2119:
3020:
2682:
3489:
3387:
1052:
2953:
2775:
2743:
1943:
3545:
3505:
3420:
3197:
2995:
2759:
2653:
1959:
3086:
2103:
3221:
2876:
3258:
2001:
3102:
2074:
2017:
2035:
2051:
3444:
3160:
3352:
3286:
2629:
2602:
3057:
2710:
2541:
2833:
693:(earlier translations into English, especially of the Psalms and Gospels, existed as far back as the 9th century, but it was the first Catholic English translation of the full Bible). Though the Old Testament was already complete, it was not published until 1609–1610, when it was released in two volumes. While it did not make a large impact on the English language at large, it certainly played a role in the development of English, especially in heavily Catholic English-speaking areas.
1509:
411:
635:
50:
4456:
cemented their distinctive syntactical characteristics during the Early Modern period. Thus, the use of modals without an infinitive became rare (as in "I must to
Coventry"; "I'll none of that"). The use of modals' present participles to indicate aspect (as in "Maeyinge suffer no more the loue &
3969:, God addresses individual people and even Satan as "thou") but only to denote the singular. Over the centuries, however, the very fact that "thou" was dropping out of normal use gave it a special aura and so it gradually and ironically came to be used to express reverence in hymns and in prayers.
646:
The
Tragedie of Gorbodvc, whereof three Actes were wrytten by Thomas Nortone, and the two laste by Thomas Sackuyle. Sett forthe as the same was shewed before the Qvenes most excellent Maiestie, in her highnes Court of Whitehall, the .xviii. day of January, Anno Domini .1561. By the Gentlemen of
3956:
of the Bible (begun 1604 and published 1611, while
Shakespeare was at the height of his popularity) had a particular reason for keeping the informal "thou/thee/thy/thine/thyself" forms that were slowly beginning to fall out of spoken use, as it enabled them to match the
5219:
610:), which standardised much of the wording of church services. Some have argued that since attendance at prayer book services was required by law for many years, the repetitive use of its language helped to standardise Modern English even more than the
2120:
3021:
2683:
3479:. The nature of the vowel sound in the latter group of words, however, is further complicated by the fact that the vowel for some of those words was shortened: either beginning or already in the process of approximating the Early Modern English
3490:
3388:
5197:
Crystal, David. "Sounding Out
Shakespeare: Sonnet Rhymes in Original Pronunciation". In Vera Vasic (ed.), Jezik u upotrebi: primenjena lingvistikja u cast Ranku Bugarskom (Novi Sad and Belgrade: Philosophy Faculties, 2011), 295-306300. p.
665:
was published. The New
Testament was completed in 1557 by English Reformed exiles on the continent during the reign of Mary, and the complete Bible three years later, after Elizabeth succeeded the throne. This version was favoured by the
2954:
2776:
2744:
1944:
3546:
3506:
3421:
3198:
2996:
2760:
2654:
1960:
492:
Middle
English underwent significant change over time and contained large dialectical variations. Early Modern English, on the other hand, became more standardised and developed an established canon of literature which survives today.
3087:
2104:
3222:
2877:
3317:
all existed. By the late 17th century, they all merged. Because those phonemes were in such a state of flux during the whole Early Modern period (with evidence of rhyming occurring among them as well as with the precursor to
3259:
2002:
926:(year of wonders), and in prose lasts until 1688. With the increasing tensions over succession and the corresponding rise in journalism and periodicals, or until possibly 1700, when those periodicals grew more stabilised.
3103:
2075:
2018:
5217:
3621:
are now perfect homophones in most
American pronunciations, but a distinction between the two phonemes remains in other versions of English. There is, however, an additional complication in dialects with
5207:
E. J. Dobson (English pronunciation, 1500–1700, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968, passim) and other scholars before him postulated the existence of a vowel /y/ beside /iu̯/ in early Modern
English. But see
2036:
2052:
3445:
3161:
3353:
3287:
2630:
2603:
4570:
The substantial borrowing of Latin and sometimes Greek words for abstract concepts, begun in Middle
English, continued unabated, often terms for abstract concepts not available in English.
3058:
2711:
2542:
1066:
of Early Modern
English was fairly similar to that of today, but spelling was unstable. Early Modern English, as well as Modern English, inherited orthographical conventions predating the
2834:
577:, it was largely from the work of Tyndale. It was read to congregations regularly in churches, which familiarised much of the population of England with a standard form of the language.
4457:
deathe of Aurelio" from 1556), and of their preterite forms to indicate tense (as in "he follow'd Horace so very close, that of necessity he must fall with him") also became uncommon.
1808:
674:
due to its more vigorous and forceful language. Its popularity and proliferation (due in large part to its copious notes) over the following decades sparked the production of the
393:(1561), may present more difficulties but are still closer to Modern English grammar, lexicon and phonology than are 14th-century Middle English texts, such as the works of
525:, the first print bestseller in English. Malory's language, while archaic in some respects, was clearly Early Modern and was possibly a Yorkshire or Midlands dialect.
5021:"Hark, hark, what shout is that?" Around the Globe 31. [based on article written for the Troilus programme, Shakespeare's Globe, August 2005: 'Saying it like it was'
4500:
come from the field, Go and sit down..." . The rules for the auxiliaries for different verbs were similar to those that are still observed in German and French (see
920:
are a matter of convention and differ markedly from genre to genre. In drama, the "Restoration" may last until 1700, but in poetry, it may last only until 1666, the
3945:'s translation of the Bible in the 1520s and the 1530s) but by 1650, "thou" seems old-fashioned or literary. It has effectively completely disappeared from Modern
4549:
Also, this period includes one of the earliest Russian borrowings to English (which is historically a rare occasion itself); at least as early as 1600, the word "
4492:
of the verbs had not yet been standardised to use only the auxiliary verb "to have". Some took as their auxiliary verb "to be", such as this example from the
999:. From around the 1690s onwards, England experienced a new period of internal peace and relative stability, which encouraged the arts including literature.
1795:
Most consonant sounds of Early Modern English have survived into present-day English; however, there are still a few notable differences in pronunciation:
4928:
3702:
accents and Scottish accents, although in the case of the Scottish accent the R is rolled, and less like the pronunciation now usual in most of England.)
5732:
5694:
5681:
5673:
364:
The grammatical and orthographical conventions of literary English in the late 16th century and the 17th century are still very influential on modern
5858:
5843:
5689:
4538:
The use of the verb "to suffer" in the sense of "to allow" survived into Early Modern English, as in the phrase "suffer the little children" of the
4523:
verb form could be used to express a passive meaning without any additional markers: "The house is building" could mean "The house is being built".
2847:, and the merger survived into standard forms of Modern English, though a few dialects kept these vowels distinct at least to the 20th century (see
5709:
1988:
was always pronounced, but the precise nature of the typical rhotic consonant remains unclear. It was, however, certainly one of the following:
5853:
5848:
1288:) was still in use during the Early Modern English period but was increasingly limited to handwritten texts. In Early Modern English printing,
5517:
5047:
4683:
5549:
4960:
700:
1306:. Thorn had become nearly totally disused by the late Early Modern English period, the last vestiges of the letter being its ligatures,
505:; however, the language that he used reflected the variety of styles and dialects used by the authors who originally wrote the material.
5724:
5699:
5439:
5521:
2044:
5833:
689:, France, in 1582. It was the first complete English translation of the Bible that was officially sponsored and carried out by the
4717:
Stephen L. White, "The Book of Common Prayer and the Standardization of the English Language" The Anglican, 32:2(4-11), April 2003
1840:
in much older English, was probably reduced to nothing (as it is today) or at least heavily reduced in sound to something like ,
1864:. It seems likely that much variation existed for many of these words. Upon its disappearance, it lengthened the previous vowel.
