International Phonetic Alphabet

2268:) and voiced sounds, with these then grouped in columns from front (labial) sounds on the left to back (glottal) sounds on the right. In official publications by the IPA, two columns are omitted to save space, with the letters listed among "other symbols" even though theoretically they belong in the main chart. They are arranged in rows from full closure (occlusives: stops and nasals) at top, to brief closure (vibrants: trills and taps), to partial closure (fricatives), and finally minimal closure (approximants) at bottom, again with a row left out to save space. In the table below, a slightly different arrangement is made: All pulmonic consonants are included in the pulmonic-consonant table, and the vibrants and laterals are separated out so that the rows reflect the common 10046: 5388: 8955: 5400: 921: 4373:⟩ may usually be assumed. However, some researchers dispute the idea that clicks should be analyzed as doubly articulated, as the traditional transcription implies, and analyze the rear occlusion as solely a part of the airstream mechanism. In transcriptions of such approaches, the click letter represents both places of articulation, with the different letters representing the different click types, and diacritics are used for the elements of the accompaniment: ⟨ 1819: 18277: 5446: 7992:, are indicated by combining the pitch diacritics and letters in the table, such as grave plus acute for rising and acute plus grave for falling . Only six combinations of two diacritics are supported, and only across three levels (high, mid, low), despite the diacritics supporting five levels of pitch in isolation. The four other explicitly approved rising and falling diacritic combinations are high/mid rising , low rising , high falling , and low/mid falling . 1923: 18802: 18782: 18753: 18711: 18675: 18646: 18617: 18581: 18539: 18503: 18474: 18445: 18409: 18387: 18351: 18322: 18293: 5971: 5951: 5922: 5880: 5844: 5815: 5786: 5750: 5708: 5672: 5643: 5614: 5578: 5556: 5520: 5491: 5462: 266: 8571:, IPA letters are often used quite loosely in broad transcription if no ambiguity would arise in a particular language. Because of that, IPA letters have not generally been created for sounds that are not distinguished in individual languages. A distinction between voiced fricatives and approximants is only partially implemented by the IPA, for example. Even with the relatively recent addition of the palatal fricative ⟨ 709: 18834: 17846: 17005: 7985:, tone letters are placed before a word or syllable to indicate prosodic pitch (equivalent to global rise and global fall, but allowing more precision), and in the Cantonese illustration they are placed after a word/syllable to indicate lexical tone. Theoretically therefore prosodic pitch and lexical tone could be simultaneously transcribed in a single text, though this is not a formalized distinction. 6003: 4329: 3534: 54: 7815:⟩ appear before the stressed syllable, and thus mark the syllable boundary as well as stress (though the syllable boundary may still be explicitly marked with a period). Occasionally the stress mark is placed immediately before the nucleus of the syllable, after any consonantal onset. In such transcriptions, the stress mark does not mark a syllable boundary. The primary stress mark may be 7969:, and in practice it is currently more common for tone letters to occur after the syllable/word than before, as in the Chao tradition. Placement before the word is a carry-over from the pre-Kiel IPA convention, as is still the case for the stress and upstep/downstep marks. The IPA endorses the Chao tradition of using the left-facing tone letters, ⟨ 8084:, etc.). Although only 10 peaking and dipping tones were proposed in Chao's original, limited set of tone letters, phoneticians often make finer distinctions, and indeed an example is found on the IPA Chart. The system allows the transcription of 112 peaking and dipping pitch contours, including tones that are level for part of their length. 8790:⟩ (and others, some of which not found in Unicode). These have been officially retired but are still used. Letters for specific combinations of primary and secondary articulation have also been mostly retired, with the idea that such features should be indicated with tie bars or diacritics: ⟨ 9745:

have a bilabial flap as the preferred allophone of what is elsewhere a labiodental flap. It has been suggested that this be written with the labiodental flap letter and the advanced diacritic, . Similarly, a labiodental trill would be written (bilabial trill and the dental sign), and the labiodental

9736:

Representations of consonant sounds outside of the core set are created by adding diacritics to letters with similar sound values. The Spanish bilabial and dental approximants are commonly written as lowered fricatives, and respectively. Similarly, voiced lateral fricatives can be written as raised

1871:

and August 2011 on central approximants.) Reactions to the proposal may be published in the same or subsequent issues of the Journal (as in August 2009 on the open central vowel). A formal proposal is then put to the Council of the IPA – which is elected by the membership – for further discussion and

405:

Occasionally, letters or diacritics are added, removed, or modified by the International Phonetic Association. As of the most recent change in 2005, there are 107 segmental letters, an indefinitely large number of suprasegmental letters, 44 diacritics (not counting composites), and four extra-lexical

10094:

option that suppresses the stave of the Chao tone letters. They also have an option to maintain the ~ vowel distinction in italics. The only notable gaps are with the extIPA: the combining parentheses, which enclose diacritics, are not supported, nor is the enclosing circle that marks unidentified

9901:

An IPA symbol is often distinguished from the sound it is intended to represent, since there is not necessarily a one-to-one correspondence between letter and sound in broad transcription, making articulatory descriptions such as "mid front rounded vowel" or "voiced velar stop" unreliable. While the

9771:

The vowels are similarly manageable by using diacritics for raising, lowering, fronting, backing, centering, and mid-centering. For example, the unrounded equivalent of can be transcribed as mid-centered , and the rounded equivalent of as raised or lowered (though for those who conceive of vowel

7995:

The Chao tone letters, on the other hand, may be combined in any pattern, and are therefore used for more complex contours and finer distinctions than the diacritics allow, such as mid-rising , extra-high falling , etc. There are 20 such possibilities. However, in Chao's original proposal, which was

10555:"The non-roman letters of the International Phonetic Alphabet have been designed as far as possible to harmonize well with the roman letters. The Association does not recognize makeshift letters; It recognizes only letters which have been carefully cut so as to be in harmony with the other letters." 9762:

can be written as a retracted , just as non-subapical retroflex fricatives sometimes are. The remaining pulmonic consonants – the uvular laterals () and the palatal trill – while not strictly impossible, are very difficult to pronounce and are unlikely to occur even as allophones in the

8774:

A number of IPA letters and diacritics have been retired or replaced over the years. This number includes duplicate symbols, symbols that were replaced due to user preference, and unitary symbols that were rendered with diacritics or digraphs to reduce the inventory of the IPA. The rejected symbols

3588:

While IPA provides a single letter for the coronal places of articulation (for all consonants but fricatives), these do not always have to be used exactly. When dealing with a particular language, the letters may be treated as specifically dental, alveolar, or post-alveolar, as appropriate for that

4360:

Clicks have traditionally been described as consisting of a forward place of articulation, commonly called the click "type" or historically the "influx", and a rear place of articulation, which when combined with the quality of the click is commonly called the click "accompaniment" or historically

1918:

Both are relative terms, and both are generally enclosed in square brackets. Broad phonetic transcriptions may restrict themselves to easily heard details, or only to details that are relevant to the discussion at hand, and may differ little if at all from phonemic transcriptions, but they make no

1822:

The authors of textbooks or similar publications often create revised versions of the IPA chart to express their own preferences or needs. The image displays one such version. All pulmonic consonants are moved to the consonant chart. Only the black symbols are on the official IPA chart; additional

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notation, whether broad or narrow – that is, for actual pronunciation, possibly including details of the pronunciation that may not be used for distinguishing words in the language being transcribed, which the author nonetheless wishes to document. Such phonetic notation is the primary function of

10790:

It is traditional to place the tie bar above the letters. It may be placed below to avoid overlap with ascenders or diacritic marks, or simply because it is more legible that way, as in Niesler; Louw; Roux (2005). "Phonetic analysis of Afrikaans, English, Xhosa and Zulu using South African speech

10053:

in the fonts Gentium Book Plus, Andika, Brill, Noto Serif, DejaVu Sans and Calibri. All but DejaVu align diacritics well. Asterisks are characters not supported by that font. In Noto and DejaVu, the red tone letters do not link properly, and in DejaVu the stacked diacritics overstrike each other.

7940:

placed either before or after the word or syllable. There are three graphic variants of the tone letters: with or without a stave, and facing left or facing right from the stave. The stave was introduced with the 1989 Kiel Convention, as was the option of placing a staved letter after the word or

1137:

This basic Latin inventory was extended by adding small-capital and cursive forms, diacritics and rotation. The sound values of these letters are related to those of the original letters, and their derivation may be iconic. For example, letters with a rightward-facing hook at the bottom represent

1953:

Phonemic transcriptions, which express the conceptual counterparts of spoken sounds, are usually enclosed in slashes (/ /) and tend to use simpler letters with few diacritics. The choice of IPA letters may reflect theoretical claims of how speakers conceptualize sounds as phonemes or they may be

8677:

Superscript IPA letters are used to indicate secondary aspects of articulation. These may be aspects of simultaneous articulation that are considered to be in some sense less dominant than the basic sound, or may be transitional articulations that are interpreted as secondary elements. Examples

2283:

Vowel letters are also grouped in pairs—of unrounded and rounded vowel sounds—with these pairs also arranged from front on the left to back on the right, and from maximal closure at top to minimal closure at bottom. No vowel letters are omitted from the chart, though in the past some of the mid

2120:

for transcription of foreign words. Bilingual dictionaries that translate from foreign languages into Russian usually employ the IPA, but monolingual Russian dictionaries occasionally use pronunciation respelling for foreign words. The IPA is more common in bilingual dictionaries, but there are

8003:

The old staveless tone letters tend to be more restricted than the staved letters, though not as restricted as the diacritics. Officially, they support as many distinctions as the staved letters, but typically only three pitch levels are distinguished. Unicode supports default or high-pitch

9543:), "falsetto" and "creak". These three letters may take diacritics to indicate what kind of voice quality an utterance has, and may be used as carrier letters to extract a suprasegmental feature that occurs on all susceptible segments in a stretch of IPA. For instance, the transcription of 13106: 2026:

for various reasons. Authors who employ such nonstandard use are encouraged to include a chart or other explanation of their choices, which is good practice in general, as linguists differ in their understanding of the exact meaning of IPA symbols and common conventions change over time.

8633:⟩ are better characterized as trills, rather than as fricatives that have incidental trilling. This has the advantage of merging the upper-pharyngeal fricatives together with the epiglottal plosive and trills into a single pharyngeal column in the consonant chart. However, in 1444:

is an open front vowel, rather than the perhaps slightly different value (such as open central) that "" may be used to transcribe in a particular language. Thus, two vowels transcribed for easy legibility as ⟨⟩ and ⟨⟩ may be clarified as actually being

8974:

in 1989, a group of linguists drew up the initial extensions, which were based on the previous work of the PRDS (Phonetic Representation of Disordered Speech) Group in the early 1980s. The extensions were first published in 1990, then modified, and published again in 1994 in the

1439:

are used for especially precise phonetic transcription, often finer than is normally practicable. This is consistent with the IPA convention of doubling a symbol to indicate greater degree. Double brackets may indicate that a letter has its cardinal IPA value. For example,

4456:⟩), though this is no longer official IPA usage because a great number of ligatures would be required to represent all affricates this way. Alternatively, a superscript notation for a consonant release is sometimes used to transcribe affricates, for example ⟨ 10632:

The proper angle brackets in Unicode are the mathematical symbols (U+27E8 and U+27E9). Chevrons ‹...› (U+2039, U+203A) are sometimes substituted, as in Americanist phonetic notation, as are the less-than and greater-than signs <...> (U+003C, U+003E) found on ASCII

7855:

break to a break in list-intonation to a continuing–prosodic unit boundary (equivalent to a comma), and while 'major' is often any intonation break, it may be restricted to a final–prosodic unit boundary (equivalent to a period). The 'major' symbol may also be doubled,

1400:

identifies IPA and extIPA usage as equivalent. Early publications of the extIPA explain double parentheses as marking "uncertainty because of noise which obscures the recording", and that within them "may be indicated as much detail as the transcriber can detect".

1848:

consonants, for example, are not included in the consonant chart for reasons of space rather than of theory (two additional columns would be required, one between the retroflex and palatal columns and the other between the pharyngeal and glottal columns), and the

599:

The IPA does not usually have separate letters for two sounds if no known language makes a distinction between them, a property known as "selectiveness". However, if a large number of phonemically distinct letters can be derived with a diacritic, that may be used

2068:

systems, intended to be more comfortable for readers of English and to be more acceptable across dialects, without the implication of a preferred pronunciation that the IPA might convey. For example, the respelling systems in many American dictionaries (such as

1305:), they can be transcribed phonetically as and . Phonemic notation commonly uses IPA symbols that are rather close to the default pronunciation of a phoneme, but for legibility often uses simple and 'familiar' letters rather than precise notation, for example 8983:. While the original purpose was to transcribe disordered speech, linguists have used the extensions to designate a number of sounds within standard communication, such as hushing, gnashing teeth, and smacking lips, as well as regular lexical sounds such as 9933:⟩, may have a variety of names, sometimes based on the appearance of the symbol or on the sound that it represents. In Unicode, some of the letters of Greek origin have Latin forms for use in IPA; the others use the characters from the Greek block. 13274: 10871:

The global rise and fall arrows come before the affected syllable or prosodic unit, like stress and upstep/downstep. This contrasts with the Chao tone letters (listed below), which most commonly come after. One will occasionally see a horizontal arrow

10478:"From its earliest days the International Phonetic Association has aimed to provide 'a separate sign for each distinctive sound; that is, for each sound which, being used instead of another, in the same language, can change the meaning of a word'." 628:

of Swedish. When the IPA is used for broad phonetic or for phonemic transcription, the letter–sound correspondence can be rather loose. The IPA has recommended that more 'familiar' letters be used when that would not cause ambiguity. For example,

13455: 8346:⟩ is commonly used for tertiary (extra-light) stress, though a proposal to officially adopt this was rejected. In a similar vein, the effectively obsolete staveless tone letters were once doubled for an emphatic rising intonation ⟨ 2226:

The IPA has widespread use among classical singers during preparation as they are frequently required to sing in a variety of foreign languages. They are also taught by vocal coaches to perfect diction and improve tone quality and tuning. Opera

5018:). In English, the in "went" is a coarticulated consonant, being pronounced by rounding the lips and raising the back of the tongue. Similar sounds are and . In some languages, plosives can be double-articulated, for example in the name of 1366:

are used for indistinguishable or unidentified utterances. They are also seen for silent articulation (mouthing), where the expected phonetic transcription is derived from lip-reading, and with periods to indicate silent pauses, for example

10090:. Indeed, the IPA chose Doulos to publish their chart in Unicode format. In addition to the level of support found in commercial and system fonts, these fonts support the full range of old-style (pre-Kiel) staveless tone letters, through a 8622:⟩ are commonly used for palatalized alveolar and . To some extent this may be an effect of analysis, but it is common to match up single IPA letters to the phonemes of a language, without overly worrying about phonetic precision. 8328:

For example, the stress mark may be doubled (or even tripled, etc.) to indicate an extra degree of stress, such as prosodic stress in English. An example in French, with a single stress mark for normal prosodic stress at the end of each

6043:. Vowels with the tongue moved towards the front of the mouth (such as , the vowel in "met") are to the left in the chart, while those in which it is moved to the back (such as , the vowel in "but") are placed to the right in the chart. 8308:

IPA diacritics may be doubled to indicate an extra degree (greater intensity) of the feature indicated. This is a productive process, but apart from extra-high and extra-low tones being marked by doubled high- and low-tone diacritics,

2315:(the mouth) and either simultaneously or subsequently letting out air from the lungs. Pulmonic consonants make up the majority of consonants in the IPA, as well as in human language. All consonants in English fall into this category. 10537:, which is easily applicable to alveolar vs dental (when a language distinguishes apical alveolar from laminal dental, as in Australia), but despite several proposals to the Council, the IPA never voted to accept such a distinction. 8019:

Although tone diacritics and tone letters are presented as equivalent on the chart, "this was done only to simplify the layout of the chart. The two sets of symbols are not comparable in this way." Using diacritics, a high tone is

2243:, which employed several opera singers "to make recordings for the 150,000 words and phrases in VT's lexical database ... for their vocal stamina, attention to the details of enunciation, and most of all, knowledge of IPA". 2115:

generally do not bother with indicating the pronunciation of most words, and tend to use respelling systems for words with unexpected pronunciations. Dictionaries produced in Israel use the IPA rarely and sometimes use the

1909:

Of more than 160 IPA symbols, relatively few will be used to transcribe speech in any one language, with various levels of precision. A precise phonetic transcription, in which sounds are specified in detail, is known as a

10210:. The usage of mapping systems in on-line text has to some extent been adopted in the context input methods, allowing convenient keying of IPA characters that would be otherwise unavailable on standard keyboard layouts. 8071:

The correspondence breaks down even further once they start combining. For more complex tones, one may combine three or four tone diacritics in any permutation, though in practice only generic peaking (rising-falling)

11162:, where the tones of Cantonese 'silk' and 'color' are transcribed the same way. If the author wishes to indicate a difference in phonetic or phonemic length, the IPA accomplishes that with the length marks ⟨ 12403: 10524:

This exception to the rules was made primarily to explain why the IPA does not make a dental–alveolar distinction, despite one being phonemic in hundreds of languages, including most of the continent of Australia.

10036:

in 1989, most IPA symbols were assigned an identifying number to prevent confusion between similar characters during the printing of manuscripts. The codes were never much used and have been superseded by Unicode.

9245:

Wildcards are commonly used in phonology to summarize syllable or word shapes, or to show the evolution of classes of sounds. For example, the possible syllable shapes of Mandarin can be abstracted as ranging from

6186:⟩ may mean either simultaneous and or else with a labialized release. Superscript diacritics placed before a letter, on the other hand, normally indicate a modification of the onset of the sound (⟨ 10564:

Originally, was written as a small capital U. However, this was not easy to read, and so it was replaced with a turned small capital omega. In modern typefaces, it often has its own design, called a 'horseshoe'.

6133:

By being made superscript, any IPA letter may function as a diacritic, conferring elements of its articulation to the base letter. Those superscript letters listed below are specifically provided for by the IPA

1835:

The International Phonetic Alphabet is occasionally modified by the Association. After each modification, the Association provides an updated simplified presentation of the alphabet in the form of a chart. (See

9266:/_#. In speech pathology, capital letters represent indeterminate sounds, and may be superscripted to indicate they are weakly articulated: e.g. is a weak indeterminate alveolar, a weak indeterminate velar. 8554:

provides combining parentheses for weak intensity, which when combined with a doubled diacritic indicate an intermediate degree. For instance, increasing degrees of nasalization of the vowel might be written

10858:

to tonic words, with no resulting change in implied syllable structure. It is also sometimes used simply to indicate that the consonant ending one word forms a syllable with the vowel beginning the following

10349: – phonetic transcription system for Iberian languages, proposed by Tomás Navarro Tomás and adopted by Centro de Estudios Históricos for use in its journal Revista de Filología Española (whence its name) 9598:

This summary is to some extent valid internationally, but linguistic material written in other languages may have different associations with capital letters used as wildcards. For example, in German ⟨

9772:

space as a triangle, simple already is the rounded equivalent of ). True mid vowels are lowered or raised , while centered and (or, less commonly, ) are near-close and open central vowels, respectively.

7437:

The pipes for intonation breaks should be a heavier weight than the letters for click consonants. Because fonts do not reflect this, the intonation breaks in the official IPA charts are set in bold typeface.

9819:⟩, though the intended meaning needs to be explained or they will be interpreted as being spread the way is. Ladefoged & Maddieson used the old IPA omega diacritic for labialization, ⟨ 1657:

Double angle brackets may occasionally be useful to distinguish original orthography from transliteration, or the idiosyncratic spelling of a manuscript from the normalized orthography of the language.

1396:, two audible syllables obscured by another sound. The current extIPA specifications prescribe double parentheses for the extraneous noise, such as ⸨cough⸩ or ⸨knock⸩ for a knock on a door, but the IPA 10499:

and an alveolar tap, the IPA does not provide such sounds with dedicated letters. Instead, it provides a single letter (in this case, ) for both. Strictly speaking, this makes the IPA a partially

10124:

is the second free Unicode font chosen by the IPA to publish their chart. It was last updated in 2016 and so does not support the Latin F or G blocks. Stacked diacritics tend to overstrike each other.

1857:

would make a full accounting impractical even on a larger page, and only a few examples are shown, and even the tone diacritics are not complete; the reversed tone letters are not illustrated at all.

12482: 10754:"In accordance with long-established Czech lexicographical tradition, a modified version of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is adopted in which letters of the Czech alphabet are employed." 1650:

in the previous sentence) rather than to specifically note their orthography. However, this is sometimes ambiguous, and italic markup is not always accessible to sight-impaired readers who rely on

8682:; onsets, releases and other transitions; shades of sound; light epenthetic sounds and incompletely articulated sounds. Morphophonemically, superscripts may be used for assimilation, e.g. ⟨ 12875: 10184:

has complete IPA and extIPA coverage of characters added to Unicode by 2020, with good diacritic and tone-letter support. It is a commercial font but is freely available for non-commercial use.

9758:⟩ once found in Bantuist literature. Other taps can be written as extra-short plosives or laterals, e.g. , though in some cases the diacritic would need to be written below the letter. A 3608:

are defined as epiglottal fricatives under the "Other symbols" section in the official IPA chart, but they may be treated as trills at the same place of articulation as because trilling of the

15347: 8963: 8761: 2023: 8859:. This may be more convenient for comparison between related languages and dialects than a phonetic transcription would be, because tones vary more unpredictably than segmental phonemes do. 8000:⟩ may be combined with each other, but not with the other three tone letters, so as not to create spuriously precise distinctions. With this restriction, there are 8 possibilities. 15383: 10193: 7019:⟩ for "" with a labialized off-glide, or might wonder if the two diacritics cancel each other out. Placing the 'less rounded' diacritic under the labialization diacritic, ⟨ 6182:). Superscript diacritics placed after a letter are ambiguous between simultaneous modification of the sound and phonetic detail at the end of the sound. For example, labialized ⟨ 5410:

The IPA defines a vowel as a sound which occurs at a syllable center. Below is a chart depicting the vowels of the IPA. The IPA maps the vowels according to the position of the tongue.

11243:⟩ is particularly ambiguous. It has been used for 'stop', 'fricative', 'sibilant', 'sonorant' and 'semivowel'. On the other hand, plosive/stop is frequently abbreviated ⟨ 8748:⟩. Superscript length marks can be used to indicate the length of aspiration of a consonant, e.g. . Another option is to use extIPA parentheses and a doubled diacritic: ⟨ 14679: 8292:⟩), but this is rare for lexical tone. (And indeed reversed tone letters may be used to clarify that they apply to the following rather than to the preceding syllable: ⟨ 7210:

below we will see how a carrier letter may be used to indicate suprasegmental features such as labialization or nasalization. Some authors omit the carrier letter, for e.g. suffixed

14830:

The Principles of the International Phonetic Association: being a description of the International Phonetic Alphabet and the manner of using it, illustrated by texts in 51 languages

11022:

Maddieson and others have noted that a phonemic/phonetic distinction should be handled by /slash/ or delimiters. However, the reversed tone letters remain in use for tone sandhi.

7001:

These are relative to the cardinal value of the letter. They can also apply to unrounded vowels: is more spread (less rounded) than cardinal , and is less spread than cardinal .

6036:) is at the bottom because the tongue is lowered in this position. (the vowel in "meet") is at the top because the sound is said with the tongue raised to the roof of the mouth. 1457:. Double brackets may also be used for a specific token or speaker; for example, the pronunciation of a child as opposed to the adult phonetic pronunciation that is their target. 998:, and uses as few non-Latin letters as possible. The Association created the IPA so that the sound values of most letters would correspond to "international usage" (approximately 8441:

are similar: double slashes indicate extra phonemic (morpho-phonemic), double square brackets especially precise transcription, and double parentheses especially unintelligible.

10150:, has nearly complete IPA support with good diacritic rendering, though it is not as complete as some free fonts (see image at right). Other widespread Microsoft fonts, such as 480:

in French. In 1888, the alphabet was revised to be uniform across languages, thus providing the base for all future revisions. The idea of making the IPA was first suggested by

15357: 8769: 8603:⟩ are similarly either fricatives or approximants, depending on the language, or even glottal "transitions", without that often being specified in the transcription. 4361:

the "efflux". The IPA click letters indicate only the click type (forward articulation and release). Therefore, all clicks require two letters for proper notation: ⟨

499:

Since its creation, the IPA has undergone a number of revisions. After revisions and expansions from the 1890s to the 1940s, the IPA remained primarily unchanged until the

9929:

The traditional names of the Latin and Greek letters are usually used for unmodified letters. Letters which are not directly derived from these alphabets, such as ⟨

8980: 8695: 8652:⟩ is officially a front vowel, but is more commonly treated as a central vowel. The difference, to the extent it is even possible, is not phonemic in any language. 530: 12029:

Duckworth, Martin; Allen, George; Hardcastle, William; Ball, Martin (1990). "Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet for the transcription of atypical speech".

8672: 1500:

transcription. This is also consistent with the IPA convention of doubling a symbol to indicate greater degree (in this case, more abstract than phonemic transcription).

11079:⟩ is occasionally seen combined with acute and grave diacritcs or with the macron to distinguish contour tones that involve the higher of the two mid tone levels. 8717:⟩ for . However, in precise notation there is a difference between a fricative release in and the affricate , between a velar onset in and doubly articulated . 15367: 10325: 11255:⟩. The illustrations given here use, as much as possible, letters that are capital versions of members of the sets they stand for: IPA is a nasal and ⟨ 4391:⟩ are no longer supported by the IPA, though they remain in Unicode. Instead, the IPA typically uses the voiced equivalent with a voiceless diacritic: ⟨ 15352: 9896: 9491:

analysis, where a language does not distinguish sounds that have separate letters in the IPA. For instance, Castillian Spanish has been analyzed as having phonemes

4448:

stops are represented by two letters joined by a tie bar, either above or below the letters with no difference in meaning. Affricates are optionally represented by

4369:, or with the order reversed if both the forward and rear releases are audible. The letter for the rear articulation is frequently omitted, in which case a ⟨ 1853:

would require an additional row for that single consonant, so they are listed instead under the catchall block of "other symbols". The indefinitely large number of

394:

may be transcribed in IPA with a single letter: , or with multiple letters plus diacritics: , depending on how precise one wishes to be. Slashes are used to signal

8778:

The IPA once had several pairs of duplicate symbols from alternative proposals, but eventually settled on one or the other. An example is the vowel letter ⟨

2280:

may then be created by joining stops and fricatives from adjacent cells. Shaded cells represent articulations that are judged to be impossible or not distinctive.

13889: 14577: 10781:"A symbol such as , shown on the chart in the position for a voiced bilabial fricative, can also be used to represent a voiced bilabial approximant if needed." 1954:

merely a convenience for typesetting. Phonemic approximations between slashes do not have absolute sound values. For instance, in English, either the vowel of

6032:. Vowels pronounced with the tongue lowered are at the bottom, and vowels pronounced with the tongue raised are at the top. For example, (the first vowel in 10611:

specifies the prosodic symbols as being "thick" vertical lines, which would in theory be distinct from simple ASCII pipes used as delimiters (and similar to

10592:

to demarcate their in-house transcription system. This distinguishes their IPA-influenced system from true IPA, which is used between forward slashes in the

11031:

A work-around sometimes seen when a language has more than one rising or falling tone, and the author wishes to avoid the poorly legible diacritics ⟨

15337: 12478: 10302: 7965:⟩ for a high pitch/tone. Of the tone letters, only left-facing staved letters and a few representative combinations are shown in the summary on the 2061: 1938:

may be transcribed broadly as , approximately describing many pronunciations. A narrower transcription may focus on individual or dialectical details: in

1789: 14709: 12826: 8579:⟩ to the alphabet, other letters, though defined as fricatives, are often ambiguous between fricative and approximant. For forward places, ⟨ 7827:⟩ for extra-weak stress, but this convention has not been adopted by the IPA. Some dictionaries place both stress marks before a syllable, ⟨ 24140: 884:, as it had the advantage of not requiring the casting of special type for IPA symbols, much as the sorts had traditionally often pulled double duty for 10900:

There is not a one-to-one correspondence between tone diacritics and tone letters. When pitch is transcribed with diacritics, the three pitches ⟨

10319: 1392:

indicate either a transcription of obscured speech or a description of the obscuring noise. The IPA specifies that they mark the obscured sound, as in

10062:

generally do not need any configuration to display IPA characters, provided that a typeface capable of doing so is available to the operating system.

20228: 19712: 15314: 15304: 12891: 12408: 11659: 10308: 9955: 8949: 1862: 1350: 1273:

notation, which note only features that are distinctive in the language, without any extraneous detail. For example, while the 'p' sounds of English

522: 369: 11259:⟩ is any nasal; is a plosive, a fricative, a sibilant, both a lateral and a liquid, both a rhotic and a resonant, and a click. ⟨ 4468:⟩ are often used as a convenience for and or similar affricates, even in official IPA publications, so they must be interpreted with care. 20658: 20648: 20223: 9936:

For diacritics, there are two methods of naming. For traditional diacritics, the IPA notes the name in a well known language; for example, ⟨

9010:

There are various punctuation-like conventions for linguistic transcription that are commonly used together with IPA. Some of the more common are:

8524:

Especially retracted, e.g. or , though some care might be needed to distinguish this from indications of alveolar or alveolarized articulation in

10110:

also have decent IPA support, including diacritic placement, only failing with the more obscure IPA and extIPA characters and superscripts of the

1149:

There are also several letters from the Greek alphabet, though their sound values may differ from Greek. For most Greek letters, subtly different

24130: 20638: 20628: 20218: 20213: 20208: 14512: 14085: 13996: 9944:", based on the name of the diacritic in English and French. Non-traditional diacritics are often named after objects they resemble, so ⟨ 515:. Apart from the addition and removal of symbols, changes to the IPA have consisted largely of renaming symbols and categories and in modifying 18900: 15299: 8698:

endorse Unicode encoding of superscript variants of all contemporary segmental letters, including the "implicit" IPA retroflex letters ⟨

6130:

are used for phonetic detail. They are added to IPA letters to indicate a modification or specification of that letter's normal pronunciation.

1837: 423: 14918: 14739: 8300:⟩.) The staveless letters are not directly supported by Unicode, but some fonts allow the stave in Chao tone letters to be suppressed. 22354: 20643: 18206: 16252: 15998: 12665: 11944: 11933: 10904:⟩ are taken as the basic levels and are called 'high', 'mid' and 'low'. Contour tones combine only these three and are called ⟨ 4693: 2877: 1202: 450:, but to make it usable for other languages the values of the symbols were allowed to vary from language to language. For example, the sound 14671: 14231: 11226:"At the 1989 Kiel Convention of the IPA, a sub-group was established to draw up recommendations for the transcription of disordered speech." 11000:

for a less-than-minor break, such as the slight break in list intonation (e.g. the very slight break between digits in a telephone number).

6081:⟩, especially when it is difficult to tell if the diphthong is characterized by an on-glide or an off-glide or when it is variable. 4416:

The ejective diacritic is placed at the right-hand margin of the consonant, rather than immediately after the letter for the stop: ⟨

2326:, meaning where in the vocal tract the consonant is produced. The main chart includes only consonants with a single place of articulation. 1281:

are pronounced differently (and this difference would be meaningful in some languages), the difference is not meaningful in English. Thus,

14043: 13177: 10241:

Online IPA keyboard utilities are available, though none of them cover the complete range of IPA symbols and diacritics. Examples are the

7851:⟩ for a major prosodic break. The tags 'minor' and 'major' are intentionally ambiguous. Depending on need, 'minor' may vary from a 23575: 19787: 9456:

syllable-coda nasal of languages such as Spanish and Japanese (essentially equivalent to the wild-card usage of the letter); and ⟨

8666: 7932:

Phonetic pitch and phonemic tone may be indicated by either diacritics placed over the nucleus of the syllable (e.g., high-pitch ⟨

14551: 11137:, which rise or fall and then level off (or vice versa). Such tone shapes are, however, frequently encountered in the modern literature. 16266: 16259: 16005: 9906:

states that no official names exist for its symbols, it admits the presence of one or two common names for each. The symbols also have

8994:, which include a number of symbols for additional airstream mechanisms and secondary articulations in what they call "voice quality". 4700: 2891: 2884: 2056: 608:, though it is used for phonemic transcription as well. A few letters that did not indicate specific sounds have been retired (⟨ 5340:, is described by the IPA as a "simultaneous and ", but it is unlikely such a simultaneous fricative actually exists in any language. 22386: 19566: 19167: 16480: 16238: 15984: 8966:, commonly abbreviated "extIPA" and sometimes called "Extended IPA", are symbols whose original purpose was to accurately transcribe 8825:

Individual non-IPA letters may find their way into publications that otherwise use the standard IPA. This is especially common with:

4679: 3105: 2863: 1632:

of any script. In IPA literature, they are used to indicate the IPA letters themselves rather than the sound values that they carry.

9716:⟩. Diacritics are able to fill in most of the remainder of the charts. If a sound cannot be transcribed, an asterisk ⟨ 24179: 24109: 15249: 13963: 12628: 12583: 12557: 10772:

They were moved "for presentational convenience because of rarity and the small number of types of sounds which are found there."

10650:

as a phonemic symbol for what is phonetically realized as , or superscript variants of IPA letters that are not officially defined.

9002:

Capital letters and various characters on the number row of the keyboard are commonly used to extend the alphabet in various ways.

13797: 17995: 16273: 15970: 14456: 12687: 7941:

syllable, while retaining the older conventions. There are therefore six ways to transcribe pitch/tone in the IPA: i.e., ⟨

5142: 4665: 2898: 2050: 12365: 11288:

is understood to include liquids and glides but to exclude nasals, as in Bennett (2020: 115) 'Click Phonology', in Sands (ed.),

9645:⟩, are "implicit" in the alphabet, and the IPA supported their adoption into Unicode. Attested in the literature are the 9325:⟩ for {labial, alveolar, post-alveolar/palatal, velar, uvular, pharyngeal, glottal consonant}, respectively, and ⟨ 6094:⟩ officially represents a front vowel, but there is little if any distinction between front and central open vowels (see 18168: 18098: 18034: 17957: 16245: 15991: 14846: 14153: 10330: 10007: 6829: 5315: 5245: 5181: 5104: 4686: 2870: 21576: 11205:

The motivation for this may vary. Some authors find the tie bars displeasing but the lack of tie bars confusing (i.e. ⟨

10928:⟩ being 'near-high' and 'near-low', analogous to descriptions of vowel height. In a three-level transcription, ⟨ 2210:

In the IPA itself, however, only lower-case letters are used. The 1949 edition of the IPA handbook indicated that an asterisk

2121:

exceptions here too. Mass-market bilingual Czech dictionaries, for instance, tend to use the IPA only for sounds not found in

24044: 23456: 19705: 19172: 19135: 18843: 18378: 18163: 18041: 17938: 17855: 17014: 16775: 16682: 15263: 15196: 14982: 14904: 14359: 14291: 14139: 13720: 13681: 13642: 13617: 13402: 12885: 12713: 12224: 12191: 12154: 12086: 11922: 9654: 8882: 8655:

For all phonetic notation, it is good practice for an author to specify exactly what they mean by the symbols that they use.

6163: 6012: 5547: 5395:

front vowels, with highest point indicated. The position of the highest point is used to determine vowel height and backness.

5310: 5188: 5085: 4986: 4813: 4338: 3543: 3304: 2252: 2111:

The IPA is also not universal among dictionaries in languages other than English. Monolingual dictionaries of languages with

1587:

Other delimiters are double slashes, – the same notation as for morphophonology, – exclamation marks, and pipes.

411: 22025: 15222: 14599: 13726: 13687: 13567: 12530: 11625: 7863:

Although not part of the IPA, the following additional boundary markers are often used in conjunction with the IPA: ⟨

18118: 18055: 17860: 16865: 16757: 16664: 15977: 13419: 13238: 13070: 10660: 8862:

Digits for tone levels, which are simpler to typeset, though the lack of standardization can cause confusion (e.g. ⟨

7831:⟩, to indicate that pronunciations with either primary or secondary stress are heard, though this is not IPA usage. 5265: 5202: 4795: 4672: 4343: 3665: 3394: 3286: 2065: 9425:⟩ for falling tone, rather than transcribing them overly precisely with IPA tone letters or with ambiguous digits. 21462: 19774: 18394: 18211: 18062: 18008: 17964: 17394: 17349: 16852: 16789: 16696: 16147: 15903: 14534: 12931: 12504: 11067:. When a language has either four or six level tones, the two middle tones are sometimes transcribed as high-mid ⟨ 5563: 5209: 5155: 5111: 4942: 4827: 4602: 3905: 3381: 3318: 2772: 2045: 1884: 1875:

Many users of the alphabet, including the leadership of the Association itself, deviate from its standardized usage. The

257: 19998: 700:. These are organized into a chart; the chart displayed here is the official chart as posted at the website of the IPA. 197: 18893: 18416: 18191: 17976: 17945: 17360: 17312: 17298: 17240: 17226: 16874: 16782: 16689: 15294: 11911: 8736:⟩. Although the diacritic may seem a bit oversized compared to the superscript letter it modifies, e.g. ⟨ 6885: 6870: 5585: 5123: 5092: 4953: 4897: 4820: 3871: 3857: 3598:

In many languages, such as English, and are not actually glottal, fricatives, or approximants. Rather, they are bare

3403: 3311: 1585:

transcription, for example setting off pronunciations in dictionaries that do not target a specific preferred dialect.

433: 294: 13882: 8587:⟩ can generally be assumed to be fricatives unless they carry a lowering diacritic. Rearward, however, ⟨ 24135: 23224: 23210: 23180: 22319: 18465: 18140: 18125: 17905: 17374: 16892: 16803: 16764: 16710: 16671: 16428: 15169: 15077: 14955: 14943: 14875: 14856: 14791: 14779: 14573: 14184: 13374: 13004: 12848: 12777: 12752: 12287: 12251: 11800: 11609: 11584: 11426:"Diacritics may also be employed to create symbols for phonemes, thus reducing the need to create new letter shapes." 11263:⟩ is an obstruent in Americanist notation, where it stands for . An alternative wildcard for 'glide', ⟨ 10623:

assigns the prosodic pipe the Unicode encodings U+007C, which is the simple ASCII symbol, and the double pipe U+2016.

