121:Long Beach, California
5105:Montebello, California
5048:
5037:
5022:
5000:National Film Registry
4982:
4963:
4947:
4944:Secretary of Education
4928:
4854:
4815:
4787:
4733:
4680:
4643:
4611:Double-Marginalization
4577:
4533:
4510:
4491:
4434:
4401:
4332:
4304:Since the majority of
4289:
4266:Anti-Mexican sentiment
4238:
4203:across the country in
4195:
4025:
3708:
3680:
3650:
3618:
3594:
3477:
3436:
3201:
3109:
3030:was influenced by the
3023:
2990:
2932:
2908:
2881:
2838:
2777:
2680:
2659:
2600:; such groups include
2538:
1994:National origin groups
1645:U.S. v. Brignoni-Ponce
1528:Centro de Arte Público
1490:East Los Streetscapers
1229:Pensamiento Serpentino
819:Great American Boycott
697:Las Adelitas de Aztlán
667:Conferencia de Mujeres
455:Anti-Mexican sentiment
41:
16650:New Zealand Americans
16615:Micronesian Americans
16610:Marshallese Americans
16511:Costa Rican Americans
15970:Sammarinese Americans
15945:Montenegrin Americans
15682:Azerbaijani Americans
15645:Palestinian Americans
15567:Singaporean Americans
15415:Bangladeshi Americans
15030:Cameroonian Americans
14752:Unemployment by state
14348:Mendez v. Westminster
14285:Botiller v. Dominguez
14265:Youth control complex
14134:Estrada Courts murals
13995:2019 El Paso shooting
13973:Post-Chicano Movement
13934:Plan de Santa Bárbara
13889:Católicos por La Raza
12852:(New York UP, 2007).
12633:"Explore Census Data"
12608:"Explore Census Data"
12558:"Explore Census Data"
12505:"Explore Census Data"
12123:"Explore Census Data"
11571:"U.S. Census website"
11546:"American FactFinder"
10886:2005 39(3): 577–607.
10340:Peiss, Kathy (2011).
10066:Latin American Policy
9706:on 29 September 2007.
9252:on September 13, 2014
8604:Garip, Filiz (2017).
8415:Garip, Filiz (2017).
7059:Francisco G. Cigarroa
7057:
5818:
5811:Other US destinations
5626:in the United States.
5475:counties in Indiana).
5217:Coachella, California
5137:La Puente, California
5043:
5028:
5020:
4977:
4957:
4938:
4905:
4852:
4808:El Paso Morning Times
4806:
4772:Mendez v. Westminster
4769:
4703:
4672:
4641:
4564:
4520:
4501:
4490:to the United States.
4482:
4444:2019 El Paso shooting
4428:
4394:
4327:
4283:
4276:Madrigal v. Quilligan
4221:
4186:
4016:
3699:
3670:Lucille Roybal-Allard
3668:
3645:
3613:
3589:
3472:
3434:
3287:Percent of population
3212:ancestry, along with
3192:
3155:in 2012 as the first
3106:
3083:civil rights movement
3019:
2984:
2922:
2900:
2876:
2835:Tower of the Americas
2832:
2764:
2673:lithograph published
2665:
2653:
2351:United States Spanish
2119:Americans by ancestry
2026:Costa Rican Americans
1723:Madrigal v. Quilligan
1680:Mendez v. Westminster
1617:Botiller v. Dominguez
1409:Youth control complex
785:2019 El Paso shooting
742:Plan de Santa Bárbara
637:Católicos por La Raza
567:Citrus Strike of 1936
509:San Elizario Salt War
480:Early-American Period
319:Related ethnic groups
16723:Venezuelan Americans
16713:Surinamese Americans
16703:Paraguayan Americans
16693:Ecuadorian Americans
16645:Australian Americans
16536:Salvadoran Americans
16531:Panamanian Americans
16526:Nicaraguan Americans
16516:Guatemalan Americans
15955:Portuguese Americans
15930:Macedonian Americans
15920:Lithuanian Americans
15774:Belarusian Americans
15687:Circassian Americans
15577:Vietnamese Americans
15547:Indonesian Americans
15501:Sri Lankan Americans
15354:Fuzhounese Americans
15191:Senegalese Americans
15129:Zimbabwean Americans
15001:Vincentian Americans
14341:Leal Garcia v. Texas
14036:Justice for Janitors
13954:Los Siete de la Raza
13949:Colegio César Chávez
13841:Mexican Repatriation
13809:Pre-Chicano Movement
13257:Creoles of Louisiana
12898:Rosales, F. Arturo.
11825:on 19 September 2018
11406:10.1093/swr/35.3.159
11394:Social Work Research
10311:on 2 September 2007.
8999:on August 23, 2013.
8309:Pitti, Jose (1988).
8276:. Houstonculture.org
8205:. Dissidentvoice.org
8010:"The Other Mexicans"
7863:Gallardo, Miguel E.
7585:Newby, Rick (2004).
7305:Reconquista (Mexico)
7122:United States portal
6067:District of Columbia
5632:with other areas of
5614:Nuevo Laredo, Mexico
5033:on US Highway 83 in
4898:Parental Involvement
4429:Food truck Mi Lindo
4404:In the 1948 case of
4314:Mexican Repatriation
4310:The Great Depression
4023:Santa Fe, New Mexico
3497:Free People of Color
3280:Self-identified Race
3226:Indigenous languages
3041:, sparked by mostly
3005:, Chicago, Detroit,
2987:Old Town Albuquerque
2863:Mexican–American War
2855:California Gold Rush
2841:The Americans chose
2810:then headed towards
2618:Mexican–American War
2602:New Mexican Hispanos
2136:Isleños of Louisiana
2101:Venezuelan Americans
2086:Salvadoran Americans
2071:Paraguayan Americans
2066:Panamanian Americans
2061:Nicaraguan Americans
2046:Guatemalan Americans
2041:Ecuadorian Americans
1673:Leal Garcia v. Texas
1295:MAS Programs, Tucson
1084:Living Up the Street
836:Justice for Janitors
702:Los Siete de la Raza
657:Colegio César Chávez
577:Mexican Repatriation
528:Pre-Chicano Movement
499:Mexican–American War
189:Florida (especially
16718:Uruguayan Americans
16688:Colombian Americans
16678:Brazilian Americans
16668:Argentine Americans
16548:Dominican Americans
16442:Alaskan Athabaskans
16041:Non-Hispanic whites
16034:Ukrainian Americans
16012:Slovenian Americans
15990:Norwegian Americans
15985:Icelandic Americans
15888:Hungarian Americans
15821:Bulgarian Americans
15625:Jordanian Americans
15562:Malaysian Americans
15532:Cambodian Americans
15484:Pakistani Americans
15474:Maldivian Americans
15427:Bhutanese Americans
15398:Taiwanese Americans
15388:Mongolian Americans
15369:Hong Kong Americans
15097:Tanzanian Americans
15072:Ethiopian Americans
15035:Congolese Americans
14966:Grenadian Americans
14951:Bermudian Americans
14946:Barbadian Americans
14680:Housing segregation
14634:Demographic history
14164:New Mexican cuisine
13990:1992 Drywall Strike
13959:Los Seis de Boulder
13944:Land grant struggle
13861:Sleepy Lagoon trial
13661:Women in journalism
13224:Hispanic and Latino
12521:. 6 September 2016.
12435:Wall Street Journal
11526:. December 28, 2011
11524:Library of Congress
11139:. Lexington Books.
10870:Mexican Immigration
10868:LeeAnne, Gelletly.
10656:. 28 December 2018.
10405:scocal.stanford.edu
10246:10.1017/heq.2021.37
10191:on 22 October 2007.
10034:Library of Congress
9290:10.1038/jhg.2012.67
9197:10.7554/eLife.56029
9080:2009PNAS..106.8611S
7228:Mexicans in Chicago
7193:Hyphenated American
7019:San Antonio, TX MSA
5324:San Joaquin Valleys
5309:South San Francisco
5231:Southern California
5125:Southern California
5035:Crystal City, Texas
4551:geographic mobility
4486:c, 1850, after the
4354:Three Rivers, Texas
4298:racially segregated
4243:Pew Research Center
4235:illegal immigration
4167:Strangers No Longer
4082:Californian cuisine
3732:Greater Los Angeles
3615:Octaviano Larrazolo
3069:. Huerta's slogan "
3067:United Farm Workers
3039:Delano grape strike
3028:Delano grape strike
2955:birthright citizens
2159:Political movements
2096:Uruguayan Americans
2036:Dominican Americans
2021:Colombian Americans
2011:Brazilian Americans
2001:Argentine Americans
1978:Part of a series on
1712:Federal Court cases
1606:Supreme Court cases
924:New Mexican cuisine
886:Abrazos, no balazos
807:Chicano Art Exhibit
780:1992 Drywall Strike
766:Post-Chicano Period
757:United Farm Workers
707:Los Seis de Boulder
692:Land grant struggle
682:Hijas de Cuauhtémoc
597:Sleepy Lagoon trial
372:Part of a series on
309:Jehovah's Witnesses
197:Greater Kansas City
75:(by ancestry, 2022)
35:
16708:Peruvian Americans
16698:Guyanese Americans
16673:Bolivian Americans
16595:Chamorro Americans
16521:Honduran Americans
16506:Belizean Americans
16491:Canadian Americans
15960:Romanian Americans
15940:Moldovan Americans
15873:Galician Americans
15851:Estonian Americans
15831:Croatian Americans
15809:Scottish Americans
15764:Austrian Americans
15759:Asturian Americans
15754:Albanian Americans
15697:Georgian Americans
15677:Assyrian Americans
15672:Armenian Americans
15635:Lebanese Americans
15610:Bahraini Americans
15537:Filipino Americans
15479:Nepalese Americans
15442:Gujarati Americans
15393:Ryukyuan Americans
15378:Japanese Americans
15256:Egyptian Americans
15244:Tunisian Americans
15229:Algerian Americans
15201:Togolese Americans
15186:Nigerian Americans
15176:Liberian Americans
15161:Ghanaian Americans
15141:Beninese Americans
15119:Malawian Americans
15092:Sudanese Americans
15067:Eritrean Americans
15045:Gabonese Americans
14976:Jamaican Americans
14941:Bahamian Americans
14847:Moorish Scientists
14747:Standard of living
14372:By city and region
14292:Hernandez v. Texas
14255:Spiritual activism
14099:Chicano literature
13914:Chicano Moratorium
13821:Bisbee Deportation
13034:Población Mexicana
12982:2011-07-20 at the
12887:Orozco, Cynthia E.
12587:Socialexplorer.com
12409:www.hsmichigan.org
12170:U.S. Census Bureau
12152:U.S. Census Bureau
12109:U.S. Census Bureau
12091:U.S. Census Bureau
12073:U.S. Census Bureau
12055:U.S. Census Bureau
12037:U.S. Census Bureau
12019:U.S. Census Bureau
12001:U.S. Census Bureau
11983:U.S. Census Bureau
11965:U.S. Census Bureau
11947:U.S. Census Bureau
11929:U.S. Census Bureau
11903:U.S. Census Bureau
11877:U.S. Census Bureau
11795:The New York Times
11573:. 29 November 2014
11257:americanart.si.edu
11014:(Addenda): 13–21.
10737:Undocumented Lives
10323:"Zoot Suits Riots"
10095:. People-press.org
10078:10.1111/lamp.12118
10018:. 27 January 2020.
10004:. August 16, 2013.
9833:. Waveland Press.
9789:. 12 October 2022.
9651:Manifest Destinies
9424:on August 12, 2012
9028:20.500.11799/38330
8933:on 10 October 2017
8080:on 6 October 2007.
7825:. US Census Bureau
7755:U.S. Census Bureau
7730:"Mexican american"
7545:U.S. Census Bureau
7514:U.S. Census Bureau
7399:From Prada to Nada
7342:Cholo (subculture)
7063:
5830:Major cities like
5828:
5604:San Antonio, Texas
5149:San Gabriel Valley
5143:Downey, California
5095:national groups).
