Narwhal - Knowledge

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to 25 minutes, but can vary in depth, depending on the season and local variation between environments. For example, in the Baffin Bay wintering grounds, narwhals tend to dive deep within the precipitous coasts, typically south of Baffin Bay. This suggests differences in habitat structure, prey availability, or genetic adaptations between subpopulations. In the northern wintering grounds, narwhals do not dive as deep as the southern population, in spite of greater water depths in these areas. This is mainly attributed to prey being concentrated nearer to the surface, which causes narwhals to alter their foraging strategies.

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most commonly used to communicate with other pod members. Calls recorded from the same pod are more similar than calls from different pods, suggesting the possibility of group- or individual-specific calls. Narwhals sometimes adjust the duration and pitch of their pulsed calls to maximise sound propagation in varying acoustic environments. Other sounds produced by narwhals include trumpeting and "squeaking-door sounds". The narwhal vocal repertoire is similar to that of the beluga whale. However, the frequency ranges, durations, and repetition rates of narwhal clicks differ from those of belugas.

1292: 1535:. Several cases of sea entrapment were recorded in 2008–2010, during the Arctic winter, including in some places where such events had never been recorded before. This suggests later departure dates from summering grounds. Wind and currents move sea ice from adjacent locations to Greenland, leading to fluctuations in concentration. Due to their tendency of returning to the same areas, changes in weather and ice conditions are not always associated with narwhal movement toward open water. It is currently unclear to what extent sea ice changes pose a danger to narwhals. 335: 125: 191: 1033: 149: 11807: 11831: 11819: 1018: 1684:, which are commercially traded. About 1,000 narwhals are killed per year: 600 in Canada and 400 in Greenland. Canadian catches were steady at this level in the 1970s, dropped to 300–400 per year in the late 1980s and 1990s and have risen again since 1999. Greenland caught more, 700–900 per year, in the 1980s and 1990s. 1455:

typically fall between 19 and 48 hertz. Sounds are reflected off the sloping front of the skull and focused by the animal's melon, which can be controlled through surrounding musculature. Echolocation clicks are used for detecting prey and locating barriers at short distances. Whistles and throbs are

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evolved menopause to acquire higher overall longevity, though their reproductive periods did not change. To explain this, scientists hypothesised that calves of the five Odontoceti species require the assistance of menopausal females for an enhanced chance at survival, as they are extremely difficult

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that projects from the left side of the upper jaw. Both sexes have a pair of tusks embedded in the upper jaw, which in males erupts at two or three. The tusk grows throughout the animal's life, reaching lengths of 1.5 to 3 m (4 ft 11 in to 9 ft 10 in). It is hollow and weighs

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Louis, Marie; Skovrind, Mikkel; Samaniego Castruita, Jose Alfredo; Garilao, Cristina; Kaschner, Kristin; Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Haile, James S.; Lydersen, Christian; Kovacs, Kit M.; Garde, Eva; Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter; Postma, Lianne; Ferguson, Steven H.; Willerslev, Eske; Lorenzen, Eline D. (29

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is the primary cause of bioaccumulation in marine mammals; this may lead to health problems for the narwhal population. When bioaccumulating, numerous metals appear in the blubber, liver, kidney and musculature. A study found that the blubber was nearly devoid of these metals, whereas the liver and

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When in their wintering waters, narwhals make some of the deepest dives recorded for cetaceans, diving to at least 800 m (2,620 ft) over 15 times per day, with many dives reaching 1,500 m (4,920 ft). The greatest dive depth recorded is 2,370 m (7,780 ft). Dives last up

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in late autumn. This is known as "sea-ice entrapment". Narwhals drown if open water is no longer accessible and ice is too thick for them to break through. Breathing holes in ice may be up to 1,450 m (4,760 ft) apart, which limits the use of foraging grounds. These holes must be at least

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lasts 15 months, and births appear to be most frequent between July and August. A female has a birth interval of around 2–3 years. As with most marine mammals, only a single young is born, averaging 1.5 m (4.9 ft) in length with white or light grey pigmentation. Summer population surveys

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at 12 to 20 years of age, reaching a length of 3.5 to 4.0 m (11.5 to 13.1 ft). Females become sexually mature at a younger age between 8 and 9 years old, when they are about 3.4 m (11 ft) long. On average, males are about 70 cm (28 in) longer and more than 75% heavier

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are jointed, instead of being fused as in most whales; this allows a greater range of neck flexibility. These characteristics—a dorsal ridge and jointed neck vertebrae—are shared by the beluga whale. Male and female narwhals have different tail flukes; the former are bent inward, while the latter

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of three to eight—and sometimes up to twenty—individuals. Groups may be "nurseries" with only females and young, or can contain only juveniles or adult males ("bulls"); mixed groups can occur at any time of year. In the summer, several groups come together, forming larger aggregations which can

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due to sea ice decline, especially in their northern wintering grounds such as the Baffin Bay and Davis Strait regions. Satellite data collected from these areas shows the amount of sea ice has been markedly reduced from what it was previously. It is thought that narwhals' foraging ranges

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that connect seawater stimuli to the brain, allowing the narwhal to sense temperature variability in its surroundings. These nerves may be able to pick up the slightest increase or decrease in the magnitude of particles and water pressure. According to Dr. Martin Nweeia, male narwhals may rid

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Nweeia, Martin T.; Eichmiller, Frederick C.; Hauschka, Peter V.; Donahue, Gretchen A.; Orr, Jack R.; Ferguson, Steven H.; Watt, Cortney A.; Mead, James G.; Potter, Charles W.; Dietz, Rune; Giuseppetti, Anthony A.; Black, Sandie R.; Trachtenberg, Alexander J.; Kuo, Winston P. (18 March 2014).

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experienced an increase in the number of caught narwhals, but this increase did not seem to be linked to enhanced endeavour, implying that climate change may be making the narwhal more vulnerable to hunting. Scientists recommend assessing population numbers, assigning sustainable

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The narwhal has a thickset body with a short, blunt snout, small upcurved flippers, and convex to concave tail flukes. Adults measure in body-to-tail length from 3.0 to 5.5 m (9.8 to 18.0 ft) and weigh 800 to 1,600 kg (1,800 to 3,500 lb). Male narwhals attain

1546:. In some instances, the former have been recorded waiting at breathing holes for young narwhals, while the latter were observed surrounding and killing entire narwhal pods. To escape predators such as orcas, narwhals may use prolonged submersion to hide under 1162:, making them easier to catch for feeding. Females, who usually do not have tusks, live longer than males, hence the tusk cannot be essential to the animal's survival. It is generally accepted that the primary function of the narwhal tusk is associated with 1123:

up to 7.45 kg (16.4 lb). Some males may grow two tusks, occurring when the right canine also protrudes through the lip. Females rarely grow tusks: when they do, the tusks are typically smaller than those of males, with less noticeable spirals.

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for millennia. Their long, distinctive tusks were often held with fascination throughout human history. These tusks were prized for their supposed healing powers, and were worn on staffs and thrones. Depictions of narwhals in paintings such as

578:. The remains of an abnormal-looking whale, described by marine zoologists as unlike any known species, were found in West Greenland around 1990. It had features midway between a narwhal and a beluga, indicating that the remains belonged to a 4471:

Chambault, P.; Tervo, O. M.; Garde, E.; Hansen, R. G.; Blackwell, S. B.; Williams, T. M.; Dietz, R.; Albertsen, C. M.; Laidre, K. L.; Nielsen, N. H.; Richard, P.; Sinding, M. H. S.; Schmidt, H. C.; Heide-Jørgensen, M. P. (29 October 2020).

1377:, under dense pack ice. During the summer, they eat mostly Arctic cod and Greenland halibut, with other fish such as polar cod making up the remainder of their diet. Narwhals consume more food in the winter months than they do in summer. 526:, meaning 'corpse-whale', which possibly refers to the animal's grey, mottled skin and its habit of remaining motionless when at the water's surface, a behaviour known as "logging" that usually happens in the summer. The scientific name, 1755:

rather than individual-level responses to local prey distribution, resulting in focal foraging areas during the winter. As such, despite changing conditions, narwhals will continue to return to the same areas during migration.

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of the eastern and western United States. Fossil evidence shows that ancient white whales lived in tropical waters. They may have migrated to Arctic and subarctic waters in response to changes in the marine food chain.

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Skovrind, Mikkel; Castruita, Jose Alfredo Samaniego; Haile, James; Treadaway, Eve C.; Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Westbury, Michael V.; Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter; Szpak, Paul; Lorenzen, Eline D. (20 June 2019).

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Across medieval Europe, narwhal tusks were given as state gifts to kings and queens. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the price tag of tusks was said to be a couple of hundred times greater than its weight in

1354:), both of which are found in depths of more than 500 m (1,600 ft). The study also concluded that the size of prey did not differ among genders or ages. Other items found in stomachs have included 6157: 3881:

Nweeia, Martin T.; Eichmiller, Frederick C.; Hauschka, Peter V.; Tyler, Ethan; Mead, James G.; Potter, Charles W.; Angnatsiak, David P.; Richard, Pierre R.; Orr, Jack R.; Black, Sandie R. (30 March 2012).

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to preferred ice-free summering grounds, usually in shallow waters. In summer months, they move closer to coasts, often in pods of 10–100. In the winter, they move to offshore, deeper waters under thick

1271:. Narwhals in Baffin Bay typically travel further north, to northern Canada and Greenland, between June and September. After this period, they travel about 1,700 kilometres (1,100 mi) south to the 1070:. This whitening occurs throughout life, resulting in aged narwhals that are almost pure white. Unlike most whales, the narwhal has a shallow dorsal ridge, rather than a dorsal fin. This is possibly an 1182:

in the upper jaw. These teeth, which differ in form and composition, encircle the exposed tooth sockets laterally, posteriorly, and ventrally. Vestigial teeth in male narwhals are commonly shed in the

115: 1613:. As of 2017, the global population is estimated to be 123,000 mature individuals out of a total of 170,000. There were about 12,000 narwhals in Northern Hudson Bay in 2011, and around 49,000 near 1417:

their mother's milk, which is rich in fat; calves are dependent on milk for about 20 months. This long lactation period gives calves time to learn skills they will need to survive as they mature.

1656:(CMS). These committees restrict international trading of live animals and their body parts, as well as implement sustainable action plans. The species is classified as special concern under the 6734:"What about exotic species? Significance of remains of strange and alien animals in the Baltic Sea region, focusing on the period from the Viking Age to high medieval times (800–1300 CE)" 1443:

Like most toothed whales, narwhals use sound to navigate and hunt for food. They primarily vocalise through clicks, whistles and knocks, created by air movement between chambers near the

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The function of the narwhal tusk is debated. Some biologists suggest that narwhals use their tusks in fights, while others argue that they may be of use in feeding. There is, however, a

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Narwhal tusks are sold both carved and uncarved in Canada and Greenland. Per hunted narwhal, an average of one or two vertebrae and one or two teeth are sold. In Greenland, the skin (

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behaviour for the species has been recorded from March to May, when they are in offshore pack ice, and is thought to involve a dominant male mating with several partners. The average

3752: 6813: 413:, along with the jointed neck vertebrae and shallow dorsal ridge allow for easy movement through the Arctic environment, where the narwhal spends extended periods at great depths. 1868:, the narwhal's tusk was created when a woman with harpoon rope tied around her waist was dragged into the ocean after the harpoon had stuck into a large narwhal. She was then 5148:

Senevirathna, Jayan Duminda Mahesh; Yonezawa, Ryo; Saka, Taiki; Igarashi, Yoji; Funasaka, Noriko; Yoshitake, Kazutoshi; Kinoshita, Shigeharu; Asakawa, Shuichi (January 2021).

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Dietz, Rune; Desforges, Jean-Pierre; Rigét, Frank F.; Aubail, Aurore; Garde, Eva; Ambus, Per; Drimmie, Robert; Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter; Sonne, Christian (10 May 2021).

1424: and live for decades after they have finished breeding. Females in this phase may continue to protect calves in the pod. A 2024 study concluded that five species of 5817:

Nielsen, Ole; Rodrigues, Thaís C. S.; Marcoux, Marianne; Béland, Karine; Subramaniam, Kuttichantran; Lair, Stéphane; Hussey, Nigel E.; Waltzek, Thomas B. (6 July 2023).

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Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata

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Blackwell, Susanna B.; Tervo, Outi M.; Conrad, Alexander S.; Sinding, Mikkel H. S.; Hansen, Rikke G.; Ditlevsen, Susanne; Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter (13 June 2018).

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reflect patterns they acquired early in life, which improves their capacity to obtain the food supplies they need for the winter. This strategy focuses on strong

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Zahn, Marie J.; Rankin, Shannon; McCullough, Jennifer L. K.; Koblitz, Jens C.; Archer, Frederick; Rasmussen, Marianne H.; Laidre, Kristin L. (12 November 2021).

1275:, and stay there until April. During winter, narwhals from Canada and West Greenland regularly visit the pack ice of the Davis Strait and Baffin Bay along the 2171: 3022:

Garde, Eva; Hansen, Steen H.; Ditlevsen, Susanne; Tvermosegaard, Ketil Biering; Hansen, Johan; Harding, Karin C.; Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter (7 July 2015).

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in the narwhal are highly adapted for prolonged periods of deep-sea foraging. During such activities, oxygen is reserved in the muscles, which are typically

10899: 10769: 1699:, and in Canada to other communities. Based on an analysis of 2007 narwhal hunts in Hudson Bay, a 2013 paper estimated that gross revenue per narwhal was 460:

from March to May, and the young are born in July or August of the following year. When communicating, a variety of clicks, whistles and knocks are used.

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Dietz, Rune; Shapiro, Ari D.; Bakhtiari, Mehdi; Orr, Jack; Tyack, Peter L; Richard, Pierre; Eskesen, Ida Grønborg; Marshall, Greg (19 November 2007).

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Europe's Sea Mammals Including the Azores, Madeira, the Canary Islands and Cape Verde: A field guide to the whales, dolphins, porpoises and seals

3506: 6555:"Norse Greenland settlement: reflections on climate change, trade, and the contrasting fates of human settlements in the North Atlantic islands" 2451: 11581: 11524: 11389: 11243: 10944: 10930: 10869: 10849: 10598: 10535: 10398: 10266: 10072: 9994: 9833: 9593: 9542: 9208: 9178: 468: 3439: 1062:, with blackish-brown markings over a white background. At birth, the skin is light grey, and when sexually mature, white patches grow on the 12125: 12073: 11460: 11253: 11119: 10789: 10488: 10062: 9773: 9565: 9168: 9158: 4779: 4006: 3741: 1743:

were not nearly as abundant. Individuals of different weight and sex showed dissimilarities in the concentration of metals in their organs.

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themselves of encrustations on their tusks by rubbing them together, as opposed to posturing displays of aggressive male-to-male rivalry.

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disrupt the narwhal's normal migration patterns. These disturbed migrations may also be associated with increased sea ice entrapment.

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Jones, Joshua M.; Frasier, Kaitlin E.; Westdal, Kristin H.; Ootoowak, Alex J.; Wiggins, Sean M.; Hildebrand, John A. (1 March 2022).

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The narwhal tusk has been highly sought-after in Europe for centuries. This stems from a medieval belief that narwhal tusks were the

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contain 500 to over 1,000 individuals. Male narwhals have been observed rubbing each other's tusks, a behaviour known as "tusking".

456:. It travels in groups of three to eight, with aggregations of up to 1,000 occurring in the summer months. It mates in the offshore 12008: 9278: 1833:, the raw skin and attached blubber, is considered a delicacy. As a custom, one or two vertebrae per animal are used for tools and 5732: 4149:

Laidre, Kristin L.; Stirling, Ian; Lowry, Lloyd F.; Wiig, Øystein; Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter; Ferguson, Steven H. (March 2008).

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Dietz, R.; Riget, F.; Hobson, K.; Heidejorgensen, M.; Moller, P.; Cleemann, M.; Deboer, J.; Glasius, M. (20 September 2004).

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Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter; Hansen, Rikke Guldborg; Westdal, Kristin; Reeves, Randall R.; Mosbech, Anders (February 2013).

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Loch, Carolina; Fordyce, R. Ewan; Werth, Alexander (2023), Würsig, Bernd; Orbach, Dara N. (eds.), "Skulls, teeth, and sex",

3349:"Physiological consequences of Arctic sea ice loss on large marine carnivores: unique responses by polar bears and narwhals" 2905: 12310: 9037: 1222:; off the east coast of Greenland; and in a strip running east from the northern end of Greenland round to eastern Russia ( 5039: 4702: 3855: 4629: 3979:"Distribution and migrations of cetaceans in the Russian Arctic according to observations from aerial ice reconnaissance" 6033: 587: 12275: 11995: 4452: 4345:

Laidre, Kristin L.; Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter; Dietz, Rune; Hobbs, Roderick C.; Jørgensen, Ole A. (17 October 2003).

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Considered to have magical properties, narwhal tusks were used to counter poisoning, and all sorts of diseases such as

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In 1914–1915, around 1,000 narwhal carcasses were discovered after entrapment events, most occurring in areas such as

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Although the narwhal and beluga are classified as separate genera, there is some evidence that they may, very rarely,

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Ellis, Samuel; Franks, Daniel W.; Nielsen, Mia Lybkær Kronborg; Weiss, Michael N.; Croft, Darren P. (13 March 2024).

4814:"Ontogenetic profiles of dentine isotopes (δ15N and δ13C) reveal variable narwhal Monodon monoceros nursing duration" 4712: 4639: 2899: 2276: 2226: 6687:"When ivory came from the seas. On some traits of the trade of raw and carved sea-mammal ivories in the Middle Ages" 5437:

Garde, Eva; Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter; Hansen, Steen H.; Nachman, Gösta; Forchhammer, Mads C. (28 February 2007).

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Würsig, Bernd; Rich, Jacquline; Orbach, Dara N. (2023), Würsig, Bernd; Orbach, Dara N. (eds.), "Sex and Behavior",

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Fontanella, Janet E.; Fish, Frank E.; Rybczynski, Natalia; Nweeia, Martin T.; Ketten, Darlene R. (October 2011).

2832:"First monodontid cetacean (Odontoceti, Delphinoidea) from the early Pliocene of the north-western Pacific Ocean" 512: 325: 283: 4539:"Detecting narwhal foraging behaviour from accelerometer and depth data using mixed-effects logistic regression" 1978:. After the unicorn notion was scientifically refuted, narwhal tusks were rarely employed for magical purposes. 1559:

in the bloodstreams of numerous narwhals throughout the course of a 19-year study. They were also recorded with

1410:. These findings suggest that higher calf counts may reflect calving and nursery habitats in favourable inlets. 8886: 1648:, the United States banned imports of products made from narwhal parts. They are listed on Appendix II of the 1342:) were discovered. Males were more likely than females to consume two additional prey species: polar cod ( 5760:"A review of circumpolar Arctic marine mammal health—a call to action in a time of rapid environmental change" 5758:

Barratclough, Ashley; Ferguson, Steven H.; Lydersen, Christian; Thomas, Peter O.; Kovacs, Kit M. (July 2023).