10070:

Typefaces that provide full IPA and nearly full extIPA support, including properly rendering the diacritics, include

7053:

can be finely transcribed with diacritics. A series of alveolar plosives ranging from open-glottis to closed-glottis

5634: 5287: 5272: 5052: 4841: 4802: 3421: 3332: 3293: 3053: 1411:. The following are not, but may be seen in IPA transcription or in associated material (especially angle brackets): 15001:

Ball, Martin J.; John H. Esling; B. Craig Dickson (1995). "The VoQS system for the transcription of voice quality".

11817: 8419:(Normally additional phonemic degrees of length are handled by the extra-short or half-long diacritic, i.e. ⟨ 6586: 6571: 2218:, which notes the contrary use of the asterisk as a placeholder for a sound or feature that does not have a symbol. 24025: 24007: 23442: 22159: 21556: 19698: 19002: 18637: 17891: 17367: 17019: 16946: 16883: 16796: 16703: 16210: 16154: 16119: 15910: 15875: 14260: 11738: 5806: 5038: 4960: 4834: 4609: 4574: 3548: 3475: 3412: 3325: 2835: 2779: 2744: 2064:

to represent the pronunciation of words. However, most American (and some British) volumes use one of a variety of

971:

vowels. Most of the original small-cap vowel letters have been modified into more distinctive shapes (e.g. ⟨

453: 20003: 6967:). Many linguists prefer one of the diacritics dedicated to breathy voice over simple aspiration, such as ⟨ 2083:

for IPA , reflecting the usual spelling of those sounds in English. (In IPA, represents the sound of the French

23568: 21882: 19403: 19390: 18929: 18702: 18481: 18436: 18001: 17983: 16928: 16196: 15952: 10456:(pronounced with the blade of the tongue) and unaspirated . and are thus two different, though similar, sounds. 10225:

as a variant subtag identifying text as written in IPA. Thus, an IPA transcription of English could be tagged as

9986:

supports nearly all of the IPA. Apart from basic Latin and Greek and general punctuation, the primary blocks are

7823:⟩ for extra stress (such as prosodic stress). The secondary stress mark is sometimes seen doubled ⟨ 5871: 5650: 5605: 5148: 5130: 4651: 3457: 2821: 6678: 6657: 6625: 6107: 23984: 23629: 23449: 22015: 21654: 19601: 18954: 18653: 18608: 18494: 17911: 17850: 17845: 17277: 17205: 17009: 17004: 16810: 16717: 16363: 16322: 16058: 15725: 15127:

Ladefoged, Peter; Morris Halle (September 1988). "Some major features of the International Phonetic Alphabet".

12818: 10673:

Monolingual Hebrew dictionaries use pronunciation respelling for words with unusual spelling; for example, the

10265:

added an IPA keyboard to its platform. For iOS there are multiple free keyboard layouts available, such as the

10096: 10003: 8928:

typewriter substitutions, generally capital letters, for when IPA support is not available, e.g. S for ⟨

7030:

Subdiacritics (diacritics normally placed below a letter) may be moved above a letter to avoid conflict with a

5822: 5777: 5663: 5058: 4848: 4753: 4333: 4328: 3836: 3538: 3533: 3339: 2988: 2947: 2596: 2293: 2204: 14316: 10957:⟩ for a falling–rising–falling tone, any other than those illustrated are vanishingly rare. 10846:

variously defines the "linking" symbol as marking the "lack of a boundary" or "absence of a break", and gives

8810:⟩ can cause problems with legibility, especially when used with brackets ( or / /), the letter ⟨ 8333:(marked as a minor prosodic break), and a double or even triple stress mark for contrastive/emphatic stress: 2214:

might be prefixed to indicate that a word was a proper name, but this convention was not included in the 1999

508: 23901: 22124: 21649: 20707: 19561: 19526: 19157: 18944: 18886: 18666: 18452: 18313: 17919: 17801: 17661: 17629: 16953: 16217: 16133: 16126: 15889: 15882: 15711: 14768:

Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet

14701: 13818:

Cynthia Shuken (1980) Instrumental investigation of some Scottish Gaelic consonants. University of Edinburgh.

11236: 10526: 10284: 10279: 9978: 8856: 8822:⟩. (For this reason, some publications which use the current IPA pipe letters disallow IPA brackets.) 8614:⟩ are not uncommonly used as a typographic convenience for affricates, typically and , while ⟨ 8427:⟩, but the first two words in each of the Estonian examples are analyzed as typically short and long, 5835: 5621: 5482: 5066: 4588: 4581: 4284: 4144: 4112: 3482: 2842: 2758: 2751: 2582: 2019: 2015: 1810:

representation of the IPA for blind or visually impaired professionals and students has also been developed.

1538: 314: 20986: 9795:⟩), though this transcription suggests that they are diphthongs (as indeed they are in Swedish). The 8052:⟩; again, there is no equivalent among the diacritics. Thus in a three-register tone system, ⟨ 3605:

It is primarily the shape of the tongue rather than its position that distinguishes the fricatives , , and .

23674: 23435: 23414: 20702: 20477: 19993: 19769: 19147: 19100: 18939: 18773: 18624: 18510: 18201: 17897: 17792: 17781: 17693: 17305: 17233: 16935: 16393: 16203: 16182: 16105: 15959: 15938: 15861: 15342: 15242: 10920:. When transcribed with tone letters, however, combinations of all five levels are possible. Thus, ⟨ 10296: 9193:⟩ for an theoretical labialized segment that is only realized as labialization on adjacent segments. 8900:⟩ for purely labialized sounds (not simultaneously velarized), the lateral fricative letter ⟨ 8740:⟩, this can be an aid to legibility, just as it is with the composite superscript c-cedilla ⟨ 7921:

as "upstep" and "downstep", concepts from tonal languages. However, the upstep symbol can also be used for

5942: 5793: 5679: 5044: 4904: 4658: 4637: 4560: 4445: 4275: 4264: 4176: 3864: 3464: 3018: 2828: 2807: 2730: 2134: 1868: 13501: 13497: 13493: 11651: 11512: 11508: 11478: 11472: 11466: 11458: 11449: 11439: 11410: 11406: 11385: 11377: 11369: 11365: 11352: 11348: 11344: 11340: 11336: 11332: 11319: 11306: 11302: 11268: 11264: 11260: 11256: 11252: 11248: 11244: 11240: 11214: 11210: 11206: 11180: 11176: 11163: 11155: 11147: 11134: 11094: 11076: 11072: 11068: 11064: 11060: 11056: 11052: 11048: 11044: 11040: 11036: 11032: 10954: 10941: 10937: 10933: 10929: 10925: 10921: 10913: 10909: 10905: 10901: 10873: 10805: 10801: 10589: 10573:"The new letters should be suggestive of the sounds they represent, by their resemblance to the old ones." 10449: 10445: 10050: 9945: 9937: 9930: 9923: 9880: 9872: 9868: 9864: 9860: 9852: 9848: 9840: 9836: 9832: 9828: 9820: 9816: 9812: 9808: 9804: 9800: 9792: 9788: 9784: 9780: 9755: 9747: 9738: 9721: 9717: 9713: 9709: 9705: 9697: 9689: 9674: 9666: 9658: 9650: 9642: 9619: 9615: 9603: 9599: 9588: 9584: 9580: 9576: 9572: 9568: 9564: 9560: 9556: 9552: 9532: 9528: 9524: 9517: 9510: 9503: 9496: 9492: 9472: 9465: 9461: 9457: 9449: 9437: 9433: 9429: 9422: 9418: 9414: 9410: 9406: 9402: 9398: 9394: 9390: 9386: 9382: 9378: 9374: 9370: 9362: 9358: 9354: 9350: 9346: 9342: 9338: 9334: 9330: 9326: 9322: 9318: 9314: 9310: 9306: 9302: 9298: 9294: 9290: 9286: 9282: 9278: 9274: 9270: 9263: 9259: 9251: 9247: 9211: 9207: 9203: 9190: 9178: 9171: 9162: 9158: 9154: 8929: 8909: 8905: 8901: 8897: 8884: 8876: 8867: 8863: 8849: 8838: 8834: 8819: 8811: 8807: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8791: 8787: 8783: 8779: 8749: 8745: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8729: 8725: 8714: 8710: 8706: 8699: 8691: 8687: 8683: 8649: 8642: 8638: 8630: 8626: 8619: 8615: 8611: 8607: 8600: 8596: 8595:⟩ are perhaps more commonly intended to be approximants even without a lowering diacritic. ⟨ 8592: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8576: 8572: 8556: 8543: 8514: 8500: 8488: 8484: 8463: 8459: 8455: 8432: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8412: 8405: 8398: 8389: 8382: 8375: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8322: 8318: 8310: 8297: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8273: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8229: 8224: 8215: 8210: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8081: 8077: 8073: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8013: 8009: 8005: 7997: 7974: 7970: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7933: 7914: 7892: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7864: 7857: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7812: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7557: 7546: 7538: 7530: 7520: 7512: 7504: 7494: 7486: 7478: 7468: 7460: 7452: 7408: 7398: 7381: 7371: 7358: 7346: 7321: 7308: 7304: 7292: 7282: 7262: 7247: 7233: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7004: 6980: 6976: 6968: 6934: 6929: 6919: 6914: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6880: 6875: 6865: 6860: 6848: 6843: 6833: 6823: 6813: 6808: 6796: 6791: 6781: 6776: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6742: 6737: 6723: 6718: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6683: 6673: 6668: 6662: 6652: 6647: 6635: 6630: 6620: 6615: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6581: 6576: 6566: 6561: 6549: 6544: 6534: 6529: 6522: 6517: 6505: 6500: 6490: 6485: 6468: 6463: 6453: 6448: 6441: 6436: 6424: 6419: 6409: 6404: 6387: 6382: 6372: 6367: 6359: 6354: 6342: 6337: 6327: 6322: 6310: 6305: 6295: 6290: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6251: 6246: 6236: 6231: 6214: 6209: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6175: 6167: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6115: 6111: 6099: 6091: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 5352: 5348: 5344: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4421: 4417: 4408: 4392: 4388: 4374: 4370: 4362: 1991: 1979: 1975: 1963: 1892: 1886: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1745: 1738: 1734: 1725: 1721: 1709: 1680: 1670: 1643: 1635: 1608: 1603: 1597: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1441: 1428: 1393: 1384: 1372: 1368: 1358: 1337: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1261: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 982: 972: 964: 952: 948: 877: 873: 869: 865: 858: 850: 834: 830: 826: 822: 807: 792: 761: 749: 721: 717: 713: 662: 658: 654: 650: 642: 638: 634: 630: 621: 613: 609: 574: 570: 399: 226: 222: 23595: 23315: 23294: 21974: 21969: 21664: 21566: 20088: 19779: 18682: 18329: 18284: 18014: 17808: 17291: 17270: 17219: 16962: 16380: 16336: 16329: 16280: 16072: 16065: 16016: 15761: 15732: 15581: 15410: 11792: 10341: 10314: 10118:

blocks. The extIPA parentheses are included, but they do not enclose diacritics as they are supposed to.

9995: 7023:⟩, makes it clear that it is the labialization that is 'less rounded' than its cardinal IPA value. 6347: 5851: 5498: 5453: 5161: 4890: 4767: 4760: 4711: 4291: 3850: 3829: 3491: 3005: 2961: 2954: 2905: 2632: 2603: 2452: 757: 376: 149: 10546:

There are three basic tone diacritics and five basic tone letters, both sets of which may be compounded.

1840:.) Not all aspects of the alphabet can be accommodated in a chart of the size published by the IPA. The 23600: 23561: 23382: 21979: 21546: 20959: 20020: 19539: 19075: 19025: 18959: 18934: 18838: 18833: 18744: 18342: 17925: 17822: 17744: 16622: 16515: 16402: 16308: 16224: 16140: 16044: 15896: 15743: 15718: 15697: 15063: 14771: 14452: 13609: 12927: 10607:

For example, single and double pipe symbols are used for minor and major prosodic breaks. Although the

10262: 9281:⟩ for {nasal} are ubiquitous in English-language material. Other common conventions are ⟨ 9202:

Full capital letters are not used as IPA symbols, except as typewriter substitutes (e.g. N for ⟨

8896:

Even presidents of the IPA have used para-IPA notation, such as resurrecting the old diacritic ⟨

8874: 8044:⟩; there is no parallel to this using tone letters. Instead, tone letters have mid-high ⟨ 6801: 6007: 6002: 5913: 5511: 5382: 5072: 4739: 4595: 4402: 4305: 4227: 3247: 3140: 3027: 2933: 2849: 2765: 2614: 2589: 2568: 2071: 2014:

IPA is popular for transcription by linguists. Some American linguists, however, use a mix of IPA with

493: 365: 23615: 20712: 20030: 13069:

Miller, Amanda L.; Brugman, Johanna; Sands, Bonny; Namaseb, Levi; Exter, Mats; Collins, Chris (2009).

12325:"An overview of IPA Braille: an updated tactile representation of the International Phonetic Alphabet" 11764: 10045: 9875:⟩, and these solutions recall an old IPA convention of rounding an unrounded vowel letter like 8269:

More complex contours are possible. Chao gave an example of (mid-high-low-mid) from English prosody.

21632: 21354: 20907: 20494: 19248: 19177: 19035: 19015: 18793: 18530: 18300: 18196: 17815: 17735: 17724: 17326: 17284: 17254: 17212: 16586: 16294: 16189: 16112: 16030: 15945: 15868: 15775: 15626: 15597: 14508: 14079: 13989: 13390: 10594: 8360:

is commonly extended by repeating the length mark, which may be phonetic, as in etc., as in English

8284:⟩). The IPA gives the option of placing the tone letters before the word or syllable (⟨ 5962: 5699: 5469: 5359: 4920: 4883: 4725: 4644: 4567: 4298: 4218: 4207: 3885: 3843: 3669: 3211: 2919: 2814: 2737: 2646: 2497: 2468: 2041: 1947: 1841: 451: 140: 12443:

Martin J. Ball; Joan Rahilly (August 2011). "The symbolization of central approximants in the IPA".

6963:

With aspirated voiced consonants, the aspiration is usually also voiced (voiced aspirated – but see

1919:

theoretical claim that all the distinctions transcribed are necessarily meaningful in the language.

1212:

Beyond the letters themselves, there are a variety of secondary symbols which aid in transcription.

402:

is more abstract than either or and might refer to either, depending on the context and language.

24184: 23687: 23643: 23638: 23132: 23118: 22423: 21006: 20809: 20025: 19571: 19253: 19187: 19152: 18760: 18572: 18358: 17873: 17751: 17319: 17247: 16971: 16568: 16542: 16491: 16411: 16343: 16287: 16023: 15803: 15768: 15608: 15588: 15567: 15188: 14886: 14731: 14501: 12344: 10388: 9991: 9638:

The blank cells on the summary IPA chart can be filled without much difficulty if the need arises.

8496: 8272:

Chao tone letters generally appear after each syllable, for a language with syllable tone (⟨

7386: 7376: 7192: 5929: 5741: 5527: 5007: 4913: 4718: 4413:, is not "explicitly IPA approved", but has the expected form if such a symbol were to be approved. 4234: 3878: 3500: 3193: 3167: 3116: 3036: 2968: 2912: 2674: 2639: 2479: 2459: 2438: 697: 550: 349: 22737: 20153: 14471: 13943:

Lexical Reconstruction in Central Chadic: A Comparative Study of Vowels, Consonants and Prosodies.

12657: 11941: 11930: 10181: 9688:

The epiglottal trill is arguably covered by the generally trilled epiglottal "fricatives" ⟨

9551:

dialect) can be made more economical by extracting the suprasegmental labialization of the words:

24104: 23892: 23421: 22449: 21406: 21083: 21062: 20942: 20922: 20754: 20425: 20329: 19806: 19764: 19721: 19415: 19298: 19268: 19233: 19020: 18964: 18949: 18809: 18722: 18546: 17765: 17161: 16629: 16462: 16453: 16436: 16315: 16231: 16051: 15789: 15750: 15704: 15640: 15235: 14201: 12243:

Handbook of Standards and Resources for Spoken Language Systems: Spoken language characterisation

11576: 10675: 9215: 9020: 8990:

In addition to the Extensions to the IPA for disordered speech, there are the conventions of the

5978: 5891: 5715: 4991: 4746: 4248: 3787: 3254: 3087: 3078: 3061: 2940: 2856: 2660: 2621: 2575: 2511: 2318:

The pulmonic consonant table, which includes most consonants, is arranged in rows that designate

253: 18878: 10615:

transcription), this was an idea to keep them distinct from the otherwise similar pipes used as

9708:⟩), and the simple points in vowel space are easily transcribed with diacritics: ⟨ 24068: 22139: 21078: 21068: 21001: 20511: 19944: 19669: 19456: 19263: 19162: 18588: 17758: 17522: 17460: 17152: 17141: 17086: 16608: 16593: 16473: 16301: 16037: 15782: 15668: 15633: 15524: 15509: 15493: 14896: 14035: 13141: 12339: 10492: 10425: 10397: – Set of phonetic symbols used for voice quality, such as to transcribe disordered speech 10290: 9662: 9540: 8873:

Iconic extensions of standard IPA letters that are implicit in the alphabet, such as retroflex

8679: 8470: 7164: 7104: 6510: 6300: 6103: 5757: 4732: 4500: 4241: 3778: 3767: 3712: 3233: 3218: 3098: 2926: 2653: 2539: 2504: 2395: 2380: 2364: 2319: 2276:, as well as the fact that several letters pull double duty as both fricative and approximant; 2257:

The International Phonetic Association organizes the letters of the IPA into three categories:

1904: 1720:, is articulated as two distinct allophones: the clear occurs before vowels and the consonant 1217: 1134:⟩, differ from English, but have their IPA values in Latin or other European languages. 395: 286: 208: 20: 14965:(2010). "Phonetic Notation". In Hardcastle, William J.; Laver, John; Gibbon, Fiona E. (eds.). 14458:

Phonetic Transcription And Transliteration, Proposals Of The Copenhagen Conference, April 1925

13142:"Phonetic analysis of Afrikaans, English, Xhosa and Zulu using South African speech databases" 12081:. The Phonology of the World's Languages. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 45, 59. 11602:

International Phonetic Alphabet for Singers: A Manual for English and Foreign Language Diction

11494:"The diacritics...can be used to modify the lip or tongue position implied by a vowel symbol." 9069:(b), this is sometimes used when reconstructed and ungrammatical forms occur in the same text. 9051:(b), this is sometimes used when reconstructed and ungrammatical forms occur in the same text. 3628:

Non-pulmonic consonants are sounds whose airflow is not dependent on the lungs. These include

24083: 23625: 23523: 23428: 23217: 23166: 22626: 22548: 22312: 22251: 22236: 21805: 21684: 21426: 21386: 21118: 20794: 19978: 19966: 19939: 19924: 19313: 19280: 19273: 19182: 19095: 19090: 17584: 17511: 17491: 17449: 17429: 17168: 17065: 16575: 16549: 16524: 16498: 15810: 15654: 15615: 15574: 15504: 15465: 15309: 14547: 14482:"...the International Phonetic Association has never officially approved a set of names..." ( 14286:. Cuadernos de lengua española (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Madrid: Arco Libros. p. 65. 12241: 11786: 11035:⟩ but does not wish to employ tone letters, is to restrict the generic rising ⟨ 10394: 10379: 10346: 9960: 9536: 9499:, which surface as and in voiceless environments and as and in voiced environments (e.g. 9238: 8991: 8815: 7172: 7152: 7007:⟩ can mean that the is labialized (rounded) throughout its articulation, and ⟨ 5011: 4485: 4015: 3995: 3960: 3940: 3794: 3691: 3200: 3174: 3149: 3123: 2681: 2525: 2486: 2445: 2375: 2336: 2323: 1527: 881: 681: 542: 407: 388: 120: 31: 22231: 21436: 15180: 9887:

with a turned omega. As of 2024, the turned omega diacritic is in the pipeline for Unicode.

7981:, and for the intonation of non-tonal languages. In the Portuguese illustration in the 1999 2139:

IPA letters have been incorporated into the alphabets of various languages, notably via the

23287: 23038: 22715: 22211: 21866: 21830: 21235: 21158: 20991: 20739: 20729: 20568: 20551: 19867: 19659: 19521: 19431: 19410: 19320: 19308: 19303: 19047: 19030: 18047: 17573: 17553: 17531: 17469: 17182: 17121: 16444: 15796: 15647: 15549: 11721: 11569:

MacMahon, Michael K. C. (1996). "Phonetic Notation". In Daniels, P. T.; Bright, W. (eds.).

10908:⟩ 'high-mid' etc. The more extreme pitches, which do not form contours, are ⟨ 10058:

Many typefaces have support for IPA characters, but good diacritic rendering remains rare.

9775:

The only known vowels that cannot be represented in this scheme are vowels with unexpected

9269:

There is a degree of variation between authors as to the capital letters used, but ⟨

9255: 8855:

Digits for tonal phonemes that have conventional numbers in a local tradition, such as the

7808: 7413: 7239: 7222:⟩ at the beginning or end of a word to indicate that it applies to the entire word. 7180: 5194: 4525: 4449: 4424:⟩. In imprecise transcription, it often stands in for a superscript glottal stop in 4070: 4050: 4028: 3973: 3808: 3747: 3069: 2667: 2518: 2420: 2112: 1845: 872:⟩. Either the original letter may be reminiscent of the target sound (e.g., ⟨ 838: 811: 744:, or modifications thereof. Some letters are neither: for example, the letter denoting the 693: 485: 318: 115: 15227: 11570: 11217:), while others simply prefer to have one letter for each segmental phoneme in a language. 10465:"Originally, the aim was to make available a set of phonetic symbols which would be given 7996:

adopted by the IPA in 1989, he stipulated that the half-high and half-low letters ⟨

7195:

of speech. Various ligatures of pitch/tone letters and diacritics are provided for by the

7015:⟩ can only mean a less-labialized/rounded . However, readers might mistake ⟨ 6102:⟩ is frequently used for an open central vowel. If disambiguation is required, the 1883:

symbols in consonant charts in their articles. (For instance, including the extIPA letter

1661:

Vertical lines are sometimes used instead of double angle brackets to denote the distinct

1530:, which are an extension of IPA used in extIPA, but are not otherwise used in IPA proper. 8: 22114: 22010: 21732: 21255: 19961: 19649: 19556: 19534: 19491: 19476: 19441: 19385: 19330: 19325: 19194: 19080: 19057: 18997: 18848: 18111: 17715: 17602: 17593: 17502: 17440: 17189: 17175: 17093: 16615: 15675: 15529: 15486: 15181: 13915: 12717: 11158:⟩ for a high tone on an open syllable. Such redundant doubling is not used in the 10612: 10441: 9999: 9646: 8798:⟩, were dropped soon after their introduction and are now usually written ⟨ 8721: 6017: 5258: 4505: 4441: 4198: 4083: 4006: 3951: 3815: 3801: 3719: 3657: 3641: 3240: 2546: 2400: 2357: 1806:

recommended against their use, as cursive IPA is "harder for most people to decipher". A

1493: 1266: 1139: 796: 145: 125: 20277: 13956: 12617: 12587: 12561: 7203:

despite not being found in the summary of the IPA alphabet found on the one-page chart.

2167:, etc. Capital case variants have been created for use in these languages. For example, 1506:, especially when enclosing the set of phonemes that constitute the morphophoneme, e.g. 414:, posted below in this article and on the International Phonetic Association's website. 24015: 23273: 23250: 22884: 22773: 22763: 22655: 22598: 22584: 22541: 22246: 22129: 21964: 21856: 21815: 21769: 21764: 21659: 21641: 21309: 21240: 21205: 21153: 20966: 20954: 20365: 20287: 20188: 19743: 19546: 19355: 19290: 19285: 19240: 19199: 18987: 18913: 18134: 17564: 17130: 17079: 17058: 15817: 15661: 15519: 15499: 15453: 15158: 15144: 15115: 15051: 15018: 14910: 14815: 14405: 14200:

Haynie, Hannah; Bowern, Claire; Epps, Patience; Hill, Jane; McConvell, Patrick (2014).

14145: 13863: 13789: 13761: 13557: 13513: 13447: 13266: 13169: 13098: 12994: 12741: 12460: 12425: 12357: 12293: 11730: 11102: 10953:

Although any combination of tone diacritics is theoretically possible, such as ⟨

8806:⟩, was retired but is still sometimes seen, as the current pipe letters ⟨ 8480: 8365: 8357: 7895:⟩ for a prosodic boundary. For example, C# is a word-final consonant, %V a post- 7868: 7403: 7267: 7184: 7176: 6315: 6241: 6219: 5387: 5281: 4868: 4537: 4495: 4480: 4061: 3756: 3705: 3684: 3661: 3609: 2688: 2532: 2390: 2370: 725: 689: 685: 22506: 22164: 19446: 10968: 9583:

for all consonants labialized), or the carrier letter may be omitted altogether (e.g.

8637:

the epiglottal fricatives are not trilled. Although they might be transcribed ⟨

2168: 1860:

The procedure for modifying the alphabet or the chart is to propose the change in the

1220:. There are also special symbols for prosodic features such as stress and intonation. 541:

The general principle of the IPA is to provide one letter for each distinctive sound (

23663: 23396: 23389: 23125: 23111: 23023: 22912: 22822: 22801: 22780: 22708: 22640: 22499: 22457: 22409: 22144: 22134: 21779: 21774: 21679: 21674: 21581: 21536: 21359: 21339: 21329: 21319: 21314: 21250: 21245: 21173: 21108: 21093: 21043: 21038: 20981: 20917: 20875: 20717: 20603: 20526: 20042: 20037: 19914: 19674: 19639: 19624: 19608: 19596: 19581: 19551: 19511: 19481: 19461: 19451: 19395: 19375: 19365: 19350: 19335: 19220: 19215: 19142: 19112: 19107: 19085: 19067: 19062: 19052: 19042: 18559: 18090: 17485: 17336: 17100: 17027: 16641: 15554: 15534: 15476: 15362: 15192: 15165: 15083: 15073: 15067: 15022: 14978: 14951: 14939: 14900: 14871: 14852: 14828: 14819: 14787: 14775: 14355: 14287: 14180: 14135: 13867: 13793: 13781: 13716: 13677: 13638: 13613: 13451: 13439: 13398: 13370: 13270: 13258: 13161: 13090: 13000: 12881: 12773: 12748: 12691: 12464: 12324: 12283: 12247: 12220: 12187: 12150: 12105:/sP/ consonant clusters in Swedish: Acoustic measurements of phonological development 12103: 12082: 12046: 11796: 11605: 11580: 10453: 10361: 10218: 10162: 10091: 10087: 9118: 8984: 7771:

The old staveless tone letters, which are effectively obsolete, include high ⟨

7332: 6853: 6554: 6429: 5728: 5237: 4873: 4777: 4530: 4510: 3989: 3726: 3633: 3572: 2425: 2405: 2347: 2160: 504: 428:

In 1886, a group of French and English language teachers, led by the French linguist

380: 345: 71: 14914: 14653: 14409: 14149: 13102: 12429: 12361: 12297: 11759: 10763:"Segments can usefully be divided into two major categories, consonants and vowels." 10495:, but since no language has (yet) been found to make a distinction between, say, an 9177:

A null segment or morpheme. This may indicate the absence of an affix, e.g. ⟨

8513:

Especially lowered, e.g. (or , if the former symbol does not display properly) for

920: 24189: 23530: 23468: 23361: 23322: 23308: 23266: 23141: 23087: 23068: 23002: 22994: 22980: 22973: 22898: 22694: 22669: 22605: 22577: 22492: 22478: 22395: 22368: 22305: 22216: 22119: 21941: 21784: 21411: 21391: 21381: 21376: 21260: 21016: 20949: 20937: 20902: 20897: 20880: 20819: 20784: 20744: 20546: 20541: 20489: 20440: 20324: 20258: 20198: 20148: 20093: 20010: 19988: 19973: 19919: 19909: 19843: 19654: 19586: 19576: 19516: 19506: 19501: 19486: 19471: 19466: 19380: 19370: 19228: 19122: 19010: 18992: 18982: 18369: 17423: 17114: 17072: 15544: 15514: 15481: 15471: 15136: 15107: 15043: 15010: 14970: 14892: 14807: 14397: 14221: 14213: 14127: 14121: 13853: 13773: 13431: 13250: 13173: 13153: 13082: 12990: 12452: 12417: 12349: 12275: 12212: 12038: 11409:⟩ does not mean phonetic voicing, nor a vowel; for example, in VoQS ⟨ 11151: 10433: 10335: 10147: 10115: 10111: 10015: 9725: 8958:

Chart of the Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet (extIPA), as of 2015

8724:, just as baseline letters can. For example, a superscript dental nasal in ⟨ 7937: 7579: 7326: 7252: 6992:

Care must be taken that a superscript retraction sign is not mistaken for mid tone.

6964: 6539: 6495: 6179: 5538: 5351:⟩. For instance, a pre-voiced velar affricate may be transcribed as ⟨ 4520: 4490: 3934: 3740: 3698: 3653: 2415: 2385: 2352: 2342: 2265: 2164: 1939: 1854: 1541:. However, these conflict with the pipes used in basic IPA prosodic transcription. 1143: 526: 512: 503:

in 1989. A minor revision took place in 1993 with the addition of four letters for

306: 35: 23368: 22563: 22189: 21840: 21210: 15215: 12149:. Studies in Natural Language Processing. Cambridge University Press. p. 26. 11919: 9700:⟩, are used in some descriptions of English, though those are specifically 7038:⟩. The raising and lowering diacritics have optional spacing forms ⟨ 612:⟩, once used for the "compound" tone of Swedish and Norwegian, and ⟨ 23354: 23046: 22987: 22933: 22926: 22905: 22891: 22875: 22853: 22808: 22701: 22676: 22648: 22633: 22556: 22534: 22527: 22485: 22445: 22416: 22104: 22074: 21897: 21820: 21586: 21516: 21421: 21369: 21349: 21285: 21275: 21265: 21230: 21195: 21190: 21185: 21098: 21053: 21048: 20932: 20927: 20774: 20764: 20618: 20583: 20578: 20558: 20452: 20410: 20350: 20233: 20203: 20113: 20073: 20015: 19949: 19929: 19877: 19860: 19848: 19664: 19644: 19629: 19591: 19496: 19436: 19360: 19345: 19340: 19130: 19117: 18693: 18427: 17884: 17414: 17107: 16536: 15539: 15405: 15095: 15030:

Hill, Kenneth C.; Pullum, Geoffrey K.; Ladusaw, William (March 1988). "Review of

14838: 14388:

Olson, Kenneth S.; Hajek, John (1999). "The phonetic status of the labial flap".

13710: 13671: 13637:. Berkeley Insights in Linguistics and Semiotics. Peter Lang Verlag. p. 11. 13561: 12913: 12534: 11948: 11937: 11926: 11915: 11782: 11629: 10973: 10827: 10582: 10370: 10155: 10132: 10033: 9958:

list a variety of names in use for both current and retired IPA symbols in their

9951: 9759: 9742: 9670: 9544: 8971: 8967: 8705:

Superscripts are often used as a substitute for the tie bar, for example ⟨

8634: 8452: 8448: 8325:⟩, and a couple other instances, such usage is not enumerated by the IPA. 7196: 6939: 6640: 5862: 5596: 5031: 4515: 3925: 3733: 3645: 3637: 3629: 3161: 2410: 2258: 2140: 2117: 1625: 1488: 1248: 999: 818: 591: 583: 500: 443: 21551: 20734: 14217: 13071:"Differences in airstream and posterior place of articulation among Nǀuu clicks" 12304: 7167:

of individual consonants and vowels, that is, at the level of syllable, word or

3595:

The letters are canonically voiced fricatives but may be used for approximants.

1342: 511:. The alphabet was last revised in May 2005 with the addition of a letter for a 297:

in the late 19th century as a standard written representation for the sounds of

23997: 23610: 23491: 23375: 23259: 23239: 23148: 23016: 22947: 22846: 22794: 22787: 22619: 22612: 22591: 22570: 22471: 22464: 22271: 22226: 22154: 22149: 22000: 21984: 21959: 21902: 21892: 21887: 21727: 21601: 21561: 21531: 21477: 21472: 21467: 21441: 21416: 21364: 21304: 21270: 21220: 21168: 21133: 21088: 21058: 21011: 20971: 20870: 20824: 20779: 20697: 20633: 20588: 20573: 20536: 20516: 20484: 20472: 20420: 20415: 20405: 20395: 20390: 20307: 20292: 20282: 20248: 20238: 20183: 20168: 20133: 19983: 19887: 19835: 19725: 19679: 19634: 18599: 14974: 14448: 12267: 12209:

Transcribing the Sound of English: A Phonetics Workbook for Words and Discourse

11043:⟩ diacritics to the higher-pitched of the rising and falling tones, say 10847: 10811: 10708: 10488: 10429: 9987: 9701: 9027: 8535: 7852: 6171: 6040: 5768: 5392: 5363: 5019: 4425: 3649: 2144: 2122: 1497: 1436: 1216:

marks can be combined with the letters to add tone and phonetic detail such as

1142:

equivalents of the source letters, and small capital letters usually represent

1106:⟩ correspond to the (long) sound values of Latin: is like the vowel in 741: 733: 724:⟩ was the original IPA symbol, but both are now considered correct. See 481: 447: 154: 130: 21701: 15014: 14811: 14401: 13858: 13841: 13435: 13254: 13157: 13086: 12917: 12508: 12456: 12421: 12353: 12279: 12042: 11120:

The example has changed over the years. In the chart included in the 1999 IPA

9393:⟩ for a consonant with a glide as secondary articulation (e.g. ⟨ 8606:

Another common ambiguity is among the letters for palatal consonants. ⟨

7929:

uses it for prosody in the illustration for Portuguese, a non-tonal language.

5399: 24173: 23992: 23498: 23347: 23280: 23203: 23173: 23031: 23009: 22940: 22836: 22815: 22662: 22520: 22438: 22431: 22402: 22361: 22276: 22266: 22261: 22048: 21742: 21401: 21344: 20996: 20769: 20653: 20608: 20563: 20531: 20380: 20297: 20270: 20243: 20173: 20158: 20143: 20098: 19855: 18258: 17775: 17617: 17031: 14842: 14256:

Phonological/phonetic assessment of an English speaking adult with dysarthria

13785: 13443: 13262: 13165: 13094: 12216: 12050: 10365: 10166: 10083: 9227: 8870:⟩ may be high, medium or low tone, depending on the local convention). 8830: 8673:

Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet § Superscript variants

8625:

It has been argued that the lower-pharyngeal (epiglottal) fricatives ⟨

8330: 8314: 7364: 7352: 7082: 6786: 6458: 6332: 6050:(in which the lips are rounded) while the left is its unrounded counterpart. 5427: 4460:⟩ for , paralleling ~ . The letters for the palatal plosives ⟨ 4258: 4100: 3576: 2192: 2156: 2152: 2148: 1651: 1621: 1526:. Braces have a conflicting use to delimit prosodic transcription within the 1206: 1198: 765: 753: 341: 189: 20317: 15087: 12586:. UCL Division of Psychology and Language Sciences. May 2011. Archived from 11908: 967:⟩ is a late exception.) Among vowel letters, small capitals indicate 357: 24158: 23974: 23969: 23964: 23959: 23954: 23949: 23944: 23934: 23929: 23924: 23914: 23909: 23605: 23584: 22954: 22919: 22860: 22347: 22109: 22005: 21918: 21810: 21711: 21521: 21334: 21299: 21280: 21215: 21103: 20865: 20789: 20598: 20593: 20504: 20499: 20435: 20375: 20355: 20312: 20302: 20253: 20138: 20118: 20108: 19956: 19934: 19892: 19690: 18104: 15826: 12922: 11414: 11090: 11051:, and to resurrect the retired (pre-Kiel) IPA subscript diacritics ⟨ 10616: 10496: 10011: 9941: 9234:

chart, for example, uses capital letters as wildcards in its illustrations.

9223: 9218:). They are, however, often used in conjunction with the IPA in two cases: 8786:⟩. Affricates were once transcribed with ligatures, such as ⟨ 8775:

are now considered obsolete, though some are still seen in the literature.

8765: 7989: 7271: 7133: 6924: 6818: 6473: 6029: 5251: 2697: 2180: 1850: 1802:

forms designed for use in manuscripts and when taking field notes, but the

1573: 1534: 995: 745: 737: 333: 302: 290: 135: 21163: 13635:

Intonation Patterns in Tyrolean German: an Autosegmental-Metrical Analysis

12852: 11821: 11013:

is used for an unexpected interruption in or a sharp change of intonation.

9720:⟩ may be used, either as a letter or as a diacritic (as in ⟨ 8794:⟩ for is one. In addition, the rare voiceless implosives, ⟨ 1818: 24099: 23537: 23301: 23232: 22513: 22204: 22064: 21825: 21669: 21526: 21431: 21200: 21128: 21113: 21021: 20814: 20724: 20623: 20613: 20467: 20430: 20385: 20370: 20345: 20265: 20193: 20178: 19882: 18856: 18270: 18253: 18027: 17547: 16351: 15420: 15398: 14962: 14131: 10059: 9776: 9417:⟩ are also commonly used for high, mid and low tone, with ⟨ 9366: 8539: 8476: 7978: 7922: 7908: 7297: 7122: 7111: 7097: 6729: 6047: 5439: 5422: 5403: 5174: 5015: 4044: 2976: 2312: 2264:

Pulmonic consonant letters are arranged singly or in pairs of voiceless (

2232: 2184: 1793: 1582: 1389: 1363: 489: 322: 310: 14254: 13517: 11734: 11716: 11106: 9440:⟩ for the conflated flapped middle consonant of American English 9345:}. The letters can be modified with IPA diacritics, for example ⟨ 9044:, used when reconstructing even further back from already-starred forms. 8866:⟩ is high tone in some languages but low tone in others; ⟨ 8641:⟩ to indicate this, the far more common transcription is ⟨ 8080:

combinations are used. Chao tone letters are required for finer detail (

7214:

or prefixed , or place a spacing variant of a diacritic such as ⟨

6069:⟩, or with a superscript for the on- or off-glide, as in ⟨ 6039:

In a similar fashion, the horizontal axis of the chart is determined by

22194: 22169: 21737: 21180: 20670: 20665: 20521: 20462: 20103: 18735: 18263: 15561: 15415: 11339:⟩ are sometimes used for low and high rising tones, and ⟨ 10103: 10079: 10075: 10027: 9907: 9779:, which would require a dedicated diacritic, such as protruded ⟨ 9453: 9090: 8964:

Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet for Disordered Speech

8762:

Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet

7276: 6095: 5904: 5432: 2432: 1616: 1503: 944: 580:

There are no letters that have context-dependent sound values, the way

429: 19:

For the spelling alphabet used in spoken communication over radio, see

15148: 15119: 15055: 14617: 14226: 10054:

This is a test sequence: Noto and Calibri support most IPA adequately.