5085:Los Angeles County
5049:
5038:
5023:
4983:
4964:
4948:
4929:
4918:East L.A. walkouts
4868:East L.A. walkouts
4855:
4816:
4788:
4762:Segregated schools
4734:
4681:
4644:
4620:Segregation issues
4578:
4534:
4511:
4504:Día de Los Muertos
4492:
4435:
4402:
4333:
4290:
4239:
4196:
4149:Immigration issues
4076:are native to the
4026:
3716:Los Angeles County
3709:
3681:
3651:
3619:
3605:Hernandez v. Texas
3600:Hernandez v. Texas
3595:
3478:
3437:
3426:assortative mating
3202:
3179:Race and ethnicity
3110:
3024:
2991:
2938:Mexican Revolution
2933:
2909:
2901:The first Mexican
2882:
2847:Bear Flag Republic
2839:
2824:Presidio of Sonoma
2808:Santa Clara Valley
2804:San Joaquin Valley
2681:
2660:
2634:Mexican Revolution
2616:, which ended the
2076:Peruvian Americans
2051:Honduran Americans
2006:Bolivian Americans
1748:Population by City
1624:Hernandez v. Texas
1533:Galería de la Raza
1500:Mujeres Muralistas
1399:Spiritual activism
1053:Chicano literature
1048:Chicana literature
853:South Central Farm
677:East L.A. walkouts
652:Chicano Moratorium
542:Bisbee Deportation
494:Las Gorras Blancas
170:Eastern Washington
33:
16846:
16845:
16842:
16841:
16799:American ancestry
16683:Chilean Americans
16625:Palauan Americans
16558:Mexican Americans
16017:Spanish Americans
16002:Serbian Americans
15995:Swedish Americans
15965:Russian Americans
15935:Maltese Americans
15910:Latvian Americans
15898:Italian Americans
15856:Finnish Americans
15836:Cypriot Americans
15826:Catalan Americans
15799:English Americans
15794:Cornish Americans
15789:British Americans
15784:Bosnian Americans
15779:Belgian Americans
15729:Turkish Americans
15724:Kurdish Americans
15712:Israeli Americans
15702:Iranian Americans
15692:Chechen Americans
15630:Kuwaiti Americans
15615:Emirati Americans
15557:Laotian Americans
15552:Iu Mien Americans
15520:Burmese Americans
15489:Punjabi Americans
15452:Punjabi Americans
15437:Bengali Americans
15420:Bengali Americans
15403:Tibetan Americans
15347:Chinese Americans
15325:Turkmen Americans
15298:Pashtun Americans
15239:Moroccan American
15171:Ivorian Americans
15166:Guinean Americans
15156:Gambian Americans
15114:Angolan Americans
15102:Ugandan Americans
14971:Haitian Americans
14921:African Americans
14720:Racial inequality
14690:Income inequality
14655:Gender inequality
14591:
14590:
14540:Mexican Americans
14488:Dallas–Fort Worth
14355:Bernal v. Fainter
14327:Medellín v. Texas
13856:Porvenir Massacre
13851:Plan de San Diego
13846:Operation Wetback
13712:
13711:
13373:
13372:
13174:
13173:
12873:(Greenwood 2000)
12858:978-0-8147-3174-1
12692:10.1111/maq.12107
12491:"2014–18 Top AHR"
12368:. 2 October 2017.
12186:. 16 October 2014
11816:Dola.colorado.gov
11651:Los Angeles Times
11233:. 7 November 2011
11166:"White and Brown"
11114:history.house.gov
10949:978-0-226-06668-4
10849:978-0-19-932917-5
10700:(18): 3855–3873.
10562:Fronterasdesk.org
10040:on March 6, 2014.
9813:978-1-136-17537-4
9733:978-0-520-24520-4
9599:978-0-8223-3716-4
9499:on 7 October 2017
9150:Lievano, Wilson.
9074:(21): 8611–8616.
8353:National Archives
8184:. PBS. 2004-01-30
8062:on 30 April 2008.
8044:on June 19, 2009.
7025:San Diego, CA MSA
6970:
6969:
5858:, Washington and
5713:The Yakima Valley
5377:Southern Colorado
4995:Stand and Deliver
4722:South Los Angeles
4586:non-Latino whites
4508:Greeley, Colorado
4346:American GI Forum
4319:Operation Wetback
3996:
3995:
3788:Percentage of all
3411:
3410:
3370:Two or more races
3252:"some other race"
3043:Filipino American
3032:Filipino-American
2571:Mexican community
2546:mexico-americanos
2535:Mexican Americans
2532:
2531:
2091:Spanish Americans
2056:Mexican Americans
2016:Chilean Americans
1973:
1972:
1910:
1909:
1892:Mexican Americans
1857:
1856:
1797:Dallas–Fort Worth
1732:
1731:
1694:Perez v. Brownell
1687:Bernal v. Fainter
1659:Medellín v. Texas
1589:
1588:
1519:Art organizations
1417:
1416:
1245:
1244:
1222:Moment of Silence
1023:
1022:
861:
860:
627:Black-brown unity
592:Porvenir Massacre
587:Plan de San Diego
582:Operation Wetback
462:
461:
382:Mexican Americans
367:
366:
165:Colorado Oklahoma
143:Rio Grande Valley
34:Mexican Americans
16:(Redirected from
16871:
16635:Tongan Americans
16630:Samoan Americans
16620:Native Hawaiians
16600:Fijian Americans
16502:Central America
16062:Native Americans
16007:Slovak Americans
15980:Danish Americans
15950:Polish Americans
15878:German Americans
15861:French Americans
15769:Basque Americans
15719:Lezgin Americans
15707:Jewish Americans
15665:Yemeni Americans
15660:Syrian Americans
15650:Qatari Americans
15586:Romani Americans
15494:Sindhi Americans
15467:Telugu Americans
15457:Sindhi Americans
15432:Indian Americans
15383:Korean Americans
15330:Uyghur Americans
15315:Kyrgyz Americans
15310:Kazakh Americans
15305:Baloch Americans
15293:Afghan Americans
15251:Coptic Americans
15234:Libyan Americans
15224:Berber Americans
15208:Yoruba Americans
15181:Malian Americans
15082:Somali Americans
15077:Kenyan Americans
14911:
14910:
14904:By continent and
14675:Household income
14618:
14611:
14604:
14595:
14594:
14578:Category:Chicano
14508:Salt Lake Valley
14218:Chicana/o Theory
14189:Teatro Campesino
14179:Regional Mexican
14169:New Mexico music
14159:Mexican muralism
14046:Murder of Selena
13909:Chicano Blowouts
13904:Chicana feminism
13876:Chicano Movement
13770:Mexican American
13750:Mexican American
13739:
13732:
13725:
13716:
13715:
13702:
13701:
13692:
13691:
13681:
13678:
13630:Washington, D.C.
13508:Religious groups
13333:Central American
13297:
13296:
13201:
13194:
13187:
13178:
13177:
13070:Mexican diaspora
13063:
13056:
13049:
13040:
13039:
12934:
12923:10.2307/27649149
12810:
12809:
12803:
12795:
12793:
12792:
12783:. Archived from
12772:
12766:
12765:
12755:
12723:
12712:
12711:
12675:
12669:
12668:
12666:
12664:
12654:
12648:
12647:
12645:
12643:
12629:
12623:
12622:
12620:
12618:
12604:
12598:
12597:
12595:
12593:
12579:
12573:
12572:
12570:
12568:
12554:
12548:
12547:
12545:
12543:
12529:
12523:
12522:
12515:
12509:
12508:
12501:
12495:
12494:
12487:
12481:
12480:
12473:
12467:
12466:
12459:
12453:
12452:
12445:
12439:
12438:
12426:
12420:
12419:
12417:
12415:
12401:
12395:
12394:
12392:
12390:
12376:
12370:
12369:
12362:
12356:
12355:
12353:
12351:
12346:
12338:
12332:
12331:
12325:
12317:
12293:
12287:
12286:
12284:
12282:
12268:
12262:
12261:
12254:
12248:
12247:
12227:
12221:
12220:
12218:
12216:
12202:
12196:
12195:
12193:
12191:
12180:
12174:
12173:
12162:
12156:
12155:
12144:
12138:
12137:
12135:
12133:
12119:
12113:
12112:
12101:
12095:
12094:
12083:
12077:
12076:
12065:
12059:
12058:
12047:
12041:
12040:
12029:
12023:
12022:
12011:
12005:
12004:
11993:
11987:
11986:
11975:
11969:
11968:
11957:
11951:
11950:
11939:
11933:
11932:
11921:
11915:
11914:
11912:
11910:
11895:
11889:
11888:
11886:
11884:
11869:
11863:
11862:
11860:
11858:
11849:
11841:
11835:
11834:
11832:
11830:
11824:
11818:. Archived from
11813:
11805:
11799:
11798:
11786:
11780:
11779:
11774:. Archived from
11763:
11757:
11756:
11749:
11743:
11742:
11735:
11729:
11728:
11716:
11710:
11709:
11697:
11684:
11683:
11676:
11670:
11669:
11662:
11656:
11655:
11642:
11636:
11635:
11628:
11622:
11621:
11619:
11617:
11603:
11597:
11596:
11589:
11583:
11582:
11580:
11578:
11567:
11561:
11560:
11558:
11557:
11542:
11536:
11535:
11533:
11531:
11516:
11507:
11506:
11504:
11503:
11489:
11483:
11482:
11477:
11456:(174): 313–334.
11444:
11438:
11437:
11434:10.1037/h0088292
11416:
11410:
11409:
11389:
11383:
11382:
11354:
11348:
11347:
11337:
11309:
11303:
11302:
11274:
11268:
11267:
11265:
11263:
11249:
11243:
11242:
11240:
11238:
11223:
11217:
11216:
11210:
11205:
11203:
11195:
11187:
11176:
11162:
11151:
11150:
11130:
11124:
11123:
11121:
11120:
11106:
11100:
11097:
11088:
11087:
11085:
11084:
11069:
11060:
11057:
11046:
11045:
11039:
11031:
10999:
10993:
10986:
10969:
10960:
10954:
10953:
10933:
10920:
10919:
10917:
10915:
10900:
10894:
10880:
10874:
10873:
10865:
10859:
10858:
10857:
10856:
10823:
10817:
10816:
10805:
10799:
10798:
10786:
10780:
10779:
10747:
10741:
10740:
10732:
10726:
10725:
10689:
10683:
10682:
10680:
10678:
10664:
10658:
10657:
10644:
10638:
10637:
10635:
10633:
10610:
10604:
10603:
10601:
10599:
10584:
10578:
10577:
10575:
10573:
10564:. Archived from
10554:
10548:
10547:
10545:
10544:
10538:
10532:. Archived from
10531:
10523:
10517:
10516:
10514:
10513:
10508:. Democracy Now!
10502:
10496:
10495:
10493:
10491:
10477:
10471:
10470:
10468:
10466:
10461:on June 16, 2006
10457:. Archived from
10446:
10440:
10439:
10437:
10435:
10421:
10415:
10414:
10412:
10411:
10397:
10388:
10387:
10365:
10359:
10358:
10337:
10331:
10330:
10329:. 9 August 2023.
10319:
10313:
10312:
10307:. Archived from
10301:
10292:
10280:
10274:
10273:
10265:
10259:
10258:
10248:
10224:
10218:
10217:
10215:
10214:
10199:
10193:
10192:
10187:. Archived from
10181:
10175:
10157:
10151:
10150:
10148:
10146:
10131:
10125:
10124:
10122:
10121:
10110:
10104:
10103:
10101:
10100:
10088:
10082:
10081:
10057:
10051:
10048:
10042:
10041:
10036:. Archived from
10026:
10020:
10019:
10012:
10006:
10005:
9994:
9988:
9987:
9985:
9983:
9973:
9967:
9966:
9964:
9962:
9948:
9942:
9941:
9939:
9937:
9926:
9920:
9919:
9917:
9915:
9892:
9886:
9885:
9883:
9881:
9858:
9852:
9851:
9849:
9847:
9824:
9818:
9817:
9797:
9791:
9790:
9783:
9777:
9776:
9774:
9772:
9761:
9755:
9754:
9744:
9738:
9737:
9717:
9708:
9707:
9702:. Archived from
9696:
9687:
9686:
9684:
9683:
9668:
9655:
9654:
9646:
9640:
9639:
9631:
9622:
9621:
9613:
9604:
9603:
9583:
9577:
9576:
9574:
9573:
9564:. Archived from
9554:
9543:
9542:
9540:
9539:
9515:
9509:
9508:
9506:
9504:
9495:. Archived from
9485:
9479:
9478:
9476:
9475:
9470:
9462:
9456:
9455:
9453:
9451:
9440:
9434:
9433:
9431:
9429:
9420:. Archived from
9409:
9394:
9393:
9391:
9389:
9384:
9376:
9370:
9369:
9362:
9356:
9355:
9345:
9328:(6): 1024–1036.
9312:
9306:
9305:
9292:
9268:
9262:
9261:
9259:
9257:
9241:
9228:
9227:
9217:
9199:
9174:
9168:
9167:
9165:
9163:
9147:
9141:
9140:
9138:
9136:
9131:
9123:
9112:
9111:
9101:
9091:
9058:
9049:
9038:
9032:
9031:
9011:
9005:
9004:
8988:
8982:
8981:
8974:
8968:
8967:
8965:
8964:
8949:
8943:
8942:
8940:
8938:
8932:
8926:. Archived from
8924:Travel.state.gov
8921:
8913:
8907:
8901:
8895:
8894:
8882:
8876:
8875:
8866:
8860:
8859:
8849:
8832:(6): 2203–2228.