5658:
2112:
5797:
5778:
5758:
5420:
5395:
5370:
5345:
5320:
5295:
5270:
5245:
2675:
428:
5140:
4511:("I am walking") became dominant by the end of the Early Modern period, but other forms were also common such as the prefix
5666:
1936:
1012:
737:
5489:
3664:⟩ is not meaningful in any way. The precise EME realizations are not known, and they vary even in modern English.
3326:
as well as its similar phonemes in Early Modern English: (which, if accurate, would constitute an early instance of the
2162:
at the start of words was common, as it still is in informal English throughout most of England. In loanwords taken from
2096:
1952:
1526:
290:
5089:
5012:
3482:
1024:
5182:
5134:
4836:
4795:
1807:
were still fully pronounced up until the mid-to-late 16th century and thus possibly by Shakespeare, though they were
450:
368:. Most modern readers of English can understand texts written in the late phase of Early Modern English, such as the
5542:
4351:
During the Early Modern period, the verb inflections became simplified as they evolved towards their modern forms:
5838:
5646:
2946:
2768:
2736:
1994:
1859:
1516:
280:
4034:
The older forms "mine" and "thine" had become "my" and "thy" before words beginning with a consonant other than
3941:"Thou" and "ye" were both common in the early 16th century (they can be seen, for example, in the disputes over
1186:
were not considered two distinct letters then but as still different forms of the same letter. Typographically,
1043:, which had been written only 200 years earlier, are considerably more difficult for the average modern reader.
4975:
4932:
3538:
3498:
3413:
2752:
1898:
was not documented as occurring until the second half of the 17th century. Likely, that phoneme in a word like
432:
3965:
distinction between second person singular ("thou") and plural ("ye"). It was not to denote reverence (in the
5828:
1879:
may have persisted in being pronounced as late as 1700 in Britain and perhaps several decades longer in the
922:
5569:
4563:
4235:
before a noun, or as possessive pronouns without a noun. All four forms are used as possessive adjectives:
3079:
2067:
607:
603:
599:
595:
581:
86:
5683:
5675:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3710:
3661:
3657:
3649:
3638:
3602:
3598:
3578:
3574:
3331:
3323:
3319:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3265:
2502:
2497:
2479:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2418:
2411:
2394:
2389:
2382:
2366:
2348:
2325:
2320:
2308:
2301:
2296:
2279:
2273:
1911:
1903:
1895:
1815:
1779:
1761:
1755:
1748:
1732:
1726:
1718:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1629:
1614:
1604:
1597:
1390:
5535:
4433:). Since the indicative past was not and still is not otherwise marked for person or number, the loss of
3243:
3190:
2010:
1851:
1843:
1247:
were also still considered not as two distinct letters, but as different forms of the same letter: hence
897:
753:
5174:
4617:
1074:
808:
741:
357:
to the English throne in 1603, the emerging English standard began to influence the spoken and written
3536:
3496:
3480:
3411:
3251:
3249:
3241:
3188:
3180:
3093:
3077:
2962:
2960:
2944:
2766:
2750:
2734:
2673:
2141:
2110:
2094:
2065:
2042:
2026:
2008:
1992:
1950:
1934:
1880:
1857:
1849:
1841:
1835:
1833:
3305:, is even less clear than other vowels. In the late 16th century, the similar but distinct phonemes
1035:
are therefore still familiar and comprehensible 400 years after they were written, but the works of
5604:
3857:
3705:
Furthermore, at the beginning of the Early Modern English period there were three non-open and non-
2818:
1105:
Early Modern English orthography had a number of features of spelling that have not been retained:
781:
5055:
4895:
4655:
3745:
had not yet developed). In London English they gradually merged into a phoneme that became modern
5584:
5579:
5574:
3182:
954:, largely based on the 1549 and subsequent editions. It long remained a standard work in English.
932:
561:
533:
421:
135:
125:
115:
4787:
4780:
4957:
4554:
3511:. For instance, at certain stages of the Early Modern period or in certain dialects (or both),
3095:
1570:
1032:
969:
917:
885:
795:
749:
731:
682:
621:
5616:
2028:
1974:
1555:
1051:
913:
846:
was published, largely based on Tyndale's translation. It remained the standard Bible in the
800:
586:
335:
5436:
4472:
also lost the syntactical characteristics of a modal auxiliary and evolved a new past form (
4460:
Some verbs ceased to function as modals during the Early Modern period. The present form of
4414:
was probably used only as a stylistic affectation to indicate rural or old-fashioned speech.
5765:
4579:
4232:
3690:) was probably always pronounced with following vowel sounds (more in the style of today's
3524:
3519:
rhymed; this is certainly true in Shakespeare's writing. That phonological split among the
3407:
3327:
2848:
1981:
521:
383:
130:
22:
4439:
made the past subjunctive indistinguishable from the indicative past for all verbs except
4417:
The second-person singular indicative was marked in both the present and past tenses with
947:
wrote his diary, which will become an important eyewitness account of the Restoration Era.
8:
5594:
4612:
4567:. It is believed that this is a possible indirect borrowing via either German or French.
4558:
4453:
3695:
2822:
1770:
1673:
1027:
during the 17th and the 18th centuries, which directly contributes to the development of
1020:
1007:
822:
710:
696:
480:
469:
375:
188:
178:
54:
4747:
5714:
5609:
5558:
5454:
Mirosława Podhajecka Russian borrowings in English: A dictionary and corpus study, p.19
4743:
4675:
4589:
4584:
4508:
3627:
3127:
2153:
2143:
1565:
1161:
842:
339:
120:
5520:: Examples for the study of English handwriting from the 16th–18th centuries from the
1891:, however, first appearing in the early 16th century, was presumably never pronounced.
1077:. Certain changes were made, however, sometimes for reasons of etymology (as with the
5704:
5416:
5391:
5366:
5341:
5316:
5291:
5266:
5241:
5209:
5178:
5130:
5051:
4832:
4791:
4726:
4679:
4656:"Subject control and coreference in Early Modern English free adjuncts and absolutes"
4501:
4489:
3131:
2515:
1800:
1585:
1575:
1067:
909:
890:
873:
847:
266:
4515:("I am a-walking") and the infinitive paired with "do" ("I do walk"). Moreover, the
3322:), scholars often assume only the most neutral possibility for the pronunciation of
2148:. The original pronunciation is preserved in parts of England, in dialects such as
1522:
381:
Texts from the earlier phase of Early Modern English, such as the late-15th-century
286:
5770:
4667:
4328:
3981:
3946:
3748:
3691:
3679:
3656:
The difference between the transcription of the EME diphthong offsets with ⟨
3431:
3374:
3339:
3273:
3208:
3147:
3139:
3044:
3007:
2982:
2863:
2697:
2672:, was more or less the same as the phoneme represents today, sometimes approaching
2640:
2589:
2528:
2167:
1560:
1144:, if used, could appear anywhere except at the end of a word. The double lowercase
1040:
1036:
1028:
826:
804:
675:
612:
489:
to Early Modern English affected much more than just vocabulary and pronunciation.
394:
370:
365:
327:
145:
140:
4763:
3108:. The phoneme was probably just beginning the process of merging with the phoneme
5599:
5443:
5223:
5124:
5093:
4979:
4964:
4599:
4378:
The plural present form became uninflected. Present plurals had been marked with
4078:
4063:
4038:, and "mine" and "thine" were retained before words beginning with a vowel or an
3938:, the plural (both formal and informal) pronoun and the formal singular pronoun.