9189:), or a deleted segment that leaves a feature behind, such as ⟨ 9161:

contrast is maintained or lost, or indicating the change of a root in

8954: 24153: 24114: 23505: 23484: 23477: 22256: 22093: 21789: 21756: 21591: 21482: 21031: 20759: 20675: 20400: 18909: 18521: 18023: 17264: 17197: 16083: 15839: 15443: 13881:

Alderete, John; Jebbour, Abdelkrim; Kachoub, Bouchra; Wilbee, Holly.

10877: 10851: 10719: 10586: 9428:

Typical examples of archiphonemic use of capital letters are ⟨

8277: 7973:⟩, for underlying tone, and the right-facing letters, ⟨ 7071: 7054: 7031: 6979:⟩, and transcribe voiced-aspirated obstruents as e.g. ⟨ 6414: 6256: 6127: 6061:

are typically specified with a non-syllabic diacritic, as in ⟨

6058: 5690: 5170: 4384: 3823: 3599: 3567: 2708: 2304: 2277: 2176: 1922: 1662: 1578: 1298: 1213: 968: 677: 669: 384: 244: 92: 22199: 14672:"Gboard updated with 63 new languages, including IPA (not the beer)" 14509:"Es gilt das gesprochene Wort: Schriftarten für IPA-Transkriptionen" 14179:(3. ed.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. xix. 13916:"Proposal to Encode Additional Phonetic Modifier Letters in the UCS" 13395:

A grammar of Kayardild: with historical-comparative notes on Tangkic

11179:⟩ (with a turned apostrophe) for weak aspiration vs. ⟨ 10194:

Comparison of ASCII encodings of the International Phonetic Alphabet

8012:⟩. Only a few mid-pitch tones are supported (such as ⟨ 7011:⟩ makes no sense ( is already completely unrounded), ⟨ 2322:, meaning how the consonant is produced, and columns that designate 764:⟩, were inspired by other writing systems (in this case, the 645:⟩ for , etc. Indeed, in the illustration of Hindi in the IPA 596:

in several European languages have a "hard" or "soft" pronunciation.

22221: 22184: 22179: 22059: 22020: 21861: 21620: 21505: 21396: 21138: 21026: 20976: 20847: 20360: 20163: 20123: 19904: 19897: 19748: 18827: 18158: 18080: 18074: 17839: 16998: 15836: 15155: 15140: 15111: 15047: 14308: 13777: 12999:(6th ed.). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace College Publishers. 12479:"Journal of the International Phonetic Association Vol. 39 Iss. 02" 10734: 10508: 10500: 10170: 9321:⟩ for {open, front, back, close, rounded vowel} and ⟨ 8845: 8507: 7313: 6972: 5996: 5333: 5305: 5227: 5221: 4981: 4542: 4429: 4322: 3581: 3527: 2269: 2228: 1629: 1346: 1270: 1252: 1185:

separately from their parent Greek letters. One, however – ⟨

960: 625: 516: 353: 337: 282: 218: 27: 22241: 15000: 14826: 14765: 14495: 14483: 14423: 14375: 14106: 14065: 13530: 13307: 13295: 13225: 13210: 13127: 13032: 12977: 12965: 12953: 12804: 12792: 12560:. UCL Division of Psychology and Language Sciences. Archived from 12533:. UCL Division of Psychology and Language Sciences. Archived from 12507:. UCL Division of Psychology and Language Sciences. Archived from 12310: 12132: 12016: 12004: 11992: 11980: 11965: 11892: 11880: 11867: 11855: 11842: 11702: 11689: 11628:. UCL Division of Psychology and Language Sciences. Archived from 11546: 11267:⟩, fits this pattern, but is much less common than ⟨ 9926:⟩ "epsilon", while Unicode calls it "small letter open e". 9827:-like labialization without velarization), e.g. protruded ⟨ 1827:, and the grey retroflex letters are mentioned or implicit in the 1646:. Italics are usual when words are written as themselves (as with 864:

Letters turned 180 degrees for suggestive shapes, such as ⟨

24073: 23656: 22328: 21835: 21706: 21596: 21571: 21457: 21294: 21148: 21123: 20892: 20799: 20447: 20061: 19872: 18908: 17931: 17135: 15691: 15393: 15098:(September 1990). "The revised International Phonetic Alphabet". 11905: 11124:, it was , and since the 2018 revision of the chart it has been . 10854:

as examples. The illustration for Croatian uses it to tie atonic

10400: 10229:. For the use of IPA without attribution to a concrete language, 10207: 10143: 10071: 9983: 9911: 8937: 7050: 5078: 3761: 3616: 2562: 2308: 2200: 1943: 1807: 1799: 1229: 1182: 1062:⟩ have more or less their word-initial values in English ( 605: 529:(extIPA) were created in 1990 and were officially adopted by the 265: 181: 96: 24078: 12531:"Statutes and By-Laws of the International Phonetic Association" 12163: 10198:

Several systems have been developed that map the IPA symbols to

9737:

lateral approximants, , though the extIPA also provides ⟨

24063: 24058: 24053: 23553: 23329: 21073: 20885: 20804: 20749: 20457: 20128: 12819:"The Effects of the International Phonetic Alphabet in Singing" 12184:

Writing Systems and Their Use: An Overview of Grapholinguistics

11146:

In Chao's Sinological convention, a single tone letter ⟨

10855: 10693: 10293: – A branch of linguistics studying how humans make sounds 10258: 10121: 10107: 9796: 9682: 9231: 8551: 8525: 8492: 8276:⟩), or after the phonological word, for a language with 8036:⟩. One can double the diacritics for extra-high ⟨ 7188: 7168: 2188: 1880: 1824: 1666: 1638:⟩ would be used for the orthography of the English word 1628:

from another script; they are also used to identify individual

1376: 956: 732:

The letters chosen for the IPA are meant to harmonize with the

617: 604:

The alphabet is designed for transcribing sounds (phones), not

329: 298: 247: 15187:(9th ed.). Boston: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. pp. 14635: 14352:

Le Kukuya: langue teke du Congo; phonologie, classes nominales

11347:⟩ for high and low falling tones; occasionally ⟨ 10987:

Russian and Lithuanian sources and commonly use the character

10364: – Yakut politician and linguist – inventor of IPA-based 9040:(a) A reconstructed form, deeper (more ancient) than a single 8531:

Especially guttural, e.g. (velarized l), (pharyngealized l).

8491:, though some care can be needed to distinguish this from the 6110:

may be added to indicate an open central vowel, as in ⟨

1831:. The grey click is a retired IPA letter that is still in use. 24031: 21696: 21691: 21541: 21324: 21225: 20912: 19823: 18234: 15388: 11059:⟩ for the lower-pitched rising and falling tones, say 10924:⟩ may be called 'high', 'mid' and 'low', with ⟨ 10885: 10436:(pronounced with the tip of the tongue), and the superscript 10374: 10355: 10203: 10199: 10151: 9548: 9460:⟩ in cases where a phonemic distinction between trill 9373:⟩ for {aspirated CV syllable with high tone}, ⟨ 8933: 8770:

Sinological extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet

7896: 5376: 5358:

If a diacritic needs to be placed on or under a tie bar, the

1150: 708: 673: 53: 23919: 14354:. Bibliothèque de la SELAF (in French). Peeters Publishers. 14109:, pp. 186–187, "Extensions to the IPA: An ExtIPA Chart" 13957:"Unicode request for IPA modifier letters (b), non-pulmonic" 12028: 10311: – Disordered speech additions to the phonetic alphabet 7163:

These symbols describe the features of a language above the

3592:

Shaded areas indicate articulations judged to be impossible.

1197:⟩, both Greek and Latin forms are in common use. The 531:

International Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Association

356:. To represent additional qualities of speech—such as tooth 22174: 22069: 15257: 12270:; Lowry, Orla M. (2001). "Transcribing Disordered Speech". 10469:

articulatory values, if necessary, in different languages."

7891:⟩ for a phrase or intermediate boundary and ⟨ 7187:

and gemination of the sounds of a language, as well as the

2172: 2128: 1153:

shapes have been devised for the IPA, specifically ⟨

771: 680:

are used to modify these, and 17 additional signs indicate

565:, nor single letters to represent multiple sounds, the way 361: 14798:

Roach, P.J. (1989). "Report on the 1989 Kiel convention".

12442: 10832:. Studia Philologica. Rukopisnye pami͡atniki Drevneĭ Rusi. 10740: 10728: 10326:

International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects

10236: 9914:

standard. In many cases, the names in Unicode and the IPA

9575:⟩ as meaning that only vowels are labialized (i.e. 9571:⟩ so that the reader does not misinterpret ⟨ 8912:⟩ for the not-quite-retroflex fricatives of Polish 8667:

Unicode subscripts and superscripts § Superscript IPA

8645:⟩, which is therefore ambiguous between languages. 8435:, requiring a different remedy for the additional words.) 6046:

In places where vowels are paired, the right represents a

2239:. Opera singers' ability to read IPA was used by the site 2196: 924:

An example of a font that uses turned small-capital omega

230: 14202:"Wanderwörter in languages of the Americas and Australia" 13146:

Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies

13068: 11417:), not a nasal vowel as it would be read in IPA notation. 9897:

Naming conventions of the International Phonetic Alphabet

9741:⟩ for the first of these. A few languages such as 9614:(vowel); in French, tone may be transcribed with ⟨ 9047:(b) An ungrammatical form. A less common convention than 8728:⟩, a superscript voiceless velar nasal in ⟨ 8546:

may be motivated by the similarities of these phonations.

1823:

symbols are in grey. The grey fricatives are part of the

1704:

Some examples of contrasting brackets in the literature:

756:

with the dot removed. A few letters, such as that of the

26:

For an introductory guide on IPA symbols with audio, see

14535:

Historical charts of the International Phonetic Alphabet

14068:, p. 186, "Extensions to the IPA: An ExtIPA Chart") 13880: 12618:"Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic" 12402:

Barry, William J.; Trouvain, Jürgen (24 December 2008).

10711:'s dictionary adds in brackets to the French loan-word 10257:

by Weston Ruter also at GitHub. In April 2019, Google's

9254:(a consonant-glide-vowel-nasal syllable with tone), and 1223: 23939: 15179:

Fromkin, Victoria; Rodman, Robert; Hyams, Nina (2011).

15156:

Skinner, Edith; Timothy Monich; Lilene Mansell (1990).

14259:(masters thesis). Memorial University of Newfoundland. 10384:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

8503:, which has also been analyzed as extreme nasalization. 8321:⟩ being marked as a doubled minor break ⟨ 4432:, such as , , , (also transcribable as creaky , , , ). 1914:. A coarser transcription with less detail is called a 410:

marks in the IPA. These are illustrated in the current

13140:

Niesler, Thomas; Louw, Philippa; Roux, Justus (2005).

12658:"Why I Don't Love the International Phonetic Alphabet" 12240:

Gibbon, Dafydd; Moore, Roger; Winski, Richard (1998).

11435:

Dedicated letters have been proposed, such as rotated

10876:⟩ for global level pitch (only dropping due to 10529:

makes (or at least made) a distinction between apical

10187: 9309:⟩ for {rhotic} or {resonant/sonorant}, ⟨ 9181:⟩ for where an affix might appear but doesn't ( 8732:⟩, and labial-velar prenasalization in ⟨ 7883:⟩ for a word boundary (may be doubled, ⟨ 7875:⟩ for a syllable or syllable boundary, ⟨ 2284:

central vowels were listed among the "other symbols".

1982:; and neither is identical to the vowel of the French 1724:, whereas the dark / occurs before consonants, except 1189:⟩ – has only its Greek form, while for ⟨ 553:

to represent single sounds, the way English does with

432:, formed what would be known from 1897 onwards as the 23879: 23875: 23868: 23861: 23854: 23847: 23840: 23833: 23826: 23819: 23812: 23805: 23798: 23791: 23784: 23780: 23773: 23766: 23759: 23752: 23745: 23738: 23731: 23724: 23717: 23710: 23703: 23696: 15126: 12989: 12690:. Cambridge Dictionaries Online. 2002. Archived from 10936:⟩, but in a five-level transcription, ⟨ 9883:⟩/omega, and unrounding a rounded letter like 9681:, and the lateral fricatives are provided for by the 9065:

An ungrammatical form. A less common convention than

8802:⟩. The original set of click letters, ⟨ 7887:⟩, for e.g. a breath-group boundary), ⟨ 1692: 1624:

are used to mark both original Latin orthography and

17036:

Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

14309:"Introducción a la fonología y fonética del español" 14199: 13712:

The Synchronic and Diachronic Phonology of Ejectives

13591:

Conversations françaises en transcription phonétique

11820:. International Phonetic Association. Archived from 10664:

contains detailed comparisons of respelling systems.

10351:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

10303:

Cursive forms of the International Phonetic Alphabet

8720:

Superscript letters can be meaningfully modified by

8686:⟩ for the effect of labialization on a vowel 8350:⟩ and an emphatic falling intonation ⟨ 7433: 7431: 6971:⟩. Some linguists restrict that diacritic to 1790:

Cursive forms of the International Phonetic Alphabet

994:

The International Phonetic Alphabet is based on the

778: 668:

Among the symbols of the IPA, 107 letters represent

328:

The IPA is designed to represent those qualities of

217:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see 24141:

List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks

14969:(2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 678–702. 14868:

Doing Phonology: Observing, Recording, Interpreting

12111: 10829:

Indo-European Dictionary with Nostratic Etymologies

10646:for individual languages which for example may use 10373: – TeX macro package provides IPA support for 10127:As of 2018, the IPA was developing their own font, 9803:⟩ is sometimes seen, for compressed ⟨ 9704:(forming a set with the IPA reduced vowels ⟨ 8904:⟩, and either the old dot diacritic ⟨ 8755: 8342:

Similarly, a doubled secondary stress mark ⟨

8060:⟩, while in a four-register system, ⟨ 6122: 3585:), the single letter represents a voiced consonant. 15178: 15157: 14837: 13657: 13198: 13044: 13019: 12740: 10444:(breathy). Both these qualities cause the English 10320:International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration 9904:Handbook of the International Phonetic Association 9843:⟩; while Kelly & Local use a combining 1994:. By contrast, a narrow phonetic transcription of 15029: 15003:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 14800:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 14447: 14390:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 13846:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 13424:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 13243:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 13075:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 12558:"Approval of New IPA Sound: The Labiodental Flap" 12445:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 12409:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 12332:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 12239: 11818:"Approval of New IPA Sound: The Labiodental Flap" 10884:. Additionally, some fonts display the arrows as 10309:Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet 9677:⟩; the first is also mentioned in the IPA 9401:⟩ for {labialized consonant}) and ⟨ 9397:⟩ for {palatalized consonant} and ⟨ 9089:A generalized form, such as a typical shape of a 8977:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 8950:Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet 8893:and have been included in Unicode at IPA request. 7428: 2307:consonant is a consonant made by obstructing the 2261:consonants, non-pulmonic consonants, and vowels. 1755:, which can be represented morphophonemically as 1741:in plural formation in one class of nouns, as in 1351:Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet 1122:, etc. Other Latin letters, particularly ⟨ 932:. The symbol had originally been a small-capital 787:Some letter forms derive from existing letters: 720:⟩ are graphic variants. Open-tail ⟨ 523:Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet 198:Phonetic symbols in Unicode § Unicode blocks 24171: 14081:The Phonetic Representation of Disordered Speech 13955:Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (8 November 2020). 12616:Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (8 November 2020). 12181: 12101: 10322: – Transliteration scheme for Indic scripts 10299: – International Phonetic Alphabet variants 10287: – Phonetic alphabet developed in the 1880s 9539:, where they stand for "voice" (VoQS jargon for 8364:, or phonemic, as in the "overlong" segments of 7847:⟩ for a minor prosodic break and ⟨ 3565:In rows where some letters appear in pairs (the 2231:are authoritatively transcribed in IPA, such as 2095:, and represents the sequence of consonants in 799:articulation. It originates from the hook of an 620:nasal of Japanese), though one remains: ⟨ 231:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters 14540: 13336: 13334: 13332: 13330: 13328: 13139: 12404:"Do we need a symbol for a central open vowel?" 12182:Meletis, Dimitrios; Dürscheid, Christa (2022). 10448:to sound different from the Italian or Spanish 10305: – Deprecated cursive forms of IPA symbols 10173:(certain weights) have only basic IPA support. 9696:letters for near-close central vowels, ⟨ 9567:⟩ might be used instead of VoQS ⟨ 9535:⟩ have completely different meanings as 9361:⟩ for {prenasalized consonant}, ⟨ 9285:⟩ for {tone/accent} (tonicity), ⟨ 9157:or for variation between and , noting that a 9125:for a high tone that occurs in such a position. 8088:Original (restricted) set of Chao tone letters 6077:⟩. Sometimes a tie bar is used: ⟨ 1407:All three of the above are provided by the IPA 379:by one or more IPA symbols of two basic types: 15164:. New York: Applause Theatre Book Publishers. 12714:"Merriam-Webster Online Pronunciation Symbols" 12655: 11322:⟩, as in Afrasianist phonetic notation. 11166:⟩ rather than through the tone letters. 10391: – Phonetic alphabet for Uralic languages 9641:The missing retroflex letters, namely ⟨ 8517:as a weak fricative in some pronunciations of 1297:. To capture the difference between them (the 1232:used to set off (delimit) IPA transcriptions: 880:⟩). Rotation was popular in the era of 424:History of the International Phonetic Alphabet 269:The official chart of the IPA, revised in 2020 23569: 22313: 19706: 18894: 18207:Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop 15243: 14888:Phonetic Transcription in Theory and Practice 13948: 13766:International Journal of American Linguistics 13759: 13397:. Mouton Grammar Library. Mouton de Gruyter. 12401: 11781: 11183:⟩ for strong aspiration is still seen. 11175:Sometimes the obsolete transcription ⟨ 10619:, and is almost never found in practice. The 9964:. Many of them found their way into Unicode. 8028:⟩; in tone letters, these are ⟨ 6138:; other uses can be illustrated with ⟨ 3615:Some listed phones are not known to exist as 1201:are not derived from an alphabet, but from a 466:) was originally represented with the letter 30:. For the usage of the IPA on Knowledge, see 19720: 14284:Principios de fonología y fonética españolas 13325: 13239:"Further report on the 1989 Kiel Convention" 12322: 11685: 11683: 11681: 11679: 11677: 11089: 11071:⟩ (non-standard) and low-mid ⟨ 10888:by default, if ︎ is not appended. 10717: 10095:sounds, and which Unicode considers to be a 9432:⟩ for the Turkish harmonic vowel set 9305:⟩ for {lateral} or {liquid}, ⟨ 8335: 7899:vowel, and σC a syllable-initial consonant. 6959: 6957: 6142:⟩ ( with fricative release), ⟨ 6028:The vertical axis of the chart is mapped by 5362:(U+034F) needs to be used, as in 'chewed' ( 5002: 2203:, but appear in Latin ranges other than the 2089: 1984: 1689:are two glyphs that constitute the grapheme 769: 473: 437: 14827:International Phonetic Association (1949). 14766:International Phonetic Association (1999). 14306: 13988:Miller, Kirk; Ball, Martin (11 July 2020). 13954: 13676:. University of Chicago Press. p. 35. 13541: 13539: 12651: 12649: 12615: 12611: 12609: 12607: 12605: 11481:⟩. Ball, Rahilly & Lowry (2017) 10825: 10809: 10176: 10138: 10099:and thus not eligible for Unicode support. 10014:is supported primarily by those blocks and 9633: 8979:, when they were officially adopted by the 8575:⟩ and the velar approximant ⟨ 8444:Occasionally other diacritics are doubled: 6995: 6965:voiced consonants with voiceless aspiration 1375:. The latter usage is made official in the 989: 876:⟩) or the turned one (e.g., ⟨ 736:. For this reason, most letters are either 23576: 23562: 22320: 22306: 19713: 19699: 18901: 18887: 15250: 15236: 14865: 14435: 14387: 14077: 13987: 13556: 13545: 13289: 12584:"IPA Council votes against new IPA symbol" 12555: 12481:. Cambridge Journals Online. August 2009. 12436: 12211:. Cambridge University Press. p. 61. 11815: 11542: 11540: 11538: 11536: 11111:where five pitch levels are distinguished. 10867: 10865: 10010:, and scattered characters elsewhere. The 7879:⟩ for a morpheme boundary, ⟨ 7839:There are three boundary markers: ⟨ 7151:Additional diacritics are provided by the 6146:⟩ ( with affricate onset), ⟨ 3623: 1895:⟩, in an illustration of the IPA.) 1813: 484:in a letter to Passy. It was developed by 442:). Their original alphabet was based on a 52: 15305:Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA) 15094: 14884: 14225: 14022:The Phonology of Lower Grand Valley Dani. 13937: 13935: 13913: 13857: 13747: 13669: 13504:"" [A system of "tone-letters"]. 13476: 13417: 12451:(2). Cambridge Journals Online: 231–237. 12343: 12266: 12169: 12147:A Computational Theory of Writing Systems 11976: 11974: 11961: 11959: 11957: 11777: 11775: 11773: 11674: 11133:Chao did not include tone shapes such as 10896: 10894: 10358: – Computer-readable phonetic script 9487:is variable). Similar usage is found for 9405:⟩ for {dental consonant}. ⟨ 9093:that has not actually been reconstructed. 7977:⟩, for surface tone, as occurs in 6986: 6954: 5010:are sounds that involve two simultaneous 2040:Many British dictionaries, including the 1453:; ⟨⟩ may be more precisely 963:sounds than their base letters. (⟨ 14938:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 14897:10.3366/edinburgh/9780748640737.001.0001 14174: 13839: 13536: 13487: 13485: 13221: 13219: 12849:"Nico Castel's Complete Libretti Series" 12816: 12646: 12602: 11568: 10044: 9871:⟩ is the cursive form of ⟨ 9381:⟩ for {voiceless nasal}, ⟨ 9377:⟩ for {voiced sibilant}, ⟨ 9329:⟩ for {any sound}, as in ⟨ 9301:⟩ for {glide/semivowel}, ⟨ 8953: 6154:⟩ ( with breathy voice), ⟨ 5398: 5386: 3571:), the letter to the right represents a 2129:Standard orthographies and case variants 1921: 1817: 1783: 1002:). Hence, the consonant letters ⟨ 919: 707: 387:. For example, the sound of the English 264: 24131:Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode 15072:(revised 14th ed.). London: Dent. 14702:"Set up Gboard – Android – Gboard Help" 14496:International Phonetic Association 1999 14484:International Phonetic Association 1999 14424:International Phonetic Association 1999 14376:International Phonetic Association 1999 14349: 14177:Historical linguistics: an introduction 14107:International Phonetic Association 1999 14066:International Phonetic Association 1999 13531:International Phonetic Association 1999 13308:International Phonetic Association 1999 13296:International Phonetic Association 1999 13226:International Phonetic Association 1999 13211:International Phonetic Association 1999 13128:International Phonetic Association 1999 13033:International Phonetic Association 1999 12978:International Phonetic Association 1999 12966:International Phonetic Association 1999 12954:International Phonetic Association 1999 12918:"Operatic IPA and the Visual Thesaurus" 12805:International Phonetic Association 1999 12793:International Phonetic Association 1949 12556:Nicolaidis, Katerina (September 2005). 12311:International Phonetic Association 1999 12133:International Phonetic Association 1999 12128: 12126: 12076: 12017:International Phonetic Association 1999 12005:International Phonetic Association 1999 11993:International Phonetic Association 1999 11981:International Phonetic Association 1999 11966:International Phonetic Association 1999 11893:International Phonetic Association 1999 11881:International Phonetic Association 1949 11868:International Phonetic Association 1949 11856:International Phonetic Association 1999 11843:International Phonetic Association 1999 11816:Nicolaidis, Katerina (September 2005). 11703:International Phonetic Association 1999 11690:International Phonetic Association 1999 11564: 11562: 11560: 11558: 11556: 11554: 11547:International Phonetic Association 1999 11533: 11511:⟩ as "lower-case P" and ⟨ 10917: 10862: 10432:), the inverted bridge specifies it as 10403: – Remapping of the IPA into ASCII 10237:Computer input using on-screen keyboard 9863:⟩ for compression (e.g. ⟨ 9230:of sounds (that is, as wildcards). The 9135:The location of a segment – e.g. 8987:that do not have standard IPA symbols. 8782:⟩, rejected in favor of ⟨ 8016:⟩), and then only accidentally. 7843:⟩ for a syllable break, ⟨ 7816: 5343:Multiple tie bars can be used: ⟨ 5014:(are pronounced using two parts of the 2311:(the space between the vocal folds) or 2057:Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary 1867:(See, for example, December 2008 on an 791:The right-swinging tail, as in ⟨ 752:⟩, originally had the form of a 439:l'Association phonétique internationale 258:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 24172: 15475: 14961: 14281: 13932: 13827: 13708: 13632: 13420:"The transcription of tone in the IPA" 13364: 13352: 13056: 12912: 12767: 12743:Webster's New World College Dictionary 12389: 12144: 11986: 11971: 11954: 11770: 11150:⟩ is used for a high tone on a 10891: 10642:See "Illustrations of the IPA" in the 10331:List of international common standards 10008:Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement 9979:Phonetic symbols in Unicode § IPA 9851:⟩ for protrusion (e.g. ⟨ 9595:for other transcription conventions.) 8997: 8908:⟩ or the novel letters ⟨ 8658: 8064:⟩ may be equivalent to ⟨ 6194:⟩ with a glottal onset). (See 2346: 2298: 2199:. These, and others, are supported by 2143:in many sub-Saharan languages such as 1778:f-finals held in Barcelona and Madrid. 1379:, with unidentified segments circled. 23557: 23457:American Printing House for the Blind 23233:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) 22885:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali) 22301: 22091: 22046: 21939: 21618: 21503: 20845: 20059: 19821: 19804: 19694: 18882: 18232: 17714: 17413: 17129: 15553: 15548: 15543: 15538: 15533: 15528: 15523: 15518: 15513: 15508: 15503: 15498: 15485: 15480: 15470: 15441: 15276: 15231: 15062: 14933: 14885:Heselwood, Barry (30 November 2013). 14797: 14580:from the original on 12 November 2017 14566: 14337: 14252: 14046:from the original on 30 November 2018 14033: 13895:from the original on 28 December 2021 13673:Preliminaries to Linguistic Phonetics 13588: 13482: 13389: 13340: 13319: 13216: 12873: 12829:from the original on 5 September 2018 12738: 12371:from the original on 8 September 2015 12206: 12117: 11714: 11662:from the original on 27 February 2017 11301:{Close vowel} may instead be ⟨ 11271:⟩ in English-language sources. 11193: 10940:⟩ are identified with ⟨ 10932:⟩ are identified with ⟨ 10213: 9746:plosives are now universally ⟨ 9655:voiceless retroflex lateral fricative 9559:. The conventional wildcards ⟨ 9421:⟩ for rising tone and ⟨ 9153:Alternation or contrast – e.g. 9005: 8303: 6164:voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant 6162:⟩ ( with a flavor of , i.e. a 4867: 4536: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4197: 3924: 3755: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2356: 2351: 2341: 2253:International Phonetic Alphabet chart 1708:In some English accents, the phoneme 1502:Also commonly seen are the braces of 1224:Brackets and transcription delimiters 1146:equivalents of their source letters. 985:⟩ remaining as small capitals. 24115:DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe 21940: 18243: 18184: 17877: 17087: 17048: 15457: 14119: 14002:from the original on 24 October 2020 13969:from the original on 22 October 2021 13762:"Kwaza in a Comparative Perspective" 13760:van der Voort, Hein (October 2005). 13709:Fallon, Paul D. (16 December 2013). 13603: 13491: 12880:. The Scarecrow Press. p. 392. 12123: 12031:Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 11599: 11551: 11413:⟩ is "nasal voice" (that is, 11364:For other Turkic languages, ⟨ 10661:Pronunciation respelling for English 10338: – Italian linguist (born 1947) 10202:characters. Notable systems include 9592: 8848:letters for Chinese vowels, ⟨ 8829:Affricates, such as the Americanist 8690:, which may be realized as phonemic 8562: 7207: 6195: 5412: 5024: 4470: 3713: 3674: 2328: 2235:'s volumes and Timothy Cheek's book 2221: 2051:Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary 1926:Phonetic transcriptions of the word 1533:Other delimiters sometimes seen are 221:. For the distinction between , 22327: 18212:Voiceless nasal glottal approximant 17066: 17026:Symbols to the right in a cell are 15034:by G. K. Pullum & W. Ladusaw". 14848:The Sounds of the World's Languages 14712:from the original on 24 August 2019 14554:from the original on 18 August 2022 14313:Ianua. Revista Philologica Romanica 14120:Kaye, Alan S., ed. (21 July 2007). 13883:"Tashlhiyt Berber grammar synopsis" 12934:from the original on 26 August 2011 12851:. Castel Opera Arts. Archived from 11309:⟩ may stand for {obstruent}. 11154:, and a double tone letter ⟨ 10428:(pronounced slightly back from the 10188:ASCII and keyboard transliterations 9967: 8744:⟩ and rhotic vowels ⟨ 8056:⟩ are equivalent to ⟨ 8024:⟩ and a low tone is ⟨ 7834: 6364:Voiceless dental fricative release 5366:). Font support is spotty, however. 3692: 2062:the International Phonetic Alphabet 1879:finds it acceptable to mix IPA and 13: 22047: 17122: 15295:International Phonetic Association 14993: 14742:from the original on 15 April 2021 14682:from the original on 28 April 2019 14604:International Phonetic Association 14515:from the original on 9 August 2022 14263:from the original on 24 March 2022 14234:from the original on 31 March 2022 13990:"Expansion of the extIPA and VoQS" 12668:from the original on 5 August 2011 11741:from the original on 18 April 2023 11656:International Phonetic Association 11485:, 3rd edition, Equinox, Sheffield. 10912:⟩ 'extra-high' and ⟨ 9389:⟩ for {affricate}, ⟨ 9353:⟩ for {implosive}, ⟨ 9313:⟩ for {obstruent}, ⟨ 9293:⟩ for {fricative}, ⟨ 9273:⟩ for {consonant}, ⟨ 9197: 7158: 6377:Voiceless velar fricative release 6150:⟩ (prenasalized ), ⟨ 3748: 2106: 1642:, as opposed to its pronunciation 1285:the words are usually analyzed as 434:International Phonetic Association 295:International Phonetic Association 99:transcription of any oral language 14: 24201: 18808: 18792: 18772: 18759: 18743: 18721: 18701: 18681: 18665: 18652: 18636: 18623: 18607: 18587: 18571: 18558: 18545: 18529: 18509: 18493: 18480: 18464: 18451: 18435: 18415: 18393: 18377: 18357: 18341: 18328: 18312: 18299: 18283: 18139: 18124: 18117: 18097: 18073: 18061: 18054: 18040: 18033: 18007: 17994: 17982: 17975: 17963: 17956: 17944: 17937: 17918: 17904: 17890: 17821: 17814: 17807: 17800: 17791: 17780: 17764: 17757: 17750: 17743: 17734: 17723: 17692: 17660: 17628: 17601: 17592: 17583: 17572: 17563: 17552: 17530: 17521: 17510: 17501: 17490: 17468: 17459: 17448: 17439: 17428: 17393: 17373: 17366: 17359: 17348: 17325: 17318: 17311: 17304: 17297: 17290: 17283: 17276: 17269: 17253: 17246: 17239: 17232: 17225: 17218: 17211: 17204: 17188: 17181: 17174: 17167: 17160: 17151: 17140: 17094: 16970: 16961: 16952: 16945: 16934: 16927: 16891: 16882: 16873: 16864: 16851: 16809: 16802: 16795: 16788: 16781: 16774: 16763: 16756: 16716: 16709: 16702: 16695: 16688: 16681: 16670: 16663: 16628: 16621: 16614: 16607: 16592: 16585: 16574: 16567: 16548: 16541: 16523: 16514: 16497: 16490: 16479: 16472: 16461: 16452: 16443: 16427: 16410: 16401: 16392: 16379: 16362: 16342: 16335: 16328: 16321: 16314: 16307: 16300: 16293: 16286: 16279: 16272: 16265: 16258: 16251: 16244: 16237: 16230: 16223: 16216: 16209: 16202: 16195: 16188: 16181: 16153: 16146: 16139: 16132: 16125: 16118: 16111: 16104: 16071: 16064: 16057: 16050: 16043: 16036: 16029: 16022: 16015: 16004: 15997: 15990: 15983: 15976: 15969: 15958: 15951: 15944: 15937: 15909: 15902: 15895: 15888: 15881: 15874: 15867: 15860: 15825: 15816: 15809: 15802: 15795: 15788: 15781: 15774: 15767: 15760: 15749: 15742: 15731: 15724: 15717: 15710: 15703: 15696: 15674: 15667: 15660: 15653: 15646: 15639: 15632: 15625: 15614: 15607: 15596: 15587: 15580: 15573: 15566: 15550:Pharyngeal/epiglottal 15207: 14967:The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences 14866:Kelly, John; Local, John (1989). 14319:from the original on 24 June 2023 14156:from the original on 12 June 2023 14088:from the original on 12 June 2023 13570:from the original on 12 June 2023 12656:Sally Thomason (2 January 2008). 12634:from the original on 30 July 2021 12485:from the original on 9 March 2013 12246:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 61. 12186:. De Gruyter Mouton. p. 64. 11351:⟩ for 'rising' or ⟨ 11331:Somewhat more precisely, ⟨ 9855:⟩) and a combining turned 9349:⟩ for {ejective}, ⟨ 9297:⟩ for {sibilant}, ⟨ 9277:⟩ for {vowel} and ⟨ 9139:for an intervocalic position, or 8924:In addition, it is common to see 7902: 7795:⟩ and low falling ⟨ 7756:Falling (high to low or generic) 6828: 6158:⟩ (glottalized ), ⟨ 6123:Diacritics and prosodic notation 5977: 5961: 5941: 5928: 5912: 5890: 5870: 5850: 5834: 5821: 5805: 5792: 5776: 5756: 5740: 5727: 5714: 5698: 5678: 5662: 5649: 5633: 5620: 5604: 5584: 5562: 5546: 5526: 5510: 5497: 5481: 5468: 5452: 5286: 5271: 5264: 5244: 5220: 5208: 5201: 5187: 5180: 5154: 5141: 5129: 5122: 5110: 5103: 5091: 5084: 5065: 5051: 5037: 4959: 4952: 4941: 4919: 4912: 4903: 4896: 4889: 4882: 4847: 4840: 4833: 4826: 4819: 4812: 4801: 4794: 4766: 4759: 4752: 4745: 4738: 4731: 4724: 4717: 4710: 4699: 4692: 4685: 4678: 4671: 4664: 4657: 4650: 4643: 4636: 4608: 4601: 4594: 4587: 4580: 4573: 4566: 4559: 4304: 4297: 4290: 4283: 4274: 4263: 4247: 4240: 4233: 4226: 4217: 4206: 4175: 4143: 4111: 4082: 4069: 4060: 4049: 4027: 4014: 4005: 3994: 3972: 3959: 3950: 3939: 3904: 3884: 3877: 3870: 3863: 3856: 3849: 3842: 3835: 3828: 3814: 3807: 3800: 3793: 3786: 3777: 3766: 3720: 3499: 3490: 3481: 3474: 3463: 3456: 3420: 3411: 3402: 3393: 3380: 3338: 3331: 3324: 3317: 3310: 3303: 3292: 3285: 3253: 3246: 3239: 3232: 3217: 3210: 3199: 3192: 3173: 3166: 3148: 3139: 3122: 3115: 3104: 3097: 3086: 3077: 3068: 3052: 3035: 3026: 3017: 3004: 2987: 2967: 2960: 2953: 2946: 2939: 2932: 2925: 2918: 2911: 2904: 2897: 2890: 2883: 2876: 2869: 2862: 2855: 2848: 2841: 2834: 2827: 2820: 2813: 2806: 2778: 2771: 2764: 2757: 2750: 2743: 2736: 2729: 2696: 2687: 2680: 2673: 2666: 2659: 2652: 2645: 2638: 2631: 2620: 2613: 2602: 2595: 2588: 2581: 2574: 2567: 2545: 2538: 2531: 2524: 2517: 2510: 2503: 2496: 2485: 2478: 2467: 2458: 2451: 2444: 2437: 2421:Pharyngeal/epiglottal 1323:Less common conventions include: 1313:for the English and sounds, or 1228:There are two principal types of 1086:); and the vowel letters ⟨ 470:in English, but with the digraph 260: instead of phonetic symbols. 23583: 18832: 18800: 18780: 18751: 18709: 18673: 18644: 18615: 18579: 18537: 18501: 18472: 18443: 18407: 18385: 18349: 18320: 18291: 18275: 17844: 17080: 17059: 17003: 15348:Obsolete and nonstandard symbols 14921:from the original on 29 May 2023 14724: 14694: 14664: 14646: 14628: 14610: 14592: 14527: 14489: 14476: 14465: 14441: 14429: 14416: 14381: 14368: 14343: 14331: 14300: 14275: 14246: 14193: 14168: 14112: 14100: 14071: 14058: 14034:Wells, John (9 September 2009). 14027: 14024:Springer-Science+Business Media. 14014: 13981: 13914:Constable, Peter (7 June 2003). 13907: 13874: 13840:Ridouane, Rachid (August 2014). 13833: 13821: 13812: 13800:from the original on 3 June 2023 13753: 13741: 13729:from the original on 1 July 2023 13702: 13690:from the original on 1 July 2023 13663: 13651: 13626: 13597: 13582: 13550: 13524: 13470: 13458:from the original on 1 July 2023 13418:Maddieson, Ian (December 1990). 13411: 13383: 13358: 13346: 13313: 13277:from the original on 1 July 2023 13180:from the original on 27 May 2023 13109:from the original on 1 July 2023 12145:Sproat, Richard William (2000). 11497: 11488: 11429: 11420: 11399: 11358: 11325: 11312: 11295: 11274: 11229: 11220: 11199: 11186: 11169: 11140: 11127: 11114: 11082: 11025: 11016: 10981: 10960: 10947: 10880:), e.g. in Julie Barbour (2012) 10836: 9791:⟩ and compressed ⟨ 9783:⟩ and compressed ⟨ 9724:⟩ sometimes seen for the 9289:⟩ for {plosive}, ⟨ 8756:Obsolete and nonstandard symbols 8568: 7988:Rising and falling pitch, as in 7860:⟩, for a stronger break. 7731:Rising (low to high or generic) 7046:⟩ that avoid descenders. 6975:, such as breathy-voice ⟨ 6001: 5969: 5949: 5920: 5878: 5842: 5813: 5784: 5748: 5706: 5670: 5641: 5612: 5576: 5554: 5518: 5489: 5460: 5444: 4327: 3706: 3685: 3532: 1990:which would also be transcribed 1345:("curly brackets") are used for 784:, via the reversed apostrophe). 24180:International Phonetic Alphabet 23652:International Phonetic Alphabet 22092: 17101: 15259:International Phonetic Alphabet 14870:. Manchester University Press. 14126:. Penn State University Press. 14123:Morphologies of Asia and Africa 13941:H. Ekkehard Wolff (2023: xxiv) 13301: 13231: 13204: 13192: 13133: 13121: 13062: 13050: 13038: 13025: 13013: 12983: 12971: 12959: 12946: 12906: 12867: 12841: 12810: 12798: 12786: 12761: 12732: 12706: 12680: 12576: 12549: 12523: 12497: 12471: 12395: 12383: 12316: 12260: 12233: 12200: 12175: 12138: 12095: 12070: 12063:Charles-James Bailey (1985: 3) 12057: 12022: 12010: 11998: 11898: 11886: 11873: 11861: 11848: 11836: 11809: 11760:International Phonetic Alphabet 11753: 11708: 11355:⟩ for 'falling' is seen. 11075:⟩. Non-standard ⟨ 10818: 10794: 10784: 10775: 10766: 10757: 10748: 10701: 10667: 10653: 10636: 10626: 10601: 10576: 10567: 10558: 10549: 10540: 10518: 10481: 10472: 9948:⟩ is called "d-bridge". 9890: 9787:⟩ (or protruded ⟨ 9731: 9333:⟩ for a heavy syllable { 9030:(including an unphonemic form). 8889:. These are referred to in the 8438: 8040:⟩ and extra-low ⟨ 8008:⟩ and low-pitch ⟨ 7543:Dipping (falling–rising) 7517:Peaking (rising–falling) 6190:⟩ glottalized , ⟨ 3727: 2030: 1181:⟩, which are encoded in 716:⟩ and open-tail ⟨ 703: 507:and the removal of letters for 275:International Phonetic Alphabet 213:International Phonetic Alphabet 159:International Phonetic Alphabet 46:International Phonetic Alphabet 19786:Languages by writing system / 18192:Nasal labial–velar approximant 17115: 17073: 15442: 15368:IPA chart for English dialects 15277: 15069:English pronouncing dictionary 14891:. Edinburgh University Press. 14758: 14461:. Clarendon Press. p. 19. 13658:Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996 13199:Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996 13045:Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996 13020:Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996 12747:. New York: Macmillan. xxiii. 12207:Tench, Paul (11 August 2011). 12065:English phonetic transcription 11785:; Ladusaw, William A. (1986). 11695: 11644: 11618: 11593: 11483:Phonetics for speech pathology 11368:⟩ may be restricted to 11318:Or glottal~pharyngeal ⟨ 10974:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 10459: 10414: 10382: – Phonetic transcription 10021: 10004:Phonetic Extensions Supplement 9317:⟩ for {click}, ⟨ 9079:A doubtfully grammatical form. 8857:four tones of Standard Chinese 4406: 3741: 3699: 2294:IPA consonant chart with audio 2274:stop → fricative → approximant 1934:For example, the English word 1712:, which is usually spelled as 821:are based on the form ⟨ 536: 1: 23225:Gardner–Salinas braille codes 23181:Gardner–Salinas braille codes 21619: 21504: 20846: 17108: 14253:Perry, Jill Rosamund (2000). 14020:E.g. H. Myron Bromley (1961) 13606:Language and Symbolic Systems 12323:Englebretson, Robert (2009). 12274:. London: Whurr. p. 80. 12272:Methods in Clinical Phonetics 11521: 11237:Afrasianist phonetic notation 11039:⟩ and falling ⟨ 10725:) to indicate that the final 10527:Americanist Phonetic Notation 10285:Americanist phonetic notation 10280:Afroasiatic phonetic notation 10249:by Richard Ishida at GitHub, 10065: 9579:for all segments labialized, 9103:A word boundary – e.g. 8943: 8337:Entrez monsieur, voilà madame 8076:and dipping (falling-rising) 8048:⟩ and mid-low ⟨ 7791:⟩, low rising ⟨ 6285:Consonant-release diacritics 6053: 4436: 3734: 3589:language, without diacritics. 2287: 2020:Sinological phonetic notation 2016:Americanist phonetic notation 1767:} stands for the phoneme set 1539:Americanist phonetic notation 1353:for examples in this system. 943:Among consonant letters, the 24110:Western Latin character sets 23436:National Braille Association 23415:Braille Institute of America 23133:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin) 20060: 18202:Voiceless bidental fricative 15310:Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS) 14533:Natalie Udomkesmalee (2018) 14511:(in German). 16 March 2014. 14350:Paulian, Christiane (1975). 14307:Frías Conde, Xavier (2001). 12770:Velký anglicko-český slovník 11526: 10916:⟩ 'extra-low', using 10810:Ernst-Kurdi, Eszter (2017). 10297:Case variants of IPA letters 10040: 9479:is homorganic and the first 9468:is conflated, as in Spanish 9237:as carrying letters for the 7917:⟩ are defined in the 6838:Velarized or pharyngealized 3644:(found in languages such as 2135:Case variants of IPA letters 2009: 1869:open central unrounded vowel 1537:and double pipes taken from 806:The top hook, as in ⟨ 637:⟩ for and , ⟨ 616:⟩, once used for the 315:speech–language pathologists 206: This article contains 7: 24136:Letters used in mathematics 23316:Refreshable braille display 23295:Optical braille recognition 22892:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese) 22424:Chinese (mainland Mandarin) 21567:New Epoch Notation Painting 19136:Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect 15411:Phonetic symbols in Unicode 15183:An Introduction to Language 14636:"Type IPA phonetic symbols" 14315:(in Spanish): 11–12. 14218:10.1016/j.amper.2014.10.001 14084:. London: The King's Fund. 13945:Cambridge University Press. 13888:. Simon Fraser University. 12996:An Introduction to Language 12102:Karlsson; Sullivan (2005), 11793:University of Chicago Press 11572:The World's Writing Systems 11471:, or small-capital ⟨ 10826:Dolgopolsky, Aaron (2013). 10535:⟨τ δ ς ζ ν λ⟩ 10531:⟨t d s z n l⟩ 10491:are two different kinds of 10342:Phonetic symbols in Unicode 10315:Index of phonetics articles 10272: 9998:, with lesser support from 9996:Combining Diacritical Marks 9799:'spread' diacritic ⟨ 9766: 9483:is a trill, but the second 8814:⟩ (small L), or the 7228:Length, stress, and rhythm 6713:Co-articulation diacritics 1609:| ... | 1561:| ... | 1476:| ... | 1471:{ ... } 1338:{ ... } 951:⟩, and also ⟨ 779: 758:voiced pharyngeal fricative 641:⟩ for or , ⟨ 336:(and, to a limited extent, 150:English Phonotypic Alphabet 16:System of phonetic notation 10: 24206: 23684: 23383:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh 19822: 18233: 14975:10.1002/9781444317251.ch18 14772:Cambridge University Press 14574:"Language Subtag Registry" 14040:John Wells's phonetic blog 13715:. Routledge. p. 267. 13610:Cambridge University Press 12993:; Rodman, Robert (1998) . 12928:University of Pennsylvania 12817:Severens, Sara E. (2017). 10691:because the word uses the 10420:The small minus under the 10191: 10025: 9976: 9972: 9894: 9823:⟩, for protrusion ( 8947: 8759: 8709:⟩ for and ⟨ 8670: 8664: 7906: 7871:or mora boundary, ⟨ 7787:⟩, falling ⟨ 7446: 7257:before stressed syllable) 7244:before stressed syllable) 7034:, as in voiceless ⟨ 6747:Less rounded / more spread 6392:Mid central vowel release 5383:IPA vowel chart with audio 5380: 5374: 3579:). In the other rows (the 2291: 2250: 2246: 2132: 2035: 1902: 1787: 1728:, and at the end of words. 1697:in ordinary Latin script. 421: 417: 25: 18: 24149: 24123: 24092: 24042: 24024: 24006: 23983: 23900: 23891: 23672: 23624: 23591: 23515: 23466: 23406: 23339: 23249: 23195: 23158: 23119:Mainland Chinese Mandarin 23098: 23079: 23060: 22965: 22871: 22832: 22759: 22686: 22385: 22378: 22339: 22297: 22100: 22087: 22055: 22042: 21993: 21952: 21948: 21935: 21911: 21875: 21849: 21798: 21755: 21720: 21640: 21633:Chinese family of scripts 21631: 21627: 21614: 21512: 21499: 21450: 20858: 20854: 20841: 20703:Boyd's syllabic shorthand 20690: 20338: 20081: 20072: 20068: 20055: 19830: 19817: 19813: 19805: 19800: 19788:by first written accounts 19757: 19736: 19732: 19617: 19424: 19208: 18975: 18920: 18734: 18692: 18598: 18520: 18426: 18368: 18269: 18262: 18257: 18252: 18241: 18228: 18197:Nasal palatal approximant 17874:Co-articulated consonants 17774: 17719: 17682: 17650: 17615: 17546: 17484: 17422: 17383: 17335: 17263: 17196: 17134: 17120: 17113: 17106: 17099: 17092: 17085: 17078: 17071: 17064: 17057: 17055: 16907: 16829: 16736: 16640: 16535: 16435: 16350: 16177: 16081: 15933: 15835: 15690: 15560: 15492: 15464: 15450: 15437: 15376: 15330: 15287: 15283: 15272: 15015:10.1017/S0025100300005181 14812:10.1017/s0025100300003868 14618:"IPA character picker 27" 14402:10.1017/s0025100300006484 13859:10.1017/S0025100313000388 13670:Ladefoged, Peter (1971). 13633:Barker, Geoffrey (2005). 13436:10.1017/S0025100300004242 13255:10.1017/S0025100300004205 13158:10.2989/16073610509486401 13087:10.1017/S0025100309003867 12772:(in Czech). Praha: Leda. 12457:10.1017/s0025100311000107 12422:10.1017/S0025100308003587 12354:10.1017/s0025100308003691 12280:10.1002/9780470777879.ch3 12043:10.3109/02699209008985489 11909:IPA EXTENSIONS code chart 10686: 10680: 10595:Oxford English Dictionary 10251:Type IPA phonetic symbols 9918:differ. For example, the 9879:with a subscript ⟨ 9750:⟩ rather than the 9107:for a word-initial vowel. 8837:⟩ for or ⟨ 7802: 7783:⟩, rising ⟨ 7760: 7578: 7565: 7392: 7365:Major or intonation break 7339: 7266: 7261: 7227: 6884: 6869: 6837: 6827: 6822: 6746: 6727: 6712: 6677: 6656: 6585: 6570: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6479: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6398: 6394: 6284: 6255: 6240: 6225: 6203: 5903: 5861: 5767: 5689: 5595: 5537: 5438: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5370: 5360:combining grapheme joiner 5008:Co-articulated consonants 5003:Co-articulated consonants 4969: 4967: 4965: 4958: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4927: 4925: 4918: 4911: 4909: 4902: 4895: 4888: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4872: 4776: 4632: 4541: 4477: 4257: 4202: 4165: 4133: 4098: 4043: 3988: 3933: 3894: 3822: 3760: 3746: 3739: 3732: 3725: 3718: 3711: 3704: 3697: 3690: 3683: 3681: 3436: 3358: 3265: 3160: 3060: 2975: 2802: 2706: 2561: 2431: 2363: 2335: 2042:Oxford English Dictionary 1516:{/t/, /d/} 1422: 1419: 1416: 1317:for as mentioned above. 770: 549:It does not normally use 446:for English known as the 364:, and sounds made with a 204: 187: 180: 141:Lepsius Standard Alphabet 108: 103: 87: 77: 63: 51: 45: 23688:ISO basic Latin alphabet 23644:ISO basic Latin alphabet 23639:Classical Latin alphabet 23106:Chinese semi-syllabaries 22369:Unicode braille patterns 22355:International uniformity 20810:Thomas Natural Shorthand 14282:Quilis, Antonio (2012). 13492:Chao, Yuen-Ren (1930). " 13367:Sovremennyj ruskij jazyk 13249:(2): 23. December 1990. 12823:Student Scholar Showcase 12217:10.1017/cbo9780511698361 10408: 10389:Uralic Phonetic Alphabet 10177:Notable commercial fonts 10139:Proprietary system fonts 9992:Spacing Modifier Letters 9634:Segments without letters 9210:⟩, O for ⟨ 9206:⟩, S for ⟨ 9143:for word-final position. 8850:ɿ, ʅ , ʮ, ʯ 8497:velopharyngeal frication 6480:Articulation diacritics 2066:pronunciation respelling 1974:would be transcribed as 1898: 1293:, with the same phoneme 990:Typography and iconicity 293:. It was devised by the 23443:Blindness organizations 23422:Braille Without Borders 23211:Canadian currency marks 22833:Egyptian lineage family 22016:Southwest Paleohispanic 19168:Regional North American 17046:Non-pulmonic consonants 16178:Non-sibilant fricative 15934:Non-sibilant affricate 15300:History of the alphabet 14936:Principles of Phonetics 14732:"IPA Phonetic Keyboard" 14175:Campbell, Lyle (2013). 