8817:
8811:
8810:
8808:
8807:
8801:
8793:
8787:
8786:
8784:
8783:
8772:
8766:
8765:
8763:
8761:
8750:
8744:
8743:
8741:
8740:
8729:
8723:
8704:
8698:
8697:
8695:
8693:
8688:on 20 March 2018
8682:"Dolores Huerta"
8678:
8672:
8671:
8669:
8667:
8662:on 26 March 2017
8652:
8646:
8645:
8643:
8642:
8627:
8621:
8616:
8610:
8609:
8601:
8595:
8594:
8586:
8580:
8579:
8557:
8551:
8550:
8526:
8517:
8516:
8514:
8505:
8492:
8491:
8471:
8465:
8464:
8452:
8446:
8445:
8434:
8425:
8424:
8412:
8406:
8399:
8393:
8392:
8390:
8389:
8374:
8365:
8364:
8362:
8360:
8345:
8339:
8338:
8336:
8335:
8320:
8314:
8307:
8296:
8291:
8285:
8284:
8282:
8281:
8270:
8264:
8253:
8247:
8246:
8244:
8243:
8220:
8214:
8213:
8211:
8210:
8199:
8193:
8192:
8190:
8189:
8178:
8172:
8171:
8169:
8168:
8153:
8147:
8146:
8137:
8131:
8130:
8128:
8127:
8111:
8105:
8104:
8088:
8082:
8081:
8070:
8064:
8063:
8058:. Archived from
8052:
8046:
8045:
8040:. Archived from
8032:
8026:
8025:
8023:
8021:
8016:on July 10, 2018
8005:
7999:
7998:
7991:
7985:
7984:
7952:
7946:
7945:
7917:
7911:
7910:
7886:
7880:
7879:
7877:
7875:
7860:
7854:
7853:
7846:
7835:
7834:
7832:
7830:
7820:
7812:
7806:
7805:
7803:
7802:
7791:
7785:
7776:
7767:
7766:
7764:
7762:
7747:
7741:
7740:
7726:
7720:
7719:
7718:. 13 April 2023.
7710:
7704:
7703:
7693:
7687:
7686:
7666:
7660:
7659:
7651:
7645:
7644:
7624:
7618:
7617:
7609:
7603:
7602:
7582:
7576:
7575:
7555:
7549:
7548:
7537:
7526:
7525:
7523:
7521:
7506:
7500:
7499:
7465:
7152:
7147:
7146:
7145:
7138:
7133:
7132:
7131:
7124:
7119:
7118:
7117:
6944:
6942:
6941:
6923:
6921:
6920:
6902:
6900:
6899:
6881:
6879:
6878:
6860:
6858:
6857:
6839:
6837:
6836:
6818:
6816:
6815:
6797:
6795:
6794:
6776:
6774:
6773:
6755:
6753:
6752:
6734:
6732:
6731:
6713:
6711:
6710:
6692:
6690:
6689:
6671:
6669:
6668:
6650:
6648:
6647:
6629:
6627:
6626:
6608:
6606:
6605:
6587:
6585:
6584:
6566:
6564:
6563:
6545:
6543:
6542:
6524:
6522:
6521:
6503:
6501:
6500:
6482:
6480:
6479:
6461:
6459:
6458:
6440:
6438:
6437:
6419:
6417:
6416:
6398:
6396:
6395:
6377:
6375:
6374:
6356:
6354:
6353:
6335:
6333:
6332:
6314:
6312:
6311:
6293:
6291:
6290:
6272:
6270:
6269:
6251:
6249:
6248:
6230:
6228:
6227:
6209:
6207:
6206:
6188:
6186:
6185:
6167:
6165:
6164:
6146:
6144:
6143:
6125:
6123:
6122:
6106:
6105:
6086:
6084:
6083:
6065:
6063:
6062:
6044:
6042:
6041:
6023:
6021:
6020:
6002:
6000:
5999:
5981:
5979:
5978:
5960:
5958:
5957:
5939:
5937:
5936:
5918:
5916:
5915:
5897:
5895:
5894:
5870:
5869:
5707:– 30.14% Mexican
5678:Milwaukee County
5093:Central American
4911:Mexican-American
4841:Chicano movement
4710:East Los Angeles
4686:racism in the US
4397:America Tropical
4382:Chicano Movement
4374:African American
4342:Hector P. Garcia
4122:New Mexico music
4094:Regional Mexican
3779:
3778:
3703:is president of
3674:Edward R. Roybal
3591:Romualdo Pacheco
3271:
3270:
3264:Pacific Islander
3157:African American
3091:antiwar students
3087:Chicano walkouts
3075:Chicano Movement
2959:ethnic cleansing
2946:Great Depression
2867:Gadsden Purchase
2744:English-speaking
2740:Texas Revolution
2736:Antonio Menchaca
2679:
2676:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2470:Latino Americans
2166:Chicano Movement
1986:Latino Americans
1975:
1974:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1870:
1869:
1745:
1744:
1602:
1601:
1505:Teatro Campesino
1430:
1429:
1331:Brown, Not White
1272:Chicana feminism
1260:
1259:
1139:Mexican WhiteBoy
1111:Bless Me, Ultima
1067:Autobiographical
1036:
1035:
1000:Lowrider bicycle
874:
873:
841:Murder of Selena
752:Raza Unida Party
612:Chicano Movement
547:Bloody Christmas
477:
476:
403:
402:
392:
369:
368:
269:American Spanish
254:American English
155:Las Vegas Valley
79:
70:(by birth, 2021)
62:Total population
54:
44:
36:
32:
21:
18:Mexican/American
16879:
16878:
16874:
16873:
16872:
16870:
16869:
16868:
16849:
16848:
16847:
16838:
16785:
16727:
16656:
16576:
16543:Cuban Americans
16184:Mission Indians
16050:
16029:Swiss Americans
15893:Irish Americans
15883:Greek Americans
15846:Dutch Americans
15841:Czech Americans
15814:Welsh Americans
15749:White Americans
15735:
15655:Saudi Americans
15640:Omani Americans
15620:Iraqi Americans
15542:Hmong Americans
15525:Karen Americans
15506:Tamil Americans
15462:Tamil Americans
15364:Hoklo Americans
15359:Hakka Americans
15335:Uzbek Americans
15320:Tajik Americans
15276:Asian Americans
15264:
14906:ethnic ancestry
14905:
14898:
14864:Native American
14852:Nation of Islam
14842:Five Percenters
14766:
14735:Racial wage gap
14725:Race and health
14710:Personal income
14642:
14636:
14627:
14622:
14592:
14587:
14569:
14513:
14367:
14269:
14213:
14199:Tex-Mex cuisine
14067:
14057:Proposition 187
14006:Arizona SB 1070
13968:
13870:
13866:Zoot Suit Riots
13826:Bracero program
13816:1917 Bath riots
13804:
13753:
13743:
13713:
13708:
13685:
13684:
13679:
13675:
13665:
13634:
13529:
13503:
13477:
13434:
13369:
13328:
13295:
13240:
13210:
13205:
13175:
13170:
13139:
13118:
13072:
13067:
12984:Wayback Machine
12958:
12941:
12939:Primary sources
12825:
12819:
12814:
12813:
12797:
12796:
12790:
12788:
12773:
12769:
12724:
12715:
12676:
12672:
12662:
12660:
12656:
12655:
12651:
12641:
12639:
12637:data.census.gov
12631:
12630:
12626:
12616:
12614:
12612:data.census.gov
12606:
12605:
12601:
12591:
12589:
12581:
12580:
12576:
12566:
12564:
12562:data.census.gov
12556:
12555:
12551:
12541:
12539:
12531:
12530:
12526:
12517:
12516:
12512:
12503:
12502:
12498:
12489:
12488:
12484:
12475:
12474:
12470:
12461:
12460:
12456:
12451:. 20 July 2017.
12447:
12446:
12442:
12427:
12423:
12413:
12411:
12403:
12402:
12398:
12388:
12386:
12378:
12377:
12373:
12364:
12363:
12359:
12349:
12347:
12344:
12340:
12339:
12335:
12319:
12318:
12294:
12290:
12280:
12278:
12270:
12269:
12265:
12256:
12255:
12251:
12244:
12228:
12224:
12214:
12212:
12204:
12203:
12199:
12189:
12187:
12182:
12181:
12177:
12172:. July 1, 2021.
12164:
12163:
12159:
12154:. July 1, 2021.
12146:
12145:
12141:
12131:
12129:
12127:data.census.gov
12121:
12120:
12116:
12111:. July 1, 2021.
12103:
12102:
12098:
12093:. July 1, 2021.
12085:
12084:
12080:
12075:. July 1, 2021.
12067:
12066:
12062:
12057:. July 1, 2021.
12049:
12048:
12044:
12039:. July 1, 2021.
12031:
12030:
12026:
12021:. July 1, 2021.
12013:
12012:
12008:
12003:. July 1, 2021.
11995:
11994:
11990:
11985:. July 1, 2021.
11977:
11976:
11972:
11967:. July 1, 2021.
11959:
11958:
11954:
11949:. July 1, 2021.
11941:
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11936:
11931:. July 1, 2021.
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10568:on 29 June 2017
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10429:Chicago Tribune
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10398:
10391:
10384:
10376:. p. 197.
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9368:. 18 July 2023.
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8539:. p. 330.
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7606:
7599:
7583:
7579:
7572:
7556:
7552:
7547:. July 1, 2022.
7539:
7538:
7529:
7519:
7517:
7508:
7507:
7503:
7488:
7466:
7459:
7454:
7347:Mexican cuisine
7287:La raza cósmica
7148:
7143:
7141:
7134:
7129:
7127:
7120:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7105:
7099:
7090:type 2 diabetes
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:El Paso, TX MSA
7013:Phoenix, AZ MSA
6995:Houston, TX MSA
6975:
6939:
6937:
6918:
6916:
6897:
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5877:
5873:State/Territory
5868:
5813:
5741:Gwinnett County
5705:North Las Vegas
5695:
5674:
5586:
5569:
5450:
5411:San Luis Valley
5349:
5283:North Fair Oaks
5249:Imperial Valley
5115:Zoot Suit riots
5076:
5057:
5015:
5009:
4900:
4895:
4847:
4845:Chicano studies
4837:
4812:1917 Bath riots
4801:
4764:
4694:Edward Roybal's
4667:
4636:
4627:
4622:
4613:
4559:
4506:celebration in
4488:Mexican Cession
4477:
4467:
4361:Zoot Suit riots
4296:Mexicans faced
4278:
4272:
4264:Main articles:
4262:
4161:
4151:
4146:
4090:
4038:
4021:celebration in
4011:
4003:Main articles:
4001:
3789:
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3744:Greater Houston
3694:
3584:
3474:Vincent Barabba
3467:
3459:Latinobarómetro
3413:
3412:
3404:
3389:
3384:Some Other Race
3376:
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3346:
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3316:
3301:
3200:in Los Angeles.
3187:
3181:
3141:campaign slogan
2979:
2966:Bracero program
2950:William N. Doak
2895:
2800:John C. Fremont
2785:Alta California
2677:
2648:
2642:
2626:adopted English
2528:
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2150:
2121:
2115:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2031:Cuban Americans
1995:
1985:
1969:
1921:
1919:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1887:Chicano rappers
1867:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1808:
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1733:
1728:
1706:
1599:
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1471:Art Collectives
1466:
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1309:
1281:
1277:Chicanafuturism
1257:
1255:Chicano studies
1247:
1246:
1241:
1193:
1174:So Far from God
1096:
1062:
1033:
1025:
1024:
1019:
971:
938:
929:Tex-Mex cuisine
910:
896:Chicano English
871:
863:
862:
857:
847:Proposition 187
796:Arizona SB 1070
761:
642:Centro Cultural
606:
602:Zoot Suit Riots
552:Bracero program
537:1917 Bath riots
523:
474:
464:
463:
400:
299:
295:
291:
278:
274:Chicano English
249:Mexican Spanish
235:
202:
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31:
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23:
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15:
12:
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16422:
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16415:Tohono Oʼodham
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15806:
15804:Manx Americans
15801:
15796:
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15612:
15605:Arab Americans
15596:
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15593:
15582:
15581:
15580:
15579:
15574:
15572:Thai Americans
15569:
15564:
15559:
15554:
15549:
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15515:Southeast Asia
15512:
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15106:
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15104:
15099:
15094:
15089:
15084:
15079:
15074:
15069:
15059:
15057:Igbo Americans
15054:
15052:Fula Americans
15049:
15048:
15047:
15042:
15037:
15032:
15017:
15016:
15015:
15010:
15005:
15004:
15003:
14998:
14993:
14988:
14983:
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14897:
14896:
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14886:
14884:Scientologists
14881:
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14871:
14866:
14861:
14860:
14859:
14857:Value Creators
14854:
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14797:
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14759:
14754:
14749:
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14732:
14727:
14717:
14712:
14707:
14705:Middle classes
14702:
14697:
14692:
14687:
14682:
14677:
14672:
14670:Home-ownership
14667:
14662:
14657:
14652:
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14514:
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14504:
14497:
14496:
14495:
14490:
14480:
14479:
14478:
14470:
14465:
14458:
14455:Nuevomexicanos
14451:
14444:
14437:
14430:
14425:
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14278:
14271:
14270:
14268:
14267:
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14237:
14235:Gringo justice
14232:
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14212:
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14131:
14126:
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14116:
14111:
14109:Chicano poetry
14106:
14101:
14096:
14094:Chicano cinema
14091:
14086:
14081:
14075:
14073:
14069:
14068:
14066:
14065:
14060:
14053:
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13997:
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13440:
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13427:
13422:
13417:
13412:
13407:
13402:
13397:
13392:
13387:
13381:
13379:
13378:South American
13375:
13374:
13371:
13370:
13368:
13367:
13362:
13357:
13352:
13347:
13342:
13336:
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13288:
13283:
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13271:
13266:
13265:
13264:
13254:
13248:
13246:
13245:North American
13242:
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13233:
13232:
13231:
13221:
13215:
13212:
13211:
13204:
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13166:United Kingdom
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12996:
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12974:
12968:
12957:
12956:External links
12954:
12953:
12952:
12940:
12937:
12936:
12935:
12917:(3): 569–604.