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Zhao, Shu-Ting; Matthews, Cory J. D.; Davoren, Gail K.; Ferguson, Steven H.; Watt, Cortney A. (24 June 2021).

1242:. There are an estimated 12,500 narwhals in northern Hudson Bay, whereas around 140,000 reside in Baffin Bay. 12290: 12247: 12112: 8303: 8028: 8019: 2830:

Ichishima, Hiroto; Furusawa, Hitoshi; Tachibana, Makino; Kimura, Masaichi (May 2019). Hautier, Lionel (ed.).

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Kelley, Trish C.; Stewart, Robert E. A.; Yurkowski, David J.; Ryan, Anna; Ferguson, Steven H. (April 2015).

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kidneys had a dense concentration of them. Relative to the liver, the kidney has a greater concentration of

397:. Males of this species have a large 1.5–3.0 m (4 ft 11 in – 9 ft 10 in) long 8832: 7849: 7840: 7772: 1645: 1516: 1332: 12086: 11930: 11885: 8931: 8859: 8070: 8037: 7799: 5078: 5004: 4741: 4096: 3934: 3079:"Population dynamics of the narwhal Monodon monoceros: an initial assessement (Odontoceti: Monodontidae)" 2328: 1207: 11935: 12295: 12285: 11797: 10505: 8964: 8955: 7882: 7290: 5255: 5150:"Transcriptomic insight into the melon morphology of toothed whales for aquatic molecular developments" 4443:

Davis, Randall W. (2019). "Appendix 3. Maximum Recorded Dive Depths and Durations for Marine Mammals".

3250: 3184: 921: 6211:"Regional and inter annual patterns of heavy metals, organochlorines and stable isotopes in narwhals ( 4537:

Jensen, Frederik H.; Tervo, Outi M.; Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter; Ditlevsen, Susanne (25 March 2023).

3462: 2474: 1707:, but they continue mainly to support tradition, rather than for profit. Economic analysis noted that 1641:

are 16,000, 8,000 and 3,000, respectively. There are roughly 800 narwhals in the waters off Svalbard.

12234: 10652: 10294: 8850: 8805: 8773: 8764: 8749: 8740: 8590: 8189: 8046: 7299: 2681: 2441: 1614: 1489: 1403: 472: 5191:"Acoustic differentiation and classification of wild belugas and narwhals using echolocation clicks" 2764: 1841:, which is otherwise difficult to obtain in the Arctic Circle. In some places in Greenland, such as 452:. Plunging at depths of up to 2,370 m (7,780 ft), the narwhal is among the deepest-diving 190: 12315: 10605: 9030: 8988: 8979: 8913: 8877: 8841: 8814: 8690: 8363: 8312: 8097: 7682: 4397: 3403: 3301: 2081: 1799: 20: 12104: 6067: 12208: 8699: 8507: 7691: 5621: 3978: 2473:

Waddell, Victor G.; Milinkovitch, Michel C.; Bérubé, Martine; Stanhope, Michael J. (1 May 2000).

1956: 1186:. The varied morphology and anatomy of small teeth indicate a path of evolutionary obsolescence. 1147: 1071: 845: 2268: 2262: 12195: 12039: 11847: 11339: 8904: 8868: 8823: 8708: 8516: 7593: 7575: 3251:"Extreme physiological adaptations as predictors of climate-change sensitivity in the narwhal ( 811: 655: 6774: 5485:

Laidre, Kristin; Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter; Stern, Harry; Richard, Pierre (1 January 2012).

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Garde, Eva; Peter Heide-Jørgensen, Mads; Ditlevsen, Susanne; Hansen, Steen H. (January 2012).

2690:) from the lower Pliocene of Italy supports a warm-water origin for narwhals and white whales" 2243: 1784: 1759:

Reduction in sea ice has possibly led to increased exposure to predation. In 2002, hunters in

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The most conspicuous characteristic of the male narwhal is a long, spiralled tusk, which is a

12300: 12190: 11763: 11598: 8130: 8121: 7353: 7133: 5384:) echolocation click detection and differentiation from long-term Arctic acoustic recordings" 1916:

began trade of narwhal tusks, which, via European channels, would later reach markets in the

947: 623: 305: 12182: 6371:"Narwhals and seismic exploration: is seismic noise increasing the risk of ice entrapments?" 4034: 3775:"Drone-shot video may have just solved 400-year debate over what narwhal tusks are used for" 2303:. Internet Archive. Baltimore, Md. : Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 135–137. 1413:

Newborn calves begin their lives with a thin layer of blubber. The blubber thickens as they

1267:. As spring comes, these leads open up into channels and the narwhals return to the coastal 1238:. The northernmost sightings of narwhals have occurred north of Franz Joseph Land, at about 1110: 12065: 11969: 11894: 8599: 8525: 7763: 7281: 6860: 6382: 6335: 6288: 6226: 5678: 5553: 5498: 5395: 5322: 5271: 5202: 5094: 4942: 4875: 4825: 4550: 4485: 4409: 4362: 4249: 4162: 4112: 3821: 3474: 3266: 3200: 3129: 2843: 2788: 2701: 2502: 2388: 2340: 1971: 1344: 1127: 647:

central Italy was described as a possible narwhal ancestor when it was discovered in 2019.

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Laidre, K. L.; Heide-Jørgensen, M. P.; Jørgensen, O. A.; Treble, M. A. (1 January 2004).

2616:"Influence of past climate change on phylogeography and demographic history of narwhals ( 1928:

hunted narwhals was once held, but was never confirmed and is now considered improbable.

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have a sweep-back on the front margins. This is thought to be an adaptation for reducing

905: 639: 138: 6864: 6702: 6386: 6339: 6292: 6272: 6230: 5908:"Consistency of COSEWIC species at risk designations: freshwater fishes as a case study" 5794: 5759: 5682: 5557: 5502: 5399: 5326: 5275: 5206: 5098: 4946: 4906: 4879: 4863: 4829: 4813: 4554: 4489: 4413: 4366: 4346: 4253: 4166: 4151:"Quantifying the sensitivity of Arctic marine mammals to climate-induced habitat change" 4116: 3825: 3801: 3478: 3270: 3204: 3133: 3078: 2847: 2831: 2792: 2705: 2506: 2392: 2344: 11835: 11749: 11735: 11721: 11701: 11450: 10195: 10082: 9556: 9077: 8922: 8387: 8378: 8145: 7954: 7945: 7930: 7921: 7781: 7715: 7706: 7650: 7641: 7344: 7048: 6955: 6930: 6884: 6848: 6714: 6642: 6590: 6322:

Kovacs, Kit M.; Lydersen, Christian; Overland, James E.; Moore, Sue E. (1 March 2011).

5960: 5818: 5709: 5662: 5577: 5522: 5419: 5231: 5190: 5118: 5106: 4973: 4930: 4514: 4473: 4124: 3160: 3117: 3094: 2963: 2812: 2735: 2652: 2615: 2590: 2545: 2417: 2376: 2352: 1970:. The rise of science towards the end of the 17th century led to a decreased belief in 1520:

0.5 m (1.6 ft) wide to allow an adult whale to breathe. Narwhals also die of

1444: 1438: 1251: 1099: 1055: 726: 421: 410: 185: 6114: 5907: 4284: 4205: 2329:"Description of an anomalous Monodontid skull from West Greenland: a possible hybrid?" 2298: 1324:

them into the mouth. A study of the stomach contents of 73 narwhals found Arctic cod (

463:

There are an estimated 170,000 living narwhals, and the species is listed as being of

12305: 12177: 11943: 10659: 10171: 8788: 8470: 8461: 7873: 7790: 7501: 7492: 7086: 7078: 7040: 7001: 6960: 6942: 6909: 6888: 6876: 6821: 6780: 6755: 6718: 6706: 6665: 6646: 6634: 6582: 6574: 6533: 6506: 6478: 6470: 6400: 6351: 6304: 6250: 6242: 6183: 6138: 6095: 6014: 5927: 5852: 5844: 5799: 5781: 5714: 5696: 5629: 5602: 5569: 5526: 5514: 5462: 5423: 5411: 5356: 5348: 5287: 5283: 5236: 5218: 5171: 5110: 5045: 5012: 4978: 4960: 4911: 4893: 4841: 4749: 4708: 4682: 4635: 4610: 4568: 4519: 4501: 4448: 4425: 4378: 4290: 4265: 4211: 4186: 4178: 4128: 4058: 3998: 3946: 3915: 3907: 3837: 3747: 3681: 3643: 3585: 3535: 3498: 3490: 3431: 3423: 3376: 3368: 3329: 3321: 3282: 3278: 3226: 3212: 3165: 3147: 3098: 3047: 2997: 2955: 2895: 2859: 2804: 2739: 2727: 2657: 2639: 2595: 2577: 2526: 2518: 2422: 2404: 2356: 2304: 2272: 2222: 2058: 1937: 1873: 1581: 1485: 1386: 1280: 1276: 1231: 744: 674: 631: 627: 437: 334: 6594: 6238: 5964: 5122: 2816: 2680:

Bianucci, Giovanni; Pesci, Fabio; Collareta, Alberto; Tinelli, Chiara (4 May 2019).

11961: 11948: 11811: 11687: 11630: 11564: 11426: 11270: 10635: 10314: 8723: 8645: 8636: 8626: 8345: 8286: 8171: 8002: 7398: 7380: 7371: 7126: 7032: 6991: 6950: 6868: 6745: 6698: 6626: 6566: 6460: 6390: 6343: 6296: 6234: 6173: 6165: 6130: 6087: 6006: 5952: 5946: 5919: 5834: 5789: 5771: 5704: 5686: 5561: 5506: 5454: 5403: 5338: 5330: 5279: 5226: 5210: 5161: 5102: 4968: 4950: 4901: 4883: 4833: 4672: 4602: 4558: 4509: 4493: 4417: 4370: 4257: 4237: 4170: 4120: 4050: 4039:) diving for Canadian populations helps identify important seasonal foraging areas" 3990: 3899: 3829: 3671: 3633: 3606:

The ecological and social dynamics of Inuit narwhal foraging at Pond Inlet, Nunavut

3575: 3482: 3415: 3360: 3313: 3274: 3216: 3208: 3155: 3137: 3090: 3039: 2947: 2851: 2796: 2717: 2709: 2647: 2631: 2585: 2569: 2510: 2412: 2396: 2348: 2076: 2002: 1952: 1827:. Almost all parts of the narwhal—the meat, skin, blubber and organs—are consumed. 1594: 1350: 1338: 1326: 1316:

Narwhals have a restricted and specialised diet. Due to the lack of well-developed

1235: 1163: 433: 406: 6210: 6156:

Bouquegneau, Krishna Das; Debacker, Virginie; Pillet, Stéphane Jean-Marie (2003),

5995:"Estimating the economic value of narwhal and beluga hunts in Hudson Bay, Nunavut" 5077:

Miller, Lee A.; Pristed, John; Møshl, Bertel; Surlykke, Annemarie (October 1995).

4261: 2713: 12151: 12143: 11712: 11639: 11534: 11507: 11379: 11088: 10913: 10839: 10616: 10119: 8106: 8088: 8079: 7969: 7584: 7566: 7548: 7416: 6903: 6527: 6395: 6370: 6091: 5994: 5596: 4955: 3463:"Analysis of narwhal tusks reveals lifelong feeding ecology and mercury exposure" 2889: 2800: 2479:

trichotomy: congruent evidence from three nuclear loci indicates that porpoises (

1945: 1913: 1773: 1740: 1719: 1715: 1618: 1321: 1095: 1047: 12221: 12117: 12078: 4677: 3676: 11823: 11666: 11571: 11263: 10995: 10575: 10256: 10093: 10025: 9723: 9572: 9488: 9358: 9228: 9148: 7987: 7754: 7626: 7617: 7464: 7455: 7187: 7071:

Ford, John; Ford, Deborah (March 1986). "Narwhal: unicorn of the Arctic seas".

5407: 5307:"Preliminary evidence for signature vocalizations among free-ranging narwhals ( 5214: 4888: 4563: 4538: 4497: 2400: 2377:"Hybridization between two high Arctic cetaceans confirmed by genomic analysis" 2221:. Ilinniusiorfik Undervisningsmiddelforlag, Nuuk, Greenland. pp. 100–125. 1884: 1865: 1769: 1747: 1708: 1650:

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

1590: 1532: 1264: 1080: 644: 476: 6553:

Dugmore, Andrew J.; Keller, Christian; McGovern, Thomas H. (6 February 2007).

6347: 5948:

Meta population modelling of narwhals in East Canada and West Greenland – 2017

5776: 5510: 5438: 4931:"Spatial and temporal patterns of sound production in East Greenland narwhals" 4669:

Sex in Cetaceans: Morphology, Behavior, and the Evolution of Sexual Strategies

4474:"The impact of rising sea temperatures on an Arctic top predator, the narwhal" 3742:"Scientists suggest they have the answer to the mystery of the narwhal's tusk" 3668:

Sex in Cetaceans: Morphology, Behavior, and the Evolution of Sexual Strategies

3580: 3486: 12264: 12060: 11870: 11618: 11554: 11470: 11349: 11193: 11160: 10859: 10628: 10388: 10304: 10276: 10234: 9967: 9937: 9687: 9671: 9633: 9600: 9586: 9535: 9402: 9111: 9098: 9046: 8580: 8405: 7808: 7533: 7482: 7249: 7240: 7090: 7082: 7044: 7005: 6946: 6880: 6759: 6710: 6638: 6630: 6615:"Narwhals or unicorns? Exotic animals as material culture in medieval Europe" 6578: 6474: 6404: 6355: 6308: 6246: 6169: 6142: 6099: 6018: 5931: 5848: 5785: 5700: 5661:

Ferguson, Steven H.; Higdon, Jeff W.; Westdal, Kristin H. (30 January 2012).

5573: 5518: 5466: 5458: 5415: 5375: 5352: 5291: 5222: 5175: 5114: 4964: 4897: 4845: 4614: 4572: 4505: 4429: 4382: 4289:. Internet Archive. San Diego, Calif. : Thunder Bay Press. p. 122. 4269: 4182: 4132: 4062: 4002: 3911: 3841: 3647: 3589: 3494: 3427: 3372: 3325: 3286: 3230: 3151: 3102: 3051: 3043: 2959: 2863: 2808: 2731: 2643: 2581: 2522: 2408: 2360: 2129: 2067: 1996: 1869: 1858: 1752: 1660:(COSEWIC), which aims to classify the risk levels of species in the country. 1610: 1606: 1586: 1407: 1399: 1370: 1291: 1215: 1138: 784: 661: 560: 531: 508: 464: 449: 417: 394: 363: 321: 279: 158: 153: 66: 6818:

The Quest for the Northwest Passage: Knowledge, Nation and Empire, 1576–1806

6750: 6733: 6323: 5993:

Hoover, C.; Bailey, M. L.; Higdon, J.; Ferguson, S. H.; Sumaila, R. (2013).

5622:

Perrin, William F.; Wursig, Bernd; Thewissen, J. G. M. 'Hans', eds. (2009).

5486: 5254:

Marcoux, Marianne; Auger-Méthé, Marie; Humphries, Murray M. (October 2012).

5003:

Wei, Chong (1 January 2021), Rosenfeld, Cheryl S.; Hoffmann, Frauke (eds.),

3638: 3621: 3023: 2990:

Webber, Marc A.; Jefferson, Thomas Allen; Pitman, Robert L. (28 July 2015).

2006: 1385:

Most female narwhals reproduce by the time they are six to eight years old.

12000: 11329: 11300: 11286: 11071: 11061: 10799: 10515: 10448: 10408: 10341: 10246: 10188: 10157: 10150: 9947: 9917: 9905: 9793: 9703: 9381: 9372: 9318: 9258: 8663: 8226: 8217: 8207: 7335: 7215: 7199: 6964: 6586: 6482: 6254: 5856: 5803: 5718: 5360: 5240: 4982: 4915: 4523: 4190: 3919: 3502: 3435: 3380: 3333: 3169: 3142: 2661: 2635: 2599: 2530: 2514: 2446: 2426: 2099: 1901: 1696: 1638: 1390: 1363: 1272: 1203: 1179: 1142: 1119: 1067: 767: 619: 607: 583: 551: 538: 402: 386: 381: 262: 6570: 5691: 4054: 2993:

Marine Mammals of the World: A Comprehensive Guide to Their Identification

1484:

reveal that narwhals live an average of 50 years, though techniques using

12203: 12156: 12099: 12021: 11922: 11879: 11728: 11657: 11608: 11544: 11481: 11419: 11183: 10546: 10478: 10378: 10368: 10216: 10129: 10104: 9984: 9883: 9816: 9783: 9763: 9614: 9497: 9467: 9423: 9395: 9348: 9288: 9268: 9188: 9138: 8424: 7665: 7264: 7193: 7118: 6996: 6979: 6554: 5487:"Unusual narwhal sea ice entrapments and delayed autumn freeze-up trends" 4589:

Finley, K. J.; Gibb, E. J. (December 1982). "Summer diet of the narwhal (

4421: 4210:. Internet Archive. Vancouver : Douglas & McIntyre. p. 24. 4150: 3557: 2722: 1941: 1917: 1765: 1630: 1626: 1512: 1155: 1032: 242: 41: 6419: 6010: 5166: 5149: 3348: 2219:

Greenland's Winter Whales: The Beluga, the Narwhal and the Bowhead Whale

1330:) to be the most commonly consumed prey, followed by Greenland halibut ( 12013: 11213: 11149: 11129: 11038: 10937: 10829: 10728: 10715: 10678: 10525: 10428: 10143: 9957: 9743: 9409: 9388: 9298: 9238: 9128: 7440: 7431: 7389: 7230: 7052: 7020: 5306: 4398:"Research Spotlight: Narwhals document continued warming of Baffin Bay" 4374: 3364: 2967: 2612: 2544:

Racicot, Rachel A.; Darroch, Simon A. F.; Kohno, Naoki (October 2018).

1760: 1677: 1622: 1560: 1539: 1521: 1477: 1469: 1425: 1255: 1219: 1211: 1159: 695: 575: 568: 546: 492: 441: 425: 390: 86: 51: 6300: 5581: 5541: 5334: 4837: 4174: 3883: 3833: 2855: 2573: 1086:

Compared with most marine mammals, the narwhal has a higher amount of

12026: 11982: 11756: 11312: 11109: 10976: 10958: 10889: 10819: 10586: 10565: 10418: 10287: 10209: 10136: 9873: 9843: 9733: 9713: 9504: 9460: 9338: 9248: 9218: 8681: 8543: 7407: 7362: 6872: 6178: 6113:

Wagemann, R.; Snow, N. B.; Lutz, A.; Scott, D. P. (9 December 1983).

