2027:
5238:
874:
1668:
1798:
5229:
945:
1652:
905:
929:
1688:
969:
566:
585:
1480:
1529:
1463:
1550:
5081:
have remained stable in that same time-frame. However, a
General American sound system also has some debated degree of influence nationwide, for example, gradually beginning to oust the regional accent in urban areas of the South and at least some in the Inland North. Rather than one particular accent, General American is best defined as an umbrella covering an American accent that does not incorporate features associated with some particular region, ethnicity, or socioeconomic group. Typical General American features include
15133:
5297:
46:
397:
of a fairly uniform
American English (particularly in contrast to the diverse regional dialects of British English) became common after the mid-18th century, while at the same time speakers' identification with this new variety increased. Since the 18th century, American English has developed into some new varieties, including regional dialects that retain minor influences from waves of immigrant speakers of diverse languages, primarily European languages.
4121:
5311:
549:
regions of both the South and North, and throughout the West: American dialect areas that were all uninfluenced by upper-class non-rhoticity and that consequently have remained consistently rhotic. While non-rhoticity spread on the East Coast (perhaps in imitation of 19th-century London speech), even the East Coast has gradually begun to restore rhoticity, due to it becoming nationally prestigious in the 20th century. The pronunciation of
8566:
8557:
4454:
3061:). Due to Mexican culinary influence, many Spanish words are incorporated in general use when talking about certain popular dishes: cilantro (instead of coriander), queso, tacos, quesadillas, enchiladas, tostadas, fajitas, burritos, and guacamole. These words usually lack an English equivalent and are found in popular restaurants. New forms of dwelling created new terms
8548:
388:. The first wave of English-speaking settlers arrived in North America during the early 17th century, followed by further migrations in the 18th and 19th centuries. During the 17th and 18th centuries, dialects from many different regions of England and the British Isles existed in every American colony, allowing a process of
543:
Rhoticity is common in most
American accents despite being now rare in England because, during the 17th-century British colonization, nearly all dialects of English were rhotic, and most North American English simply remained that way. The preservation of rhoticity in North America was also supported
396:
in which
English varieties across the colonies became more homogeneous compared with the varieties in Britain. English thus predominated in the colonies even by the end of the 17th century's first immigration of non-English speakers from Western Europe and Africa. Additionally, firsthand descriptions
975:, sometimes showing lip rounding as . Therefore, even mainstream Americans vary greatly with this speech feature, with possibilities ranging from a full merger to no merger at all. A transitional stage of the merger is also common in scatterings throughout the United States, most consistently in the
4075:
is more common in
American English. Some other differences include: aerial (United Kingdom) vs. antenna, biscuit (United Kingdom) vs. cookie/cracker, car park (United Kingdom) vs. parking lot, caravan (United Kingdom) vs. trailer, city centre (United Kingdom) vs. downtown, flat (United Kingdom) vs.
5080:
noted that Great Lakes, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and West Coast accents have undergone "vigorous new sound changes" since the mid-nineteenth century onwards, so they "are now more different from each other than they were 50 or 100 years ago", while other accents, like of New York City and Boston,
979:
lying between the historical dialect regions of the North and the South, while younger
Americans, in general, tend to be transitioning toward the merger. According to a 2003 dialect survey carried out across the United States, about 61% of participants perceive themselves as keeping the two vowels
548:
immigrants, most intensely during the 18th century (and moderately during the following two centuries) when this ethnic group eventually made up one-seventh of the colonial population. Scotch-Irish settlers spread from
Delaware and Pennsylvania throughout the larger Mid-Atlantic region, the inland
1897:
may contain a raised nucleus. The use of , rather than , in such words is unpredictable from the phonetic environment alone, but it may have to do with their acoustic similarity to other words with before a voiceless consonant, per the traditional
Canadian-raising system. Some researchers have
4354:
Having been settled longer than the
American West Coast, the East Coast has had more time to develop unique accents, and it currently comprises three or four linguistically significant regions, each of which possesses English varieties both different from each other as well as quite internally
3168:—underwent shifts in meaning; others remained in the U.S. while changing in Britain. Science, urbanization, and democracy have been important factors in bringing about changes in the written and spoken language of the United States. From the world of business and finance came new terms (
5275:, have adopted legislation granting official or co-official status to English. Typically only "English" is specified, not a particular variety like American English. (From 1923 to 1969, the state of Illinois recognized its official language as "American", meaning American English.)
2905:
etc. homophones. Many older varieties of
American English still keep the sets of words distinct, particularly in the extreme Northeast, the South (especially along the Gulf Coast), and the central Midlands, but the merger is evidently spreading and younger Americans rarely show the
4064:" in American English, and American English prefers that periods and commas be placed inside closing quotation marks even in cases in which British rules would place them outside. American English also favors the double quotation mark ("like this") over the single ('as here').
4626:
are the most prominent regional accents of the country, as well as the most stigmatized and socially disfavored. Southern speech, strongest in southern Appalachia and certain areas of Texas, is often identified by Americans as a "country" accent, and is defined by the
3349:
and a huge number of others. Other compound words have been founded based on industrialization and the wave of the automobile: five-passenger car, four-door sedan, two-door sedan, and station-wagon (called an estate car in British English). Some are euphemistic
1669:
5111:. General American features are embraced most by Americans who are highly educated or in the most formal contexts, and regional accents with the most General American native features include North Midland, Western New England, and Western accents.
2028:
833:
vowel), largely because of a merger occurring between the two sounds in some parts of North America, but not others. American speakers with a completed merger pronounce the two historically separate vowels with the same sound (especially in the
371:
native to certain regions of the U.S. but especially associated with broadcast mass media and highly educated speech. However, historical and present linguistic evidence does not support the notion of there being one single mainstream American
3933:). Often, these differences are a matter of relative preferences rather than absolute rules; and most are not stable since the two varieties are constantly influencing each other, and American English is not a standardized set of dialects.
1588:. Other rules apply to flapping to such a complex degree in fact that flapping has been analyzed as being required in certain contexts, prohibited in others, and optional in still others. For instance, flapping is prohibited in words like
4328:
While written American English is largely standardized across the country and spoken American English dialects are highly mutually intelligible, there are still several recognizable regional and ethnic accents and lexical distinctions.
946:
4603:-dropping, a feature that has continued to gain prestige throughout England from the late 18th century onwards, but which has conversely lost prestige in the U.S. since at least the early 20th century. Non-rhoticity makes a word like
1653:
906:
4504:, which is rapidly spreading throughout the whole country. However, the South, Inland North, and a Northeastern coastal corridor passing through Rhode Island, New York City, Philadelphia, and Baltimore typically preserve an older
1422:
930:
3868:
Differences in grammar are relatively minor, and do not normally affect mutual intelligibility; these include: typically a lack of differentiation between adjectives and adverbs, employing the equivalent adjectives as adverbs
1689:
970:
8657:
567:
5270:
has never had an official language at the federal level, but English is commonly used at the federal level and in states without an official language. 32 of the 50 states, in some cases as part of what has been called the
5232:
Percentage of Americans aged 5+ speaking English at home in each Public Usage Microdata Area (PUMA) of the fifty states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico according to the 2016–2021 five-year American Community
875:
7927:
586:
3597:
created a survey, completed in 2003, polling English speakers across the United States about their specific everyday word choices, hoping to identify regionalisms. The study found that most Americans prefer the term
1817:
being pronounced in these words as alveolar flaps ). The sound change also applies across word boundaries, though the position of a word or phrase's stress may prevent the raising from taking place. For instance, a
8528:. Vol. 1: An Introduction (pp. i–xx, 1–278), Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press.
4311:. Any region may also contain speakers of a "General American" accent that resists the marked features of their region. Furthermore, this map does not account for speakers of ethnic or cultural varieties (such as
3785:
3780:
1799:
350:
Varieties of American English include many patterns of pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar and particularly spelling that are unified nationwide but distinct from other English dialects around the world. Any
4000:
popularized such spellings in America, but he did not invent most of them. Rather, "he chose already existing options on such grounds as simplicity, analogy or etymology." Other differences are due to the
1481:
1694:(though in the initial position, perhaps less dark than elsewhere among some speakers). The only notable exceptions to this velarization are in some Spanish-influenced American English varieties (such as
4598:
pronunciation, even in these non-rhotic American accents. Non-rhoticity among such speakers is presumed to have arisen from their upper classes' close historical contact with England, imitating London's
3807:
1401:
1530:
1464:
1551:
1272:
5815:
1297:
11479:
3764:
1347:
1322:
1744:
rhyme. The quality of the merged vowel varies considerably based on the environment but is typically more open, like , in word-initial or word-final position, but more close, like , elsewhere.
1420:
1372:
6613:
12199:
4667:": a vast band of the country that constitutes an intermediate dialect region between the traditional North and South. Western U.S. accents mostly fall under the General American spectrum.
4435:
vowel (to ) in comparison to the rest of the country. Ranging from northern New England across the Great Lakes to Minnesota, another Northern regional marker is the variable fronting of
3536:) is often considered to be largely an Americanism. Other words and meanings were brought back to Britain from the U.S., especially in the second half of the 20th century; these include
12691:
7273:
4457:
The red dots show every U.S. metropolitan area where over 50% non-rhotic speech was documented among some of that area's white speakers in the 1990s. Non-rhoticity may be heard among
3836:
2119:
15113:
1421:
1399:
2079:
systems are probably related phonologically, if not phonetically since a British-like phenomenon occurs among some older speakers of the eastern New England (Boston) area for whom
3746:
2946:
The process of coining new lexical items started as soon as English-speaking British-American colonists began borrowing names for unfamiliar flora, fauna, and topography from the
1270:
3909:) although the purportedly "British" forms can occasionally be seen in American English writing as well; different prepositions and adverbs in certain contexts (for example, AmE
1295:
5354:
1345:
1320:
3304:
interview, advocate, vacuum, lobby, pressure, rear-end, transition, feature, profile, hashtag, head, divorce, loan, estimate, X-ray, spearhead, skyrocket, showcase, bad-mouth,
1370:
12564:
3755:
1674:) is much less noticeable in nearly all dialects of American English; it is often altogether absent, with all "L" sounds tending to be "dark", meaning having some degree of
7251:
4347:
The regional sounds of present-day American English are reportedly engaged in a complex phenomenon of "both convergence and divergence": some accents are homogenizing and
12281:
5203:
12286:
6744:
Regional Accents ... A distinguishing characteristic of the Upper Midwestern accent is the tendency to turn the 'ing' sound into 'een,' with a cheerful 'Good morneen!'
5344:
1809:, for instance, remain distinct from one another by virtue of their difference in height (and length) of the diphthong's starting point (unrelated to both the letters
1400:
8241:
Hallé, Pierre A.; Best, Catherine T.; Levitt, Andrea (1999). "Phonetic vs. phonological influences on French listeners' perception of American English approximants".
12381:
11721:
11591:
3715:
1271:
1296:
8778:
1346:
1321:
376:. The sound of American English continues to evolve, with some local accents disappearing, but several larger regional accents having emerged in the 20th century.
3853:(BrE) often differ at the levels of phonology, phonetics, vocabulary, and, to a much lesser extent, grammar and orthography. The first large American dictionary,
1371:
15206:
12971:
11851:
3736:
7962:
13730:
12458:
12226:
12060:
11716:
5263:
In 2021, about 245 million Americans, aged 5 or above, spoke English at home: a majority of the United States total population of roughly 330 million people.
3829:
3720:
5793:
5198:, and some Hawaii residents speak English with a Pidgin-influenced accent. American English also gave rise to some dialects outside the country, for example,
4107:). However, while individuals usually use one or the other, both forms will be widely understood and mostly used alongside each other within the two systems.
2112:
741:
470:
Studies on historical usage of English in both the United States and the United Kingdom suggest that spoken American English did not simply deviate away from
15930:
15106:
12747:
12314:
12204:
5505:, with the vowel usually realized in the back or middle of the mouth as . Finally, most of the U.S. participates in a continuous nasal system of the "short
14965:
13803:
12082:
3701:
3524:
for example came to denote the season in 16th century England, a contraction of Middle English expressions like "fall of the leaf" and "fall of the year."
14905:
13891:
13725:
12119:
12659:
12517:
714:(RP), has evolved in other ways compared to which General American has remained relatively conservative. Examples include the modern RP features of a
15925:
12221:
12008:
7423:
5324:
3822:
3729:
11000:
3474:
and that have been in everyday use in the United States have since disappeared in most varieties of British English; some of these have cognates in
2105:
15201:
15099:
12713:
12686:
12003:
1013:
7739:
13061:
13021:
11357:
7796:
The Southern Accent and 'Bad English': A Comparative Perceptual Study of the Conceptual Network between Southern Linguistic Features and Identity
2986:. American English speakers have integrated traditionally non-English terms and expressions into the mainstream cultural lexicon; for instance,
15935:
12869:
11787:
11274:
7397:
7747:
This phonemic and phonetic arrangement of the low back vowels makes Rhode Island more similar to New York City than to the rest of New England
1033:
in transition: According to the 2003 dialect survey, nearly 57% of participants from around the country self-identified as merging the sounds
13678:
13083:
12319:
11526:
3183:
5730:
15394:
15251:
12701:
12298:
12114:
12055:
11638:
11596:
11352:
11347:
11342:
11337:
11332:
11327:
11322:
11317:
11312:
11307:
8771:
5207:
2668:
13825:
13668:
13563:
13308:
13046:
12166:
12077:
11819:
11804:
11686:
7449:
2010:
as tenser (approximately ), while other environments are laxer (approximately the standard ); for example, note the vowel sound in for
15000:
13973:
13651:
13166:
13161:
13151:
12524:
12253:
11501:
3667:
3659:
462:
North American accent falls under an umbrella known as General American. This section mostly refers to such General American features.
13820:
13763:
13656:
13485:
12927:
11430:
8218:
4342:
4338:
1522:
1061:). The merger is largely complete in most regions of the country, the major exceptions being much of the Atlantic Coast and southern
452:
7198:
3241:). A large number of English colloquialisms from various periods are American in origin; some have lost their American flavor (from
13867:
13663:
13156:
12644:
12584:
12144:
11799:
11691:
11541:
11135:
11105:
8172:
6659:
5252: Multiple official languages, including English (Alaska, Hawaii, South Dakota), or languages with special status (New Mexico)
232:
13773:
13746:
13705:
13700:
13673:
13603:
13490:
13286:
13093:
12681:
12505:
12403:
12035:
8764:
5334:
2931:. However, scatterings of older speakers who do not merge these pairs still exist nationwide, perhaps most strongly in the South.
7310:
7032:
6017:
The emergence of American English as a discursive variety Tracing enregisterment processes in nineteenth-century U.S. newspapers
540:, are often quickly noticed by General American listeners and perceived as sounding especially ethnic, regional, or antiquated.
15180:
13874:
13583:
13266:
13171:
13001:
12949:
12910:
12477:
12472:
12326:
12263:
12216:
12194:
12159:
11814:
11670:
11216:
1661:
8078:
6708:
Another pronunciation even more widely heard among older teens and adults in California and throughout the West is 'een' for -
15229:
15050:
14835:
13690:
13578:
13448:
13352:
13261:
13185:
12730:
12696:
11711:
11701:
11696:
11554:
11549:
11413:
11378:
11171:
11162:
11129:
11099:
11093:
11087:
10888:
8714:
8504:
8428:
8397:
8301:
8273:
8072:
7690:
6622:, p. 114: "where Canadian raising has traditionally been reported: Canada, Eastern New England, Philadelphia, and the North".
6556:
6119:
5644:
3116:. Industry and material innovations from the 19th century onwards provide distinctive new words, phrases, and idioms through
6457:
2068:
systems. The vowels move in the opposite direction (high and forward) in the mouth compared to the backed Standard British "
408:
segregation, and patterns in their resettlement. This can be seen, for example, in the influence of 18th-century Protestant
15070:
14143:
14028:
13886:
13783:
13720:
13710:
13593:
13384:
13347:
13276:
13108:
13073:
12624:
12354:
12087:
11858:
11809:
11782:
11706:
11665:
11177:
11156:
11150:
11117:
11111:
10845:
10807:
9028:
4594:
across the country), though the vowel-consonant cluster found in "bird", "work", "hurt", "learn", etc. usually retains its
3037:
385:
15523:
786:
vowel merger is in a transitional or completed stage in nearly all North American English. Exceptions are in northeastern
14551:
13842:
13830:
13768:
13525:
13016:
12915:
12512:
12171:
12067:
11951:
11228:
11222:
8833:
6377:
5120:
4591:
4303:
2002:(with a kind of "continuum" of possible sounds between both extremes, rather than a definitive split). In those accents,
1645:
1410:
529:
429:
347:(32 out of 50). Since the late 20th century, American English has become the most influential form of English worldwide.
295:
5127:, has a close relationship to Southern dialects and has greatly influenced everyday speech of many Americans, including
2547:
14656:
13815:
13756:
13641:
13636:
13573:
13335:
13296:
13256:
13103:
13056:
13036:
12649:
12276:
12271:
12176:
12124:
11653:
11408:
11267:
11037:
9589:
8541:
5517:
to be pronounced with the tongue raised and with a glide quality (typically sounding like ) particularly when before a
425:
8576:
Zawadzki, P.A.; Kuehn, D.P. (1980). "A cineradiographic study of static and dynamic aspects of American English /r/".
5550:
13857:
13837:
13788:
13778:
13646:
13568:
13545:
13505:
13369:
13359:
13236:
13211:
13118:
13098:
12576:
12366:
12092:
11474:
8329:
7954:
7550:
7516:
7342:
criticized an alleged "American tendency" to "burden every verb with a preposition that adds nothing to its meaning (
7153:
7094:
6737:
6038:
5705:
5602:
5576:
28:
7563:
15374:
14455:
13862:
13808:
13793:
13695:
13530:
13006:
12959:
12954:
12856:
12783:
12483:
12248:
11777:
11055:
10028:
8885:
8673:
Bailey, Richard W. (2004). "American English: Its origins and history". In E. Finegan & J. R. Rickford (Eds.),
8563:
8554:
8545:
8023:
2661:
2213:
1846:
1681:
15920:
15170:
14703:
14499:
13896:
13685:
13626:
13535:
13426:
13401:
12898:
12888:
12453:
12371:
12309:
12293:
12139:
12134:
11898:
11878:
11868:
11863:
10544:
9594:
9084:
8977:
8228:. Proceedings of the Annual Meetings on Phonology. Vol. 3. Washington, D.C.: Linguistic Society of America.
6633:
6083:
5359:
5093:
4587:
2397:
2338:
2316:
2307:
2262:
1703:
980:
distinct and 39% do not. A 2009 follow-up survey put the percentages at 58% non-merging speakers and 41% merging.
559:
533:
285:
9387:
6211:
4670:
Below, ten major American English accents are defined by their particular combinations of certain vowel sounds:
3182:), from sports and gambling terminology came, specific jargon aside, common everyday American idioms, including
3154:
to automotive terminology often now standard in English internationally. Already existing English words—such as
1902:
in those dialects, and the distribution of the two sounds is becoming more unpredictable among younger speakers.
15799:
15020:
14460:
13966:
13879:
13553:
13500:
13416:
13406:
13374:
13303:
13291:
13246:
13133:
13031:
12893:
12813:
12803:
12589:
12446:
12149:
12107:
12050:
11824:
11735:
10444:
9501:
8947:
8787:
6701:
5223:
4865:
4474:
4185:
3694:
2928:
2206:
1920:
1850:
336:
10529:
15122:
15060:
14753:
14715:
13631:
13495:
13411:
13342:
13313:
13251:
13141:
13113:
12757:
12129:
12022:
11260:
10354:
10018:
9442:
8728:
8636:
Dictionary of Americanisms: A Glossary of Words and Phrases Usually Regarded As Peculiar to the United States
5663:
5132:
4933:
4379:, Chicago being the largest city with these speakers, also ushered in certain unique features, including the
4368:
1839:
725:, neither of which is typical of General American accents. Moreover, American dialects do not participate in
650:
set. The split, which has now reversed in most British English, simultaneously shifts this relatively recent
7118:
3213:
New foreign loanwords came with 19th and early 20th century European immigration to the U.S.; notably, from
15915:
15418:
15055:
14708:
14528:
14345:
14166:
13926:
13919:
13852:
13715:
13598:
13520:
13510:
13364:
13325:
13281:
13241:
13198:
13146:
13078:
13051:
13011:
12989:
12798:
12612:
12559:
12492:
12349:
12305:
12233:
12154:
12072:
11883:
11747:
11576:
11484:
11292:
10990:
9195:
9009:
6519:
5032:
4470:
2483:
2181:
898:
795:
578:
400:
Some racial and regional variation in American English reflects these groups' geographic settlement, their
7427:
5770:
5514:
5476:
5468:
4704:
4697:
4690:
4683:
4628:
4567:
4494:
4490:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4425:
4398:
4387:
2924:
2920:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2681:
2677:
2629:
2587:
2559:
2532:
2528:
2510:
2506:
2477:
2369:
2349:
2326:
2293:
2271:
2248:
2224:
2128:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1948:
1928:
1924:
1858:
1779:
1771:
1767:
1755:
1751:
1725:
1721:
1612:
1608:
1580:
before a full stressed vowel is also possible but only if that vowel begins a new word or morpheme, as in
1577:
1573:
1536:
1513:
1509:
1487:
1437:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1215:
1211:
1177:
1153:
1149:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1050:
1042:
1034:
1021:
1017:
956:
916:
889:
826:
815:
779:
722:
687:
679:
675:
671:
497:
14431:
14421:
14019:
13986:
13982:
13847:
13798:
13613:
13515:
13438:
13320:
13216:
13041:
13026:
12964:
12599:
12554:
12361:
12243:
12097:
10977:
10853:
10716:
8957:
8915:
8910:
7370:
6069:
Mufwene, Salikoko S. (1999). "North American Varieties of English as Byproducts of Population Contacts."
5364:
4579:
4410:
4134:
4125:
2941:
2723:
2654:
1938:
938:
666:
vowel, it results in lengthening and perhaps raising, merging the more recently separated vowel into the
521:
20:
7728:
7478:
7143:
7084:
5664:"U.S. English Efforts Lead West Virginia to Become 32nd State to Recognize English as Official Language"
15429:
15233:
Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority
15015:
14730:
14588:
13999:
13751:
13621:
13453:
13433:
13421:
13231:
13221:
12903:
12808:
12421:
12411:
11938:
11933:
11923:
11918:
11440:
10319:
9962:
9949:
9887:
9722:
9599:
8723:
6637:
6254:
5175:
5144:
3092:
867:
863:
729:, an innovative feature that now characterizes perhaps a majority of the regional dialects of England.