12906:
12896:
12884:
12877:
12867:
12860:
12848:Gomez, Laura.
12846:
12836:
12821:Main article:
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12096:
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12060:
12042:
12024:
12006:
11988:
11970:
11952:
11934:
11916:
11905:. July 1, 2021
11890:
11879:. July 1, 2021
11864:
11836:
11800:
11781:
11778:on 2020-02-12.
11758:
11744:
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11711:
11685:
11671:
11657:
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11584:
11562:
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11439:
11428:(4): 256–273.
11411:
11400:(3): 159–170.
11384:
11349:
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11269:
11244:
11218:
11209:|journal=
11177:
11152:
11146:978-0739170977
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10818:
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10781:
10762:(3): 599–618.
10742:
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10293:
10275:
10260:
10239:(4): 392–422.
10219:
10194:
10176:
10152:
10141:. May 17, 2007
10126:
10105:
10083:
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10043:
10021:
10007:
9989:
9968:
9943:
9932:. 14 July 2011
9921:
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9371:
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9334:10.1086/518313
9307:
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9169:
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9113:
9050:
9033:
9006:
8983:
8969:
8944:
8908:
8896:
8877:
8861:
8812:
8802:. Pewforum.org
8788:
8767:
8745:
8724:
8699:
8673:
8647:
8622:
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8596:
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8574:
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8407:
8394:
8366:
8355:. 25 June 2021
8340:
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8235:
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8132:
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8101:10.3386/w11281
8083:
8065:
8047:
8027:
8000:
7986:
7967:(1): 225–242.
7947:
7928:(3): 266–278.
7912:
7905:
7881:
7855:
7836:
7807:
7786:
7768:
7757:. July 1, 2019
7742:
7734:Dictionary.com
7721:
7705:
7688:
7681:
7661:
7646:
7639:
7619:
7604:
7597:
7577:
7570:
7550:
7527:
7516:. July 1, 2021
7501:
7486:
7456:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7449:
7448:
7441:
7433:
7425:
7422:McFarland, USA
7418:
7410:
7402:
7395:
7387:
7379:
7366:
7365:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7327:Chicano poetry
7324:
7313:
7312:
7307:
7296:
7295:
7290:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7261:White Mexicans
7258:
7253:
7248:
7236:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
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7170:
7165:
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7153:
7139:
7125:
7109:
7106:
7101:Main article:
7098:
7097:Notable people
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6762:
6759:
6745:
6744:
6741:
6738:
6736:South Carolina
6724:
6723:
6720:
6717:
6703:
6702:
6699:
6696:
6682:
6681:
6678:
6675:
6661:
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6636:
6633:
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6615:
6612:
6598:
6597:
6594:
6591:
6589:North Carolina
6577:
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5908:
5907:
5904:
5901:
5887:
5886:
5883:
5874:
5867:
5864:
5852:Salt Lake City
5825:Ninfa Laurenzo
5812:
5809:
5808:
5807:
5768:
5760:
5753:
5750:
5744:
5734:
5723:
5720:
5710:
5709:
5708:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5689:
5688:
5687:
5684:Milwaukee city
5673:
5670:
5669:
5668:
5665:
5658:Corpus Christi
5647:
5641:
5627:
5620:Houston, Texas
5617:
5607:
5601:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5568:
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5344:
5343:
5313:
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5306:
5300:
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5285:
5280:
5275:
5273:East Palo Alto
5260:
5246:
5240:
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5228:
5222:
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5159:
5146:
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5053:
5011:Main article:
5008:
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4891:
4836:
4833:
4800:
4797:
4786:desegregation.
4763:
4760:
4747:Perez v. Sharp
4666:
4663:
4659:Dodger Stadium
4635:
4632:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4612:
4609:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4568:'s mother has
4558:
4555:
4484:Santa Fe Plaza
4466:
4463:
4407:Perez v. Sharp
4350:Felix Longoria
4261:
4258:
4250:Alan Greenspan
4181:
4180:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4089:
4086:
4037:
4036:Food and drink
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3792:
3791:
3790:US immigrants
3786:
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3776:
3773:
3758:Salt Lake City
3693:
3690:
3672:, daughter of
3647:Henry Cisneros
3583:
3580:
3575:
3574:
3566:
3565:
3564:
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3558:
3547:
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3329:
3327:
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3306:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3274:2010 US Census
3269:
3268:
3244:2010 US Census
3198:Mariachi Plaza
3183:Main article:
3180:
3177:
3122:Roman Catholic
3059:Dolores Huerta
3047:intersectional
2978:
2975:
2923:Deteriorating
2894:
2891:
2843:William B. Ide
2669:Santa Fe Trail
2644:Main article:
2641:
2638:
2608:of Texas, and
2530:
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2013:
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1861:
1860:
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1846:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1832:Nuevomexicanos
1829:
1818:
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1810:
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1576:Estrada Courts
1573:
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1487:
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1454:
1452:Chicano cinema
1449:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1411:
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1401:
1396:
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1376:
1374:Gringo justice
1371:
1366:
1360:
1357:
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1352:
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1334:
1327:
1319:
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1310:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1258:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1087:
1080:
1077:Always Running
1072:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1058:Chicano poetry
1055:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
981:
978:
977:
973:
972:
970:
969:
964:
959:
954:
948:
945:
944:
940:
939:
937:
936:
931:
926:
920:
917:
916:
912:
911:
909:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
882:
879:
878:
872:
869:
868:
865:
864:
859:
858:
856:
855:
850:
843:
838:
833:
828:
821:
816:
809:
804:
799:
792:
787:
782:
777:
771:
768:
767:
763:
762:
760:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
687:Huelga schools
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
618:
615:
614:
608:
607:
605:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
533:
530:
529:
525:
524:
522:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
489:Josefa Segovia
485:
482:
481:
475:
470:
469:
466:
465:
460:
459:
458:
457:
449:
448:
444:
443:
442:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
408:
407:
401:
398:
397:
394:
393:
385:
384:
374:
373:
365:
364:
321:
320:
316:
315:
285:
284:
280:
279:
277:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
245:
242:
241:
237:
236:
234:
233:
227:
222:
217:
214:
213:North Carolina
211:
204:
201:
200:
194:
187:
182:
177:
166:
163:
158:
152:
149:
146:
140:
135:
130:
125:
119:
116:Salinas Valley
113:
111:Central Valley
108:
103:
98:
93:
89:
86:
85:
81:
80:
64:
63:
59:
58:
55:
47:
46:
39:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
16876:
16865:
16862:
16860:
16857:
16856:
16854:
16835:
16832:
16830:
16827:
16824:
16820:
16817:
16816:
16815:
16812:
16810:
16807:
16805:
16802:
16800:
16797:
16795:
16792:
16791:
16788:
16782:
16779:
16777:
16774:
16772:
16769:
16767:
16764:
16762:
16759:
16757:
16754:
16752:
16749:
16747:
16744:
16742:
16739:
16738:
16736:
16734:
16730:
16724:
16721:
16719:
16716:
16714:
16711:
16709:
16706:
16704:
16701:
16699:
16696:
16694:
16691:
16689:
16686:
16684:
16681:
16679:
16676:
16674:
16671:
16669:
16666:
16665:
16663:
16661:South America
16659:
16651:
16648:
16646:
16643:
16642:
16640:
16636:
16633:
16631:
16628:
16626:
16623:
16621:
16618:
16616:
16613:
16611:
16608:
16606:
16603:
16601:
16598:
16596:
16593:
16592:
16591:
16588:
16587:
16585:
16583:
16579:
16569:
16566:
16564:
16561:
16560:
16559:
16556:
16554:
16551:
16549:
16546:
16544:
16541:
16537:
16534:
16532:
16529:
16527:
16524:
16522:
16519:
16517:
16514:
16512:
16509:
16507:
16504:
16503:
16501:
16500:
16499:
16496:
16495:
16492:
16489:
16488:
16483:
16480:
16478:
16475:
16473:
16470:
16468:
16465:
16463:
16460:
16458:
16455:
16453:
16450:
16448:
16445:
16443:
16440:
16439:
16438:
16435:
16431:
16428:
16426:
16423:
16421:
16418:
16416:
16413:
16411:
16408:
16406:
16403:
16401:
16398:
16396:
16393:
16391:
16388:
16386:
16383:
16379:
16376:
16374:
16371:
16370:
16369:
16366:
16364:
16361:
16359:
16356:
16354:
16351:
16349:
16346:
16344:
16341:
16339:
16336:
16334:
16331:
16329:
16326:
16324:
16321:
16317:
16314:
16312:
16309:
16307:
16304:
16302:
16299:
16297:
16294:
16290:
16287:
16285:
16282:
16280:
16277:
16275:
16272:
16270:
16267:
16266:
16265:
16262:
16260:
16257:
16255:
16252:
16250:
16247:
16245:
16242:
16240:
16237:
16235:
16232:
16230:
16227:
16225:
16222:
16220:
16217:
16215:
16212:
16210:
16207:
16205:
16202:
16200:
16197:
16195:
16192:
16190:
16187:
16186:
16185:
16182:
16180:
16177:
16175:
16172:
16170:
16167:
16165:
16162:
16158:
16155:
16153:
16150:
16148:
16145:
16143:
16140:
16138:
16135:
16133:
16130:
16129:
16128:
16125:
16123:
16120:
16118:
16115:
16113:
16110:
16108:
16105:
16103:
16100:
16098:
16095:
16093:
16090:
16088:
16085:
16083:
16080:
16078:
16075:
16073:
16070:
16068:
16065:
16064:
16063:
16060:
16059:
16057:
16055:North America
16053:
16047:
16044:
16042:
16039:
16035:
16032:
16030:
16027:
16023:
16020:
16019:
16018:
16015:
16013:
16010:
16008:
16005:
16003:
16000:
15996:
15993:
15991:
15988:
15986:
15983:
15981:
15978:
15977:
15976:
15973:
15971:
15968:
15966:
15963:
15961:
15958:
15956:
15953:
15951:
15948:
15946:
15943:
15941:
15938:
15936:
15933:
15931:
15928:
15926:
15923:
15921:
15918:
15916:
15913:
15911:
15908:
15904:
15901:
15900:
15899:
15896:
15894:
15891:
15889:
15886:
15884:
15881:
15879:
15876:
15874:
15871:
15867:
15864:
15863:
15862:
15859:
15857:
15854:
15852:
15849:
15847:
15844:
15842:
15839:
15837:
15834:
15832:
15829:
15827:
15824:
15822:
15819:
15815:
15812:
15810:
15807:
15805:
15802:
15800:
15797:
15795:
15792:
15791:
15790:
15787:
15785:
15782:
15780:
15777:
15775:
15772:
15770:
15767:
15765:
15762:
15760:
15757:
15755:
15752:
15751:
15750:
15747:
15746:
15744:
15742:
15738:
15730:
15727:
15725:
15722:
15720:
15717:
15713:
15710:
15709:
15708:
15705:
15703:
15700:
15698:
15695:
15693:
15690:
15688:
15685:
15683:
15680:
15678:
15675:
15673:
15670:
15666:
15663:
15661:
15658:
15656:
15653:
15651:
15648:
15646:
15643:
15641:
15638:
15636:
15633:
15631:
15628:
15626:
15623:
15621:
15618:
15616:
15613:
15611:
15608:
15607:
15606:
15603:
15602:
15601:
15598:
15597:
15592:
15589:
15588:
15587:
15584:
15583:
15578:
15575:
15573:
15570:
15568:
15565:
15563:
15560:
15558:
15555:
15553:
15550:
15548:
15545:
15543:
15540:
15538:
15535:
15533:
15530:
15526:
15523:
15522:
15521:
15518:
15517:
15516:
15513:
15507:
15504:
15503:
15502:
15499:
15495:
15492:
15490:
15487:
15486:
15485:
15482:
15480:
15477:
15475:
15472:
15468:
15465:
15463:
15460:
15458:
15455:
15453:
15450:
15448:
15445:
15443:
15440:
15438:
15435:
15434:
15433:
15430:
15428:
15425:
15421:
15418:
15417:
15416:
15413:
15412:
15411:
15408:
15404:
15401:
15399:
15396:
15394:
15391:
15389:
15386:
15384:
15381:
15379:
15376:
15370:
15367:
15365:
15362:
15360:
15357:
15355:
15352:
15351:
15350:
15349:
15348:
15345:
15344:
15343:
15340:
15336:
15333:
15331:
15328:
15326:
15323:
15321:
15318:
15316:
15313:
15311:
15308:
15306:
15303:
15299:
15296:
15295:
15294:
15291:
15290:
15289:
15286:
15282:
15279:
15278:
15277:
15274:
15273:
15271:
15267:
15257:
15254:
15253:
15252:
15249:
15245:
15242:
15240:
15237:
15235:
15232:
15230:
15227:
15226:
15225:
15222:
15221:
15220:
15217:
15216:
15209:
15206:
15202:
15199:
15197:
15194:
15192:
15189:
15187:
15184:
15182:
15179:
15177:
15174:
15172:
15169:
15167:
15164:
15162:
15159:
15157:
15154:
15152:
15149:
15147:
15144:
15142:
15139:
15138:
15137:
15134:
15130:
15127:
15125:
15122:
15120:
15117:
15115:
15112:
15111:
15110:
15107:
15103:
15100:
15098:
15095:
15093:
15090:
15088:
15085:
15083:
15080:
15078:
15075:
15073:
15070:
15068:
15065:
15064:
15063:
15060:
15058:
15055:
15053:
15050:
15046:
15043:
15041:
15038:
15036:
15033:
15031:
15028:
15027:
15026:
15023:
15022:
15021:
15018:
15014:
15013:Black Indians
15011:
15009:
15006:
15002:
14999:
14997:
14994:
14992:
14989:
14987:
14984:
14982:
14979:
14977:
14974:
14972:
14969:
14967:
14964:
14962:
14959:
14957:
14954:
14952:
14949:
14947:
14944:
14942:
14939:
14937:
14934:
14933:
14932:
14929:
14928:
14927:
14924:
14923:
14922:
14919:
14918:
14916:
14912:
14909:
14907:
14901:
14895:
14892:
14890:
14887:
14885:
14882:
14880:
14877:
14875:
14874:Non-religious
14872:
14870:
14867:
14865:
14862:
14858:
14855:
14853:
14850:
14848:
14845:
14843:
14840:
14838:
14835:
14834:
14833:
14830:
14828:
14825:
14823:
14820:
14818:
14815:
14811:
14808:
14806:
14803:
14801:
14798:
14796:
14793:
14792:
14791:
14788:
14786:
14783:
14781:
14778:
14777:
14775:
14773:
14769:
14763:
14760:
14758:
14755:
14753:
14750:
14748:
14745:
14743:
14740:
14736:
14733:
14731:
14728:
14726:
14723:
14722:
14721:
14718:
14716:
14713:
14711:
14708:
14706:
14703:
14701:
14698:
14696:
14693:
14691:
14688:
14686:
14683:
14681:
14678:
14676:
14673:
14671:
14668:
14666:
14663:
14661:
14658:
14656:
14653:
14651:
14648:
14647:
14645:
14639:
14635:
14630:
14626:
14619:
14614:
14612:
14607:
14605:
14600:
14599:
14596:
14584:
14581:
14579:
14576:
14575:
14572:
14566:
14563:
14561:
14558:
14556:
14553:
14551:
14548:
14546:
14543:
14541:
14538:
14536:
14533:
14531:
14530:Chicano poets
14528:
14526:
14525:Chicano films
14523:
14522:
14520:
14516:
14509:
14505:
14502:
14498:
14494:
14491:
14489:
14486:
14485:
14484:
14481:
14477:
14474:
14473:
14472:Pennsylvania
14471:
14469:
14466:
14463:
14462:New York City
14459:
14456:
14452:
14449:
14445:
14442:
14438:
14435:
14431:
14429:
14426:
14423:
14419:
14416:
14412:
14409:
14405:
14402:
14398:
14397:San Francisco
14394:
14390:
14387:
14383:
14380:
14379:
14377:
14376:
14374:
14370:
14364:
14363:
14359:
14357:
14356:
14352:
14350:
14349:
14345:
14343:
14342:
14338:
14336:
14335:
14331:
14329:
14328:
14324:
14322:
14321:
14320:Plyler v. Doe
14317:
14315:
14314:
14310:
14308:
14307:
14303:
14301:
14300:
14296:
14294:
14293:
14289:
14287:
14286:
14282:
14281:
14279:
14276:
14275:Supreme Court
14272:
14266:
14263:
14261:
14258:
14256:
14253:
14251:
14248:
14246:
14245:New tribalism
14243:
14241:
14238:
14236:
14233:
14231:
14228:
14226:
14225:Barrioization
14223:
14222:
14220:
14216:
14210:
14207:
14205:
14202:
14200:
14197:
14195:
14192:
14190:
14187:
14185:
14182:
14180:
14177:
14175:
14172:
14170:
14167:
14165:
14162:
14160:
14157:
14155:
14152:
14150:
14147:
14145:
14142:
14140:
14137:
14135:
14132:
14130:
14129:Cinco de Mayo
14127:
14125:
14122:
14120:
14117:
14115:
14112:
14110:
14107:
14105:
14104:Chicano names
14102:
14100:
14097:
14095:
14092:
14090:
14087:
14085:
14082:
14080:
14077:
14076:
14074:
14070:
14064:
14061:
14059:
14058:
14054:
14052:
14049:
14047:
14044:
14042:
14039:
14037:
14034:
14032:
14031:
14027:
14025:
14022:
14020:
14019:
14015:
14013:
14010:
14008:
14007:
14003:
14001:
13998:
13996:
13993:
13991:
13988:
13986:
13983:
13981:
13978:
13977:
13975:
13971:
13965:
13962:
13960:
13957:
13955:
13952:
13950:
13947:
13945:
13942:
13940:
13937:
13935:
13932:
13930:
13927:
13925:
13922:
13920:
13917:
13915:
13912:
13910:
13907:
13905:
13902:
13900:
13897:
13895:
13892:
13890:
13887:
13885:
13882:
13881:
13879:
13877:
13873:
13867:
13864:
13862:
13859:
13857:
13854:
13852:
13849:
13847:
13844:
13842:
13839:
13837:
13834:
13832:
13829:
13827:
13824:
13822:
13819:
13817:
13814:
13813:
13811:
13807:
13801:
13798:
13796:
13793:
13791:
13788:
13786:
13783:
13781:
13778:
13776:
13773:
13771:
13768:
13766:
13763:
13762:
13760:
13756:
13751:
13747:
13740:
13735:
13733:
13728:
13726:
13721:
13720:
13717:
13705:
13697:
13695:
13687:
13686:
13677:
13673:
13668:
13662:
13659:
13657:
13654:
13652:
13649:
13647:
13644:
13643:
13641:
13637:
13631:
13628:
13626:
13623:
13619:
13616:
13615:
13614:
13611:
13607:
13604:
13603:
13601:
13599:
13596:
13594:
13591:
13589:
13586:
13584:
13581:
13579:
13578:Massachusetts
13576:
13574:
13571:
13569:
13566:
13564:
13561:
13557:
13556:San Francisco
13554:
13552:
13549:
13548:
13547:
13544:
13542:
13539:
13538:
13536:
13532:
13526:
13523:
13521:
13518:
13516:
13513:
13512:
13510:
13506:
13500:
13497:
13495:
13492:
13490:
13487:
13486:
13484:
13482:Ethnic groups
13480:
13472:
13469:
13467:
13464:
13462:
13459:
13457:
13454:
13452:
13449:
13448:
13447:
13444:
13443:
13441:
13437:
13431:
13428:
13426:
13423:
13421:
13418:
13416:
13413:
13411:
13408:
13406:
13403:
13401:
13398:
13396:
13393:
13391:
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13289:
13287:
13286:Nuevomexicano
13284:
13280:
13277:
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13275:
13272:
13270:
13267:
13263:
13260:
13259:
13258:
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13209:
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13114:United States
13112:
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12907:
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12878:
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12868:
12865:
12861:
12859:
12855:
12851:
12847:
12845:
12841:
12837:
12834:
12830:
12829:Dolan, Jay P.
12827:
12826:
12824:
12807:
12801:
12787:on 2018-12-10
12786:
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12771:
12763:
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12243:9780874176513
12239:
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12016:
12010:
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11998:
11992:
11984:
11980:
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11962:
11956:
11948:
11944:
11938:
11930:
11926:
11920:
11909:September 15,
11904:
11900:
11894:
11883:September 15,
11878:
11874:
11868:
11853:
11846:
11840:
11821:
11817:
11810:
11804:
11796:
11792:
11785:
11777:
11773:
11769:
11762:
11754:
11748:
11740:
11734:
11726:
11722:
11715:
11707:
11703:
11696:
11694:
11692:
11690:
11682:. p. 89.
11681:
11675:
11667:
11661:
11654:. 2015-08-05.
11653:
11652:
11647:
11641:
11633:
11627:
11612:
11608:
11602:
11594:
11588:
11572:
11566:
11552:on 2020-02-11
11551:
11547:
11541:
11525:
11521:
11515:
11513:
11498:
11494:
11488:
11480:
11474:
11471:
11467:
11463:
11459:
11455:
11451:
11443:
11435:
11431:
11427:
11423:
11415:
11407:
11403:
11399:
11395:
11388:
11380:
11376:
11372:
11368:
11364:
11360:
11353:
11345:
11341:
11336:
11331:
11327:
11323:
11319:
11315:
11308:
11300:
11296:
11292:
11288:
11285:(2): 81–103.
11284:
11280:
11273:
11258:
11254:
11248:
11232:
11228:
11222:
11214:
11201:
11193:
11186:
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11182:
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10979:
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10928:
10926:
10910:
10906:
10899:
10893:
10889:
10885:
10879:
10871:
10864:
10851:
10845:
10841:
10837:
10833:
10829:
10822:
10815:. 2014-12-09.
10814:
10810:
10804:
10796:
10792:
10785:
10777:
10773:
10769:
10765:
10761:
10757:
10753:
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10719:
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10695:
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10673:
10669:
10663:
10655:
10654:
10649:
10643:
10628:
10626:9780826362858
10622:
10618:
10617:
10609:
10594:
10590:
10583:
10567:
10563:
10559:
10553:
10539:on 2008-02-16
10535:
10528:
10522:
10507:
10501:
10486:
10482:
10476:
10460:
10456:
10452:
10445:
10430:
10426:
10420:
10406:
10402:
10396:
10394:
10385:
10383:9780520956872
10379:
10375:
10371:
10364:
10357:
10353:
10351:9780812223033
10347:
10343:
10336:
10328:
10324:
10318:
10310:
10306:
10300:
10298:
10291:
10287:
10284:
10279:
10271:
10264:
10256:
10252:
10247:
10242:
10238:
10234:
10230:
10223:
10209:on 2012-09-30
10208:
10204:
10198:
10190:
10186:
10180:
10173:
10169:
10165:
10162:
10156:
10140:
10136:
10130:
10115:
10109:
10094:
10087:
10079:
10075:
10071:
10067:
10063:
10056:
10047:
10039:
10035:
10031:
10025:
10017:
10011:
10003:
9999:
9993:
9978:
9972:
9957:
9953:
9947:
9931:
9925:
9910:
9908:9780742573048
9904:
9900:
9899:
9891:
9876:
9874:9780816519774
9870:
9866:
9865:
9857:
9842:
9840:9781478608899
9836:
9832:
9831:
9823:
9815:
9809:
9805:
9804:
9796:
9788:
9782:
9767:
9760:
9752:
9751:
9743:
9735:
9729:
9725:
9724:
9716:
9714:
9705:
9701:
9695:
9693:
9678:on 2013-08-18
9677:
9673:
9667:
9665:
9663:
9661:
9652:
9645:
9637:
9630:
9628:
9619:
9612:
9610:
9601:
9595:
9591:
9590:
9582:
9568:on 2014-04-11
9567:
9563:
9559:
9553:
9551:
9549:
9534:
9530:
9529:
9524:
9522:
9514:
9498:
9494:
9490:
9484:
9467:
9461:
9445:
9439:
9423:
9419:
9415:
9408:
9406:
9404:
9402:
9400:
9381:
9375:
9367:
9361:
9353:
9349:
9344:
9339:
9335:
9331:
9327:
9323:
9319:
9311:
9304:
9300:
9296:
9291:
9286:
9283:(9): 568–74.
9282:
9278:
9277:J. Hum. Genet
9274:
9267:
9251:
9247:
9240:
9238:
9236:
9234:
9225:
9221:
9216:
9211:
9207:
9203:
9198:
9193:
9189:
9185:
9181:
9173:
9157:
9153:
9146:
9128:
9122:
9120:
9118:
9109:
9105:
9100:
9095:
9090:
9085:
9081:
9077:
9073:
9069:
9065:
9057:
9055:
9047:
9043:
9037:
9029:
9025:
9021:
9017:
9010:
9003:
8998:
8994:
8987:
8979:
8973:
8959:
8955:
8948:
8929:
8925:
8918:
8912:
8905:
8900:
8892:
8888:
8881:
8874:. p. 34.
8873:
8872:
8865:
8857:
8853:
8848:
8843:
8839:
8835:
8831:
8827:
8823:
8816:
8798:
8792:
8777:
8771:
8756:
8749:
8734:
8728:
8721:
8717:
8713:
8709:
8703:
8687:
8683:
8677:
8661:
8657:
8651:
8637:
8633:
8630:Janos, Adam.
8626:
8620:
8615:
8607:
8600:
8592:
8585:
8577:
8575:9780313338304
8571:
8567:
8563:
8556:
8548:
8546:9780826339737
8542:
8538:
8534:
8533:
8525:
8523:
8511:
8504:
8502:
8500:
8498:
8489:
8487:9780816503667
8483:
8479:
8478:
8470:
8462:
8458:
8451:
8444:. 2013-08-14.