3699:
3623:
2454:
2336:
2149:
1592:
1580:
880:
690:
653:
640:
574:
553:
389:
107:
4531:
A number of words that are still in common use in Modern English have undergone
2903:, was more or less the same as the phoneme represents today, but it had not yet
21:
This article is about the stage of the language. For the historical period, see
5750:
5631:
5621:
5474:
4626:
4622:
4532:
2401:
2137:
1624:
1285:
986:
591:
529:
498:
486:
354:
347:
343:
203:
183:
97:
4671:
4542:, but it has mostly been lost in Modern English. This use still exists in the
5822:
5162:
5034:
Die Entwicklung der englischen Haupttonvokale: eine Übersicht in Tabellenform
4968:
4073:
3962:
3714:
3528:
2904:
1168:). That is similar to the alternation between medial (σ) and final lowercase
959:
937:
557:
516:
193:
5129:(second ed.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 108–116.
5086:
5016:
3660:⟩, as opposed to the usual modern English transcription with ⟨
4607:
4603:
4594:
4410:). Marked present plurals were rare throughout the Early Modern period and
4367:
survived. (Both forms can be seen together in Shakespeare: "With her, that
4068:
3606:
2821:
and rarely in Irish English. During the 17th century, the phoneme variably
1816:
1003:
944:
916:
were times of social and political upheaval and instability. The dates for
869:
814:
774:
662:
358:
331:
1002:
Modern English can be taken to have emerged fully by the beginning of the
5790:
5785:
5589:
4851:
4630:
3848:, were sometimes pronounced with a more open vowel sound, like the verbs
3135:
2790:
2730:
2459:
2406:
2341:
2291:
2286:
2254:
1739:
1063:
1055:
996:
974:
964:
855:
569:
502:
198:
4550:
834:
5742:
4858:, claims that the substitution was encouraged by the ambiguity between
2492:
2474:
2427:
2359:
2315:
2259:
2159:
821:
1607 – The first successful permanent English colony in the New World,
790:
715:
435: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
58:
2136:, was still pronounced until the late 16th century, when it began to
1481:
Many spellings had still not been standardised, however. For example,
1224:
for the consonant appears to have been introduced in the 1630s. Also,
830:
5527:
5170:
2377:
2086:
1355:
1114:
992:
253:
239:
227:
4972:
2789:
were near-homophones, with a longer vowel in the second word. Thus,
410:
5737:
3805:
3795:
3789:
3110:
2827:
2623:
2568:
2562:
1534:
1508:
1332:
1140:
was always used at the end of a word and often elsewhere. The long
1078:
671:
667:
634:
298:
78:
4355:
The third-person singular present lost its alternate inflections:
2566:, and was reduced word-finally. Early Modern rhymes indicate that
2085:
In Early Modern English, the precise nature of the light and dark
49:
5216:, in “English Language and Linguistics”, 26/2, 2022, pp. 263–277
5087:
Sounding out Shakespeare: Sonnet Rhymes in Original Pronunciation
3942:
2523:
1530:
1297:
1058:'s writings are universally associated with Early Modern English.
863:
294:
82:
70:
5214:
On the alleged existence of a vowel /y:/ in early Modern English
5098:
Jezik u Upotrebi: primenjena lingvsitikja u cast Ranku Bugarskom
4907:
Fischer, A., Schneider, P., "The dramatick disappearance of the
2572:
was similar to the vowel that was used at the end of words like
3958:
3652:
purely by the initial consonant, without any vowel distinction.
2058:
1130:
686:
3928:
Early Modern English had two second-person personal pronouns:
3276:
2866:
2514:
The following information primarily comes from studies of the
573:, the first officially authorised Bible in English. Edited by
4543:
4244:
3706:
3434:
3211:
3130:. The old pronunciation remains in some dialects, such as in
2592:
2205:
With words originating from or passed through ancient Greek,
2163:
1169:
74:
3751:
3039:, was more or less the same as the phoneme represents today.
5463:
Max Vasmer, Etymological dictionary of the Russian language
4742:
4435:
3930:
3047:
2985:
2700:
2643:
2531:
1497:
in the same sentence in Shakespeare's plays and elsewhere.
1300:), which appeared similar to thorn in blackletter typeface
1010:
remained somewhat fluid until the publication of Johnson's
825:, is established in Virginia. Early vocabulary specific to
16:
Stage of development of English, starting late 15th century
5100:. Novi Sad and Belgrade: Philosophy faculties. P. 298-300.
4884:
4868:
4761:
4755:
4398:
survived the longest, especially with the singular use of
3871:
was pronounced approximately as and may have rhymed with
3377:
3150:
1533:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1492:
1486:
1467:
1411:
1403:
1376:
1364:
1348:
1340:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1260:
1249:
1207:
1196:
1165:
1097:
1091:
1085:
297:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
5437:
https://www.etymonline.com/word/suffer#etymonline_v_22311
5413:
The Cambridge History of the English Language, Volume III
5388:
The Cambridge History of the English Language, Volume III
5363:
The Cambridge History of the English Language, Volume III
5263:
The Cambridge History of the English Language, Volume III
5238:
The Cambridge History of the English Language, Volume III
3342:
3010:
2174:
was usually mute well into modern English times, e.g. in
1023:
over the other Elizabethan authors was the result of his
995:
and their forms of speech gained influence over the old
5335:
5310:
5285:
1324:(thou), which were still seen occasionally in the 1611
532:
started printing in London; his style tended to prefer
3836:, rhymed with each other, and words with the spelling
3264:(and thus being closer to Welsh and General American
1242:
1236:
1181:
1175:
685:
was completed, and the New Testament was released in
4496:: "But which of you... will say unto him... when he
3682:
1432:was variously spelt but came to be standardised as
378:, and they have greatly influenced Modern English.
4779:
5111:Shakespeare's Works and Elizabethan Pronunciation
4929:"Early modern English pronunciation and spelling"
4731:Shakespeare's Works and Elizabethan Pronunciation
2229:; this is still retained in some proper names as
1440:did not come into use until the mid-18th century.
549:1509 – Pynson became the king's official printer.
474:
346:, in the late 15th century, to the transition to
5820:
4483:
3597:. In most dialects of Modern English, it became
980:
4247:sound, or before nouns beginning in the letter
3410:and so were both pronounced in the vicinity of
5161:
5036:(Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1965).
4319:was the possessive of the third-person neuter
3803:, the sound may have been backed, more toward
2907:with the phoneme represented by the spellings
2817:. The more open pronunciation remains in some
903:
864:Caroline era and English Civil War (1625–1649)
850:into the latter half of the twentieth century.
5543:
4815:The Cambridge History of the English Language
3535:words that were pronounced as something like
3240:was more open than in contemporary RP, being
1073:Early Modern English spelling was similar to
763:
536:, the form of English used by the government.
4826:
4777:
3759:. By the time of Shakespeare, the spellings
1991:The "R" of most varieties of English today:
1977:, unlike in most varieties of English today.
5410:
5385:
5360:
5340:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 172.
5315:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 165.
5290:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 171.
5260:
5235:
889:, one of the earliest texts written in the
768:
509:
5550:
5536:
4666:(2). Cambridge University Press: 309–323.
3667:
879:1630–1651 – William Bradford, Governor of
48:
5522:Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library
5415:. Cambridge: Cambridge. pp. 217–18.
5365:. Cambridge: Cambridge. pp. 231–35.
5265:. Cambridge: Cambridge. pp. 165–66.
5081:
5079:
5077:
5075:
5073:
4327:. Genitive "it" appears once in the 1611
4323:as well as of the third-person masculine
4055:Personal pronouns in Early Modern English
1799:Today's "silent" consonants found in the
829:comes from indigenous languages (such as
451:Learn how and when to remove this message
38:Shakespeare's English, King James English
5859:17th-century disestablishments in Europe
5844:Languages attested from the 15th century
5645:
5475:"Mental furniture from the philosophers"
5472:
4894:, Second Series. Clarendon Press, 1891,
4809:
4807:
4211:
4209:
4023:and its reflexive or emphatic forms are
4000:, and its reflexive or emphatic form is
3980:have different forms dependent on their
3463:, but also all other words spelled with
3334:had not yet fully developed in English).