13951:
7994:
1982:
vowel occurs in specific environments that vary widely from region to region but most commonly before
1222:
and interdental consonants (that is: everywhere except after /p/, /b/, /f/, /h/, /k/, and /m/) and so
951:, but with only slight rounding. Among speakers who do not distinguish between them, thus producing a
15910:
14995:
14521:
14479:
14450:
14382:
14350:
13959:
13330:
12636:
12441:
12436:
11998:
11452:
9988:
9715:
8972:
8952:
8942:
4966:
4623:
4253:
4216:
2947:
2717:
2481:
2395:
2336:
2314:
2305:
2260:
2191:
1936:
1916:
1831:
1679:
1659:
1643:
1616:
1520:
1389:
962:
960:
936:
920:
896:
576:
557:
537:
373:
15527:
Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language
8368:
7401:
5285:
in which another language – Spanish – is the common language at home, in public, and in government.
15815:
15406:
14720:
14674:
14573:
14546:
14511:
14406:
14277:
13443:
12823:
12793:
12788:
12778:
12544:
12500:
12341:
12102:
11888:
11752:
11566:
11506:
10764:
10324:
10128:
9462:
9004:
8900:
8875:
8828:
8224:. In Hansson, Gunnar Ólafur; Farris-Trimble, Ashley; McMullin, Kevin; Pulleyblank, Douglas (eds.).
8151:
7999:
7187:"central point in a town" or "main area for a particular activity" (cf. Oxford English Dictionary).
7175:
A few of these are now chiefly found, or have been more productive, outside the U.S.; for example,
6474:
6425:
6312:
5461:
5086:
5071:
4999:
4799:
4664:
4478:
4458:
4312:
4205:
4194:
4080:
2186:
2171:
1912:
1107:
1024:
are typical throughout North America, the only exceptions existing primarily along the East Coast:
976:
554:
1214:
after a consonant is much more extensive than in most of England. In most North American accents,
15691:
14932:
14765:
14583:
14558:
12937:
12673:
12431:
11398:
10271:
10074:
10053:
9993:
9472:
9174:
9167:
8937:
8840:
7588:
5282:
5183:
5140:
3858:
2883:
2879:
Some mergers found in most varieties of both American and British English include the following:
2591:
1695:
1256:
1027:
922:
475:
208:
112:
102:
92:
10349:
7145:
The American Language: A Preliminary Inquiry Into the Development of English ... – H. L. Mencken
6166:
15305:
15165:
14847:
14825:
14629:
14326:
14295:
14173:
13935:
13389:
12739:
12549:
12529:
12331:
12186:
11981:
11928:
11913:
11757:
11445:
11062:
10985:
10234:
9969:
9954:
9686:
9672:
9522:
9327:
9234:
9153:
8967:
8363:
8204:
Delattre, P.; Freeman, D.C. (1968). "A dialect study of American R's by x-ray motion picture".
8146:
7086:
What's in a Word?: Etymological Gossip about Some Interesting English Words – Robert M. Gorrell
5794:"The Readers' Editor writes: Why Is American English Becoming Part of Everyday Usage in India?"
5135:
have also developed native-speaker varieties of English. The best-studied Latino Englishes are
4372:
3311:
2691:
2134:
1747:
1707:
1281:
1145:
711:
545:
413:
352:
127:
24:
14743:
9369:
6689:
6546:
5228:
3940:
are also minor. The main differences are that American English usually uses spellings such as
595:
sound is also associated with the United States, perhaps mostly in the Midwest and the South.
15743:
15364:
15045:
14830:
14725:
14438:
14372:
14126:
14116:
14111:
13588:
13271:
12386:
11943:
11908:
11903:
11846:
11829:
11559:
11123:
10779:
10742:
10518:
10504:
10281:
10263:
9939:
9934:
9860:
9543:
9467:
9437:
9412:
9188:
9089:
8932:
8631:
7976:
7824:. Faculty Publications – Department of World Languages, Sociology & Cultural Studies. 17.
7808:
7680:
7453:
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5339:
5272:
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4710:
4583:
4498:
4143:
3361:
2909:
2489:
1331:
1306:
805:
573:
525:
445:
343:
common language used in government, education and commerce; and an official language of most
328:
15038:
11234:
9376:
9348:
7214:
5633:
15473:
14467:
14360:
14300:
14178:
14151:
14068:
13940:
13068:
12942:
12833:
12211:
11643:
11623:
11571:
11521:
11462:
11393:
11018:
10954:
10916:
10911:
10670:
10476:
10439:
10252:
10172:
10093:
10008:
9693:
9407:
9139:
8962:
8138:
7834:
5870:
5453:
5302:
5082:
4571:
4380:
4308:
4154:
3590:
meaning "ill" are also more frequent in American (and Irish) English than British English.
3471:
2971:
2711:
2166:
1861:
before voiced consonants in certain words as well, particularly , and . Hence, words like
1854:
1356:
851:
491:
471:
172:
9362:
7008:
6660:"Listening to Writers and Riders: Partial Contrast and the Perception of Canadian Raising"
5847:
Gonçalves, Bruno; Loureiro-Porto, Lucía; Ramasco, José J.; Sánchez, David (May 25, 2018).
8:
15872:
15444:
15400:
15277:
15242:
15065:
14895:
14887:
14785:
14748:
14634:
14619:
14494:
14484:
14411:
14250:
13480:
13396:
13206:
12922:
12607:
12238:
11435:
11240:
10906:
10774:
10644:
10497:
10431:
10329:
9808:
9705:
9609:
9494:
9338:
9309:
9252:
9114:
9099:
8999:
8989:
8927:
8922:
8905:
8845:
8680:
Finegan, Edward. (2006). "English in North America". In R. Hogg & D. Denison (Eds.),
8123:
7835:
Perceptual Dialectology: Northerners and Southerners' View of Different American Dialects
4898:
4466:
4360:
4278:
4239:
4076:
apartment, fringe (United Kingdom) vs. bangs, and holiday (United Kingdom) vs. vacation.
2176:
2156:
1835:
787:
715:
421:
409:
10314:
9355:
8700:
8142:
7495:
7059:
6481:". The Harvard Dialect Survey. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Linguistics Department.
6464:". The Harvard Dialect Survey. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Linguistics Department.
5874:
14955:
14922:
14857:
14840:
14695:
14516:
14063:
14053:
12720:
12708:
12426:
12416:
12393:
12376:
11772:
11516:
11511:
11383:
11189:
10835:
10784:
10511:
10490:
10469:
10462:
10449:
10385:
10309:
10143:
10067:
9980:
9895:
9849:
9821:
9652:
9561:
9452:
9427:
9402:
9317:
9262:
9181:
9094:
9064:
8865:
8743:
8708:
8601:
8469:
8461:
8389:
8381:
8110:
7909:
6428:" The Harvard Dialect Survey. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Linguistics Department.
6378:"want. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000"
6315:" The Harvard Dialect Survey. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Linguistics Department.
6192:
5893:
5860:
5848:
5694:
5403:
5237:
5199:
5179:
4718:
4232:
4174:
3636:
3357:
2018:). In the following audio clip, the first pronunciation is the tensed one for the word
1908:
1618:
1449:
1219:
1068:
919:
is pronounced with more rounded lips and/or phonetically higher in the mouth, close to
859:
433:
107:
97:
10367:
8659:
The American Language: An Inquiry into the Development of English in the United States
4056:
There are a few differences in punctuation rules. British English is more tolerant of
496:
Full rhoticity (or R-fulness) is typical of American accents, pronouncing the phoneme
15675:
14960:
14945:
14917:
14877:
14669:
14606:
14355:
14131:
14095:
13463:
12619:
11971:
11469:
11388:
11373:
11183:
10559:
10554:
10403:
10344:
10339:
10304:
10299:
10289:
10060:
10033:
10023:
10013:
9900:
9876:
9868:
9841:
9836:
9771:
9740:
9729:
9679:
9637:
9622:
9529:
9272:
9247:
9242:
9202:
9132:
9069:
8850:
8620:
8593:
8500:
8473:
8424:
8420:
8325:
8297:
8269:
8164:
8114:
8068:
7913:
7905:
7686:
7546:
7512:
7149:
7090:
6733:
6697:
6552:
6544:
6115:
6034:
5898:
5739:
5711:
5701:
5640:
5411:
5407:
5124:
4287:
3475:
1717:
1490:
is also replaced by, or simultaneously articulated with, glottal constriction: thus,
811:
in transition: There is no single American way to pronounce the vowels in words like
611:
368:
271:
14651:
10901:
10896:
8605:
8057:
7036:
5595:
5569:
3186:. The names of some American inventions remained largely confined to North America (
2558:: In typical North American accents (both U.S. and Canada), the historical sequence
291:
15826:
15794:
15684:
15499:
15329:
15080:
15033:
14985:
14912:
14820:
14810:
14805:
14795:
14641:
14614:
14472:
14337:
14235:
14217:
14204:
14041:
14036:
13226:
12932:
12752:
11762:
11603:
11586:
11581:
11420:
11207:
11195:
11141:
10944:
10873:
10858:
10815:
10651:
10621:
10616:
10579:
10569:
10539:
10411:
10334:
10211:
10179:
10165:
10158:
10108:
10085:
10046:
10003:
9944:
9926:
9908:
9831:
9826:
9816:
9789:
9657:
9584:
9574:
9550:
9536:
9515:
9432:
9290:
9280:
9209:
9160:
9119:
9059:
9054:
8585:
8529:
8451:
8393:
8373:
8348:
8250:
8229:
8196:
8156:
8102:
7901:
7822:
A View from the West: Perceptions of U.S. Dialects from the Point of View of Oregon
7821:
6024:
5888:
5878:
5816:"Cookies or biscuits? Data shows use of American English is growing the world over"
5349:
5329:
4734:
4376:
4057:
3299:
3214:
3121:
3023:
2952:
2863:
2848:
2825:
2802:
2787:
2773:
2758:
2743:
2728:
2698:
2198:
2161:
1499:
1445:
1433:
393:
364:
332:
201:
122:
117:
8719:
7002:
4301:) plus smaller and more local dialects, as demarcated primarily by Labov et al.'s
15836:
14950:
14852:
14790:
14760:
14568:
14443:
14264:
14240:
14212:
14183:
14156:
14121:
14008:
13088:
12864:
12762:
12534:
11834:
11767:
11536:
11457:
11403:
10939:
10926:
10825:
10680:
10574:
10564:
10416:
10374:
10229:
10200:
10193:
10151:
10138:
10133:
10123:
10118:
10103:
9915:
9779:
9647:
9632:
9627:
9617:
9457:
9447:
9298:
9257:
9109:
9104:
9046:
8870:
8756:
8642:
8494:
8319:
8291:
8263:
8028:
7482:
6461:
6450:
6109:
5883:
5820:
5518:
5497:
5316:
5195:
5191:
5136:
5128:
4832:
4364:
4348:
4316:
4050:
3885:; different preferences for the past forms of a few verbs (for example, AmE/BrE:
3882:
3850:
3685:
3529:
3353:
3267:
3228:
3044:
3013:
2993:
2705:
2151:
1131:
are merged or very similar in most American accents. The quality of the historic
799:
629:
479:
84:
9417:
7795:
4578:-dropping (or non-rhoticity) in regional U.S. accents variably appears today in
15766:
15492:
15463:
15380:
15317:
15175:
15025:
14940:
14900:
14800:
14624:
14377:
14282:
14272:
14188:
13990:
13558:
13458:
12841:
11976:
11966:
11961:
11956:
11628:
11491:
11425:
11201:
10930:
10868:
10830:
10675:
10631:
10626:
10611:
10606:
10483:
10421:
10393:
10359:
10224:
10219:
10113:
10038:
9797:
9784:
9642:
9579:
9569:
9508:
9480:
9397:
9285:
9223:
9216:
9124:
8994:
8855:
8481:
8456:
8440:"'Good English without Idiom or Tone': The Colonial Origins of American Speech"
8439:
8412:
4636:
4092:
3878:
3467:
3410:
3404:
3003:
2960:
1899:
1699:
995:
855:
186:
167:
8058:"More velar than /g/: Consonant Coarticulation as a Cause of Diphthongization"
7311:"The Word » American vs. British Smackdown: Station wagon vs. estate car"
6942:
6940:
6873:
6381:
5460:
sound in all historical environments, without ever "dropping" this sound. The
4635:: , the initiation event for a complicated Southern vowel shift, including a "
3424:
etc. Americanisms formed by alteration of some existing words include notably
3340:
3026:. Landscape features are often loanwords from French or Spanish, and the word
1539:
and before an unstressed vowel or a syllabic consonant other than , including
15904:
15412:
15358:
15262:
15075:
14990:
14646:
14563:
14504:
14416:
14367:
14245:
14227:
12539:
11839:
11648:
11283:
10636:
10549:
10454:
10294:
10244:
10098:
9665:
9487:
9422:
9322:
9146:
9074:
8984:
8860:
8653:
8537:
8533:
8521:
8408:
8106:
8067:. Somerville, Massachusetts: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. pp. 60–68.
7331:
6515:
5743:
5715:
5628:
5553:. Braille Authority of North America (BANA). November 2, 2016. Archived from
5387:
5267:
5163:
5156:
5077:
4644:
4414:
4351:, while others are diversifying and deviating further away from one another.
4320:
4246:
4225:
4006:
3646:
3568:
3336:
3156:
2050:
1624:
1517:
893:
847:
835:
791:
760:
228:
59:
8318:
Kretzchmar, William A. (2004), Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (eds.),
7274:"Definition of sure adjective from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary"
6015:
4663:
tends to also define Southern accents as well as the accents spoken in the "
3326:
2053:, and are indeed entirely separate (or "split") phonemes, for example, in
15772:
15617:
15607:
15387:
14578:
14426:
14305:
12846:
12818:
11873:
10878:
10863:
10820:
10688:
10239:
10186:
9079:
8895:
8890:
8254:
7450:"Definition of ill adjective from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary"
7387:, Bernd Kortmann & Edgar W. Schneider, Walter de Gruyter, 2004, p. 115.
7218:
6937:
6598:, Bernd Kortmann & Edgar W. Schneider, Walter de Gruyter, 2004, p. 319.
6183:
Lass, Roger (1990). "Early Mainland Residues in Southern Hiberno-English".
6029:
5902:
5825:
5554:
5395:
5159:
4766:
4563:, further defines New York City as well as Philadelphia–Baltimore accents.
4406:
4271:
4165:
4061:
3997:
3862:
3545:
3379:
3008:
2046:
1827:
1675:
1441:
1207:
839:
389:
197:
8597:
8377:
8233:
8168:
7798:". UNM Digital Repository: Electronic Theses and Dissertations. pp. 5, 51.
7736:
The Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology and Sound Change
7004:
Principles of English etymology: The native element – Walter William Skeat
6785:
6773:
4541:
4401:
vowel wholesale to . These sound changes have triggered a series of other
854:), but other speakers have no trace of a merger at all (especially in the
15714:
15664:
15622:
15486:
15450:
15369:
15282:
15185:
15091:
13123:
12654:
11991:
11893:
11633:
11496:
11252:
6730:
The Articulate Advocate: New Techniques of Persuasion for Trial Attorneys
6325:
5278:
4640:
4402:
4356:
4002:
3937:
3917:); and whether or not a definite article is used, in very few cases (AmE
3574:
3279:
3206:
3141:
3100:
3058:
3048:
1711:
1096:. Roughly only 10% of American English speakers acknowledge the distinct
843:
643:
618:
360:
162:
74:
8385:
7365:
7061:"The history of Mexican folk foodways of South Texas: Street vendors, o"
6545:
Grzegorz Dogil; Susanne Maria Reiterer; Walter de Gruyter, eds. (2009).
6355:
6196:
4297:
The map above shows the major regional dialects of American English (in
3085:
3032:, used in England to refer to wheat (or any cereal), came to denote the
1822:
in the sense of "secondary school" is generally pronounced ; however, a
1642:
L-velarization: England's typical distinction between a "clear L" (i.e.
15612:
15557:
15351:
14489:
13981:
11986:
11792:
11618:
11613:
11531:
10995:
9998:
8880:
8465:
7892:
Dayag, Danilo (2004). "The English-language media in the Philippines".
7123:. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Ornithology and Mammalogy
5211:
4513:
4444:
4418:
4262:
3615:
3510:
3504:
3295:
3178:
2092:
2007:
1842:
regions of the country, and is becoming more common across the nation.
912:
726:
459:
417:
356:
344:
8589:
7252:"Definition of day noun from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary"
5667:
5186:
have been documented among diverse Indian tribes. The island state of
71:
242 million, all varieties of English in the United States (2019)
45:
15736:
15719:
15698:
15587:
15481:
14046:
13475:
13468:
10949:
9014:
8160:
6848:
6846:
6404:"Want – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary"
6403:
5846:
5502:
5399:
5171:
5148:
5123:, which remains the native variety of most working- and middle-class
4632:
4537:
4533:
4391:
3594:
3397:
are also particularly productive in the U.S. Several verbs ending in
3344:
3320:
3233:
3160:
3149:
3125:
3096:
3081:
3071:
2042:
1999:
1157:
1062:
258:
246:
5214:
first established a variation of American English in these islands.
4508:
distinction. For that Northeastern corridor, the realization of the
4465:
Several other phenomena serve to distinguish regional U.S. accents.
3028:
639:: a 17th-century distinction in which certain words (labeled as the
15789:
15709:
15647:
15632:
15552:
15547:
15542:
15438:
15323:
15287:
15271:
14073:
11658:
11608:
8090:
8065:
Proceedings of the 26th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics
7861:
7776:
5952:
5865:
5310:
5152:
4453:
4298:
4120:
3653:
3516:
3439:
3373:
3369:
3330:
3316:
3305:
3219:
3194:
3188:
3145:
3117:
3111:
3107:
3064:
2988:
2982:
1628:
1544:
1505:
1474:
1457:
405:
340:
303:
19:"U.S. English" redirects here. For the political organization, see
6843:
6263:, pp. 136–37, 203–6, 234, 245–47, 339–40, 400, 419, 443, 576.
6108:
Plag, Ingo; Braun, Maria; Lappe, Sabine; Schramm, Mareile (2009).
1826:
in the literal sense of "a tall school" would be pronounced . The
1758:
based on whether it occurs before a voiceless consonant and so in
737:
However, General American is also innovative in a number of ways:
355:
accent perceived as lacking noticeably local, ethnic, or cultural
15853:
15842:
15597:
15592:
15577:
15572:
15345:
15335:
15298:
15010:
15005:
14815:
14161:
14088:
14083:
7638:
7636:
6913:
6901:
6761:
6548:
Language Talent and Brain Activity: Trends in Applied Linguistics
4548:
3550:
3237:
3134:
2956:
2069:
1160:
towards and respectively. That causes pronunciations like for
776:
705:
401:
299:
8226:
Supplemental Proceedings of the 2015 Annual Meeting on Phonology
8091:"Regional phonetic differentiation in Standard Canadian English"
7764:
7727:
Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (January 1, 2005).
6821:
6819:
6817:
6431:
6230:
4443:, for example, appearing four times in the stereotypical Boston
2586:) is realized as , thus further merging with the already-merged
1092:
are merged in most American accents to or a syllabic consonant
15848:
15642:
15637:
15602:
15582:
15457:
15340:
15311:
15292:
14078:
14058:
11010:
8192:
8188:
7955:"FYI: English isn't the official language of the United States"
6981:
6979:
6634:"The Spread of Raising: Opacity, lexicalization, and diffusion"
6577:
6147:
5355:
List of English words from indigenous languages of the Americas
5187:
3492:
3486:
3480:
3427:
3366:
Many compound nouns have the verb-and-preposition combination:
3223:
3174:
3170:
3164:
2998:
2976:
2903:
horse/hoarse, corps/core, for/four, morning/mourning, war/wore,
884:. Among speakers who distinguish between the two, the vowel of
8486:
New-Dialect Formation: The Inevitability of Colonial Englishes
8340:
Dialect diversity in America: The politics of language change'
7849:
7660:
7648:
7633:
7606:
6925:
6218:
5350:
International Phonetic Alphabet chart for the English Language
1204:
is also part of the rhyming set as it is commonly pronounced .
670:
vowel in the following environments: before many instances of
15831:
15821:
15804:
15749:
15704:
15627:
15567:
15562:
8738:
8694:
7708:
7569:. Style Guide of the American Psychological Association. 2011
7528:
Algeo, John. "The Effects of the Revolution on Language", in
7475:
6889:
6831:
6814:
6749:
6266:
6242:
6071:
The Workings of Language: From Prescriptions to Perspectives.
5909:
5167:
3498:
3200:
3075:
3053:
3033:
3018:
2966:
2776:
2746:
2628:) usually contain the sound instead and thus merge with the
8625:
Speaking American: A History of English in the United States
7809:
New York, Philadelphia, and other northern cities: Phonology
6976:
6278:
5983:
5696:
That's the Way It Crumbles: The American Conquest of English
2866:
2851:
2828:
2805:
2790:
2761:
231:(main language, 32 U.S. states, five U.S. territories; see
15809:
15783:
15777:
7485:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Linguistics Department.
5971:
3286:
3259:
3253:
2638:
2041:
In some American accents, however, specifically those from
591:, but a unique "bunched tongue" variant of the approximant
516:. Non-rhotic American accents, those that do not pronounce
8684:(pp. 384–419). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7752:
6135:
5849:"Mapping the Americanization of English in Space and Time"
5345:
International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects
4083:
more complex, whereas BrE uses clipped forms, such as AmE
2062:
504:) in all environments, including after vowels, such as in
302:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
7293:
7291:
5933:
5100:
4726:
2501:
In New York City, certain lexical exceptions exist (like
2127:
1963:
1000:
was, of, from, what, everybody, nobody, somebody, anybody
662:) set. Having taken place prior to the unrounding of the
23:. For the English language throughout North America, see
8748:
8675:
Language in the USA: Themes for the twenty-first century
6863:
6861:
6804:
6802:
6800:
6484:
5731:"Fears of British English's disappearance are overblown"
2422:
In New York City and Philadelphia, most function words (
478:
in other ways, preserving certain features contemporary
15207:
List of countries where English is an official language
8733:
8677:(pp. 3–17). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7873:
7589:"British vs. American English – Vocabulary Differences"
6522:". In ICPhS. University of California, San Diego, p. 1.