8443:
8439:
8433:
8431:
8422:
8418:
8411:
8404:
8398:
8384:on 2009-04-21
8383:
8379:
8373:
8371:
8354:
8350:
8344:
8330:on 2013-12-18
8329:
8325:
8319:
8312:
8306:
8304:
8302:
8295:
8290:
8275:
8269:
8263:
8259:
8256:
8252:
8238:
8236:9780292784482
8232:
8228:
8227:
8219:
8204:
8198:
8183:
8177:
8162:
8158:
8152:
8144:
8143:
8136:
8122:on 2012-05-19
8121:
8117:
8110:
8102:
8098:
8094:
8087:
8079:
8075:
8069:
8061:
8057:
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8039:
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8015:
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8004:
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7990:
7982:
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7970:
7966:
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7958:
7951:
7943:
7939:
7935:
7931:
7927:
7923:
7916:
7908:
7906:9781939994646
7902:
7898:
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7885:
7870:
7866:
7859:
7851:
7845:
7843:
7841:
7824:
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7811:
7796:
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7773:
7756:
7752:
7746:
7739:
7735:
7731:
7725:
7717:
7716:
7709:
7701:
7700:
7692:
7684:
7682:9780275962333
7678:
7674:
7673:
7665:
7657:
7650:
7642:
7640:9781442223516
7636:
7632:
7631:
7623:
7615:
7608:
7600:
7598:9780313328176
7594:
7590:
7589:
7581:
7573:
7571:9781438463292
7567:
7563:
7562:
7554:
7546:
7542:
7536:
7534:
7532:
7520:September 15,
7515:
7511:
7505:
7497:
7493:
7489:
7487:9781452216836
7483:
7479:
7475:
7471:
7464:
7462:
7457:
7447:
7446:
7445:Tortilla Soup
7442:
7440:
7438:
7437:The Long Game
7434:
7432:
7430:
7426:
7424:
7423:
7419:
7417:
7415:
7411:
7409:
7407:
7403:
7401:
7400:
7396:
7394:
7392:
7391:Fools Rush In
7388:
7386:
7384:
7380:
7378:
7377:
7376:A Better Life
7373:
7372:
7371:
7370:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7319:
7318:
7317:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7302:
7301:
7300:
7294:
7293:Afro-Mexicans
7291:
7289:
7288:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7246:
7243:
7242:
7241:
7240:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7155:
7151:
7140:
7137:
7136:Mexico portal
7126:
7123:
7112:
7104:
7094:
7091:
7087:
7083:
7079:
7075:
7071:
7067:
7060:
7056:
7038:
7035:
7032:
7029:
7026:
7023:
7020:
7017:
7014:
7011:
7008:
7005:
7002:
6999:
6996:
6993:
6990:
6987:
6984:
6981:
6980:
6978:
6960:
6957:
6956:
6947:
6936:
6935:
6926:
6915:
6914:
6905:
6904:West Virginia
6894:
6893:
6884:
6873:
6872:
6863:
6852:
6851:
6842:
6831:
6830:
6821:
6810:
6809:
6800:
6789:
6788:
6779:
6768:
6767:
6758:
6747:
6746:
6737:
6726:
6725:
6716:
6705:
6704:
6695:
6684:
6683:
6674:
6663:
6662:
6653:
6642:
6641:
6632:
6621:
6620:
6611:
6600:
6599:
6590:
6579:
6578:
6569:
6558:
6557:
6548:
6537:
6536:
6527:
6516:
6515:
6506:
6505:New Hampshire
6495:
6494:
6485:
6474:
6473:
6464:
6453:
6452:
6443:
6432:
6431:
6422:
6411:
6410:
6401:
6390:
6389:
6380:
6369:
6368:
6359:
6348:
6347:
6338:
6337:Massachusetts
6327:
6326:
6317:
6306:
6305:
6296:
6285:
6284:
6275:
6264:
6263:
6254:
6243:
6242:
6233:
6222:
6221:
6212:
6201:
6200:
6191:
6180:
6179:
6170:
6159:
6158:
6149:
6138:
6137:
6128:
6117:
6116:
6104:
6099:
6098:
6089:
6078:
6077:
6068:
6057:
6056:
6047:
6036:
6035:
6026:
6015:
6014:
6005:
5994:
5993:
5984:
5973:
5972:
5963:
5952:
5951:
5942:
5931:
5930:
5921:
5910:
5909:
5900:
5889:
5888:
5884:
5882:(2020 census)
5875:
5872:
5871:
5863:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5846:, Wisconsin;
5845:
5841:
5837:
5836:Oklahoma City
5833:
5826:
5822:
5817:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5796:Puerto Ricans
5793:
5789:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5769:
5766:
5761:
5758:
5754:
5751:
5748:
5745:
5742:
5738:
5735:
5732:
5728:
5727:Oklahoma City
5724:
5721:
5718:
5714:
5711:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5696:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5666:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5648:
5645:
5642:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5628:
5625:
5621:
5618:
5615:
5611:
5608:
5605:
5602:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5588:
5587:
5578:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5559:
5555:
5552:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5537:
5534:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5519:
5516:
5511:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5501:
5500:Dupage County
5498:
5493:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5480:
5477:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5451:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5375:
5370:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5354:
5351:
5350:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5314:
5310:
5307:
5304:
5301:
5298:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5278:Half Moon Bay
5276:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5264:
5261:
5258:
5257:Yuma, Arizona
5254:
5250:
5247:
5244:
5241:
5236:
5232:
5229:
5226:
5223:
5218:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5196:Victor Valley
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5147:
5144:
5141:
5138:
5135:
5132:
5129:
5126:
5122:
5119:
5116:
5112:
5109:
5106:
5103:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5077:
5068:
5065:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5052:
5046:
5042:
5036:
5032:
5031:scarlet macaw
5027:
5019:
5014:
5004:
5001:
4997:
4996:
4991:
4987:
4980:
4979:Sylvia Mendez
4976:
4972:
4968:
4961:
4956:
4952:
4945:
4941:
4940:Lauro Cavazos
4937:
4933:
4926:
4924:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4875:Rubén Salazar
4871:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4851:
4846:
4842:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4796:
4792:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4759:
4755:
4753:
4749:
4748:
4743:
4742:miscegenation
4738:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4702:
4698:
4695:
4689:
4687:
4678:
4677:
4671:
4662:
4660:
4655:
4654:Chavez Ravine
4651:
4650:
4640:
4631:
4617:
4608:
4604:
4597:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4582:intermarriage
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4557:Intermarriage
4554:
4552:
4547:
4543:
4540:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4509:
4505:
4500:
4496:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4476:
4472:
4462:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4447:
4445:
4440:
4432:
4427:
4423:
4420:
4419:Richard Nixon
4415:
4413:
4409:
4408:
4399:
4398:
4393:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4331:
4326:
4322:
4320:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4302:
4299:
4294:
4286:
4282:
4277:
4271:
4267:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4220:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4201:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4168:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4141:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4033:
4029:
4024:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4006:
3991:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3754:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3728:Dallas County
3725:
3721:
3720:Harris County
3717:
3712:
3706:
3702:
3701:Janet Murguía
3698:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3655:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3633:
3627:
3623:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3601:
3592:
3588:
3579:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3548:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3490:Census Bureau
3487:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3475:
3471:
3462:
3460:
3454:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3433:
3429:
3427:
3421:
3417:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3386:
3382:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3240:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3227:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3176:
3173:
3170:Most Mexican
3168:
3165:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3136:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3115:
3108:undocumented.
3105:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3051:voting rights
3048:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2989:in New Mexico
2988:
2983:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2939:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2913:Porfirio Díaz
2906:
2905:
2899:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2856:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2836:
2831:
2827:
2825:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2672:
2670:
2664:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2582:the Southwest
2578:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2525:
2520:
2518:
2513:
2511:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2455:
2454:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2418:Puerto Ricans
2416:
2414:
2413:Nuevomexicano
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2386:Ethnic groups
2383:
2382:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2306:
2305:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2266:
2265:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2184:Organizations
2181:
2180:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2156:
2155:
2147:
2146:Puerto Ricans
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2111:
2110:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1954:
1952:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1882:Chicano poets
1880:
1878:
1877:Chicano films
1875:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1863:
1862:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1738:
1737:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1652:Plyler v. Doe
1649:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1595:
1594:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1485:Culture Clash
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1423:
1422:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1389:New tribalism
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1364:Barrioization
1362:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1286:Organizations
1285:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1029:
1028:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
982:
980:
979:
975:
974:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
949:
947:
946:
942:
941:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
921:
919:
918:
914:
913:
907:
904:
902:
901:Chicano names
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
883:
881:
880:
876:
875:
867:
866:
854:
851:
849:
848:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
826:
822:
820:
817:
815:
814:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
797:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
772:
770:
769:
765:
764:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
619:
617:
616:
613:
610:
609:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
534:
532:
531:
527:
526:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
486:
484:
483:
479:
478:
473:
468:
467:
456:
453:
452:
451:
450:
446:
445:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
411:
410:
409:
405:
404:
396:
395:
391:
387:
386:
383:
379:
376:
375:
371:
370:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
346:Afro-Mexicans
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
322:
317:
314:
310:
306:
302:
301:Protestantism
298:
294:
290:
286:
281:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
246:
243:
238:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
220:Upper Midwest
218:
215:
212:
209:
206:
205:
198:
195:
192:
188:
186:
185:Milwaukee, WI
183:
181:
178:
175:
171:
167:
164:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
147:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
120:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
106:Inland Empire
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
91:
90:
87:
82:
74:
69:
65:
60:
53:
48:
43:
37:
19:
16557:
15288:Central Asia
14894:Zoroastrians
14742:Social class
14555:Bibliography
14476:Philadelphia
14453:New Mexico (
14406:California (
14360:
14353:
14346:
14339:
14332:
14325:
14318:
14311:
14304:
14297:
14290:
14283:
14250:Rasquachismo
14204:Tortilla art
14194:Tejano music
14119:Chicano rock
14114:Chicano Park
14055:
14028:
14016:
14004:
13749:
13676:
13317:Puerto Rican
13273:
13236:Demographics
13113:
12945:
12914:
12910:
12899:
12889:
12880:
12870:
12863:
12839:
12832:
12789:. Retrieved
12785:the original
12780:
12770:
12735:
12731:
12686:(1): 61–79.
12683:
12679:
12673:
12661:. Retrieved
12652:
12640:. Retrieved
12636:
12627:
12615:. Retrieved
12611:
12602:
12590:. Retrieved
12586:
12577:
12565:. Retrieved
12561:
12552:
12540:. Retrieved
12536:
12527:
12513:
12499:
12485:
12471:
12457:
12443:
12434:
12424:
12412:. Retrieved
12408:
12399:
12387:. Retrieved
12384:www.kshs.org
12383:
12374:
12360:
12348:. Retrieved
12336:
12322:cite journal
12305:
12301:
12291:
12279:. Retrieved
12276:zipatlas.com
12275:
12266:
12252:
12232:
12225:
12213:. Retrieved
12210:zipatlas.com
12209:
12200:
12188:. Retrieved
12178:
12160:
12142:
12130:. Retrieved
12126:
12117:
12099:
12081:
12063:
12045:
12027:
12009:
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11973:
11955:
11937:
11919:
11907:. Retrieved
11893:
11881:. Retrieved
11867:
11855:. Retrieved
11851:
11839:
11827:. Retrieved
11820:the original
11815:
11803:
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11784:
11776:the original
11771:
11761:
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11747:
11733:
11724:
11714:
11705:
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11665:
11660:
11649:
11640:
11626:
11614:. Retrieved
11610:
11607:"Montebello"
11601:
11587:
11575:. Retrieved
11565:
11554:. Retrieved
11550:the original
11540:
11530:December 29,
11528:. Retrieved
11523:
11500:. Retrieved
11496:
11487:
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11442:
11425:
11421:
11414:
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11365:(2): 73–90.
11362:
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11320:(1): 23–42.
11317:
11313:
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11282:
11278:
11272:
11260:. Retrieved
11256:
11247:
11235:. Retrieved
11230:
11221:
11200:cite journal
11135:
11128:
11117:. Retrieved
11113:
11104:
11081:. Retrieved
11077:
11036:cite journal
11011:
11007:
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10963:
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10938:
10912:. Retrieved
10908:
10898:
10883:
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10869:
10863:
10853:, retrieved
10831:
10821:
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10675:. Retrieved
10671:
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10630:. Retrieved
10615:
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10596:. Retrieved
10592:
10582:
10570:. Retrieved
10566:the original
10561:
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10541:. Retrieved
10534:the original
10521:
10510:. Retrieved
10500:
10488:. Retrieved
10484:
10475:
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10459:the original
10454:
10444:
10434:December 14,
10432:. Retrieved
10428:
10419:
10408:. Retrieved
10404:
10369:
10363:
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10341:
10335:
10326:
10317:
10309:the original
10278:
10269:
10263:
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10211:. Retrieved
10207:the original
10197:
10189:the original
10179:
10171:
10167:
10163:
10160:
10155:
10143:. Retrieved
10138:
10129:
10118:. Retrieved
10108:
10097:. Retrieved
10086:
10069:
10065:
10055:
10046:
10038:the original
10033:
10024:
10010:
10001:
9992:
9980:. Retrieved
9971:
9959:. Retrieved
9955:
9946:
9934:. Retrieved
9924:
9912:. Retrieved
9897:
9890:
9878:. Retrieved
9863:
9856:
9844:. Retrieved
9829:
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9781:
9769:. Retrieved
9759:
9749:
9742:
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9704:the original
9680:. Retrieved
9676:the original
9653:. NYU Press.