1190:was frequent at the start of a word and
1050:
633:
5006:
5004:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4708:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press
4706:An Introduction to Early Modern English
4653:
4287:are used as possessive pronouns, as in
3203:, much like the corresponding RP sound.
1527:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
291:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
5821:
5557:
5122:
5070:
4923:
4921:
4915:, Gunter Narr Verlag, 2002, pp. 139ff.
4307:
4305:
3984:; specifically, the objective form of
3858:Great Vowel Shift § Later mergers
3804:
3794:
3788:
3109:
2826:
2622:
2567:
2561:
629:
463:
5854:Languages extinct in the 17th century
5849:15th-century establishments in Europe
5644:
5531:
5495:from the original on 23 November 2008
5390:. Cambridge: Cambridge. p. 232.
5240:. Cambridge: Cambridge. p. 163.
4952:
4950:
4804:
4686:from the original on 21 February 2016
4243:are used before nouns beginning in a
4206:
3934:, the informal singular pronoun, and
2251:
2140:into the usual modern pronunciation,
590:in English, under the supervision of
5143:from the original on 9 November 2023
4993:
4648:
4646:
4447:
3527:and is called "early shortening" by
1013:A Dictionary of the English Language
883:, wrote his journal. It will become
433:adding citations to reliable sources
404:
5010:
4990:The American Language 2nd ed. p. 71
4918:
4874:could just as easily be misread as
4346:
4302:
3820:In some pronunciations, words like
3771:when they had a short vowel, as in
3523:words was a catalyst for the later
2979:may have already split off towards
2781:. Earlier in Early Modern English,
1338:was often appended to words, as in
350:, in the mid-to-late 17th century.
13:
5045:
4947:
4831:. Canada: Knopf. pp. 356–57.
4654:Río-Rey, Carmen (9 October 2002).
4315:period up until the 17th century,
1277:as a consonant began in the 1630s.
1216:). The modern convention of using
353:Before and after the accession of
14:
5870:
5511:
5123:Barber, Charles Laurence (1997).
4885:
4869:
4813:Salmon, V., (in) Lass, R. (ed.),
4643:
4425:(for example, in the past tense,
4251:, which was usually silent (e.g.
3863:
1468:
1428:The final syllable of words like
1412:
1404:
1377:
1365:
1349:
1341:
1250:
1197:
738:Chronology of Shakespeare's plays
5336:Charles Laurence Barber (1997).
5311:Charles Laurence Barber (1997).
5286:Charles Laurence Barber (1997).
5187:. (vol. 1). (vol. 2)., (vol. 3).
4973:Original Pronunciation (online).
4733:, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1981.
4660:English Language and Linguistics
3747:
3678:
3451:occurred not only in words like
3430:
3373:
3338:
3272:
3207:
3146:
3126:, without yet achieving today's
3043:
3006:
2981:
2862:
2696:
2639:
2588:
2527:
1965:. That means, for example, that
1548:Early Modern English consonants
1507:
896:1647 – Publication of the first
409:
387:(1485) and the mid-16th-century
5834:History of the English language
5466:
5457:
5448:
5429:
5404:
5379:
5354:
5329:
5304:
5279:
5254:
5229:
5201:
5191:
5155:
5116:
5103:
5039:
5026:
4984:
4958:The History of English (online)
4901:
4892:Principles of English Etymology
4882:, it made sense to write it as
4856:Principles of English Etymology
4557:) first appeared in English in
4507:The modern syntax used for the
3581:occurred in words spelled with
1358:was sometimes doubled when the
1125:), as is still used today, and
758:
420:needs additional citations for
4845:
4820:
4771:
4762:
4756:
4736:
4720:
4711:
4698:
3972:Like other personal pronouns,
3729:(roughly equivalent to modern
1493:
1487:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1261:
1228:was frequently represented by
1208:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1046:
475:Transition from Middle English
342:, or from the transition from
1:
5048:"Early Modern English vowels"
4746:; Greenhill, William (1660).
4636:
4526:
4484:Perfect and progressive forms
4054:
3787:-like quality, perhaps about
2943:, which were pronounced with
1917:Most words with the spelling
1542:
1292:was represented by the Latin
1269:. Again, the custom of using
1084:that was added to words like
981:Development to Modern English
720:
546:
540:
4817:, Vol. III, CUP 2000, p. 39.
2688:(which is still in the word
2247:Early modern English vowels
2233:and a few common nouns like
1975:still pronounced differently
1500:
1436:. The modern spellings with
1328:and in Shakespeare's Folios.
87:English overseas possessions
7:
5109:Cercignani, Fausto (1981),
4704:Nevalainen, Terttu (2006).
4573:
4476:), distinct from the modal
4015:, its possessive forms are
3992:, its possessive forms are
3923:
3899:vowel, rather than today's
2209:was commonly pronounced as
2041:, perhaps with one contact
2025:The "trilled or rolled R":
2007:or a further forward sound
1019:The towering importance of
904:Interregnum and Restoration
898:Beaumont and Fletcher folio
754:English Renaissance theatre
552:From 1525 – Publication of
10:
5875:
5175:Cambridge University Press
5113:, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
4546:"to suffer fools gladly".
4259:, which was pronounced as
3918:
3907:derived from the sound of
3630:and younger RP), in which
1811:by the early 17th century.
1453:The vowels represented by
1446:was often used instead of
1075:Middle English orthography
984:
950:1662 – New edition of the
867:
772:
764:Jacobean and Caroline eras
747:
735:
580:1549 – Publication of the
567:1539 – Publication of the
562:which was initially banned
478:
467:
400:
330:from the beginning of the
20:
5723:
5657:
5653:
5640:
5565:
5411:Lass, Roger, ed. (1999).
5386:Lass, Roger, ed. (1999).
5361:Lass, Roger, ed. (1999).
5261:Lass, Roger, ed. (1999).
5236:Lass, Roger, ed. (1999).
4786:. London: Arrow. p.
4672:10.1017/s1360674302000254
4564:A Midsummer Night's Dream
4333:groweth of it owne accord
4166:
4161:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4121:
4084:
4060:
3883:may have been pronounced
3645:) are distinguished from
2518:; see the related chart.
2491:
2453:
2400:
2376:
2335:
2285:
2258:
2253:
2241:
1980:Early Modern English was
1881:British American colonies
1220:for the vowel sounds and
647:Thynner Temple in London.
277:
265:
251:
237:
225:
220:
171:
104:
92:
66:
47:
42:
37:
32:
5682:Changes before historic
5674:Changes before historic
5473:Franklin, James (1983).
5085:Crystal, David (2011). "
5046:Rogers, William Elford.
4341:
2819:Northern England English
2093:consonant, respectively
1933:, were still pronounced
1832:, originally pronounced
1820:⟩, in words like
1164:is still used in German
769:Jacobean era (1603–1625)
515:1485 – Caxton published
510:Tudor period (1485–1603)
100:in the late 17th century
5585:Anglo-Frisian languages
5442:4 November 2018 at the
5222:9 November 2023 at the
5096:". In Vera Vasic (ed.)
5092:20 October 2017 at the
4978:9 December 2014 at the
4963:9 December 2014 at the
4754:Introduction uses both
4618:Shakespeare's influence
3952:The translators of the
3668:Rhoticity/rhotic vowels
742:Shakespeare's influence
310:(sometimes abbreviated
5839:Early modern languages
5013:"David Crystal – Home"
4913:Text Types and Corpora
4007:The objective form of
3860:for more information.