5839: 5542:"On 'savssats': a crowding of Arctic animals at holes in the sea ice" 5343: 3903: 3419: 3317: 3221: 1949: 1921: 1854: 1838: 1834: 1704: 1681: 1668: 1528: 1481: 1421: 1414: 1394: 1317: 1300: 1175: 1135: 1090:

in its body, which facilitates deeper dives. It has a dense layer of

1087: 1075: 1074:

to make swimming under ice easier or to facilitate rolling. The neck

649: 518: 480: 202: 91: 11841: 9015: 7036: 6980:"On the ironic specimen of the unicorn horn in enlightened cabinets" 6271:

Laidre, Kristin L.; Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter (10 February 2011).

6134: 5923: 5733:"Invasion of the killer whales: killer whales attack pod of narwhal" 4744:, in Perrin, William F.; Würsig, Bernd; Thewissen, J. G. M. (eds.), 4606: 4235: 2951: 424:

to ice-free summering grounds, usually in shallow waters, and often

11987: 11864: 11742: 11694: 11443: 11367: 11172: 11021: 10759: 10438: 9974: 9804: 9753: 9474: 9065: 8442: 8415: 8327: 8268: 8061: 7864: 7181: 7169: 6068:"Distribution, exploitation and population status of white whales ( 5956: 5565: 4631:

Dolphins, Porpoises and Whales of the World: The IUCN Red Data Book

4536: 3994: 1925: 1820: 1804: 1654:

Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals

1576: 1555: 1547: 1374: 1355: 1279:

which contains less than 5% open water and hosts high densities of

1260: 1227: 666: 599: 457: 453: 428:

to the same sites in subsequent years. Its diet mainly consists of

393:. It is a stocky cetacean, with a relatively blunt snout and large 222: 81: 76: 61: 56: 46: 6905:

Monstres et merveilles de Franche-Comté: fées, fantômes et dragons

6420:"Narwhal (Monodon monoceros) COSEWIC assessment and status report" 6368: 5757: 3564:) eye lens nuclei estimated by counting of growth layers in tusks" 2935: 12242: 11974: 11680: 11588: 11322: 11049: 9453: 9446: 9083: 8488: 8354: 7897: 7317: 7150: 6324:"Impacts of changing sea-ice conditions on Arctic marine mammals" 5484: 5443:) from West Greenland as estimated by aspartic acid racemization" 5436: 4207:

The nature of Arctic whales : belugas, bowheads and narwhals

3021: 2472: 1975: 1967: 1963: 1909: 1905: 1846: 1842: 1746:

Narwhals are one of the Arctic marine mammals most vulnerable to

1728: 1359: 1151: 1091: 582:(a hybrid between the two species); this was confirmed by a 2019 579: 484: 359: 252: 96: 71: 12169: 5147: 3941:, in Würsig, Bernd; Thewissen, J. G. M.; Kovacs, Kit M. (eds.), 3609:(Doctor of Philosophy thesis). McGill University. pp. 7–13. 3249:

Williams, Terrie M.; Noren, Shawn R.; Glenn, Mike (April 2011).

2829: 11907: 10965: 9071: 9059: 7978: 7175: 7163: 4344: 3622:"Tusk anomalies in narwhals (Monodon monoceros) from Greenland" 3400: 2373: 1889: 1850: 1736: 1690: 1183: 1059: 445: 367: 232: 212: 124: 6208: 5038:

Still, Robert; Harrop, Hugh; Dias, Luís; Stenton, Tim (2019).

4780:"Elusive narwhal babies spotted gathering at Canadian nursery" 3856:"For a dentist, the narwhal's smile is a mystery of evolution" 3182: 1320:, narwhals are believed to feed by swimming close to prey and 1263:, surfacing in narrow fissures or in wider fractures known as 1202:

The narwhal is found in the Atlantic and Russian areas of the

12216: 10985: 9823: 8562: 8553: 8452: 6931:"The use of the unicorn's horn, coral and stones in medicine" 5816: 4351:): differences in foraging behavior between wintering areas?" 3880: 2679: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2151: 1893: 1824: 1816: 1448: 1063: 603: 564: 496: 488: 371: 175: 169: 5005:"Chapter 17 - Sound production and propagation in cetaceans" 3347:

Pagano, Anthony M.; Williams, Terrie M. (15 February 2021).

1940:

had a jewellery-covered narwhal tusk on his deathbed, while

1768:, and ensuring local acceptance of sustainable development. 11078: 8498: 7906: 6321: 5439:"Age-specific growth and remarkable longevity in narwhals ( 5373: 5253: 5188: 4928: 4811: 3977:

Belikov, Stanislav E.; Boltunov, Andrei N. (21 July 2002).

3670:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 51–64, 1933: 1732: 1724: 1543: 1369:

Narwhal diet varies by season. In winter, narwhals feed on

398: 5992: 5076: 4671:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–27, 3799: 2763:

Vélez-Juarbe, Jorge; Pyenson, Nicholas D. (1 March 2012).

2327:

Heide-Jørgensen, Mads P.; Reeves, Randall R. (July 1993).

2148: 11818: 7531: 6155: 4470: 4033:

Watt, C. A.; Orr, J. R.; Ferguson, S. H. (January 2017).

3460: 3118:"Upside-down swimming behaviour of free-ranging narwhals" 2483:) share a more recent common ancestry with white whales ( 1268: 610:

about 11 million years ago. A 2018 molecular analysis of

602:

and white whales are closely related, forming a separate

385:. The narwhal has a similar build to the closely related 4857: 4855: 3115: 2777:) from the Pliocene of the western North Atlantic Ocean" 1658:

Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada

1134:

which indicate social status. The tusk is also a highly

487:. The narwhal has been hunted for thousands of years by 7213: 6776:

Storytelling: An Encyclopedia of Mythology and Folklore

5819:"Alphaherpesvirus infection in a free-ranging narwhal ( 4861: 4148: 3620:

Garde, Eva; Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter (3 June 2022).

2624:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

2546:"Neuroanatomy and inner ear labyrinths of the narwhal, 1447:. The frequency of these sounds ranges from 0.3 to 125 1402:

found that calf numbers varied from 0.05% of 35,000 in

618:

around 10.82 to 20.12 mya; they are considered to be a

405:

thought to serve as a weapon or as a tool for feeding,

7100:"The world's weirdest whale: hunt for the sea unicorn" 5667:) in Nunavut, Canada based on Inuit hunter interviews" 5037: 4095:

Laidre, K. L.; Heide-Jorgensen, M. P. (January 2005).

2442:"First-ever beluga–narwhal hybrid found in the Arctic" 1845:, traditional hunting methods are used and whales are 1617:

in 2013. There are approximately a total of 35,000 in

1515:

often occurs when narwhals fail to migrate before the

1492:

of the eyes suggest that female narwhals can reach 115

11795: 6552: 6270: 6112: 6031: 5663:"Prey items and predation behavior of killer whales ( 5660: 4852: 4094: 2989: 2326: 2216: 1872:

into a narwhal; her hair, which she was wearing in a

1420:

Narwhals are among the few animals that undergo

1336:). Large quantities of Boreo-Atlantic armhook squid ( 1154:, revealed that narwhals used their tusks to tap and 11614: 11604: 11594: 11577: 11560: 11550: 11540: 11530: 11520: 11487: 11477: 11466: 11456: 11432: 11415: 11405: 11395: 11385: 11375: 11345: 11335: 11318: 11308: 11259: 11249: 11239: 11229: 11219: 11209: 11199: 11189: 11179: 11168: 11145: 11135: 11125: 11115: 11105: 11094: 11084: 11067: 11057: 11034: 11001: 10991: 10910: 10895: 10885: 10875: 10865: 10855: 10845: 10835: 10825: 10815: 10805: 10795: 10785: 10775: 10765: 10755: 10745: 10641: 10624: 10594: 10571: 10554: 10531: 10521: 10511: 10494: 10484: 10474: 10464: 10454: 10444: 10434: 10424: 10414: 10404: 10394: 10384: 10374: 10364: 10354: 10320: 10310: 10300: 10283: 10272: 10262: 10252: 10242: 10168: 10116: 10100: 10089: 10078: 10068: 10058: 10048: 10038: 10000: 9990: 9980: 9963: 9953: 9943: 9933: 9923: 9913: 9889: 9879: 9869: 9859: 9849: 9839: 9829: 9812: 9789: 9779: 9769: 9759: 9749: 9739: 9729: 9719: 9709: 9699: 9553: 9515: 9485: 9420: 9369: 9354: 9344: 9334: 9324: 9314: 9304: 9294: 9284: 9274: 9264: 9254: 9244: 9234: 9224: 9214: 9204: 9194: 9184: 9174: 9164: 9154: 9144: 9134: 9124: 6115:"Heavy metals in tissues and organs of the narwhal ( 3619: 2934:

Reeves, Randall R.; Tracey, Sharon (15 April 1980).

1944:

received a narwhal tusk allegedly valued at £10,000

901: 841: 807: 780: 691: 379:

and one of two living representatives of the family

5906:Lukey, James R.; Crawford, Stephen S. (June 2009). 5595:Macdonald, David Whyte; Barrett, Priscilla (1993). 4777: 4317:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 4303: 3884:"Vestigial tooth anatomy and tusk nomenclature for 3404:"Sensory ability in the narwhal tooth organ system" 2888:Macdonald, David Whyte; Barrett, Priscilla (2001). 2762: 2543: 1853:. In other parts of Greenland and Northern Canada, 555:, sometimes referred to as the "white whales". The 6273:"Life in the lead: extreme densities of narwhals ( 6123:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 5912:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 3740: 3248: 1998:The Vertebrata of the Pliocene deposits of Britain 1459: 1102:, allowing for endurance and manoeuvrable motion. 6849:"'Fish', fossil and fake: medicinal unicorn horn" 5256:"Variability and context specificity of narwhal ( 3531:The Marine World: A Natural History of Ocean Life 2056: 1819:to the same extent as other sea mammals, such as 1476:Age determination techniques using the number of 634:(mya), the narwhal split from the beluga whale. 545:). Together, these two species comprise the only 12262: 6853:Geological Society, London, Special Publications 6526:Bastian, Dawn Elaine; Mitchell, Judy K. (2004). 6449:"Biology and cultural importance of the narwhal" 5735:. Public Broadcasting System. 19 November 2014. 5594: 5315:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 5009:Neuroendocrine Regulation of Animal Vocalization 4666: 4238:"Deep-ocean predation by a high Arctic cetacean" 3665: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 2887: 2144:(in Latin). Stockholm: Lars Salvius. p. 75. 1718:of heavy metals takes place. It is thought that 420:of Canada, Greenland and Russia. Every year, it 7077:. Vol. 169, no. 3. pp. 354–363. 6814:"Ice and Eskimos: Dealing With a New Otherness" 6525: 6065: 4746:Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals (Second Edition) 4445:Marine Mammals. Adaptations for an Aquatic Life 4032: 3976: 3932: 2212: 1828: 1688: 614:fossils indicates that they had separated from 521: 6034:"Inuit hunters help scientists track narwhals" 6005:(1). Arctic Institute of North America: 1–16. 5871:"Fact sheet narwhal and climate change| CITES" 4864:"The evolution of menopause in toothed whales" 3943:Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals (Third Edition) 3738: 3346: 2248:An American Dictionary of the English Language 2217:Heide-Jørgensen, M. P.; Laidre, K. L. (2006). 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2082:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T13704A50367651.en 469:International Union for Conservation of Nature 9031: 7134: 6908:(in French). Editions Cabédita. p. 131. 6502:Toxicology in the Middle Ages and Renaissance 5905: 4584: 4582: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4144: 4142: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4084: 3810:) as estimated by reproductive tract metrics" 3560:"Aspartic acid racemization rate in narwhal ( 3387: 409:or sensing water salinity. Specially adapted 9686: 7018: 4748:, London: Academic Press, pp. 830–836, 4402:Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 3185:"Three-dimensional geometry of the narwhal ( 2933: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2260: 1150:footage from August 2016 in Tremblay Sound, 507:The narwhal was scientifically described by 499:, and regulated subsistence hunts continue. 471:(IUCN). The population is threatened by the 6901: 3534:. Princeton University Press. p. 347. 3302:"Anatomical adaptations of aquatic mammals" 2894:. Princeton University Press. p. 173. 2475:"Molecular phylogenetic examination of the 2189: 2021:"Monodon monoceros Linnaeus 1758 (narhwal)" 2001:. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1788:Hunter posing next to a narwhal head (1903) 1779: 1206:. Individuals are commonly recorded in the 665:were other extinct genera known during the 537:The narwhal is most closely related to the 9038: 9024: 7148: 7141: 7127: 6662:Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150–1750 6660:Daston, Lorraine; Park, Katharine (2001). 6659: 6612: 6066:Heide-Jørgensen, Mads P. (22 April 1994). 5044:. Princeton University Press. p. 16. 4593:) in Pond Inlet, northern Baffin Island". 4588: 4579: 4333: 4224: 4139: 4081: 3299: 2261:Brodie, Paul (1984). Macdonald, D. (ed.). 2057:Lowry, L.; Laidre, K.; Reeves, R. (2017). 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 1429:for a single female to successfully rear. 389:, with which it overlaps in range and can 333: 147: 123: 114: 10726: 10677: 9109: 8634: 8588: 6995: 6954: 6928: 6749: 6731: 6464: 6394: 6177: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5838: 5793: 5775: 5708: 5690: 5342: 5230: 5165: 5083:) in Inglefield Bay, Northwest Greenland" 4972: 4954: 4905: 4887: 4773: 4771: 4676: 4627: 4562: 4513: 3675: 3637: 3579: 3220: 3159: 3141: 2870: 2721: 2651: 2589: 2416: 2080: 1500:10 years and male narwhals can live to 84 6411: 6032:Greenfieldboyce, Nell (19 August 2009). 3700: 3698: 3696: 3076: 2128: 1883: 1783: 1667: 1463: 1290: 1286: 1193: 1109: 8413: 7025:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 6847:Duffin, Christopher J. (January 2017). 6772: 6653: 6613:Pluskowski, Aleksander (January 2004). 6608: 6606: 6604: 6532:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 54–55. 5944: 5539: 5304: 4097:"Winter feeding intensity of narwhals ( 2241: 2122: 2094: 2092: 2043: 1711:may be an alternate source of revenue. 1174:The narwhal has a single pair of small 677:is based on a 2019 study of the family 598:Results of a genetic study reveal that 12263: 8551: 7490: 6846: 6811: 6793:from the original on 28 September 2023 6684: 6498: 6494: 6492: 6447:Nweeia, Martin T. (15 February 2024). 6446: 6442: 6440: 6417: 6266: 6264: 5977: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4807: 4805: 4790:from the original on 21 September 2016 4778:Evans Ogden, Lesley (6 January 2016). 4768: 4700: 4466: 4464: 4286:Encyclopedia of North American mammals 3862:from the original on 14 September 2016 3858:. Smithsonian Insider. 18 April 2012. 3848: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3527: 3189:) flukes in relation to hydrodynamics" 3024:"Life history parameters of narwhals ( 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2439: 2292: 2290: 2288: 1994: 1876:, became the spiralling narwhal tusk. 1672:Beluga and narwhal catches (1954–2014) 1605:The narwhal is listed as a species of 559:are distinguished by their pronounced 11846: 11845: 10713: 9668: 9096: 9045: 9019: 7530: 7212: 7122: 6977: 6529:Handbook of Native American Mythology 6061: 6059: 5480: 5478: 5476: 4442: 4436: 4395: 4311:"The biology and ecology of narwhals" 4203: 4028: 4026: 4024: 3734: 3732: 3704: 3693: 3553: 3551: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3017: 3015: 3013: 2758: 2756: 2495:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2322: 2320: 2296: 2170:. Fisheries and Oceans Canada. 2007. 1837:. The skin is an important source of 1621:, 10,000 in Eclipse Sound, 17,000 in 491:in northern Canada and Greenland for 12248:291E316E-E811-47E0-84BE-867588059A67 9669: 8450: 6601: 6505:. Academic Press. pp. 101–102. 6466:10.1146/annurev-animal-021122-112307 6044:from the original on 24 October 2016 5887:from the original on 26 January 2024 5739:from the original on 22 October 2016 5642:from the original on 28 January 2024 5628:. Academic Press. pp. 929–930. 5305:Shapiro, Ari D. (1 September 2006). 5058:from the original on 28 January 2024 5011:, Academic Press, pp. 267–295, 4739: 4721:from the original on 28 January 2024 4648:from the original on 28 January 2024 4282: 4069:from the original on 28 January 2024 4009:from the original on 27 January 2024 3959:from the original on 20 January 2023 3945:, Academic Press, pp. 627–631, 3717:from the original on 28 January 2024 3509:from the original on 26 January 2024 3442:from the original on 24 January 2024 3058:from the original on 28 January 2024 2908:from the original on 28 January 2024 2300:Walker's marine mammals of the world 2267:. New York: Facts on File. pp. 2110:from the original on 5 December 2017 2089: 1676:Narwhals are hunted for their skin, 517:. The word "narwhal" comes from the 342:Distribution of narwhal populations 12271:IUCN Red List least concern species 8496: 7098:Groc, Isabelle (12 February 2014). 6929:Robertson, W. G. Aitchison (1926). 6732:Schmölcke, Ulrich (December 2022). 6703:10.5252/anthropozoologica2018v53a14 6489: 6453:Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 6437: 6418:Canada, Service (13 October 2015). 6261: 6080:Meddelelser om Grønland. Bioscience 5129:from the original on 5 October 2022 5002: 4989: 4802: 4621: 4461: 4321:from the original on 14 August 2022 3793: 3705:Broad, William (13 December 2005). 3654: 3602: 3176: 2974: 2920: 2668: 2487:) than they do with true dolphins ( 2285: 2250:. G. & C. Merriam. p. 854. 2068:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 13: 7063: 6106: 6056: 5473: 5107:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1995.tb00672.x 4125:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2005.tb01207.x 4035:"Spatial distribution of narwhal ( 4021: 3729: 3548: 3237: 3095:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1989.tb02576.x 3077:Kingsley, Michael (October 1989). 3010: 2781:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2753: 2694:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2440:Pappas, Stephanie (20 June 2019). 2353:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1993.tb00454.x 2317: 2254: 2165:"The narwhal: unicorn of the seas" 1792:Narwhals have coexisted alongside 1398:along different coastal inlets of 1210:, such as in the northern part of 1169: 132:Size compared to an average human 16:Medium-sized toothed whale species 14: 12332: 8163:Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin ( 4628:Klinowska, Margaret, ed. (1991). 3755:from the original on 18 June 2022 2454:from the original on 20 June 2019 2177:from the original on 10 July 2013 2031:from the original on 12 July 2020 563:(acoustic sensory organs), short 11829: 11817: 11805: 7012: 6971: 6922: 6895: 6840: 6805: 6766: 6725: 6678: 6219:Science of the Total Environment 6158:"Heavy metals in marine mammals" 5284:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2011.00514.x 3739:Vincent, James (19 March 2014). 3300:Reidenberg, Joy S. (June 2007). 3279:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2010.00408.x 3213:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2010.00439.x 1803:have found a prevalent place in 1593:. In 2018, a female narwhal had 1432: 1132:secondary sexual characteristics 1031: 1017: 189: 39: 8304:Indo-Pacific finless porpoise ( 8181:Tamanend's bottlenose dolphin ( 8029:Indian Ocean humpback dolphin ( 8020:Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin ( 6685:Dectot, Xavier (October 2018). 6619:European Journal of Archaeology 6546: 6519: 6362: 6315: 6239:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.03.041 6202: 6164:, CRC Press, pp. 147–179, 6149: 6025: 5945:Witting, Lars (10 April 2017), 5938: 5899: 5863: 5810: 5751: 5725: 5654: 5615: 5598:Mammals of Britain & Europe 5588: 5533: 5430: 5367: 5298: 5247: 5182: 5141: 5079:"The click-sounds of narwhals ( 5070: 5031: 4922: 4733: 4701:Tinker, Spencer Wilkie (1988). 4694: 4660: 4530: 4447:. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer. 4389: 4276: 4204:Paine, Stefani Hewlett (1995). 4197: 3970: 3933:Heide-Jørgensen, M. P. (2018), 3926: 3874: 3767: 3613: 3596: 3528:Dipper, Frances (8 June 2021). 3521: 3454: 3353:Journal of Experimental Biology 3340: 3293: 3109: 3070: 2996:. Academic Press. p. 172. 2823: 2606: 2537: 2466: 2433: 2367: 1600: 1460:Longevity and mortality factors 1226:). Land in this strip includes 1189: 1024:Narwhals near the water surface 479:, and human activities such as 370:. It is the only member of the 10714: 9097: 7850:Southern right whale dolphin ( 7841:Northern right whale dolphin ( 7773:Atlantic white-sided dolphin ( 6902:Rochelandet, Brigitte (2003). 6812:Regard, Frédéric, ed. (2014), 6281:Marine Ecology Progress Series 5625:Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals 5601:. HarperCollins. p. 173. 4818:Marine Ecology Progress Series 4740:Mann, Janet (1 January 2009), 4355:Marine Ecology Progress Series 4242:ICES Journal of Marine Science 3983:NAMMCO Scientific Publications 2235: 2013: 1988: 1908:. According to some theories, 1550:rather than relying on speed. 1008: 534:: 'single-tooth single-horn'. 1: 12281:Cetaceans of the Arctic Ocean 8887:Deraniyagala's beaked whale ( 8860:Ginkgo-toothed beaked whale ( 8071:Pantropical spotted dolphin ( 8038:Australian humpback dolphin ( 7800:Pacific white-sided dolphin ( 5827:Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 4262:10.1016/j.icesjms.2004.02.002 2769:, a new monodontid (Cetacea, 2714:10.1080/02724634.2019.1645148 1995:Newton, Edwin Tulley (1891). 1981: 1955:; both items were staples in 1879: 1815:Narwhals have been hunted by 7883:Australian snubfin dolphin ( 7291:North Atlantic right whale ( 7019:Schoenberger, Guido (1951). 6396:10.1016/j.biocon.2012.08.005 6162:Toxicology of Marine Mammals 6092:10.7146/mogbiosci.v39.142541 5260:) whistles and pulsed calls" 4956:10.1371/journal.pone.0198295 4707:. E. J. Brill. p. 213. 2801:10.1080/02724634.2012.641705 1646:Marine Mammal Protection Act 1538:Narwhals are preyed upon by 1333:Reinhardtius hippoglossoides 1245: 730:(Common bottlenose dolphin) 630:suggested that, around 4.98 593: 401:, which is a left protruded 7: 12311:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 8833:Blainville's beaked whale ( 8774:Tropical bottlenose whale ( 8750:Southern bottlenose whale ( 8741:Northern bottlenose whale ( 8190:Common bottlenose dolphin ( 8047:Atlantic humpback dolphin ( 7300:North Pacific right whale ( 6277:) in the offshore pack ice" 5540:Porsild, Morten P. (1918). 4678:10.1007/978-3-031-35651-3_1 4595:Canadian Journal of Zoology 4043:Canadian Journal of Zoology 3802:"Mating ecology of beluga ( 3677:10.1007/978-3-031-35651-3_3 2264:The Encyclopedia of Mammals 1703:(US$ 6,091). Hunts receive 1406:, to 5% of 10,000 total in 1380: 1208:Canadian Arctic Archipelago 502: 10: 12337: 8932:Stejneger's beaked whale ( 8313:Yangtze finless porpoise ( 8098:Atlantic spotted dolphin ( 7683:Short-finned pilot whale ( 7021:"A goblet of unicorn horn" 6820:, Pickering & Chatto, 6779:. Routledge. p. 476. 5408:10.1007/s00300-022-03008-5 5215:10.1038/s41598-021-01441-w 4889:10.1038/s41586-024-07159-9 4564:10.1186/s40317-023-00325-2 4498:10.1038/s41598-020-75658-6 4396:Kumar, Mohi (March 2011). 4347:"Deep-diving by narwhals ( 2401:10.1038/s41598-019-44038-0 1892:made from narwhal tusk in 1695:) is sold commercially to 1663: 1436: 1366:eggs and sometimes rocks. 1178:teeth that reside in open 567:and the absence of a true 18: 12276:Mammals described in 1758 11854: 11711: 11656: 11629: 11516: 11505: 11366: 11299: 11295: 11284: 11159: 11048: 11030: 11019: 10975: 10909: 10741: 10737: 10722: 10709: 10673: 10615: 10585: 10545: 10350: 10339: 10233: 10167: 10115: 10034: 10023: 9904: 9803: 9695: 9682: 9678: 9664: 9631: 9552: 9514: 9484: 9419: 9368: 9120: 9105: 9092: 9054: 8977: 8965:Shepherd's beaked whale ( 8953: 8786: 8762: 8721: 8679: 8662: 8625: 8579: 8542: 8508:Araguaian river dolphin ( 8487: 8441: 8404: 8376: 8325: 8284: 8267: 8239: 8215: 8206: 8143: 8119: 8059: 8000: 7967: 7943: 7919: 7895: 7862: 7821: 7752: 7728: 7704: 7692:Long-finned pilot whale ( 7663: 7639: 7615: 7564: 7547: 7543: 7526: 7481: 7453: 7429: 7333: 7316: 7262: 7238: 7229: 7225: 7208: 7158: 6984:Journal of Social History 6935:Annals of Medical History 6773:Sherman, Josepha (2015). 6348:10.1007/s12526-010-0061-0 6040:. National Public Radio. 5777:10.3390/pathogens12070937 5511:10.1007/s00300-011-1036-8 3581:10.3402/polar.v31i0.15865 3487:10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.018 2297:Nowak, Ronald M. (2003). 1038:Illustration of a narwhal 944: 919: 899: 892: 885: 859: 839: 832: 825: 805: 798: 778: 771: 741: 723: 716: 709: 689: 473:effects of climate change 416:The narwhal inhabits the 341: 332: 311: 304: 186:Scientific classification 184: 167: 145: 136: 131: 122: 113: 30: 12321:Fauna of Northern Canada 8851:Gervais's beaked whale ( 8806:Sowerby's beaked whale ( 8517:Bolivian river dolphin ( 6631:10.1177/1461957104056505 6170:10.1201/9780203165577-11 5459:10.1644/06-mamm-a-056r.1 3707:"It's sensitive. Really" 1810: 1800:The Lady and the Unicorn 1780:Relationship with humans 1629:. Population numbers in 1524:from entrapment events. 21:Narwhal (disambiguation) 8989:Cuvier's beaked whale ( 8914:Perrin's beaked whale ( 8878:Hector's beaked whale ( 8842:Ramari's beaked whale ( 8815:Andrews' beaked whale ( 8691:Arnoux's beaked whale ( 8364:Burmeister's porpoise ( 8131:Rough-toothed dolphin ( 7555:(Oceanic dolphins) 7354:Antarctic minke whale ( 6751:10.3390/heritage5040199 6499:Wexler, Philip (2017). 