6343:
Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition
6295:
6293:
5995:
5190:, though primarily English-speaking, is also home to a
3294:
American English has always shown a marked tendency to
3243:
2022:, much more common in American English than the second
1486:. In absolute final position after a vowel or liquid,
710:
The traditional standard accent of (southern) England,
451:
For the phonologies of regional American dialects, see
384:
The use of English in the United States is a result of
7452:. Oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com. Archived from
7426:. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Archived from
7400:. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Archived from
7288:
3455:(as in "finished"), and many colloquial forms such as
1104:, according to the same dialect survey aforementioned.
8056:
Baker, Adam; Mielke, Jeff; Archangeli, Diana (2008).
8055:
7623:
7621:
6907:
6858:
6797:
6107:
6084:"What Is the Difference between Theater and Theatre?"
4590:
primarily among older speakers (and, relatedly, some
4071:
is used more commonly in the United Kingdom, whereas
3578:, originated in 19th century Britain. The adjectives
2600:) set. In the U.S., a small number of words (namely,
2492:, mainly predominant in Canada and the American West.
1226:
are pronounced , , , (compare with Standard British
8262:
Jones, Daniel; Roach, Peter; Hartman, James (2006).
7232:
6964:
6952:
6601:
6565:
6496:
6290:
5921:
5292:
4067:
Vocabulary differences vary by region. For example,
3436:
Adjectives that arose in the U.S. are, for example,
3414:(locate, fine-tune, curate, donate, emote, upholster
7840:
7196:
1990:. With most American speakers for whom the phoneme
1778:etc. with a following voiceless consonant (such as
1156:, which sometimes monophthongizes towards and or
1144:Americans vary slightly in their pronunciations of
870:) and so pronounce each vowel with distinct sounds
775:to rhyme, the two vowels now unified as the single
15132:
8786:
8124:"Coarticulatory stability in American English /r/"
8063:. In Chang, Charles B.; Haynie, Hannah J. (eds.).
7618:
6167:Why Do Americans and Brits Have Different Accents?
5729:
5693:
5632:
3466:A number of words and meanings that originated in
3384:win out, hold up, back up/off/down/out, face up to
2684:followed by a vowel, compared with other dialects
8948:North-Central American / Upper Midwestern English
8289:
8261:
7807:Gordon, Matthew J.; Schneider, Edgar W. (2008). "
6583:
6437:
6236:
6073:Ed. Rebecca Wheeler Westport, CT: Praeger, 15–37.
5325:American and British English spelling differences
4375:. As of the 20th century, the middle and eastern
50:Distribution of American English by state in 2000
15902:
15202:List of countries by English-speaking population
12687:Native American recognition in the United States
8815:
8219:"'Tense' /æ/ is still lax: A phonotactics study"
8121:
3654:Differences between American and British English
3650:for a cart used for carrying supermarket goods.
3403:fetishize, prioritize, burglarize, accessorize,
3302:. Examples of nouns that are now also verbs are
1955:, for example, is pronounced , homophonous with
337:most widely spoken language in the United States
16:Varieties of English native to the United States
8240:
8203:
6224:
5241:Map of U.S. official language status by state.
4405:in the same region, known by linguists as the "
3881:; formal (rather than notional) agreement with
3865:in 1828, codifying several of these spellings.
3276:Some English words now in general use, such as
2917:wine/whine, wet/whet, Wales/whales, wear/where,
2426:, etc.) and some learned or less common words (
1786:, etc. Because of this sound change, the words
1192:may all end with the sound , thus rhyming with
520:except before a vowel, such as some accents of
8667:
8407:
7867:
7855:
7833:Yannuar, N.; Azimova, K.; Nguyen, D. (2014). "
7782:
7770:
7726:
7714:
7666:
7654:
7642:
7612:
7064:(Thesis). Repository.upenn.edu. pp. 1–421
6985:
6946:
6919:
6895:
6883:
6852:
6837:
6825:
6791:
6779:
6767:
6755:
6619:
6284:
6272:
5658:
5656:
3855:An American Dictionary of the English Language
3422:outside of, headed for, meet up with, back of,
3391:-ee (retiree), -ery (bakery), -ster (gangster)
2505:being tense) and variability is common before
1724:in unstressed syllables generally merges with
706:Other distinctions from Received Pronunciation
15107:
13967:
13084:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States
11268:
8772:
8575:
8290:Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (2004).
7200:Trends in Word Compounding in American Speech
6723:
6326:Do you pronounce "cot" and "caught" the same?
6313:Do you pronounce 'cot' and 'çaught' the same?
5666:. U.S. English. March 5, 2016. Archived from
4516:, as depicted in humorous spellings, like in
3830:
3420:Among syntactic constructions that arose are
2662:
2113:
1994:operates under a somewhat-continuous system,
610:American accents that have not undergone the
15931:17th-century establishments in North America
15395:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
15252:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
14325:
8131:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
6694:How We Talk: American Regional English Today
5246: English declared the official language
5208:Insular Government of the Philippine Islands
2527:In New Orleans, additionally occurs before
1782:) use a more raised vowel sound compared to
888:(usually transcribed in American English as
335:native to the United States. English is the
8627:20th–21st-century usage in different cities
8296:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Company KG.
8182:
6712:, as in 'I'm think-een of go-een camp-een.'
6153:
6141:
6007:
5653:
3566:("currently"). Some of these, for example,
2919:etc. homophones, in most cases eliminating
15121:
15114:
15100:
15001:Comparison of American and British English
13974:
13960:
11282:
11275:
11261:
8779:
8765:
8317:
8183:Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2002).
6724:Hunter, Marsha; Johnson, Brian K. (2009).
6696:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 143.
6531:Vaux, Bert (2000_. "Flapping in English."
6426:How do you pronounce Mary / merry / marry?
6330:Cambridge Online Survey of World Englishes
6209:Wolfram, Walt; Schilling, Natalie (2015).
5977:
5939:
5915:
5423:American English is variously abbreviated
4307:, as well as the related Telsur Project's
3837:
3823:
3660:Comparison of American and British English
3128:terminology, ranging from types of roads (
2818:Forest, Florida, historic, moral, porridge
2669:
2655:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2120:
2106:
802:, which may retain a rounded articulation.
444:For all phonemes of American English, see
44:
12697:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes
8455:
8367:
8150:
8024:"News Briefs: Its Legal—We Speak English"
7545:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7511:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7215:"The Maven's Word of the Day: gesundheit"
6632:Freuhwald, Josef T. (November 11, 2007).
6631:
6052:
6050:
6028:
5892:
5882:
5864:
5639:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5147:. Additionally, ethnic varieties such as
4343:North American English regional phonology
4339:Regional vocabularies of American English
465:
453:North American English regional phonology
15926:Languages attested from the 17th century
14694:
8630:
8480:
8444:The Journal of Interdisciplinary History
8437:
7920:
7879:
7758:
7297:
7238:
6996:
6994:
6324:Vaux, Bert; Jøhndal, Marius L. (2009). "
6212:American English: Dialects and Variation
6001:
5989:
5236:
5227:
4452:
3773:Lists of words having different meanings
2901:homophones, with homophonous pairs like
2480:may be lowered and retracted as much as
694:), and variably by region or speaker in
12748:List of counties and county equivalents
9038:
8734:Dictionary of American Regional English
8652:
7678:
7141:
7120:The Pocket Gophers of the United States
7082:
7057:
6687:
6551:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH. p. 299.
6520:Coda glottalization in American English
6103:
6101:
6013:
5768:
5627:
5335:Dictionary of American Regional English
4566:Most Americans preserve all historical
3765:List of garments having different names
3104:in the 20th century; and parts thereof
2472:
2470:
2409:
1698:, which typically shows a clear "L" in
1572:being pronounced the same. Flapping of
1020:: The mergers of certain vowels before
732:
684:Austria, cloth, cost, loss, off, often,
544:by continuing waves of rhotic-accented
296:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
15903:
15181:English in the Commonwealth of Nations
8324:, Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter,
8216:
8088:
7993:Crews, Haibert O. (January 23, 1923).
7745:from the original on October 9, 2022.
7530:A Companion to the American Revolution
7116:
6931:
6879:
6867:
6808:
6667:University of Toronto PhD Dissertation
6657:
6047:
5792:Reddy, C Rammanohar (August 6, 2017).
5764:
5762:
5760:
5543:
5467:is the pronunciation of the unrounded
5217:
5204:American occupation of the Philippines
5139:, spoken in the West and Midwest, and
4532:), which intend to represent it being
3610:in the Great Lakes region and generic
3496:("nappy"; itself unused in the U.S.),
3378:and many more. Some prepositional and
3296:use words in different parts of speech
3272:many are now distinctly old-fashioned
1639:homophones in fast or informal speech.
1543:
1502:may occur in British English as well.)
1473:
1456:
77:of English in the United States (2019)
15936:English language in the United States
15147:
15095:
13955:
11256:
8814:
8760:
8747:
8520:
8492:
8403:from the original on October 9, 2022.
8346:
8337:
8178:from the original on October 9, 2022.
8084:from the original on October 9, 2022.
8021:
7992:
7891:
7627:
7203:(Thesis). Louisiana State University.
7033:"You Already Know Some German Words!"
7000:
6991:
6970:
6958:
6908:Baker, Mielke & Archangeli (2008)
6607:
6571:
6502:
6490:
6473:Vaux, Bert and Scott Golder (2003). "
6449:Vaux, Bert and Scott Golder (2003). "
6424:Vaux, Bert and Scott Golder (2003). "
6299:
6260:
6248:
6215:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 103–104.
5927:
5791:
5691:
5258: No official language specified.
4481:have fully completed a merger of the
3747:Glossary of American terms not widely
3614:in the South) for a sweet and bubbly
3051:, with the opening of the West, like
2841:Forum, memorial, oral, storage, story
2642:become homophones, both rhyming with
2439:In Philadelphia, the irregular verbs
2259:
2239:
1452:or any non-syllabic consonant, as in
1385:Optional flapping in certain contexts
412:immigrants (known in the U.S. as the
15071:Non-native pronunciations of English
8749:Articles Related to American English
8649:. New York: Oxford University Press.
8022:Davis, Robert (September 24, 1969).
7952:
7564:"Punctuating Around Quotation Marks"
7556:
7543:The Cambridge Guide to English Usage
7532:. John Wiley & Sons, 2008. p.599
6182:
6098:
5687:
5685:
5446:
5119:Although no longer region-specific,
4409:". The Inland North shares with the
4079:AmE sometimes favors words that are
4009:Britain (for example they preferred
3756:Glossary of British terms not widely
3520:are often regarded as Americanisms.
3368:stopover, lineup, tryout, spin-off,
3314:coined in the U.S. are for instance
2467:
1218:is "dropped" or "deleted" after all
386:British colonization of the Americas
8739:Dialect maps based on pronunciation
8720:Phonological Atlas of North America
8703:of the United States, by Bert Vaux
8417:The Atlas of North American English
8122:Boyce, S.; Espy-Wilson, C. (1997).
7498:.' North Carolina State University.
7474:Vaux, Bert and Scott Golder. 2003.
7197:Elizabeth Ball Carr (August 1954).
6311:Vaux, Bert; Golder, Scott (2003). "
6111:Introduction to English Linguistics
5945:
5757:
5121:African-American Vernacular English
5065:
4592:African-American Vernacular English
4332:
4304:The Atlas of North American English
3426:pesky, phony, rambunctious, buddy,
3198:) as did certain automotive terms (
430:African-American Vernacular English
13:
15131:
8614:
8321:A Handbook of Varieties of English
8293:A Handbook of Varieties of English
8185:The Phonetics of Dutch and English
7965:from the original on June 4, 2023.
7385:A Handbook of Varieties of English
7363:
7179:"to drive past a traffic signal";
7142:Mencken, H. L. (January 1, 2010).
7058:Montano, Mario (January 1, 1992).
7007:. At the Clarendon Press. p.
6596:A Handbook of Varieties of English
6332:. Cambridge: Cambridge University.
6058:Dictionary of varieties of English
6023:. Berlin: Language Science Press.
5771:"Why isn't 'American' a language?"
5377:
5114:
598:
14:
15947:
15148:
12093:Director of National Intelligence
8688:
8682:A history of the English language
8638:. New York: Bartlett and Welford.
7811:." Varieties of English 2: 67–86.
7682:Boston. Con Pianta. Ediz. Inglese
6584:Jones, Roach & Hartman (2006)
6114:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 53.
5682:
4570:sounds, using what is known as a
3775:in American and British English:
3401:are of U.S. origin; for example,
2737:borrow, sorrow, sorry, (to)morrow
747:: The American phenomenon of the
446:General American § Phonology
29:American English (disambiguation)
15375:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
12249:Government Accountability Office
11056:Sandy River Valley Sign Language
8886:Inland Northern American English
8662:(4th ed.). New York: Knopf.
8496:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
8015:
7986:
7969:
7946:
7906:10.1111/J.1467-971X.2004.00333.X
7885:
7827:
7814:
7801:
7788:
7720:
7699:
7672:
7581:
7535:
7522:
7501:
7488:
7468:
7442:
7416:
7390:
7378:
7357:
6732:. Crown King Books. p. 92.
5769:Harbeck, James (July 15, 2015).
5309:
5295:
4866:North-Central (Upper Midwestern)
4647:. The fronting of the vowels of
4119:
4033:, etc.). AmE almost always uses
3382:are in fact of American origin (
2862:
2847:
2824:
2801:
2786:
2772:
2757:
2742:
1754:: Many speakers split the sound
1564:. This results in pairs such as
1418:
1397:
1368:
1343:
1318:
1293:
1268:
862:, southern New England, and the
15171:History of the English language
11038:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language
8048:
7324:
7303:
7266:
7244:
7207:
7190:
7169:
7135:
7110:
7076:
7051:
7025:
6726:"Articulators and Articulation"
6717:
6681:
6658:Murphy, Patrick Joseph (2019).
6651:
6625:
6589:
6538:
6525:
6508:
6467:
6443:
6438:Kortmann & Schneider (2004)
6418:
6396:
6370:
6356:"Want: meaning and definitions"
6348:
6335:
6318:
6305:
6203:
6176:
6159:
6076:
6063:
5840:
5808:
5785:
5551:"Unified English Braille (UEB)"
5360:Phonological history of English
4390:vowel in the mouth toward and
4091:or where the British form is a
3767:in American and British English
3184:many idioms related to baseball
2889:: This merger makes the vowels
2495:
2450:
2433:
2061:. They are called Mid-Atlantic
1770:is a voiceless consonant while
1704:older, moribund Southern speech
15021:English-based creole languages
13892:Separation of church and state
12108:National Reconnaissance Office
12051:President of the United States
8788:Languages of the United States
8647:Garner's Modern American Usage
8268:. Cambridge University Press.
8265:English Pronouncing Dictionary
8095:Journal of English Linguistics
7953:Kaur, Harmeet (May 20, 2018).
7089:. University of Nevada Press.
7001:Skeat, Walter William (1892).
6947:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
6920:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
6896:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
6884:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
6853:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
6838:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
6826:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
6792:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
6780:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
6768:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
6756:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
6380:. Bartleby.com. Archived from
6285:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
5722:
5621:
5417:
5224:Languages of the United States
4555:pronunciations for example in
3640:for athletic shoes (but often
3291:originated as American slang.
2929:voiceless labiovelar fricative
2570:and then another vowel, as in
1180:is often reduced to , so that
990:vowel, rather than the one in
959:usually remains a back vowel,
686:etc.), a few instances before
1:
15061:List of English-based pidgins
7685:. Lonely Planet. p. 52.
6949:, pp. 82, 123, 177, 179.
6533:Linguistic Society of America
6237:Kortmann & Schneider 2004
6225:Hallé, Best & Levitt 1999
5607:IANA language subtag registry
5581:IANA language subtag registry
5536:
5133:Hispanic and Latino Americans
4461:throughout the whole country.
4369:Philadelphia–Baltimore accent
3372:, holdup, hideout, comeback,
3047:contributions came after the
2950:. Examples of such names are
2935:
2488:in varieties affected by the
1898:argued that there has been a
1444:when both after a vowel or a
1045:(as in the first syllable of
1037:(as in the first syllable of
998:and certain other words like
798:, and variably in some older
759:etc.) being produced without
500:(corresponding to the letter
367:; it covers a fairly uniform
15419:United States Virgin Islands
15056:Linguistic purism in English
12254:Government Publishing Office
11722:Technological and industrial
10991:Black American Sign Language
10769:Creole Hawai'i Sign Language
9010:Western Pennsylvania English
8349:"Transmission and Diffusion"
7995:"Talk American, Not English"
7868:Labov, Ash & Boberg 2006
7856:Labov, Ash & Boberg 2006
7783:Labov, Ash & Boberg 2006
7771:Labov, Ash & Boberg 2006
7715:Labov, Ash & Boberg 2006
7667:Labov, Ash & Boberg 2006
7655:Labov, Ash & Boberg 2006
7643:Labov, Ash & Boberg 2006
7613:Labov, Ash & Boberg 2006
7509:British or American English?
6986:Labov, Ash & Boberg 2006
6794:, pp. 173–174, 238–239.
6782:, pp. 173–174, 260–261.
6620:Labov, Ash & Boberg 2006
6273:Labov, Ash & Boberg 2006
6165:Wolchover, Natalie (2012). "
6086:. Wisegeek.org. May 15, 2015
5884:10.1371/journal.pone.0197741
5635:English as a Global Language
5281:is the largest example of a
4448:Park the car in Harvard Yard
4110:
3931:the actress Elizabeth Taylor
3644:outside the Northeast), and
2464:alone in this context have .
2091:alone or when preceded by a
1766:, it is raised to (because
1762:, it is pronounced , but in
1615:may commonly be realized as
1440:is normally pronounced as a
1252:-glottalization and flapping
994:(as in Britain), is used in
757:box, don, clock, notch, pot,
532:, and a specific few (often
485:
439:
7:
14157:London & Thames Estuary
13726:Women's reproductive health
12692:Federally recognized tribes
12555:Public utilities commission
12459:Public Health Service Corps
12362:Code of Federal Regulations
12244:Congressional Budget Office
12098:Central Intelligence Agency
12004:Water supply and sanitation
11431:Declaration of Independence
10785:Navajo Family Sign Language
8668:History of American English
8040:– via Newspapers.com.
8011:– via Newspapers.com.
7837:". k@ ta, 16(1), pp. 11, 13
7371:Online Etymology Dictionary
7083:Gorrell, Robert M. (2001).
6358:. Dictionary.infoplease.com
5365:Regional accents of English
5288:
4411:Eastern New England dialect
4005:tastes of the 19th century
3808:Works with different titles
3586:meaning "intelligent", and
3558:(a place), and the adverbs
2942:American English vocabulary
2915:: This produces pairs like
2006:is overall realized before
1998:has both a tense and a lax
1706:, where "L" is clear in an
1566:ladder/latter, metal/medal,
868:New York metropolitan areas
702:, and certain other words.
654:set into a merger with the
21:U.S. English (organization)
10:
15952:
15136:English speaking countries
15016:English as a lingua franca
12904:Red states and blue states
12809:City commission government
12804:Council–manager government
11001:Puerto Rican Sign Language
8724:University of Pennsylvania
8457:10.1162/jinh.2007.37.4.513
8438:Longmore, Paul K. (2007).
7496:Beyond 'Soda, Pop, or Coke
7476:The Harvard Dialect Survey
7338:, 1947, cited in OED s.v.
6638:University of Pennsylvania
5221:
5176:Pennsylvania Dutch English
5145:New York metropolitan area
5069:
4892:pre-nasal & pre-velar
4336:
3749:used in the United Kingdom
3657:
2939:
2405:
1951:is converted to , so that
1855:Philadelphia dialect areas
1776:bright, hike, price, wipe,
1774:is not). Thus, words like
1678:, perhaps even as dark as
1224:new, duke, Tuesday, assume
646:) separated away from the
628:) have instead retained a
489:
450:
443:
379:
18:
15870:
15758:
15728:
15674:
15656:
15535:
15522:
15513:
15472:
15428:
15261:
15241:
15228:
15219:
15215:
15194:
15158:
15154:
15143:
15129:
14996:Broad and general accents
14978:
14931:
14906:regional and occupational
14886:
14873:
14866:
14778:
14739:
14687:
14665:
14605:
14537:
14402:
14391:
14336:
14318:
14291:
14263:
14226:
14203:
14142:
14104:
14027:
14018:
14007:
13998:
13913:
13739:
13612:
13544:
13197:
13193:
13184:
13132:
12997:
12988:
12884:
12855:
12832:
12771:
12738:
12729:
12672:
12660:Comparison of governments
12635:
12598:
12575:
12491:
12471:
12402:
12340:
12262:
12185:
12043:
12034:
12030:
12021:
11743:
11734:
11679:
11639:Post-Cold War (1991–2008)
11480:drafting and ratification
11453:Articles of Confederation
11366:
11300:
11291:
11076:
11047:
11027:
11009:
10976:
10967:
10925:
10887:
10844:
10806:
10797:
10757:
10724:Anishinaabe Sign Language
10715:
10706:
10661:
10599:
10592:
10528:
10430:
10402:
10384:
10280:
10262:
10210:
10084:
9979:
9925:
9886:
9859:
9807:
9770:
9739:
9703:
9608:
9560:
9386:
9336:
9308:
9271:
9233:
9045:
9027:
8973:Southern American English
8953:Pacific Northwest English
8943:Northern American English
8824:
8805:
8794:
8754:
8715:Linguistic Atlas Projects
8342:. University of Virginia.
7593:www.studyenglishtoday.net
6690:"The Far West and beyond"
6060:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 25.
5700:. London: Profile Books.
5452:Dialects are considered "
5184:American Indian Englishes
4419:backer tongue positioning
4118:
3925:; contrast, however, AmE
3758:used in the United States
2948:Native American languages
2822:
2799:
2770:
2740:
2394:
2380:
2362:
2360:
2313:
2304:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2241:
2237:
2235:
2233:
1947:") before the underlying
1696:East Coast Latino English
1002:, and, for many speakers
390:extensive dialect mixture
282:
270:
256:
244:
239:
224:Official language in
222:
217:
183:
155:
81:
65:
55:
43:
38:
15816:Northern Mariana Islands
15407:Turks and Caicos Islands
13679:Prescription drug prices
12799:Mayor–council government
12789:Coterminous municipality
12779:Consolidated city-county
12545:Agriculture commissioner
12195:House of Representatives
12103:National Security Agency
11753:Contiguous United States
9751:San Felipe–Santo Domingo
9005:Western American English
8901:Midland American English
8876:General American English
8829:African-American English
8538:10.1017/CBO9780511611766
8534:10.1017/CBO9780511611759
8107:10.1177/0075424208316648
8089:Boberg, Charles (2008).