3551:seem to have included
2967:. However, words like
1984:. In other words, the
1515:This section contains
1477:became an alternative.
1148:was written variously
1059:
957:1667 – Publication of
930:1651 – Publication of
918:Restoration literature
886:Of Plymouth Plantation
750:Elizabethan literature
683:Rheims and Douai Bible
649:
619:1557 – Publication of
326:) is the stage of the
279:This article contains
5617:Anglo-Norman language
4827:Sacks, David (2003).
4778:Sacks, David (2004).
4749:The Saints Happinesse
4363:became obsolete, and
4233:possessive adjectives
3895:using the era's long
3828:, with the spellings
2190:, and still today in
1054:
952:Book of Common Prayer
868:Further information:
853:1623 – Shakespeare's
801:Beaumont and Fletcher
782:Shakespeare's sonnets
773:Further information:
748:Further information:
637:
587:Book of Common Prayer
479:Further information:
5829:Early Modern English
5647:Phonological history
5627:Early Modern English
5338:Early Modern English
5313:Early Modern English
5288:Early Modern English
5126:Early modern English
5019:on 20 October 2017.
4909:⟨-ick⟩
4580:Early modern Britain
4331:(Leviticus 25:5) as
4313:Early Modern English
3799:. With the spelling
3709:short vowels before
3696:West Country English
2919:, particularly with
2061:and Scottish English
1814:The digraph ⟨
1485:was spelled as both
501:started printing in
429:improve this article
308:Early Modern English
151:Early Modern English
33:Early Modern English
23:Early Modern Britain
5580:Proto-West-Germanic
5570:Proto-Indo-European
5518:English Paleography
4744:Burroughs, Jeremiah
4613:English Renaissance
4559:William Shakespeare
4468:, became obsolete.
4382:and singulars with
4271:before consonants (
4057:
3875:or, early on, even
3838:⟨are⟩
3834:⟨ear⟩
3830:⟨air⟩
3765:⟨ear⟩
3676:sound (the phoneme
2883:(typically spelled
2522:The modern English
2248:
2064:The "retroflex R":
1894:The modern phoneme
1549:
1459:⟨e_e⟩
1033:Shakespeare's plays
1021:William Shakespeare
1008:English orthography
787:Other playwrights:
732:Shakespeare's plays
711:The Spanish Tragedy
697:Christopher Marlowe
630:Elizabethan English
622:Tottel's Miscellany
481:Late Middle English
470:English Renaissance
464:English Renaissance
376:William Shakespeare
189:Proto-West Germanic
179:Proto-Indo-European
55:William Shakespeare
5715:Trisyllabic laxing
5695:Close front vowels
5559:History of English
5524:at Yale University
5167:Accents of English
5058:on 13 January 2015
4727:Cercignani, Fausto
4590:History of English
4585:English literature
4540:King James Version
4533:semantic narrowing
4509:progressive aspect
4494:King James Version
4125:singular informal
4053:
3967:King James Version
3954:King James Version
3801:⟨or⟩
3769:⟨or⟩
3761:⟨er⟩
3641:(homophonous with
3628:Australian English
3533:⟨oo⟩
3521:⟨oo⟩
3465:⟨oo⟩
2917:⟨ie⟩
2913:⟨ei⟩
2909:⟨ea⟩
2889:⟨ie⟩
2885:⟨ee⟩
2793:rhymed words like
2733:. It shifted from
2246:
2130:⟨ng⟩
2125:, remains unclear.
1919:⟨wh⟩
1902:was pronounced as
1801:consonant clusters
1547:
1475:⟨ea⟩
1455:⟨ee⟩
1393:was often written
1326:King James Version
1303:⟨𝖞⟩
1230:⟨vv⟩
1154:⟨ſs⟩
1150:⟨ſſ⟩
1060:
843:King James Version
650:
131:North Sea Germanic
61:in the 1609 Quarto
5816:
5815:
5812:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5705:Great Vowel Shift
5690:Close back vowels
5435:Doughlas Harper,
5422:978-0-521-26476-1
5397:978-0-521-26476-1
5372:978-0-521-26476-1
5347:978-0-7486-0835-5
5322:978-0-7486-0835-5
5297:978-0-7486-0835-5
5272:978-0-521-26476-1
5247:978-0-521-26476-1
5210:Fausto Cercignani
5052:Furman University
4502:unaccusative verb
4454:modal auxiliaries
4448:Modal auxiliaries
4279:). However, only
4203:
4202:
4179:his/her/his (it)
2825:with the phoneme
2516:Great Vowel Shift
2512:
2511:
1805:knot, gnat, sword
1803:of such words as
1793:
1792:
1523:rendering support
1519:phonetic symbols.
1448:⟨i⟩
1444:⟨y⟩
1395:⟨o⟩
1362:was added: hence
1360:⟨e⟩
1335:⟨e⟩
1294:⟨Y⟩
1290:⟨þ⟩
1282:⟨þ⟩
1275:⟨j⟩
1271:⟨i⟩
1244:⟨j⟩
1238:⟨i⟩
1226:⟨w⟩
1222:⟨v⟩
1218:⟨u⟩
1194:elsewhere: hence
1192:⟨u⟩
1188:⟨v⟩
1183:⟨v⟩
1177:⟨u⟩
1158:⟨ß⟩
1127:⟨ſ⟩
1119:⟨s⟩
1113:had two distinct
1111:⟨S⟩
1081:⟨b⟩
1068:Great Vowel Shift
991:The 17th-century
910:English Civil War
891:American Colonies
874:English Civil War
848:Church of England
558:Bible translation
534:Chancery Standard
522:Le Morte d'Arthur
461:
460:
453:
384:Le Morte d'Arthur
374:and the works of
320:Early New English
305:
304:
287:rendering support
283:phonetic symbols.
5866:
5710:Open back vowels
5685:
5677:
5655:
5654:
5642:
5641:
5552:
5545:
5538:
5529:
5528:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5494:
5479:
5470:
5464:
5461:
5455:
5452:
5446:
5433:
5427:
5426:
5408:
5402:
5401:
5383:
5377:
5376:
5358:
5352:
5351:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5308:
5302:
5301:
5283:
5277:
5276:
5258:
5252:
5251:
5233:
5227:
5205:
5199:
5195:
5189:
5188:
5159:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5148:
5120:
5114:
5107:
5101:
5083:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5054:. Archived from
5043:
5037:
5032:Stemmler, Theo.
5030:
5024:
5023:
5015:. Archived from
5011:Crystal, David.
5008:
4991:
4988:
4982:
4954:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4940:
4931:. Archived from
4925:
4916:
4910:
4905:
4899:
4888:
4887:
4872:
4871:
4849:
4843:
4842:
4829:Language Visible
4824:
4818:
4811:
4802:
4801:
4785:
4775:
4769:
4767:
4759:
4753:
4740:
4734:
4724:
4718:
4715:
4709:
4702:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4650:
4347:Tense and number
4336:
4329:King James Bible
4309:
4300:
4213:
4142:singular formal
4058:
4052:
3982:grammatical case
3947:Standard English
3911:and rhymed with
3902:
3898:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3808:
3802:
3798:
3792:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3712:
3692:General American
3689:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3663:
3659:
3651:
3640:
3604:
3600:
3580:
3576:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3542:
3534:
3525:foot–strut split
3522:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3502:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3486:
3466:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3417:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3333:
3328:line–loin merger
3325:
3321:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3255:
3247:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3194:
3186:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3099:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3083:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2966:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2950:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2830:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2772:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2756:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2740:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2679:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2626:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2571:
2565:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2504:
2499:
2481:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2420:
2413:
2396:
2391:
2384:
2368:
2350:
2327:
2322:
2310:
2303:
2298:
2281:
2275:
2249:
2245:
2168:Romance language
2166:, Greek, or any
2147:
2131:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2116:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2100:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2071:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2048:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2032:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2014:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1998:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1956:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1940:
1920:
1913:
1905:
1897:
1863:
1855:
1847:
1839:
1819:
1781:
1763:
1757:
1750:
1734:
1728:
1720:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1631:
1616:
1606:
1599:
1550:
1546:
1529: instead of
1511:
1496:
1490:
1476:
1471:
1470:
1461:(for example in
1460:
1456:
1449:
1445:
1415:
1414:
1407:
1406:
1396:
1392:
1380:
1379:
1368:
1367:
1361:
1352:
1351:
1344:
1343:
1336:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1304:
1295:
1291:
1283:
1276:
1272:
1264:
1253:
1252:
1245:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1211:
1200:
1199:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1178:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1128:
1120:
1112:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1082:
1041:William Langland
1037:Geoffrey Chaucer
1029:Standard English
827:American English
805:Francis Beaumont
729:
725:
722:
705:
704: 1586–1593
702:
676:King James Bible
644:(printed 1565).