6375:Biological Conservation 4283:Beer, Amy-Jane (2004). 4155:Ecological Applications 3639:10.33265/polar.v41.8343 2836:Papers in Palaeontology 2767:Bohaskaia monodontoides 2007:10.5962/bhl.title.57425 1957:cabinets of curiosities 1451:, while those used for 1311: 1105: 1072:evolutionary adaptation 846:Bohaskaia monodontoides 785:Haborodelphis japonicus 522: 8700:Baird's beaked whale ( 8600:Ganges river dolphin ( 8526:Amazon river dolphin ( 7907:Orca or killer whale ( 7831:(Right whale dolphins) 7764:White-beaked dolphin ( 7282:Southern right whale ( 6215:) from West Greenland" 3603:Lee, David S. (2005). 3143:10.1186/1472-6785-7-14 3044:10.1093/jmammal/gyv110 2636:10.1098/rspb.2019.2964 2515:10.1006/mpev.1999.0751 2242:Webster, Noah (1880). 1897: 1829: 1789: 1720:pollution in the ocean 1689: 1673: 1473: 1296: 1199: 1115: 812:Denebola brachycephala 549:members of the family 477:reduction in ice cover 12191:Paleobiology Database 8941:Spade-toothed whale ( 8905:True's beaked whale ( 8896:Strap-toothed whale ( 8869:Gray's beaked whale ( 8824:Hubbs' beaked whale ( 8709:Sato's beaked whale ( 8609:Indus river dolphin ( 8337:Spectacled porpoise ( 8153:(Bottlenose dolphins) 7594:Heaviside's dolphin ( 7576:Commerson's dolphin ( 7381:Pygmy Bryde's whale ( 6571:10.1353/arc.2011.0038 6070:Delphinapterus leucas 5823:) from Arctic Canada" 5692:10.1186/2046-9063-8-3 5378:Delphinapterus leucas 5264:Marine Mammal Science 5087:Marine Mammal Science 4105:Marine Mammal Science 4055:10.1139/cjz-2016-0178 3892:The Anatomical Record 3814:Marine Mammal Science 3804:Delphinapterus leucas 3408:The Anatomical Record 3306:The Anatomical Record 3259:Marine Mammal Science 3193:Marine Mammal Science 2552:Delphinapterus leucas 2333:Marine Mammal Science 1887: 1787: 1671: 1467: 1294: 1287:Behaviour and ecology 1197: 1113: 948:Delphinapterus leucas 586:. Whether the hybrid 543:Delphinapterus leucas 12291:Mammals of Greenland 8923:Pygmy beaked whale ( 8796:(Mesoplodont whales) 7955:False killer whale ( 7931:Melon-headed whale ( 7651:Pygmy killer whale ( 7345:Common minke whale ( 6076:) in West Greenland" 5447:Journal of Mammalogy 4634:. IUCN. p. 79. 4422:10.1029/2011EO090009 3032:Journal of Mammalogy 2100:"Appendices | CITES" 1345:Arctogadus glacialis 1301:congregate in groups 1128:scientific consensus 1083:caused by the tusk. 1058:of the narwhal is a 606:which diverged from 19:For other uses, see 8731:(Bottlenose whales) 8471:Dwarf sperm whale ( 8462:Pygmy sperm whale ( 8294:(Finless porpoises) 8010:(Humpback dolphins) 7874:Irrawaddy dolphin ( 7791:Hourglass dolphin ( 7502:Pygmy right whale ( 7074:National Geographic 6978:Spary, E C (2019). 6865:2017GSLSP.452..211D 6559:Arctic Anthropology 6387:2013BCons.158...50H 6340:2011MarBd..41..181K 6328:Marine Biodiversity 6293:2011MEPS..423..269L 6231:2004ScTEn.331...83D 6011:10.14430/arctic4261 5683:2012AqBio...8....3F 5558:1918GeoRv...6..215P 5546:Geographical Review 5503:2012PoBio..35..149L 5400:2022PoBio..45..449J 5327:2006ASAJ..120.1695S 5276:2012MMamS..28..649M 5207:2021NatSR..1122141Z 5167:10.3390/su132413997 5099:1995MMamS..11..491M 4947:2018PLoSO..1398295B 4880:2024Natur.627..579E 4830:2021MEPS..668..163Z 4742:"Parental Behavior" 4704:Whales of the World 4555:2023AnBio..11...14J 4543:Animal Biotelemetry 4490:2020NatSR..1018678C 4414:2011EOSTr..92...80K 4367:2003MEPS..261..269L 4254:2004ICJMS..61..430L 4167:2008EcoAp..18S..97L 4117:2005MMamS..21...45L 3826:2015MMamS..31..479K 3479:2021CBio...31E2012D 3473:(9): 2012–2019.e2. 3271:2011MMamS..27..334W 3205:2011MMamS..27..889F 3134:2007BMCE....7...14D 2848:2019PPal....5..323I 2793:2012JVPal..32..476V 2706:2019JVPal..39E5148B 2507:2000MolPE..15..314W 2393:2019NatSR...9.7729S 2345:1993MMamS...9..258H 1794:circumpolar peoples 1680:, teeth, tusks and 1635:Inglefield Bredning 1517:Arctic freezes over 1198:Pod of six narwhals 906:Casatia thermophila 748:(Harbour porpoise) 640:Casatia thermophila 637:The fossil species 411:slow-twitch muscles 139:Conservation status 10900:Westmorelandelphis 10770:Brevirostrodelphis 10196:Macrosqualodelphis 10083:Eurhinodelphinidae 9557:Eurhinodelphinidae 8646:La Plata dolphin ( 8346:Harbour porpoise ( 8315:N. asiaeorientalis 8172:Burrunan dolphin ( 7740:Fraser's dolphin ( 7603:Hector's dolphin ( 6997:10.1093/jsh/shz005 5671:Aquatic Biosystems 5195:Scientific Reports 4478:Scientific Reports 4375:10.3354/meps261269 3711:The New York Times 3365:10.1242/jeb.228049 3083:Journal of Zoology 2630:(1925): 20192964. 2562:Journal of Anatomy 2381:Scientific Reports 1898: 1790: 1714:As narwhals grow, 1674: 1623:Eastern Baffin Bay 1553:Researchers found 1474: 1439:Whale vocalization 1299:Narwhals normally 1297: 1295:Narwhal tail fluke 1256:fidelity of return 1252:seasonal migration 1200: 1116: 727:Tursiops truncatus 624:phylogenetic study 530:, is derived from 37:Quaternary–Present 12296:Mammals of Russia 12286:Mammals of Canada 12258: 12257: 12178:Open Tree of Life 11962:monodon-monoceros 11913:monodon-monoceros 11900:Monodon_monoceros 11886:Monodon monoceros 11856:Monodon monoceros 11848:Taxon identifiers 11793: 11792: 11789: 11788: 11785: 11784: 11781: 11780: 11777: 11776: 11773: 11772: 11501: 11500: 11280: 11279: 11015: 11014: 10705: 10704: 10701: 10700: 10697: 10696: 10669: 10668: 10335: 10334: 10172:Squalodelphinidae 10019: 10018: 10015: 10014: 9660: 9659: 9656: 9655: 9652: 9651: 9013: 9012: 9009: 9008: 9005: 9004: 9001: 9000: 8799: 8734: 8673: 8658: 8657: 8621: 8620: 8575: 8574: 8538: 8537: 8483: 8482: 8437: 8436: 8400: 8399: 8388:Dall's porpoise ( 8297: 8278: 8263: 8262: 8202: 8201: 8156: 8107:Spinner dolphin ( 8089:Striped dolphin ( 8080:Clymene dolphin ( 8013: 7834: 7782:Peale's dolphin ( 7716:Risso's dolphin ( 7676: 7585:Chilean dolphin ( 7558: 7537: 7522: 7521: 7518: 7517: 7514: 7513: 7477: 7476: 7327: 7312: 7311: 7275: 7219: 6915:978-2-88295-400-8 6827:978-1-84893-270-8 6786:978-1-317-45938-5 6691:Anthropozoologica 6512:978-0-12-809559-1 6301:10.3354/meps08941 6275:Monodon monoceros 6213:Monodon monoceros 6189:978-0-429-21746-3 6129:(S2): s206–s214. 6117:Monodon monoceros 6074:Monodon monoceros 5821:Monodon monoceros 5635:978-0-08-091993-5 5608:978-0-00-219779-3 5441:Monodon monoceros 5382:Monodon monoceros 5335:10.1121/1.2226586 5309:Monodon monoceros 5258:Monodon monoceros 5081:Monodon monoceros 5051:978-0-691-19062-4 5018:978-0-12-815160-0 4874:(8004): 579–585. 4838:10.3354/meps13738 4755:978-0-12-373553-9 4688:978-3-031-35651-3 4601:(12): 3353–3363. 4591:Monodon monoceros 4349:Monodon monoceros 4296:978-1-59223-191-1 4217:978-1-55054-190-8 4175:10.1890/06-0546.1 4161:(sp2): S97–S125. 4099:Monodon monoceros 4037:Monodon monoceros 3952:978-0-12-804327-1 3937:Monodon monoceros 3886:Monodon Monoceros 3834:10.1111/mms.12165 3808:Monodon monoceros 3748:Independent.co.uk 3687:978-3-031-35651-3 3562:Monodon monoceros 3541:978-0-691-23244-7 3253:Monodon monoceros 3187:Monodon monoceros 3028:) from Greenland" 3026:Monodon monoceros 3003:978-0-12-409592-2 2944:Mammalian Species 2938:Monodon monoceros 2891:Mammals of Europe 2856:10.1002/spp2.1244 2618:Monodon monoceros 2574:10.1111/joa.12862 2548:Monodon monoceros 2310:978-0-8018-7343-0 2136:Monodon monoceros 2061:Monodon monoceros 1938:Ivan the Terrible 1904:of the legendary 1582:Toxoplasma gondii 1566:Cyamus monodontis 1486:amino acid dating 1472:a narwhal carcass 1281:Greenland halibut 1277:continental slope 1250:Narwhals exhibit 1232:Franz Joseph Land 1141:with millions of 1005: 1004: 996: 995: 987: 986: 978: 977: 969: 968: 960: 959: 933: 932: 874: 873: 863:Monodon monoceros 757: 756: 745:Phocoena phocoena 696:Kentriodon pernix 675:phylogenetic tree 632:million years ago 628:mitochondrial DNA 590:remains unknown. 528:Monodon monoceros 438:Greenland halibut 355:Monodon monoceros 346: 345: 315:Monodon monoceros 297:M. monoceros 286: 179: 162: 12328: 12251: 12250: 12238: 12237: 12225: 12224: 12212: 12211: 12199: 12198: 12186: 12185: 12173: 12172: 12160: 12159: 12147: 12146: 12134: 12133: 12121: 12120: 12118:NBNSYS0000188753 12108: 12107: 12095: 12094: 12082: 12081: 12069: 12068: 12056: 12055: 12043: 12042: 12030: 12029: 12017: 12016: 12004: 12003: 11991: 11990: 11978: 11977: 11965: 11964: 11952: 11951: 11939: 11938: 11926: 11925: 11916: 11915: 11903: 11902: 11890: 11889: 11888: 11875: 11874: 11873: 11843: 11842: 11834: 11833: 11832: 11822: 11821: 11810: 11809: 11808: 11801: 11631:Lissodelphininae 11616: 11606: 11596: 11579: 11565:Hemisyntrachelus 11562: 11552: 11542: 11532: 11522: 11514: 11513: 11489: 11479: 11468: 11458: 11434: 11417: 11407: 11397: 11387: 11377: 11347: 11337: 11320: 11310: 11297: 11296: 11293: 11292: 11261: 11251: 11241: 11231: 11221: 11211: 11201: 11191: 11181: 11170: 11147: 11137: 11127: 11117: 11107: 11096: 11086: 11069: 11059: 11036: 11028: 11027: 11003: 10993: 10912: 10897: 10887: 10877: 10867: 10857: 10847: 10837: 10827: 10817: 10807: 10797: 10787: 10777: 10767: 10757: 10747: 10739: 10738: 10735: 10734: 10724: 10723: 10711: 10710: 10675: 10674: 10643: 10626: 10596: 10573: 10556: 10533: 10523: 10513: 10496: 10486: 10476: 10466: 10456: 10446: 10436: 10426: 10416: 10406: 10396: 10386: 10376: 10366: 10356: 10348: 10347: 10322: 10315:Prepomatodelphis 10312: 10302: 10285: 10274: 10264: 10254: 10244: 10170: 10118: 10102: 10091: 10080: 10070: 10060: 10050: 10040: 10032: 10031: 10002: 9992: 9982: 9965: 9955: 9945: 9935: 9928:Cozzuoliphyseter 9925: 9915: 9891: 9881: 9871: 9861: 9854:Platyscaphokogia 9851: 9841: 9831: 9814: 9791: 9781: 9771: 9761: 9751: 9741: 9731: 9721: 9711: 9701: 9693: 9692: 9684: 9683: 9680: 9679: 9666: 9665: 9555: 9517: 9487: 9422: 9371: 9356: 9346: 9336: 9326: 9316: 9306: 9296: 9286: 9276: 9266: 9256: 9246: 9236: 9226: 9216: 9206: 9196: 9186: 9176: 9166: 9156: 9146: 9136: 9126: 9118: 9117: 9107: 9106: 9094: 9093: 9040: 9033: 9026: 9017: 9016: 8798: 8797: 8793: 8733: 8732: 8728: 8677: 8676: 8672: 8671: 8667: 8632: 8631: 8586: 8585: 8549: 8548: 8510:I. araguaiaensis 8494: 8493: 8448: 8447: 8427:P. macrocephalus 8411: 8410: 8296: 8295: 8291: 8282: 8281: 8277: 8276: 8272: 8213: 8212: 8155: 8154: 8150: 8012: 8011: 8007: 7988:Guiana dolphin ( 7833: 7832: 7828: 7685:G. macrorhynchus 7675: 7674: 7670: 7627:Common dolphin ( 7562: 7561: 7557: 7556: 7552: 7545: 7544: 7536:(Toothed whales) 7535: 7528: 7527: 7488: 7487: 7465:Humpback whale ( 7347:B. acutorostrata 7331: 7330: 7326: 7325: 7321: 7274: 7273: 7269: 7236: 7235: 7227: 7226: 7217: 7210: 7209: 7143: 7136: 7129: 7120: 7119: 7114: 7112: 7110: 7094: 7057: 7056: 7016: 7010: 7009: 6999: 6990:(4): 1033–1060. 6975: 6969: 6968: 6958: 6926: 6920: 6919: 6899: 6893: 6892: 6873:10.1144/SP452.16 6844: 6838: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6770: 6764: 6763: 6753: 6744:(4): 3864–3880. 6729: 6723: 6722: 6682: 6676: 6675: 6657: 6651: 6650: 6610: 6599: 6598: 6550: 6544: 6543: 6523: 6517: 6516: 6496: 6487: 6486: 6468: 6444: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6430: 6415: 6409: 6408: 6398: 6366: 6360: 6359: 6319: 6313: 6312: 6268: 6259: 6258: 6206: 6200: 6199: 6198: 6196: 6181: 6153: 6147: 6146: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6072:) and narwhals ( 6063: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6029: 6023: 6022: 5990: 5975: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5942: 5936: 5935: 5903: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5886: 5875: 5867: 5861: 5860: 5842: 5840:10.3354/dao03732 5814: 5808: 5807: 5797: 5779: 5755: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5729: 5723: 5722: 5712: 5694: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5619: 5613: 5612: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5537: 5531: 5530: 5482: 5471: 5470: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5371: 5365: 5364: 5346: 5321:(3): 1695–1705. 5302: 5296: 5295: 5251: 5245: 5244: 5234: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5169: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5074: 5068: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5000: 4987: 4986: 4976: 4958: 4926: 4920: 4919: 4909: 4891: 4859: 4850: 4849: 4809: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4775: 4766: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4680: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4586: 4577: 4576: 4566: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4517: 4468: 4459: 4458: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4342: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4280: 4274: 4273: 4233: 4222: 4221: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4146: 4137: 4136: 4092: 4079: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4030: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4014: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3904:10.1002/ar.22449 3898:(6): 1006–1016. 3878: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3744: 3736: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3702: 3691: 3690: 3679: 3663: 3652: 3651: 3641: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3583: 3555: 3546: 3545: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3420:10.1002/ar.22886 3398: 3385: 3384: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3318:10.1002/ar.20541 3297: 3291: 3290: 3246: 3235: 3234: 3224: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3163: 3145: 3113: 3107: 3106: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3019: 3008: 3007: 2987: 2972: 2971: 2931: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2885: 2868: 2867: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2760: 2751: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2725: 2677: 2666: 2665: 2655: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2593: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2437: 2431: 2430: 2420: 2371: 2365: 2364: 2324: 2315: 2314: 2294: 2283: 2282: 2258: 2252: 2251: 2239: 2233: 2232: 2214: 2187: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2176: 2169: 2161: 2146: 2145: 2126: 2120: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2096: 2087: 2086: 2084: 2054: 2041: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2017: 2011: 2010: 1992: 1953:Martin Frobisher 1924:. The idea that 1855:high-speed boats 1832: 1772:associated with 1702: 1694: 1682:carved vertebrae 1625:, and 12,000 in 1595:alphaherpesvirus 1563:species such as 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1351:Sebastes marinus 1339:Gonatus fabricii 1327:Boreogadus saida 1236:Severnaya Zemlya 1164:sexual selection 1096:Skeletal muscles 1035: 1021: 903: 895: 894: 888: 887: 843: 835: 834: 828: 827: 809: 801: 800: 782: 774: 773: 719: 718: 712: 711: 693: 685: 684: 525: 407:attracting mates 337: 317: 278: 194: 193: 173: 156: 151: 150: 127: 118: 108: 38: 34:Temporal range: 28: 27: 12336: 12335: 12331: 12330: 12329: 12327: 12326: 12325: 12316:Holarctic fauna 12261: 12260: 12259: 12254: 12246: 12241: 12233: 12228: 12220: 12215: 12207: 12202: 12194: 12189: 12181: 12176: 12168: 12163: 12155: 12152:Observation.org 12150: 12142: 12137: 12129: 12124: 12116: 12111: 12103: 12098: 12090: 12085: 12077: 12072: 12064: 12059: 12051: 12046: 12038: 12033: 12025: 12020: 12012: 12007: 11999: 11994: 11986: 11981: 11973: 11968: 11960: 11955: 11947: 11942: 11934: 11929: 11921: 11919: 11911: 11906: 11898: 11893: 11884: 11883: 11878: 11869: 11868: 11863: 11850: 11840: 11830: 11828: 11816: 11806: 11804: 11796: 11794: 11769: 11713:Globicephalinae 11707: 11652: 11640:Cephalorhynchus 11625: 11599:Platalearostrum 11535:Australodelphis 11510: 11497: 11492:Septemtriocetus 11380:Archaeophocaena 11362: 11289: 11276: 11155: 11089:Ischyrorhynchus 11044: 11024: 11011: 10971: 10914:Kentriodontidae 10905: 10840:Macrokentriodon 10810:Herbeinodelphis 10731: 10718: 10693: 10665: 10617:Hyperoodontinae 10611: 10581: 10541: 10344: 10331: 10229: 10163: 10120:Allodelphinidae 10111: 10028: 10011: 9900: 9799: 9674: 9648: 9627: 9548: 9519:Squaloziphiidae 9510: 9480: 9415: 9364: 9114: 9101: 9088: 9050: 9044: 9014: 8997: 8973: 8949: 8835:M. densirostris 8795: 8794: 8792: 8782: 8758: 8730: 8729: 8727: 8717: 8670:(Beaked whales) 8669: 8668: 8666: 8654: 8617: 8571: 8534: 8479: 8433: 8396: 8372: 8321: 8306:N. phocaenoides 8293: 8292: 8290: 8274: 8273: 8271: 8259: 8235: 8198: 8152: 8151: 8149: 8139: 8115: 8109:S. longirostris 8091:S. coeruleoalba 8055: 8009: 8008: 8006: 7996: 7963: 7939: 7915: 7891: 7876:O. brevirostris 7858: 7830: 7829: 7827: 7817: 7809:Dusky dolphin ( 7748: 7724: 7700: 7672: 7671: 7669: 7659: 7635: 7611: 7567:Cephalorhynchus 7554: 7553: 7551: 7539: 7510: 7473: 7467:M. novaeangliae 7449: 7425: 7399:Omura's whale ( 7372:Bryde's whale ( 7323: 7322: 7320: 7318:Balaenopteridae 7308: 7271: 7270: 7268: 7258: 7250:Bowhead whale ( 7221: 7218:(Baleen whales) 7204: 7154: 7147: 7117: 7108: 7106: 7097: 7070: 7066: 7064:Further reading 7061: 7060: 7037:10.2307/3258091 7031:(10): 284–288. 