13604:Chao, Yuen Ren (1968). 13566:. H. Holt. p. 91. 12874:Cheek, Timothy (2001). 12739:Agnes, Michael (1999). 12172:, pp. 8 ff, 29 ff. 12079:The Phonology of Danish 11925:10 October 2017 at the 11765:Encyclopædia Britannica 11577:Oxford University Press 10812:"The Phonology of Mada" 10676:Even-Shoshan Dictionary 10507:alphabet, not a purely 10161:The Apple system fonts 6226:Syllabicity diacritics 3624:Non-pulmonic consonants 2803:Non-sibilant fricative 1930:in two English dialects 1814:Modifying the IPA chart 624:⟩, used for the 551:combinations of letters 370:extended set of symbols 309:students and teachers, 289:based primarily on the 209:phonetic transcriptions 22760:Russian lineage family 22160:Great Lakes Algonquian 21069:Greco-Iberian alphabet 21002:Gabelsberger shorthand 19945:Inscriptional Parthian 19602:Dialects and varieties 19163:Received Pronunciation 19003:American Sign Language 15358:Sinological extensions 15160:Speak with Distinction 14576:. IANA. 5 March 2021. 14436:Kelly & Local 1989 13546:Kelly & Local 1989 12077:Basbøll, Hans (2005). 11717:"Our revised alphabet" 11305:⟩, and ⟨ 10718: 10422:⟨t̠̺͡ʃʰ⟩ 10291:Articulatory phonetics 10253:at TypeIt.org, and an 10158:, have poor support. 10146:, the default font of 10055: 9663:retroflex lateral flap 9606:⟩ are used for 9593:§ Suprasegmentals 9541:secondary articulation 9258:may be schematized as 8959: 8940:substitute notation.) 8680:secondary articulation 8648:Among vowels, ⟨ 8499:in disordered speech, 8336: 7779:⟩, low ⟨ 7775:⟩, mid ⟨ 7155:for speech pathology. 6196:§ Superscript IPA 6096:Vowel § Acoustics 5407: 5396: 5012:places of articulation 2320:manner of articulation 2113:phonemic orthographies 2090: 2046:learner's dictionaries 1985: 1962:may be transcribed as 1931: 1905:Phonetic transcription 1891:, rather than ⟨ 1832: 1781: 1773: 1730: 1665:of graphemes known as 1437:Double square brackets 1269:are used for abstract 1218:secondary articulation 1082:are unaspirated as in 1058:⟩, and ⟨ 937: 882:mechanical typesetting 868:⟩ from ⟨ 793:ʈ ɖ ɳ ɽ ʂ ʐ ɻ ɭ 729: 657:⟩ are used for 649:, the letters ⟨ 474: 438: 396:phonemic transcription 352:and the separation of 270: 243:This article contains 21:NATO phonetic alphabet 23524:Accessible publishing 23450:Schools for the blind 23429:Japan Braille Library 23218:Computer Braille Code 22872:Indian lineage family 22252:Old Persian cuneiform 21119:Carolingian minuscule 19925:Ancient North Arabian 15223:Interactive IPA chart 15032:Phonetic Symbol Guide 14851:. Oxford: Blackwell. 13365:Ganiev, Ž.V. (2012). 11914:5 August 2019 at the 11904:Cf. the notes at the 11795:. pp. 152, 209. 11788:Phonetic Symbol Guide 11503:For example, the IPA 11477:⟩ and ⟨ 11335:⟩ and ⟨ 11055:⟩ and ⟨ 10882:A Grammar of Neverver 10395:Voice Quality Symbols 10380:UAI phonetic alphabet 10347:RFE Phonetic Alphabet 10267:IPA Phonetic Keyboard 10192:Further information: 10048: 9961:Phonetic Symbol Guide 9618:⟩ and ⟨ 9602:⟩ and ⟨ 9537:Voice Quality Symbols 9531:⟩ and ⟨ 9250:(an atonic vowel) to 9239:Voice Quality Symbols 9214:⟩ – see 8992:Voice Quality Symbols 8957: 8800:ɓ̥ ɗ̥ ʄ̊ ɠ̊ ʛ̥ 8629:⟩ and ⟨ 8618:⟩ and ⟨ 8610:⟩ and ⟨ 8599:⟩ and ⟨ 8591:⟩ and ⟨ 8583:⟩ and ⟨ 8534:The transcription of 8487:vs heavily nasalized 8032:⟩ and ⟨ 7961:⟩ and ⟨ 7329:(lack of a boundary; 7153:Extensions to the IPA 6886:Retracted tongue root 6399:Phonation diacritics 6204:Airstream diacritics 6108:centralized diacritic 5402: 5390: 4464:⟩ and ⟨ 3636:and some neighboring 2324:place of articulation 1925: 1903:Further information: 1821: 1784:Other representations 1774: 1763:}. The morphophoneme 1731: 1706: 1669:. For example, print 1634:For example, ⟨ 1528:Voice Quality Symbols 1193:⟩ and ⟨ 1177:⟩ and ⟨ 1130:⟩ and ⟨ 981:), with only ⟨ 928:for the vowel letter 923: 857:imitation of ⟨ 837:⟩ derive from 833:⟩ and ⟨ 711: 653:⟩ and ⟨ 633:⟩ and ⟨ 301:. The IPA is used by 268: 121:Proto-Sinaitic script 32:Help:IPA/Introduction 23288:Mountbatten Brailler 22643:(largely reassigned) 22426:(largely reassigned) 21975:Southeastern Iberian 21970:Northeastern Iberian 19868:Egyptian hieroglyphs 16830:Lateral approximant 14934:Laver, John (1994). 14654:"IPA Chart keyboard" 14150:10.5325/j.ctv1bxh537 14132:10.5325/j.ctv1bxh537 13589:Passy, Paul (1958). 13506:Le Maître Phonétique 11918:as well as blogs by 11722:The Phonetic Teacher 11715:Passy, Paul (1888). 11579:. pp. 821–846. 11282:⟨CRV-⟩ 11251:⟩ or ⟨ 11099:Le Maître Phonétique 11011:WIGGLY VERTICAL LINE 10247:IPA character picker 9712:⟩ or ⟨ 9563:⟩ or ⟨ 9385:⟩ or ⟨ 9357:⟩ or ⟨ 9256:word-final devoicing 8932:⟩. (See also 8722:combining diacritics 8713:⟩ or ⟨ 8423:⟩ or ⟨ 8313:⟩, the major 7318:(internal boundary) 7218:⟩ or ⟨ 7199:and used in the IPA 6871:Advanced tongue root 6114:⟩ or ⟨ 6104:retraction diacritic 6073:⟩ or ⟨ 6065:⟩ or ⟨ 5391:Tongue positions of 5347:⟩ or ⟨ 3612:typically co-occurs. 3359:Lateral approximant 1916:broad transcription. 1912:narrow transcription 1512:{t|d} 1508:{t d} 810:⟩, indicates 795:⟩, indicates 545:). This means that: 509:voiceless implosives 486:Alexander John Ellis 319:constructed language 116:Egyptian hieroglyphs 23648:Phonetic alphabets 23240:Nemeth braille code 23026:(reassigned vowels) 22551:(extended to 8-dot) 22125:Canadian Aboriginal 22011:Khitan small script 21733:Khitan large script 20923:Coorgi–Cox alphabet 19527:Proto-Indo-European 19173:White South African 15454:Pulmonic consonants 14600:"IPA 2018 i-charts" 14078:PRDS Group (1983). 13558:Bloomfield, Leonard 12768:Fronek, J. (2006). 12590:on 11 November 2012 12564:on 11 November 2012 12392:, pp. 688, 693 12019:, pp. 176, 192 12007:, pp. 188, 192 11947:2 June 2019 at the 11936:2 June 2019 at the 11824:on 2 September 2006 11783:Pullum, Geoffrey K. 11705:, pp. 195–196) 11600:Wall, Joan (1989). 11101:. 2 (39) (5): 4–5. 10648:⟨/c/⟩ 10245:hosted by the IPA, 10000:Phonetic Extensions 9867:⟩). ⟨ 9763:world's languages. 9647:retroflex implosive 9643:ᶑ ꞎ 𝼅 𝼈 𝼊 9547:'cat' and 'cats' ( 9323:B, D, Ɉ, K, Q, Φ, H 9137:⟨V_V⟩ 9123:⟨H$ ⟩ 8998:Associated notation 8700:ꞎ 𝼅 𝼈 ᶑ 𝼊 8659:Superscript letters 8089: 8082:e˧˥˧,e˩˨˩,e˦˩˧,e˨˩˦ 7353:Minor or foot break 7062: 4403:retroflex implosive 4401:The letter for the 4387:implosives ⟨ 3670:Caucasian languages 3610:aryepiglottic folds 2299:Pulmonic consonants 2024:nonstandard symbols 1948:Southern US English 1759:} – 1084:spill, still, skill 870:a c e f h m r v w y 866:ɐ ɔ ə ɟ ɥ ɯ ɹ ʌ ʍ ʎ 317:, singers, actors, 146:Palaeotype alphabet 126:Phoenician alphabet 68:Alphabet 24043:Keyboard layouts ( 23274:Braille translator 23251:Braille technology 23227:(science; GS8/GS6) 23196:Symbols in braille 23126:Taiwanese Mandarin 22641:Taiwanese Mandarin 22247:Nwagu Aneke script 21799:Other logosyllabic 21721:Chinese-influenced 21660:Oracle bone script 21642:Chinese characters 21577:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs 20967:Eclectic shorthand 20955:Duployan shorthand 20908:Caucasian Albanian 20708:Canadian syllabics 19744:History of writing 17384:Lateral fricative 17030:, to the left are 16737:Lateral fricative 15525:Postalveolar 15510:Linguolabial 15353:Naming conventions 15316:Journal of the IPA 13842:"Tashlhiyt Berber" 13612:. pp. xxiii. 13201:, pp. 329–330 13059:, pp. 688–689 12537:on 10 October 2012 12511:on 10 October 2012 11692:, pp. 194–196 11632:on 10 October 2012 11515:⟩ as "chi." 11343:⟩, ⟨ 11280:In the context of 11247:⟩, ⟨ 11196:, pp. 559–560 10977:. Merriam-Webster. 10918:doubled diacritics 10808:transcriptions in 10255:IPA Chart keyboard 10219:IETF language tags 10214:IETF language tags 10056: 9859:diacritic ⟨ 9847:diacritic ⟨ 9839:⟩, ⟨ 9835:⟩, ⟨ 9831:⟩, ⟨ 9815:⟩, ⟨ 9811:⟩, ⟨ 9807:⟩, ⟨ 9527:⟩, ⟨ 9413:⟩, ⟨ 9409:⟩, ⟨ 9141:⟨_#⟩ 9113:⟨$ ⟩ 9105:⟨#V⟩ 9036:⟨**⟩ 9028:ungrammatical form 9021:reconstructed form 9006:Associated symbols 8985:lateral fricatives 8960: 8483:lightly nasalized 8481:Palantla Chinantec 8304:Comparative degree 8296:⟩, ⟨ 8288:⟩, ⟨ 8087: 7957:⟩, ⟨ 7953:⟩, ⟨ 7949:⟩, ⟨ 7945:⟩, ⟨ 7393:Up- and down-step 7277:geminate consonant 7060: 7042:⟩, ⟨ 6686:are approximants) 6587:Retracted (backed) 6572:Advanced (fronted) 6316:No audible release 5408: 5397: 4501:Postalveolar 4420:⟩, ⟨ 3895:Lateral fricative 3266:Lateral fricative 2396:Postalveolar 2381:Linguolabial 2100: 2081:⟨sh⟩ 1932: 1877:Journal of the IPA 1863:Journal of the IPA 1838:History of the IPA 1833: 1748: – 1737: – 1718:⟨ll⟩ 1390:Double parentheses 1173:⟩, ⟨ 1169:⟩, ⟨ 1165:⟩, ⟨ 1161:⟩, ⟨ 1157:⟩, ⟨ 1126:⟩, ⟨ 1119: 1111: 1102:⟩, ⟨ 1098:⟩, ⟨ 1094:⟩, ⟨ 1090:⟩, ⟨ 1054:⟩, ⟨ 1050:⟩, ⟨ 1046:⟩, ⟨ 1042:⟩, ⟨ 1038:⟩, ⟨ 1034:⟩, ⟨ 1030:⟩, ⟨ 1026:⟩, ⟨ 1022:⟩, ⟨ 1018:⟩, ⟨ 1014:⟩, ⟨ 1010:⟩, ⟨ 1006:⟩, ⟨ 938: 829:⟩. ⟨ 825:⟩: ⟨ 730: 726:history of the IPA 712:Loop-tail ⟨ 684:qualities such as 563:⟨ng⟩ 559:⟨th⟩ 555:⟨sh⟩ 505:mid central vowels 392:⟨ch⟩ 271: 24167: 24166: 24038: 24037: 23886: 23885: 23664:Spelling alphabet 23551: 23550: 23547: 23546: 23469:tactile alphabets 23397:William Bell Wait 23390:Sabriye Tenberken 23191: 23190: 23056: 23055: 23041:(Japanese vowels) 22839:-mediated scripts 22766:-mediated scripts 22293: 22292: 22289: 22288: 22285: 22284: 22145:Ditema tsa Dinoko 22083: 22082: 22038: 22037: 22034: 22033: 21931: 21930: 21927: 21926: 21751: 21750: 21610: 21609: 21495: 21494: 21491: 21490: 20837: 20836: 20833: 20832: 20686: 20685: 20051: 20050: 20038:Teeline Shorthand 19796: 19795: 19688: 19687: 19178:Standard Canadian 18914:world's languages 18876: 18875: 18872: 18871: 18867: 18866: 18819: 18818: 18224: 18223: 18220: 18219: 18177: 18176: 18002:Uvular–epiglottal 17869: 17868: 17831: 17830: 17042: 17041: 16990: 16989: 16908:Lateral tap/flap 15505:Labiodental 15433: 15432: 15429: 15428: 15363:World Orthography 15198:978-1-4282-6392-5 14984:978-1-4051-4590-9 14906:978-0-7486-4073-7 14678:. 18 April 2019. 14361:978-2-85297-008-3 14293:978-84-7635-250-2 14141:978-1-57506-566-3 13722:978-1-136-71252-4 13683:978-0-226-46787-0 13644:978-0-8204-6837-2 13619:978-0-521-09457-3 13404:978-3-11-012795-9 12991:Fromkin, Victoria 12894:on 7 October 2011 12887:978-0-8108-4003-4 12694:on 17 August 2011 12226:978-1-107-00019-3 12193:978-3-110-75777-4 12156:978-0-521-66340-3 12088:978-0-198-24268-0 11286:⟨R⟩ 11213:as distinct from 10998:VERTICAL SIX DOTS 10590:\ ... \ 10585:dictionaries use 10440:shows that it is 10362:Semyon Novgorodov 10243:IPA 2018 i-charts 10092:character variant 10088:SIL International 10051:⟨˨˦˧꜒꜔꜓k͜𝼄a͎̽᷅ꟸ⟩ 9728:"fortis" velar). 9669:⟩ and the 9452:⟩ for the 9149:⟨~⟩ 9131:⟨_⟩ 9119:phonological word 9099:⟨#⟩ 9085:⟨%⟩ 9075:⟨?⟩ 9067:⟨*⟩ 9061:⟨✗⟩ 9057:⟨×⟩ 9049:⟨*⟩ 9042:⟨*⟩ 9015:⟨*⟩ 8968:disordered speech 8563:Ambiguous letters 8267: 8266: 7938:Chao tone letters 7769: 7768: 7580:Chao tone letters 7574: 7573: 7447:Pitch diacritics 7419: 7418: 7333:phonological word 7149: 7148: 7049:The state of the 6945: 6944: 6749:(under-rounding) 6026: 6025: 5988: 5987: 5406:show the sounds . 5324: 5323: 5149:Uvular–epiglottal 5000: 4999: 4973: 4972: 4486:Labiodental 4352: 4351: 4314: 4313: 3634:Khoisan languages 3557: 3556: 3519: 3518: 3437:Lateral tap/flap 2376:Labiodental 2222:Classical singing 2212:⟨*⟩ 2161:Manding languages 2098: 2085:⟨u⟩ 2077:⟨y⟩ 2022:or otherwise use 1798:IPA letters have 1733:the alternations 1714:⟨l⟩ 1702: 1701: 1604:⟪ ... ⟫ 1566:! ... ! 1556:⫽ ... ⫽ 1551:\ ... \ 1481:‖ ... ‖ 1466:⫽ ... ⫽ 1429:⟦ ... ⟧ 1405: 1404: 1385:⸨ ... ⸩ 1359:( ... ) 1321: 1320: 1262:/ ... / 1117: 1109: 934:⟨ᴜ⟩ 926:⟨ꭥ⟩ 914:⟨9⟩ 910:⟨6⟩ 906:⟨u⟩ 902:⟨n⟩ 898:⟨p⟩ 894:⟨d⟩ 890:⟨q⟩ 886:⟨b⟩ 567:⟨x⟩ 468:⟨c⟩ 332:that are part of 287:phonetic notation 254:rendering support 238: 237: 24197: 23898: 23897: 23882: 23871: 23864: 23857: 23850: 23843: 23836: 23829: 23822: 23815: 23808: 23801: 23794: 23787: 23776: 23769: 23762: 23755: 23748: 23741: 23734: 23727: 23720: 23713: 23706: 23699: 23682: 23681: 23578: 23571: 23564: 23555: 23554: 23540: 23533: 23531:Braille literacy 23526: 23508: 23501: 23494: 23487: 23480: 23459: 23452: 23445: 23438: 23431: 23424: 23417: 23399: 23392: 23385: 23378: 23371: 23364: 23357: 23350: 23332: 23325: 23323:Slate and stylus 23318: 23311: 23309:Perkins Brailler 23304: 23297: 23290: 23283: 23276: 23269: 23267:Braille embosser 23262: 23242: 23235: 23228: 23220: 23213: 23206: 23184: 23176: 23169: 23151: 23144: 23135: 23128: 23121: 23114: 23107: 23091: 23088:American Braille 23072: 23069:Algerian Braille 23049: 23042: 23034: 23027: 23019: 23012: 23005: 22998: 22990: 22983: 22976: 22958: 22950: 22943: 22936: 22929: 22922: 22915: 22908: 22901: 22894: 22887: 22864: 22856: 22849: 22825: 22818: 22811: 22804: 22797: 22790: 22783: 22776: 22750: 22745: 22740: 22733: 22728: 22723: 22718: 22711: 22704: 22697: 22684: 22683: 22679: 22672: 22665: 22658: 22651: 22644: 22636: 22629: 22622: 22615: 22608: 22601: 22594: 22587: 22580: 22573: 22566: 22559: 22552: 22544: 22537: 22530: 22523: 22516: 22509: 22502: 22495: 22488: 22481: 22474: 22467: 22460: 22453: 22441: 22434: 22427: 22419: 22412: 22405: 22398: 22383: 22382: 22371: 22364: 22357: 22350: 22333: 22322: 22315: 22308: 22299: 22298: 22089: 22088: 22044: 22043: 21950: 21949: 21942:Semi-syllabaries 21937: 21936: 21638: 21637: 21629: 21628: 21616: 21615: 21501: 21500: 20856: 20855: 20843: 20842: 20745:Japanese Braille 20330:Zanabazar square 20199:Nepalese scripts 20089:Bengali–Assamese 20079: 20078: 20070: 20069: 20057: 20056: 19974:Pitman shorthand 19819: 19818: 19815: 19814: 19802: 19801: 19734: 19733: 19715: 19708: 19701: 19692: 19691: 19540:Kerkrade dialect 19153:General American 18903: 18896: 18889: 18880: 18879: 18860: 18836: 18813: 18812: 18804: 18803: 18797: 18796: 18784: 18783: 18777: 18776: 18764: 18763: 18755: 18754: 18748: 18747: 18726: 18725: 18713: 18712: 18706: 18705: 18686: 18685: 18677: 18676: 18670: 18669: 18657: 18656: 18648: 18647: 18641: 18640: 18628: 18627: 18619: 18618: 18612: 18611: 18592: 18591: 18583: 18582: 18576: 18575: 18563: 18562: 18550: 18549: 18541: 18540: 18534: 18533: 18514: 18513: 18505: 18504: 18498: 18497: 18485: 18484: 18476: 18475: 18469: 18468: 18456: 18455: 18447: 18446: 18440: 18439: 18420: 18419: 18411: 18410: 18398: 18397: 18389: 18388: 18382: 18381: 18362: 18361: 18353: 18352: 18346: 18345: 18333: 18332: 18324: 18323: 18317: 18316: 18304: 18303: 18295: 18294: 18288: 18287: 18279: 18278: 18248: 18247: 18244: 18230: 18229: 18182: 18181: 18143: 18128: 18121: 18101: 18077: 18065: 18058: 18044: 18037: 18011: 17998: 17986: 17979: 17970:Labial–retroflex 17967: 17960: 17948: 17941: 17922: 17912:Labial–retroflex 17908: 17894: 17878: 17848: 17825: 17818: 17811: 17804: 17795: 17784: 17768: 17761: 17754: 17747: 17738: 17727: 17698: 17666: 17634: 17605: 17598: 17589: 17578: 17569: 17558: 17536: 17527: 17516: 17507: 17496: 17474: 17465: 17454: 17445: 17434: 17420:bottom: uvular) 17397: 17377: 17370: 17363: 17352: 17329: 17322: 17315: 17308: 17301: 17294: 17287: 17280: 17273: 17257: 17250: 17243: 17236: 17229: 17222: 17215: 17208: 17192: 17185: 17178: 17171: 17164: 17155: 17144: 17124: 17117: 17110: 17103: 17096: 17089: 17082: 17075: 17068: 17061: 17053: 17052: 17049: 17037: 17007: 16974: 16965: 16956: 16949: 16938: 16931: 16895: 16886: 16877: 16868: 16855: 16813: 16806: 16799: 16792: 16785: 16778: 16767: 16760: 16720: 16713: 16706: 16699: 16692: 16685: 16674: 16667: 16632: 16625: 16618: 16611: 16596: 16589: 16578: 16571: 16552: 16545: 16527: 16518: 16501: 16494: 16483: 16476: 16465: 16456: 16447: 16431: 16414: 16405: 16396: 16383: 16366: 16346: 16339: 16332: 16325: 16318: 16311: 16304: 16297: 16290: 16283: 16276: 16269: 16262: 16255: 16248: 16241: 16234: 16227: 16220: 16213: 16206: 16199: 16192: 16185: 16157: 16150: 16143: 16136: 16129: 16122: 16115: 16108: 16075: 16068: 16061: 16054: 16047: 16040: 16033: 16026: 16019: 16008: 16001: 15994: 15987: 15980: 15973: 15962: 15955: 15948: 15941: 15913: 15906: 15899: 15892: 15885: 15878: 15871: 15864: 15829: 15820: 15813: 15806: 15799: 15792: 15785: 15778: 15771: 15764: 15753: 15746: 15735: 15728: 15721: 15714: 15707: 15700: 15678: 15671: 15664: 15657: 15650: 15643: 15636: 15629: 15618: 15611: 15600: 15591: 15584: 15577: 15570: 15462: 15461: 15458: 15439: 15438: 15285: 15284: 15274: 15273: 15267: 15252: 15245: 15238: 15229: 15228: 15219: 15218: 15216:Official website 15202: 15186: 15175: 15163: 15152: 15123: 15096:Ladefoged, Peter 15091: 15059: 15026: 14988: 14949: 14930: 14928: 14926: 14881: 14862: 14839:Ladefoged, Peter 14834: 14823: 14785: 14752: 14751: 14749: 14747: 14728: 14722: 14721: 14719: 14717: 14698: 14692: 14691: 14689: 14687: 14668: 14662: 14661: 14650: 14644: 14643: 14632: 14626: 14625: 14614: 14608: 14607: 14596: 14590: 14589: 14587: 14585: 14570: 14564: 14563: 14561: 14559: 14548:"Brill Typeface" 14544: 14538: 14531: 14525: 14524: 14522: 14520: 14505: 14499: 14493: 14487: 14480: 14474: 14469: 14463: 14462: 14453:Pedersen, Holger 14445: 14439: 14433: 14427: 14420: 14414: 14413: 14385: 14379: 14372: 14366: 14365: 14347: 14341: 14335: 14329: 14328: 14326: 14324: 14304: 14298: 14297: 14279: 14273: 14272: 14270: 14268: 14250: 14244: 14243: 14241: 14239: 14229: 14197: 14191: 14190: 14172: 14166: 14165: 14163: 14161: 14116: 14110: 14104: 14098: 14097: 14095: 14093: 14075: 14069: 14062: 14056: 14055: 14053: 14051: 14031: 14025: 14018: 14012: 14011: 14009: 14007: 14001: 13994: 13985: 13979: 13978: 13976: 13974: 13968: 13961: 13952: 13946: 13939: 13930: 13929: 13927: 13925: 13920: 13911: 13905: 13904: 13902: 13900: 13894: 13887: 13878: 13872: 13871: 13861: 13837: 13831: 13825: 13819: 13816: 13810: 13809: 13807: 13805: 13757: 13751: 13745: 13739: 13738: 13736: 13734: 13706: 13700: 13699: 13697: 13695: 13667: 13661: 13655: 13649: 13648: 13630: 13624: 13623: 13601: 13595: 13594: 13586: 13580: 13579: 13577: 13575: 13554: 13548: 13543: 13534: 13528: 13522: 13521: 13503: 13499: 13495: 13489: 13480: 13474: 13468: 13467: 13465: 13463: 13415: 13409: 13408: 13387: 13381: 13380: 13369:. Flinta/Nauka. 13362: 13356: 13350: 13344: 13343:, pp. 75–76 13338: 13323: 13317: 13311: 13305: 13299: 13293: 13287: 13286: 13284: 13282: 13235: 13229: 13228:, pp. 14–15 13223: 13214: 13208: 13202: 13196: 13190: 13189: 13187: 13185: 13137: 13131: 13125: 13119: 13118: 13116: 13114: 13066: 13060: 13054: 13048: 13042: 13036: 13029: 13023: 13017: 13011: 13010: 12987: 12981: 12975: 12969: 12963: 12957: 12950: 12944: 12943: 12941: 12939: 12914:Zimmer, Benjamin 12910: 12904: 12903: 12901: 12899: 12890:. Archived from 12877:Singing in Czech 12871: 12865: 12864: 12862: 12860: 12845: 12839: 12838: 12836: 12834: 12814: 12808: 12802: 12796: 12790: 12784: 12783: 12765: 12759: 12758: 12746: 12736: 12730: 12729: 12727: 12725: 12716:. Archived from 12710: 12704: 12703: 12701: 12699: 12684: 12678: 12677: 12675: 12673: 12653: 12644: 12643: 12641: 12639: 12633: 12622: 12613: 12600: 12599: 12597: 12595: 12580: 12574: 12573: 12571: 12569: 12553: 12547: 12546: 12544: 12542: 12527: 12521: 12520: 12518: 12516: 12501: 12495: 12494: 12492: 12490: 12475: 12469: 12468: 12440: 12434: 12433: 12399: 12393: 12387: 12381: 12380: 12378: 12376: 12370: 12347: 12329: 12320: 12314: 12308: 12302: 12301: 12264: 12258: 12257: 12237: 12231: 12230: 12204: 12198: 12197: 12179: 12173: 12167: 12161: 12160: 12142: 12136: 12130: 12121: 12115: 12109: 12108: 12099: 12093: 12092: 12074: 12068: 12061: 12055: 12054: 12026: 12020: 12014: 12008: 12002: 11996: 11990: 11984: 11978: 11969: 11963: 11952: 11902: 11896: 11890: 11884: 11877: 11871: 11865: 11859: 11852: 11846: 11840: 11834: 11833: 11831: 11829: 11813: 11807: 11806: 11779: 11768: 11757: 11751: 11750: 11748: 11746: 11712: 11706: 11699: 11693: 11687: 11672: 11671: 11669: 11667: 11652:"Full IPA Chart" 11648: 11642: 11641: 11639: 11637: 11622: 11616: 11615: 11597: 11591: 11590: 11566: 11549: 11544: 11516: 11514: 11510: 11501: 11495: 11492: 11486: 11480: 11476: 11475: 11470: 11468: 11462: 11460: 11454: 11453: 11451: 11444: 11443: 11441: 11433: 11427: 11424: 11418: 11412: 11408: 11403: 11397: 11387: 11379: 11371: 11367: 11362: 11356: 11354: 11350: 11346: 11342: 11338: 11334: 11329: 11323: 11321: 11316: 11310: 11308: 11304: 11299: 11293: 11290:Click Consonants 11287: 11283: 11278: 11272: 11270: 11266: 11262: 11258: 11254: 11250: 11246: 11242: 11233: 11227: 11224: 11218: 11216: 11212: 11208: 11203: 11197: 11190: 11184: 11182: 11178: 11173: 11167: 11165: 11157: 11152:checked syllable 11149: 11144: 11138: 11136: 11131: 11125: 11118: 11112: 11110: 11096: 11088:See for example 11086: 11080: 11078: 11074: 11070: 11066: 11062: 11058: 11054: 11050: 11046: 11042: 11038: 11034: 11029: 11023: 11020: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11006: 11004: 10999: 10996: 10993: 10991: 10985: 10979: 10978: 10964: 10958: 10956: 10951: 10945: 10943: 10939: 10935: 10931: 10927: 10923: 10915: 10911: 10907: 10903: 10898: 10889: 10875: 10869: 10860: 10840: 10834: 10833: 10822: 10816: 10815: 10807: 10803: 10798: 10792: 10788: 10782: 10779: 10773: 10770: 10764: 10761: 10755: 10752: 10746: 10744: 10732: 10723: 10705: 10699: 10690: 10688: 10682: 10671: 10665: 10657: 10651: 10649: 10640: 10634: 10630: 10624: 10605: 10599: 10591: 10580: 10574: 10571: 10565: 10562: 10556: 10553: 10547: 10544: 10538: 10536: 10532: 10522: 10516: 10485: 10479: 10476: 10470: 10463: 10457: 10451: 10447: 10424:specifies it as 10423: 10418: 10385: 10352: 10336:Luciano Canepari 10232: 10228: 10224: 10221:have registered 10148:Microsoft Office 10116:Latin Extended-G 10112:Latin Extended-F 10106:commissioned by 10102:The basic Latin 10052: 10016:Latin Extended-G 9968:Computer support 9947: 9939: 9932: 9925: 9882: 9874: 9870: 9866: 9862: 9854: 9850: 9842: 9838: 9834: 9830: 9822: 9818: 9814: 9810: 9806: 9802: 9794: 9790: 9786: 9782: 9757: 9754:letters ⟨ 9749: 9740: 9723: 9719: 9715: 9711: 9707: 9699: 9691: 9676: 9668: 9660: 9652: 9644: 9621: 9617: 9610:(consonant) and 9605: 9601: 9590: 9586: 9582: 9578: 9574: 9570: 9566: 9562: 9558: 9554: 9534: 9530: 9526: 9519: 9512: 9505: 9498: 9494: 9474: 9467: 9463: 9459: 9451: 9439: 9435: 9431: 9424: 9420: 9416: 9412: 9408: 9404: 9400: 9396: 9392: 9388: 9384: 9380: 9376: 9372: 9364: 9360: 9356: 9352: 9348: 9344: 9340: 9336: 9332: 9328: 9324: 9320: 9316: 9312: 9308: 9304: 9300: 9296: 9292: 9288: 9284: 9280: 9276: 9272: 9265: 9261: 9253: 9249: 9213: 9209: 9205: 9192: 9180: 9173: 9164: 9160: 9156: 9150: 9142: 9138: 9132: 9124: 9114: 9106: 9100: 9086: 9076: 9068: 9062: 9058: 9050: 9043: 9037: 9016: 8931: 8911: 8907: 8903: 8899: 8886: 8878: 8869: 8865: 8851: 8840: 8836: 8821: 8813: 8809: 8805: 8801: 8797: 8796:ƥ ƭ ƈ ƙ ʠ 8793: 8789: 8785: 8781: 8751: 8747: 8743: 8739: 8735: 8731: 8727: 8716: 8712: 8708: 8701: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8651: 8644: 8640: 8632: 8628: 8621: 8617: 8613: 8609: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8574: 8558: 8545: 8542:as extra-creaky 8516: 8502: 8490: 8486: 8469:Mild and strong 8465: 8461: 8457: 8434: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8414: 8407: 8400: 8391: 8384: 8377: 8353: 8349: 8345: 8339: 8324: 8320: 8312: 8299: 8295: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8275: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8231: 8226: 8217: 8212: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8090: 8086: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8047: 8043: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8015: 8011: 8007: 7999: 7976: 7972: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7936:⟩) or by 7935: 7916: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7874: 7866: 7859: 7850: 7846: 7842: 7835:Boundary markers 7830: 7826: 7822: 7814: 7807:Officially, the 7798: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7576: 7575: 7560: 7559: 7548: 7540: 7532: 7522: 7514: 7506: 7496: 7488: 7480: 7470: 7462: 7454: 7444: 7443: 7438: 7435: 7410: 7400: 7383: 7373: 7360: 7348: 7323: 7310: 7306: 7294: 7284: 7264: 7253:Secondary stress 7249: 7235: 7225: 7224: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7171:. These include 7145:glottal closure 7063: 7061:Phonation scale 7059: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7024: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 6999: 6993: 6990: 6984: 6982: 6978: 6970: 6961: 6936: 6931: 6921: 6916: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6882: 6877: 6867: 6862: 6850: 6845: 6835: 6832: 6825: 6815: 6810: 6798: 6793: 6783: 6778: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6744: 6739: 6734:(over-rounding) 6725: 6720: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6685: 6675: 6670: 6665:are fricatives) 6664: 6654: 6649: 6637: 6632: 6622: 6617: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6583: 6578: 6568: 6563: 6551: 6546: 6536: 6531: 6524: 6519: 6507: 6502: 6492: 6487: 6470: 6465: 6455: 6450: 6443: 6438: 6426: 6421: 6411: 6406: 6389: 6384: 6374: 6369: 6361: 6356: 6344: 6339: 6329: 6324: 6312: 6307: 6297: 6292: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6253: 6248: 6238: 6233: 6216: 6211: 6201: 6200: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6177: 6172:diphthongization 6170:⟩ ( with 6169: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6117: 6113: 6101: 6093: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6005: 5982: 5981: 5973: 5972: 5966: 5965: 5953: 5952: 5946: 5945: 5933: 5932: 5924: 5923: 5917: 5916: 5895: 5894: 5882: 5881: 5875: 5874: 5855: 5854: 5846: 5845: 5839: 5838: 5826: 5825: 5817: 5816: 5810: 5809: 5797: 5796: 5788: 5787: 5781: 5780: 5761: 5760: 5752: 5751: 5745: 5744: 5732: 5731: 5719: 5718: 5710: 5709: 5703: 5702: 5683: 5682: 5674: 5673: 5667: 5666: 5654: 5653: 5645: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5625: 5624: 5616: 5615: 5609: 5608: 5589: 5588: 5580: 5579: 5567: 5566: 5558: 5557: 5551: 5550: 5531: 5530: 5522: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5502: 5501: 5493: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5473: 5472: 5464: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5448: 5447: 5417: 5416: 5413: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5290: 5275: 5268: 5248: 5224: 5212: 5205: 5191: 5184: 5158: 5145: 5133: 5126: 5117:Labial–retroflex 5114: 5107: 5095: 5088: 5069: 5059:Labial–retroflex 5055: 5041: 5025: 4963: 4956: 4945: 4923: 4916: 4907: 4900: 4893: 4886: 4851: 4844: 4837: 4830: 4823: 4816: 4805: 4798: 4770: 4763: 4756: 4749: 4742: 4735: 4728: 4721: 4714: 4703: 4696: 4689: 4682: 4675: 4668: 4661: 4654: 4647: 4640: 4612: 4605: 4598: 4591: 4584: 4577: 4570: 4563: 4526:Epiglottal 4475: 4474: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4423: 4419: 4412: 4410: 4394: 4390: 4383:Letters for the 4376: 4372: 4364: 4331: 4308: 4301: 4294: 4287: 4278: 4267: 4251: 4244: 4237: 4230: 4221: 4210: 4181: 4149: 4117: 4088: 4075: 4066: 4055: 4033: 4020: 4011: 4000: 3978: 3965: 3956: 3945: 3931:bottom: uvular) 3908: 3888: 3881: 3874: 3867: 3860: 3853: 3846: 3839: 3832: 3818: 3811: 3804: 3797: 3790: 3781: 3770: 3750: 3743: 3736: 3729: 3722: 3715: 3708: 3701: 3694: 3687: 3679: 3678: 3675: 3619:in any language. 3573:voiced consonant 3536: 3503: 3494: 3485: 3478: 3467: 3460: 3424: 3415: 3406: 3397: 3384: 3342: 3335: 3328: 3321: 3314: 3307: 3296: 3289: 3257: 3250: 3243: 3236: 3221: 3214: 3203: 3196: 3177: 3170: 3152: 3143: 3126: 3119: 3108: 3101: 3090: 3081: 3072: 3056: 3039: 3030: 3021: 3008: 2991: 2971: 2964: 2957: 2950: 2943: 2936: 2929: 2922: 2915: 2908: 2901: 2894: 2887: 2880: 2873: 2866: 2859: 2852: 2845: 2838: 2831: 2824: 2817: 2810: 2782: 2775: 2768: 2761: 2754: 2747: 2740: 2733: 2700: 2691: 2684: 2677: 2670: 2663: 2656: 2649: 2642: 2635: 2624: 2617: 2606: 2599: 2592: 2585: 2578: 2571: 2549: 2542: 2535: 2528: 2521: 2514: 2507: 2500: 2489: 2482: 2471: 2462: 2455: 2448: 2441: 2333: 2332: 2329: 2241:Visual Thesaurus 2237:Singing in Czech 2213: 2093: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2006:could be: , , . 1993: 1988: 1981: 1977: 1965: 1958:or the vowel of 1940:General American 1894: 1888: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1747: 1740: 1736: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1696: 1688: 1687: 1685: 1678: 1677: 1675: 1645: 1637: 1610: 1605: 1599: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1525: 1521: 1518:for a conflated 1517: 1513: 1509: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1430: 1414: 1413: 1395: 1386: 1374: 1370: 1360: 1339: 1326: 1325: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1263: 1235: 1234: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 984: 980: 979: 974: 966: 959:, indicate more 954: 950: 947:letters ⟨ 935: 927: 916:to reduce cost. 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 879: 875: 871: 867: 860: 852: 836: 832: 828: 824: 819:nasal consonants 809: 794: 782: 775: 774: 763: 751: 723: 719: 715: 664: 660: 656: 652: 644: 640: 636: 632: 623: 615: 611: 595: 587: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 527:speech pathology 513:labiodental flap 479: 477: 469: 457: 441: 401: 393: 307:foreign language 234: 228: 224: 56: 43: 42: 36:Help:IPA/English 24205: 24204: 24200: 24199: 24198: 24196: 24195: 24194: 24185:Phonetic guides 24170: 24169: 24168: 24163: 24145: 24119: 24088: 24034: 24020: 24002: 23979: 23887: 23874: 23867: 23860: 23853: 23846: 23839: 23832: 23825: 23818: 23811: 23804: 23797: 23790: 23779: 23772: 23765: 23758: 23751: 23744: 23737: 23730: 23723: 23716: 23709: 23702: 23695: 23690: 23686:Letters of the 23668: 23620: 23587: 23582: 23552: 23543: 23536: 23529: 23522: 23511: 23504: 23497: 23490: 23483: 23476: 23462: 23455: 23448: 23441: 23434: 23427: 23420: 23413: 23402: 23395: 23388: 23381: 23374: 23367: 23360: 23355:Charles Barbier 23353: 23346: 23335: 23328: 23321: 23314: 23307: 23300: 23293: 23286: 23279: 23272: 23265: 23258: 23245: 23238: 23231: 23223: 23216: 23209: 23202: 23187: 23179: 23172: 23165: 23154: 23147: 23140: 23131: 23124: 23117: 23110: 23105: 23094: 23086: 23080:Frequency-based 23075: 23067: 23052: 23045: 23037: 23030: 23022: 23015: 23008: 23001: 22993: 22986: 22979: 22972: 22961: 22953: 22946: 22939: 22932: 22925: 22918: 22911: 22904: 22897: 22890: 22883: 22876:Bharati Braille 22873: 22867: 22859: 22852: 22845: 22834: 22828: 22821: 22814: 22807: 22800: 22793: 22786: 22779: 22772: 22761: 22755: 22748: 22743: 22736: 22731: 22726: 22721: 22714: 22707: 22700: 22693: 22682: 22675: 22668: 22661: 22654: 22647: 22639: 22632: 22625: 22618: 22611: 22604: 22597: 22590: 22583: 22576: 22569: 22562: 22555: 22547: 22540: 22533: 22526: 22519: 22512: 22505: 22498: 22491: 22484: 22477: 22470: 22463: 22456: 22450:Unified English 22444: 22437: 22430: 22422: 22415: 22408: 22401: 22394: 22379:Braille scripts 22374: 22367: 22360: 22353: 22346: 22335: 22331: 22326: 22281: 22096: 22079: 22075:Stokoe notation 22051: 22030: 21989: 21944: 21923: 21907: 21871: 21850:Logoconsonantal 21845: 21794: 21747: 21716: 21623: 21606: 21587:Siglas poveiras 21508: 21487: 21446: 21350:Younger Futhark 21054:Gregg shorthand 20850: 20829: 20682: 20334: 20064: 20047: 19826: 19809: 19792: 19765:Writing systems 19753: 19728: 19726:writing systems 19719: 19689: 19684: 19613: 19567:Scottish Gaelic 19420: 19264:Standard Modern 19204: 19011:Modern Standard 18971: 18916: 18907: 18877: 18868: 18858: 18857:unrounded 18853: 18815: 18814: 18807: 18805: 18801: 18798: 18791: 18786: 18785: 18781: 18778: 18771: 18766: 18765: 18758: 18756: 18752: 18749: 18742: 18728: 18727: 18720: 18715: 18714: 18710: 18707: 18700: 18688: 18687: 18680: 18678: 18674: 18671: 18664: 18659: 18658: 18651: 18649: 18645: 18642: 18635: 18630: 18629: 18622: 18620: 18616: 18613: 18606: 18594: 18593: 18586: 18584: 18580: 18577: 18570: 18565: 18564: 18557: 18552: 18551: 18544: 18542: 18538: 18535: 18528: 18516: 18515: 18508: 18506: 18502: 18499: 18492: 18487: 18486: 18479: 18477: 18473: 18470: 18463: 18458: 18457: 18450: 18448: 18444: 18441: 18434: 18422: 18421: 18414: 18412: 18408: 18400: 18399: 18392: 18390: 18386: 18383: 18376: 18364: 18363: 18356: 18354: 18350: 18347: 18340: 18335: 18334: 18327: 18325: 18321: 18318: 18311: 18306: 18305: 18298: 18296: 18292: 18289: 18282: 18276: 18237: 18216: 18180: 18179: 18178: 18173: 18150: 18149: 18148: 18147: 18146:Labial–alveolar 18144: 18137: 18132: 18129: 18122: 18114: 18109: 18108: 18102: 18094: 18088: 18087: 18078: 18070: 18069: 18066: 18059: 18051: 18050: 18045: 18038: 18030: 18020: 18019: 18018: 18017: 18012: 18004: 17999: 17991: 17990: 17987: 17980: 17972: 17971: 17968: 17961: 17953: 17952: 17951:Labial–alveolar 17949: 17942: 17934: 17929: 17928: 17923: 17915: 17914: 17909: 17901: 17900: 17898:Labial–alveolar 17895: 17887: 17870: 17865: 17695: 17663: 17651:Voiced lateral 17631: 17606: 17595: 17586: 17575: 17566: 17555: 17533: 17524: 17513: 17504: 17493: 17471: 17462: 17451: 17442: 17431: 17419: 17417: 17035: 17024: 15530:Retroflex 15446: 15425: 15384:ASCII encodings 15372: 15326: 15279: 15268: 15261: 15256: 15214: 15213: 15210: 15205: 15199: 15172: 15080: 14996: 14994:Further reading 14991: 14985: 14963:Esling, John H. 14946: 14924: 14922: 14907: 14878: 14859: 14782: 14761: 14756: 14755: 14745: 14743: 14730: 14729: 14725: 14715: 14713: 14700: 14699: 14695: 14685: 14683: 14670: 14669: 14665: 14652: 14651: 14647: 14634: 14633: 14629: 14616: 14615: 14611: 14598: 14597: 14593: 14583: 14581: 14572: 14571: 14567: 14557: 14555: 14546: 14545: 14541: 14532: 14528: 14518: 14516: 14507: 14506: 14502: 14494: 14490: 14481: 14477: 14470: 14466: 14449:Jespersen, Otto 14446: 14442: 14434: 14430: 14421: 14417: 14386: 14382: 14373: 14369: 14362: 14348: 14344: 14336: 14332: 14322: 14320: 14305: 14301: 14294: 14280: 14276: 14266: 14264: 14251: 14247: 14237: 14235: 14198: 14194: 14187: 14173: 14169: 14159: 14157: 14142: 14117: 14113: 14105: 14101: 14091: 14089: 14076: 14072: 14063: 14059: 14049: 14047: 14036:"click symbols" 14032: 14028: 14019: 14015: 14005: 14003: 13999: 13992: 13986: 13982: 13972: 13970: 13966: 13959: 13953: 13949: 13940: 13933: 13923: 13921: 13918: 13912: 13908: 13898: 13896: 13892: 13885: 13879: 13875: 13838: 13834: 13826: 13822: 13817: 13813: 13803: 13801: 13758: 13754: 13746: 13742: 13732: 13730: 13723: 13707: 13703: 13693: 13691: 13684: 13668: 13664: 13656: 13652: 13645: 13631: 13627: 13620: 13602: 13598: 13593:(2nd ed.). 13587: 13583: 13573: 13571: 13555: 13551: 13544: 13537: 13529: 13525: 13490: 13483: 13475: 13471: 13461: 13459: 13416: 13412: 13405: 13391:Evans, Nicholas 13388: 13384: 13377: 13363: 13359: 13351: 13347: 13339: 13326: 13318: 13314: 13306: 13302: 13294: 13290: 13280: 13278: 13237: 13236: 13232: 13224: 13217: 13209: 13205: 13197: 13193: 13183: 13181: 13138: 13134: 13126: 13122: 13112: 13110: 13067: 13063: 13055: 13051: 13043: 13039: 13030: 13026: 13018: 13014: 13007: 12988: 12984: 12976: 12972: 12964: 12960: 12951: 12947: 12937: 12935: 12916:(14 May 2008). 