8000:Champaign-Urbana Courier
7183:meaning "building", and
6934:, pp. 130, 136–137.
6251:, pp. 136–7, 203–4.
5475:, etc.) the same as the
5456:" if they pronounce the
5370:
5164:Cajun Vernacular English
5072:General American English
4900:Northeastern New England
4313:African-American English
3927:actress Elizabeth Taylor
3877:; different use of some
3544:(famously criticized by
3069:and types of homes like
1784:bride, high, prize, wide
555:postalveolar approximant
15692:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
13764:Criticism of government
13109:Social welfare programs
12702:State-recognized tribes
11687:Outline of U.S. history
11399:Continental Association
10727:Blackfoot Sign Language
8938:New York Latino English
8841:American Indian English
8347:Labov, William (2007).
8338:Labov, William (2012).
8217:Duncan, Daniel (2016).
7820:Hartley, Laura (1999).
7481:April 30, 2016, at the
7117:Bailey, Vernon (1895).
6688:Metcalf, Allan (2000).
6185:Irish University Review
6154:Collins & Mees 2002
6142:Collins & Mees 2002
5692:Engel, Matthew (2017).
5283:United States territory
5202:, beginning during the
5141:New York Latino English
5109:particular vowel sounds
4643:into distinct-sounding
4588:former plantation South
4574:. The only traditional
2089:/f/,/s/,/θ/,/ð/,/z/,/v/
1935:") is raised to become
1915:including those in the
1658:) and a "dark L" (i.e.
1113:in transition: The pre-
209:Unified English Braille
15921:North American English
15306:British Virgin Islands
15166:English-speaking world
15137:
15123:English-speaking world
14174:Received Pronunciation
13826:Environmental movement
13669:Health insurance costs
13564:Educational attainment
13089:Federal Reserve System
13047:Science and technology
12550:Insurance commissioner
12088:Intelligence Community
11783:minor outlying islands
11546:Civil rights movement
11063:Henniker Sign Language
10986:American Sign Language
10730:Cheyenne Sign Language
9595:Central Siberian Yupik
9590:Central Alaskan Yup'ik
9085:Malecite-Passamaquoddy
8995:Upper Michigan English
8968:Puerto Rican Englishes
8255:10.1006/jpho.1999.0097
7679:Vorhees, Mara (2009).
7494:Katz, Joshua (2013). "
6030:10.5281/zenodo.6207627
5955:Do You Speak American?
5483:), causing words like
5260:
5234:
4934:Philadelphia/Baltimore
4512:vowel is particularly
4462:
3409:etc.; and so are some
3264:while others have not
2135:North American English
1974:): The raising of the
1535:both after a vowel or
1498:. (This innovation of
986:in special words: The
712:Received Pronunciation
472:period British English
466:Conservative phonology
284:This article contains
128:North American English
27:. For other uses, see
25:North American English
15744:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
15365:Saint Kitts and Nevis
15135:
14368:Multicultural Toronto
13652:Immigrant health care
13167:Transportation safety
13162:Transportation policy
13152:Public transportation
12222:President pro tempore
12078:Executive departments
11847:National Park Service
11502:Territorial evolution
10765:Hawai'i Sign Language
10748:Ktunaxa Sign Language
10743:Plateau Sign Language
10505:Northern Sierra Miwok
10445:Southern Sierra Miwok
9754:Zia–Santa Ana Pueblos
9502:Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie
8990:Transatlantic English
8933:New York City English
8923:New Mexican Englishes
8906:New England Englishes
8729:Speech Accent Archive
8695:Do You Speak American
8378:10.1353/lan.2007.0082
8234:10.3765/amp.v3i0.3653
7794:Hayes, Dean (2013). "
6475:the first vowel in "m
5471:vowel variant (as in
5340:International English
5273:English-only movement
5240:
5231:
5206:and subsequently the
5155:" are spoken by some
4456:
3849:American English and
3602:for a long sandwich,
3389:Noun endings such as
3362:correctional facility
3089:in the 19th century;
3079:in the 18th century;
2490:Low Back Merger Shift
1845:Many speakers in the
1631:) or simply , making
1117:vowels in words like
1078:vowels in words like
751:vowel (often spelled
574:retroflex approximant
474:in some ways, but is
424:and the 20th-century
321:United States English
14529:Western Pennsylvania
13821:Environmental issues
13486:Political ideologies
13385:Indigenous languages
12585:List of legislatures
12382:separation of powers
12083:Independent agencies
12009:World Heritage Sites
11644:September 11 attacks
11567:Spanish–American War
11507:Mexican–American War
11463:Confederation period
11394:Continental Congress
11213:Serbo-Croatian (0.3)
11081:in 2021 in millions)
11019:Samoan Sign Language
10736:Navajo Sign Language
10671:Afro-Seminole Creole
10440:Central Sierra Miwok
10019:North Straits Salish
9443:Mescalero-Chiricahua
8963:Philadelphia English
8493:Wells, John (2008).
8243:Journal of Phonetics
7934:. U.S. Census Bureau
7870:, pp. 101, 103.
7785:, pp. 137, 141.
7541:Peters, Pam (2004).
7507:Algeo, John (2006).
6855:, pp. 178, 180.
6535:, Chicago, IL. p .6.
6156:, pp. 181, 306.
5992:, pp. 517, 520.
5557:on November 23, 2016
5303:United States portal
5033:Western Pennsylvania
4479:Western U.S. accents
4428:vowel (to ) and the
4367:as well as a unique
3859:Webster's Dictionary
3472:Early Modern English
3222:, schmooze, bupkis,
3138:) to infrastructure
1710:environment between
1500:/t/ glottal stopping
1475:[ˈfɹuʔkʰeɪk]
1016:before intervocalic
852:western Pennsylvania
733:Innovative phonology
721:and the fronting of
492:Rhoticity in English
353:American or Canadian
319:), sometimes called
173:Early Modern English
15916:Dialects of English
15401:Trinidad and Tobago
15278:Antigua and Barbuda
15066:Mid-Atlantic accent
14657:Trinidad and Tobago
13664:Health care finance
13157:Rail transportation
12923:Imperial presidency
12645:State constitutions
12590:List of legislators
12540:Auditor/Comptroller
12513:Lieutenant governor
12239:Library of Congress
12130:Diplomatic Security
11773:Indian reservations
11436:American Revolution
11079:(number of speakers
11077:Immigrant languages
10775:Inuit Sign Language
9000:Utah Mormon English
8928:New Orleans English
8846:Appalachian English
8450:(4). MIT: 513–542.
8143:1997ASAJ..101.3741B
7846:Hayes, 2013, p. 51.
6922:, pp. 181–182.
6886:, pp. 175–177.
6770:, pp. 173–174.
6493:, pp. 481–482.
6056:Hickey, R. (2014).
5957:: What Lies Ahead?"
5918:, pp. 262–263.
5875:2018PLoSO..1397741G
5218:Statistics on usage
4639:" that makes short
4580:eastern New England
4497:, respectively): a
4361:Mid-Atlantic states
3721:Word pronunciations
3300:often used as verbs
3038:most important crop
2923:, also transcribed
2685:
2137:
1966:(especially before
1907:Many speakers from
1889:(but sometimes not
1732:is pronounced like
788:New England English
692:strong, long, wrong
678:, and particularly
522:Eastern New England
458:Any phonologically
422:Appalachian English
15138:
14589:Pennsylvania Dutch
13774:affirmative action
13747:Capital punishment
13706:Poverty and health
13701:Physician shortage
13674:Health care prices
13604:Standard of living
13287:standard of living
13094:Financial position
12721:Hawaiian home land
12709:Indian reservation
12682:Tribal sovereignty
12525:Secretary of state
12394:United States Code
12310:Territorial courts
12282:Associate Justices
12167:Inspector generals
11654:War in Afghanistan
11517:Reconstruction era
11384:Stamp Act Congress
10854:Pennsylvania Dutch
10733:Cree Sign Language
10545:Havasupai–Hualapai
10491:Kings River Yokuts
10470:Buena Vista Yokuts
10450:Tule-Kaweah Yokuts
8958:Pennsylvania Dutch
8881:High Tider English
8866:California English
8709:Harvard University
8621:Bailey, Richard W.
8526:Accents of English
6460:2015-07-11 at the
6384:on January 9, 2008
6014:Paulsen I (2022).
5609:. October 16, 2005
5583:. October 16, 2005
5408:Internet standards
5404:ISO 3166-1 alpha-2
5261:
5235:
5200:Philippine English
5194:known commonly as
5180:Pennsylvania Dutch
4727:/æ/ raising system
4679:Most populous city
4622:New York City and
4586:, and some of the
4551:, using different
4547:into two separate
4463:
4049:on occasion (see:
3626:for the plural of
3451:(of the weather),
3395:-cian (beautician)
3386:and many others).
3358:affirmative action
2650:
2566:sound followed by
2101:
1607:Both intervocalic
1600:, yet optional in
1139:is quite variable.
1135:vowel in the word
860:Great Lakes region
108:North Sea Germanic
15898:
15897:
15892:
15891:
15888:
15887:
15884:
15883:
15866:
15865:
15862:
15861:
15509:
15508:
15089:
15088:
14974:
14973:
14774:
14773:
14683:
14682:
14601:
14600:
14597:
14596:
14522:Pacific Northwest
14383:Standard Canadian
14314:
14313:
14259:
14258:
14199:
14198:
13949:
13948:
13909:
13908:
13905:
13904:
13875:National security
13584:Income inequality
13464:Statue of Liberty
13267:income inequality
13180:
13179:
13172:Trucking industry
12984:
12983:
12980:
12979:
12911:Foreign relations
12899:Electoral College
12880:
12879:
12668:
12667:
12620:District attorney
12467:
12466:
12294:Courts of appeals
12017:
12016:
11730:
11729:
11671:COVID-19 pandemic
11624:Feminist Movement
11470:American frontier
11389:Thirteen Colonies
11250:
11249:
11072:
11071:
10963:
10962:
10793:
10792:
10707:Manual Indigenous
10702:
10701:
10698:
10697:
10588:
10587:
9963:Northeastern Pomo
9950:Southeastern Pomo
9723:Northern Kalapuya
9023:
9022:
8851:Baltimore English
8632:Bartlett, John R.
8590:10.1159/000259995
8506:978-1-4058-8118-0
8430:978-3-11-016746-7
8421:Mouton de Gruyter
8303:978-3-11-017532-5
8275:978-0-521-68086-8
8074:978-1-57473-423-2
7773:, pp. 5, 47.
7761:, pp. 46–47.
7692:978-1-74179-178-5
7553:, pp. 34 and 511.
7364:Harper, Douglas.
6558:978-3-11-021549-6
6514:Seyfarth, Scott;
6121:978-3-11-021550-2
5980:, pp. 258–9.
5738:. July 20, 2017.
5646:978-0-521-53032-3
5513:, etc.), causing
5412:IETF language tag
5125:African Americans
5101:pre-nasal "short
5063:
5062:
4631:vowel losing its
3861:, was written by
3847:
3846:
3582:meaning "angry",
3447:(in all senses),
3430:, skeeter, sashay
3324:(in all senses),
3310:and many others.
3282:, boost, bulldoze
2877:
2876:
2706:Metropolitan New
2676:General American
2544:
2543:
2456:In Philadelphia,
2428:alas, carafe, lad
2389:as, back, happy,
2375:ask, bath, half,
1917:Pacific Northwest
1750:of pre-voiceless
1718:Weak vowel merger
1423:
1402:
1373:
1348:
1323:
1298:
1273:
1148:such as those in
977:American Midlands
842:region, northern
796:Pittsburgh accent
753:⟨o⟩
551:⟨r⟩
530:African-Americans
518:⟨r⟩
502:⟨r⟩
310:
309:
292:rendering support
288:phonetic symbols.
15943:
15911:American English
15827:Papua New Guinea
15795:Marshall Islands
15685:Christmas Island
15520:
15519:
15516:
15500:Pitcairn Islands
15330:Falkland Islands
15226:
15225:
15222:
15217:
15216:
15156:
15155:
15145:
15144:
15134:
15116:
15109:
15102:
15093:
15092:
14986:English language
14871:
14870:
14692:
14691:
14675:Falkland Islands
14574:General American
14547:African-American
14400:
14399:
14334:
14333:
14323:
14322:
14025:
14024:
14016:
14015:
14005:
14004:
13976:
13969:
13962:
13953:
13952:
13929:
13922:
13809:African American
13691:Health insurance
13579:Household income
13449:National symbols
13380:American English
13353:Federal holidays
13262:household income
13195:
13194:
13191:
13190:
12995:
12994:
12933:Anti-Americanism
12857:Special district
12784:Independent city
12753:County executive
12736:
12735:
12530:Attorney general
12489:
12488:
12478:Federal District
12061:Executive Office
12041:
12040:
12032:
12031:
12028:
12027:
11788:populated places
11768:federal enclaves
11763:federal district
11741:
11740:
11604:American Century
11587:Great Depression
11582:Roaring Twenties
11542:Women's suffrage
11421:Halifax Resolves
11414:Founding Fathers
11409:military history
11374:Pre-colonial era
11298:
11297:
11277:
11270:
11263:
11254:
11253:
10974:
10973:
10945:Louisiana Creole
10804:
10803:
10713:
10712:
10597:
10596:
9888:Plateau Penutian
9716:Central Kalapuya
9043:
9042:
9036:
9035:
8818:American English
8812:
8811:
8781:
8774:
8767:
8758:
8757:
8745:
8744:
8663:
8643:Garner, Bryan A.
8639:
8609:
8572:
8570:
8569:
8561:
8560:
8552:
8551:
8517:
8515:
8513:
8489:
8477:
8459:
8434:
8404:
8402:
8371:
8353:
8343:
8334:
8314:
8312:
8310:
8286:
8284:
8282:
8258:
8237:
8223:
8213:
8200:
8197:Brill Publishers
8179:
8177:
8161:10.1121/1.418333
8154:
8137:(6): 3741–3753.
8128:
8118:
8085:
8083:
8062:
8042:
8041:
8039:
8037:
8019:
8013:
8012:
8010:
8008:
7990:
7984:
7977:Official English
7973:
7967:
7966:
7950:
7944:
7943:
7941:
7939:
7924:
7918:
7917:
7889:
7883:
7877:
7871:
7865:
7859:
7853:
7847:
7844:
7838:
7831:
7825:
7818:
7812:
7805:
7799:
7792:
7786:
7780:
7774:
7768:
7762:
7756:
7750:
7749:
7744:
7733:
7724:
7718:
7712:
7706:
7703:
7697:
7696:
7676:
7670:
7664:
7658:
7652:
7646:
7640:
7631:
7625:
7616:
7610:
7604:
7603:
7601:
7599:
7585:
7579:
7578:
7576:
7574:
7568:
7560:
7554:
7539:
7533:
7526:
7520:
7505:
7499:
7492:
7486:
7472:
7466:
7465:
7463:
7461:
7446:
7440:
7439:
7437:
7435:
7430:on March 9, 2013
7420:
7414:
7413:
7411:
7409:
7404:on March 9, 2013
7394:
7388:
7382:
7376:
7375:
7361:
7355:
7328:
7322:
7321:
7319:
7317:
7307:
7301:
7295:
7286:
7285:
7283:
7281:
7270:
7264:
7263:
7261:
7259:
7248:
7242:
7236:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7225:
7211:
7205:
7204:
7194:
7188:
7173:
7167:
7166:
7164:
7162:
7139:
7133:
7132:
7130:
7128:
7114:
7108:
7107:
7105:
7103:
7080:
7074:
7073:
7071:
7069:
7055:
7049:
7048:
7046:
7044:
7035:. Archived from
7029:
7023:
7022:
7020:moose etymology.
7017:
7015:
6998:
6989:
6983:
6974:
6968:
6962:
6956:
6950:
6944:
6935:
6929:
6923:
6917:
6911:
6905:
6899:
6893:
6887:
6882:, pp. 1–2;
6877:
6871:
6865:
6856:
6850:
6841:
6835:
6829:
6823:
6812:
6806:
6795:
6789:
6783:
6777:
6771:
6765:
6759:
6753:
6747:
6746:
6721:
6715:
6714:
6685:
6679:
6678:
6676:
6674:
6664:
6655:
6649:
6648:
6646:
6644:
6629:
6623:
6617:
6611:
6605:
6599:
6593:
6587:
6581:
6575:
6569:
6563:
6562:
6542:
6536:
6529:
6523:
6512:
6506:
6500:
6494:
6488:
6482:
6471:
6465:
6447:
6441:
6435:
6429:
6422:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6411:
6400:
6394:
6393:
6391:
6389:
6374:
6368:
6367:
6365:
6363:
6352:
6346:
6339:
6333:
6322:
6316:
6309:
6303:
6297:
6288:
6282:
6276:
6270:
6264:
6258:
6252:
6246:
6240:
6234:
6228:
6222:
6216:
6207:
6201:
6200:
6180:
6174:
6163:
6157:
6151:
6145:
6139:
6133:
6132:
6130:
6128:
6105:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6091:
6080:
6074:
6067:
6061:
6054:
6045:
6044:
6032:
6022:
6011:
6005:
5999:
5993:
5987:
5981:
5975:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5964:
5949:
5943:
5937:
5931:
5925:
5919:
5913:
5907:
5906:
5896:
5886:
5868:
5844:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5833:
5812:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5801:
5789:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5778:
5766:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5750:
5733:
5726:
5720:
5719:
5699:
5689:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5675:
5670:on April 1, 2016
5660:
5651:
5650:
5638:
5625:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5599:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5588:
5573:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5562:
5547:
5530:
5516:
5478:
5473:cot, lot, bother
5470:
5450:
5444:
5421:
5415:
5394:, as defined by
5385:
5381:
5330:Canadian English
5319:
5314:
5313:
5305:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5257:
5251:
5245:
5143:, spoken in the
5095:Mary–marry–merry
5066:General American
4901:
4735:General American
4706:
4699:
4692:
4685:
4673:
4672:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4630:
4624:Southern accents
4569:
4545:
4511:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4475:Upper Midwestern
4442:
4438:
4434:
4431:
4427:
4424:
4400:
4397:
4389:
4386:
4377:Great Lakes area
4333:Regional accents
4290:
4283:
4274:
4267:
4264:Chesapeake &
4258:
4249:
4242:
4235:
4228:
4221:
4212:
4211:
4201:
4200:
4190:
4181:
4180:
4170:
4161:
4160:
4150:
4149:
4139:
4138:
4130:
4123:
4058:run-on sentences
4045:, but also uses
3883:collective nouns
3839:
3832:
3825:
3810:in the UK and US
3716:Standard accents
3681:American English
3664:
3663:
3478:. Terms such as
3438:lengthy, bossy,
3274:(swell, groovy).
3122:rail terminology
3120:(see further at
2926:
2922:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2649:
2631:
2625:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2589:
2561:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2512:
2508:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2479:
2474:
2465:
2454:
2448:
2437:
2431:
2420:
2401:
2371:
2355:grab, flash, sad
2351:
2342:
2332:dragon, magazine
2328:
2320:
2311:
2295:
2273:
2266:
2254:animal, planet,
2250:
2230:fan, lamb, stand
2226:
2138:
2130:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2100:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1950:
1942:
1930:
1926:
1860:
1851:Upper Midwestern
1808:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1757:
1753:
1727:
1723:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1685:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1665:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1649:
1622:
1614:
1610:
1579:
1575:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1547:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1526:
1515:
1511:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1477:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1460:
1458:[ˈbʌʔn̩]
1439:
1434:T-glottalization
1425:
1424:
1404:
1403:
1393:without flapping
1375:
1374:
1350:
1349:
1325:
1324:
1300:
1299:
1275:
1274:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1217:
1213:
1179:
1155:
1151:
1146:R-colored vowels
1130:
1123:
1116:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1077:
1052:
1044:
1036:
1029:Mary–marry–merry
1023:
1019:
1010:, when stressed.
1006:and rarely even
993:
989:
985:
974:
973:
972:
966:
958:
950:
949:
948:
942:
934:
933:
932:
926:
918:
910:
909:
908:
902:
891:
883:
882:
881:
880:
878:
828:
817:
800:New York accents
781:
766:
754:
750:
745:
724:
689:
681:
677:
673:
669:
657:
653:
649:
642:
636:
632:
627:
623:
605:
601:
590:
589:
588:
582:
571:
570:
569:
563:
552:
536:ones) spoken by
519:
503:
499:
482:has since lost.
369:accent continuum
365:General American
333:English language
327:, is the set of
313:American English
278:
249:
205:
202:English alphabet
189:
133:American English
87:
48:
39:American English
36:
35:
15951:
15950:
15946:
15945:
15944:
15942:
15941:
15940:
15901:
15900:
15899:
15894:
15893:
15880:
15858:
15837:Solomon Islands
15754:
15724:
15670:
15652:
15531:
15514:
15505:
15468:
15424:
15257:
15237:
15220:
15211:
15190:
15150:
15139:
15125:
15120:
15090:
15085:
14970:
14927:
14882:
14862:
14770:
14766:Solomon Islands
14735:
14679:
14661:
14593:
14584:New York Latino
14559:American Indian
14539:
14533:
14394:
14387:
14328:
14310:
14296:Channel Islands
14287:
14255:
14222:
14195:
14138:
14100:
14010:
13994:
13980:
13950:
13945:
13932:
13925:
13918:
13901:
13887:Opioid epidemic
13804:Native American
13784:intersex rights
13735:
13731:Life expectancy
13721:Medical deserts
13711:Race and health
13608:
13594:Personal income
13540:
13444:National anthem
13277:personal income
13242:Economic issues
13176:
13128:
12976:
12876:
12865:School district
12851:
12834:Minor divisions
12828:
12767:
12725:
12664:
12650:Statutory codes
12631:
12594:
12571:
12481:
12476:
12463:
12398:
12355:civil liberties
12336:
12327:Other tribunals
12306:District courts
12258:
12217:current members
12200:current members
12181:
12115:Law enforcement
12013:
11726:
11675:
11666:Great Recession
11537:Progressive Era
11527:Native genocide
11458:Perpetual Union
11446:Treaty of Paris
11404:United Colonies
11362:
11287:
11281:
11251:
11246:
11080:
11078:
11068:
11043:
11023:
11005:
10969:
10959:
10921:
10883:
10840:
10799:
10789:
10753:
10708:
10694:
10663:
10657:
10584:
10531:
10524:
10426:
10398:
10380:
10325:Northern Paiute
10276:
10272:Coast Tsimshian
10258:
10206:
10080:
9975:
9921:
9882:
9855:
9803:
9766:
9735:
9699:
9604:
9556:
9463:Upper Kuskokwim
9389:
9382:
9332:
9304:
9267:
9229:
9030:
9029:Oral Indigenous
9019:
9015:Yeshiva English
8871:Chicano English
8820:
8801:
8790:
8785:
8750:
8691:
8670:
8617:
8615:Further reading
8612:
8567:
8558:
8549:
8511:
8509:
8507:
8482:Trudgill, Peter
8431:
8413:Boberg, Charles
8411:; Ash, Sharon;
8400:
8369:10.1.1.705.7860
8351:
8332:
8308:
8306:
8304:
8280:
8278:
8276:
8221:
8175:
8126:
8081:
8075:
8060:
8051:
8046:
8045:
8035:
8033:
8029:Chicago Tribune
8020:
8016:
8006:
8004:
7991:
7987:
7974:
7970:
7951:
7947:
7937:
7935:
7926:
7925:
7921:
7894:World Englishes
7890:
7886:
7878:
7874:
7866:
7862:
7854:
7850:
7845:
7841:
7832:
7828:
7819:
7815:
7806:
7802:
7793:
7789:
7781:
7777:
7769:
7765:
7757:
7753:
7742:
7731:
7725:
7721:
7713:
7709:
7704:
7700:
7693:
7677:
7673:
7665:
7661:
7657:, pp. 230.