613:King James Bible
548:
485:The change from
456:
449:
445:
442:
436:
413:
405:
395:Geoffrey Chaucer
371:King James Bible
366:Standard English
328:English language
273:
247:
242:
230:
110:
52:
30:
29:
5874:
5873:
5869:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5863:
5819:
5818:
5817:
5804:
5774:-glottalization
5719:
5649:
5636:
5561:
5556:
5514:
5509:
5508:
5498:
5496:
5492:
5477:
5471:
5467:
5462:
5458:
5453:
5449:
5444:Wayback Machine
5434:
5430:
5423:
5409:
5405:
5398:
5384:
5380:
5373:
5359:
5355:
5348:
5334:
5330:
5323:
5309:
5305:
5298:
5284:
5280:
5273:
5259:
5255:
5248:
5234:
5230:
5224:Wayback Machine
5206:
5202:
5196:
5192:
5185:
5177:. p. 199.
5160:
5156:
5146:
5144:
5137:
5121:
5117:
5108:
5104:
5094:Wayback Machine
5084:
5071:
5061:
5059:
5044:
5040:
5031:
5027:
5009:
4994:
4989:
4985:
4980:Wayback Machine
4965:Wayback Machine
4955:
4948:
4938:
4936:
4935:on 26 June 2019
4927:
4926:
4919:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4850:
4846:
4839:
4825:
4821:
4812:
4805:
4798:
4776:
4772:
4741:
4737:
4725:
4721:
4716:
4712:
4703:
4699:
4689:
4687:
4651:
4644:
4639:
4600:Elizabethan era
4576:
4529:
4486:
4450:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4311:From the early
4310:
4303:
4214:
4207:
3926:
3921:
3900:
3896:
3866:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3800:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3750:
3746:
3681:
3677:
3670:
3624:yod-coalescence
3544:
3543:
3532:
3520:
3504:
3503:
3488:
3487:
3464:
3443:
3442:
3433:
3429:
3419:
3418:
3386:
3385:
3376:
3372:
3351:
3350:
3341:
3337:
3285:
3284:
3275:
3271:
3257:
3256:
3220:
3219:
3210:
3206:
3196:
3195:
3159:
3158:
3149:
3145:
3128:complete merger
3101:
3100:
3085:
3084:
3056:
3055:
3046:
3042:
3019:
3018:
3009:
3005:
2994:
2993:
2984:
2980:
2952:
2951:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2888:
2884:
2875:
2874:
2865:
2861:
2832:
2831:
2774:
2773:
2765:and finally to
2758:
2757:
2742:
2741:
2709:
2708:
2699:
2695:
2681:
2680:
2652:
2651:
2642:
2638:
2628:
2627:
2601:
2600:
2591:
2587:
2540:
2539:
2530:
2526:
2244:
2129:
2118:
2117:
2102:
2101:
2073:
2072:
2057:, as in modern
2050:
2049:
2034:
2033:
2016:
2015:
2000:
1999:
1958:
1957:
1942:
1941:
1918:
1867:The now-silent
1545:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1521:Without proper
1512:
1503:
1474:
1473:) changed, and
1458:
1454:
1447:
1443:
1394:
1359:
1334:
1305:
1302:
1293:
1289:
1281:
1274:
1273:as a vowel and
1270:
1243:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1176:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1126:
1118:
1110:
1080:
1049:
989:
983:
970:Annus Mirabilis
923:annus mirabilis
906:
881:Plymouth Colony
876:
866:
777:
771:
766:
761:
756:
744:
727:
723:
703:
691:Catholic Church
654:Elizabethan era
632:
575:Myles Coverdale
554:William Tyndale
543:
528:1491 or 1492 –
512:
483:
477:
472:
466:
457:
446:
440:
437:
426:
414:
403:
334:to the English
285:Without proper
271:
245:
238:
226:
216:
174:
167:
111:
108:Language family
106:
96:developed into
62:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5872:
5862:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5814:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5802:
5795:
5794:
5793:
5788:
5776:
5768:
5763:
5756:
5748:
5740:
5735:
5729:
5727:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5679:
5671:
5663:
5661:
5651:
5650:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5632:Modern English
5629:
5624:
5622:Middle English
5619:
5614:
5613:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5575:Proto-Germanic
5572:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5555:
5554:
5547:
5540:
5532:
5526:
5525:
5513:
5512:External links
5510:
5507:
5506:
5465:
5456:
5447:
5428:
5421:
5403:
5396:
5378:
5371:
5353:
5346:
5328:
5321:
5303:
5296:
5278:
5271:
5253:
5246:
5228:
5200:
5190:
5183:
5163:Wells, John C.
5154:
5135:
5115:
5102:
5069:
5038:
5025:
4992:
4983:
4946:
4917:
4911:spelling", in
4900:
4844:
4837:
4819:
4803:
4796:
4770:
4735:
4719:
4710:
4697:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4627:Modern English
4623:Middle English
4620:
4615:
4610:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4575:
4572:
4528:
4525:
4485:
4482:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4415:
4376:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4301:
4293:they were mine
4215:The genitives
4204:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4171:
4168:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4139:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4101:
4098:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4086:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3865:
3864:Specific words
3862:
3809:in words like
3669:
3666:
3654:
3653:
3572:
3427:
3406:) had not yet
3335:
3269:
3204:
3143:
3040:
3003:
2859:
2693:
2636:
2585:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2457:
2451:
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2445:
2440:
2435:
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2424:
2423:
2421:
2416:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2385:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2346:
2344:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2203:
2157:
2126:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2062:
2023:
1978:
1949:, rather than
1915:
1892:
1865:
1812:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1758:
1753:
1751:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1723:
1714:
1703:
1694:
1685:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1658:
1656:
1647:
1638:
1636:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1544:
1541:
1525:, you may see
1513:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1479:
1478:
1451:
1441:
1426:
1387:
1329:
1301:
1278:
1233:
1173:
1048:
1045:
987:Modern English
985:Main article:
982:
979:
978:
977:
955:
948:
941:
905:
902:
901:
900:
894:
865:
862:
861:
860:
851:
838:
819:
818:
817:
812:
798:
793:
785:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
746:
745:
718:
706:
694:
679:
678:to counter it.