12911: 12907: 12897: 12895: 12888: 12872: 12868: 12858: 12856: 12855:on 24 July 2011 12847: 12846: 12842: 12832: 12830: 12815: 12811: 12803: 12799: 12791: 12787: 12780: 12766: 12762: 12755: 12737: 12733: 12723: 12721: 12712: 12711: 12707: 12697: 12695: 12686: 12685: 12681: 12671: 12669: 12654: 12647: 12637: 12635: 12631: 12620: 12614: 12603: 12593: 12591: 12582: 12581: 12577: 12567: 12565: 12554: 12550: 12540: 12538: 12529: 12528: 12524: 12514: 12512: 12505:"IPA: About us" 12503: 12502: 12498: 12488: 12486: 12477: 12476: 12472: 12441: 12437: 12400: 12396: 12388: 12384: 12374: 12372: 12368: 12327: 12321: 12317: 12309: 12305: 12290: 12268:Ball, Martin J. 12265: 12261: 12254: 12238: 12234: 12227: 12205: 12201: 12194: 12180: 12176: 12168: 12164: 12157: 12143: 12139: 12131: 12124: 12116: 12112: 12100: 12096: 12089: 12075: 12071: 12062: 12058: 12027: 12023: 12015: 12011: 12003: 11999: 11991: 11987: 11979: 11972: 11964: 11955: 11949:Wayback Machine 11938:Wayback Machine 11929:and John Wells 11927:Wayback Machine 11920:Michael Everson 11916:Wayback Machine 11903: 11899: 11891: 11887: 11878: 11874: 11870:, p. 7, 12 11866: 11862: 11853: 11849: 11841: 11837: 11827: 11825: 11814: 11810: 11803: 11780: 11771: 11758: 11754: 11744: 11742: 11713: 11709: 11700: 11696: 11688: 11675: 11665: 11663: 11650: 11649: 11645: 11635: 11633: 11626:"IPA: Alphabet" 11624: 11623: 11619: 11612: 11598: 11594: 11587: 11567: 11552: 11545: 11534: 11529: 11524: 11519: 11502: 11498: 11493: 11489: 11473: 11464: 11456: 11447: 11446: 11437: 11436: 11434: 11430: 11425: 11421: 11404: 11400: 11372:} (that is, to 11363: 11359: 11330: 11326: 11317: 11313: 11300: 11296: 11285: 11284:syllables, the 11281: 11279: 11275: 11234: 11230: 11225: 11221: 11204: 11200: 11191: 11187: 11174: 11170: 11145: 11141: 11132: 11128: 11119: 11115: 11087: 11083: 11030: 11026: 11021: 11017: 11010: 11007: 11002: 11001: 10997: 10994: 10989: 10988: 10986: 10982: 10967: 10965: 10961: 10952: 10948: 10899: 10892: 10870: 10863: 10841: 10837: 10823: 10819: 10799: 10795: 10789: 10785: 10780: 10776: 10771: 10767: 10762: 10758: 10753: 10749: 10738: 10726: 10706: 10702: 10689:‎⟩ 10684: 10672: 10668: 10658: 10654: 10647: 10641: 10637: 10631: 10627: 10606: 10602: 10583:Merriam-Webster 10581: 10577: 10572: 10568: 10563: 10559: 10554: 10550: 10545: 10541: 10534: 10530: 10523: 10519: 10486: 10482: 10477: 10473: 10464: 10460: 10421: 10419: 10415: 10411: 10406: 10383: 10350: 10275: 10239: 10230: 10226: 10222: 10216: 10196: 10190: 10179: 10156:Times New Roman 10141: 10068: 10043: 10034:Kiel Convention 10030: 10024: 9981: 9975: 9970: 9956:William Ladusaw 9952:Geoffrey Pullum 9940:⟩ is "e- 9899: 9893: 9769: 9760:retroflex trill 9734: 9671:retroflex click 9636: 9545:Scottish Gaelic 9228:natural classes 9224:(archi)phonemes 9208: ʃ 9200: 9198:Capital letters 9148: 9140: 9136: 9130: 9122: 9121:boundary; e.g. 9112: 9104: 9098: 9084: 9074: 9066: 9060: 9056: 9048: 9041: 9035: 9014: 9008: 9000: 8972:Kiel Convention 8952: 8946: 8930: ʃ 8916:and of Russian 8772: 8760:Main articles: 8758: 8675: 8669: 8661: 8565: 8506:Weak vs strong 8306: 8097: 7911: 7905: 7867:⟩ for a 7837: 7805: 7556: 7442: 7441: 7436: 7429: 7330: 7317: 7307: 7275: 7256: 7243: 7208:capital letters 7197:Kiel Convention 7161: 7159:Suprasegmentals 7140:Closed glottis 7028: 7027: 7002: 7000: 6996: 6991: 6987: 6962: 6955: 6748: 6733: 6681: 6660: 6641:Mid-centralized 6348:Lateral release 6125: 6098:), and ⟨ 6056: 6022: 5984: 5983: 5976: 5974: 5970: 5967: 5960: 5955: 5954: 5950: 5947: 5940: 5935: 5934: 5927: 5925: 5921: 5918: 5911: 5897: 5896: 5889: 5884: 5883: 5879: 5876: 5869: 5857: 5856: 5849: 5847: 5843: 5840: 5833: 5828: 5827: 5820: 5818: 5814: 5811: 5804: 5799: 5798: 5791: 5789: 5785: 5782: 5775: 5763: 5762: 5755: 5753: 5749: 5746: 5739: 5734: 5733: 5726: 5721: 5720: 5713: 5711: 5707: 5704: 5697: 5685: 5684: 5677: 5675: 5671: 5668: 5661: 5656: 5655: 5648: 5646: 5642: 5639: 5632: 5627: 5626: 5619: 5617: 5613: 5610: 5603: 5591: 5590: 5583: 5581: 5577: 5569: 5568: 5561: 5559: 5555: 5552: 5545: 5533: 5532: 5525: 5523: 5519: 5516: 5509: 5504: 5503: 5496: 5494: 5490: 5487: 5480: 5475: 5474: 5467: 5465: 5461: 5458: 5451: 5445: 5385: 5379: 5373: 5320: 5297: 5296: 5295: 5294: 5293:Labial–alveolar 5291: 5284: 5279: 5276: 5269: 5261: 5256: 5255: 5249: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5225: 5217: 5216: 5213: 5206: 5198: 5197: 5192: 5185: 5177: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5164: 5159: 5151: 5146: 5138: 5137: 5134: 5127: 5119: 5118: 5115: 5108: 5100: 5099: 5098:Labial–alveolar 5096: 5089: 5081: 5076: 5075: 5070: 5062: 5061: 5056: 5048: 5047: 5045:Labial–alveolar 5042: 5034: 5005: 4996: 4506:Retroflex 4439: 4348: 4178: 4146: 4134:Voiced lateral 4114: 4085: 4072: 4063: 4052: 4030: 4017: 4008: 3997: 3975: 3962: 3953: 3942: 3930: 3928: 3664:(found in many 3638:Bantu languages 3626: 3553: 2401:Retroflex 2301: 2296: 2290: 2255: 2249: 2224: 2211: 2141:Africa Alphabet 2137: 2131: 2118:Hebrew alphabet 2109: 2107:Other languages 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072:Merriam-Webster 2038: 2033: 2012: 1907: 1901: 1872:a formal vote. 1842:alveolo-palatal 1816: 1796: 1788:Main articles: 1786: 1717: 1713: 1690: 1683: 1681: 1673: 1671: 1626:transliteration 1613: 1598: ... 1570: 1489:Morphophonology 1485: 1249:Square brackets 1226: 1000:Classical Latin 992: 977: 976: 933: 925: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 853:⟩ is an 706: 589: 581: 566: 562: 558: 554: 539: 501:Kiel Convention 471: 467: 444:spelling reform 426: 420: 391: 263: 262: 261: 252:Without proper 205: 192: 176: 111: 104:Related scripts 83:1888 to present 80: 69: 59: 58:"IPA" in IPA () 47: 39: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 24203: 24193: 24192: 24187: 24182: 24165: 24164: 24162: 24161: 24156: 24150: 24147: 24146: 24144: 24143: 24138: 24133: 24127: 24125: 24121: 24120: 24118: 24117: 24112: 24107: 24102: 24096: 24094: 24090: 24089: 24087: 24086: 24081: 24076: 24071: 24066: 24061: 24056: 24050: 24048: 24040: 24039: 24036: 24035: 24030: 24028: 24022: 24021: 24019: 24018: 24012: 24010: 24004: 24003: 24001: 24000: 23995: 23989: 23987: 23981: 23980: 23978: 23977: 23972: 23967: 23962: 23957: 23952: 23947: 23942: 23937: 23932: 23927: 23922: 23917: 23912: 23906: 23904: 23895: 23889: 23888: 23884: 23883: 23872: 23865: 23858: 23851: 23844: 23837: 23830: 23823: 23816: 23809: 23802: 23795: 23788: 23777: 23770: 23763: 23756: 23749: 23742: 23735: 23728: 23721: 23714: 23707: 23700: 23692: 23691: 23685: 23680: 23678: 23670: 23669: 23667: 23666: 23661: 23660: 23659: 23654: 23646: 23641: 23635: 23633: 23622: 23621: 23619: 23618: 23613: 23611:Roman numerals 23608: 23603: 23598: 23592: 23589: 23588: 23581: 23580: 23573: 23566: 23558: 23549: 23548: 23545: 23544: 23542: 23541: 23534: 23527: 23519: 23517: 23516:Related topics 23513: 23512: 23510: 23509: 23502: 23495: 23492:New York Point 23488: 23481: 23473: 23471: 23464: 23463: 23461: 23460: 23453: 23446: 23439: 23432: 23425: 23418: 23410: 23408: 23404: 23403: 23401: 23400: 23393: 23386: 23379: 23376:Harris Mowbray 23372: 23365: 23358: 23351: 23343: 23341: 23337: 23336: 23334: 23333: 23326: 23319: 23312: 23305: 23298: 23291: 23284: 23277: 23270: 23263: 23260:Braille e-book 23255: 23253: 23247: 23246: 23244: 23243: 23236: 23229: 23221: 23214: 23207: 23199: 23197: 23193: 23192: 23189: 23188: 23186: 23185: 23177: 23170: 23162: 23160: 23156: 23155: 23153: 23152: 23145: 23138: 23137: 23136: 23129: 23122: 23115: 23102: 23100: 23096: 23095: 23093: 23092: 23083: 23081: 23077: 23076: 23074: 23073: 23064: 23062: 23058: 23057: 23054: 23053: 23051: 23050: 23043: 23035: 23028: 23020: 23013: 23006: 22999: 22991: 22984: 22977: 22969: 22967: 22963: 22962: 22960: 22959: 22951: 22944: 22937: 22930: 22923: 22916: 22909: 22902: 22895: 22888: 22880: 22878: 22869: 22868: 22866: 22865: 22857: 22850: 22842: 22840: 22830: 22829: 22827: 22826: 22819: 22812: 22805: 22798: 22791: 22784: 22777: 22769: 22767: 22757: 22756: 22754: 22753: 22752: 22751: 22746: 22741: 22734: 22729: 22724: 22712: 22705: 22698: 22690: 22688: 22681: 22680: 22673: 22666: 22659: 22652: 22645: 22637: 22630: 22623: 22616: 22609: 22602: 22595: 22588: 22581: 22574: 22567: 22560: 22553: 22545: 22538: 22531: 22524: 22517: 22510: 22503: 22496: 22489: 22482: 22475: 22468: 22461: 22454: 22442: 22435: 22428: 22420: 22413: 22406: 22399: 22391: 22389: 22387:French-ordered 22380: 22376: 22375: 22373: 22372: 22365: 22358: 22351: 22343: 22341: 22337: 22336: 22325: 22324: 22317: 22310: 22302: 22295: 22294: 22291: 22290: 22287: 22286: 22283: 22282: 22280: 22279: 22274: 22269: 22264: 22259: 22254: 22249: 22244: 22239: 22234: 22229: 22227:Linear Elamite 22224: 22219: 22214: 22209: 22208: 22207: 22202: 22197: 22192: 22187: 22182: 22172: 22167: 22162: 22157: 22152: 22147: 22142: 22137: 22132: 22127: 22122: 22117: 22112: 22107: 22101: 22098: 22097: 22085: 22084: 22081: 22080: 22078: 22077: 22072: 22067: 22062: 22056: 22053: 22052: 22049:Sign languages 22040: 22039: 22036: 22035: 22032: 22031: 22029: 22028: 22026:Quốc Âm Tân Tự 22023: 22018: 22013: 22008: 22003: 22001:Espanca script 21997: 21995: 21991: 21990: 21988: 21987: 21982: 21977: 21972: 21967: 21962: 21960:Linear Elamite 21956: 21954: 21946: 21945: 21933: 21932: 21929: 21928: 21925: 21924: 21922: 21921: 21915: 21913: 21909: 21908: 21906: 21905: 21900: 21895: 21890: 21885: 21879: 21877: 21873: 21872: 21870: 21869: 21864: 21859: 21853: 21851: 21847: 21846: 21844: 21843: 21841:Yi (Classical) 21838: 21833: 21828: 21823: 21818: 21813: 21808: 21802: 21800: 21796: 21795: 21793: 21792: 21787: 21782: 21777: 21772: 21767: 21761: 21759: 21753: 21752: 21749: 21748: 21746: 21745: 21740: 21735: 21730: 21724: 21722: 21718: 21717: 21715: 21714: 21709: 21704: 21699: 21694: 21689: 21688: 21687: 21682: 21677: 21667: 21665:Bronze scripts 21662: 21657: 21652: 21646: 21644: 21635: 21625: 21624: 21612: 21611: 21608: 21607: 21605: 21604: 21599: 21594: 21589: 21584: 21579: 21574: 21569: 21564: 21559: 21554: 21549: 21544: 21539: 21534: 21529: 21524: 21519: 21513: 21510: 21509: 21497: 21496: 21493: 21492: 21489: 21488: 21486: 21485: 21480: 21478:Flag semaphore 21475: 21473:New York Point 21470: 21468:Telegraph code 21465: 21463:Maritime flags 21460: 21454: 21452: 21448: 21447: 21445: 21444: 21439: 21434: 21429: 21424: 21419: 21417:Visible Speech 21414: 21409: 21404: 21399: 21394: 21389: 21387:Sorang Sompeng 21384: 21379: 21374: 21373: 21372: 21367: 21362: 21357: 21352: 21347: 21342: 21337: 21332: 21322: 21317: 21312: 21307: 21302: 21297: 21292: 21291: 21290: 21289: 21288: 21283: 21278: 21273: 21271:Galik alphabet 21268: 21253: 21248: 21243: 21238: 21233: 21228: 21223: 21218: 21213: 21208: 21203: 21198: 21193: 21188: 21183: 21178: 21177: 21176: 21171: 21169:Tironian notes 21166: 21161: 21156: 21151: 21146: 21141: 21136: 21131: 21126: 21121: 21116: 21111: 21101: 21096: 21091: 21086: 21081: 21076: 21071: 21066: 21056: 21051: 21046: 21041: 21036: 21035: 21034: 21029: 21024: 21014: 21012:Garay alphabet 21009: 21004: 20999: 20994: 20989: 20984: 20979: 20974: 20969: 20964: 20963: 20962: 20952: 20947: 20946: 20945: 20940: 20930: 20925: 20920: 20915: 20910: 20905: 20900: 20895: 20890: 20889: 20888: 20878: 20873: 20868: 20862: 20860: 20852: 20851: 20839: 20838: 20835: 20834: 20831: 20830: 20828: 20827: 20822: 20817: 20812: 20807: 20802: 20797: 20795:Sorang Sompeng 20792: 20787: 20782: 20777: 20772: 20767: 20762: 20757: 20752: 20747: 20742: 20737: 20732: 20727: 20722: 20721: 20720: 20718:Déné syllabics 20715: 20705: 20700: 20694: 20692: 20688: 20687: 20684: 20683: 20681: 20680: 20679: 20678: 20673: 20663: 20662: 20661: 20656: 20651: 20646: 20641: 20636: 20631: 20621: 20616: 20611: 20606: 20601: 20596: 20591: 20586: 20581: 20576: 20571: 20566: 20561: 20556: 20555: 20554: 20544: 20539: 20534: 20529: 20524: 20519: 20514: 20509: 20508: 20507: 20502: 20492: 20487: 20482: 20481: 20480: 20470: 20465: 20460: 20455: 20450: 20445: 20444: 20443: 20433: 20428: 20423: 20418: 20413: 20408: 20403: 20398: 20393: 20388: 20383: 20378: 20373: 20368: 20363: 20358: 20353: 20348: 20342: 20340: 20336: 20335: 20333: 20332: 20327: 20322: 20321: 20320: 20315: 20305: 20300: 20295: 20290: 20285: 20280: 20275: 20274: 20273: 20263: 20262: 20261: 20256: 20251: 20246: 20241: 20236: 20231: 20226: 20221: 20216: 20211: 20206: 20196: 20191: 20186: 20181: 20176: 20171: 20166: 20161: 20156: 20151: 20146: 20141: 20136: 20131: 20126: 20121: 20116: 20111: 20106: 20101: 20096: 20091: 20085: 20083: 20076: 20066: 20065: 20053: 20052: 20049: 20048: 20046: 20045: 20040: 20035: 20034: 20033: 20028: 20023: 20013: 20008: 20007: 20006: 20001: 19991: 19986: 19981: 19979:Proto-Sinaitic 19976: 19971: 19970: 19969: 19959: 19954: 19953: 19952: 19947: 19942: 19937: 19927: 19922: 19917: 19912: 19907: 19902: 19901: 19900: 19895: 19890: 19885: 19875: 19870: 19865: 19864: 19863: 19853: 19852: 19851: 19840: 19839: 19831: 19828: 19827: 19811: 19810: 19798: 19797: 19794: 19793: 19791: 19790: 19784: 19783: 19782: 19777: 19772: 19761: 19759: 19755: 19754: 19752: 19751: 19746: 19740: 19738: 19730: 19729: 19718: 19717: 19710: 19703: 19695: 19686: 19685: 19683: 19682: 19677: 19672: 19667: 19662: 19657: 19652: 19647: 19642: 19637: 19632: 19627: 19621: 19619: 19615: 19614: 19612: 19611: 19606: 19605: 19604: 19594: 19589: 19584: 19579: 19574: 19572:Serbo-Croatian 19569: 19564: 19559: 19554: 19549: 19544: 19543: 19542: 19537: 19529: 19524: 19519: 19514: 19509: 19504: 19499: 19494: 19489: 19484: 19479: 19474: 19469: 19464: 19459: 19454: 19449: 19444: 19439: 19434: 19428: 19426: 19422: 19421: 19419: 19418: 19413: 19408: 19407: 19406: 19398: 19393: 19388: 19383: 19378: 19373: 19368: 19363: 19358: 19353: 19348: 19343: 19338: 19333: 19328: 19323: 19318: 19317: 19316: 19311: 19306: 19301: 19293: 19288: 19283: 19278: 19277: 19276: 19271: 19266: 19258: 19257: 19256: 19251: 19243: 19238: 19237: 19236: 19231: 19223: 19218: 19212: 19210: 19206: 19205: 19203: 19202: 19197: 19192: 19191: 19190: 19185: 19180: 19175: 19170: 19165: 19160: 19155: 19150: 19140: 19139: 19138: 19133: 19125: 19120: 19115: 19110: 19105: 19104: 19103: 19098: 19093: 19088: 19083: 19078: 19070: 19065: 19060: 19055: 19050: 19045: 19040: 19039: 19038: 19033: 19028: 19023: 19018: 19013: 19005: 19000: 18995: 18990: 18985: 18979: 18977: 18973: 18972: 18970: 18969: 18968: 18967: 18962: 18957: 18952: 18947: 18942: 18932: 18927: 18921: 18918: 18917: 18906: 18905: 18898: 18891: 18883: 18874: 18873: 18870: 18869: 18865: 18864: 18852: 18851: 18846: 18841: 18830: 18824: 18821: 18820: 18817: 18816: 18806: 18799: 18790: 18789: 18787: 18779: 18770: 18769: 18767: 18757: 18750: 18741: 18740: 18738: 18732: 18731: 18729: 18719: 18718: 18716: 18708: 18699: 18698: 18696: 18690: 18689: 18679: 18672: 18663: 18662: 18660: 18650: 18643: 18634: 18633: 18631: 18621: 18614: 18605: 18604: 18602: 18596: 18595: 18585: 18578: 18569: 18568: 18566: 18556: 18555: 18553: 18543: 18536: 18527: 18526: 18524: 18518: 18517: 18507: 18500: 18491: 18490: 18488: 18478: 18471: 18462: 18461: 18459: 18449: 18442: 18433: 18432: 18430: 18424: 18423: 18413: 18406: 18405: 18403: 18401: 18391: 18384: 18375: 18374: 18372: 18366: 18365: 18355: 18348: 18339: 18338: 18336: 18326: 18319: 18310: 18309: 18307: 18297: 18290: 18281: 18280: 18273: 18267: 18266: 18261: 18256: 18251: 18242: 18239: 18238: 18226: 18225: 18222: 18221: 18218: 18217: 18215: 18214: 18209: 18204: 18199: 18194: 18188: 18186: 18175: 18174: 18172: 18171: 18166: 18161: 18155: 18152: 18151: 18145: 18138: 18133: 18130: 18123: 18116: 18115: 18110: 18103: 18096: 18095: 18089: 18079: 18072: 18071: 18067: 18060: 18053: 18052: 18048:Labial–palatal 18046: 18039: 18032: 18031: 18022: 18021: 18013: 18006: 18005: 18000: 17993: 17992: 17988: 17981: 17974: 17973: 17969: 17962: 17955: 17954: 17950: 17943: 17936: 17935: 17930: 17924: 17917: 17916: 17910: 17903: 17902: 17896: 17889: 17888: 17883: 17882: 17881: 17871: 17867: 17866: 17864: 17863: 17858: 17853: 17842: 17836: 17833: 17832: 17829: 17828: 17826: 17819: 17812: 17805: 17798: 17796: 17789: 17787: 17785: 17778: 17772: 17771: 17769: 17762: 17755: 17748: 17741: 17739: 17732: 17730: 17728: 17721: 17718: 17712: 17711: 17709: 17707: 17705: 17703: 17701: 17699: 17690: 17688: 17686: 17684: 17683:Nasal lateral 17680: 17679: 17677: 17675: 17673: 17671: 17669: 17667: 17658: 17656: 17654: 17652: 17648: 17647: 17645: 17643: 17641: 17639: 17637: 17635: 17626: 17624: 17622: 17620: 17613: 17612: 17610: 17608: 17599: 17590: 17581: 17579: 17570: 17561: 17559: 17550: 17544: 17543: 17541: 17539: 17537: 17528: 17519: 17517: 17508: 17499: 17497: 17488: 17482: 17481: 17479: 17477: 17475: 17466: 17457: 17455: 17446: 17437: 17435: 17426: 17421: 17411: 17410: 17408: 17406: 17404: 17402: 17400: 17398: 17391: 17389: 17387: 17385: 17381: 17380: 17378: 17371: 17364: 17357: 17355: 17353: 17346: 17344: 17342: 17340: 17333: 17332: 17330: 17323: 17316: 17309: 17302: 17295: 17288: 17281: 17274: 17267: 17261: 17260: 17258: 17251: 17244: 17237: 17230: 17223: 17216: 17209: 17202: 17200: 17194: 17193: 17186: 17179: 17172: 17165: 17158: 17156: 17149: 17147: 17145: 17138: 17133: 17127: 17126: 17119: 17112: 17105: 17098: 17091: 17084: 17077: 17070: 17063: 17056: 17044: 17043: 17040: 17039: 17023: 17022: 17017: 17012: 17001: 16995: 16992: 16991: 16988: 16987: 16985: 16983: 16981: 16979: 16977: 16975: 16968: 16966: 16959: 16957: 16950: 16943: 16941: 16939: 16932: 16925: 16923: 16921: 16919: 16917: 16915: 16913: 16911: 16909: 16905: 16904: 16902: 16900: 16898: 16896: 16889: 16887: 16880: 16878: 16871: 16869: 16862: 16860: 16858: 16856: 16849: 16847: 16845: 16843: 16841: 16839: 16837: 16835: 16833: 16831: 16827: 16826: 16824: 16822: 16820: 16818: 16816: 16814: 16807: 16800: 16793: 16786: 16779: 16772: 16770: 16768: 16761: 16754: 16752: 16750: 16748: 16746: 16744: 16742: 16740: 16738: 16734: 16733: 16731: 16729: 16727: 16725: 16723: 16721: 16714: 16707: 16700: 16693: 16686: 16679: 16677: 16675: 16668: 16661: 16659: 16657: 16655: 16653: 16651: 16649: 16647: 16645: 16638: 16637: 16635: 16633: 16626: 16619: 16612: 16605: 16603: 16601: 16599: 16597: 16590: 16583: 16581: 16579: 16572: 16565: 16563: 16561: 16559: 16557: 16555: 16553: 16546: 16539: 16533: 16532: 16530: 16528: 16521: 16519: 16512: 16510: 16508: 16506: 16504: 16502: 16495: 16488: 16486: 16484: 16477: 16470: 16468: 16466: 16459: 16457: 16450: 16448: 16441: 16439: 16433: 16432: 16425: 16423: 16421: 16419: 16417: 16415: 16408: 16406: 16399: 16397: 16390: 16388: 16386: 16384: 16377: 16375: 16373: 16371: 16369: 16367: 16360: 16358: 16356: 16354: 16348: 16347: 16340: 16333: 16326: 16319: 16312: 16305: 16298: 16291: 16284: 16277: 16270: 16263: 16256: 16249: 16242: 16235: 16228: 16221: 16214: 16207: 16200: 16193: 16186: 16179: 16175: 16174: 16172: 16170: 16168: 16166: 16164: 16162: 16160: 16158: 16151: 16144: 16137: 16130: 16123: 16116: 16109: 16102: 16100: 16098: 16096: 16094: 16092: 16090: 16088: 16086: 16079: 16078: 16076: 16069: 16062: 16055: 16048: 16041: 16034: 16027: 16020: 16013: 16011: 16009: 16002: 15995: 15988: 15981: 15974: 15967: 15965: 15963: 15956: 15949: 15942: 15935: 15931: 15930: 15928: 15926: 15924: 15922: 15920: 15918: 15916: 15914: 15907: 15900: 15893: 15886: 15879: 15872: 15865: 15858: 15856: 15854: 15852: 15850: 15848: 15846: 15844: 15842: 15833: 15832: 15830: 15823: 15821: 15814: 15807: 15800: 15793: 15786: 15779: 15772: 15765: 15758: 15756: 15754: 15747: 15740: 15738: 15736: 15729: 15722: 15715: 15708: 15701: 15694: 15688: 15687: 15685: 15683: 15681: 15679: 15672: 15665: 15658: 15651: 15644: 15637: 15630: 15623: 15621: 15619: 15612: 15605: 15603: 15601: 15594: 15592: 15585: 15578: 15571: 15564: 15558: 15557: 15552: 15547: 15542: 15537: 15532: 15527: 15522: 15517: 15512: 15507: 15502: 15500:Bilabial 15497: 15490: 15489: 15484: 15479: 15474: 15469: 15451: 15448: 15447: 15435: 15434: 15431: 15430: 15427: 15426: 15424: 15423: 15418: 15413: 15408: 15403: 15402: 15401: 15396: 15391: 15380: 15378: 15374: 15373: 15371: 15370: 15365: 15360: 15355: 15350: 15345: 15340: 15334: 15332: 15331:Special topics 15328: 15327: 15325: 15324: 15312: 15307: 15302: 15297: 15291: 15289: 15281: 15280: 15270: 15269: 15255: 15254: 15247: 15240: 15232: 15226: 15225: 15220: 15209: 15208:External links 15206: 15204: 15203: 15197: 15176: 15170: 15153: 15141:10.2307/414533 15135:(3): 577–582. 15124: 15112:10.2307/414611 15106:(3): 550–552. 15092: 15078: 15060: 15048:10.2307/414792 15042:(1): 143–144. 15027: 14997: 14995: 14992: 14990: 14989: 14983: 14959: 14944: 14931: 14905: 14882: 14876: 14863: 14857: 14843:Maddieson, Ian 14835: 14824: 14795: 14780: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14754: 14753: 14723: 14693: 14676:Android Police 14663: 14645: 14627: 14609: 14591: 14565: 14539: 14526: 14500: 14488: 14475: 14464: 14440: 14428: 14415: 14396:(2): 101–114. 14380: 14367: 14360: 14342: 14330: 14299: 14292: 14274: 14245: 14192: 14185: 14167: 14140: 14111: 14099: 14070: 14057: 14026: 14013: 13980: 13947: 13931: 13906: 13873: 13852:(2): 207–221. 13832: 13820: 13811: 13778:10.1086/501245 13772:(4): 365–412. 13752: 13748:Heselwood 2013 13740: 13721: 13701: 13682: 13662: 13650: 13643: 13625: 13618: 13596: 13581: 13549: 13535: 13523: 13481: 13477:Heselwood 2013 13469: 13410: 13403: 13382: 13375: 13357: 13345: 13324: 13312: 13300: 13288: 13230: 13215: 13203: 13191: 13152:(4): 459–474. 13132: 13120: 13081:(2): 129–161. 13061: 13049: 13037: 13024: 13012: 13005: 12982: 12970: 12958: 12945: 12905: 12886: 12866: 12840: 12809: 12797: 12785: 12778: 12760: 12753: 12731: 12720:on 1 June 2007 12705: 12679: 12645: 12601: 12575: 12548: 12522: 12496: 12470: 12435: 12416:(3): 349–357. 12394: 12382: 12345:10.1.1.501.366 12315: 12303: 12288: 12259: 12252: 12232: 12225: 12199: 12192: 12174: 12170:Heselwood 2013 12162: 12155: 12137: 12122: 12110: 12094: 12087: 12069: 12056: 12021: 12009: 11997: 11985: 11970: 11953: 11897: 11885: 11872: 11860: 11847: 11835: 11808: 11801: 11769: 11752: 11729:(7/8): 57–60. 11707: 11694: 11673: 11643: 11617: 11610: 11592: 11585: 11550: 11531: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11517: 11507:lists ⟨ 11496: 11487: 11428: 11419: 11398: 11357: 11324: 11311: 11294: 11273: 11228: 11219: 11198: 11185: 11168: 11139: 11126: 11113: 11081: 11033:e᷄, e᷅, e᷇, e᷆ 11024: 11015: 10980: 10959: 10946: 10890: 10861: 10848:French liaison 10835: 10817: 10814:. SIL Yaoundé. 10793: 10783: 10774: 10765: 10756: 10747: 10737:the preceding 10709:Sergey Ozhegov 10700: 10666: 10652: 10635: 10625: 10600: 10575: 10566: 10557: 10548: 10539: 10517: 10489:flaps and taps 10487:For instance, 10480: 10471: 10458: 10430:alveolar ridge 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10404: 10398: 10392: 10386: 10377: 10368: 10359: 10353: 10344: 10339: 10333: 10328: 10323: 10317: 10312: 10306: 10300: 10294: 10288: 10282: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10238: 10235: 10233:is available. 10215: 10212: 10189: 10186: 10178: 10175: 10140: 10137: 10097:copy-edit mark 10067: 10064: 10042: 10039: 10026:Main article: 10023: 10020: 9988:IPA Extensions 9977:Main article: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9922:calls ⟨ 9895:Main article: 9892: 9889: 9768: 9765: 9733: 9730: 9702:reduced vowels 9661:⟩, the 9653:⟩, the 9635: 9632: 9365:⟩ for { 9243: 9242: 9235: 9199: 9196: 9195: 9194: 9175: 9167: 9166: 9151: 9145: 9144: 9133: 9127: 9126: 9115: 9109: 9108: 9101: 9095: 9094: 9087: 9081: 9080: 9077: 9071: 9070: 9063: 9053: 9052: 9045: 9038: 9032: 9031: 9024: 9017: 9007: 9004: 8999: 8996: 8948:Main article: 8945: 8942: 8922: 8921: 8894: 8871: 8860: 8853: 8842: 8841:⟩ for . 8818:marks ⟨ 8757: 8754: 8694:. The IPA and 8665:Main article: 8660: 8657: 8564: 8561: 8548: 8547: 8532: 8529: 8522: 8511: 8504: 8495:diacritic for 8474: 8467: 8462:"bangle", and 8417: 8416: 8393: 8315:prosodic break 8305: 8302: 8265: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8233: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8220: 8218: 8213: 8207: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8175: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8143: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8111: 8110: 8107: 8104: 8101: 8098: 8094: 7925:, and the IPA 7904: 7903:Pitch and tone 7901: 7836: 7833: 7804: 7801: 7767: 7766: 7758: 7757: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7733: 7732: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7708: 7707: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7683: 7682: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7658: 7657: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7633: 7632: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7608: 7607: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7583: 7582: 7572: 7571: 7564: 7561: 7553: 7552: 7549: 7544: 7541: 7536: 7533: 7527: 7526: 7523: 7518: 7515: 7510: 7507: 7501: 7500: 7497: 7492: 7489: 7484: 7481: 7475: 7474: 7471: 7466: 7463: 7458: 7455: 7449: 7448: 7440: 7439: 7426: 7425: 7417: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7395: 7394: 7390: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7368: 7367: 7362: 7355: 7350: 7342: 7341: 7337: 7336: 7324: 7319: 7311: 7301: 7300: 7295: 7289: 7288: 7285: 7280: 7265: 7259: 7258: 7250: 7245: 7236: 7230: 7229: 7160: 7157: 7147: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7137: 7136: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7125: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7114: 7109: 7107: 7101: 7100: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7089: 7085:, also called 7080: 7078: 7075: 7074: 7069: 7067: 7026: 7025: 7003:Since ⟨ 6994: 6985: 6952: 6951: 6943: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6911: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6889: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6857: 6856: 6854:Pharyngealized 6851: 6846: 6840: 6839: 6836: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6805: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6773: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6751: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6726: 6721: 6715: 6714: 6710: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6688: 6687: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6655: 6650: 6644: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6612: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6590: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6558: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6526: 6525: 6520: 6514: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6482: 6481: 6477: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6459:Breathy voiced 6456: 6451: 6445: 6444: 6439: 6433: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6401: 6400: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6385: 6379: 6378: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6362: 6357: 6351: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6319: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6287: 6286: 6282: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6260: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6228: 6227: 6223: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6206: 6205: 6124: 6121: 6120: 6119: 6055: 6052: 6041:vowel backness 6024: 6023: 6021: 6020: 6015: 6010: 5999: 5993: 5990: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5975: 5968: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5948: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5926: 5919: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5877: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5848: 5841: 5832: 5831: 5829: 5819: 5812: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5790: 5783: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5765: 5764: 5754: 5747: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5712: 5705: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5687: 5686: 5676: 5669: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5647: 5640: 5631: 5630: 5628: 5618: 5611: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5582: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5560: 5553: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5535: 5534: 5524: 5517: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5495: 5488: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5466: 5459: 5450: 5449: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5375:Main article: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5367: 5356: 5341: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5292: 5285: 5280: 5277: 5270: 5263: 5262: 5257: 5250: 5243: 5242: 5236: 5226: 5219: 5218: 5214: 5207: 5200: 5199: 5195:Labial–palatal 5193: 5186: 5179: 5178: 5169: 5168: 5160: 5153: 5152: 5147: 5140: 5139: 5135: 5128: 5121: 5120: 5116: 5109: 5102: 5101: 5097: 5090: 5083: 5082: 5077: 5071: 5064: 5063: 5057: 5050: 5049: 5043: 5036: 5035: 5030: 5029: 5028: 5020:Laurent Gbagbo 5004: 5001: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4957: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4917: 4910: 4908: 4901: 4894: 4887: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4845: 4838: 4831: 4824: 4817: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4799: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4764: 4757: 4750: 4743: 4736: 4729: 4722: 4715: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4697: 4690: 4683: 4676: 4669: 4662: 4655: 4648: 4641: 4634: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4606: 4599: 4592: 4585: 4578: 4571: 4564: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4540: 4534: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4481:Bilabial 4478: 4452:(e.g. ⟨ 4446:co-articulated 4438: 4435: 4434: 4433: 4414: 4399: 4381: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4325: 4319: 4316: 4315: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4302: 4295: 4288: 4281: 4279: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4261: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4245: 4238: 4231: 4224: 4222: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4204: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4166:Nasal lateral 4163: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4096: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4067: 4058: 4056: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4012: 4003: 4001: 3992: 3986: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3957: 3948: 3946: 3937: 3932: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3882: 3875: 3868: 3861: 3854: 3847: 3840: 3833: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3812: 3805: 3798: 3791: 3784: 3782: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3764: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3745: 3738: 3731: 3724: 3717: 3710: 3703: 3696: 3689: 3682: 3632:(found in the 3625: 3622: 3621: 3620: 3613: 3606: 3603: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3586: 3577:breathy-voiced 3555: 3554: 3552: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3530: 3524: 3521: 3520: 3517: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3497: 3495: 3488: 3486: 3479: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3461: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3434: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3418: 3416: 3409: 3407: 3400: 3398: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3336: 3329: 3322: 3315: 3308: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3290: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3263: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3251: 3244: 3237: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3215: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3197: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3171: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3146: 3144: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3120: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3102: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3084: 3082: 3075: 3073: 3066: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3033: 3031: 3024: 3022: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2973: 2972: 2965: 2958: 2951: 2944: 2937: 2930: 2923: 2916: 2909: 2902: 2895: 2888: 2881: 2874: 2867: 2860: 2853: 2846: 2839: 2832: 2825: 2818: 2811: 2804: 2800: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2776: 2769: 2762: 2755: 2748: 2741: 2734: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2704: 2703: 2701: 2694: 2692: 2685: 2678: 2671: 2664: 2657: 2650: 2643: 2636: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2618: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2600: 2593: 2586: 2579: 2572: 2565: 2559: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2543: 2536: 2529: 2522: 2515: 2508: 2501: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2483: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2465: 2463: 2456: 2449: 2442: 2435: 2429: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2371:Bilabial 2368: 2361: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2300: 2297: 2289: 2286: 2248: 2245: 2223: 2220: 2205:IPA extensions 2133:Main article: 2130: 2127: 2108: 2105: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2011: 2008: 1900: 1897: 1815: 1812: 1785: 1782: 1700: 1699: 1622:Angle brackets 1619: 1614: 1612: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1576: 1571: 1569: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1498:morphophonemic 1494:Double slashes 1491: 1486: 1484: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1434: 1431: 1425: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1403: 1402: 1387: 1381: 1380: 1361: 1355: 1354: 1349:notation. See 1340: 1334: 1333: 1330: 1319: 1318: 1264: 1258: 1257: 1251:are used with 1246: 1243: 1242: 1239: 1225: 1222: 991: 988: 987: 986: 975:⟩ from 941: 940: 939: 862: 815: 804: 734:Latin alphabet 705: 702: 682:suprasegmental 602: 601: 597: 578: 543:speech segment 538: 535: 482:Otto Jespersen 448:Romic alphabet 422:Main article: 419: 416: 321:creators, and 303:lexicographers 256:, you may see 241: 240: 239: 236: 235: 229:⟩, see 202: 201: 193: 188: 185: 184: 178: 177: 175: 174: 173: 172: 171: 170: 169: 168: 167: 166: 165: 164: 163: 162: 161: 160: 155:Romic alphabet 131:Greek alphabet 114: 112: 110:Parent systems 109: 106: 105: 101: 100: 89: 85: 84: 81: 78: 75: 74: 67: 65: 61: 60: 57: 49: 48: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 24202: 24191: 24188: 24186: 24183: 24181: 24178: 24177: 24175: 24160: 24157: 24155: 24152: 24151: 24148: 24142: 24139: 24137: 24134: 24132: 24129: 24128: 