7017: 7013: 6976: 6972: 6927: 6923: 6916: 6900: 6896: 6845: 6841: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6810: 6806: 6796: 6794: 6787: 6771: 6767: 6730: 6726: 6683: 6679: 6672: 6658: 6654: 6611: 6602: 6551: 6547: 6540: 6524: 6520: 6513: 6497: 6490: 6445: 6438: 6428: 6426: 6416: 6412: 6367: 6363: 6320: 6316: 6269: 6262: 6225:(1–3): 83–105. 6207: 6203: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6154: 6150: 6135:10.1139/f83-326 6111: 6107: 6064: 6057: 6047: 6045: 6030: 6026: 5991: 5978: 5969: 5967: 5943: 5939: 5924:10.1139/F09-054 5904: 5900: 5890: 5888: 5884: 5873: 5869: 5868: 5864: 5815: 5811: 5756: 5752: 5742: 5740: 5731: 5730: 5726: 5659: 5655: 5645: 5643: 5636: 5620: 5616: 5609: 5593: 5589: 5538: 5534: 5483: 5474: 5435: 5431: 5380:) and narwhal ( 5372: 5368: 5303: 5299: 5252: 5248: 5187: 5183: 5146: 5142: 5132: 5130: 5075: 5071: 5061: 5059: 5052: 5036: 5032: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5001: 4990: 4941:(6): e0198295. 4927: 4923: 4860: 4853: 4810: 4803: 4793: 4791: 4776: 4769: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4738: 4734: 4724: 4722: 4715: 4699: 4695: 4689: 4665: 4661: 4651: 4649: 4642: 4626: 4622: 4607:10.1139/z82-424 4587: 4580: 4535: 4531: 4469: 4462: 4455: 4441: 4437: 4394: 4390: 4343: 4334: 4324: 4322: 4309: 4308: 4304: 4297: 4281: 4277: 4234: 4225: 4218: 4202: 4198: 4147: 4140: 4093: 4082: 4072: 4070: 4031: 4022: 4012: 4010: 3975: 3971: 3962: 3960: 3953: 3931: 3927: 3879: 3875: 3865: 3863: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3806:) and narwhal ( 3798: 3794: 3784: 3782: 3773: 3772: 3768: 3758: 3756: 3737: 3730: 3720: 3718: 3703: 3694: 3688: 3664: 3655: 3618: 3614: 3601: 3597: 3556: 3549: 3542: 3526: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3467:Current Biology 3459: 3455: 3445: 3443: 3399: 3388: 3345: 3341: 3298: 3294: 3247: 3238: 3181: 3177: 3114: 3110: 3075: 3071: 3061: 3059: 3020: 3011: 3004: 2988: 2975: 2952:10.2307/3503952 2932: 2921: 2911: 2909: 2902: 2886: 2871: 2828: 2824: 2761: 2754: 2744: 2742: 2700:(3): e1645148. 2678: 2669: 2611: 2607: 2542: 2538: 2471: 2467: 2457: 2455: 2438: 2434: 2372: 2368: 2325: 2318: 2311: 2295: 2286: 2279: 2259: 2255: 2240: 2236: 2229: 2215: 2190: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2167: 2163: 2162: 2149: 2127: 2123: 2113: 2111: 2098: 2097: 2090: 2055: 2044: 2034: 2032: 2019: 2018: 2014: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1946:pounds sterling 1914:Greenland Norse 1882: 1813: 1782: 1774:oil exploration 1770:Seismic surveys 1716:bioaccumulation 1700: 1666: 1619:Admiralty Inlet 1615:Somerset Island 1603: 1597:in her system. 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1462: 1441: 1435: 1404:Admiralty Inlet 1383: 1348:) and redfish ( 1314: 1289: 1248: 1192: 1172: 1170:Vestigial teeth 1130:that tusks are 1108: 1060:mottled pattern 1051:than females. 1048:sexual maturity 1043: 1042: 1041: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1027: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1011: 1006: 997: 988: 979: 970: 961: 951:(Beluga whale) 934: 875: 758: 622:. A later 2020 596: 514:Systema Naturae 505: 328: 319: 313: 300: 277: 188: 180: 163: 152: 148: 141: 109: 107: 106: 105: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 49: 44: 36: 35: 32: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12334: 12324: 12323: 12318: 12313: 12308: 12303: 12298: 12293: 12288: 12283: 12278: 12273: 12256: 12255: 12253: 12252: 12239: 12226: 12213: 12200: 12187: 12174: 12161: 12148: 12135: 12122: 12109: 12096: 12083: 12070: 12057: 12044: 12031: 12018: 12005: 11992: 11979: 11966: 11953: 11940: 11927: 11917: 11904: 11891: 11876: 11860: 11858: 11852: 11851: 11839: 11838: 11826: 11814: 11791: 11790: 11787: 11786: 11783: 11782: 11779: 11778: 11775: 11774: 11771: 11770: 11768: 11767: 11760: 11753: 11746: 11739: 11732: 11725: 11717: 11715: 11709: 11708: 11706: 11705: 11698: 11691: 11684: 11677: 11670: 11662: 11660: 11654: 11653: 11651: 11650: 11643: 11635: 11633: 11627: 11626: 11624: 11623: 11612: 11602: 11592: 11585: 11575: 11572:Lagenorhynchus 11568: 11558: 11548: 11538: 11528: 11517: 11511: 11506: 11503: 11502: 11499: 11498: 11496: 11495: 11485: 11475: 11464: 11454: 11447: 11440: 11437:Numataphocoena 11430: 11423: 11413: 11403: 11400:Haborophocoena 11393: 11383: 11372: 11370: 11364: 11363: 11361: 11360: 11353: 11343: 11333: 11330:Delphinapterus 11326: 11316: 11305: 11303: 11290: 11285: 11282: 11281: 11278: 11277: 11275: 11274: 11267: 11264:Stenasodelphis 11257: 11247: 11237: 11227: 11217: 11207: 11197: 11187: 11177: 11165: 11163: 11157: 11156: 11154: 11153: 11143: 11133: 11123: 11113: 11103: 11092: 11082: 11075: 11065: 11054: 11052: 11046: 11045: 11043: 11042: 11031: 11025: 11020: 11017: 11016: 11013: 11012: 11010: 11009: 10999: 10996:Parapontoporia 10989: 10981: 10979: 10973: 10972: 10970: 10969: 10962: 10955: 10948: 10941: 10934: 10927: 10918: 10916: 10907: 10906: 10904: 10903: 10893: 10883: 10880:Pithanodelphis 10873: 10863: 10853: 10843: 10833: 10823: 10813: 10803: 10793: 10783: 10773: 10763: 10753: 10742: 10732: 10727: 10720: 10719: 10707: 10706: 10703: 10702: 10699: 10698: 10695: 10694: 10692: 10691: 10690: 10689: 10683: 10681: 10671: 10670: 10667: 10666: 10664: 10663: 10656: 10649: 10639: 10632: 10621: 10619: 10613: 10612: 10610: 10609: 10602: 10591: 10589: 10583: 10582: 10580: 10579: 10576:Microberardius 10569: 10562: 10559:Archaeoziphius 10551: 10549: 10543: 10542: 10540: 10539: 10529: 10519: 10509: 10502: 10492: 10482: 10472: 10462: 10452: 10442: 10432: 10422: 10412: 10402: 10392: 10382: 10372: 10362: 10351: 10345: 10340: 10337: 10336: 10333: 10332: 10330: 10329: 10318: 10308: 10298: 10291: 10281: 10270: 10260: 10257:Dilophodelphis 10250: 10239: 10237: 10231: 10230: 10228: 10227: 10220: 10213: 10206: 10199: 10192: 10185: 10177: 10175: 10165: 10164: 10162: 10161: 10154: 10147: 10140: 10133: 10125: 10123: 10113: 10112: 10110: 10109: 10098: 10094:Squalodontidae 10087: 10076: 10066: 10056: 10046: 10035: 10029: 10026:Platanistoidea 10024: 10021: 10020: 10017: 10016: 10013: 10012: 10010: 10009: 9998: 9988: 9978: 9971: 9961: 9951: 9941: 9931: 9921: 9910: 9908: 9902: 9901: 9899: 9898: 9887: 9877: 9867: 9857: 9847: 9837: 9827: 9820: 9809: 9807: 9801: 9800: 9798: 9797: 9787: 9777: 9767: 9757: 9747: 9737: 9727: 9724:Brygmophyseter 9717: 9707: 9696: 9690: 9676: 9675: 9662: 9661: 9658: 9657: 9654: 9653: 9650: 9649: 9647: 9646: 9645: 9644: 9638: 9636: 9629: 9628: 9626: 9625: 9618: 9611: 9604: 9597: 9590: 9583: 9576: 9573:Eurhinodelphis 9569: 9561: 9559: 9550: 9549: 9547: 9546: 9539: 9532: 9523: 9521: 9512: 9511: 9509: 9508: 9501: 9493: 9491: 9489:Squalodontidae 9482: 9481: 9479: 9478: 9471: 9464: 9457: 9450: 9443: 9436: 9428: 9426: 9417: 9416: 9414: 9413: 9406: 9399: 9392: 9385: 9377: 9375: 9366: 9365: 9363: 9362: 9359:Tangaroasaurus 9352: 9342: 9332: 9329:Sachalinocetus 9322: 9312: 9302: 9292: 9282: 9272: 9262: 9252: 9242: 9232: 9229:Macrodelphinus 9222: 9212: 9202: 9192: 9182: 9172: 9162: 9152: 9149:Archaeodelphis 9142: 9132: 9121: 9115: 9110: 9103: 9102: 9090: 9089: 9087: 9086: 9080: 9074: 9068: 9062: 9055: 9052: 9051: 9043: 9042: 9035: 9028: 9020: 9011: 9010: 9007: 9006: 9003: 9002: 8999: 8998: 8996: 8995: 8991:Z. cavirostris 8985: 8983: 8975: 8974: 8972: 8971: 8961: 8959: 8951: 8950: 8948: 8947: 8938: 8929: 8920: 8911: 8902: 8893: 8884: 8875: 8866: 8857: 8848: 8839: 8830: 8821: 8812: 8802: 8800: 8784: 8783: 8781: 8780: 8770: 8768: 8760: 8759: 8757: 8756: 8747: 8737: 8735: 8719: 8718: 8716: 8715: 8706: 8697: 8687: 8685: 8674: 8660: 8659: 8656: 8655: 8653: 8652: 8648:P. blainvillei 8642: 8640: 8629: 8623: 8622: 8619: 8618: 8616: 8615: 8606: 8596: 8594: 8583: 8577: 8576: 8573: 8572: 8570: 8569: 8559: 8557: 8546: 8540: 8539: 8536: 8535: 8533: 8532: 8528:I. geoffrensis 8523: 8519:I. boliviensis 8514: 8504: 8502: 8491: 8485: 8484: 8481: 8480: 8478: 8477: 8468: 8458: 8456: 8445: 8439: 8438: 8435: 8434: 8432: 8431: 8421: 8419: 8408: 8402: 8401: 8398: 8397: 8395: 8394: 8384: 8382: 8374: 8373: 8371: 8370: 8366:P. spinipinnis 8361: 8352: 8343: 8333: 8331: 8323: 8322: 8320: 8319: 8310: 8300: 8298: 8279: 8265: 8264: 8261: 8260: 8258: 8257: 8247: 8245: 8237: 8236: 8234: 8233: 8227:Beluga whale ( 8223: 8221: 8218:Delphinapterus 8210: 8204: 8203: 8200: 8199: 8197: 8196: 8187: 8178: 8169: 8159: 8157: 8141: 8140: 8138: 8137: 8133:S. bredanensis 8127: 8125: 8117: 8116: 8114: 8113: 8104: 8095: 8086: 8077: 8067: 8065: 8057: 8056: 8054: 8053: 8044: 8035: 8026: 8016: 8014: 7998: 7997: 7995: 7994: 7985: 7981:S. fluviatilis 7975: 7973: 7965: 7964: 7962: 7961: 7951: 7949: 7941: 7940: 7938: 7937: 7927: 7925: 7917: 7916: 7914: 7913: 7903: 7901: 7893: 7892: 7890: 7889: 7880: 7870: 7868: 7860: 7859: 7857: 7856: 7847: 7837: 7835: 7819: 7818: 7816: 7815: 7806: 7802:L. obliquidens 7797: 7788: 7779: 7770: 7766:L. albirostris 7760: 7758: 7755:Lagenorhynchus 7750: 7749: 7747: 7746: 7736: 7734: 7726: 7725: 7723: 7722: 7712: 7710: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7698: 7689: 7679: 7677: 7673:(Pilot whales) 7661: 7660: 7658: 7657: 7647: 7645: 7637: 7636: 7634: 7633: 7623: 7621: 7613: 7612: 7610: 7609: 7600: 7591: 7582: 7578:C. commersonii 7572: 7570: 7559: 7541: 7540: 7524: 7523: 7520: 7519: 7516: 7515: 7512: 7511: 7509: 7508: 7498: 7496: 7485: 7479: 7478: 7475: 7474: 7472: 7471: 7461: 7459: 7451: 7450: 7448: 7447: 7437: 7435: 7427: 7426: 7424: 7423: 7417:Rice's whale ( 7414: 7405: 7396: 7387: 7378: 7369: 7360: 7356:B. bonaerensis 7351: 7341: 7339: 7328: 7314: 7313: 7310: 7309: 7307: 7306: 7297: 7288: 7278: 7276: 7272:(Right whales) 7260: 7259: 7257: 7256: 7246: 7244: 7233: 7223: 7222: 7206: 7205: 7203: 7202: 7196: 7190: 7188:Laurasiatheria 7184: 7178: 7172: 7166: 7159: 7156: 7155: 7146: 7145: 7138: 7131: 7123: 7116: 7115: 7095: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7059: 7058: 7011: 6970: 6941:(3): 240–248. 6921: 6914: 6894: 6859:(1): 211–259. 6839: 6826: 6804: 6785: 6765: 6724: 6697:(1): 159–174. 6677: 6670: 6664:. Zone Books. 6652: 6625:(3): 291–313. 6600: 6545: 6538: 6518: 6511: 6488: 6436: 6410: 6361: 6334:(1): 181–194. 6314: 6260: 6201: 6188: 6148: 6105: 6055: 6024: 5976: 5957:10.1101/059691 5937: 5918:(6): 959–971. 5898: 5862: 5809: 5750: 5724: 5653: 5634: 5614: 5607: 5587: 5566:10.2307/207815 5552:(3): 215–228. 5532: 5497:(1): 149–154. 5472: 5429: 5394:(3): 449–463. 5366: 5297: 5270:(4): 649–665. 5246: 5181: 5154:Sustainability 5140: 5093:(4): 491–502. 5069: 5050: 5030: 5017: 4988: 4921: 4851: 4801: 4767: 4754: 4732: 4713: 4693: 4687: 4659: 4640: 4620: 4578: 4529: 4460: 4454:978-3319982786 4453: 4435: 4388: 4332: 4302: 4295: 4275: 4248:(3): 430–440. 4223: 4216: 4196: 4138: 4080: 4020: 3995:10.7557/3.2838 3969: 3951: 3925: 3873: 3847: 3820:(2): 479–500. 3792: 3766: 3728: 3692: 3686: 3653: 3626:Polar Research 3612: 3595: 3568:Polar Research 3547: 3540: 3520: 3453: 3414:(4): 599–617. 3386: 3339: 3312:(6): 507–513. 3292: 3265:(2): 334–349. 3236: 3199:(4): 889–898. 3175: 3108: 3089:(2): 201–208. 3069: 3038:(4): 866–879. 3009: 3002: 2973: 2919: 2900: 2869: 2842:(2): 323–342. 2822: 2787:(2): 476–484. 2752: 2667: 2605: 2568:(4): 421–439. 2550:, and beluga, 2536: 2501:(2): 314–318. 2465: 2432: 2366: 2339:(3): 258–268. 2316: 2309: 2284: 2277: 2253: 2234: 2227: 2188: 2147: 2130:Linnaeus, Carl 2121: 2088: 2042: 2012: 1986: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1881: 1878: 1859:hunting rifles 1849:from handmade 1812: 1809: 1781: 1778: 1748:climate change 1709:whale watching 1697:fish factories 1665: 1662: 1602: 1599: 1591:papillomavirus 1572:Cyamus nodosus 1533:West Greenland 1480:layers in the 1461: 1458: 1434: 1431: 1382: 1379: 1313: 1310: 1288: 1285: 1254:, with a high 1247: 1244: 1191: 1188: 1171: 1168: 1107: 1104: 1037: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1023: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1003: 1002: 999: 998: 994: 993: 990: 989: 985: 984: 981: 980: 976: 975: 972: 971: 967: 966: 963: 962: 958: 957: 954: 953: 943: 940: 939: 936: 935: 931: 930: 927: 926: 918: 915: 914: 911: 910: 898: 893: 891: 886: 884: 881: 880: 877: 876: 872: 871: 868: 867: 858: 855: 854: 851: 850: 838: 833: 831: 826: 824: 821: 820: 817: 816: 804: 799: 797: 794: 793: 790: 789: 777: 772: 770: 764: 763: 760: 759: 755: 754: 751: 750: 740: 737: 736: 733: 732: 722: 717: 715: 710: 708: 705: 704: 701: 700: 688: 683: 673:The following 645:early Pliocene 595: 592: 504: 501: 475:, such as the 366:native to the 344: 343: 339: 338: 330: 329: 320: 309: 308: 302: 301: 294: 292: 288: 287: 270: 266: 265: 260: 256: 255: 250: 246: 245: 240: 236: 235: 230: 226: 225: 220: 216: 215: 210: 206: 205: 200: 196: 195: 182: 181: 168: 165: 164: 146: 143: 142: 137: 134: 133: 129: 128: 120: 119: 111: 110: 102: 101: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 50: 45: 40: 33: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12333: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12272: 12269: 12268: 12266: 12249: 12244: 12240: 12236: 12231: 12227: 12223: 12218: 12214: 12210: 12205: 12201: 12197: 12192: 12188: 12184: 12179: 12175: 12171: 12166: 12162: 12158: 12153: 12149: 12145: 12140: 12136: 12132: 12127: 12123: 12119: 12114: 12110: 12106: 12101: 12097: 12093: 12088: 12084: 12080: 12075: 12071: 12067: 12062: 12058: 12054: 12049: 12045: 12041: 12036: 12032: 12028: 12023: 12019: 12015: 12010: 12006: 12002: 11997: 11993: 11989: 11984: 11980: 11976: 11971: 11967: 11963: 11958: 11954: 11950: 11945: 11941: 11937: 11932: 11928: 11924: 11918: 11914: 11909: 11905: 11901: 11896: 11892: 11887: 11881: 11877: 11872: 11866: 11862: 11861: 11859: 11857: 11853: 11849: 11844: 11837: 11827: 11825: 11820: 11815: 11813: 11803: 11802: 11799: 11766: 11765: 11761: 11759: 11758: 11754: 11752: 11751: 11750:Peponocephala 11747: 11745: 11744: 11740: 11738: 11737: 11733: 11731: 11730: 11726: 11724: 11723: 11719: 11718: 11716: 11714: 11710: 11704: 11703: 11699: 11697: 11696: 11692: 11690: 11689: 11685: 11683: 11682: 11678: 11676: 11675: 11674:Lagenodelphis 11671: 11669: 11668: 11664: 11663: 11661: 11659: 11655: 11649: 11648: 11644: 11642: 11641: 11637: 11636: 11634: 11632: 11628: 11621: 11620: 11619:Pterophocaena 11613: 11611: 11610: 11603: 11601: 11600: 11593: 11591: 11590: 11586: 11584: 11583: 11576: 11574: 11573: 11569: 11567: 11566: 11559: 11557: 11556: 11555:Etruridelphis 11549: 11547: 11546: 11539: 11537: 11536: 11529: 11527: 11526: 11519: 11518: 11515: 11512: 11509: 11504: 11494: 11493: 11486: 11484: 11483: 11476: 11473: 11472: 11471:Pterophocaena 11465: 11463: 11462: 11455: 11453: 11452: 11448: 11446: 11445: 11441: 11439: 11438: 11431: 11429: 11428: 11424: 11422: 11421: 11414: 11412: 11411: 11404: 11402: 11401: 11394: 11392: 11391: 11384: 11382: 11381: 11374: 11373: 11371: 11369: 11365: 11359: 11358: 11354: 11352: 11351: 11350:Haborodelphis 11344: 11342: 11341: 11334: 11332: 11331: 11327: 11325: 11324: 11317: 11315: 11314: 11307: 11306: 11304: 11302: 11298: 11294: 11291: 11288: 11283: 11273: 11272: 11268: 11266: 11265: 11258: 11256: 11255: 11248: 11246: 11245: 11238: 11236: 11235: 11234:Protophocaena 11228: 11226: 11225: 11218: 11216: 11215: 11208: 11206: 11205: 11204:Piscorhynchus 11198: 11196: 11195: 11194:Brachydelphis 11188: 11186: 11185: 11178: 11175: 11174: 11167: 11166: 11164: 11162: 11161:Pontoporiidae 11158: 11152: 11151: 11144: 11142: 11141: 11140:Plicodontinia 11134: 11132: 11131: 11124: 11122: 11121: 11114: 11112: 11111: 11104: 11101: 11100: 11093: 11091: 11090: 11083: 11081: 11080: 11076: 11074: 11073: 11066: 11064: 11063: 11056: 11055: 11053: 11051: 11047: 11041: 11040: 11033: 11032: 11029: 11026: 11023: 11018: 11008: 11007: 11000: 10998: 10997: 10990: 10988: 10987: 10983: 10982: 10980: 10978: 10974: 10968: 10967: 10963: 10961: 10960: 10956: 10954: 10953: 10952:Sophianacetus 10949: 10947: 10946: 10942: 10940: 10939: 10935: 10933: 10932: 10928: 10925: 10924: 10923:Belonodelphis 10920: 10919: 10917: 10915: 10908: 10902: 10901: 10894: 10892: 10891: 10884: 10882: 10881: 10874: 10872: 10871: 10864: 10862: 10861: 10860:Odobenocetops 10854: 10852: 10851: 10844: 10842: 10841: 10834: 10832: 10831: 10824: 10822: 10821: 10814: 10812: 10811: 10804: 10802: 10801: 10794: 10792: 10791: 10784: 10782: 10781: 10780:Cammackacetus 10774: 10772: 10771: 10764: 10762: 10761: 10754: 10752: 10751: 10744: 10743: 10740: 10736: 10733: 10730: 10725: 10721: 10717: 10712: 10708: 10687: 10686: 10685: 10684: 10682: 10680: 10676: 10672: 10662: 10661: 10657: 10655: 10654: 10650: 10648: 10647: 10640: 10638: 10637: 10633: 10631: 10630: 10629:Africanacetus 10623: 10622: 10620: 10618: 10614: 10608: 10607: 10603: 10601: 10600: 10593: 10592: 10590: 10588: 10584: 10578: 10577: 10570: 10568: 10567: 10563: 10561: 10560: 10553: 10552: 10550: 10548: 10544: 10538: 10537: 10530: 10528: 10527: 10520: 10518: 10517: 10510: 10508: 10507: 10503: 10501: 10500: 10493: 10491: 10490: 10483: 10481: 10480: 10473: 10471: 10470: 10463: 10461: 10460: 10453: 10451: 10450: 10443: 10441: 10440: 10433: 10431: 10430: 10423: 10421: 10420: 10413: 10411: 10410: 10403: 10401: 10400: 10393: 10391: 10390: 10389:Chavinziphius 10383: 10381: 10380: 10373: 10371: 10370: 10363: 10361: 10360: 10353: 10352: 10349: 