7653:
7649:
7641:
7634:
7626:
7619:
7611:
7607:
7597:
7595:
7587:
7586:
7582:
7572:
7570:
7566:
7562:
7561:
7557:
7540:
7536:
7527:
7523:
7506:
7502:
7493:
7489:
7483:Wayback Machine
7473:
7469:
7459:
7457:
7456:on May 27, 2013
7448:
7447:
7443:
7433:
7431:
7422:
7421:
7417:
7407:
7405:
7396:
7395:
7391:
7383:
7379:
7362:
7358:
7330:British author
7329:
7325:
7315:
7313:
7309:
7308:
7304:
7296:
7289:
7279:
7277:
7272:
7271:
7267:
7257:
7255:
7250:
7249:
7245:
7237:
7233:
7223:
7221:
7213:
7212:
7208:
7195:
7191:
7174:
7170:
7160:
7158:
7156:
7140:
7136:
7126:
7124:
7115:
7111:
7101:
7099:
7097:
7081:
7077:
7067:
7065:
7056:
7052:
7042:
7040:
7039:on June 7, 2011
7031:
7030:
7026:
7013:
7011:
6999:
6992:
6984:
6977:
6969:
6965:
6957:
6953:
6945:
6938:
6930:
6926:
6918:
6914:
6906:
6902:
6894:
6890:
6878:
6874:
6866:
6859:
6851:
6844:
6836:
6832:
6824:
6815:
6811:, pp. 1–2.
6807:
6798:
6790:
6786:
6778:
6774:
6766:
6762:
6754:
6750:
6740:
6722:
6718:
6704:
6686:
6682:
6672:
6670:
6662:
6656:
6652:
6642:
6640:
6630:
6626:
6618:
6614:
6606:
6602:
6594:
6590:
6582:
6578:
6570:
6566:
6559:
6543:
6539:
6530:
6526:
6513:
6509:
6501:
6497:
6489:
6485:
6472:
6468:
6462:Wayback Machine
6448:
6444:
6436:
6432:
6423:
6419:
6409:
6407:
6402:
6401:
6397:
6387:
6385:
6376:
6375:
6371:
6361:
6359:
6354:
6353:
6349:
6340:
6336:
6323:
6319:
6310:
6306:
6298:
6291:
6283:
6279:
6271:
6267:
6259:
6255:
6247:
6243:
6235:
6231:
6223:
6219:
6208:
6204:
6181:
6177:
6164:
6160:
6152:
6148:
6140:
6136:
6126:
6124:
6122:
6106:
6099:
6089:
6087:
6082:
6081:
6077:
6068:
6064:
6055:
6048:
6041:
6020:
6012:
6008:
6000:
5996:
5988:
5984:
5978:Kretzchmar 2004
5976:
5972:
5962:
5960:
5951:
5950:
5946:
5940:Kretzchmar 2004
5938:
5934:
5930:, pp. 1–2.
5926:
5922:
5916:Kretzchmar 2004
5914:
5910:
5859:(5): e0197741.
5845:
5841:
5831:
5829:
5828:. July 17, 2017
5821:Hindustan Times
5814:
5813:
5809:
5799:
5797:
5790:
5786:
5776:
5774:
5767:
5758:
5748:
5746:
5728:
5727:
5723:
5708:
5690:
5683:
5673:
5671:
5662:
5661:
5654:
5647:
5626:
5622:
5612:
5610:
5603:"United States"
5601:
5600:
5596:
5586:
5584:
5575:
5574:
5570:
5560:
5558:
5549:
5548:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5533:
5519:nasal consonant
5511:cat, trap, bath
5503:sound identical
5451:
5447:
5422:
5418:
5383:
5382:
5378:
5373:
5317:Language portal
5315:
5308:
5301:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5259:
5255:
5253:
5249:
5247:
5243:
5226:
5220:
5196:Hawaiian Pidgin
5192:creole language
5149:Yeshiva English
5137:Chicano English
5129:hip hop culture
5117:
5115:Other varieties
5074:
5068:
4899:
4767:Inland Northern
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4633:gliding quality
4543:
4509:
4486:
4485:vowel with the
4482:
4429:
4422:
4395:
4384:
4365:New York accent
4345:
4337:Main articles:
4335:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4317:Chicano English
4295:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4240:
4237:
4233:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4217:
4214:
4207:
4206:
4203:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4186:
4183:
4176:
4175:
4172:
4166:
4163:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4126:
4113:
4081:morphologically
4051:Oxford spelling
3936:Differences in
3919:to the hospital
3879:auxiliary verbs
3851:British English
3843:
3812:
3809:
3792:
3791:
3774:
3769:
3766:
3760:
3757:
3751:
3748:
3686:British English
3672:British English
3671:
3669:
3662:
3656:
3634:in the South),
3540:("to employ"),
3530:past participle
3411:back-formations
3354:human resources
3268:have a nice day
3045:Mexican Spanish
2944:
2938:
2865:
2861:
2850:
2846:
2827:
2823:
2804:
2800:
2789:
2785:
2775:
2771:
2760:
2756:
2745:
2741:
2721:
2715:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2675:
2623:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2540:
2539:
2526:
2500:
2496:
2475:
2468:
2455:
2451:
2438:
2434:
2421:
2410:
2390:
2376:
2368:
2367:Non-prevocalic
2348:
2347:Non-prevocalic
2292:
2291:Non-prevocalic
2277:frank, language
2255:
2247:
2223:
2222:Non-prevocalic
2215:
2208:
2202:
2193:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2165:
2155:
2147:
2142:
2126:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
1979:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1700:syllable onsets
1687:
1686:
1667:
1666:
1651:
1650:
1549:
1548:
1545:[ˈwɑɾɚ]
1528:
1527:
1479:
1478:
1462:
1461:
1430:
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1426:
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1294:
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991:
987:
983:
968:
967:
944:
943:
928:
927:
904:
903:
876:
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764:
752:
748:
743:
735:
708:
667:
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625:
621:
608:
603:
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584:
583:
565:
564:
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517:
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494:
488:
480:British English
468:
456:
449:
442:
436:urban centers.
426:Great Migration
382:
290:Without proper
276:
245:
225:
218:Official status
213:
196:
190:
185:
179:
158:
151:
88:
85:Language family
83:
72:
68:
67:Native speakers
51:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
15949:
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15767:American Samoa
15762:
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15493:Norfolk Island
15489:
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15464:United Kingdom
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15381:Sint Eustatius
15377:
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15318:Cayman Islands
15314:
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15176:British Empire
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15073:
15068:
15063:
15058:
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15048:
15043:
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15036:
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15026:Englishisation
15023:
15018:
15013:
15008:
15003:
14998:
14993:
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14976:
14975:
14972:
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14933:Southeast Asia
14929:
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14864:
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14848:South Atlantic
14845:
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14630:Cayman Islands
14627:
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14609:
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14602:
14599:
14598:
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14586:
14581:
14576:
14571:
14566:
14561:
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14555:
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14543:
14541:
14540:ethno-cultural
14535:
14534:
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14526:
14525:
14524:
14519:
14509:
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14502:
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14458:
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14409:
14403:
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14146:
14140:
14139:
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14135:
14134:
14132:Stoke-on-Trent
14129:
14124:
14114:
14108:
14106:
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14099:
14098:
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14050:
14049:
14039:
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14013:
14002:
13996:
13995:
13991:Modern English
13979:
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13923:
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13899:
13894:
13889:
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13883:
13882:
13872:
13871:
13870:
13860:
13855:
13850:
13845:
13843:Mass shootings
13840:
13835:
13834:
13833:
13831:Climate change
13828:
13818:
13813:
13812:
13811:
13806:
13801:
13796:
13791:
13786:
13781:
13776:
13769:Discrimination
13766:
13761:
13760:
13759:
13749:
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13741:
13737:
13736:
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13728:
13723:
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13703:
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13616:
13610:
13609:
13607:
13606:
13601:
13596:
13591:
13586:
13581:
13576:
13571:
13566:
13561:
13559:American Dream
13556:
13550:
13548:
13542:
13541:
13539:
13538:
13533:
13528:
13526:Transportation
13523:
13518:
13513:
13508:
13503:
13498:
13493:
13488:
13483:
13478:
13473:
13472:
13471:
13466:
13461:
13459:Mount Rushmore
13456:
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13436:
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13424:
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13399:
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13317:
13316:
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13300:
13299:
13294:
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13269:
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13239:
13234:
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13224:
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13214:
13209:
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13136:
13130:
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13106:
13101:
13096:
13091:
13086:
13081:
13079:Federal budget
13076:
13071:
13066:
13065:
13064:
13059:
13054:
13049:
13044:
13039:
13034:
13029:
13024:
13019:
13017:Communications
13014:
13009:
12998:
12992:
12986:
12985:
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12981:
12978:
12977:
12975:
12974:
12969:
12968:
12967:
12962:
12957:
12947:
12946:
12945:
12940:
12938:exceptionalism
12935:
12925:
12920:
12919:
12918:
12916:foreign policy
12908:
12907:
12906:
12901:
12891:
12885:
12882:
12881:
12878:
12877:
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12873:
12872:
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12647:
12641:
12639:
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12617:
12616:
12615:
12613:Chief justices
12608:Supreme courts
12604:
12602:
12596:
12595:
12593:
12592:
12587:
12581:
12579:
12573:
12572:
12570:
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12557:
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12542:
12537:
12532:
12527:
12522:
12521:
12520:
12510:
12509:
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12495:
12486:
12469:
12468:
12465:
12464:
12462:
12461:
12456:
12451:
12450:
12449:
12447:National Guard
12444:
12439:
12434:
12429:
12424:
12419:
12408:
12406:
12400:
12399:
12397:
12396:
12391:
12390:
12389:
12384:
12379:
12374:
12364:
12359:
12358:
12357:
12350:Bill of Rights
12346:
12344:
12338:
12337:
12335:
12334:
12329:
12324:
12323:
12322:
12320:list of judges
12317:
12315:list of courts
12303:
12302:
12301:
12299:list of judges
12291:
12290:
12289:
12284:
12279:
12268:
12266:
12260:
12259:
12257:
12256:
12251:
12246:
12241:
12236:
12234:Capitol Police
12231:
12230:
12229:
12224:
12219:
12209:
12208:
12207:
12202:
12191:
12189:
12183:
12182:
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12174:
12169:
12164:
12163:
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12157:
12155:Secret Service
12152:
12147:
12142:
12137:
12132:
12127:
12122:
12112:
12111:
12110:
12105:
12100:
12095:
12085:
12080:
12075:
12070:
12068:Vice President
12065:
12064:
12063:
12058:
12047:
12045:
12038:
12025:
12019:
12018:
12015:
12014:
12012:
12011:
12006:
12001:
11996:
11995:
11994:
11989:
11984:
11979:
11974:
11969:
11964:
11959:
11948:
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11936:
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11926:
11921:
11916:
11911:
11906:
11901:
11896:
11891:
11886:
11881:
11876:
11871:
11866:
11856:
11855:
11854:
11852:National Parks
11844:
11843:
11842:
11837:
11832:
11827:
11822:
11812:
11807:
11805:Extreme points
11802:
11797:
11796:
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11790:
11785:
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11775:
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11765:
11760:
11755:
11744:
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11709:
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11574:
11569:
11564:
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11544:
11539:
11534:
11529:
11524:
11519:
11514:
11509:
11504:
11499:
11494:
11492:Federalist Era
11489:
11488:
11487:
11485:Bill of Rights
11482:
11472:
11467:
11466:
11465:
11460:
11450:
11449:
11448:
11443:
11433:
11428:
11426:Lee Resolution
11423:
11418:
11417:
11416:
11411:
11406:
11401:
11396:
11391:
11386:
11376:
11370:
11368:
11364:
11363:
11361:
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11335:
11330:
11325:
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11315:
11310:
11304:
11302:
11295:
11289:
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11286: articles
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11160:
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11139:
11133:
11127:
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11033:
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11015:
11013:
11007:
11006:
11004:
11003:
10998:
10993:
10988:
10982:
10980:
10971:
10968:Manual settler
10965:
10964:
10961:
10960:
10958:
10957:
10952:
10947:
10942:
10936:
10934:
10923:
10922:
10920:
10919:
10914:
10909:
10904:
10899:
10897:Caló (Chicano)
10893:
10891:
10885:
10884:
10882:
10881:
10876:
10871:
10866:
10861:
10856:
10850:
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10841:
10839:
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10823:
10818:
10812:
10810:
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10795:
10794:
10791:
10790:
10788:
10787:
10782:
10780:Keresan Pueblo
10777:
10772:
10771:
10770:
10761:
10759:
10755:
10754:
10752:
10751:
10750:
10749:
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10704:
10703:
10700:
10699:
10696:
10695:
10693:
10692:
10684:
10683:
10678:
10676:Chinook Jargon
10673:
10667:
10665:
10662:Mixed or trade
10659:
10658:
10656:
10655:
10648:
10640:
10639:
10634:
10629:
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10614:
10609:
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10594:
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10572:
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10562:
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10552:
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10536:
10534:
10526:
10525:
10523:
10522:
10515:
10508:
10501:
10494:
10487:
10484:Gashowu Yokuts
10480:
10473:
10466:
10458:
10457:
10452:
10447:
10442:
10436:
10434:
10428:
10427:
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10390:
10388:
10382:
10381:
10379:
10378:
10371:
10363:
10362:
10357:
10355:Ute-Chemehuevi
10352:
10347:
10342:
10337:
10332:
10327:
10322:
10317:
10312:
10307:
10302:
10297:
10292:
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10260:
10259:
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10232:
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10116:
10111:
10106:
10101:
10096:
10090:
10088:
10082:
10081:
10079:
10078:
10075:Upper Chehalis
10071:
10064:
10057:
10054:Lower Chehalis
10050:
10042:
10041:
10036:
10031:
10026:
10021:
10016:
10011:
10006:
10001:
9996:
9994:Columbia-Moses
9991:
9985:
9983:
9977:
9976:
9974:
9973:
9966:
9958:
9957:
9952:
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9942:
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9903:
9898:
9892:
9890:
9884:
9883:
9881:
9880:
9872:
9871:
9865:
9863:
9857:
9856:
9854:
9853:
9845:
9844:
9839:
9834:
9829:
9824:
9819:
9813:
9811:
9805:
9804:
9802:
9801:
9793:
9792:
9787:
9782:
9776:
9774:
9768:
9767:
9765:
9764:
9761:
9758:
9755:
9752:
9749:
9748:Cochiti Pueblo
9745:
9743:
9737:
9736:
9734:
9733:
9726:
9719:
9711:
9709:
9701:
9700:
9698:
9697:
9690:
9683:
9676:
9669:
9661:
9660:
9655:
9650:
9645:
9640:
9635:
9630:
9625:
9620:
9614:
9612:
9606:
9605:
9603:
9602:
9597:
9592:
9587:
9582:
9577:
9572:
9566:
9564:
9558:
9557:
9555:
9554:
9547:
9540:
9533:
9526:
9519:
9512:
9505:
9498:
9491:
9484:
9476:
9475:
9473:Western Apache
9470:
9465:
9460:
9455:
9450:
9445:
9440:
9435:
9430:
9425:
9420:
9415:
9410:
9405:
9400:
9394:
9392:
9384:
9383:
9381:
9380:
9373:
9366:
9359:
9352:
9344:
9342:
9334:
9333:
9331:
9330:
9325:
9320:
9314:
9312:
9306:
9305:
9303:
9302:
9294:
9293:
9288:
9283:
9277:
9275:
9269:
9268:
9266:
9265:
9260:
9255:
9250:
9245:
9239:
9237:
9231:
9230:
9228:
9227:
9220:
9213:
9206:
9199:
9192:
9185:
9178:
9175:Mohegan-Pequot
9171:
9168:Miami-Illinois
9164:
9157:
9150:
9143:
9136:
9128:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9092:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9051:
9049:
9040:
9033:
9025:
9024:
9021:
9020:
9018:
9017:
9012:
9007:
9002:
8997:
8992:
8987:
8982:
8981:
8980:
8970:
8965:
8960:
8955:
8950:
8945:
8940:
8935:
8930:
8925:
8920:
8919:
8918:
8913:
8903:
8898:
8893:
8888:
8883:
8878:
8873:
8868:
8863:
8858:
8856:Boston English
8853:
8848:
8843:
8838:
8837:
8836:
8825:
8822:
8821:
8809:
8803:
8802:
8795:
8792:
8791:
8784:
8783:
8776:
8769:
8761:
8755:
8752:
8751:
8742:
8741:
8736:
8731:
8726:
8717:
8712:
8701:Dialect Survey
8698:
8690:
8689:External links
8687:
8686:
8685:
8678:
8669:
8666:
8665:
8664:
8654:Mencken, H. L.
8650:
8640:
8628:
8616:
8613:
8611:
8610:
8584:(4): 253–266.
8573:
8522:Wells, John C.
8518:
8505:
8490:
8478:
8435:
8429:
8409:Labov, William
8405:
8362:(2): 344–387.
8344:
8335:
8330:
8315:
8302:
8287:
8274:
8259:
8249:(3): 281–306.
8238:
8214:
8201:
8187:(5 ed.).
8180:
8152:10.1.1.16.4174
8119:
8101:(2): 129–154.
8086:
8073:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8044:
8043:
8032:. sec. 1, p. 3
8014:
7985:
7968:
7945:
7919:
7884:
7872:
7860:
7858:, p. 125.
7848:
7839:
7826:
7813:
7800:
7787:
7775:
7763:
7751:
7719:
7707:
7698:
7691:
7671:
7669:, p. 111.
7659:
7647:
7645:, p. 190.
7632:
7617:
7615:, p. 148.
7605:
7580:
7555:
7534:
7521:
7500:
7487:
7467:
7441:
7415:
7389:
7377:
7356:
7336:English People
7323:
7302:
7287:
7265:
7243:
7231:
7206:
7189:
7168:
7154:
7134:
7109:
7095:
7075:
7050:
7024:
6990:
6975:
6973:, p. 373.
6963:
6961:, p. 359.
6951:
6936:
6924:
6912:
6900:
6898:, p. 183.
6888:
6872:
6870:, p. 145.
6857:
6842:
6840:, p. 238.
6830:
6828:, p. 173.
6813:
6796:
6784:
6772:
6760:
6758:, p. 182.
6748:
6738:
6716:
6702:
6680:
6650:
6624:
6612:
6610:, p. xxi.
6600:
6588:
6576:
6574:, p. 490.
6564:
6557:
6537:
6524:
6516:Garellek, Marc
6507:
6505:, p. 247.
6495:
6483:
6466:
6442:
6440:, p. 295.
6430:
6417:
6395:
6369:
6347:
6334:
6317:
6304:
6302:, p. 476.
6289:
6277:
6275:, p. 171.
6265:
6253:
6241:
6239:, p. 317.
6229:
6227:, p. 283.
6217:
6202:
6191:(1): 137–148.
6175:
6158:
6146:
6144:, p. 178.
6134:
6120:
6097:
6075:
6062:
6046:
6039:
6006:
6004:, p. 537.
5994:
5982:
5970:
5944:
5942:, p. 262.
5932:
5920:
5908:
5839:
5807:
5784:
5756:
5721:
5706:
5681:
5652:
5645:
5629:Crystal, David
5620:
5594:
5568:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5529:is more like .
5445:
5416:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5321:
5320:
5306:
5290:
5287:
5254:
5248:
5242:
5222:Main article:
5219:
5216:
5116:
5113:
5070:Main article:
5067:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5057:
5054:
5051:
5048:
5045:
5042:
5039:
5036:
5028:
5027:
5024:
5021:
5018:
5015:
5012:
5009:
5006:
5003:
4995:
4994:
4991:
4988:
4985:
4982:
4979:
4976:
4973:
4970:
4962:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4952:
4949:
4946:
4943:
4940:
4937:
4929:
4928:
4925:
4922:
4919:
4916:
4913:
4910:
4907:
4904:
4894:
4893:
4890:
4887:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4875:
4872:
4869:
4861:
4860:
4857:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4845:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4828:
4827:
4824:
4821:
4818:
4815:
4812:
4809:
4806:
4803:
4795:
4794:
4791:
4788:
4785:
4782:
4779:
4776:
4773:
4770:
4762:
4761:
4758:
4755:
4752:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4716:
4708:
4701:
4694:
4687:
4680:
4677:
4645:gliding vowels
4637:Southern drawl
4459:black speakers
4415:Boston accents
4334:
4331:
4296:
4286:
4277:
4270:
4261:
4252:
4245:
4238:
4231:
4224:
4215:
4204:
4193:
4184:
4173:
4164:
4153:
4142:
4133:
4124:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4095:, such as AmE
4093:back-formation
4085:transportation
4041:. BrE prefers
4037:in words like
3875:he ran quickly
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3806:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3783:
3776:
3772:
3770:
3763:
3761:
3754:
3752:
3745:
3740:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3675:
3674:
3658:Main article:
3655:
3652:
3468:Middle English
3298:and nouns are
3126:transportation
3057:(now a common
2940:Main article:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2907:
2875:
2874:
2859:
2844:
2837:
2836:
2821:
2814:
2813:
2798:
2769:
2754:
2739:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2674:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2556:before a vowel
2542:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2494:
2466:
2449:
2432:
2430:, etc.) have .