24126: 24122: 24116: 24113: 24111: 24108: 24106: 24103: 24101: 24098: 24097: 24095: 24091: 24085: 24082: 24080: 24077: 24075: 24072: 24070: 24067: 24065: 24062: 24060: 24057: 24055: 24052: 24051: 24049: 24046: 24041: 24033: 24029: 24027: 24023: 24017: 24014: 24013: 24011: 24009: 24005: 23999: 23996: 23994: 23991: 23990: 23988: 23986: 23982: 23976: 23973: 23971: 23968: 23966: 23963: 23961: 23958: 23956: 23953: 23951: 23948: 23946: 23943: 23941: 23938: 23936: 23933: 23931: 23928: 23926: 23923: 23921: 23918: 23916: 23913: 23911: 23908: 23907: 23905: 23903: 23899: 23896: 23894: 23890: 23881: 23880: 23877: 23873: 23870: 23866: 23863: 23859: 23856: 23852: 23849: 23845: 23842: 23838: 23835: 23831: 23828: 23824: 23821: 23817: 23814: 23810: 23807: 23803: 23800: 23796: 23793: 23789: 23786: 23785: 23782: 23778: 23775: 23771: 23768: 23764: 23761: 23757: 23754: 23750: 23747: 23743: 23740: 23736: 23733: 23729: 23726: 23722: 23719: 23715: 23712: 23708: 23705: 23701: 23698: 23694: 23693: 23689: 23683: 23679: 23676: 23671: 23665: 23662: 23658: 23655: 23653: 23650: 23649: 23647: 23645: 23642: 23640: 23637: 23636: 23634: 23631: 23627: 23623: 23617: 23614: 23612: 23609: 23607: 23604: 23602: 23599: 23597: 23594: 23593: 23590: 23586: 23579: 23574: 23572: 23567: 23565: 23560: 23559: 23556: 23539: 23535: 23532: 23528: 23525: 23521: 23520: 23518: 23514: 23507: 23503: 23500: 23499:Night writing 23496: 23493: 23489: 23486: 23482: 23479: 23475: 23474: 23472: 23470: 23465: 23458: 23454: 23451: 23447: 23444: 23440: 23437: 23433: 23430: 23426: 23423: 23419: 23416: 23412: 23411: 23409: 23407:Organisations 23405: 23398: 23394: 23391: 23387: 23384: 23380: 23377: 23373: 23370: 23369:Valentin Haüy 23366: 23363: 23359: 23356: 23352: 23349: 23348:Louis Braille 23345: 23344: 23342: 23338: 23331: 23327: 23324: 23320: 23317: 23313: 23310: 23306: 23303: 23299: 23296: 23292: 23289: 23285: 23282: 23281:Braille watch 23278: 23275: 23271: 23268: 23264: 23261: 23257: 23256: 23254: 23252: 23248: 23241: 23237: 23234: 23230: 23226: 23222: 23219: 23215: 23212: 23208: 23205: 23204:Braille music 23201: 23200: 23198: 23194: 23182: 23178: 23175: 23171: 23168: 23167:Luxembourgish 23164: 23163: 23161: 23157: 23150: 23146: 23143: 23139: 23134: 23130: 23127: 23123: 23120: 23116: 23113: 23109: 23108: 23104: 23103: 23101: 23097: 23089: 23085: 23084: 23082: 23078: 23070: 23066: 23065: 23063: 23059: 23048: 23044: 23040: 23036: 23033: 23029: 23025: 23021: 23018: 23014: 23011: 23007: 23004: 23000: 22996: 22992: 22989: 22985: 22982: 22978: 22975: 22971: 22970: 22968: 22966:Other scripts 22964: 22956: 22952: 22949: 22945: 22942: 22938: 22935: 22931: 22928: 22924: 22921: 22917: 22914: 22910: 22907: 22903: 22900: 22896: 22893: 22889: 22886: 22882: 22881: 22879: 22877: 22870: 22862: 22858: 22855: 22851: 22848: 22844: 22843: 22841: 22838: 22831: 22824: 22820: 22817: 22813: 22810: 22806: 22803: 22799: 22796: 22792: 22789: 22785: 22782: 22778: 22775: 22771: 22770: 22768: 22765: 22758: 22747: 22742: 22739: 22738:Northern Sámi 22735: 22730: 22725: 22720: 22719: 22717: 22713: 22710: 22706: 22703: 22699: 22696: 22692: 22691: 22689: 22687:Nordic family 22685: 22678: 22674: 22671: 22667: 22664: 22660: 22657: 22653: 22650: 22646: 22642: 22638: 22635: 22631: 22628: 22627:South African 22624: 22621: 22617: 22614: 22610: 22607: 22603: 22600: 22596: 22593: 22589: 22586: 22582: 22579: 22575: 22572: 22568: 22565: 22561: 22558: 22554: 22550: 22549:Luxembourgish 22546: 22543: 22539: 22536: 22532: 22529: 22525: 22522: 22518: 22515: 22511: 22508: 22504: 22501: 22497: 22494: 22490: 22487: 22483: 22480: 22476: 22473: 22469: 22466: 22462: 22459: 22455: 22451: 22447: 22443: 22440: 22436: 22433: 22429: 22425: 22421: 22418: 22414: 22411: 22407: 22404: 22400: 22397: 22393: 22392: 22390: 22388: 22384: 22381: 22377: 22370: 22366: 22363: 22362:ASCII braille 22359: 22356: 22352: 22349: 22345: 22344: 22342: 22338: 22330: 22323: 22318: 22316: 22311: 22309: 22304: 22303: 22300: 22296: 22278: 22275: 22273: 22270: 22268: 22265: 22263: 22260: 22258: 22255: 22253: 22250: 22248: 22245: 22243: 22240: 22238: 22235: 22233: 22230: 22228: 22225: 22223: 22220: 22218: 22215: 22213: 22210: 22206: 22203: 22201: 22198: 22196: 22193: 22191: 22188: 22186: 22183: 22181: 22178: 22177: 22176: 22173: 22171: 22168: 22166: 22163: 22161: 22158: 22156: 22153: 22151: 22148: 22146: 22143: 22141: 22138: 22136: 22133: 22131: 22128: 22126: 22123: 22121: 22118: 22116: 22113: 22111: 22108: 22106: 22103: 22102: 22099: 22095: 22090: 22086: 22076: 22073: 22071: 22068: 22066: 22063: 22061: 22058: 22057: 22054: 22050: 22045: 22041: 22027: 22024: 22022: 22019: 22017: 22014: 22012: 22009: 22007: 22004: 22002: 21999: 21998: 21996: 21992: 21986: 21983: 21981: 21978: 21976: 21973: 21971: 21968: 21966: 21963: 21961: 21958: 21957: 21955: 21951: 21947: 21943: 21938: 21934: 21920: 21917: 21916: 21914: 21910: 21904: 21901: 21899: 21896: 21894: 21893:Attic (Greek) 21891: 21889: 21886: 21884: 21881: 21880: 21878: 21874: 21868: 21865: 21863: 21860: 21858: 21855: 21854: 21852: 21848: 21842: 21839: 21837: 21834: 21832: 21831:Proto-Elamite 21829: 21827: 21824: 21822: 21819: 21817: 21814: 21812: 21809: 21807: 21804: 21803: 21801: 21797: 21791: 21788: 21786: 21783: 21781: 21778: 21776: 21773: 21771: 21768: 21766: 21763: 21762: 21760: 21758: 21754: 21744: 21741: 21739: 21736: 21734: 21731: 21729: 21726: 21725: 21723: 21719: 21713: 21710: 21708: 21705: 21703: 21700: 21698: 21695: 21693: 21690: 21686: 21683: 21681: 21678: 21676: 21673: 21672: 21671: 21668: 21666: 21663: 21661: 21658: 21656: 21653: 21651: 21648: 21647: 21645: 21643: 21639: 21636: 21634: 21630: 21626: 21622: 21617: 21613: 21603: 21600: 21598: 21595: 21593: 21590: 21588: 21585: 21583: 21580: 21578: 21575: 21573: 21570: 21568: 21565: 21563: 21560: 21558: 21555: 21553: 21550: 21548: 21545: 21543: 21540: 21538: 21535: 21533: 21530: 21528: 21525: 21523: 21520: 21518: 21515: 21514: 21511: 21507: 21502: 21498: 21484: 21481: 21479: 21476: 21474: 21471: 21469: 21466: 21464: 21461: 21459: 21456: 21455: 21453: 21449: 21443: 21440: 21438: 21435: 21433: 21430: 21428: 21425: 21423: 21420: 21418: 21415: 21413: 21410: 21408: 21405: 21403: 21400: 21398: 21395: 21393: 21390: 21388: 21385: 21383: 21380: 21378: 21375: 21371: 21368: 21366: 21363: 21361: 21358: 21356: 21353: 21351: 21348: 21346: 21345:Elder Futhark 21343: 21341: 21338: 21336: 21333: 21331: 21328: 21327: 21326: 21323: 21321: 21318: 21316: 21313: 21311: 21308: 21306: 21303: 21301: 21298: 21296: 21293: 21287: 21284: 21282: 21279: 21277: 21274: 21272: 21269: 21267: 21264: 21263: 21262: 21259: 21258: 21257: 21254: 21252: 21249: 21247: 21244: 21242: 21239: 21237: 21236:Old Hungarian 21234: 21232: 21229: 21227: 21224: 21222: 21219: 21217: 21214: 21212: 21209: 21207: 21204: 21202: 21199: 21197: 21194: 21192: 21189: 21187: 21184: 21182: 21179: 21175: 21172: 21170: 21167: 21165: 21162: 21160: 21157: 21155: 21152: 21150: 21147: 21145: 21142: 21140: 21137: 21135: 21132: 21130: 21127: 21125: 21122: 21120: 21117: 21115: 21112: 21110: 21107: 21106: 21105: 21102: 21100: 21097: 21095: 21092: 21090: 21087: 21085: 21082: 21080: 21077: 21075: 21072: 21070: 21067: 21064: 21060: 21057: 21055: 21052: 21050: 21047: 21045: 21042: 21040: 21037: 21033: 21030: 21028: 21025: 21023: 21020: 21019: 21018: 21015: 21013: 21010: 21008: 21005: 21003: 21000: 20998: 20995: 20993: 20990: 20988: 20985: 20983: 20980: 20978: 20975: 20973: 20970: 20968: 20965: 20961: 20958: 20957: 20956: 20953: 20951: 20948: 20944: 20941: 20939: 20936: 20935: 20934: 20931: 20929: 20926: 20924: 20921: 20919: 20916: 20914: 20911: 20909: 20906: 20904: 20901: 20899: 20896: 20894: 20891: 20887: 20884: 20883: 20882: 20879: 20877: 20874: 20872: 20869: 20867: 20864: 20863: 20861: 20857: 20853: 20849: 20844: 20840: 20826: 20823: 20821: 20818: 20816: 20813: 20811: 20808: 20806: 20803: 20801: 20798: 20796: 20793: 20791: 20788: 20786: 20783: 20781: 20778: 20776: 20773: 20771: 20770:Masaram Gondi 20768: 20766: 20763: 20761: 20758: 20756: 20753: 20751: 20748: 20746: 20743: 20741: 20740:Gunjala Gondi 20738: 20736: 20733: 20731: 20728: 20726: 20723: 20719: 20716: 20714: 20711: 20710: 20709: 20706: 20704: 20701: 20699: 20696: 20695: 20693: 20689: 20677: 20674: 20672: 20669: 20668: 20667: 20664: 20660: 20657: 20655: 20652: 20650: 20647: 20645: 20642: 20640: 20637: 20635: 20632: 20630: 20627: 20626: 20625: 20622: 20620: 20617: 20615: 20612: 20610: 20607: 20605: 20602: 20600: 20597: 20595: 20592: 20590: 20587: 20585: 20582: 20580: 20577: 20575: 20572: 20570: 20567: 20565: 20562: 20560: 20557: 20553: 20552:Old Sundanese 20550: 20549: 20548: 20545: 20543: 20540: 20538: 20535: 20533: 20530: 20528: 20525: 20523: 20520: 20518: 20515: 20513: 20510: 20506: 20503: 20501: 20498: 20497: 20496: 20495:Old Maldivian 20493: 20491: 20488: 20486: 20483: 20479: 20478:Bilang-bilang 20476: 20475: 20474: 20471: 20469: 20466: 20464: 20461: 20459: 20456: 20454: 20451: 20449: 20446: 20442: 20439: 20438: 20437: 20434: 20432: 20429: 20427: 20424: 20422: 20419: 20417: 20414: 20412: 20409: 20407: 20404: 20402: 20399: 20397: 20394: 20392: 20389: 20387: 20384: 20382: 20379: 20377: 20374: 20372: 20369: 20367: 20364: 20362: 20359: 20357: 20354: 20352: 20349: 20347: 20344: 20343: 20341: 20337: 20331: 20328: 20326: 20323: 20319: 20316: 20314: 20311: 20310: 20309: 20306: 20304: 20301: 20299: 20298:Sylheti Nagri 20296: 20294: 20291: 20289: 20286: 20284: 20281: 20279: 20276: 20272: 20269: 20268: 20267: 20264: 20260: 20257: 20255: 20252: 20250: 20247: 20245: 20242: 20240: 20237: 20235: 20232: 20230: 20227: 20225: 20222: 20220: 20217: 20215: 20212: 20210: 20207: 20205: 20202: 20201: 20200: 20197: 20195: 20192: 20190: 20187: 20185: 20182: 20180: 20177: 20175: 20172: 20170: 20167: 20165: 20162: 20160: 20157: 20155: 20152: 20150: 20147: 20145: 20142: 20140: 20137: 20135: 20132: 20130: 20127: 20125: 20122: 20120: 20117: 20115: 20112: 20110: 20107: 20105: 20102: 20100: 20099:Brahmi script 20097: 20095: 20092: 20090: 20087: 20086: 20084: 20080: 20077: 20075: 20071: 20067: 20063: 20058: 20054: 20044: 20041: 20039: 20036: 20032: 20029: 20027: 20024: 20022: 20019: 20018: 20017: 20014: 20012: 20009: 20005: 20002: 20000: 19997: 19996: 19995: 19994:South Arabian 19992: 19990: 19987: 19985: 19982: 19980: 19977: 19975: 19972: 19968: 19965: 19964: 19963: 19960: 19958: 19955: 19951: 19948: 19946: 19943: 19941: 19940:Inscriptional 19938: 19936: 19933: 19932: 19931: 19928: 19926: 19923: 19921: 19918: 19916: 19913: 19911: 19908: 19906: 19903: 19899: 19896: 19894: 19891: 19889: 19886: 19884: 19881: 19880: 19879: 19876: 19874: 19871: 19869: 19866: 19862: 19859: 19858: 19857: 19854: 19850: 19847: 19846: 19845: 19842: 19841: 19838: 19837: 19833: 19832: 19829: 19825: 19820: 19816: 19812: 19808: 19803: 19799: 19789: 19785: 19781: 19778: 19776: 19773: 19771: 19768: 19767: 19766: 19763: 19762: 19760: 19756: 19750: 19747: 19745: 19742: 19741: 19739: 19735: 19731: 19727: 19723: 19716: 19711: 19709: 19704: 19702: 19697: 19696: 19693: 19681: 19678: 19676: 19673: 19671: 19668: 19666: 19663: 19661: 19658: 19656: 19653: 19651: 19648: 19646: 19643: 19641: 19638: 19636: 19633: 19631: 19628: 19626: 19623: 19622: 19620: 19616: 19610: 19607: 19603: 19600: 19599: 19598: 19595: 19593: 19590: 19588: 19585: 19583: 19580: 19578: 19575: 19573: 19570: 19568: 19565: 19563: 19560: 19558: 19555: 19553: 19550: 19548: 19545: 19541: 19538: 19536: 19533: 19532: 19530: 19528: 19525: 19523: 19520: 19518: 19515: 19513: 19510: 19508: 19505: 19503: 19500: 19498: 19495: 19493: 19490: 19488: 19485: 19483: 19480: 19478: 19475: 19473: 19470: 19468: 19465: 19463: 19460: 19458: 19455: 19453: 19450: 19448: 19445: 19443: 19440: 19438: 19435: 19433: 19430: 19429: 19427: 19423: 19417: 19416:Luxembourgish 19414: 19412: 19409: 19405: 19404:Maastrichtian 19402: 19401: 19399: 19397: 19394: 19392: 19389: 19387: 19384: 19382: 19379: 19377: 19374: 19372: 19369: 19367: 19364: 19362: 19359: 19357: 19354: 19352: 19349: 19347: 19344: 19342: 19339: 19337: 19334: 19332: 19329: 19327: 19324: 19322: 19319: 19315: 19312: 19310: 19307: 19305: 19302: 19300: 19297: 19296: 19294: 19292: 19289: 19287: 19284: 19282: 19279: 19275: 19272: 19270: 19267: 19265: 19262: 19261: 19259: 19255: 19252: 19250: 19247: 19246: 19244: 19242: 19239: 19235: 19232: 19230: 19227: 19226: 19224: 19222: 19219: 19217: 19214: 19213: 19211: 19207: 19201: 19198: 19196: 19193: 19189: 19186: 19184: 19181: 19179: 19176: 19174: 19171: 19169: 19166: 19164: 19161: 19159: 19156: 19154: 19151: 19149: 19146: 19145: 19144: 19141: 19137: 19134: 19132: 19129: 19128: 19126: 19124: 19121: 19119: 19116: 19114: 19111: 19109: 19106: 19102: 19099: 19097: 19094: 19092: 19089: 19087: 19084: 19082: 19079: 19077: 19074: 19073: 19071: 19069: 19066: 19064: 19061: 19059: 19056: 19054: 19051: 19049: 19046: 19044: 19041: 19037: 19034: 19032: 19029: 19027: 19024: 19022: 19019: 19017: 19014: 19012: 19009: 19008: 19006: 19004: 19001: 18999: 18996: 18994: 18991: 18989: 18986: 18984: 18981: 18980: 18978: 18974: 18966: 18963: 18961: 18958: 18956: 18953: 18951: 18948: 18946: 18943: 18941: 18938: 18937: 18936: 18933: 18931: 18930:Orthographies 18928: 18926: 18923: 18922: 18919: 18915: 18911: 18904: 18899: 18897: 18892: 18890: 18885: 18884: 18881: 18863: 18862: 18861: rounded 18850: 18847: 18845: 18842: 18840: 18835: 18831: 18829: 18826: 18825: 18823: 18822: 18811: 18795: 18788: 18775: 18768: 18762: 18746: 18739: 18737: 18733: 18730: 18724: 18717: 18704: 18697: 18695: 18691: 18684: 18668: 18661: 18655: 18639: 18632: 18626: 18610: 18603: 18601: 18597: 18590: 18574: 18567: 18561: 18554: 18548: 18532: 18525: 18523: 18519: 18512: 18496: 18489: 18483: 18467: 18460: 18454: 18438: 18431: 18429: 18425: 18418: 18404: 18402: 18396: 18380: 18373: 18371: 18367: 18360: 18344: 18337: 18331: 18315: 18308: 18302: 18286: 18274: 18272: 18268: 18265: 18260: 18255: 18250: 18249: 18246: 18245: 18240: 18236: 18231: 18227: 18213: 18210: 18208: 18205: 18203: 18200: 18198: 18195: 18193: 18190: 18189: 18187: 18183: 18170: 18167: 18165: 18162: 18160: 18157: 18156: 18154: 18153: 18142: 18136: 18127: 18120: 18113: 18106: 18100: 18092: 18085: 18083: 18076: 18064: 18057: 18049: 18043: 18036: 18029: 18025: 18016: 18015:Labial–uvular 18010: 18003: 17997: 17985: 17978: 17966: 17959: 17947: 17940: 17933: 17927: 17921: 17913: 17907: 17899: 17893: 17886: 17880: 17879: 17876: 17875: 17862: 17859: 17857: 17854: 17852: 17847: 17843: 17841: 17838: 17837: 17835: 17834: 17827: 17824: 17820: 17817: 17813: 17810: 17806: 17803: 17799: 17797: 17794: 17790: 17788: 17786: 17783: 17779: 17777: 17773: 17770: 17767: 17763: 17760: 17756: 17753: 17749: 17746: 17742: 17740: 17737: 17733: 17731: 17729: 17726: 17722: 17717: 17713: 17710: 17708: 17706: 17704: 17702: 17700: 17697: 17691: 17689: 17687: 17685: 17681: 17678: 17676: 17674: 17672: 17670: 17668: 17665: 17659: 17657: 17655: 17653: 17649: 17646: 17644: 17642: 17640: 17638: 17636: 17633: 17627: 17625: 17623: 17621: 17619: 17614: 17611: 17609: 17604: 17600: 17597: 17591: 17588: 17582: 17580: 17577: 17571: 17568: 17562: 17560: 17557: 17551: 17549: 17545: 17542: 17540: 17538: 17535: 17529: 17526: 17520: 17518: 17515: 17509: 17506: 17500: 17498: 17495: 17489: 17487: 17483: 17480: 17478: 17476: 17473: 17467: 17464: 17458: 17456: 17453: 17447: 17444: 17438: 17436: 17433: 17427: 17425: 17416: 17412: 17409: 17407: 17405: 17403: 17401: 17399: 17396: 17392: 17390: 17388: 17386: 17382: 17379: 17376: 17372: 17369: 17365: 17362: 17358: 17356: 17354: 17351: 17347: 17345: 17343: 17341: 17338: 17334: 17331: 17328: 17324: 17321: 17317: 17314: 17310: 17307: 17303: 17300: 17296: 17293: 17289: 17286: 17282: 17279: 17275: 17272: 17268: 17266: 17262: 17259: 17256: 17252: 17249: 17245: 17242: 17238: 17235: 17231: 17228: 17224: 17221: 17217: 17214: 17210: 17207: 17203: 17201: 17199: 17195: 17191: 17187: 17184: 17180: 17177: 17173: 17170: 17166: 17163: 17159: 17157: 17154: 17150: 17148: 17146: 17143: 17139: 17137: 17132: 17128: 17125: 17118: 17111: 17104: 17097: 17090: 17083: 17076: 17069: 17062: 17054: 17051: 17050: 17047: 17038: 17033: 17029: 17021: 17018: 17016: 17013: 17011: 17006: 17002: 17000: 16997: 16996: 16994: 16993: 16986: 16984: 16982: 16980: 16978: 16976: 16973: 16969: 16967: 16964: 16960: 16958: 16955: 16951: 16948: 16944: 16942: 16940: 16937: 16933: 16930: 16926: 16924: 16922: 16920: 16918: 16916: 16914: 16912: 16910: 16906: 16903: 16901: 16899: 16897: 16894: 16890: 16888: 16885: 16881: 16879: 16876: 16872: 16870: 16867: 16863: 16861: 16859: 16857: 16854: 16850: 16848: 16846: 16844: 16842: 16840: 16838: 16836: 16834: 16832: 16828: 16825: 16823: 16821: 16819: 16817: 16815: 16812: 16808: 16805: 16801: 16798: 16794: 16791: 16787: 16784: 16780: 16777: 16773: 16771: 16769: 16766: 16762: 16759: 16755: 16753: 16751: 16749: 16747: 16745: 16743: 16741: 16739: 16735: 16732: 16730: 16728: 16726: 16724: 16722: 16719: 16715: 16712: 16708: 16705: 16701: 16698: 16694: 16691: 16687: 16684: 16680: 16678: 16676: 16673: 16669: 16666: 16662: 16660: 16658: 16656: 16654: 16652: 16650: 16648: 16646: 16643: 16639: 16636: 16634: 16631: 16627: 16624: 16620: 16617: 16613: 16610: 16606: 16604: 16602: 16600: 16598: 16595: 16591: 16588: 16584: 16582: 16580: 16577: 16573: 16570: 16566: 16564: 16562: 16560: 16558: 16556: 16554: 16551: 16547: 16544: 16540: 16538: 16534: 16531: 16529: 16526: 16522: 16520: 16517: 16513: 16511: 16509: 16507: 16505: 16503: 16500: 16496: 16493: 16489: 16487: 16485: 16482: 16478: 16475: 16471: 16469: 16467: 16464: 16460: 16458: 16455: 16451: 16449: 16446: 16442: 16440: 16438: 16434: 16430: 16426: 16424: 16422: 16420: 16418: 16416: 16413: 16409: 16407: 16404: 16400: 16398: 16395: 16391: 16389: 16387: 16385: 16382: 16378: 16376: 16374: 16372: 16370: 16368: 16365: 16361: 16359: 16357: 16355: 16353: 16349: 16345: 16341: 16338: 16334: 16331: 16327: 16324: 16320: 16317: 16313: 16310: 16306: 16303: 16299: 16296: 16292: 16289: 16285: 16282: 16278: 16275: 16271: 16268: 16264: 16261: 16257: 16254: 16250: 16247: 16243: 16240: 16236: 16233: 16229: 16226: 16222: 16219: 16215: 16212: 16208: 16205: 16201: 16198: 16194: 16191: 16187: 16184: 16180: 16176: 16173: 16171: 16169: 16167: 16165: 16163: 16161: 16159: 16156: 16152: 16149: 16145: 16142: 16138: 16135: 16131: 16128: 16124: 16121: 16117: 16114: 16110: 16107: 16103: 16101: 16099: 16097: 16095: 16093: 16091: 16089: 16087: 16085: 16080: 16077: 16074: 16070: 16067: 16063: 16060: 16056: 16053: 16049: 16046: 16042: 16039: 16035: 16032: 16028: 16025: 16021: 16018: 16014: 16012: 16010: 16007: 16003: 16000: 15996: 15993: 15989: 15986: 15982: 15979: 15975: 15972: 15968: 15966: 15964: 15961: 15957: 15954: 15950: 15947: 15943: 15940: 15936: 15932: 15929: 15927: 15925: 15923: 15921: 15919: 15917: 15915: 15912: 15908: 15905: 15901: 15898: 15894: 15891: 15887: 15884: 15880: 15877: 15873: 15870: 15866: 15863: 15859: 15857: 15855: 15853: 15851: 15849: 15847: 15845: 15843: 15841: 15838: 15834: 15831: 15828: 15824: 15822: 15819: 15815: 15812: 15808: 15805: 15801: 15798: 15794: 15791: 15787: 15784: 15780: 15777: 15773: 15770: 15766: 15763: 15759: 15757: 15755: 15752: 15748: 15745: 15741: 15739: 15737: 15734: 15730: 15727: 15723: 15720: 15716: 15713: 15709: 15706: 15702: 15699: 15695: 15693: 15689: 15686: 15684: 15682: 15680: 15677: 15673: 15670: 15666: 15663: 15659: 15656: 15652: 15649: 15645: 15642: 15638: 15635: 15631: 15628: 15624: 15622: 15620: 15617: 15613: 15610: 15606: 15604: 15602: 15599: 15595: 15593: 15590: 15586: 15583: 15579: 15576: 15572: 15569: 15565: 15563: 15559: 15556: 15551: 15546: 15541: 15536: 15531: 15526: 15521: 15516: 15511: 15506: 15501: 15495: 15491: 15488: 15483: 15478: 15473: 15467: 15463: 15460: 15459: 15456: 15455: 15449: 15445: 15440: 15436: 15422: 15419: 15417: 15414: 15412: 15409: 15407: 15404: 15400: 15397: 15395: 15392: 15390: 15387: 15386: 15385: 15382: 15381: 15379: 15375: 15369: 15366: 15364: 15361: 15359: 15356: 15354: 15351: 15349: 15346: 15344: 15343:Case variants 15341: 15339: 15338:Cursive forms 15336: 15335: 15333: 15329: 15323: 15321: 15317: 15313: 15311: 15308: 15306: 15303: 15301: 15298: 15296: 15293: 15292: 15290: 15286: 15282: 15275: 15271: 15265: 15260: 15253: 15248: 15246: 15241: 15239: 15234: 15233: 15230: 15224: 15221: 15217: 15212: 15211: 15200: 15194: 15190: 15185: 15184: 15177: 15173: 15171:1-55783-047-9 15167: 15162: 15161: 15154: 15150: 15146: 15142: 15138: 15134: 15130: 15125: 15121: 15117: 15113: 15109: 15105: 15101: 15097: 15093: 15089: 15085: 15081: 15079:0-521-86230-2 15075: 15071: 15070: 15065: 15064:Jones, Daniel 15061: 15057: 15053: 15049: 15045: 15041: 15037: 15033: 15028: 15024: 15020: 15016: 15012: 15008: 15004: 14999: 14998: 14986: 14980: 14976: 14972: 14968: 14964: 14960: 14957: 14956:0-521-45655-X 14953: 14947: 14945:0-521-45031-4 14941: 14937: 14932: 14920: 14916: 14912: 14908: 14902: 14898: 14894: 14890: 14889: 14883: 14879: 14877:0-7190-2894-9 14873: 14869: 14864: 14860: 14858:0-631-19815-6 14854: 14850: 14849: 14844: 14840: 14836: 14832: 14831: 14825: 14821: 14817: 14813: 14809: 14805: 14801: 14796: 14793: 14792:0-521-63751-1 14789: 14783: 14781:0-521-65236-7 14777: 14773: 14770:. Cambridge: 14769: 14764: 14763: 14741: 14737: 14733: 14727: 14711: 14707: 14703: 14697: 14681: 14677: 14673: 14667: 14659: 14655: 14649: 14641: 14637: 14631: 14623: 14619: 14613: 14605: 14601: 14595: 14579: 14575: 14569: 14553: 14549: 14543: 14536: 14530: 14514: 14510: 14504: 14498:, p. 171 14497: 14492: 14486:, p. 31) 14485: 14479: 14473: 14468: 14460: 14459: 14454: 14450: 14444: 14438:, p. 154 14437: 14432: 14426:, p. 16) 14425: 14419: 14411: 14407: 14403: 14399: 14395: 14391: 14384: 14378:, p. 27) 14377: 14371: 14363: 14357: 14353: 14346: 14340:, p. 374 14339: 14334: 14318: 14314: 14310: 14303: 14295: 14289: 14285: 14278: 14262: 14258: 14257: 14249: 14233: 14228: 14223: 14219: 14215: 14211: 14207: 14203: 14196: 14188: 14186:9780262518499 14182: 14178: 14171: 14155: 14151: 14147: 14143: 14137: 14133: 14129: 14125: 14124: 14115: 14108: 14103: 14087: 14083: 14082: 14074: 14067: 14061: 14045: 14041: 14037: 14030: 14023: 14017: 13998: 13991: 13984: 13965: 13958: 13951: 13944: 13938: 13936: 13917: 13910: 13891: 13884: 13877: 13869: 13865: 13860: 13855: 13851: 13847: 13843: 13836: 13830:, p. 695 13829: 13824: 13815: 13799: 13795: 13791: 13787: 13783: 13779: 13775: 13771: 13767: 13763: 13756: 13750:, p. 233 13749: 13744: 13728: 13724: 13718: 13714: 13713: 13705: 13689: 13685: 13679: 13675: 13674: 13666: 13660:, p. 314 13659: 13654: 13646: 13640: 13636: 13629: 13621: 13615: 13611: 13608:. Cambridge: 13607: 13600: 13592: 13585: 13569: 13565: 13564: 13559: 13553: 13547: 13542: 13540: 13532: 13527: 13519: 13515: 13511: 13507: 13488: 13486: 13478: 13473: 13457: 13453: 13449: 13445: 13441: 13437: 13433: 13429: 13425: 13421: 13414: 13406: 13400: 13396: 13392: 13386: 13378: 13376:9785976510449 13372: 13368: 13361: 13355:, p. 691 13354: 13349: 13342: 13337: 13335: 13333: 13331: 13329: 13321: 13316: 13309: 13304: 13297: 13292: 13276: 13272: 13268: 13264: 13260: 13256: 13252: 13248: 13244: 13240: 13234: 13227: 13222: 13220: 13212: 13207: 13200: 13195: 13179: 13175: 13171: 13167: 13163: 13159: 13155: 13151: 13147: 13143: 13136: 13130:, p. 166 13129: 13124: 13108: 13104: 13100: 13096: 13092: 13088: 13084: 13080: 13076: 13072: 13065: 13058: 13053: 13046: 13041: 13034: 13028: 13021: 13016: 13008: 13006:0-03-018682-X 13002: 12998: 12997: 12992: 12986: 12979: 12974: 12967: 12962: 12955: 12949: 12933: 12929: 12925: 12924: 12919: 12915: 12909: 12893: 12889: 12883: 12879: 12878: 12870: 12854: 12850: 12844: 12828: 12824: 12820: 12813: 12807:, p. 193 12806: 12801: 12794: 12789: 12781: 12779:80-7335-022-X 12775: 12771: 12764: 12756: 12754:0-02-863119-6 12750: 12745: 12744: 12735: 12719: 12715: 12709: 12693: 12689: 12683: 12667: 12663: 12659: 12652: 12650: 12630: 12626: 12619: 12612: 12610: 12608: 12606: 12589: 12585: 12579: 12563: 12559: 12552: 12536: 12532: 12526: 12510: 12506: 12500: 12484: 12480: 12474: 12466: 12462: 12458: 12454: 12450: 12446: 12439: 12431: 12427: 12423: 12419: 12415: 12411: 12410: 12405: 12398: 12391: 12386: 12367: 12363: 12359: 12355: 12351: 12346: 12341: 12337: 12333: 12326: 12319: 12313:, p. 31. 12312: 12307: 12299: 12295: 12291: 12289:9781861561848 12285: 12281: 12277: 12273: 12269: 12263: 12255: 12253:9783110157345 12249: 12245: 12244: 12236: 12228: 12222: 12218: 12214: 12210: 12203: 12195: 12189: 12185: 12178: 12171: 12166: 12158: 12152: 12148: 12141: 12135:, p. 174 12134: 12129: 12127: 12120:, p. 75. 12119: 12114: 12107: 12106: 12098: 12090: 12084: 12080: 12073: 12066: 12060: 12052: 12048: 12044: 12040: 12036: 12032: 12025: 12018: 12013: 12006: 12001: 11995:, p. 191 11994: 11989: 11983:, p. 176 11982: 11977: 11975: 11968:, p. 175 11967: 11962: 11960: 11958: 11950: 11946: 11943: 11939: 11935: 11932: 11928: 11924: 11921: 11917: 11913: 11910: 11907: 11901: 11895:, p. 196 11894: 11889: 11882: 11876: 11869: 11864: 11858:, p. 27) 11857: 11851: 11845:, p. 186 11844: 11839: 11823: 11819: 11812: 11804: 11802:0-226-68532-2 11798: 11794: 11790: 11789: 11784: 11778: 11776: 11774: 11767: 11766: 11761: 11756: 11740: 11736: 11732: 11728: 11724: 11723: 11718: 11711: 11704: 11698: 11691: 11686: 11684: 11682: 11680: 11678: 11661: 11657: 11653: 11647: 11631: 11627: 11621: 11613: 11611:1-877761-50-8 11607: 11603: 11596: 11588: 11586:0-19-507993-0 11582: 11578: 11574: 11573: 11565: 11563: 11561: 11559: 11557: 11555: 11548: 11543: 11541: 11539: 11537: 11532: 11506: 11500: 11491: 11484: 11432: 11423: 11416: 11405:VoQS ⟨ 11402: 11395: 11391: 11383: 11375: 11361: 11328: 11315: 11298: 11291: 11277: 11238: 11232: 11223: 11209:⟩ for 11202: 11195: 11189: 11172: 11161: 11153: 11143: 11130: 11123: 11117: 11108: 11104: 11100: 11092: 11085: 11028: 11019: 10984: 10976: 10975: 10970: 10966:For example, 10963: 10950: 10919: 10897: 10895: 10887: 10883: 10879: 10868: 10866: 10857: 10853: 10849: 10845: 10839: 10831: 10830: 10821: 10813: 10797: 10787: 10778: 10769: 10760: 10751: 10742: 10736: 10730: 10724: 10722: 10721: 10714: 10710: 10707:For example, 10704: 10697: 10695: 10678: 10677: 10670: 10663: 10662: 10656: 10645: 10639: 10629: 10622: 10618: 10617:click letters 10614: 10610: 10604: 10597: 10596: 10588: 10584: 10579: 10570: 10561: 10552: 10543: 10528: 10521: 10514: 10512: 10506: 10504: 10498: 10497:alveolar flap 10494: 10490: 10484: 10475: 10468: 10462: 10455: 10452:, which is a 10443: 10439: 10435: 10431: 10427: 10417: 10413: 10402: 10399: 10396: 10393: 10390: 10387: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10366:Yakut scripts 10363: 10360: 10357: 10354: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10310: 10307: 10304: 10301: 10298: 10295: 10292: 10289: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10277: 10270: 10268: 10264: 10260: 10256: 10252: 10248: 10244: 10234: 10220: 10211: 10209: 10205: 10201: 10195: 10185: 10183: 10174: 10172: 10168: 10167:Lucida Grande 10164: 10159: 10157: 10153: 10149: 10145: 10136: 10134: 10130: 10125: 10123: 10119: 10117: 10113: 10109: 10105: 10100: 10098: 10093: 10089: 10086:developed by 10085: 10081: 10077: 10073: 10063: 10061: 10049:The sequence 10047: 10038: 10035: 10029: 10019: 10017: 10013: 10009: 10005: 10001: 9997: 9993: 9989: 9985: 9980: 9965: 9963: 9962: 9957: 9953: 9949: 9943: 9934: 9927: 9921: 9917: 9913: 9909: 9905: 9898: 9888: 9886: 9878: 9858: 9846: 9826: 9798: 9778: 9773: 9764: 9761: 9753: 9744: 9729: 9727: 9703: 9695: 9686: 9684: 9680: 9672: 9664: 9656: 9648: 9639: 9631: 9629: 9625: 9622:⟩ for 9613: 9609: 9596: 9594: 9550: 9546: 9542: 9538: 9521: 9516: 9509: 9502: 9490: 9486: 9482: 9478: 9471: 9455: 9447: 9443: 9426: 9368: 9319:A, E, O, Ɨ, U 9267: 9257: 9240: 9236: 9233: 9229: 9225: 9221: 9220: 9219: 9217: 9188: 9184: 9176: 9169: 9168: 9163:⫽ˈniːl~nɛl+t⫽ 9152: 9147: 9146: 9134: 9129: 9128: 9120: 9116: 9111: 9110: 9102: 9097: 9096: 9092: 9088: 9083: 9082: 9078: 9073: 9072: 9064: 9055: 9054: 9046: 9039: 9034: 9033: 9029: 9025: 9022: 9018: 9013: 9012: 9011: 9003: 8995: 8993: 8988: 8986: 8982: 8978: 8973: 8969: 8965: 8956: 8951: 8941: 8939: 8935: 8927: 8919: 8915: 8895: 8892: 8888: 8880: 8872: 8861: 8858: 8854: 8847: 8843: 8832: 8831:barred lambda 8828: 8827: 8826: 8823: 8817: 8776: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8753: 8723: 8718: 8703: 8697: 8681: 8674: 8668: 8663: 8656: 8653: 8646: 8636: 8635:Shilha Berber 8623: 8604: 8570: 8560: 8557:e ẽ᪻ ẽ ẽ̃᪻ ẽ̃ 8553: 8541: 8537: 8533: 8530: 8527: 8523: 8520: 8512: 8509: 8505: 8498: 8494: 8482: 8478: 8475: 8472: 8468: 8454: 8450: 8447: 8446: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8436: 8411: 8404: 8397: 8394: 8388: 8381: 8374: 8371: 8370: 8369: 8367: 8363: 8359: 8355: 8341: 8338: 8332: 8331:prosodic unit 8326: 8316: 8301: 8279: 8270: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8234: 8228: 8223: 8221: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8208: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8176: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8144: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8112: 8108: 8105: 8102: 8099: 8095: 8092: 8091: 8085: 8069: 8017: 8006:ˉ ˊ ˋ ˆ ˇ ˜ ˙ 8001: 7993: 7991: 7990:contour tones 7986: 7984: 7980: 7968: 7939: 7930: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7910: 7900: 7898: 7870: 7861: 7854: 7832: 7818: 7810: 7800: 7764: 7759: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7734: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7709: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7684: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7659: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7634: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7609: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7584: 7581: 7577: 7569: 7562: 7555: 7554: 7550: 7545: 7542: 7537: 7534: 7529: 7528: 7525:High-falling 7524: 7519: 7516: 7511: 7508: 7503: 7502: 7498: 7493: 7490: 7485: 7482: 7477: 7476: 7472: 7467: 7464: 7459: 7456: 7451: 7450: 7445: 7434: 7432: 7427: 7424: 7423: 7415: 7412: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7397: 7396: 7391: 7388: 7385: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7370: 7369: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7344: 7343: 7338: 7334: 7328: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7312: 7303: 7302: 7299: 7296: 7291: 7290: 7286: 7281: 7278: 7273: 7269: 7260: 7254: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7237: 7232: 7231: 7226: 7223: 7209: 7204: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7183:, intensity, 7182: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7156: 7154: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7138: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7128: 7127: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7117: 7116: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7102: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7092: 7091: 7088: 7084: 7083:breathy voice 7081: 7079: 7077: 7076: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7066:Open glottis 7065: 7064: 7058: 7056: 7052: 7047: 7033: 6998: 6989: 6974: 6966: 6960: 6958: 6953: 6950: 6949: 6941: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6912: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6890: 6887: 6879: 6874: 6872: 6864: 6859: 6858: 6855: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6841: 6831: 6820: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6806: 6803: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6774: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6752: 6741: 6736: 6732:/ less spread 6731: 6722: 6717: 6716: 6711: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6689: 6680: 6672: 6667: 6659: 6651: 6646: 6645: 6642: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6613: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6591: 6588: 6580: 6575: 6573: 6565: 6560: 6559: 6556: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6527: 6521: 6516: 6515: 6512: 6497: 6489: 6484: 6483: 6478: 6475: 6474:Creaky voiced 6472: 6467: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6446: 6440: 6435: 6434: 6431: 6416: 6408: 6403: 6402: 6397: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6380: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6352: 6349: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6334: 6333:Nasal release 6331: 6326: 6321: 6320: 6317: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6288: 6283: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6261: 6258: 6250: 6245: 6243: 6235: 6230: 6229: 6224: 6221: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6207: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6181: 6173: 6165: 6137: 6131: 6129: 6109: 6105: 6097: 6089: 6088: 6087: 6086: 6082: 6060: 6051: 6049: 6048:rounded vowel 6044: 6042: 6037: 6035: 6031: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6004: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5991: 5980: 5964: 5957: 5944: 5937: 5931: 5915: 5908: 5906: 5902: 5899: 5893: 5886: 5873: 5866: 5864: 5860: 5853: 5837: 5830: 5824: 5808: 5801: 5795: 5779: 5772: 5770: 5766: 5759: 5743: 5736: 5730: 5723: 5717: 5701: 5694: 5692: 5688: 5681: 5665: 5658: 5652: 5636: 5629: 5623: 5607: 5600: 5598: 5594: 5587: 5573: 5571: 5565: 5549: 5542: 5540: 5536: 5529: 5513: 5506: 5500: 5484: 5477: 5471: 5455: 5443: 5441: 5437: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5411: 5405: 5401: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5378: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5329: 5328: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5300: 5289: 5283: 5274: 5267: 5260: 5253: 5247: 5239: 5232: 5230: 5223: 5211: 5204: 5196: 5190: 5183: 5176: 5172: 5163: 5162:Labial–uvular 5157: 5150: 5144: 5132: 5125: 5113: 5106: 5094: 5087: 5080: 5074: 5068: 5060: 5054: 5046: 5040: 5033: 5027: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4976: 4962: 4955: 4944: 4930: 4922: 4915: 4906: 4899: 4892: 4885: 4875: 4870: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4846: 4843: 4839: 4836: 4832: 4829: 4825: 4822: 4818: 4815: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4800: 4797: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4772: 4769: 4765: 4762: 4758: 4755: 4751: 4748: 4744: 4741: 4737: 4734: 4730: 4727: 4723: 4720: 4716: 4713: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4698: 4695: 4691: 4688: 4684: 4681: 4677: 4674: 4670: 4667: 4663: 4660: 4656: 4653: 4649: 4646: 4642: 4639: 4635: 4633:Non-sibilant 4631: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4607: 4604: 4600: 4597: 4593: 4590: 4586: 4583: 4579: 4576: 4572: 4569: 4565: 4562: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4539: 4535: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4476: 4473: 4472: 