9650:
9644:
9635:
9617:
9588:
9581:
9570:. Retrieved
9566:the original
9561:
9536:. Retrieved
9526:
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9513:
9501:. Retrieved
9497:the original
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9483:
9472:. Retrieved
9460:
9448:. Retrieved
9438:
9426:. Retrieved
9422:the original
9417:
9386:. Retrieved
9374:
9360:
9325:
9321:
9310:
9302:
9280:
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9266:
9254:. Retrieved
9250:the original
9187:
9183:
9172:
9162:December 11,
9160:. Retrieved
9155:
9145:
9135:November 16,
9133:. Retrieved
9071:
9067:
9045:
9041:
9036:
9019:
9016:Convergencia
9015:
9009:
9000:
8997:the original
8986:
8977:
8972:
8961:. Retrieved
8957:
8947:
8935:. Retrieved
8928:the original
8923:
8911:
8899:
8891:Culture Trip
8890:
8880:
8870:
8864:
8829:
8825:
8815:
8804:. Retrieved
8791:
8780:. Retrieved
8770:
8758:. Retrieved
8748:
8737:. Retrieved
8735:. Census.gov
8727:
8711:
8707:
8702:
8690:. Retrieved
8686:the original
8676:
8664:. Retrieved
8660:the original
8650:
8639:. Retrieved
8635:
8625:
8614:
8605:
8599:
8584:
8565:
8555:
8531:
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8469:
8460:
8450:
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8382:the original
8357:. Retrieved
8352:
8343:
8332:. Retrieved
8328:the original
8318:
8310:
8289:
8278:. Retrieved
8268:
8251:
8240:. Retrieved
8225:
8218:
8207:. Retrieved
8197:
8186:. Retrieved
8176:
8165:. Retrieved
8163:. 2006-03-14
8151:
8141:
8135:
8124:. Retrieved
8120:the original
8109:
8086:
8078:the original
8068:
8060:the original
8050:
8042:the original
8036:
8030:
8018:. Retrieved
8014:the original
8003:
7989:
7964:
7960:
7950:
7925:
7921:
7915:
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7884:
7872:. Retrieved
7868:
7858:
7827:. Retrieved
7822:
7810:
7799:. Retrieved
7789:
7782:
7759:. Retrieved
7745:
7737:
7733:
7724:
7714:
7708:
7698:
7691:
7671:
7664:
7649:
7629:
7622:
7607:
7587:
7580:
7560:
7553:
7518:. Retrieved
7504:
7469:
7443:
7436:
7428:
7420:
7413:
7405:
7397:
7390:
7383:Cesar Chavez
7382:
7374:
7368:
7367:
7315:
7314:
7298:
7297:
7285:
7238:
7237:
7064:
6976:
6958:
6757:South Dakota
6715:Rhode Island
6694:Pennsylvania
6610:North Dakota
5838:, Oklahoma;
5829:
5693:Other states
5431:Fort Garland
5288:Redwood City
5192:Apple Valley
5050:
5045:City Terrace
4993:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4969:
4965:
4949:
4930:
4922:
4872:
4864:Brown Berets
4856:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4807:
4793:
4789:
4780:
4770:
4756:
4751:
4745:
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4735:
4705:
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4682:
4674:
4647:
4645:
4628:
4614:
4605:
4601:
4579:
4566:Jessica Alba
4548:
4544:
4535:
4526:Italian food
4522:Mexican food
4512:
4493:
4459:
4451:Donald Trump
4448:
4438:
4436:
4416:
4405:
4403:
4396:
4358:
4344:founded the
4334:
4303:
4295:
4291:
4270:Latinophobia
4248:
4240:
4214:
4197:
4188:Cesar Chavez
4164:
4130:Chicano rock
4126:Tejano music
4091:
4039:
4030:
4027:
3976:
3966:
3769:
3766:
3755:
3751:
3748:
3713:
3710:
3692:Demographics
3686:
3682:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3604:
3598:
3596:
3576:
3570:
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3539:
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3519:
3513:
3507:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3479:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3438:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3397:
3286:
3279:
3241:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3222:
3203:
3169:
3161:
3151:in 2008 and
3145:Barack Obama
3135:Sí, se puede
3132:
3130:
3119:
3111:
3099:
3095:
3079:civil rights
3071:Sí, se puede
3063:César Chávez
3055:civil rights
3036:
3025:
2992:
2970:World War II
2963:
2943:
2934:
2910:
2902:
2887:
2883:
2859:
2851:
2840:
2820:
2816:Gavilan Peak
2797:
2793:
2789:
2778:
2773:
2765:
2761:
2749:
2733:
2705:
2694:
2682:
2666:
2656:Chicano Park
2630:Americanized
2622:Hispanophone
2595:
2579:
2564:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2533:
2346:Puerto Rican
2118:
2055:
1984:Hispanic and
1902:Bibliography
1763:California (
1721:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1571:Chicano Park
1543:Precita Eyes
1462:Tortilla art
1394:Rasquachismo
1343:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1234:
1227:
1220:
1215:I Am Joaquin
1213:
1206:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1160:The Rain God
1158:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1125:Desert Blood
1123:
1116:
1109:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1010:Pancho Claus
985:Cal-Style VW
967:Tejano music
962:Chicano soul
957:Chicano rock
845:
831:Farah strike
823:
811:
794:
632:Brown Berets
381:
330:Neomexicanos
296:
288:
225:Great Plains
161:Chicago area
72:
67:
30:Ethnic group
16814:2010 census
16733:Multiethnic
16022:Californios
15903:before 1880
14810:Protestants
14772:By religion
14685:Immigration
14641:By economic
14408:Californios
14393:Los Angeles
14124:Chicano rap
14089:Chicano art
14051:Party crews
14012:Castro 2020
14000:Abolish ICE
13651:In politics
13340:Costa Rican
13135:Philippines
13010:2009-11-01)
11725:Daily Press
11611:Mapping L.A
11450:Adolescence
10072:(1): 5–26.
9750:Segregation
9519:"Hernandez
9450:December 7,
9428:December 7,
9042:indigenismo
8958:CNN Digital
7761:February 4,
7431:(2015 film)
7429:Spare Parts
7393:(1997 film)
7245:Melting pot
7021:– 1,215,420
7015:– 1,310,764
7009:– 1,639,211
7003:– 1,758,882
6997:– 1,898,723
6991:– 2,046,226
6985:– 4,558,307
6400:Mississippi
6025:Connecticut
5885:Percentage
5860:Minneapolis
5840:Kansas City
5779:New England
5757:Mexicantown
5747:New Orleans
5725:Oklahoma –
5662:Brownsville
5650:South Texas
5573:Lake County
5554:Will County
5536:Lake County
5518:Kane County
5479:Cook County
5435:Monte Vista
5365:Garden City
5340:Bakersfield
5235:South Texas
5188:Victorville
5157:West Covina
4860:Vietnam War
4718:Silver Lake
4380:during the
4222:A rally on
4200:deportation
4134:Chicano rap
4110:Son Jarocho
4070:New Mexican
4019:Quinceañera
3724:Cook County
3521:Amerindians
3237:"mestizaje"
3143:of Senator
2999:World War I
2944:During the
2936:period the
2781:Californios
2768:Juan Seguín
2753:Mexico City
2695:New Mexico
2678: 1844
2610:Californios
2475:Puerto Rico
2341:New Mexican
1827:Californios
1813:Multiethnic
1765:Los Angeles
1566:Balmy Alley
1447:Chicano art
1442:Chicana art
1379:Nahui Ollin
952:Chicano rap
802:Castro 2020
790:Abolish ICE
326:Californios
293:Catholicism
199:, KS and MO
133:San Antonio
16853:Categories
16741:Afro-Asian
16363:Potawatomi
16194:Chemehuevi
15410:South Asia
14879:Rastafaris
14837:Ahmadiyyas
14790:Christians
14665:Emigration
14643:and social
14460:New York (
14446:Nebraska (
14439:Michigan (
14432:Maryland (
14420:Illinois (
14413:Colorado (
14389:California
13899:Chicanismo
13836:La Matanza
13831:Korean War
13593:New Mexico
13588:New Jersey
13546:California
13515:Christians
13430:Venezuelan
13415:Paraguayan
13410:Ecuadorian
13365:Salvadoran
13360:Panamanian
13355:Nicaraguan
13345:Guatemalan
13269:Floridanos
13252:Californio
13099:Costa Rica
12791:2018-12-09
12738:(1): A04.
12663:4 December
12642:4 December
12617:4 December
12567:4 December
12542:4 December
12537:Census.gov
12414:4 December
12389:4 December
12350:4 December
12342:"Mexicans"
12281:4 December
12215:4 December
12190:4 December
12132:4 December
11852:Scseed.org
11772:census.gov
11706:census.gov
11616:4 December
11556:2014-01-06
11502:2018-03-18
11470:A207643292
11335:1802/23012
11262:4 December
11237:4 December
11119:2019-10-05
11083:2019-10-05
11008:Portularia
10855:2023-12-06
10677:4 December
10632:4 December
10598:4 December
10543:2008-03-01
10512:2014-01-06
10410:2019-10-05
10213:2014-01-06
10120:2014-01-06
10099:2014-01-06
9961:4 December
9936:4 December
9914:4 December
9880:4 December
9846:4 December
9771:4 December
9682:2014-01-06
9572:2014-04-10
9538:2019-10-05
9474:2014-01-06
9388:4 December
9190:: e56029.
9156:usnews.com
8963:2021-01-23
8826:Demography
8806:2014-10-16
8782:2014-01-06
8760:4 December
8739:2014-01-06
8641:2020-11-09
8480:. VNR AG.
8388:2014-01-06
8359:4 December
8334:2014-01-06
8280:2014-01-06
8242:2014-01-06
8209:2014-01-06
8188:2014-01-06
8167:2014-01-06
8126:2014-01-06
7801:2014-03-24
7452:References
7322:Chicanismo
7299:Political:
7266:Olive skin
6963:35,850,702
6883:Washington
6547:New Mexico
6526:New Jersey
5987:12,202,347
5983:California
5880:Population
5850:, Oregon;
5804:Fair Haven
5771:Bridgeport
5636:, home to
5634:West Texas
5630:San Angelo
5401:Walsenburg
5393:Las Animas
5389:Rocky Ford
5328:Sacramento
5320:Sacramento
5074:California
4907:Sal Castro
4839:See also:
4730:Wilmington
4469:See also:
4455:Trump wall
4370:zoot suits
4274:See also:
4153:See also:
4138:Cumbia rap
4046:enchiladas
3989:10,931,900
3977:11,711,100
3785:Population
3206:Indigenous
3153:reelection
3057:activists
3011:Pittsburgh
2985:A Walk in
2929:Sonoratown
2757:Santa Anna
2729:New Mexico
2586:indigenous
2537:(Spanish:
2403:Floridanos
2393:Californio
2368:Portuglish
2363:Portuguese
2276:Literature
1784:Nebraska (
1777:Michigan (
1770:Illinois (
1741:Population
1433:Visual Art
1426:Visual art
1039:Literature
1032:Literature
747:Quinto Sol
647:Chicanismo
572:La Matanza
514:Sonoratown
504:Mutualista
338:Floridanos
324:Hispanos (
313:Irreligion
151:New Mexico
73:37,414,772
68:10,697,374
16771:Melungeon
16746:Amerasian
16472:Tsimshian
16279:Chochenyo
16224:Kitanemuk
16174:Menominee
16157:Tuscarora
16092:Chickasaw
16077:Blackfeet
15600:West Asia
15342:East Asia
14869:Neopagans
14795:Catholics
14785:Buddhists
14650:Affluence
14434:Baltimore
14401:San Diego
14260:Vergüenza
14209:Zoot suit
14184:Skull art
13551:San Diego
13534:By region
13425:Uruguayan
13405:Colombian
13395:Brazilian
13385:Argentine
13322:Nuyorican
13312:Dominican
13300:Caribbean
12744:1545-1151
12700:0745-5194
12463:"Nahuatl"
11857:7 October
11829:7 October
11577:7 October
11379:146963763
11299:144594549
11231:PBS SoCal
11028:1989-5399
10892:0197-9183
10722:155153400
10714:1369-183X
10572:7 October
10490:7 October
10481:"Victims"
10342:Zoot Suit
10255:240357463
10139:USA Today
9503:7 October
9206:2050-084X
8937:7 October
7981:267016181
7942:225409343
7865:"Chicano"
7496:153137775
7414:Lowriders
7362:Zoot suit
7316:Cultural:
7158:Americans
7039:– 657,078
7033:– 658,348
7027:– 988,825
6925:Wisconsin
6803:9,031,289
6778:Tennessee
6379:Minnesota
6274:Louisiana
6173:1,768,747
5945:1,842,769
5844:Milwaukee
5834:, Idaho;
5819:Original
5775:New Haven
5699:Las Vegas
5672:Wisconsin
5427:Del Norte
5318:both the
5299:district.