10346: 10343: 10338: 10327: 10326: 10319: 10317: 10316: 10309: 10307: 10306: 10305:Pomatodelphis 10299: 10297: 10296: 10292: 10290: 10289: 10282: 10279: 10278: 10277:Pachyacanthus 10271: 10269: 10268: 10261: 10259: 10258: 10251: 10249: 10248: 10241: 10240: 10238: 10236: 10235:Platanistidae 10232: 10226: 10225: 10224:Squalodelphis 10221: 10219: 10218: 10214: 10212: 10211: 10207: 10205: 10204: 10200: 10198: 10197: 10193: 10191: 10190: 10186: 10184: 10183: 10179: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10166: 10160: 10159: 10155: 10153: 10152: 10148: 10146: 10145: 10141: 10139: 10138: 10134: 10132: 10131: 10127: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10114: 10107: 10106: 10099: 10096: 10095: 10088: 10085: 10084: 10077: 10075: 10074: 10067: 10065: 10064: 10057: 10055: 10054: 10047: 10045: 10044: 10037: 10036: 10033: 10030: 10027: 10022: 10007: 10006: 10005:Thalassocetus 9999: 9997: 9996: 9989: 9987: 9986: 9979: 9977: 9976: 9972: 9970: 9969: 9968:Orycterocetus 9962: 9960: 9959: 9952: 9950: 9949: 9942: 9940: 9939: 9938:Diaphorocetus 9932: 9930: 9929: 9922: 9920: 9919: 9912: 9911: 9909: 9907: 9903: 9896: 9895: 9894:Thalassocetus 9888: 9886: 9885: 9878: 9876: 9875: 9868: 9866: 9865: 9858: 9856: 9855: 9848: 9846: 9845: 9838: 9836: 9835: 9828: 9826: 9825: 9821: 9819: 9818: 9811: 9810: 9808: 9806: 9802: 9796: 9795: 9788: 9786: 9785: 9778: 9776: 9775: 9768: 9766: 9765: 9758: 9756: 9755: 9748: 9746: 9745: 9738: 9736: 9735: 9728: 9726: 9725: 9718: 9716: 9715: 9708: 9706: 9705: 9698: 9697: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9688:Physeteroidea 9685: 9681: 9677: 9673: 9667: 9663: 9642: 9641: 9640: 9639: 9637: 9635: 9630: 9624: 9623: 9622:Ziphiodelphis 9619: 9617: 9616: 9612: 9610: 9609: 9605: 9603: 9602: 9601:Schizodelphis 9598: 9596: 9595: 9591: 9589: 9588: 9587:Mycteriacetus 9584: 9582: 9581: 9577: 9575: 9574: 9570: 9568: 9567: 9563: 9562: 9560: 9558: 9551: 9545: 9544: 9540: 9538: 9537: 9536:Squaloziphius 9533: 9530: 9529: 9525: 9524: 9522: 9520: 9513: 9507: 9506: 9502: 9500: 9499: 9495: 9494: 9492: 9490: 9483: 9477: 9476: 9472: 9470: 9469: 9465: 9463: 9462: 9458: 9456: 9455: 9451: 9449: 9448: 9444: 9442: 9441: 9437: 9435: 9434: 9430: 9429: 9427: 9425: 9418: 9412: 9411: 9407: 9405: 9404: 9403:Inermorostrum 9400: 9398: 9397: 9393: 9391: 9390: 9386: 9384: 9383: 9379: 9378: 9376: 9374: 9367: 9361: 9360: 9353: 9351: 9350: 9343: 9341: 9340: 9333: 9331: 9330: 9323: 9321: 9320: 9313: 9311: 9310: 9303: 9301: 9300: 9293: 9291: 9290: 9283: 9281: 9280: 9273: 9271: 9270: 9263: 9261: 9260: 9253: 9251: 9250: 9243: 9241: 9240: 9233: 9231: 9230: 9223: 9221: 9220: 9213: 9211: 9210: 9203: 9201: 9200: 9199:Enigmatocetus 9193: 9191: 9190: 9183: 9181: 9180: 9173: 9171: 9170: 9163: 9161: 9160: 9153: 9151: 9150: 9143: 9141: 9140: 9133: 9131: 9130: 9123: 9122: 9119: 9116: 9113: 9108: 9104: 9100: 9095: 9091: 9085: 9081: 9079: 9075: 9073: 9069: 9067: 9063: 9061: 9057: 9056: 9053: 9048: 9041: 9036: 9034: 9029: 9027: 9022: 9021: 9018: 8994: 8992: 8987: 8986: 8984: 8982: 8981: 8976: 8970: 8968: 8963: 8962: 8960: 8958: 8957: 8952: 8946: 8944: 8939: 8937: 8935: 8934:M. stejnegeri 8930: 8928: 8926: 8925:M. peruvianus 8921: 8919: 8917: 8912: 8910: 8908: 8903: 8901: 8899: 8894: 8892: 8890: 8885: 8883: 8881: 8876: 8874: 8872: 8867: 8865: 8863: 8862:M. ginkgodens 8858: 8856: 8854: 8849: 8847: 8845: 8840: 8838: 8836: 8831: 8829: 8827: 8826:M. carlhubbsi 8822: 8820: 8818: 8813: 8811: 8809: 8804: 8803: 8801: 8791: 8790: 8785: 8779: 8777: 8772: 8771: 8769: 8767: 8766: 8761: 8755: 8753: 8752:H. planifrons 8748: 8746: 8744: 8743:H. ampullatus 8739: 8738: 8736: 8726: 8725: 8720: 8714: 8712: 8707: 8705: 8703: 8698: 8696: 8694: 8689: 8688: 8686: 8684: 8683: 8678: 8675: 8665: 8661: 8651: 8649: 8644: 8643: 8641: 8639: 8638: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8627:Pontoporiidae 8624: 8614: 8612: 8607: 8605: 8603: 8598: 8597: 8595: 8593: 8592: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8581:Platanistidae 8578: 8568: 8566: 8565:L. vexillifer 8561: 8560: 8558: 8556: 8555: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8541: 8531: 8529: 8524: 8522: 8520: 8515: 8513: 8511: 8506: 8505: 8503: 8501: 8500: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8486: 8476: 8474: 8469: 8467: 8465: 8460: 8459: 8457: 8455: 8454: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8440: 8430: 8428: 8425:Sperm whale ( 8423: 8422: 8420: 8418: 8417: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8403: 8393: 8391: 8386: 8385: 8383: 8381: 8380: 8375: 8369: 8367: 8362: 8360: 8358: 8353: 8351: 8349: 8344: 8342: 8340: 8335: 8334: 8332: 8330: 8329: 8324: 8318: 8316: 8311: 8309: 8307: 8302: 8301: 8299: 8289: 8288: 8283: 8280: 8270: 8266: 8256: 8254: 8249: 8248: 8246: 8244: 8243: 8238: 8232: 8230: 8225: 8224: 8222: 8220: 8219: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8205: 8195: 8193: 8188: 8186: 8184: 8179: 8177: 8175: 8170: 8168: 8166: 8161: 8160: 8158: 8148: 8147: 8142: 8136: 8134: 8129: 8128: 8126: 8124: 8123: 8118: 8112: 8110: 8105: 8103: 8101: 8096: 8094: 8092: 8087: 8085: 8083: 8078: 8076: 8074: 8069: 8068: 8066: 8064: 8063: 8058: 8052: 8050: 8045: 8043: 8041: 8040:S. sahulensis 8036: 8034: 8032: 8027: 8025: 8023: 8018: 8017: 8015: 8005: 8004: 7999: 7993: 7991: 7990:S. guianensis 7986: 7984: 7982: 7977: 7976: 7974: 7972: 7971: 7966: 7960: 7958: 7957:P. crassidens 7953: 7952: 7950: 7948: 7947: 7942: 7936: 7934: 7929: 7928: 7926: 7924: 7923: 7922:Peponocephala 7918: 7912: 7910: 7905: 7904: 7902: 7900: 7899: 7894: 7888: 7886: 7881: 7879: 7877: 7872: 7871: 7869: 7867: 7866: 7861: 7855: 7853: 7848: 7846: 7844: 7839: 7838: 7836: 7826: 7825: 7820: 7814: 7812: 7807: 7805: 7803: 7798: 7796: 7794: 7789: 7787: 7785: 7780: 7778: 7776: 7771: 7769: 7767: 7762: 7761: 7759: 7757: 7756: 7751: 7745: 7743: 7738: 7737: 7735: 7733: 7732: 7731:Lagenodelphis 7727: 7721: 7719: 7714: 7713: 7711: 7709: 7708: 7703: 7697: 7695: 7690: 7688: 7686: 7681: 7680: 7678: 7668: 7667: 7662: 7656: 7654: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7644: 7643: 7638: 7632: 7630: 7625: 7624: 7622: 7620: 7619: 7614: 7608: 7606: 7601: 7599: 7597: 7596:C. heavisidii 7592: 7590: 7588: 7583: 7581: 7579: 7574: 7573: 7571: 7569: 7568: 7563: 7560: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7529: 7525: 7507: 7505: 7500: 7499: 7497: 7495: 7494: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7483:Cetotheriidae 7480: 7470: 7468: 7463: 7462: 7460: 7458: 7457: 7452: 7446: 7444: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7434: 7433: 7428: 7422: 7420: 7415: 7413: 7411: 7406: 7404: 7402: 7397: 7395: 7393: 7388: 7386: 7384: 7379: 7377: 7375: 7370: 7368: 7366: 7361: 7359: 7357: 7352: 7350: 7348: 7343: 7342: 7340: 7338: 7337: 7332: 7329: 7319: 7315: 7305: 7303: 7298: 7296: 7294: 7289: 7287: 7285: 7280: 7279: 7277: 7267: 7266: 7261: 7255: 7253: 7252:B. mysticetus 7248: 7247: 7245: 7243: 7242: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7211: 7207: 7201: 7197: 7195: 7191: 7189: 7185: 7183: 7179: 7177: 7173: 7171: 7167: 7165: 7161: 7160: 7157: 7152: 7144: 7139: 7137: 7132: 7130: 7125: 7124: 7121: 7105: 7104:New Scientist 7101: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7075: 7069: 7068: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7015: 7007: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6974: 6966: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6925: 6917: 6911: 6907: 6906: 6898: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6843: 6829: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6808: 6792: 6788: 6782: 6778: 6777: 6769: 6761: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6728: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6681: 6673: 6671:0-942299-91-4 6667: 6663: 6656: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6549: 6541: 6539:1-85109-533-0 6535: 6531: 6530: 6522: 6514: 6508: 6504: 6503: 6495: 6493: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6443: 6441: 6425: 6424:www.canada.ca 6421: 6414: 6406: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6365: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6318: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6276: 6267: 6265: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6214: 6205: 6191: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6152: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6118: 6109: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6075: 6071: 6062: 6060: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6028: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5981: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5949: 5941: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5902: 5883: 5879: 5872: 5866: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5822: 5813: 5805: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5754: 5738: 5734: 5728: 5720: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5666: 5657: 5641: 5637: 5631: 5627: 5626: 5618: 5610: 5604: 5600: 5599: 5591: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5536: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5491:Polar Biology 5488: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5442: 5433: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5388:Polar Biology 5385: 5383: 5379: 5370: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5310: 5301: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5259: 5250: 5242: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5185: 5177: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5160:(24): 13997. 5159: 5155: 5151: 5144: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5082: 5073: 5057: 5053: 5047: 5043: 5042: 5034: 5020: 5014: 5010: 5006: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4984: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4925: 4917: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4858: 4856: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4808: 4806: 4789: 4785: 4784:New Scientist 4781: 4774: 4772: 4757: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4736: 4720: 4716: 4714:0-935848-47-9 4710: 4706: 4705: 4697: 4690: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4670: 4663: 4647: 4643: 4641:2-88032-936-1 4637: 4633: 4632: 4624: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4585: 4583: 4574: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4533: 4525: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4467: 4465: 4456: 4450: 4446: 4439: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4392: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4350: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4306: 4298: 4292: 4288: 4287: 4279: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4219: 4213: 4209: 4208: 4200: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4145: 4143: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4100: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4038: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3973: 3958: 3954: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3938: 3929: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3887: 3877: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3809: 3805: 3796: 3781:. 17 May 2017 3780: 3779:National Post 3776: 3770: 3754: 3750: 3749: 3743: 3735: 3733: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3689: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3669: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3649: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3616: 3608: 3607: 3599: 3591: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3563: 3554: 3552: 3543: 3537: 3533: 3532: 3524: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3457: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3343: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3254: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3232: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3188: 3179: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3112: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3073: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3027: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3005: 2999: 2995: 2994: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2939: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2907: 2903: 2901:0-691-09160-9 2897: 2893: 2892: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2826: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2759: 2757: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2723:11568/1022436 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2689: 2685: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2619: 2614:April 2020). 2609: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2540: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2469: 2453: 2449: 2448: 2443: 2436: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2370: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2323: 2321: 2312: 2306: 2302: 2301: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2280: 2278:0-87196-871-1 2274: 2270: 2266: 2265: 2257: 2249: 2245: 2238: 2230: 2228:87-7975-299-3 2224: 2220: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2173: 2166: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2143: 2139: 2137: 2131: 2125: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2095: 2093: 2083: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2069: 2064: 2062: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2016: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1999: 1991: 1987: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1801: 1795: 1786: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1754: 1753:site fidelity 1749: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1717: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1698: 1693: 1692: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1670: 1661: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1611:IUCN Red List 1608: 1607:least concern 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1587:morbillivirus 1584: 1583: 1578: 1574: 1573: 1568: 1567: 1562: 1558: 1557: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1523: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1471: 1468:A polar bear 1466: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1440: 1433:Communication 1430: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1416: 1411: 1409: 1408:Eclipse Sound 1405: 1401: 1400:Baffin Island 1396: 1392: 1388: 1378: 1376: 1373:prey, mostly 1372: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1352: 1347: 1346: 1341: 1340: 1335: 1334: 1329: 1328: 1323: 1319: 1309: 1305: 1302: 1293: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1253: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1216:Hudson Strait 1213: 1209: 1205: 1196: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1180:tooth sockets 1177: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1143:nerve endings 1140: 1139:sensory organ 1137: 1133: 1129: 1124: 1121: 1112: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1082: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1052: 1049: 1034: 1020: 1001: 1000: 992: 991: 983: 982: 974: 973: 965: 964: 956: 955: 952: 950: 949: 942: 941: 938: 937: 929: 928: 925: 923: 917: 916: 913: 912: 909: 908: 907: 897: 896: 890: 889: 883: 882: 879: 878: 870: 869: 866: 865: 864: 857: 856: 853: 852: 849: 848: 847: 837: 836: 830: 829: 823: 822: 819: 818: 815: 814: 813: 803: 802: 796: 795: 792: 791: 788: 787: 786: 776: 775: 769: 766: 765: 762: 761: 753: 752: 749: 747: 746: 739: 738: 735: 734: 731: 729: 728: 721: 720: 714: 713: 707: 706: 703: 702: 699: 698: 697: 687: 686: 682: 680: 676: 671: 668: 664: 663: 662:Haborodelphis 658: 657: 652: 651: 646: 642: 641: 635: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 591: 589: 585: 581: 577: 572: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 553: 548: 544: 540: 535: 533: 529: 524: 520: 516: 515: 510: 509:Carl Linnaeus 500: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 465:least concern 461: 459: 455: 451: 450:armhook squid 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 418:Arctic waters 414: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 383: 378: 377: 373: 369: 365: 364:toothed whale 361: 357: 356: 351: 340: 336: 331: 327: 323: 318: 316: 310: 307: 306:Binomial name 303: 299: 298: 293: 290: 289: 285: 281: 276: 275: 271: 268: 267: 264: 261: 258: 257: 254: 251: 248: 247: 244: 241: 238: 237: 234: 231: 228: 227: 224: 221: 218: 217: 214: 211: 208: 207: 204: 201: 198: 197: 192: 187: 183: 177: 171: 166: 160: 155: 154:Least Concern 144: 140: 135: 130: 126: 121: 117: 112: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 48: 43: 29: 26: 22: 12301:Monodontidae 11855: 11762: 11755: 11748: 11741: 11734: 11729:Globicephala 11727: 11720: 11700: 11693: 11686: 11679: 11672: 11665: 11647:Lissodelphis 11645: 11638: 11617: 11607: 11597: 11587: 11582:Norisdelphis 11580: 11570: 11563: 11553: 11543: 11533: 