4469: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4431: 4428:but pulmonic 4427: 4415: 4404: 4400: 4398: 4389:ƥ, ƭ, ƈ, ƙ, ʠ 4386: 4382: 4380: 4368: 4363:k͡ǀ, ɡ͡ǀ, q͡ǀ 4359: 4358: 4357: 4356: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4330: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4320: 4318: 4317: 4310: 4307: 4303: 4300: 4296: 4293: 4289: 4286: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4262: 4260: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4246: 4243: 4239: 4236: 4232: 4229: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4205: 4200: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4068: 4065: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4048: 4046: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4013: 4010: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3993: 3991: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3958: 3955: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3938: 3936: 3927: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3883: 3880: 3876: 3873: 3869: 3866: 3862: 3859: 3855: 3852: 3848: 3845: 3841: 3838: 3834: 3831: 3827: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3810: 3806: 3803: 3799: 3796: 3792: 3789: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3765: 3763: 3758: 3754: 3751: 3744: 3737: 3730: 3723: 3716: 3709: 3702: 3695: 3688: 3680: 3677: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3618: 3614: 3611: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3587: 3584: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3569: 3564: 3563: 3562: 3561: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3535: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3522: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3480: 3477: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3462: 3459: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3337: 3334: 3330: 3327: 3323: 3320: 3316: 3313: 3309: 3306: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3291: 3288: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3252: 3249: 3245: 3242: 3238: 3235: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3216: 3213: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3198: 3195: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3172: 3169: 3165: 3163: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3121: 3118: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3103: 3100: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3089: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2963: 2959: 2956: 2952: 2949: 2945: 2942: 2938: 2935: 2931: 2928: 2924: 2921: 2917: 2914: 2910: 2907: 2903: 2900: 2896: 2893: 2889: 2886: 2882: 2879: 2875: 2872: 2868: 2865: 2861: 2858: 2854: 2851: 2847: 2844: 2840: 2837: 2833: 2830: 2826: 2823: 2819: 2816: 2812: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2777: 2774: 2770: 2767: 2763: 2760: 2756: 2753: 2749: 2746: 2742: 2739: 2735: 2732: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2686: 2683: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2669: 2665: 2662: 2658: 2655: 2651: 2648: 2644: 2641: 2637: 2634: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2619: 2616: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2601: 2598: 2594: 2591: 2587: 2584: 2580: 2577: 2573: 2570: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2544: 2541: 2537: 2534: 2530: 2527: 2523: 2520: 2516: 2513: 2509: 2506: 2502: 2499: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2484: 2481: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2457: 2454: 2450: 2447: 2443: 2440: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2366: 2362: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2338: 2334: 2331: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2295: 2285: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2260: 2254: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2219: 2217: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2157:Gbe languages 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2136: 2126: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2104: 2102: 2094: 2092: 2079:for IPA and 2074: 2073: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2058: 2053: 2052: 2047: 2043: 2028: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1989: 1987: 1973: 1969: 1961: 1957: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1929: 1928:international 1924: 1920: 1917: 1913: 1906: 1896: 1890: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1870: 1866: 1864: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1830: 1826: 1820: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1795: 1791: 1780: 1779: 1772: 1751: 1744: 1729: 1705: 1698: 1694: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1655: 1653: 1652:screen reader 1649: 1641: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1607: 1602: 1595: 1594: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1584: 1581:are used for 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1548: 1546: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1529: 1505: 1499: 1496:are used for 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1463: 1461: 1460: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1427: 1426: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1399: 1391: 1388: 1383: 1382: 1378: 1365: 1362: 1357: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1341: 1336: 1335: 1331: 1328: 1327: 1324: 1300: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1265: 1260: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1207:musical scale 1204: 1200: 1184: 1152: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1135: 1121: 1113: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1001: 997: 970: 962: 958: 946: 945:small capital 942: 931: 922: 918: 917: 883: 863: 856: 848: 844: 840: 820: 816: 813: 805: 802: 798: 790: 789: 788: 785: 783: 781: 773: 767: 759: 755: 754:question mark 747: 743: 739: 735: 727: 710: 701: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 666: 648: 627: 619: 607: 598: 593: 585: 579: 552: 548: 547: 546: 544: 534: 532: 528: 524: 520: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 497: 496:, and Passy. 495: 491: 487: 483: 476: 465: 461: 455: 449: 445: 440: 435: 431: 425: 415: 413: 409: 403: 398:; therefore, 397: 390: 386: 382: 378: 375:Segments are 373: 372:may be used. 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 342:oral language 339: 335: 331: 326: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 267: 259: 255: 251: 249: 246: 232: 220: 216: 214: 210: 203: 200: 199: 194: 191: 190:Unicode range 186: 183: 179: 158: 157: 156: 153: 152: 151: 147: 144: 143: 142: 139: 138: 137: 134: 133: 132: 129: 128: 127: 124: 123: 122: 119: 118: 117: 113: 107: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 76: 73: 66: 62: 55: 50: 44: 41: 37: 33: 29: 22: 24159:Palaeography 23878: 23783: 23651: 23606:Romanization 23585:Latin script 23039:Thai and Lao 22716:Scandinavian 22348:1829 braille 22340:Braille cell 22140:Cypro-Minoan 22006:Pahawh Hmong 21919:Sitelen Pona 21883:Hindu-Arabic 21216:Mundari Bani 21143: 20790:Pahawh Hmong 20599:Tamil-Brahmi 20505:Eveyla Akuru 20500:Dhives Akuru 19967:Paleo-Hebrew 19834: 19770:undeciphered 19670:West Frisian 19457:Massachusett 18955:Prepositions 18924: 18854: 18131:Labial–velar 18081: 18068:Labial–velar 17989:Labial–velar 17926:Labial–velar 17872: 17418:(top: velar; 17045: 17025: 15452: 15319: 15315: 15258: 15182: 15159: 15132: 15128: 15103: 15099: 15068: 15039: 15035: 15031: 15009:(2): 71–80. 15006: 15002: 14966: 14935: 14923:. Retrieved 14887: 14867: 14847: 14829: 14806:(2): 67–80. 14803: 14799: 14767: 14744:. Retrieved 14735: 14726: 14714:. Retrieved 14705: 14696: 14684:. Retrieved 14675: 14666: 14657: 14648: 14639: 14630: 14621: 14612: 14603: 14594: 14582:. Retrieved 14568: 14556:. Retrieved 14542: 14529: 14517:. Retrieved 14503: 14491: 14478: 14467: 14457: 14443: 14431: 14418: 14393: 14389: 14383: 14370: 14351: 14345: 14333: 14321:. Retrieved 14312: 14302: 14283: 14277: 14265:. Retrieved 14255: 14248: 14236:. Retrieved 14209: 14205: 14195: 14176: 14170: 14158:. Retrieved 14122: 14114: 14102: 14090:. Retrieved 14080: 14073: 14060: 14048:. Retrieved 14039: 14029: 14021: 14016: 14006:17 September 14004:. Retrieved 13983: 13973:17 September 13971:. Retrieved 13950: 13942: 13922:. Retrieved 13909: 13897:. Retrieved 13876: 13849: 13845: 13835: 13823: 13814: 13802:. Retrieved 13769: 13765: 13755: 13743: 13731:. Retrieved 13711: 13704: 13692:. Retrieved 13672: 13665: 13653: 13634: 13628: 13605: 13599: 13590: 13584: 13572:. Retrieved 13562: 13552: 13533:, p. 14 13526: 13509: 13505: 13472: 13460:. Retrieved 13427: 13423: 13413: 13394: 13385: 13366: 13360: 13348: 13322:, p. 76 13315: 13310:, p. 23 13303: 13298:, p. 13 13291: 13279:. Retrieved 13246: 13242: 13233: 13213:, p. 10 13206: 13194: 13182:. Retrieved 13149: 13145: 13135: 13123: 13111:. Retrieved 13078: 13074: 13064: 13052: 13040: 13035:, p. 9) 13027: 13015: 12995: 12985: 12980:, p. 18 12973: 12961: 12956:, p. 3) 12948: 12938:29 September 12936:. Retrieved 12923:Language Log 12921: 12908: 12896:. Retrieved 12892:the original 12876: 12869: 12859:29 September 12857:. Retrieved 12853:the original 12843: 12831:. Retrieved 12822: 12812: 12800: 12795:, p. 17 12788: 12769: 12763: 12742: 12734: 12722:. Retrieved 12718:the original 12708: 12696:. Retrieved 12692:the original 12682: 12670:. Retrieved 12662:Language Log 12661: 12638:17 September 12636:. Retrieved 12624: 12592:. Retrieved 12588:the original 12578: 12566:. Retrieved 12562:the original 12551: 12539:. Retrieved 12535:the original 12525: 12513:. Retrieved 12509:the original 12499: 12487:. Retrieved 12473: 12448: 12444: 12438: 12413: 12407: 12397: 12385: 12373:. Retrieved 12335: 12331: 12318: 12306: 12271: 12262: 12242: 12235: 12208: 12202: 12183: 12177: 12165: 12146: 12140: 12113: 12104: 12097: 12078: 12072: 12064: 12059: 12034: 12030: 12024: 12012: 12000: 11988: 11900: 11888: 11875: 11863: 11850: 11838: 11828:17 September 11826:. Retrieved 11822:the original 11811: 11787: 11763: 11755: 11743:. Retrieved 11726: 11720: 11710: 11697: 11664:. Retrieved 11655: 11646: 11634:. Retrieved 11630:the original 11620: 11601: 11595: 11575:. New York: 11571: 11504: 11499: 11490: 11482: 11431: 11422: 11415:nasalization 11401: 11393: 11389: 11388:⟩ to 11381: 11380:⟩ to 11373: 11360: 11327: 11314: 11297: 11289: 11276: 11231: 11222: 11201: 11188: 11171: 11159: 11142: 11129: 11121: 11116: 11098: 11091:Pe Maung Tin 11084: 11027: 11018: 10983: 10972: 10962: 10949: 10881: 10850:and English 10843: 10838: 10828: 10820: 10796: 10786: 10777: 10768: 10759: 10750: 10716: 10712: 10703: 10692: 10674: 10669: 10659: 10655: 10643: 10638: 10628: 10620: 10608: 10603: 10593: 10578: 10569: 10560: 10551: 10542: 10533:and laminal 10520: 10510: 10502: 10493:articulation 10483: 10474: 10466: 10461: 10437: 10426:postalveolar 10416: 10266: 10254: 10250: 10246: 10242: 10240: 10217: 10197: 10180: 10160: 10142: 10128: 10126: 10120: 10101: 10072:Gentium Plus 10069: 10060:Web browsers 10057: 10031: 10012:extended IPA 9982: 9959: 9950: 9935: 9928: 9919: 9915: 9903: 9900: 9891:Symbol names 9884: 9876: 9856: 9844: 9824: 9774: 9770: 9751: 9735: 9693: 9687: 9678: 9640: 9637: 9627: 9623: 9611: 9607: 9597: 9522: 9514: 9507: 9500: 9488: 9484: 9480: 9476: 9469: 9445: 9441: 9427: 9268: 9244: 9201: 9186: 9182: 9009: 9001: 8989: 8976: 8961: 8925: 8923: 8917: 8913: 8890: 8824: 8777: 8773: 8766:Click letter 8719: 8704: 8676: 8662: 8654: 8647: 8624: 8605: 8566: 8549: 8518: 8477:Nasalization 8443: 8437: 8418: 8409: 8402: 8395: 8386: 8379: 8372: 8361: 8356: 8334: 8327: 8307: 8271: 8268: 8070: 8018: 8002: 7994: 7987: 7982: 7966: 7931: 7926: 7918: 7912: 7862: 7838: 7809:stress marks 7806: 7770: 7762: 7567: 7551:Mid-falling 7421: 7420: 7357: 7345: 7205: 7200: 7162: 7150: 7134:creaky voice 7086: 7048: 7029: 6997: 6988: 6947: 6946: 6511:Linguolabial 6257:Non-syllabic 6135: 6132: 6126: 6084: 6083: 6057: 6045: 6038: 6033: 6030:vowel height 6027: 5409: 5404:X-ray photos 5335: 5326: 5325: 5278:Labial–velar 5228: 5215:Labial–velar 5136:Labial–velar 5073:Labial–velar 5006: 4440: 4396: 4378: 4366: 4354: 4353: 3929:(top: velar; 3640:of Africa), 3627: 3580: 3566: 3559: 3558: 2317: 2302: 2282: 2273: 2263: 2256: 2240: 2236: 2225: 2215: 2209: 2171:of northern 2138: 2110: 2096: 2088: 2070: 2055: 2049: 2048:such as the 2039: 2031:Dictionaries 2013: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1983: 1976:/ˈpik,ˈpiːk/ 1971: 1967: 1959: 1955: 1952: 1935: 1933: 1927: 1915: 1911: 1908: 1876: 1874: 1861: 1859: 1855:tone letters 1851:lateral flap 1834: 1828: 1803: 1797: 1777: 1775: 1749: 1742: 1732: 1707: 1703: 1660: 1656: 1654:technology. 1647: 1639: 1633: 1586: 1574:Diaphonology 1532: 1501: 1423:Description 1408: 1406: 1397: 1322: 1283:phonemically 1282: 1278: 1274: 1227: 1211: 1199:tone letters 1148: 1136: 1115: 1114:, is as in 1107: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 996:Latin script 993: 955:⟩ in 929: 854: 849:and ⟨ 846: 842: 800: 786: 777: 746:glottal stop 731: 728:for details. 704:Letter forms 667: 646: 603: 540: 521: 498: 494:Daniel Jones 463: 459: 436:(in French, 427: 404: 374: 366:cleft palate 340:) sounds in 327: 291:Latin script 278: 274: 272: 242: 225:and ⟨ 212: 207: 195: 136:Latin script 70:– partially 40: 24100:ISO/IEC 646 24026:Pentagraphs 24008:Tetragraphs 23893:Multigraphs 23538:RoboBraille 23362:Róża Czacka 23302:Perforation 23099:Independent 22997:(Bhutanese) 22732:Greenlandic 22403:Azerbaijani 22205:Jindai moji 22094:Syllabaries 22065:SignWriting 21965:Celtiberian 21867:Hieroglyphs 21670:Seal script 21655:Traditional 21527:Blissymbols 21432:Warang Citi 21407:Tolong Siki 21360:Marcomannic 21340:Dalecarlian 21330:Anglo-Saxon 21310:Pau Cin Hau 21201:Medefaidrin 21154:Merovingian 21114:Blackletter 21022:Asomtavruli 20815:Warang Citi 20624:Ulu scripts 20569:New Tai Lue 20512:Mon–Burmese 20366:Bhattiprolu 20194:Nandinagari 20021:ʾEsṭrangēlā 19780:constructed 19400:Limburgish 19281:Greenlandic 19158:New Zealand 19091:Northern Wu 18945:Determiners 18925:Phonologies 18910:Phonologies 18093:approximant 18028:approximant 16352:Approximant 15421:IPA Braille 15399:Kirshenbaum 14759:Works cited 14706:Google Help 13899:20 November 13828:Esling 2010 13479:, p. 7 13353:Esling 2010 13057:Esling 2010 12968:, p. 6 12688:"Phonetics" 12594:20 November 12568:20 November 12541:20 November 12515:20 November 12489:20 November 12390:Esling 2010 11791:. Chicago: 11636:20 November 11455:, reversed 11376:), ⟨ 10791:databases". 10683:‎ as 10587:backslashes 10131:, based on 10022:IPA numbers 9908:nonce names 9777:roundedness 9626:(high) and 9518:/laSˈmanoS/ 9436:}; ⟨ 9369:}, ⟨ 9367:nasal vowel 9185:instead of 8750:p⁽ʰ⁾ tʰ kʰʰ 8540:harsh voice 8066:e˥ e˦ e˨ e˩ 8010:ˍ ˏ ˎ ꞈ ˬ ˷ 7979:tone sandhi 7923:pitch reset 7909:tone letter 7499:Low-rising 7473:Mid-rising 7457:Extra high 7387:Global fall 7377:Global rise 7340:Intonation 7298:Extra-short 7123:stiff voice 7112:modal voice 7098:slack voice 6802:Palatalized 6626:Centralized 6174:), ⟨ 6166:), ⟨ 5240:approximant 5175:approximant 5016:vocal tract 4454:ʧ, ʤ 4426:glottalized 2977:Approximant 2313:oral cavity 2272:pathway of 2233:Nico Castel 1980:/ˈpɪk,ˈpik/ 1794:IPA Braille 1679:and script 1583:diaphonemic 1579:Backslashes 1364:Parentheses 1203:pitch trace 949:ɢ ʜ ʟ ɴ ʀ ʁ 878:ɔ ɟ ɥ ɯ ʌ ʎ 577:in English. 569:represents 537:Description 490:Henry Sweet 377:transcribed 323:translators 79:Time period 64:Script type 24174:Categories 24154:Diacritics 23090:(obsolete) 23071:(obsolete) 22863:(Pakistan) 22774:Belarusian 22656:Vietnamese 22599:Portuguese 22585:Philippine 22542:Lithuanian 22195:Hentaigana 22190:Man'yōgana 21650:Simplified 21537:Ersu Shaba 21451:Non-linear 21256:Old Uyghur 21246:Old Permic 21241:Old Italic 21174:Visigothic 21109:Beneventan 21044:Glagolitic 21007:Gadabuursi 20671:Kolezhuthu 20666:Vatteluttu 20604:Tanchangya 20527:Saurashtra 20104:Devanagari 19962:Phoenician 19915:Manichaean 19660:Vietnamese 19531:Ripuarian 19522:Portuguese 19432:Macedonian 19411:Lithuanian 19321:Hindustani 19148:Australian 19101:Historical 19048:Belarusian 18940:Adjectives 18844:full chart 18370:Near-close 18164:full chart 18086:(variable) 17856:full chart 17339:affricate 17015:full chart 16644:affricate 15444:Consonants 15416:IPA number 15278:IPA topics 14746:8 December 14640:typeit.org 14537:, endnote. 14338:Laver 1994 14227:1885/64247 14050:18 October 13341:Roach 1989 13320:Roach 1989 12898:25 January 12118:Roach 1989 12037:(4): 278. 11522:References 11384:, ⟨ 11239:. ⟨ 11194:Laver 1994 10969:"Balearic" 10687:תּוֹכְנִית 10633:keyboards. 10231:und-fonipa 10104:Noto fonts 10080:Doulos SIL 10076:Charis SIL 10066:Free fonts 10032:After the 10028:IPA number 9732:Consonants 9692:⟩. 9473:/eNreˈxaR/ 9454:homorganic 9448:; ⟨ 9091:wanderwort 8944:Extensions 8910: ᶘ ᶚ 8808:ǀ, ǃ, ǁ, ǂ 8804:ʇ, ʗ, ʖ, ʞ 8788:ʧ ʤ 8752:⟩. 8702:⟩. 8671:See also: 8559:⟩. 8471:aspiration 8439:Delimiters 8378:'blood ', 8354:⟩. 8068:⟩. 7907:See also: 7799:⟩. 7631:Half-high 7563:Extra low 7287:Half-long 7272:long vowel 7193:intonation 7105:Sweet spot 6787:Labialized 6180:compressed 6178:⟩ ( 6128:Diacritics 6059:Diphthongs 6054:Diphthongs 6013:full chart 5539:Near-close 5381:See also: 5311:full chart 5233:(variable) 4987:full chart 4442:Affricates 4437:Affricates 4395:⟩, 4377:⟩, 4365:⟩, 4339:full chart 3666:Amerindian 3658:Vietnamese 3642:implosives 3568:obstruents 3544:full chart 2292:See also: 2288:Consonants 2278:affricates 2251:See also: 2060:, now use 1966:, so that 1846:epiglottal 1663:allographs 1617:Graphemics 1504:set theory 1433:Phonetics 1299:allophones 760:, ⟨ 748:, ⟨ 698:intonation 678:diacritics 670:consonants 430:Paul Passy 385:diacritics 350:intonation 285:system of 283:alphabetic 24093:Standards 23985:Trigraphs 23673:Letters ( 23626:Alphabets 23616:Ligatures 23506:Vibratese 23485:Moon type 23478:Decapoint 23159:Eight-dot 23112:Cantonese 23061:Reordered 23024:Inuktitut 22913:Malayalam 22823:Ukrainian 22802:Mongolian 22781:Bulgarian 22744:Norwegian 22709:Icelandic 22500:Hungarian 22458:Esperanto 22410:Cantonese 21994:Redundant 21806:Anatolian 21757:Cuneiform 21685:bird-worm 21621:Logograms 21592:Testerian 21506:Ideograms 21483:Moon type 21370:Staveless 21261:Mongolian 21206:Molodtsov 21164:Sütterlin 21032:Mkhedruli 20898:Bassa Vah 20848:Alphabets 20820:Mwangwego 20785:Mwangwego 20760:Kharosthi 20713:Blackfoot 20676:Malayanma 20547:Sundanese 20542:Sukhothai 20490:Malayalam 20441:Khom Thai 20401:Goykanadi 20325:Tocharian 20278:ʼPhags-pa 20149:Khudabadi 20094:Bhaiksuki 19989:Samaritan 19920:Nabataean 19775:inventors 19650:Ukrainian 19557:Sardinian 19535:Colognian 19492:Old Saxon 19477:Norwegian 19442:Maldivian 19386:Latgalian 19331:Icelandic 19326:Hungarian 19314:Samaritan 19195:Esperanto 19081:Cantonese 19058:Bulgarian 19026:Levantine 18998:Afrikaans 18694:Near-open 18428:Close-mid 18112:Implosive 18105:Velarized 18024:Fricative 17776:Voiceless 17716:Implosive 17265:Fricative 17198:Affricate 17032:voiceless 16084:fricative 16082:Sibilant 15840:affricate 15487:Laryngeal 15377:Encodings 15023:145791575 14820:249412330 14736:App Store 14558:18 August 14519:18 August 14472:L2/24-080 14206:Ampersand 13924:14 August 13868:232344118 13794:224808983 13786:0020-7071 13512:: 24–27. 13494:əsistiməv 13452:144897531 13444:0025-1003 13430:(2): 31. 13271:249405404 13263:0025-1003 13166:1607-3614 13095:0025-1003 12672:3 January 12465:144408497 12340:CiteSeerX 12338:(1): 67. 12051:0269-9206 11527:Footnotes 11093:(1924). " 10944:⟩. 10878:downdrift 10852:linking r 10733:does not 10720:pince-nez 10681:תָּכְנִית 10679:respells 10467:different 10442:aspirated 10227:en-fonipa 10041:Typefaces 9675:𝼊 9667:𝼈 9608:Konsonant 9515:las manos 9513:, → ; or 9506:, → , vs 9464:and flap 8970:. At the 8852:⟩. 8567:As noted 8508:ejectives 8458:"mouth", 8449:Rhoticity 8408:'town ', 8401:'sheet', 8385:'edge ', 8280:(⟨ 8278:word tone 8093:Register 7975:꜒ ꜓ ꜔ ꜕ ꜖ 7971:˥ ˦ ˧ ˨ ˩ 7681:Half-low 7382:↘︎ 7372:↗︎ 7175:, pitch, 7072:voiceless 7055:phonation 7032:descender 6983:⟩. 6973:sonorants 6940:Rhoticity 6925:Nasalized 6908:y꭫ 6903:◌꭫ 6898:y꭪ 6893:◌꭪ 6819:Velarized 6415:Voiceless 6301:Aspirated 6118:⟩. 5863:Near-open 5597:Close-mid 5259:Implosive 5252:Velarized 5171:Fricative 4450:ligatures 4430:sonorants 4385:voiceless 4375:ǀ, ǀ̬, ǀ̃ 4259:Voiceless 4199:Implosive 3824:Fricative 3662:ejectives 3600:phonation 3582:sonorants 2709:fricative 2707:Sibilant 2358:Laryngeal 2229:librettos 2044:and some 2010:Linguists 1946:, or in 1630:graphemes 1256:the IPA. 1214:Diacritic 1140:retroflex 1078:, though 861:⟩. 839:ligatures 812:implosion 797:retroflex 533:in 1994. 517:typefaces 412:IPA chart 354:syllables 311:linguists 91:Used for 88:Languages 23902:Digraphs 23142:Japanese 23003:Georgian 22995:Dzongkha 22981:Armenian 22899:Gujarati 22764:Cyrillic 22695:Estonian 22670:Yugoslav 22606:Romanian 22578:Nigerian 22493:Hawaiian 22479:Ghanaian 22396:Albanian 22257:Sumerian 22222:Linear B 22185:Katakana 22180:Hiragana 22130:Cherokee 22060:ASLwrite 22021:Bopomofo 21876:Numerals 21862:Hieratic 21821:Isthmian 21790:Sumerian 21770:Assyrian 21765:Akkadian 21422:Vithkuqi 21397:Tifinagh 21365:Medieval 21320:Pisidian 21315:Phrygian 21286:Vagindra 21231:Ol Chiki 21139:Interlac 21094:Kayah Li 21084:Jenticha 21039:Veso Bey 21027:Nuskhuri 21017:Georgian 20987:Formosan 20982:Etruscan 20977:Enochian 20933:Cyrillic 20918:Coelbren 20876:Armenian 20775:Meroitic 20765:Mandombe 20755:Jenticha 20619:Tigalari 20584:Tai Viet 20579:Tai Tham 20559:Tagbanwa 20411:Javanese 20361:Baybayin 20351:Balinese 20339:Southern 20234:Pracalit 20229:Pachumol 20204:Bhujimol 20164:Mahajani 20124:Gurmukhi 20114:Gujarati 20082:Northern 20062:Abugidas 20043:Ugaritic 20031:Maḏnḥāyā 19905:Tifinagh 19898:Solitreo 19836:Numerals 19749:Grapheme 19737:Overview 19547:Romanian 19356:Japanese 19309:Tiberian 19304:Biblical 19291:Hawaiian 19286:Gujarati 19249:Standard 19241:Galician 19229:Parisian 19200:Estonian 19131:Standard 19076:Mandarin 19072:Chinese 19036:Tunisian 19031:Moroccan 19016:Egyptian 18988:Acehnese 18960:Pronouns 18935:Grammars 18855:Legend: 18849:template 18828:IPA help 18600:Open-mid 18169:template 18159:IPA help 18135:Ejective 18107:alveolar 17861:template 17840:IPA help 17131:Ejective 17020:template 16999:IPA help 16437:Tap/flap 15837:Sibilant 15520:Alveolar 15129:Language 15100:Language 15088:18415701 15066:(1988). 15036:Language 14919:Archived 14915:60269763 14845:(1996). 14740:Archived 14716:28 April 14710:Archived 14686:28 April 14680:Archived 14584:30 April 14578:Archived 14552:Archived 14513:Archived 14455:(1926). 14410:14438770 14317:Archived 14261:Archived 14232:Archived 14212:: 1–18. 14154:Archived 14086:Archived 14044:Archived 13997:Archived 13964:Archived 13890:Archived 13798:Archived 13727:Archived 13688:Archived 13568:Archived 13563:Language 13560:(1933). 13518:44704341 13456:Archived 13393:(1995). 13275:Archived 13178:Archived 13107:Archived 13103:46194815 12932:Archived 12827:Archived 12698:11 March 12666:Archived 12629:Archived 12483:Archived 12430:14350438 12366:Archived 12362:36426880 12298:58518097 11945:Archived 11934:Archived 11923:Archived 11912:Archived 11739:Archived 11735:44701189 11666:24 April 11660:Archived 11505:Handbook 11469:⟩ 11465:⟨ 11461:⟩ 11457:⟨ 11452:⟩ 11448:⟨ 11442:⟩ 11438:⟨ 11192:E.g. in 11164:◌̆ ◌ˑ ◌ː 11160:Handbook 11122:Handbook 11107:44704085 11008:⸾ 10995:⸽ 10934:e˥ e˧ e˩ 10922:e˥ e˧ e˩ 10872:⟨ 10844:Handbook 10842:The IPA 10800:Cf. the 10743:⟩ 10739:⟨ 10731:⟩ 10727:⟨ 10685:⟨ 10644:Handbook 10621:Handbook 10609:Handbook 10273:See also 10171:Hiragino 9920:Handbook 9916:Handbook 9679:Handbook 9673:⟨ 9665:⟨ 9659:ꞎ 9657:⟨ 9651:ᶑ 9649:⟨ 9591:). (See 9523:⟨ 9489:phonemic 9351:Ƈ 9226:and for 9174:⟩ 9170:⟨ 8902:ꞎ 8891:Handbook 8887:⟩ 8885:ꞎ 8883:⟨ 8879:⟩ 8877:ᶑ 8875:⟨ 8846:Karlgren 8833:⟨ 8816:prosodic 8678:include 8555:⟨ 8536:strident 8528:, e.g. . 8519:register 8479:, as in 8413:/linːːɑ/ 8390:/veːːre/ 8366:Estonian 8317:⟨ 8309:⟨ 8109:Dipping 8106:Peaking 8103:Falling 8062:e̋ é è ȅ 8058:e˥ e˧ e˩ 8020:⟨ 8004:⟨ 7983:Handbook 7927:Handbook 7919:Handbook 7913:⟨ 7856:⟨ 7819:⟨ 7811:⟨ 7491:Falling 7414:Downstep 7314:Syllable 7255:(appears 7242:(appears 7238:Primary 7201:Handbook 7087:murmured 6242:Syllabic 6220:Ejective 6136:Handbook 6090:⟨ 6018:template 5997:IPA help 5769:Open-mid 5393:cardinal 5355:⟩ 5334:Swedish 5316:template 5306:IPA help 5282:Ejective 5254:alveolar 4992:template 4982:IPA help 4932:Lateral 4869:Ejective 4543:Sibilant 4538:Pulmonic 4496:Alveolar 4411:⟩ 4407:⟨ 4344:template 4323:IPA help 3757:Ejective 3617:phonemes 3575:(except 3549:template 3528:IPA help 3062:Tap/flap 2391:Alveolar 2305:pulmonic 2270:lenition 2259:pulmonic 2216:Handbook 2087:, as in 2054:and the 1889:⟩ 1885:⟨ 1829:Handbook 1804:Handbook 1776:— 1769:{/f/,/v/ 1695:⟩ 1691:⟨ 1600:⟩ 1596:⟨ 1409:Handbook 1398:Handbook 1347:prosodic 1271:phonemic 1253:phonetic 1230:brackets 961:guttural 817:Several 768:letter ⟨ 647:Handbook 629:⟨ 626:sj-sound 606:phonemes 600:instead. 594:⟩ 590:⟨ 586:⟩ 582:⟨ 478:⟩ 472:⟨ 408:prosodic 358:gnashing 338:prosodic 281:) is an 245:phonetic 223:/ / 219:Help:IPA 97:phonemic 93:phonetic 72:featural 28:Help:IPA 24190:Unicode 24105:Unicode 24074:Colemak 23657:X-SAMPA 23596:History 23047:Tibetan 22988:Burmese 22974:Amharic 22957:(India) 22934:Sinhala 22927:Punjabi 22906:Kannada 22854:Persian 22809:Russian 22749:Swedish 22727:Finnish 22702:Faroese 22677:Zambian 22649:Turkish 22634:Spanish 22557:Maltese 22535:Latvian 22528:Italian 22507:Iñupiaq 22486:Guarani 22446:English 22417:Catalan 22334:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑ 22329:Braille 22212:Kikakui 22150:Eskayan 22135:Cypriot 21985:Dunging 21857:Demotic 21836:Tenevil 21780:Hittite 21775:Elamite 21728:Jurchen 21707:Sawndip 21702:Chữ Nôm 21602:Zapotec 21597:Yerkish 21572:Nsibidi 21557:Miꞌkmaw 21547:Isotype 21517:Adinkra 21458:Braille 21442:Zaghawa 21412:Vellara 21392:Sunuwar 21382:Sidetic 21377:Shavian 21305:Osmanya 21295:Ol Onal 21149:Kurrent 21134:Insular 21124:Fraktur 21099:Klingon 21089:Kaddare 21063:Archaic 20972:Elbasan 20960:Chinook 20950:Deseret 20938:Bosnian 20893:Avoiuli 20881:Avestan 20871:Ariyaka 20800:Tengwar 20698:Bharati 20659:Serawai 20649:Pasemah 20634:Lampung 20589:Lai Tay 20574:Tai Noi 20537:Sinhala 20517:Pallava 20485:Makasar 20473:Lontara 20448:Kulitan 20421:Kannada 20416:Kadamba 20406:Hanunoo 20396:Grantha 20391:Fakkham 20308:Tibetan 20293:Soyombo 20288:Siddhaṃ 20283:Sharada 20259:Litumol 20249:Tirhuta 20239:Ranjana 20224:Kvemmol 20184:Multani 20169:Marchen 20134:Kalinga 20074:Brahmic 20011:Sogdian 19950:Psalter 19930:Pahlavi 19910:Mandaic 19888:Cursive 19873:Elymaic 19844:Aramaic 19675:Yiddish 19640:Turkish 19625:Tagalog 19609:Swedish 19597:Spanish 19582:Slovene 19552:Russian 19512:Persian 19482:Occitan 19462:Medumba 19452:Marathi 19396:Latvian 19376:Kurdish 19366:Konkani 19351:Italian 19336:Ingrian 19295:Hebrew 19269:Ancient 19254:Bernese 19245:German 19225:French 19221:Finnish 19216:Faroese 19143:English 19113:Cornish 19108:Chukchi 19086:Hokkien 19068:Catalan 19063:Burmese 19053:Bengali 19043:Avestan 19007:Arabic 18912:of the 18859:• 18259:Central 18091:Lateral 17932:Plosive 17720:Voiced 17618:lateral 17616:Tenuis 17607: 17337:Lateral 16642:Lateral 15692:Plosive 15555:Glottal 15535:Palatal 15477:Coronal 15394:X-SAMPA 14323:24 June 14267:24 June 14238:12 June 14160:12 June 14092:12 June 13733:24 June 13694:24 June 13174:7138676 13047:, §9.3. 13022:, §2.1. 12625:Unicode 12375:5 April 11906:Unicode 11762:at the 11604:. Pst. 11396:), etc. 11292:, Brill 11095:bɜˑmiːz 10856:clitics 10454:laminal 10401:X-SAMPA 10263:Android 10208:X-SAMPA 10144:Calibri 10129:unitipa 9984:Unicode 9973:Unicode 9912:Unicode 9910:in the 9630:(low). 9520:, → ). 9511:/ˈaΘme/ 9504:/ˈaΘte/ 9470:enrejar 9252:/CGVNᵀ/ 9159:/u/~/ʊ/ 9026:(b) An 8938:X-SAMPA 8466:"crop". 8421:e eˑ eː 8415:'town ' 8406:/linːɑ/ 8392:'roll ' 8383:/veːre/ 8100:Rising 7817:doubled 7465:Rising 7327:Linking 7173:prosody 7051:glottis 6730:rounded 6679:Lowered 6555:Laminal 6106:or the 5428:Central 5238:Lateral 5079:Plosive 4874:Central 4778:Lateral 4531:Glottal 4511:Palatal 4203:Voiced 4101:lateral 4099:Tenuis 3660:), and 3654:Swahili 2563:Plosive 2426:Glottal 2406:Palatal 2348:Coronal 2309:glottis 2247:Letters 2201:Unicode 2165:Lingala 2036:English 1944:Cockney 1808:braille 1800:cursive 1761:{naɪV+z 1753:/naɪvz/ 1291:/ˈspɪn/ 1267:Slashes 1183:Unicode 978:U Ɐ E A 973:ʊ ɤ ɛ ʌ 874:ɐ ə ɹ ʍ 827:n ɲ ɳ ŋ 418:History 389:digraph 381:letters 362:lisping 334:lexical 248:symbols 211:in the 182:Unicode 24069:Dvorak 24064:AZERTY 24059:QWERTZ 24054:QWERTY 23601:Spread 23467:Other 23340:People 23330:Braigo 23149:Korean 23017:Hebrew 22948:Telugu 22847:Arabic 22837:Arabic 22795:Kyrgyz 22788:Kazakh 22722:Danish 22620:Slovak 22613:Samoan 22592:Polish 22571:Navajo 22472:German 22465:French 22332: 22277:Yugtun 22267:Woleai 22217:Kpelle 22200:Sōgana 22120:Byblos 21898:Muisca 21816:Cretan 21785:Luwian 21743:Tangut 21562:Mixtec 21532:Dongba 21437:Yezidi 21427:Wancho 21402:Todhri 21355:Gothic 21335:Cipher 21276:Manchu 21266:Evenki 21251:Orkhon 21196:Manchu 21191:Lydian 21186:Lycian 21129:Gaelic 21079:Hanifi 21074:Hangul 21049:Gothic 20997:Fraser 20992:Fox II 20928:Coptic 20903:Carian 20886:Pazend 20859:Linear 20805:Thaana 20750:Sarati 20691:Others 20654:Rejang 20639:Lembak 20629:Incung 20609:Telugu 20564:Tai Le 20458:Langdi 20381:Chakma 20271:Karani 20244:Tamyig 20219:Kummol 20214:Himmol 20209:Golmol 20189:Nagari 20174:Meitei 20159:Lepcha 20144:Khojki 20129:Kaithi 20016:Syriac 20004:Musnad 19883:Ashuri 19878:Hebrew 19861:Elifba 19856:Arabic 19849:Hatran 19824:Abjads 19655:Uyghur 19587:Somali 19577:Slovak 19517:Polish 19507:Pashto 19502:Ottawa 19487:Ojibwe 19472:Nepali 19467:Navajo 19381:Kyrgyz 19371:Korean 19299:Modern 19260:Greek 19234:Quebec 19188:Middle 19127:Dutch 19123:Danish 19021:Hejazi 18993:Adyghe 18983:Abkhaz 18837: 18235:Vowels 18084:-sound 17849: 17486:Voiced 17424:Tenuis 17028:voiced 17008: 15999:t̠ɹ̠̊˔ 15545:Uvular 15515:Dental 15494:Manner 15482:Dorsal 15472:Labial 15195: 15191:–234. 15168: 15149:414533 15147: 15120:414611 15118: 15086: 15076: 15056:414792 15054: 15021: 14981: 14954: 14950:(hb); 14942: 14925:29 May 14913: 14903: 14874: 14855: 14818: 14790: 14786:(hb); 14778: 14658:GitHub 14622:Github 14408: 14358: 14290: 14183: 14148: 14138: 13866: 13804:3 June 13792: 13784: 13719: 13680: 13641: 13616: 13574:1 June 13516: 13462:29 May 13450: 13442: 13401: 13373: 13281:26 May 13269: 13261: 13184:24 May 13172: 13164: 13113:24 May 13101: 13093: 13003: 12884: 12833:30 May 12776: 12751: 12724:4 June 12463: 12428: 12360: 12342: 12296: 12286: 12250: 12223: 12190: 12153: 12085: 12067:. SIL. 12049: 11799: 11745:14 May 11733: 11608: 11583: 11235:As in 11105: 11005: 11003:U+2E3E 10992: 10990:U+2E3D 10806:/ʲ.../ 10802:/ʷ.../ 10735:iotate 10713:пенсне 10694:kamatz 10434:apical 10259:Gboard 10223:fonipa 10163:Geneva 10122:DejaVu 10108:Google 10084:Andika 10082:, and 9797:extIPA 9767:Vowels 9752:ad hoc 9726:Korean 9694:Ad hoc 9683:extIPA 9587:, or 9442:writer 9232:extIPA 9019:(a) A 8926:ad hoc 8768:, and 8734:ᵑ͡ᵐɡ͡b 8552:extIPA 8526:extIPA 8493:extIPA 8464:/be˞˞/ 8453:Badaga 8425:ĕ e eː 8399:/linɑ/ 8376:/vere/ 8358:Length 8311:ə̋, ə̏ 8298:꜔꜒꜖avɔ 8294:꜔a꜒꜖vɔ 8290:˧˥˩avɔ 8286:˧a˥˩vɔ 8282:avɔ˧˥˩ 8274:a˧vɔ˥˩ 7803:Stress 7422:Notes: 7404:Upstep 7316:break 7309:eks.te 7305:ek.ste 7240:stress 7206:Under 7189:rhythm 7181:stress 7177:length 7169:phrase 6948:Notes: 6658:Raised 6540:Apical 6496:Dental 6430:Voiced 6034:father 6006: 5371:Vowels 5338:-sound 5332:, the 5231:-sound 4694:t̠ɹ̠̊˔ 4521:Uvular 4491:Dental 4393:ɓ̥, ɗ̥ 4332: 3990:Voiced 3935:Tenuis 3646:Sindhi 3630:clicks 3537: 2416:Uvular 2386:Dental 2365:Manner 2353:Dorsal 2343:Labial 2266:tenuis 2169:Kabiyè 2075:) use 1978:or as 1942:, in 1936:little 1881:extIPA 1825:extIPA 1750:knives 1746:/naɪf/ 1686:| 1682:| 1676:| 1672:| 1667:glyphs 1644:/ˈkɒt/ 1455:⟦ð̠̞ˠ⟧ 1417:Symbol 1377:extIPA 1373:(2sec) 1343:Braces 1329:Symbol 1287:/ˈpɪn/ 1238:Symbol 1144:uvular 1074:as in 1066:as in 957:extIPA 855:ad hoc 766:Arabic 696:, and 694:stress 686:length 674:vowels 618:moraic 346:phones 330:speech 299:speech 227: 24124:Lists 24032:tzsch 23183:(GS8) 23174:Kanji 23032:Khmer 23010:Greek 22941:Tamil 22874:i.e. 22835:i.e. 22816:Tatar 22762:i.e. 22663:Welsh 22564:Māori 22521:Irish 22439:Dutch 22432:Czech 22242:Nüshu 22110:Bamum 22105:Afaka 21912:Other 21903:Roman 21888:Abjad 21811:Bagam 21712:Bowen 21697:Kanji 21692:Hanja 21680:small 21675:large 21582:Olmec 21552:Kaidā 21542:Emoji 21522:Aztec 21325:Runic 21300:Osage 21281:Oirat 21226:Ogham 21159:Sigla 21104:Latin 21059:Greek 20943:Early 20913:Cirth 20866:Adlam 20735:Geʽez 20730:Fox I 20594:Tamil 20453:Lanna 20436:Khmer 20426:Karen 20376:Buhid 20356:Batak 20313:Uchen 20303:Takri 20254:Limbu 20154:Laṇḍā 20139:Khema 20119:Gupta 20109:Dogri 20026:Serṭā 19999:Zabur 19984:Punic 19957:Pegon 19893:Rashi 19807:Types 19758:Lists 19722:Types 19665:Welsh 19645:Ubykh 19630:Tamil 19592:Sotho 19562:Scots 19497:Oromo 19447:Māori 19437:Malay 19391:Latin 19361:Kiowa 19346:Irish 19341:Inuit 19274:Koine 19118:Czech 18965:Verbs 18950:Nouns 18839:audio 18271:Close 18254:Front 18185:Other 18119:ɠ̊͜ɓ̥ 17885:Nasal 17851:audio 17548:Nasal 17415:Click 17010:audio 16537:Trill 16006:d̠ɹ̠˔ 15562:Nasal 15540:Velar 15466:Place 15389:SAMPA 15264:chart 15145:JSTOR 15116:JSTOR 15052:JSTOR 15019:S2CID 14958:(pb). 14911:S2CID 14816:S2CID 14794:(pb). 14406:S2CID 14146:JSTOR 14118:e.g. 14000:(PDF) 13993:(PDF) 13967:(PDF) 13960:(PDF) 13919:(PDF) 13893:(PDF) 13886:(PDF) 13864:S2CID 13790:S2CID 13514:JSTOR 13502:letəz 13448:S2CID 13267:S2CID 13170:S2CID 13099:S2CID 12632:(PDF) 12621:(PDF) 12461:S2CID 12426:S2CID 12369:(PDF) 12358:S2CID 12328:(PDF) 12294:S2CID 11731:JSTOR 11211:/t͡ʃ/ 11103:JSTOR 11065:/e˧˩/ 11061:/e˩˧/ 11049:/e˧˥/ 11045:/e˥˧/ 10942:e˥ e˩ 10930:é ē è 10926:e˦ e˨ 10902:é ē è 10886:emoji 10859:word. 10824:E.g. 10696:katan 10613:Dania 10409:Notes 10375:LaTeX 10356:SAMPA 10204:SAMPA 10200:ASCII 10182:Brill 10152:Arial 9942:acute 9865:uᫀ oᫀ 9853:yᷱ øᪿ 9748:p̪ b̪ 9743:Banda 9714:ɨ̞ ʉ̞ 9710:ɪ̈ ʊ̈ 9612:Vokal 9549:Islay 9508:hazme 9501:hazte 9475:(the 9446:rider 9434:{iyɯu 9216:SAMPA 9179:kæt-∅ 8981:ICPLA 8934:SAMPA 8914:sz, ż 8746:ᵊ˞ ᶟ˞ 8696:ICPLA 8639:ħ̠ ʢ̠ 8569:above 8510:, , . 8473:, , . 8460:/be˞/ 8433:/nnː/ 8429:/eeː/ 8410:linna 8403:linna 8387:veere 8380:veere 8362:shhh! 8096:Level 8054:é ē è 7967:Chart 7897:pausa 7606:High 7483:High 7165:level 6770:y͑χ͑ʷ 6743:ɔ̜xʷ̜ 6728:More 6085:Notes 6008:audio 5440:Close 5423:Front 5377:Vowel 5364:Margi 5353:g͡k͡x 5349:a͜b͜c 5345:a͡b͡c 5327:Notes 5266:ɠ̊͜ɓ̥ 5032:Nasal 4701:d̠ɹ̠˔ 4516:Velar 4355:Notes 4334:audio 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