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were using
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235:, which improved Morocco's standing internationally. Central to his pursuit of international trade was the negotiation of agreements with foreign commercial powers. He began seeking one with the United States before the war with
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had ended in 1783, and he welcomed Thomas
Barclay's arrival to negotiate in 1786. The treaty signed by Barclay and the sultan and then by Jefferson and Adams was ratified by the
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had experienced 30 years of internecine battles, instability and turmoil. Sidi
Muhammad transformed politics, the economy and society by prioritizing development of
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Roberts, Priscilla H.; Tull, James N. (June 1999). "Moroccan Sultan Sidi
Muhammad Ibn Abdallah's Diplomatic Initiatives toward the United States, 1777–1786".
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and John Adams at their respective diplomatic posts in Paris and London; Congress ratified the treaty on 18 July 1787, which was to last fifty years.
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Muhammad III, or Sidi
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was chosen to represent the U.S., and with the aid and backing of Spain, met his
Moroccan counterpart, Tahir Fannish, in
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in June 1786. The treaty was finalized within days of
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signed in 1786 that established diplomatic and commercial relations between the
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General
History of Africa, Vol. V: Africa from the 16th to the 18th Century
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History of the U.S. and
Morocco - U.S. Embassy & Consulates in Morocco
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Nearly a decade before the treaty, on 20 December 1777, Moroccan Sultan
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Long-time friends: a history of early U.S.-Moroccan relations 1777-1787
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Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship (Treaty of Marrakesh), 1786–1787
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authorized negotiations for a treaty with Morocco. American diplomat
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Thomas Barclay (1728–1793): Consul in France, Diplomat in Barbary
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in 1787. It was reaffirmed by the sultan in 1803, when the
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Historical Background on United States - Morocco Relations
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The Moroccan-American Treaty of Peace and Friendship, ",
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