658:
657:
638:Title page of
631:
628:
627:
626:
617:
592:Thomas Cranmer
578:
565:
550:
542:
539:
538:
537:
530:Richard Pynson
526:
511:
508:
507:
506:
499:William Caxton
487:Middle English
476:
473:
465:
462:
459:
458:
417:
415:
408:
402:
399:
348:Modern English
344:Middle English
303:
302:
289:, you may see
275:
274:
269:
263:
262:
257:
249:
248:
243:
235:
234:
231:
223:
222:
221:Language codes
218:
217:
215:
214:
213:
212:
211:
210:
209:
208:
207:
206:
204:Middle English
184:Proto-Germanic
177:
175:
172:
169:
168:
166:
165:
164:
163:
162:
161:
160:
159:
158:
157:
156:
155:
154:
153:
114:
112:
105:
102:
101:
98:Modern English
94:
90:
89:
68:
67:Native to
64:
63:
53:
45:
44:
40:
39:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5871:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5801:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5782:
5781:
5777:
5775:
5773:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5761:
5757:
5755:
5754:-vocalization
5753:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5722:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5680:
5678:
5672:
5670:
5669:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5643:
5639:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5564:
5560:
5553:
5548:
5546:
5541:
5539:
5534:
5533:
5530:
5523:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5476:
5469:
5460:
5451:
5445:
5441:
5438:
5432:
5424:
5418:
5414:
5407:
5399:
5393:
5389:
5382:
5374:
5368:
5364:
5357:
5349:
5343:
5339:
5332:
5324:
5318:
5314:
5307:
5299:
5293:
5289:
5282:
5274:
5268:
5264:
5257:
5249:
5243:
5239:
5232:
5225:
5221:
5218:
5215:
5211:
5204:
5194:
5186:
5184:0-521-22919-7
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5158:
5142:
5138:
5136:0-7486-0835-4
5132:
5128:
5127:
5119:
5112:
5106:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5088:
5082:
5080:
5078:
5076:
5074:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5042:
5035:
5029:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5007:
5005:
5003:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4987:
4981:
4977:
4974:
4970:
4969:David Crystal
4966:
4962:
4959:
4953:
4951:
4934:
4930:
4924:
4922:
4914:
4904:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4848:
4840:
4838:0-676-97487-2
4834:
4830:
4823:
4816:
4810:
4808:
4799:
4797:0-09-943682-5
4793:
4789:
4784:
4783:
4774:
4766:
4765:
4758:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4739:
4732:
4728:
4723:
4714:
4707:
4701:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4652:For example,
4649:
4647:
4642:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4536:
4534:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4458:
4455:
4442:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4308:
4306:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4210:
4205:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4182:his/hers/his
4181:
4178:
4175:
4172:
4169:
4165:
4158:
4157:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4059:
4056:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3963:Ancient Greek
3960:
3955:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3932:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3827:
3823:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3807:
3797:
3791:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3756:
3716:
3715:syllable coda
3708:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3687:
3675:
3665:
3648:
3644:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3530:
3529:John C. Wells
3526:
3518:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3491:
3484:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3446:
3439:
3428:
3422:
3415:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3389:
3382:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3354:
3347:
3336:
3329:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3288:
3281:
3270:
3260:
3253:
3245:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3223:
3216:
3205:
3199:
3192:
3184:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3162:
3155:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3112:
3104:
3097:
3088:
3081:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3059:
3052:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3022:
3015:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2955:
2948:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2915:(and perhaps
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2878:
2871:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2835:
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2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2761:
2754:
2745:
2738:
2732:
2729:, was a long
2728:
2724:
2720:
2712:
2705:
2694:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2655:
2648:
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2597:
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2579:
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2543:
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2521:
2520:
2519:
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2508:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2494:
2490:
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2422:
2417:
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2410:
2408:
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2399:
2393:
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2329:
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2319:
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2300:
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2277:
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2265:
2264:
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2256:
2250:
2236:
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2197:
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2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2155:
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2145:
2139:
2135:
2127:
2121:
2114:
2105:
2098:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2076:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2037:
2030:
2024:
2019:
2012:
2003:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1945:
1938:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1916:
1909:
1901:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1853:
1845:
1837:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1810:
1809:fully reduced
1806:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
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1747:
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1724:
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1668:
1659:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1637:
1628:
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1623:
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1612:
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1596:
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1427:
1424:
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1416:
1408:
1400:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1337:
1330:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1299:
1287:
1279:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1185:
1179:
1174:
1172:(ς) in Greek.
1171:
1167:
1163:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1136:). The short
1135:
1134:
1124:
1116:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1083:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1006:in 1714, but
1005:
1000:
998:
994:
988:
976:
972:
971:
966:
962:
961:
960:Paradise Lost
956:
953:
949:
946:
942:
939:
938:Thomas Hobbes
935:
934:
929:
928:
927:
925:
924:
919:
915:
911:
899:
895:
892:
888:
887:
882:
878:
877:
875:
871:
858:
857:
852:
849:
845:
844:
839:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
813:
810:
809:John Fletcher
806:
802:
799:
797:
796:Thomas Dekker
794:
792:
789:
788:
786:
783:
779:
778:
776:
755:
751:
743:
739:
733:
719:
717:
713:
712:
707:
698:
695:
692:
688:
684:
680:
677:
673:
669:
664:
660:
659:
655:
652:
651:
648:
643:
642:
636:
624:
623:
618:
615:
614:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
588:
583:
582:first edition
579:
576:
572:
571:
566:
563:
559:
555:
551:
545:
544:
535:
531:
527:
524:
523:
518:
517:Thomas Malory
514:
513:
504:
500:
496:
495:
494:
490:
488:
482:
471:
455:
452:
444:
434:
430:
424:
423:
418:This section
416:
412:
407:
406:
398:
396:
392:
391:
386:
385:
379:
377:
373:
372:
367:
362:
361:of Scotland.
360:
356:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
282:
276:
270:
268:
264:
261:
258:
256:
255:
250:
244:
241:
236:
232:
229:
224:
219:
205:
202:
201:
200:
197:
196:
195:
194:Proto-English
192:
191:
190:
187:
186:
185:
182:
181:
180:
176:
170:
152:
149:
148:
147:
144:
143:
142:
139:
138:
137:
136:Anglo-Frisian
134:
133:
132:
129:
128:
127:
126:West Germanic
124:
123:
122:
119:
118:
117:
116:Indo-European
113:
109:
103:
99:
95:
91:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
69:
65:
60:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
31:
28:
24:
19:
5798:
5779:
5771:
5759:
5751:
5743:
5667:
5626:
5605:Northumbrian
5497:. Retrieved
5485:
5481:
5468:
5459:
5450:
5431:
5412:
5406:
5387:
5381:
5362:
5356:
5337:
5331:
5312:
5306:
5287:
5281:
5262:
5256:
5237:
5231:
5213:
5203:
5193:
5166:
5157:
5145:. Retrieved
5125:
5118:
5110:
5105:
5097:
5060:. Retrieved
5056:the original
5041:
5033:
5028:
5020:
5017:the original
4986:
4937:. Retrieved
4933:the original
4912:
4903:
4891:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4847:
4828:
4822:
4814:
4782:The Alphabet
4781:
4773:
4748:
4738:
4730:
4722:
4713:
4705:
4700:
4688:. Retrieved
4663:
4659:
4608:Caroline era
4604:Jacobean era
4595:Inkhorn term
4569:
4562:
4548:
4539:
4537:
4530:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4506:
4497:
4493:
4487:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4459:
4451:
4440:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4350:
4332:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4297:they were my
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4240:
4236:
4231:are used as
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4033:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4006:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3977:
3973:
3971:
3966:
3953:
3951:
3940:
3935:
3929:
3927:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3892:
3888:
3887:, with both
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3867:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3825:
3821:
3819:
3814:
3810:
3806:[ɒɹ]
3796:[äɹ]
3790:[ɐɹ]
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3767:and perhaps
3704:
3673:
3671:
3655:
3646:
3642:
3635:
3631:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3607:yod-dropping
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3516:
3512:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:[ow]
3073:
3069:
3065:
3036:
3032:
3028:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2828:[ɛi]
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2786:
2782:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2689:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2624:[əu]
2618:
2614:
2610:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:[əi]
2563:[əi]
2557:
2553:
2549:
2513:
2255:Monophthongs
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2170:, a written
2133:
2090:
1985:
1970:
1966:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1907:
1899:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1804:
1794:
1725:
1717:
1709:
1613:
1571:Postalveolar
1514:
1482:
1480:
1466:
1462:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1418:
1417:(for modern
1410:
1402:
1398:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1347:
1339:
1325:
1266:
1256:
1248:
1213:
1203:
1202:(for modern
1195:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1122:
1104:
1072:
1061:
1018:
1011:
1004:Georgian era
1001:
997:county towns
990:
968:
958:
951:
945:Samuel Pepys
943:1660–1669 –
931:
921:
907:
884:
870:Caroline era
854:
841:
815:John Webster
775:Jacobean era
759:17th century
709:
663:Geneva Bible
645:
639:
620:
611:
594:(revised in
585:
568:
520:
491:
484:
447:
438:
427:Please help
422:verification
419:
388:
382:
380:
369:
363:
359:Middle Scots
352:
332:Tudor period
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
306:
278:
259:
252:
150:
27:
18:
5590:Old English
5488:: 177–191.