5297:Fruitvale
5243:San Diego
5225:Santa Ana
5176:Riverside
4893:Education
4726:San Pedro
4714:Echo Park
4437:In 2006,
4366:Angelenos
4231:H.R. 4437
4165:See also
4066:tortillas
4050:guacamole
3963:9,177,500
3952:4,298,000
3941:2,199,200
3552:Hispanics
3258:(2%) and
3037:The 1965
3007:Cleveland
3003:St. Louis
2995:Southwest
2927:homes in
2713:Zacatecas
2685:Hispanics
2654:Mural in
2557:Americans
2423:Nuyorican
2358:Spanglish
2309:Languages
1822:Blaxicans
1756:Arizona (
1557:Locations
1404:Vergüenza
1236:The Moths
1208:Emplumada
1118:Caballero
1015:Zoot suit
350:Blaxicans
259:Spanglish
240:Languages
230:Northeast
216:Arkansas)
208:Southeast
174:Salem, OR
101:San Diego
16751:Blaxican
16563:Chicanos
16457:Gwich'in
16405:Shoshone
16395:Seminole
16323:Muscogee
16296:Tataviam
16259:Suisunes
16209:Diegueño
16189:Cahuilla
16147:Onondaga
16127:Iroquois
16107:Comanche
16102:Colville
16087:Cheyenne
16082:Cherokee
14695:Language
14468:Oklahoma
14378:Arizona
14240:Nepantla
14139:Lowrider
13795:Blaxican
13694:Category
13606:Portland
13598:New York
13573:Maryland
13563:Colorado
13471:Galician
13461:Canarian
13451:Asturian
13439:European
13420:Peruvian
13390:Bolivian
13350:Honduran
13077:Americas
13008:Archived
12980:Archived
12931:27649149
12800:cite web
12762:15670457
12708:24942832
11479:21922379
11462:19764269
11344:17247506
11170:Archived
10914:June 15,
10653:NBC News
10286:Archived
9562:cuny.edu
9352:17503322
9299:22832385
9256:July 18,
9224:33372659
9158:. usnews
9108:19433783
8856:25407844
8258:Archived
7406:La Bamba
7163:Mexicans
7108:See also
7066:Diabetes
7050:Diabetes
6959:Total US
6862:Virginia
6652:Oklahoma
6568:New York
6463:Nebraska
6421:Missouri
6358:Michigan
6316:Maryland
6253:Kentucky
6169:Illinois
6046:Delaware
6004:Colorado
5962:Arkansas
5878:American
5854:, Utah;
5848:Portland
5788:Tlaxcala
5546:Waukegan
5448:Illinois
5415:Antonito
5405:Trinidad
5385:La Junta
5347:Colorado
5303:San José
5251:region (
5208:Redlands
5184:Hesperia
5180:Adelanto
5170:Romoland
5153:El Monte
5117:in 1943.
4914:educator
4879:tear gas
4378:Chicanos
4285:Lowrider
4175:and the
4118:mariachi
4106:Conjunto
4102:ranchera
4042:burritos
3705:UnidosUS
3632:de facto
3515:Mulattos
3509:Mestizos
3242:Per the
3210:European
3194:Mariachi
3185:Mexicans
3149:election
2931:, 1920s.
2904:braceros
2812:Monterey
2775:decades.
2755:and the
2747:Texas.
2697:Hispanos
2590:European
2291:Religion
2131:Hispanic
1932:Category
1495:Los Four
1384:Nepantla
995:Lowrider
877:Language
447:Concepts
406:Identity
378:Chicanos
342:Chicanos
297:Minority
289:Majority
283:Religion
210:(Georgia
180:NYC area
96:Bay Area
16776:Mulatto
16582:Oceania
16477:Tlingit
16467:Iñupiat
16452:Alutiiq
16400:Shawnee
16385:Quechan
16269:Awaswas
16254:Serrano
16249:Salinan
16229:Luiseño
16219:Juaneño
16214:Esselen
16199:Chumash
16097:Choctaw
16067:Abenaki
14832:Muslims
14805:Mormons
14800:Coptics
14780:Baha'is
14715:Poverty
14545:Writers
14501:Tejanos
14499:Texas (
14493:Houston
14441:Detroit
14422:Chicago
14072:Culture
13785:Pachuco
13775:La Raza
13765:Chicano
13746:Chicano
13704:Commons
13618:Houston
13602:Oregon
13568:Florida
13541:Arizona
13525:Muslims
13466:Catalan
13446:Spanish
13400:Chilean
13279:Chicano
13274:Mexican
13156:Germany
12948:(1971)
12753:1323307
12592:July 6,
11755:. 2012.
10776:8854023
10485:Fbi.gov
10465:May 12,
10145:May 12,
9982:1 March
9343:1867092
9215:7771964
9099:2680428
9076:Bibcode
9002:español
8847:4252712
8636:HISTORY
8020:June 1,
7874:26 June
7352:Tex-Mex
7271:Mestizo
7239:Ethnic:
7086:obesity
7070:insulin
6946:Wyoming
6929:299,955
6887:783,668
6866:197,511
6841:Vermont
6824:326,430
6782:256,113
6740:164,506
6698:159,722
6677:446,629
6656:353,908
6635:219,916
6593:563,929
6572:496,747
6551:671,552
6530:252,172
6488:629,558
6467:159,907
6442:Montana
6425:187,563
6383:214,435
6362:381,337
6320:112,886
6278:103,872
6257:105,469
6236:290,747
6215:148,097
6194:374,854
6190:Indiana
6152:189,489
6110:570,149
6107:Georgia
6092:707,301
6088:Florida
6008:874,342
5966:171,732
5941:Arizona
5903:148,193
5899:Alabama
5876:Mexican
5856:Seattle
5821:Ninfa's
5792:Nahuatl
5765:Passaic
5737:Atlanta
5644:El Paso
5638:Tejanos
5596:in the
5567:Indiana
5465:Kenosha
5359:Greeley
5338:around
5293:Oakland
5267:Oakland
5194:in the
5061:Phoenix
5055:Arizona
5047:streets
4923:Walkout
4782:en banc
4706:Mexican
4530:Tex-Mex
4471:Tex-Mex
4431:Huetamo
4288:effect.
4224:May Day
4205:protest
4098:Norteño
4074:Tex-Mex
4062:tamales
3999:Culture
3930:759,700
3919:575,900
3908:451,400
3897:357,800
3886:641,500
3875:486,400
3864:221,900
3853:103,400
3762:Atlanta
3659:bracero
3403:
3388:
3375:
3360:
3345:
3330:
3315:
3300:
3218:mestizo
3214:African
2731:, etc.
2721:Yucatán
2708:Tejanos
2701:Pueblos
2689:Mestizo
2606:Tejanos
2566:Chicano
2398:Chicano
2336:Mexican
2321:Spanish
2316:English
2296:Studies
2269:Culture
2141:Mexican
2114:History
1897:Writers
1837:Tejanos
1802:Houston
1779:Detroit
1772:Chicago
976:Symbols
870:Culture
472:History
434:Pinta/o
429:Pachuco
424:Pachuca
419:La Raza
414:Chola/o
334:Tejanos
191:Orlando
123:Houston
121:Texas (
16834:Racism
16756:Cajuns
16425:Yakama
16390:Salish
16368:Pueblo
16353:Pawnee
16348:Paiute
16333:Ojibwe
16328:Navajo
16316:Yokuts
16311:Wintun
16301:Tongva
16289:Tamyen
16284:Karkin
16274:Chalon
16264:Ohlone
16239:Patwin
16204:Cupeño
16179:Mohave
16169:Lenape
16152:Seneca
16142:Oneida
16137:Mohawk
16132:Cayuga
16072:Apache
15866:Cajuns
15741:Europe
14914:Africa
14817:Hindus
14757:Wealth
14506:Utah (
14428:Kansas
14415:Denver
14382:Tucson
14063:Xicanx
13980:Aztlán
13884:Aztlán
13800:Xicanx
13752:topics
13583:Nevada
13456:Basque
13291:Tejano
13262:Isleño
13229:Latino
13151:France
13144:Europe
13109:Panama
13089:Canada
13084:Belize
12950:online
12929:
12904:online
12894:online
12875:online
12866:(2014)
12856:
12844:online
12760:
12750:
12742:
12706:
12698:
12240:
11476:
11468:
11460:
11377:
11342:
11297:
11143:
11026:
10946:
10890:
10846:
10774:
10720:
10712:
10623:
10380:
10348:
10253:
10174:(1999)
10161:et al.
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9837:
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7416:(film)
7408:(film)
7385:(film)
7082:Type 2
7078:type 2
7074:type 1
7045:Health
6966:10.8%
6950:41,891
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6922:
6908:12,539
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6890:10.1%
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6680:10.5%
6673:Oregon
6670:
6649:
6628:
6614:21,195
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6565:
6554:31.7%
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6509:10,102
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6491:20.2%
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6341:51,646
6334:
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6271:
6250:
6232:Kansas
6229:
6208:
6187:
6176:13.8%
6166:
6155:10.2%
6145:
6131:42,941
6127:Hawaii
6124:
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6071:13,263
6064:
6050:37,201
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6022:
6011:15.1%
6001:
5990:30.8%
5980:
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5948:25.7%
5938:
5924:25,177
5920:Alaska
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5783:Boston
5654:Laredo
5610:Laredo
5528:Aurora
5492:Cicero
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5461:Racine
5423:Center
5419:Blanca
5381:Pueblo
5353:Denver
5332:Fresno
5200:Rialto
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5067:Tucson
4925:(film)
4920:. See
4909:was a
4570:Danish
4386:racism
4364:white
4116:, and
4114:Cumbia
4064:, and
4054:nachos
3842:77,900
3831:68,400
3820:42,400
3809:27,500
3798:13,300
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3734:, the
3527:Asians
3499:, and
3494:White,
3147:. His
2738:, the
2725:Oaxaca
2555:) are
2430:Tejano
2408:Isleño
2331:Isleño
2286:Poetry
2211:MALDEF
1758:Tucson
1355:Theory
1263:Fields
1101:Novels
990:Homies
622:Aztlán
439:Xicanx
138:Austin
16482:Yupik
16462:Haida
16447:Aleut
16430:Yaqui
16410:Sioux
16343:Odawa
16338:Osage
16306:Wappo
16234:Miwok
16164:Kiowa
16122:Houma
14889:Sikhs
14822:Jains
14518:Lists
14483:Texas
14448:Omaha
14277:cases
13790:Pinto
13780:Cholo
13758:Terms
13639:Other
13613:Texas
13499:White
13494:Black
13489:Asian
13307:Cuban
13219:Index
13161:Spain
13130:Japan
13094:Chile
12927:JSTOR
12345:(PDF)
11848:(PDF)
11823:(PDF)
11812:(PDF)
11473:INIST
11375:S2CID
11340:S2CID
11295:S2CID
10772:S2CID
10718:S2CID
10537:(PDF)
10530:(PDF)
10251:S2CID
9469:(PDF)
9383:(PDF)
9184:eLife
9130:(PDF)
8931:(PDF)
8920:(PDF)
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8712:JSTOR
8513:(PDF)
7977:S2CID
7938:S2CID
7819:(PDF)
7492:S2CID
7369:Film:
6953:7.2%
6932:5.1%
6911:0.6%
6869:2.2%
6848:0.5%
6845:3,567
6799:Texas
6785:3.6%
6764:2.3%
6743:3.2%
6722:1.0%
6701:1.2%
6659:8.9%
6638:1.8%
6617:2.7%
6596:5.3%
6575:2.4%
6533:2.7%
6512:0.7%
6470:8.1%
6449:2.6%
6428:3.0%
6407:1.9%
6386:3.7%
6365:3.7%
6344:0.7%
6323:1.8%
6302:0.5%
6299:7,167
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6281:2.0%
6260:2.3%
6239:9.8%
6218:4.6%
6197:5.5%
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6134:2.9%
6113:5.3%
6095:3.2%
6074:1.9%
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5584:Texas
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5439:Romeo
5397:Lamar
5369:Evans
5213:Indio
4584:with
4574:Welsh
4088:Music
4058:tacos
3992:24.3
3981:29.3
3955:21.7
3944:15.6
3573:race.
3571:White
3540:White
3501:Black
3492:were
3398:Total
3392:39.5%
3325:Asian
3310:Black
3304:52.8%
3296:alone
3294:White
3260:Asian
3256:black
3248:white
2925:adobe
2717:Texas
2549:, or
2458:Lists
2326:Cuban
2281:Music
2256:USHCC
2226:NALFO
2221:NALEO
2216:MEChA
2206:LULAC
2126:Cuban
1937:Index
1866:Lists
1792:Texas
1786:Omaha
1314:Texts
1300:NACCS
943:Music
906:Órale
722:MEChA
399:Terms
16761:Hapa
16378:Zuni
16358:Pima
16244:Pomo
16117:Crow
16112:Cree
15269:Asia
14827:Jews
14700:LGBT
14174:Paño
14084:Caló
14030:IRCA
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13924:PCUN
13748:and
13625:Utah
13520:Jews
13123:Asia
13104:Cuba
12854:ISBN
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12740:ISSN
12704:PMID
12696:ISSN
12665:2023
12644:2023
12619:2023
12594:2020
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12416:2023
12391:2023
12352:2023
12328:link
12283:2023
12238:ISBN
12217:2023
12192:2023
12134:2023
11911:2022
11885:2022
11859:2017
11831:2017
11618:2023
11579:2017
11532:2011
11466:Gale
11458:PMID
11264:2023
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11213:help
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10467:2010
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10378:ISBN
10346:ISBN
10147:2010
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9963:2023
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9104:PMID
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3949:1990
3938:1980
3933:7.9
3927:1970
3922:5.9
3916:1960
3911:3.9
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3900:3.1
3894:1940
3889:4.5
3883:1930
3878:3.5
3872:1920
3867:1.6
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3856:1.0
3850:1900
3845:0.8
3839:1890
3834:1.0
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3812:0.7
3806:1860
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