2407:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2393:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2372:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2352:
2344:
2343:
2334:
2329:
2322:
2321:
2312:
2303:
2301:
2296:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2258:
2251:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2227:
2219:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2196:
2189:
2169:
2159:
2149:
2144:
2125:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2096:
1960:
1923:realize final
1913:Western states
1905:
1904:
1903:
1900:phonemic split
1745:
1715:
1640:
1605:
1570:coating/coding
1503:
1417:
1409:
1408:
1396:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1367:
1355:
1354:
1342:
1330:
1329:
1317:
1305:
1304:
1292:
1280:
1279:
1267:
1255:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1210:: Dropping of
1205:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1105:
1066:
1011:
996:function words
981:
892:), is often a
822:vowel) versus
803:
767:vowel, allows
755:in words like
734:
731:
707:
704:
607:
597:
490:Main article:
487:
484:
467:
464:
441:
438:
381:
378:
308:
307:
294:, you may see
280:
279:
274:
268:
267:
262:
254:
253:
250:
242:
241:
240:Language codes
237:
236:
226:
223:
220:
219:
215:
214:
212:
211:
206:
193:
191:
187:Writing system
184:
181:
180:
178:
177:
176:
175:
168:Middle English
161:
159:
156:
153:
152:
150:
149:
148:
147:
146:
145:
144:
143:
142:
141:
140:
139:
138:
137:
136:
135:
91:
89:
82:
79:
78:
69:
66:
63:
62:
57:
53:
52:
49:
41:
40:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
15948:
15937:
15934:
15932:
15929:
15927:
15924:
15922:
15919:
15917:
15914:
15912:
15909:
15908:
15906:
15878:
15874:
15869:
15855:
15852:
15850:
15847:
15845:
15844:
15840:
15838:
15835:
15833:
15830:
15828:
15825:
15823:
15820:
15818:
15817:
15813:
15811:
15808:
15806:
15803:
15801:
15798:
15796:
15793:
15791:
15788:
15786:
15785:
15781:
15779:
15776:
15774:
15771:
15769:
15768:
15764:
15763:
15761:
15757:
15751:
15748:
15746:
15745:
15741:
15739:
15738:
15734:
15733:
15731:
15727:
15721:
15718:
15716:
15713:
15711:
15708:
15706:
15703:
15701:
15700:
15696:
15694:
15693:
15689:
15687:
15686:
15682:
15681:
15679:
15677:
15673:
15667:
15666:
15662:
15661:
15659:
15655:
15649:
15646:
15644:
15641:
15639:
15636:
15634:
15631:
15629:
15626:
15624:
15621:
15619:
15616:
15614:
15611:
15609:
15606:
15604:
15601:
15599:
15596:
15594:
15591:
15589:
15586:
15584:
15581:
15579:
15576:
15574:
15571:
15569:
15566:
15564:
15561:
15559:
15556:
15554:
15551:
15549:
15546:
15544:
15541:
15540:
15538:
15534:
15528:
15525:
15524:
15521:
15518:
15512:
15502:
15501:
15497:
15495:
15494:
15490:
15488:
15485:
15483:
15480:
15479:
15477:
15475:
15471:
15465:
15462:
15460:
15459:
15455:
15453:
15452:
15448:
15446:
15443:
15441:
15440:
15436:
15435:
15433:
15431:
15427:
15421:
15420:
15416:
15414:
15413:United States
15411:
15409:
15408:
15404:
15402:
15399:
15397:
15396:
15392:
15390:
15389:
15385:
15383:
15382:
15378:
15376:
15373:
15371:
15368:
15366:
15363:
15361:
15360:
15356:
15354:
15353:
15349:
15347:
15344:
15342:
15339:
15337:
15334:
15332:
15331:
15327:
15325:
15322:
15320:
15319:
15315:
15313:
15310:
15308:
15307:
15303:
15301:
15300:
15296:
15294:
15291:
15289:
15286:
15284:
15281:
15279:
15276:
15274:
15273:
15269:
15268:
15266:
15264:
15260:
15254:
15253:
15249:
15248:
15246:
15244:
15240:
15234:
15231:
15230:
15227:
15224:
15218:
15214:
15208:
15205:
15203:
15200:
15199:
15197:
15193:
15187:
15184:
15182:
15179:
15177:
15174:
15172:
15169:
15167:
15164:
15163:
15161:
15157:
15153:
15149:Further links
15146:
15142:
15128:
15124:
15117:
15112:
15110:
15105:
15103:
15098:
15097:
15094:
15082:
15079:
15077:
15074:
15072:
15069:
15067:
15064:
15062:
15059:
15057:
15054:
15052:
15049:
15047:
15046:International
15044:
15040:
15037:
15035:
15032:
15031:
15029:
15027:
15024:
15022:
15019:
15017:
15014:
15012:
15009:
15007:
15004:
15002:
14999:
14997:
14994:
14992:
14989:
14987:
14984:
14983:
14981:
14977:
14967:
14964:
14962:
14959:
14957:
14954:
14952:
14949:
14947:
14944:
14942:
14939:
14938:
14936:
14934:
14930:
14924:
14921:
14919:
14916:
14914:
14911:
14907:
14904:
14903:
14902:
14899:
14897:
14894:
14893:
14891:
14889:
14885:
14879:
14876:
14875:
14872:
14869:
14865:
14859:
14856:
14854:
14851:
14849:
14846:
14842:
14839:
14837:
14834:
14833:
14832:
14829:
14827:
14824:
14822:
14819:
14817:
14814:
14812:
14809:
14807:
14804:
14802:
14799:
14797:
14794:
14792:
14789:
14787:
14784:
14783:
14781:
14777:
14767:
14764:
14762:
14759:
14755:
14752:
14751:
14750:
14747:
14745:
14742:
14741:
14738:
14732:
14729:
14727:
14726:Torres Strait
14724:
14722:
14719:
14717:
14714:
14710:
14707:
14706:
14705:
14702:
14701:
14699:
14697:
14693:
14690:
14686:
14676:
14673:
14671:
14668:
14667:
14664:
14658:
14655:
14653:
14650:
14648:
14645:
14643:
14640:
14636:
14633:
14632:
14631:
14628:
14626:
14623:
14621:
14618:
14616:
14613:
14612:
14610:
14608:
14604:
14590:
14587:
14585:
14582:
14580:
14577:
14575:
14572:
14570:
14567:
14565:
14562:
14560:
14557:
14553:
14550:
14549:
14548:
14545:
14544:
14542:
14536:
14530:
14527:
14523:
14520:
14518:
14515:
14514:
14513:
14510:
14506:
14503:
14501:
14498:
14496:
14493:
14491:
14488:
14486:
14483:
14482:
14481:
14478:
14474:
14471:
14470:
14469:
14466:
14462:
14461:North-Central
14459:
14457:
14454:
14453:
14452:
14449:
14445:
14442:
14441:
14440:
14439:New York City
14437:
14433:
14430:
14428:
14425:
14423:
14420:
14418:
14415:
14414:
14413:
14410:
14408:
14405:
14404:
14401:
14398:
14396:
14390:
14384:
14381:
14379:
14376:
14374:
14373:Ottawa Valley
14371:
14369:
14366:
14362:
14359:
14357:
14354:
14353:
14352:
14349:
14347:
14344:
14343:
14341:
14339:
14335:
14332:
14330:
14324:
14321:
14317:
14307:
14304:
14302:
14299:
14297:
14294:
14293:
14290:
14284:
14281:
14279:
14276:
14274:
14271:
14270:
14268:
14266:
14262:
14252:
14249:
14247:
14244:
14242:
14239:
14237:
14234:
14233:
14231:
14229:
14225:
14219:
14216:
14214:
14211:
14210:
14208:
14206:
14202:
14190:
14187:
14185:
14182:
14181:
14180:
14177:
14175:
14172:
14168:
14167:Multicultural
14165:
14163:
14160:
14159:
14158:
14155:
14153:
14150:
14149:
14147:
14145:
14141:
14133:
14130:
14128:
14127:Black Country
14125:
14123:
14120:
14119:
14118:
14117:West Midlands
14115:
14113:
14112:East Midlands
14110:
14109:
14107:
14103:
14097:
14094:
14090:
14087:
14085:
14082:
14080:
14077:
14075:
14072:
14071:
14070:
14067:
14065:
14062:
14060:
14057:
14055:
14052:
14048:
14045:
14044:
14043:
14040:
14038:
14035:
14034:
14032:
14030:
14026:
14023:
14021:
14017:
14014:
14012:
14006:
14003:
14001:
13997:
13992:
13988:
13984:
13977:
13972:
13970:
13965:
13963:
13958:
13957:
13954:
13942:
13939:
13937:
13934:
13933:
13928:
13924:
13921:
13917:
13916:
13912:
13898:
13895:
13893:
13890:
13888:
13885:
13881:
13878:
13877:
13876:
13873:
13869:
13866:
13865:
13864:
13861:
13859:
13856:
13854:
13851:
13849:
13846:
13844:
13841:
13839:
13836:
13832:
13829:
13827:
13824:
13823:
13822:
13819:
13817:
13816:Energy policy
13814:
13810:
13807:
13805:
13802:
13800:
13797:
13795:
13792:
13790:
13787:
13785:
13782:
13780:
13777:
13775:
13772:
13771:
13770:
13767:
13765:
13762:
13758:
13757:incarceration
13755:
13754:
13753:
13750:
13748:
13745:
13744:
13742:
13738:
13732:
13729:
13727:
13724:
13722:
13719:
13717:
13714:
13712:
13709:
13707:
13704:
13702:
13699:
13697:
13694:
13692:
13689:
13687:
13684:
13680:
13677:
13675:
13672:
13670:
13667:
13666:
13665:
13662:
13658:
13655:
13653:
13650:
13648:
13645:
13643:
13642:Prenatal care
13640:
13638:
13637:Birth control
13635:
13633:
13630:
13629:
13628:
13625:
13623:
13620:
13619:
13617:
13615:
13611:
13605:
13602:
13600:
13597:
13595:
13592:
13590:
13587:
13585:
13582:
13580:
13577:
13575:
13574:Homeownership
13572:
13570:
13567:
13565:
13562:
13560:
13557:
13555:
13552:
13551:
13549:
13547:
13543:
13537:
13534:
13532:
13529:
13527:
13524:
13522:
13519:
13517:
13514:
13512:
13509:
13507:
13504:
13502:
13499:
13497:
13494:
13492:
13489:
13487:
13484:
13482:
13479:
13477:
13474:
13470:
13467:
13465:
13462:
13460:
13457:
13455:
13452:
13451:
13450:
13447:
13445:
13442:
13440:
13437:
13435:
13432:
13428:
13425:
13423:
13420:
13418:
13415:
13413:
13410:
13408:
13405:
13404:
13403:
13400:
13398:
13395:
13391:
13388:
13386:
13383:
13381:
13378:
13377:
13376:
13373:
13371:
13368:
13366:
13363:
13361:
13358:
13354:
13351:
13350:
13349:
13346:
13344:
13341:
13337:
13334:
13333:
13332:
13329:
13327:
13324:
13322:
13319:
13315:
13312:
13310:
13307:
13306:
13305:
13302:
13298:
13297:working class
13295:
13293:
13290:
13288:
13285:
13283:
13280:
13278:
13275:
13273:
13270:
13268:
13265:
13263:
13260:
13258:
13257:homeownership
13255:
13253:
13250:
13248:
13245:
13244:
13243:
13240:
13238:
13235:
13233:
13230:
13228:
13225:
13223:
13220:
13218:
13215:
13213:
13210:
13208:
13205:
13204:
13202:
13200:
13196:
13192:
13189:
13187:
13183:
13173:
13170:
13168:
13165:
13163:
13160:
13158:
13155:
13153:
13150:
13148:
13145:
13143:
13140:
13139:
13137:
13135:
13131:
13125:
13122:
13120:
13117:
13115:
13112:
13110:
13107:
13105:
13102:
13100:
13097:
13095:
13092:
13090:
13087:
13085:
13082:
13080:
13077:
13075:
13072:
13070:
13067:
13063:
13060:
13058:
13055:
13053:
13050:
13048:
13045:
13043:
13040:
13038:
13037:Manufacturing
13035:
13033:
13030:
13028:
13025:
13023:
13020:
13018:
13015:
13013:
13010:
13008:
13005:
13004:
13003:
13000:
12999:
12996:
12993:
12991:
12987:
12973:
12970:
12966:
12965:Third parties
12963:
12961:
12958:
12956:
12953:
12952:
12951:
12948:
12944:
12941:
12939:
12936:
12934:
12931:
12930:
12929:
12926:
12924:
12921:
12917:
12914:
12913:
12912:
12909:
12905:
12902:
12900:
12897:
12896:
12895:
12892:
12890:
12887:
12886:
12883:
12871:
12868:
12867:
12866:
12863:
12862:
12860:
12858:
12854:
12848:
12845:
12843:
12840:
12839:
12837:
12835:
12831:
12825:
12822:
12820:
12817:
12815:
12812:
12810:
12807:
12805:
12802:
12800:
12797:
12795:
12792:
12790:
12787:
12785:
12782:
12780:
12777:
12776:
12774:
12770:
12764:
12761:
12759:
12756:
12754:
12751:
12749:
12746:
12745:
12743:
12741:
12737:
12734:
12732:
12728:
12722:
12719:
12715:
12712:
12711:
12710:
12707:
12703:
12700:
12698:
12695:
12693:
12690:
12689:
12688:
12685:
12683:
12680:
12679:
12677:
12675:
12671:
12661:
12658:
12656:
12653:
12651:
12648:
12646:
12643:
12642:
12640:
12638:
12634:
12626:
12623:
12622:
12621:
12618:
12614:
12611:
12610:
12609:
12606:
12605:
12603:
12601:
12597:
12591:
12588:
12586:
12583:
12582:
12580:
12578:
12574:
12566:
12563:
12562:
12561:
12558:
12556:
12553:
12551:
12548:
12546:
12543:
12541:
12538:
12536:
12533:
12531:
12528:
12526:
12523:
12519:
12516:
12515:
12514:
12511:
12507:
12504:
12503:
12502:
12499:
12498:
12496:
12494:
12490:
12487:
12485:
12479:
12474:
12470:
12460:
12457:
12455:
12452:
12448:
12445:
12443:
12440:
12438:
12435:
12433:
12430:
12428:
12425:
12423:
12420:
12418:
12415:
12414:
12413:
12410:
12409:
12407:
12405:
12401:
12395:
12392:
12388:
12385:
12383:
12380:
12378:
12375:
12373:
12370:
12369:
12368:
12365:
12363:
12360:
12356:
12353:
12352:
12351:
12348:
12347:
12345:
12343:
12339:
12333:
12332:U.S. attorney
12330:
12328:
12325:
12321:
12318:
12316:
12313:
12312:
12311:
12307:
12304:
12300:
12297:
12296:
12295:
12292:
12288:
12285:
12283:
12280:
12278:
12277:Chief Justice
12275:
12274:
12273:
12272:Supreme Court
12270:
12269:
12267:
12265:
12261:
12255:
12252:
12250:
12247:
12245:
12242:
12240:
12237:
12235:
12232:
12228:
12225:
12223:
12220:
12218:
12215:
12214:
12213:
12210:
12206:
12203:
12201:
12198:
12197:
12196:
12193:
12192:
12190:
12188:
12184:
12178:
12177:Public policy
12175:
12173:
12172:Civil service
12170:
12168:
12165:
12161:
12158:
12156:
12153:
12151:
12148:
12146:
12143:
12141:
12138:
12136:
12133:
12131:
12128:
12126:
12123:
12121:
12118:
12117:
12116:
12113:
12109:
12106:
12104:
12101:
12099:
12096:
12094:
12091:
12090:
12089:
12086:
12084:
12081:
12079:
12076:
12074:
12071:
12069:
12066:
12062:
12059:
12057:
12054:
12053:
12052:
12049:
12048:
12046:
12042:
12039:
12037:
12033:
12029:
12026:
12024:
12020:
12010:
12007:
12005:
12002:
12000:
11997:
11993:
11990:
11988:
11985:
11983:
11980:
11978:
11975:
11973:
11970:
11968:
11965:
11963:
11960:
11958:
11955:
11954:
11953:
11949:
11945:
11942:
11940:
11937:
11935:
11932:
11930:
11927:
11925:
11922:
11920:
11917:
11915:
11912:
11910:
11907:
11905:
11902:
11900:
11897:
11895:
11892:
11890:
11887:
11885:
11882:
11880:
11877:
11875:
11872:
11870:
11867:
11865:
11862:
11861:
11860:
11857:
11853:
11850:
11849:
11848:
11845:
11841:
11840:Sierra Nevada
11838:
11836:
11833:
11831:
11828:
11826:
11823:
11821:
11818:
11817:
11816:
11813:
11811:
11808:
11806:
11803:
11801:
11798:
11794:
11791:
11789:
11786:
11784:
11781:
11779:
11778:insular zones
11776:
11774:
11771:
11769:
11766:
11764:
11761:
11759:
11756:
11754:
11751:
11750:
11749:
11746:
11745:
11742:
11739:
11737:
11733:
11723:
11720:
11718:
11715:
11713:
11710:
11708:
11705:
11703:
11700:
11698:
11695:
11693:
11690:
11688:
11685:
11684:
11682:
11678:
11672:
11669:
11667:
11664:
11660:
11657:
11655:
11652:
11651:
11650:
11649:War on Terror
11647:
11645:
11642:
11640:
11637:
11635:
11632:
11630:
11629:LGBT Movement
11627:
11625:
11622:
11620:
11617:
11615:
11612:
11610:
11607:
11605:
11602:
11598:
11595:
11594:
11593:
11590:
11588:
11585:
11583:
11580:
11578:
11575:
11573:
11570:
11568:
11565:
11561:
11558:
11556:
11553:
11551:
11548:
11547:
11545:
11543:
11540:
11538:
11535:
11533:
11530:
11528:
11525:
11523:
11520:
11518:
11515:
11513:
11510:
11508:
11505:
11503:
11500:
11498:
11495:
11493:
11490:
11486:
11483:
11481:
11478:
11477:
11476:
11473:
11471:
11468:
11464:
11461:
11459:
11456:
11455:
11454:
11451:
11447:
11444:
11442:
11439:
11438:
11437:
11434:
11432:
11429:
11427:
11424:
11422:
11419:
11415:
11412:
11410:
11407:
11405:
11402:
11400:
11397:
11395:
11392:
11390:
11387:
11385:
11382:
11381:
11380:
11377:
11375:
11372:
11371:
11369:
11365:
11359:
11356:
11354:
11351:
11349:
11346:
11344:
11341:
11339:
11336:
11334:
11331:
11329:
11326:
11324:
11321:
11319:
11316:
11314:
11311:
11309:
11306:
11305:
11303:
11299:
11296:
11294:
11290:
11285:
11284:United States
11278:
11273:
11271:
11266:
11264:
11259:
11258:
11255:
11242:
11239:
11236:
11233:
11230:
11227:
11224:
11221:
11218:
11215:
11212:
11209:
11206:
11203:
11200:
11197:
11194:
11191:
11188:
11185:
11182:
11179:
11176:
11173:
11170:
11167:
11164:
11161:
11158:
11155:
11152:
11149:
11146:
11143:
11140:
11137:
11134:
11131:
11128:
11125:
11122:
11119:
11116:
11113:
11110:
11107:
11104:
11101:
11098:
11095:
11092:
11089:
11086:
11085:
11083:
11075:
11065:
11064:
11060:
11058:
11057:
11053:
11052:
11050:
11046:
11040:
11039:
11035:
11034:
11032:
11030:
11026:
11020:
11017:
11016:
11014:
11012:
11008:
11002:
10999:
10997:
10994:
10992:
10989:
10987:
10984:
10983:
10981:
10979:
10975:
10972:
10966:
10956:
10953:
10951:
10948:
10946:
10943:
10941:
10938:
10937:
10935:
10932:
10928:
10924:
10918:
10915:
10913:
10910:
10908:
10905:
10903:
10900:
10898:
10895:
10894:
10892:
10890:
10886:
10880:
10877:
10875:
10872:
10870:
10867:
10865:
10862:
10860:
10857:
10855:
10852:
10851:
10849:
10847:
10843:
10837:
10834:
10832:
10829:
10827:
10824:
10822:
10819:
10817:
10814:
10813:
10811:
10809:
10805:
10802:
10796:
10786:
10783:
10781:
10778:
10776:
10773:
10768:
10767:
10766:
10763:
10762:
10760:
10756:
10747:
10746:
10745:
10744:
10740:
10739:
10735:
10732:
10729:
10726:
10723:
10722:
10720:
10718:
10714:
10711:
10705:
10691:
10690:
10686:
10685:
10682:
10679:
10677:
10674:
10672:
10669:
10668:
10666:
10660:
10654:
10653:
10649:
10647:
10646:
10642:
10641:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10630:
10628:
10625:
10623:
10620:
10618:
10615:
10613:
10610:
10608:
10605:
10604:
10602:
10598:
10595:
10591:
10581:
10578:
10576:
10573:
10571:
10568:
10566:
10563:
10561:
10558:
10556:
10553:
10551:
10548:
10546:
10543:
10541:
10538:
10537:
10535:
10533:
10527:
10521:
10520:
10516:
10514:
10513:
10509:
10507:
10506:
10502:
10500:
10499:
10495:
10493:
10492:
10488:
10486:
10485:
10481:
10479:
10478:
10474:
10472:
10471:
10467:
10465:
10464:
10460:
10459:
10456:
10455:Valley Yokuts
10453:
10451:
10448:
10446:
10443:
10441:
10438:
10437:
10435:
10433:
10429:
10423:
10420:
10418:
10415:
10413:
10410:
10409:
10407:
10405:
10401:
10395:
10392:
10391:
10389:
10387:
10383:
10377:
10376:
10372:
10370:
10369:
10365:
10364:
10361:
10358:
10356:
10353:
10351:
10348:
10346:
10343:
10341:
10338:
10336:
10333:
10331:
10328:
10326:
10323:
10321:
10318:
10316:
10313:
10311:
10308:
10306:
10303:
10301:
10298:
10296:
10293:
10291:
10288:
10287:
10285:
10283:
10279:
10273:
10270:
10269:
10267:
10265:
10261:
10255:
10254:
10250:
10249:
10246:
10243:
10241:
10238:
10236:
10235:Southern Tiwa
10233:
10231:
10228:
10226:
10223:
10221:
10218:
10217:
10215:
10213:
10209:
10203:
10202:
10198:
10196:
10195:
10194:Tutelo-Saponi
10191:
10189:
10188:
10184:
10182:
10181:
10177:
10175:
10174:
10170:
10168:
10167:
10163:
10161:
10160:
10156:
10154:
10153:
10149:
10148:
10145:
10142:
10140:
10137:
10135:
10132:
10130:
10127:
10125:
10122:
10120:
10117:
10115:
10112:
10110:
10107:
10105:
10102:
10100:
10097:
10095:
10092:
10091:
10089:
10087:
10083:
10077:
10076:
10072:
10070:
10069:
10065:
10063:
10062:
10058:
10056:
10055:
10051:
10049:
10048:
10044:
10043:
10040:
10037:
10035:
10032:
10030:
10027:
10025:
10022:
10020:
10017:
10015:
10012:
10010:
10007:
10005:
10002:
10000:
9997:
9995:
9992:
9990:
9989:Coeur d'Alene
9987:
9986:
9984:
9982:
9978:
9972:
9971:
9970:Northern Pomo
9967:
9965:
9964:
9960:
9959:
9956:
9955:Southern Pomo
9953:
9951:
9948:
9946:
9943:
9941:
9938:
9936:
9933:
9932:
9930:
9928:
9924:
9918:
9917:
9913:
9911:
9910:
9906:
9905:
9902:
9899:
9897:
9894:
9893:
9891:
9889:
9885:
9879:
9878:
9874:
9873:
9870:
9867:
9866:
9864:
9862:
9858:
9852:
9851:
9847:
9846:
9843:
9840:
9838:
9835:
9833:
9830:
9828:
9825:
9823:
9820:
9818:
9815:
9814:
9812:
9810:
9806:
9800:
9799:
9795:
9794:
9791:
9788:
9786:
9783:
9781:
9778:
9777:
9775:
9773:
9769:
9763:Laguna Pueblo
9762:
9759:
9757:Western Keres
9756:
9753:
9750:
9747:
9746:
9744:
9742:
9738:
9732:
9731:
9727:
9725:
9724:
9720:
9718:
9717:
9713:
9712:
9710:
9708:
9707:
9702:
9696:
9695:
9691:
9689:
9688:
9687:Susquehannock
9684:
9682:
9681:
9677:
9675:
9674:
9673:Neutral Huron
9670:
9668:
9667:
9663:
9662:
9659:
9656:
9654:
9651:
9649:
9646:
9644:
9641:
9639:
9636:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9615:
9613:
9611:
9607:
9601:
9600:Chevak Cup’ik
9598:
9596:
9593:
9591:
9588:
9586:
9583:
9581:
9578:
9576:
9573:
9571:
9568:
9567:
9565:
9563:
9559:
9553:
9552:
9548:
9546:
9545:
9541:
9539:
9538:
9534:
9532:
9531:
9527:
9525:
9524:
9523:Plains Apache
9520:
9518:
9517:
9513:
9511:
9510:
9506:
9504:
9503:
9499:
9497:
9496:
9492:
9490:
9489:
9485:
9483:
9482:
9478:
9477:
9474:
9471:
9469:
9466:
9464:
9461:
9459:
9456:
9454:
9451:
9449:
9446:
9444:
9441:
9439:
9436:
9434:
9431:
9429:
9426:
9424:
9421:
9419:
9416:
9414:
9411:
9409:
9406:
9404:
9401:
9399:
9396:
9395:
9393:
9391:
9385:
9379:
9378:
9374:
9372:
9371:
9367:
9365:
9364:
9360:
9358:
9357:
9353:
9351:
9350:
9346:
9345:
9343:
9341:
9340:
9335:
9329:
9328:Upper Chinook
9326:
9324:
9321:
9319:
9316:
9315:
9313:
9311:
9307:
9301:
9300:
9296:
9295:
9292:
9289:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9279:
9278:
9276:
9274:
9270:
9264:
9261:
9259:
9256:
9254:
9251:
9249:
9246:
9244:
9241:
9240:
9238:
9236:
9232:
9226:
9225:
9221:
9219:
9218:
9214:
9212:
9211:
9207:
9205:
9204:
9200:
9198:
9197:
9193:
9191:
9190:
9186:
9184:
9183:
9179:
9177:
9176:
9172:
9170:
9169:
9165:
9163:
9162:
9158:
9156:
9155:
9154:Nawathinehena
9151:
9149:
9148:
9144:
9142:
9141:
9137:
9135:
9134:
9130:
9129:
9126:
9123:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9083:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9052:
9050:
9048:
9044:
9041:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9026:
9016:
9013:
9011:
9008:
9006:
9003:
9001:
8998:
8996:
8993:
8991:
8988:
8986:
8985:Texan English
8983:
8979:
8976:
8975:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8956:
8954:
8951:
8949:
8946:
8944:
8941:
8939:
8936:
8934:
8931:
8929:
8926:
8924:
8921:
8917:
8914:
8912:
8909:
8908:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8896:Maine English
8894:
8892:
8891:Miami English
8889:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8861:Cajun English
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8835:
8832:
8831:
8830:
8827:
8826:
8823:
8819:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8804:
8799:
8796:Languages in
8793:
8789:
8782:
8777:
8775:
8770:
8768:
8763:
8762:
8759:
8753:
8746:
8740:
8737:
8735:
8732:
8730:
8727:
8725:
8721:
8718:
8716:
8713:
8710:
8706:
8702:
8699:
8697:: PBS special
8696:
8693:
8692:
8683:
8679:
8676:
8672:
8671:
8661:
8660:
8655:
8651:
8648:
8644:
8641:
8637:
8633:
8629:
8626:
8622:
8619:
8618:
8607:
8603:
8599:
8595:
8591:
8587:
8583:
8579:
8574:
8565:
8556:
8547:
8543:
8539:
8535:
8531:
8527:
8523:
8519:
8508:
8502:
8498:
8497:
8491:
8487:
8483:
8479:
8475:
8471:
8467:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8449:
8445:
8441:
8436:
8432:
8426:
8422:
8418:
8414:
8410:
8406:
8399:
8395:
8391:
8387:
8383:
8379:
8375:
8370:
8365:
8361:
8357:
8350:
8345:
8341:
8336:
8333:
8331:9783110175325
8327:
8323:
8322:
8316:
8305:
8299:
8295:
8294:
8288:
8277:
8271:
8267:
8266:
8260:
8256:
8252:
8248:
8244:
8239:
8235:
8231:
8227:
8220:
8215:
8211:
8207:
8202:
8198:
8194:
8190:
8186:
8181:
8174:
8170:
8166:
8162:
8158:
8153:
8148:
8144:
8140:
8136:
8132:
8125:
8120:
8116:
8112:
8108:
8104:
8100:
8096:
8092:
8087:
8080:
8076:
8070:
8066:
8059:
8054:
8053:
8031:
8030:
8025:
8018:
8002:
8001:
7996:
7989:
7982:
7978:
7972:
7964:
7960:
7956:
7949:
7933:
7929:
7923:
7915:
7911:
7907:
7903:
7899:
7895:
7888:
7882:, p. 42.
7881:
7880:Trudgill 2004
7876:
7869:
7864:
7857:
7852:
7843:
7836:
7830:
7823:
7817:
7810:
7804:
7797:
7791:
7784:
7779:
7772:
7767:
7760:
7759:Trudgill 2004
7755:
7748:
7741:
7737:
7730:
7729:"New England"
7723:
7717:, p. 60.
7716:
7711:
7705:Labov, p. 48.
7702:
7694:
7688:
7684:
7683:
7675:
7668:
7663:
7656:
7651:
7644:
7639:
7637:
7629:
7624:
7622:
7614:
7609:
7594:
7590:
7584:
7565:
7559:
7552:
7551:0-521-62181-X
7548:
7544:
7538:
7531:
7525:
7518:
7517:0-521-37993-8
7514:
7510:
7504:
7497:
7491:
7484:
7480:
7477:
7471:
7455:
7451:
7445:
7429:
7425:
7424:"intelligent"
7419:
7403:
7399:
7393:
7386:
7381:
7373:
7372:
7367:
7360:
7353:
7349:
7345:
7341:
7337:
7333:
7332:George Orwell
7327:
7312:
7306:
7300:, p. 69.
7299:
7298:Trudgill 2004
7294:
7292:
7275:
7269:
7253:
7247:
7240:
7239:Trudgill 2004
7235:
7220:
7216:
7210:
7202:
7201:
7193:
7186:
7182:
7178:
7172:
7157:
7155:9781616402594
7151:
7147:
7146:
7138:
7122:
7121:
7113:
7098:
7096:9780874173673
7092:
7088:
7087:
7079:
7063:
7062:
7054:
7038:
7034:
7028:
7021:
7010:
7006:
7005:
6997:
6995:
6988:, p. 52.
6987:
6982:
6980:
6972:
6967:
6960:
6955:
6948:
6943:
6941:
6933:
6932:Boberg (2008)
6928:
6921:
6916:
6909:
6904:
6897:
6892:
6885:
6881:
6880:Duncan (2016)
6876:
6869:
6868:Boberg (2008)
6864:
6862:
6854:
6849:
6847:
6839:
6834:
6827:
6822:
6820:
6818:
6810:
6809:Duncan (2016)
6805:
6803:
6801:
6793:
6788:
6781:
6776:
6769:
6764:
6757:
6752:
6745:
6741:
6739:9780979689505
6735:
6731:
6727:
6720:
6713:
6711:
6705:
6699:
6695:
6691:
6684:
6668:
6661:
6654:
6643:September 21,
6639:
6635:
6628:
6621:
6616:
6609:
6604:
6597:
6592:
6586:, p. xi.
6585:
6580:
6573:
6568:
6560:
6554:
6550:
6549:
6541:
6534:
6528:
6521:
6517:
6511:
6504:
6499:
6492:
6487:
6480:
6478:
6470:
6463:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6446:
6439:
6434:
6427:
6421:
6405:
6399:
6383:
6379:
6373:
6357:
6351:
6344:
6341:According to
6338:
6331:
6327:
6321:
6314:
6308:
6301:
6296:
6294:
6287:, p. 61.
6286:
6281:
6274:
6269:
6262:
6257:
6250:
6245:
6238:
6233:
6226:
6221:
6214:
6213:
6206:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6179:
6172:
6168:
6162:
6155:
6150:
6143:
6138:
6123:
6117:
6113:
6112:
6104:
6102:
6085:
6079:
6072:
6066:
6059:
6053:
6051:
6042:
6040:9783961103386
6036:
6031:
6026:
6019:
6018:
6010:
6003:
6002:Longmore 2007
5998:
5991:
5990:Longmore 2007
5986:
5979:
5974:
5958:
5956:
5948:
5941:
5936:
5929:
5924:
5917:
5912:
5904:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5843:
5832:September 10,
5827:
5823:
5822:
5817:
5811:
5795:
5788:
5773:. BBC Culture
5772:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5736:The Economist
5732:
5725:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5707:9781782832621
5703:
5698:
5697:
5688:
5686:
5669:
5665:
5659:
5657:
5648:
5642:
5637:
5636:
5630:
5624:
5608:
5604:
5598:
5582:
5578:
5572:
5556:
5552:
5546:
5542:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5499:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5481:spa, haha, Ma
5479:vowel (as in
5474:
5466:
5464:
5463:father–bother
5459:
5455:
5449:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5420:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5396:ISO standards
5393:
5389:
5388:language code
5380:
5376:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5318:
5312:
5307:
5304:
5293:
5286:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5274:
5269:
5268:United States
5264:
5239:
5230:
5225:
5215:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5160:Orthodox Jews
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5112:
5110:
5106:
5104:
5098:
5096:
5091:
5089:
5088:father–bother
5084:
5079:
5078:William Labov
5073:
5058:
5055:
5052:
5049:
5046:
5043:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5034:
5030:
5029:
5025:
5022:
5019:
5016:
5013:
5010:
5007:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4997:
4996:
4992:
4989:
4986:
4983:
4980:
4977:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4964:
4963:
4959:
4956:
4953:
4950:
4947:
4944:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4935:
4931:
4930:
4926:
4923:
4920:
4917:
4914:
4911:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4891:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4879:
4876:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4863:
4862:
4858:
4855:
4852:
4849:
4846:
4843:
4840:
4838:New York City
4837:
4835:
4834:
4833:New York City
4830:
4829:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4813:
4810:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4796:
4792:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4764:
4763:
4759:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4747:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4732:
4731:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4709:
4702:
4695:
4688:
4681:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4625:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4584:New York City
4581:
4577:
4573:
4572:rhotic accent
4564:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4507:
4503:
4501:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4460:
4455:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4393:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4363:(including a
4362:
4358:
4352:
4350:
4344:
4340:
4330:
4322:
4321:Cajun English
4318:
4314:
4310:
4309:regional maps
4306:
4305:
4300:
4291:
4284:
4275:
4268:
4259:
4250:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4222:
4220:
4213:
4210:
4202:
4199:
4191:
4189:
4188:NORTH CENTRAL
4182:
4179:
4171:
4169:
4162:
4159:
4151:
4148:
4140:
4131:
4129:
4122:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4065:
4063:
4062:comma splices
4059:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4007:Victorian era
4004:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3903:snuck/sneaked
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3840:
3835:
3833:
3828:
3826:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3777:
3771:
3768:
3762:
3759:
3753:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3668:Comparison of
3666:
3665:
3661:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3647:shopping cart
3643:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3570:
3569:monkey wrench
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3476:Lowland Scots
3473:
3469:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3435:
3434:kitty-corner.
3431:
3429:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3406:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3380:phrasal verbs
3377:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3307:
3301:
3297:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3283:
3281:
3275:
3271:
3269:
3263:
3261:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3113:
3110:, breezeway,
3109:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3067:, waterfront)
3066:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2930:
2918:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2871:
2860:
2856:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2795:
2781:
2766:
2755:
2751:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2694:Pronunciation
2690:
2688:
2687:
2672:
2667:
2665:
2660:
2658:
2653:
2652:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2627:
2619:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2545:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2504:
2498:
2491:
2485:
2476:The untensed
2473:
2471:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2392:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2366:
2365:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2309:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2290:
2289:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2257:
2252:
2245:
2244:
2231:
2228:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2190:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2153:
2152:New York City
2150:
2145:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2123:
2118:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2094:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2051:New York City
2048:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2032:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1922:
1921:Upper Midwest
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1830:began in the
1829:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1803:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1777:
1765:
1761:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1654:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1625:alveolar flap
1623:(a nasalized
1620:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1584:and twice in
1583:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1546:
1542:
1531:
1524:
1519:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1482:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1448:and before a
1447:
1443:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1415:
1414:with flapping
1413:
1394:
1392:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1290:
1288:
1285:(glottalized
1284:
1265:
1263:
1260:(glottalized
1259:
1251:
1225:
1221:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1112:
1110:
1109:Mirror–nearer
1106:
1100:vowel before
1099:
1088:
1081:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1048:
1040:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1015:
1014:Vowel mergers
1012:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
982:
978:
971:
964:
954:
947:
940:
931:
924:
914:
907:
900:
895:
887:
879:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
848:West Virginia
845:
841:
837:
832:
825:
821:
814:
810:
808:
804:
801:
797:
793:
792:Boston accent
790:(such as the
789:
785:
784:father–bother
778:
774:
770:
762:
758:
746:
740:
739:
738:
730:
728:
720:
718:
713:
703:
701:
697:
693:
685:
665:
661:
645:
638:
620:
616:
614:
596:
594:
587:
580:
575:
568:
561:
556:
547:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
526:New York City
523:
515:
511:
507:
493:
483:
481:
477:
473:
463:
461:
454:
447:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
398:
395:
391:
387:
377:
375:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
287:
281:
275:
273:
269:
266:
263:
261:
260:
255:
251:
248:
243:
238:
234:
230:
229:United States
227:
221:
216:
210:
207:
203:
199:
195:
194:
192:
188:
182:
174:
171:
170:
169:
166:
165:
164:
160:
154:
134:
131:
130:
129:
126:
125:
124:
121:
120:
119:
116:
115:
114:
113:Anglo–Frisian
111:
110:
109:
106:
105:
104:
103:West Germanic
101:
100:
99:
96:
95:
94:
93:Indo-European
90:
86:
80:
76:
73:67.3 million
70:
64:
61:
60:United States
58:
54:
47:
42:
37:
34:
30:
26:
22:
15876:
15873:Dependencies
15841:
15814:
15782:
15773:Cook Islands
15765:
15742:
15735:
15697:
15690:
15683:
15663:
15618:South Africa
15608:Sierra Leone
15526:
15498:
15491:
15456:
15449:
15437:
15417:
15405:
15393:
15388:Sint Maarten
15386:
15379:
15357:
15350:
15328:
15316:
15304:
15297:
15270:
15250:
15232:
14831:South Africa
14826:Sierra Leone
14579:Miami Latino
14468:Philadelphia
14456:Inland North
14392:
14361:Newfoundland
14179:West Country
13993:by continent
13858:Human rights
13838:Gun politics
13789:Islamophobia
13779:antisemitism
13647:Hospice care
13589:Middle class
13569:Homelessness
13546:Social class
13506:Social class
13379:
13370:Human rights
13360:Homelessness
13272:middle class
13237:Demographics
13212:Architecture
13119:Unemployment
13099:Labor unions
12847:Town meeting
12824:City council
12819:City manager
12560:State police
12422:Marine Corps
12412:Armed Forces
12387:civil rights
12367:Constitution
11939:Southwestern
11934:Southeastern
11924:Northwestern
11919:Northeastern
11884:Mid-Atlantic
11874:Great Plains
11592:World War II
11475:Constitution
11379:Colonial era
11358:2008–present
11061:
11054:
11036:
11028:
10917:Sabine River
10912:Puerto Rican
10864:Plautdietsch
10798:Oral settler
10741:
10689:Mohawk Dutch
10687:
10650:
10643:
10519:Plains Miwok
10517:
10510:
10503:
10496:
10489:
10482:
10475:
10468:
10461:
10373:
10366:
10251:
10199:
10192:
10185:
10178:
10171:
10164:
10157:
10150:
10073:
10066:
10059:
10052:
10045:
9968:
9961:
9940:Eastern Pomo
9935:Central Pomo
9914:
9907:
9875:
9848:
9796:
9760:Acoma Pueblo
9728:
9721:
9714:
9704:
9692:
9685:
9678:
9671:
9664:
9549:
9544:Upper Umpqua
9542:
9535:
9528:
9521:
9514:
9507:
9500:
9493:
9486:
9479:
9468:Upper Tanana
9438:Lower Tanana
9375:
9368:
9361:
9354:
9347:
9337:
9297:
9235:Austronesian
9222:
9215:
9208:
9201:
9194:
9189:Narragansett
9187:
9180:
9173:
9166:
9159:
9152:
9145:
9138:
9131:
9090:Massachusett
8817:
8816:Dialects of
8806:
8800:are extinct.
8797:
8704:
8681:
8674:
8658:
8646:
8635:
8624:
8581:
8577:
8564:0-52128541-0
8555:0-52128540-2
8546:0-52129719-2
8525:
8512:February 20,
8510:. Retrieved
8495:
8485:
8447:
8443:
8416:
8359:
8355:
8339:
8320:
8309:February 20,
8307:. Retrieved
8292:
8281:February 20,
8279:. Retrieved
8264:
8246:
8242:
8225:
8209:
8205:
8184:
8134:
8130:
8098:
8094:
8064:
8049:Bibliography
8034:. Retrieved
8027:
8017:
8005:. Retrieved
8003:. p. 10
7998:
7988:
7981:U.S. English
7980:
7971:
7958:
7948:
7936:. Retrieved
7931:
7928:"ACS B16001"
7922:
7897:
7893:
7887:
7875:
7863:
7851:
7842:
7829:
7816:
7803:
7790:
7778:
7766:
7754:
7746:
7735:
7722:
7710:
7701:
7681:
7674:
7662:
7650:
7608:
7596:. Retrieved
7592:
7583:
7571:. Retrieved
7558:
7542:
7537:
7529:
7524:
7508:
7503:
7490:
7470:
7458:. Retrieved
7454:the original
7444:
7432:. Retrieved
7428:the original
7418:
7406:. Retrieved
7402:the original
7392:
7384:
7380:
7369:
7359:
7351:
7347:
7343:
7339:
7335:
7326:
7314:. Retrieved
7305:
7278:. Retrieved
7268:
7256:. Retrieved
7246:
7234:
7222:. Retrieved
7219:Random House
7209:
7199:
7192:
7184:
7180:
7176:
7171:
7159:. Retrieved
7144:
7137:
7125:. Retrieved
7119:
7112:
7100:. Retrieved
7085:
7078:
7066:. Retrieved
7060:
7053:
7041:. Retrieved
7037:the original
7027:
7019:
7012:. Retrieved
7003:
6971:Labov (2007)
6966:
6959:Labov (2007)
6954:
6927:
6915:
6903:
6891:
6875:
6833:
6787:
6775:
6763:
6751:
6743:
6729:
6719:
6709:
6707:
6693:
6683:
6671:. Retrieved
6666:
6653:
6641:. Retrieved
6627:
6615:
6608:Wells (2008)
6603:
6595:
6591:
6579:
6567:
6547:
6540:
6532:
6527:
6510:
6503:Wells (1982)
6498:
6486:
6476:
6469:
6452:
6445:
6433:
6420:
6408:. Retrieved
6398:
6386:. Retrieved
6382:the original
6372:
6360:. Retrieved
6350:
6342:
6337:
6329:
6320:
6307:
6300:Wells (1982)
6280:
6268:
6256:
6244:
6232:
6220:
6210:
6205:
6188:
6184:
6178:
6170:
6161:
6149:
6137:
6125:. Retrieved
6110:
6088:. Retrieved
6078:
6070:
6065:
6057:
6016:
6009:
5997:
5985:
5973:
5961:. Retrieved
5954:
5947:
5935:
5923:
5911:
5856:
5852:
5842:
5830:. Retrieved
5826:The Guardian
5819:
5810:
5798:. Retrieved
5787:
5775:. Retrieved
5747:. Retrieved
5735:
5724:
5695:
5672:. Retrieved
5668:the original
5634:
5623:
5611:. Retrieved
5606:
5597:
5585:. Retrieved
5580:
5571:
5559:. Retrieved
5555:the original
5545:
5526:
5522:
5510:
5509:" vowel (in
5506:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5472:
5462:
5457:
5448:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5419:
5392:U.S. English
5391:
5379:
5277:
5265:
5262:
5170:in southern
5118:
5107:, and other
5102:
5094:
5087:
5075:
5031:
4998:
4965:
4939:Philadelphia
4932:
4897:
4864:
4831:
4805:Indianapolis
4798:
4765:
4733:
4719:
4711:
4669:
4641:front vowels
4621:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4595:
4575:
4565:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4505:
4499:
4464:
4447:
4407:Inland North
4403:vowel shifts
4353:
4346:
4327:
4302:
4218:
4208:
4197:
4187:
4177:
4168:INLAND NORTH
4167:
4157:
4146:
4127:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4088:
4084:
4078:
4072:
4068:
4066:
4055:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
3998:Noah Webster
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3944:for British
3941:
3935:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3874:
3871:he ran quick
3870:
3867:
3863:Noah Webster
3854:
3848:
3680:
3670:American and
3645:
3642:tennis shoes
3641:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3592:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3546:H. W. Fowler
3541:
3537:
3533:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3509:
3503:
3502:("sweets"),
3497:
3491:
3485:
3484:("autumn"),
3479:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3445:cutesy, punk
3444:
3437:
3433:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3388:
3383:
3367:
3351:
3347:, smalltime,
3335:
3325:
3315:
3303:
3293:
3285:
3277:
3273:
3270:, for sure);
3265:
3258:
3252:
3248:
3242:
3232:
3217:
3212:
3205:
3199:
3193:
3187:
3169:
3155:
3139:
3133:
3129:
3105:
3090:
3080:
3070:
3062:
3052:
3042:
3040:in the U.S.