4967:as well as
4852:W. W. Skeat
4764:bleſſedneſs
4631:Old English
4289:it is thine
4176:him/her/it
4167:3rd person
4122:2nd person
4085:1st person
3136:East Anglia
2791:Shakespeare
2731:monophthong
2156:and Scouse.
2128:Word-final
1740:Approximant
1354:. The last
1280:The letter
1235:Similarly,
1109:The letter
1064:orthography
1056:Shakespeare
1047:Orthography
1016:, in 1755.
975:John Dryden
965:John Milton
914:Interregnum
856:First Folio
840:1611 – The
728: 1612
724: 1590
681:1582 – The
661:1560 – The
656:(1558–1603)
616:(1611) did.
570:Great Bible
503:Westminster
340:Restoration
336:Interregnum
293:instead of
199:Old English
173:Early forms
5823:Categories
5725:Consonants
5700:Diphthongs
5610:West Saxon
5062:5 December
4890:. (Skeat,
4637:References
4561:'s comedy
4527:Vocabulary
4273:thy mother
4257:mine heart
4253:thine eyes
4173:he/she/it
4134:thy/thine
4079:Possessive
4064:Nominative
4048:thine hand
4029:yourselves
3840:, such as
3495:and later
2260:Diphthongs
2160:H-dropping
1921:, such as
1543:Consonants
1389:The sound
1160:(the last
993:port towns
791:Ben Jonson
736:See also:
726: – c.
716:Thomas Kyd
541:Henry VIII
468:See also:
272:en-emodeng
59:Sonnet 132
5766:Rhoticity
5746:-dropping
5482:Et Cetera
5171:Cambridge
5147:31 August
4757:happineſs
4680:122740133
4375:us all".)
4371:thee and
4170:singular
4088:singular
4044:mine eyes
3783:, had an
3626:(such as
3132:Yorkshire
2931:), as in
2455:Near-open
2337:Close-mid
2223:cathedral
2154:Mancunian
1674:Fricative
1501:Phonology
1401:): hence
1356:consonant
1115:lowercase
1025:reception
933:Leviathan
859:published
823:Jamestown
784:published
441:July 2024
254:Glottolog
240:ISO 639-6
228:ISO 639-3
5791:stopping
5786:fronting
5738:Flapping
5733:Clusters
5490:Archived
5440:Archived
5220:Archived
5165:(1982).
5141:Archived
5090:Archived
4976:Archived
4961:Archived
4690:12 March
4684:Archived
4574:See also
4553:" (rus.
4427:walkedst
4261:mine art
4097:my/mine
4074:Genitive
4042:, as in
4025:yourself
3924:Pronouns
3903:vowels.
3589:such as
3293:, as in
3228:, as in
3167:, as in
3140:Scotland
3114:, as in
3064:, as in
3027:, as in
2891:) as in
2717:, as in
2660:, as in
2619:ploughed
2609:, as in
2548:, as in
2402:Open-mid
2176:heritage
2138:coalesce
2132:, as in
2087:variants
1830:daughter
1566:Alveolar
1535:Help:IPA
1318:(that),
1312:(thee),
1162:ligature
912:and the
734:written
672:Pilgrims
668:Puritans
641:Gorboduc
390:Gorboduc
299:Help:IPA
121:Germanic
79:Scotland
5600:Mercian
5595:Kentish
5499:29 June
4939:26 June
4896:page 99
4490:perfect
4277:my love
4199:theirs
4187:plural
4159:plural
4105:plural
4069:Oblique
4002:thyself
3943:Tyndale
3919:Grammar
3846:compare
3842:prepare
3713:in the
3609:and so
3394:(as in
3359:(as in
2524:phoneme
2219:theater
2213:, e.g.
2188:hostage
2180:history
2150:Brummie
2089:of the
1908:measure
1906:and in
1826:thought
1771:Lateral
1586:Glottal
1576:Palatal
1531:Unicode
1397:(as in
1350:cowarde
1333:silent
1298:Ye olde
1204:unmoved
1198:vnmoued
1121:(short
1117:forms:
1079:silent
967:and of
780:1609 –
708:1592 –
584:of the
497:1476 –
401:History
355:James I
295:Unicode
146:English
83:Ireland
71:England
43:English
5659:Vowels
5419:
5394:
5369:
5344:
5319:
5294:
5269:
5244:
5181:
5133:
4835:
4794:
4752:. M.S.
4678:
4551:steppe
4431:gav'st
4369:hateth
4295:(not *
4263:) and
4227:, and
4196:their
4154:yours
4137:thine
3959:Hebrew
3905:Tongue
3877:latter
3873:letter
3869:Nature
3856:. See
3781:divert
3639:/dʒuː/
3531:. The
3371:) and
3365:enough
3330:since
3299:choice
3234:taught
3179:, was
3138:, and
3076:, was
2969:breath
2929:friend
2905:merged
2856:merger
2839:as in
2823:merged
2690:pretty
2621:, was
2578:melody
2560:, was
2266:Short
2242:Vowels
2231:Thomas
2227:anthem
2184:hermit
2059:Scouse
1982:rhotic
1900:vision
1883:. The
1877:should
1561:Dental
1556:Labial
1430:public
1419:summer
1413:plombe
1405:ſommer
1374:) and
1342:ſpeake
1206:) and
1099:subtle
835:racoon
687:Rheims
606:, and
141:Anglic
5493:(PDF)
5478:(PDF)
4886:sonne
4880:suvne
4876:sunue
4870:sunne
4866:; if
4854:, in
4676:S2CID
4555:степь
4544:idiom
4517:to be
4478:durst
4474:dared
4441:to be
4373:hates
4342:Verbs
4285:thine
4245:vowel
4241:thine
4229:thine
4193:them
4190:they
4151:your
4131:thee
4128:thou
4117:ours
4100:mine
4021:yours
3998:thine
3901:STRUT
3893:other
3811:worth
3779:, or
3777:earth
3773:clerk
3707:schwa
3700:Irish
3662:ɪ̯ ʊ̯
3650:/duː/
3599:/juː/
3557:brood
3553:blood
3541:]
3537:[
3501:]
3497:[
3485:]
3481:[
3469:blood
3467:like
3461:stool
3441:
3416:]
3412:[
3408:split
3396:could
3384:
3349:
3283:
3254:]
3250:[
3246:]
3242:[
3218:
3193:]
3189:[
3185:]
3181:[
3157:
3098:]
3094:[
3082:]
3078:[
3066:stone
3054:
3037:thick
3017:
2992:
2965:]
2961:[
2949:]
2945:[
2925:field
2921:fiend
2873:
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