3027:
3017:
3009:kindergarten
3007:
2997:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2965:
2951:
2945:
2916:
2910:
2906:distinction.
2902:
2885:Horse–hoarse
2884:
2878:
2840:
2817:
2736:
2712:Philadelphia
2643:
2637:
2633:
2621:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2553:
2549:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2502:
2497:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2427:
2424:am, can, had
2423:
2388:
2374:
2354:
2331:
2298:
2276:
2253:
2229:
2214:Great Lakes
2203:Mountain US
2167:Philadelphia
2076:
2075:", but both
2071:
2064:
2058:
2054:
2047:Philadelphia
2019:
2015:
2011:
1962:Conditioned
1956:
1952:
1944:
1932:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1847:Inland North
1840:Mid-Atlantic
1828:sound change
1823:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1775:
1763:
1759:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1720:: The vowel
1712:front vowels
1708:intervocalic
1676:velarization
1636:
1632:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1540:
1495:
1491:
1470:
1453:
1442:glottal stop
1411:
1390:
1361:
1357:
1336:
1332:
1311:
1307:
1286:
1282:
1261:
1257:
1249:
1223:
1208:Yod-dropping
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1108:
1097:
1086:
1079:
1069:
1058:
1054:
1046:
1038:
1028:
1007:
1003:
999:
952:
911:or advanced
885:
864:Mid-Atlantic
840:Great Plains
830:
823:
819:
812:
806:
783:
772:
768:
761:rounded lips
756:
736:
716:
709:
699:
695:
691:
683:
663:
659:
619:lexical sets
612:
609:
592:
546:Scotch-Irish
542:
513:
509:
505:
495:
476:conservative
469:
457:
414:Scotch-Irish
410:Ulster Scots
399:
383:
359:is known in
349:
325:U.S. English
324:
320:
316:
312:
311:
283:
264:
257:
132:
33:
15715:Philippines
15665:Puerto Rico
15623:South Sudan
15487:New Zealand
15451:Isle of Man
15370:Saint Lucia
15283:The Bahamas
15186:Anglosphere
14956:Philippines
14749:New Zealand
14635:Bay Islands
14615:The Bahamas
14538:Social and
14495:New Orleans
14412:New England
14306:Isle of Man
14251:Port Talbot
14152:East Anglia
14069:Northumbria
13863:Immigration
13794:LGBT rights
13696:Food safety
13531:Video games
13124:Wall Street
13104:Public debt
13007:Agriculture
12943:nationalism
12655:Uniform act
12577:Legislative
12484:Territorial
12442:Coast Guard
12437:Space Force
12187:Legislative
11982:Red (South)
11972:Mississippi
11894:New England
11830:Appalachian
11800:Earthquakes
11697:Discoveries
11692:Demographic
11634:Vietnam War
11577:World War I
11572:Imperialism
11522:Indian Wars
11497:War of 1812
11147:Hindi (0.9)
10955:Angloromani
10907:New Mexican
10836:New England
10477:Coast Miwok
10350:Tübatulabal
10282:Uto-Aztecan
10264:Tsimshianic
10253:Piro Pueblo
10173:Mitchigamea
10129:Omaha–Ponca
10094:Assiniboine
10009:Lushootseed
9861:Palaihnihan
9694:Wenrohronon
9390:Yeniseian?)
9253:Refaluwasch
9140:Gros Ventre
8499:. Pearson.
8206:Linguistics
6673:January 17,
6171:LiveScience
5796:. Scroll.in
5613:January 11,
5587:January 11,
5279:Puerto Rico
5005:Los Angeles
4972:San Antonio
4871:Minneapolis
4676:Accent name
4607:sound like
4538:diphthongal
4413:(including
4371:), and the
4357:New England
4266:Outer Banks
4003:francophile
3938:orthography
3923:to hospital
3857:, known as
3575:wastebasket
3280:disc jockey
3278:hijacking,
3179:bottom line
3142:parking lot
3118:railroading
3101:mobile home
3093:condominium
3059:house style
3049:War of 1812
3036:plant, the
2724:New England
2718:Southern US
2632:set (thus,
2441:began, ran,
2325:Prevocalic
2246:Prevocalic
2207:Minnesota,
2201:, Northern
2177:New England
2157:New Orleans
2083:changes to
2014:, but for
2008:nasal stops
1964:/æ/ raising
1836:New England
1824:high school
1820:high school
1582:what is it?
1200:. The word
1070:Hurry–furry
844:New England
763:, like the
644:lexical set
538:Southerners
434:Great Lakes
420:developing
361:linguistics
345:U.S. states
298:instead of
163:Old English
157:Early forms
75:L2 speakers
15905:Categories
15800:Micronesia
15613:Somaliland
15558:The Gambia
15352:Montserrat
14896:Bangladesh
14888:South Asia
14841:Cape Flats
14791:The Gambia
14716:Aboriginal
14552:vernacular
14517:California
14490:High Tider
14485:Appalachia
14346:Aboriginal
14278:South-West
14122:Birmingham
14079:Sunderland
14064:Manchester
14054:Lancashire
13897:Xenophobia
13686:Disability
13627:Healthcare
13536:Visual art
13481:Philosophy
13427:television
13417:newspapers
13407:journalism
13397:Literature
13309:attainment
12960:Republican
12955:Democratic
12928:Ideologies
12889:Corruption
12454:NOAA Corps
12377:preemption
12372:federalism
11987:Rio Grande
11889:Midwestern
11869:West Coast
11864:East Coast
11707:Inventions
11619:Space Race
11614:Korean War
11597:home front
11532:Gilded Age
11168:Urdu (0.5)
11136:Portuguese
11106:Vietnamese
10996:Protactile
10978:Francosign
10645:Chitimacha
10498:Lake Miwok
9999:Halkomelem
9495:Holikachuk
9370:Purisimeño
9115:Potawatomi
8834:Vernacular
8419:. Berlin:
7932:ACS B16001
7628:Labov 2012
7352:face up to
7148:. Cosimo.
7043:January 9,
6703:0618043624
6572:Wells 1982
6491:Wells 1982
6261:Wells 1982
6249:Wells 1982
5963:August 15,
5928:Labov 2012
5866:1707.00781
5561:January 2,
5537:References
5212:Thomasites
5059:pre-nasal
5038:Pittsburgh
5026:pre-nasal
4927:pre-nasal
4826:pre-nasal
4760:pre-nasal
4712:Cot–caught
4506:cot–caught
4500:cot–caught
4471:Pittsburgh
4445:shibboleth
4241:Appalachia
4234:California
4097:burglarize
4060:, called "
3994:travelling
3911:in school,
3907:dove/dived
3737:Vocabulary
3616:soft drink
3511:eyeglasses
3405:weatherize
3337:brainstorm
3130:dirt roads
2972:Algonquian
2936:Vocabulary
2911:Wine–whine
2588:/ɔr/–/oʊr/
2385:Otherwise
2187:Western US
2182:Pittsburgh
2172:Midland US
2143:consonant
2141:Following
2093:homorganic
1919:, and the
1909:California
1586:not at all
1516:becomes a
1412:relatively
1391:relatively
1364:-flapping)
1339:-flapping)
1314:-flapping)
1236:/ˈtjuzdeɪ/
1074:: The pre-
953:cot–caught
807:Cot–caught
742:Unrounded
727:H-dropping
613:cot–caught
418:Appalachia
15875:shown in
15737:Gibraltar
15720:Singapore
15699:Hong Kong
15588:Mauritius
15482:Australia
14961:Singapore
14923:Sri Lanka
14878:Hong Kong
14704:variation
14696:Australia
14607:Caribbean
14473:Baltimore
14356:Lunenburg
14301:Gibraltar
14218:Highlands
14096:Yorkshire
14059:Liverpool
13880:Terrorism
13657:Rationing
13554:Affluence
13501:Sexuality
13469:Uncle Sam
13375:Languages
13304:Education
13247:affluence
13207:Americana
13134:Transport
13032:Insurance
13022:Companies
13002:By sector
12894:Elections
12535:Treasurer
12493:Executive
12432:Air Force
12404:Uniformed
12227:President
12044:Executive
11815:Mountains
11748:Territory
11736:Geography
11560:1954–1968
11555:1896–1954
11550:1865–1896
11512:Civil War
11353:1991–2008
11348:1980–1991
11343:1964–1980
11338:1945–1964
11333:1917–1945
11328:1865–1917
11323:1849–1865
11318:1815–1849
11313:1789–1815
11308:1776–1789
11301:By period
10970:languages
10950:Spanglish
10933:languages
10859:Hutterite
10816:Louisiana
10800:languages
10717:Hand Talk
10709:languages
10664:Languages
10512:Palewyami
10463:Bay Miwok
10432:Yuk-Utian
10310:Kitanemuk
10144:Winnebago
10068:Tillamook
9896:Nez Perce
9850:Apalachee
9822:Chickasaw
9809:Muskogean
9706:Kalapuyan
9653:Tuscarora
9610:Iroquoian
9453:Tanacross
9428:Jicarilla
9403:Deg Xinag
9377:Ventureño
9349:Barbareño
9339:Chumashan
9318:Kathlamet
9310:Chinookan
9263:Tokelauan
9182:Nanticoke
9095:Menominee
9065:Blackfoot
9031:languages
8656:(1977) .
8578:Phonetica
8474:143910740
8364:CiteSeerX
8147:CiteSeerX
8115:146478485
8036:March 23,
8007:March 23,
7938:April 12,
7914:145589555
7900:: 33–45.
7598:April 18,
7573:March 21,
7354:, etc.)".
7316:April 18,
7276:. Oup.com
7254:. Oup.com
6669:: 116–117
6518:(2015). "
6406:. M-w.com
5800:April 18,
5777:April 18,
5749:April 18,
5744:0013-0613
5716:989790918
5577:"English"
5525:is , but
5491:and like
5400:ISO 639-1
5172:Louisiana
5105:" tensing
5083:rhoticity
5076:In 2010,
4993:Southern
4542:split of
4355:diverse:
4289:Baltimore
4257:Northwest
4111:Varieties
4089:transport
4019:manoeuvre
4011:programme
3990:traveling
3986:catalogue
3915:at school
3695:Keyboards
3595:Bert Vaux
3593:Linguist
3564:presently
3490:("tap"),
3418:enthuse).
3345:hitchhike
3341:bandwagon
3321:landslide
3312:Compounds
3234:hamburger
3150:rest area
3097:townhouse
3091:project,
3082:apartment
3072:log cabin
2692:Received
2562:(a short
2552:" before
2299:bag, drag
2209:Wisconsin
2192:Southern
2162:Baltimore
2043:Baltimore
2000:allophone
1927:as when
1780:/t,k,θ,s/
1702:) and in
1602:impotence
1471:fruitcake
1168:and for
1063:Louisiana
717:trap–bath
486:Rhoticity
440:Phonology
428:bringing
329:varieties
259:Glottolog
247:ISO 639-3
15790:Kiribati
15710:Pakistan
15657:Americas
15648:Zimbabwe
15633:Tanzania
15553:Eswatini
15548:Cameroon
15543:Botswana
15439:Guernsey
15324:Dominica
15288:Barbados
15272:Anguilla
15263:Americas
15159:Articles
15081:Standard
15051:Learning
15039:Nerrière
15030:Globish
14946:Malaysia
14918:Pakistan
14858:Zimbabwe
14786:Cameroon
14620:Barbados
14351:Atlantic
14319:Americas
14236:Abercraf
14205:Scotland
14184:Cornwall
14105:Midlands
14089:Teesside
14084:Tyneside
14074:Pitmatic
14037:Cheshire
13983:Dialects
13936:Category
13632:Abortion
13496:Religion
13454:Columbia
13412:internet
13348:Holidays
13343:Folklore
13314:literacy
13252:eviction
13142:Aviation
13114:Taxation
13069:Currency
13062:by state
12972:Scandals
12842:Township
12600:Judicial
12501:Governor
12264:Judicial
12150:Marshals
12023:Politics
11977:Missouri
11967:Columbia
11962:Colorado
11957:Arkansas
11950:Longest
11929:Southern
11914:Northern
11758:counties
11712:Military
11702:Economic
11680:By topic
11659:Iraq War
11609:Cold War
11367:By event
11217:Armenian
11190:Gujarati
11184:Japanese
11048:Isolates
10874:Alsatian
10826:Missouri
10758:Isolates
10600:Isolates
10560:Maricopa
10555:Kumeyaay
10386:Wakashan
10345:Timbisha
10340:Shoshoni
10305:Kawaiisu
10300:Ivilyuat
10290:Comanche
10061:Quinault
10034:Thompson
10024:Okanagan
10014:Nooksack
9981:Salishan
9901:Sahaptin
9877:Atsugewi
9869:Achumawi
9842:Muscogee
9837:Mikasuki
9730:Yoncalla
9680:Nottoway
9638:Onondaga
9623:Cherokee
9562:Eskaleut
9530:Tsetsaut
9413:Gwich’in
9408:Dena'ina
9363:Obispeño
9248:Hawaiian
9243:Chamorro
9203:Powhatan
9133:Etchemin
9070:Cheyenne
9039:Families
8645:(2003).
8634:(1848).
8623:(2012).
8606:46760239
8524:(1982).
8484:(2004).
8415:(2006).
8398:Archived
8386:40070845
8356:Language
8212:: 29–68.
8173:Archived
8079:Archived
7963:Archived
7740:Archived
7479:Archived
7348:lose out
6458:Archived
6197:25484343
6173:. Purch.
5903:29799872
5853:PLOS ONE
5631:(1997).
5521:; thus,
5289:See also
5182:people.
5178:by some
5166:by some
5157:American
5153:Yinglish
4967:Southern
4793:general
4707:fronting
4700:fronting
4693:fronting
4686:fronting
4549:phonemes
4381:fronting
4349:leveling
4323:, etc.).
4299:all caps
4255:Pacific
4099:and BrE
4087:and BrE
4023:maneuver
3730:Spelling
3637:sneakers
3624:you guys
3517:obligate
3374:makeover
3370:shootout
3331:teenager
3327:backdrop
3317:foothill
3308:, major,
3306:vacation
3220:chutzpah
3195:gasoline
3189:elevator
3175:downsize
3146:overpass
3135:freeways
3112:backyard
3108:driveway
2989:en masse
2983:moccasin
2701:American
2699:General
2458:bad, mad
2391:locality
2146:Example
1931:("short
1911:, other
1879:dinosaur
1832:Northern
1629:flapping
1598:monotone
1506:Flapping
1450:syllabic
1258:mountain
1240:/əˈsjum/
1220:alveolar
1176:. Also,
955:merger,
915:, while
460:unmarked
406:de facto
394:leveling
341:de facto
304:Help:IPA
98:Germanic
15877:italics
15854:Vanuatu
15843:Tokelau
15759:Oceania
15598:Nigeria
15593:Namibia
15578:Liberia
15573:Lesotho
15474:Oceania
15445:Ireland
15346:Jamaica
15336:Grenada
15299:Bermuda
15011:Engrish
15006:E-Prime
14979:Related
14966:Vietnam
14951:Myanmar
14821:Nigeria
14816:Namibia
14806:Liberia
14688:Oceania
14670:Bermuda
14642:Jamaica
14569:Chicano
14407:Midland
14393:United
14329:America
14265:Ireland
14241:Cardiff
14213:Glasgow
14162:Cockney
14042:Cumbria
14020:England
14011:Britain
13987:accents
13920:Outline
13868:illegal
13853:Smoking
13716:Obesity
13599:Poverty
13521:Theater
13511:Society
13365:Housing
13326:Fashion
13282:poverty
13227:Cuisine
13199:Culture
13186:Society
13147:Driving
13074:Exports
13052:Tourism
13012:Banking
12990:Economy
12950:Parties
12794:Charter
12758:Sheriff
12205:Speaker
12073:Cabinet
12036:Federal
11944:Western
11909:Eastern
11904:Central
11899:Pacific
11859:Regions
11810:Islands
11293:History
11208:Punjabi
11196:Bengali
11172:Persian
11163:Italian
11142:Haitian
11130:Russian
11100:Tagalog
11094:Chinese
11088:Spanish
11029:Kentish
10889:Spanish
10869:Bernese
10831:Muskrat
10652:Tonkawa
10622:Siuslaw
10617:Kutenai
10580:Yavapai
10570:Quechan
10540:Cocopah
10532:Cochimí
10412:Nomlaki
10404:Wintuan
10335:Serrano
10330:O'odham
10315:Luiseño
10230:Picuris
10180:Moneton
10166:Chiwere
10159:Catawba
10109:Hidatsa
10047:Cowlitz
10004:Klallam
9945:Kashaya
9909:Klamath
9832:Koasati
9827:Choctaw
9817:Alabama
9790:Nisenan
9772:Maiduan
9741:Keresan
9658:Wyandot
9585:Alutiiq
9575:Inupiat
9551:Wailaki
9537:Tututni
9516:Mattole
9433:Koyukon
9356:Cruzeño
9291:Wichita
9281:Arikara
9273:Caddoan
9210:Quiripi
9196:Pamlico
9161:Mahican
9120:Shawnee
9100:Mi'kmaq
9060:Arapaho
9055:Abenaki
8916:Western
8911:Eastern
8807:English
8798:italics
8722:at the
8598:7443796
8466:4139476
8394:6255506
8169:9193061
8139:Bibcode
7983:, 2022.
7460:May 29,
7434:May 29,
7408:May 29,
7398:"angry"
7344:win out
7280:May 29,
7258:May 29,
7224:May 29,
7185:center,
7161:June 1,
7127:June 1,
7102:June 1,
7068:June 1,
7014:June 1,
6410:May 29,
6388:May 29,
6362:May 29,
6127:July 4,
6090:June 1,
5894:5969760
5871:Bibcode
5674:May 13,
5386:is the
5000:Western
4800:Midland
4772:Chicago
4720:Pin–pen
4703:Strong
4696:Strong
4689:Strong
4682:Strong
4665:Midland
4559:versus
4510:THOUGHT
4489:vowel (
4487:THOUGHT
4439:before
4421:of the
4394:of the
4392:tensing
4383:of the
4282:Orleans
4209:MIDLAND
4105:burglar
4039:realize
4015:program
3982:catalog
3978:licence
3974:license
3970:analyse
3966:analyze
3962:defence
3958:defense
3946:flavour
3887:learned
3702:Grammar
3551:baggage
3542:I guess
3505:skillet
3453:through
3215:Yiddish
3024:Spanish
3002:, from
2992:, from
2957:raccoon
2953:opossum
2897:before
2843:, etc.
2820:, etc.
2584:warrant
2548:"Short
2515:imagine
2370:/f,θ,s/
2350:/b,d,ʃ/
2256:Spanish
2131:raising
2087:before
2059:plan it
1957:codeine
1943:("long
1893:), and
1748:Raising
1728:and so
1283:partner
1158:tensing
1137:miracle
1053:(as in
1049:), and
1004:because
894:central
794:), the
777:phoneme
690:(as in
682:(as in
668:THOUGHT
656:THOUGHT
626:THOUGHT
432:to the
402:de jure
380:History
357:markers
331:of the
300:Unicode
233:article
123:English
15849:Tuvalu
15729:Europe
15643:Zambia
15638:Uganda
15603:Rwanda
15583:Malawi
15536:Africa
15515:
15458:Jersey
15430:Europe
15341:Guyana
15312:Canada
15293:Belize
15243:Africa
15221:
15034:Gogate
14941:Brunei
14853:Uganda
14836:accent
14811:Malawi
14779:Africa
14754:accent
14709:accent
14652:Samaná
14625:Bequia
14444:accent
14417:Boston
14395:States
14378:Quebec
14338:Canada
14327:North
14283:Ulster
14273:Dublin
14189:Dorset
14047:Barrow
14009:Great
14000:Europe
13941:Portal
13848:Hunger
13799:racism
13740:Issues
13614:Health
13516:Sports
13476:People
13321:Family
13292:wealth
13217:Cinema
13042:Mining
13027:Energy
12772:Cities
12740:County
12674:Tribal
12212:Senate
12056:powers
11952:rivers
11825:ranges
11793:states
11717:Postal
11235:Hebrew
11178:Telugu
11157:Polish
11151:German
11124:Korean
11118:French
11112:Arabic
11090:(41.3)
11011:BANZSL
10940:Gullah
10927:Creole
10902:Isleño
10846:German
10808:French
10681:Michif
10593:Others
10575:Tiipai
10565:Mojave
10530:Yuman–
10417:Patwin
10375:Tongva
10368:Cupeño
10212:Tanoan
10201:Woccon
10152:Biloxi
10139:Stoney
10134:Quapaw
10124:Mandan
10119:Lakota
10104:Dakota
10086:Siouan
10029:Salish
9927:Pomoan
9916:Molala
9780:Konkow
9648:Seneca
9633:Oneida
9628:Mohawk
9618:Cayuga
9458:Tolowa
9448:Navajo
9388:Dené(–
9323:Tsinúk
9299:Kitsai
9258:Samoan
9110:Ojibwe
9105:Munsee
8705:et al.
8604:
8596:
8568:
8562:,
8559:
8553:,
8550:
8544:
8536:,
8503:
8472:
8464:
8427:
8392:
8384:
8366:
8328:
8300:
8272:
8193:Boston
8189:Leiden
8167:
8149:
8113:
8071:
7912:
7689:
7567:(blog)
7549:
7515:
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