11525:Arimidelphis 11523: 11490: 11480: 11469: 11459: 11451:Phocoenoides 11449: 11442: 11435: 11425: 11418: 11408: 11398: 11390:Australithax 11388: 11378: 11356: 11355: 11348: 11338: 11328: 11321: 11311: 11301:Monodontidae 11287:Delphinoidea 11269: 11262: 11252: 11244:Samaydelphis 11242: 11232: 11222: 11212: 11202: 11192: 11182: 11171: 11148: 11138: 11128: 11118: 11108: 11097: 11087: 11077: 11072:Goniodelphis 11070: 11062:Brujadelphis 11060: 11037: 11004: 10994: 10984: 10964: 10957: 10950: 10945:Platysvercus 10943: 10936: 10931:Kampholophos 10929: 10921: 10898: 10888: 10878: 10870:Pictodelphis 10868: 10858: 10850:Miminiacetus 10848: 10838: 10828: 10818: 10808: 10800:Hadrodelphis 10798: 10788: 10778: 10768: 10758: 10748: 10658: 10651: 10644: 10634: 10627: 10604: 10599:Izikoziphius 10597: 10574: 10564: 10557: 10536:Ziphirostrum 10534: 10524: 10516:Tusciziphius 10514: 10504: 10497: 10487: 10477: 10467: 10457: 10449:Messapicetus 10447: 10437: 10427: 10417: 10409:Choneziphius 10407: 10399:Chimuziphius 10397: 10387: 10377: 10367: 10357: 10323: 10313: 10303: 10293: 10286: 10275: 10267:Grimadelphis 10265: 10255: 10247:Araeodelphis 10245: 10222: 10215: 10208: 10201: 10194: 10189:Huaridelphis 10187: 10180: 10158:Zarhinocetus 10156: 10151:Ninjadelphis 10149: 10142: 10135: 10128: 10103: 10092: 10081: 10073:Perditicetus 10071: 10061: 10051: 10041: 10003: 9995:Placoziphius 9993: 9983: 9973: 9966: 9956: 9948:Idiophyseter 9946: 9936: 9926: 9918:Aulophyseter 9916: 9906:Physeteridae 9892: 9882: 9872: 9862: 9852: 9842: 9834:Koristocetus 9832: 9822: 9815: 9794:Zygophyseter 9792: 9782: 9772: 9762: 9752: 9742: 9732: 9722: 9712: 9704:Acrophyseter 9702: 9620: 9613: 9606: 9599: 9594:Phocaenopsis 9592: 9585: 9578: 9571: 9564: 9543:Yaquinacetus 9541: 9534: 9526: 9503: 9496: 9473: 9466: 9459: 9452: 9445: 9438: 9431: 9408: 9401: 9394: 9387: 9382:Albertocetus 9380: 9373:Xenorophidae 9357: 9347: 9337: 9327: 9319:Prosqualodon 9317: 9307: 9297: 9287: 9277: 9267: 9259:Neosqualodon 9257: 9247: 9237: 9227: 9217: 9209:Eoplatanista 9207: 9197: 9187: 9179:Caolodelphis 9177: 9167: 9157: 9147: 9137: 9127: 9082:Infraorder: 9078:Artiodactyla 8990: 8978: 8967:T. shepherdi 8966: 8954: 8943:M. traversii 8942: 8933: 8924: 8915: 8906: 8897: 8888: 8879: 8870: 8861: 8853:M. europaeus 8852: 8843: 8834: 8825: 8816: 8807: 8787: 8776:I. pacificus 8775: 8763: 8751: 8742: 8722: 8710: 8701: 8692: 8680: 8647: 8635: 8610: 8602:P. gangetica 8601: 8589: 8564: 8552: 8527: 8518: 8509: 8497: 8472: 8464:K. breviceps 8463: 8451: 8426: 8414: 8406:Physeteridae 8389: 8379:Phocoenoides 8377: 8365: 8356: 8347: 8339:P. dioptrica 8338: 8326: 8314: 8305: 8285: 8253:M. monoceros 8252: 8250: 8241: 8240: 8228: 8216: 8208:Monodontidae 8192:T. truncatus 8191: 8183:T. erebennus 8182: 8174:T. australis 8173: 8164: 8144: 8132: 8120: 8108: 8100:S. frontalis 8099: 8090: 8081: 8073:S. attenuata 8072: 8060: 8048: 8039: 8030: 8022:S. chinensis 8021: 8001: 7989: 7980: 7968: 7956: 7944: 7932: 7920: 7908: 7896: 7885:O. heinsohni 7884: 7875: 7863: 7851: 7842: 7824:Lissodelphis 7822: 7810: 7801: 7792: 7784:L. australis 7783: 7774: 7765: 7753: 7741: 7729: 7717: 7705: 7693: 7684: 7666:Globicephala 7664: 7653:F. attenuata 7652: 7640: 7628: 7616: 7604: 7595: 7586: 7577: 7565: 7504:C. marginata 7503: 7491: 7466: 7454: 7442: 7441:Gray whale ( 7432:Eschrichtius 7430: 7418: 7409: 7400: 7391: 7390:Blue whale ( 7382: 7373: 7364: 7355: 7346: 7336:Balaenoptera 7334: 7301: 7293:E. glacialis 7292: 7284:E. australis 7283: 7263: 7251: 7239: 7200:Whippomorpha 7194:Artiodactyla 7107:. Retrieved 7103: 7072: 7028: 7024: 7014: 6987: 6983: 6973: 6938: 6934: 6924: 6904: 6897: 6856: 6852: 6842: 6831:, retrieved 6817: 6807: 6797:18 September 6795:. Retrieved 6775: 6768: 6741: 6737: 6727: 6694: 6690: 6680: 6661: 6655: 6622: 6618: 6565:(1): 12–36. 6562: 6558: 6548: 6528: 6521: 6501: 6456: 6452: 6427:. Retrieved 6423: 6413: 6378: 6374: 6364: 6331: 6327: 6317: 6284: 6280: 6274: 6222: 6218: 6212: 6204: 6193:, retrieved 6161: 6151: 6126: 6122: 6116: 6108: 6083: 6079: 6073: 6069: 6046:. Retrieved 6037: 6027: 6002: 5998: 5968:, retrieved 5947: 5940: 5915: 5911: 5901: 5889:. Retrieved 5877: 5865: 5830: 5826: 5820: 5812: 5767: 5763: 5753: 5741:. Retrieved 5727: 5674: 5670: 5665:Orcinus orca 5664: 5656: 5644:. Retrieved 5624: 5617: 5597: 5590: 5549: 5545: 5535: 5494: 5490: 5453:(1): 49–58. 5450: 5446: 5440: 5432: 5391: 5387: 5381: 5377: 5369: 5318: 5314: 5308: 5300: 5267: 5263: 5257: 5249: 5201:(1): 22141. 5198: 5194: 5184: 5157: 5153: 5143: 5131:. Retrieved 5090: 5086: 5080: 5072: 5060:. Retrieved 5040: 5033: 5022:, retrieved 5008: 4938: 4934: 4924: 4871: 4867: 4821: 4817: 4792:. Retrieved 4783: 4759:, retrieved 4745: 4735: 4723:. Retrieved 4703: 4696: 4668: 4662: 4650:. Retrieved 4630: 4623: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4546: 4542: 4532: 4484:(1): 18678. 4481: 4477: 4444: 4438: 4405: 4401: 4391: 4358: 4354: 4348: 4323:. Retrieved 4314: 4305: 4285: 4278: 4245: 4241: 4206: 4199: 4158: 4154: 4111:(1): 45–57. 4108: 4104: 4098: 4071:. Retrieved 4049:(1): 41–50. 4046: 4042: 4036: 4011:. Retrieved 3986: 3982: 3972: 3961:, retrieved 3942: 3936: 3928: 3895: 3891: 3885: 3876: 3864:. Retrieved 3850: 3817: 3813: 3807: 3803: 3795: 3783:. Retrieved 3778: 3769: 3757:. Retrieved 3746: 3719:. Retrieved 3710: 3667: 3629: 3625: 3615: 3605: 3598: 3574:(1): 15865. 3571: 3567: 3561: 3530: 3523: 3511:. Retrieved 3470: 3466: 3456: 3444:. Retrieved 3411: 3407: 3356: 3352: 3342: 3309: 3305: 3295: 3262: 3258: 3252: 3196: 3192: 3186: 3178: 3125: 3121: 3111: 3086: 3082: 3072: 3060:. Retrieved 3035: 3031: 3025: 2992: 2946:(127): 1–7. 2943: 2937: 2910:. Retrieved 2890: 2839: 2835: 2825: 2784: 2780: 2775:Delphinoidea 2774: 2770: 2766: 2743:. Retrieved 2697: 2693: 2688:Delphinoidea 2687: 2684:Monodontidae 2683: 2627: 2623: 2617: 2608: 2565: 2561: 2556:Monodontidae 2555: 2551: 2547: 2539: 2498: 2494: 2488: 2485:Monodontidae 2484: 2480: 2477:Delphinoidea 2476: 2468: 2456:. Retrieved 2447:Live Science 2445: 2435: 2384: 2380: 2369: 2336: 2332: 2299: 2263: 2256: 2247: 2237: 2218: 2179:. Retrieved 2141: 2135: 2124: 2112:. Retrieved 2103: 2072: 2066: 2060: 2033:. Retrieved 2024: 2015: 1997: 1990: 1961: 1930: 1899: 1874:twisted knot 1866:Inuit legend 1863: 1814: 1798: 1791: 1758: 1745: 1713: 1686: 1675: 1652:(CITES) and 1644:In the 1972 1643: 1639:Melville Bay 1604: 1601:Conservation 1580: 1570: 1564: 1554: 1552: 1537: 1526: 1510: 1475: 1453:echolocation 1442: 1419: 1412: 1384: 1368: 1349: 1343: 1337: 1331: 1325: 1315: 1306: 1298: 1273:Davis Strait 1249: 1204:Arctic Ocean 1201: 1190:Distribution 1173: 1125: 1120:canine tooth 1117: 1114:Narwhal tusk 1085: 1068:genital slit 1056:pigmentation 1053: 1044: 946: 945: 920: 904: 900: 862: 861: 860: 844: 840: 810: 806: 783: 779: 768:Monodontidae 743: 742: 725: 724: 694: 690: 679:Monodontidae 678: 672: 660: 654: 648: 638: 636: 620:sister taxon 615: 612:Monodontidae 611: 597: 584:DNA analysis 573: 557:Monodontidae 556: 552:Monodontidae 550: 542: 539:beluga whale 536: 527: 513: 511:in his 1758 506: 462: 415: 387:beluga whale 382:Monodontidae 380: 375: 374: 354: 353: 349: 347: 314: 312: 296: 295: 273: 272: 263:Monodontidae 249:Infraorder: 243:Artiodactyla 25: 12204:SeaLifeBase 12100:NatureServe 12022:iNaturalist 11880:Wikispecies 11836:Marine life 11658:Delphininae 11609:Pliodelphis 11545:Eodelphinus 11508:Delphinidae 11482:Semirostrum 11461:Piscolithax 11427:Neophocaena 11420:Miophocaena 11368:Phocoenidae 11254:Scaldiporia 11184:Auroracetus 11120:Kwanzacetus 10790:Delphinodon 10653:Indopacetus 10547:Berardiinae 10489:Notoziphius 10479:Ninoziphius 10379:Caviziphius 10369:Beneziphius 10217:Phocageneus 10130:Allodelphis 10105:Waipatiidae 10063:Ensidelphis 9985:Physeterula 9884:Scaphokogia 9817:Aprixokogia 9784:Scaldicetus 9774:Rhaphicetus 9764:Miophyseter 9615:Xiphiacetus 9566:Ceterhinops 9498:Eosqualodon 9468:Urkudelphis 9424:Waipatiidae 9396:Echovenator 9349:Sulakocetus 9289:Patriocetus 9269:Olympicetus 9189:Chilcacetus 9169:Ashleycetus 9159:Argyrocetus 9139:Ankylorhiza 8898:M. layardii 8817:M. bowdoini 8765:Indopacetus 8348:P. phocoena 8287:Neophocoena 8275:(Porpoises) 8269:Phocoenidae 7843:L. borealis 7811:L. obscurus 7793:L. cruciger 7587:C. eutropia 7549:Delphinidae 7534:Odontoceti 7443:E. robustus 7410:B. physalus 7408:Fin whale ( 7392:B. musculus 7365:B. borealis 7363:Sei whale ( 7302:E. japonica 7186:Superorder 7180:Infraclass 7109:10 February 6833:13 February 6459:: 187–208. 6287:: 269–278. 6086:: 135–149. 5970:14 February 5833:: 131–139. 5646:18 November 4824:: 163–175. 4794:6 September 4361:: 269–281. 3866:6 September 3721:22 February 3359:(Suppl_1). 3122:BMC Ecology 2489:Delphinidae 2481:Phocoenidae 2387:(1): 7729. 1942:Elizabeth I 1918:Middle East 1870:transformed 1631:Smith Sound 1627:Jones Sound 1540:polar bears 1513:suffocation 1100:slow-twitch 1009:Description 616:Phocoenidae 588:could breed 172:Appendix II 12265:Categories 11271:Pontoporia 11214:Pliopontos 11150:Saurocetes 11130:Meherrinia 11039:Awadelphis 11006:Prolipotes 10938:Kentriodon 10830:Lophocetus 10729:Delphinida 10716:Delphinida 10688:see below↓ 10679:Delphinida 10660:Mesoplodon 10636:Hyperoodon 10526:Xhosacetus 10506:Tasmacetus 10499:Pterocetus 10459:Nazcacetus 10429:Globicetus 10295:Platanista 10182:Furcacetus 10144:Goedertius 10053:Dolgopolis 10043:Aondelphis 9958:Idiorophus 9744:Hoplocetus 9672:Odontoceti 9643:see below↓ 9634:Odontoceti 9608:Vanbreenia 9528:Crisocetus 9410:Xenorophus 9389:Cotylocara 9309:Phococetus 9299:Phoberodon 9239:Microcetus 9129:Agorophius 9112:Odontoceti 9099:Odontoceti 9047:Odontocete 8956:Tasmacetus 8916:M. perrini 8889:M. hotaula 8880:M. hectori 8789:Mesoplodon 8724:Hyperoodon 8711:B. minimus 8702:B. bairdii 8693:B. arnuxii 8637:Pontoporia 8591:Platanista 8165:T. aduncus 8082:S. clymene 8049:S. teuszii 8031:S. plumbea 7933:P. electra 7852:L. peronii 7718:G. griseus 7629:D. delphis 7605:C. hectori 7532:Parvorder 7324:(Rorquals) 7231:Balaenidae 7216:Mysticeti 7214:Parvorder 6195:4 February 6048:24 October 5891:21 January 5770:(7): 937. 5743:23 October 5133:27 January 5062:28 January 4725:28 January 4652:28 January 4325:15 January 4073:20 January 4013:27 January 3963:27 January 3935:"Narwhal: 3513:26 January 3446:24 January 3062:22 January 2912:27 January 2771:Odontoceti 2745:21 January 2686:(Cetacea, 2554:(Cetacea: 2114:14 January 1982:References 1880:Tusk trade 1861:are used. 1805:human arts 1761:Siorapaluk 1561:whale lice 1522:starvation 1478:periosteum 1470:scavenging 1437:See also: 1426:Odontoceti 1220:Baffin Bay 1212:Hudson Bay 1160:Arctic cod 1136:innervated 576:interbreed 569:dorsal fin 442:cuttlefish 434:Arctic cod 391:interbreed 11812:Cetaceans 11757:Pseudorca 11667:Delphinus 11410:Lomacetus 11313:Bohaskaia 11224:Pontistes 11110:Isthminia 10977:Lipotidae 10959:Rudicetus 10890:Tagicetus 10820:Liolithax 10646:Ihlengesi 10587:Ziphiinae 10566:Berardius 10419:Dagonodum 10342:Ziphiidae 10325:Zarhachis 10288:Pebanista 10210:Notocetus 10203:Medocinia 10137:Arktocara 9874:Praekogia 9864:Pliokogia 9844:Nanokogia 9734:Eudelphis 9714:Albicetus 9505:Squalodon 9461:Otekaikea 9440:Ediscetus 9339:Simocetus 9249:Mirocetus 9219:Inticetus 9058:Kingdom: 8808:M. bidens 8682:Berardius 8664:Ziphiidae 8544:Lipotidae 8355:Vaquita ( 8251:Narwhal ( 8229:D. leucas 7946:Pseudorca 7775:L. acutus 7618:Delphinus 7456:Megaptera 7401:B. omurai 7374:B. brydei 7265:Eubalaena 7198:Suborder 7091:643483454 7083:0027-9358 7045:0026-1521 7006:1527-1897 6947:0743-3131 6889:133366872 6881:0305-8719 6760:2571-9408 6719:135259639 6711:0761-3032 6647:162878182 6639:1461-9571 6579:0066-6939 6475:2165-8110 6405:0006-3207 6381:: 50–54. 6356:1867-1624 6309:0171-8630 6247:0048-9697 6179:2268/3680 6143:0706-652X 6100:0106-1054 6019:0004-0843 5932:0706-652X 5849:0177-5103 5786:2076-0817 5764:Pathogens 5701:2046-9063 5574:0016-7428 5527:253807718 5519:1432-2056 5467:0022-2372 5424:246176509 5416:1432-2056 5376:"Beluga ( 5353:0001-4966 5344:1912/2355 5292:0824-0469 5223:2045-2322 5176:2071-1050 5115:0824-0469 4965:1932-6203 4898:1476-4687 4846:0171-8630 4615:0008-4301 4573:2050-3385 4549:(1): 14. 4506:2045-2322 4430:0096-3941 4408:(9): 80. 4383:0171-8630 4270:1095-9289 4183:1051-0761 4133:0824-0469 4063:0008-4301 4003:2309-2491 3989:: 69–86. 3912:1932-8486 3842:0824-0469 3648:0800-0395 3590:1751-8369 3495:0960-9822 3428:1932-8486 3373:0022-0949 3326:1932-8486 3287:0824-0469 3231:0824-0469 3222:1912/4924 3152:1472-6785 3128:(1): 14. 3103:0952-8369 3052:0022-2372 2960:0076-3519 2864:2056-2799 2809:0272-4634 2740:202018525 2732:0272-4634 2644:0962-8452 2582:0021-8782 2523:1055-7903 2409:2045-2322 2361:0824-0469 2244:"Narwhal" 2104:cites.org 1950:privateer 1948:from the 1922:East Asia 1847:harpooned 1839:vitamin C 1705:subsidies 1701:CA$ 6,542 1577:pathogens 1548:ice floes 1529:Disko Bay 1511:Death by 1508:9 years. 1488:from the 1482:lower jaw 1422:menopause 1395:gestation 1387:Courtship 1318:dentition 1246:Migration 1240:85° north 1224:170° east 1176:vestigial 1088:myoglobin 1076:vertebrae 650:Bohaskaia 626:based on 600:porpoises 594:Evolution 519:Old Norse 481:pollution 454:cetaceans 291:Species: 209:Kingdom: 203:Eukaryota 12306:Unicorns 12217:Species+ 12105:2.104228 12092:14300107 12040:11012163 11975:46559339 11920:BioLib: 11865:Wikidata 11743:Orcaella 11702:Tursiops 11695:Stenella 11444:Phocoena 11340:Denebola 11173:Atocetus 11099:Isoninia 11022:Inioidea 10760:Atocetus 10439:Imocetus 10359:Aporotus 9975:Physeter 9805:Kogiidae 9754:Livyatan 9580:Iniopsis 9475:Waipatia 9433:Awamokoa 9072:Mammalia 9066:Chordata 9064:Phylum: 9060:Animalia 8980:Ziphius 8907:M. mirus 8871:M. grayi 8611:P. minor 8473:K. simus 8443:Kogiidae 8416:Physeter 8390:P. dalli 8357:P. sinus 8328:Phocoena 8146:Tursiops 8062:Stenella 7979:Tucuxi ( 7865:Orcaella 7742:L. hosei 7694:G. melas 7419:B. ricei 7383:B. edeni 7182:Eutheria 7176:Mammalia 7170:Chordata 7164:Animalia 7162:Kingdom 6965:33944492 6791:Archived 6738:Heritage 6595:10030083 6587:21847839 6483:38358838 6255:15325143 6042:Archived 5965:89062294 5882:Archived 5857:37410432 5804:37513784 5795:10385039 5737:Archived 5719:22520955 5677:(1): 3. 5640:Archived 5361:17004490 5241:34772963 5127:Archived 5123:85148204 5056:Archived 4983:29897955 4935:PLOS ONE 4916:38480878 4907:10954554 4788:Archived 4719:Archived 4646:Archived 4524:33122802 4319:Archived 4315:noaa.gov 4191:18494365 4067:Archived 4007:Archived 3957:archived 3920:22467529 3860:Archived 3759:31 March 3753:Archived 3715:Archived 3507:Archived 3503:33705717 3440:Archived 3436:24639076 3381:33627459 3334:17516440 3170:18021441 3056:Archived 2906:Archived 2817:55606151 2662:32315590 2600:30033539 2531:10837160 2452:Archived 2427:31221994 2172:Archived 2132:(1758). 2108:Archived 2029:Archived 2025:PBDB.org 1926:Norsemen 1731:, while 1579:include 1575:. Other 1556:Brucella 1445:blowhole 1381:Breeding 1375:flatfish 1371:demersal 1356:wolffish 1261:pack ice 1228:Svalbard 667:Pliocene 656:Denebola 608:dolphins 503:Taxonomy 458:pack ice 422:migrates 322:Linnaeus 280:Linnaeus 259:Family: 233:Mammalia 223:Chordata 219:Phylum: 213:Animalia 199:Domain: 159:IUCN 3.1 12243:ZooBank 12144:narwhal 12079:1006445 12014:5220008 11871:Q159426 11824:Mammals 11798:Portals 11736:Grampus 11681:Sotalia 11589:Orcinus 11357:Monodon 11323:Casatia 11050:Iniidae 10986:Lipotes 10750:Albireo 10606:Ziphius 9454:Nihoroa 9447:Nihohae 9084:Cetacea 9076:Order: 9070:Class: 8844:M. eueu 8563:Baiji ( 8554:Lipotes 8489:Iniidae 8242:Monodon 7970:Sotalia 7909:O. orca 7898:Orcinus 7707:Grampus 7493:Caperea 7241:Balaena 7168:Phylum 7153:species 7151:Cetacea 7149:Extant 7053:3258091 6956:7946245 6861:Bibcode 6383:Bibcode 6336:Bibcode 6289:Bibcode 6227:Bibcode 6038:NPR.org 5878:cms.int 5710:3310332 5679:Bibcode 5554:Bibcode 5499:Bibcode 5396:Bibcode 5323:Bibcode 5272:Bibcode 5232:8589986 5203:Bibcode 5095:Bibcode 5024:18 July 4974:5999075 4943:Bibcode 4876:Bibcode 4826:Bibcode 4761:17 July 4551:Bibcode 4515:7596713 4486:Bibcode 4410:Bibcode 4363:Bibcode 4250:Bibcode 4163:Bibcode 4113:Bibcode 3822:Bibcode 3785:17 July 3475:Bibcode 3267:Bibcode 3201:Bibcode 3161:2238733 3130:Bibcode 2968:3503952 2844:Bibcode 2789:Bibcode 2702:Bibcode 2682:"A new 2653:7211449 2591:6131972 2503:Bibcode 2458:20 June 2418:6586676 2389:Bibcode 2341:Bibcode 2269:200–203 2181:10 July 2035:11 July 1976:alchemy 1968:rubella 1964:measles 1910:Vikings 1906:unicorn 1896:, Italy 1843:Qaanaaq 1741:mercury 1729:cadmium 1664:Threats 1609:by the 1360:capelin 1322:sucking 1152:Nunavut 1092:blubber 924:M 1922 580:narluga 523:nárhval 485:hunting 467:by the 426:returns 376:Monodon 360:species 358:) is a 350:narwhal 274:Monodon 269:Genus: 253:Cetacea 239:Order: 229:Class: 174: ( 157: ( 103:↓ 31:Narwhal 12235:137116 12183:306757 12170:137116 12053:180485 11988:MNODNO 11908:ARKive 11722:Feresa 10966:Wimahl 9670:Crown- 9632:Crown- 9279:Papahu 9049:genera 7642:Feresa 7192:Order 7174:Class 7089: 7081: 7051: 7043: 7004: 6963: 6953: 6945: 6912: 6887: 6879: 6824: 6783: 6758: 6717: 6709: 6668: 6645: 6637: 6593: 6585: 6577: 6536: 6509: 6481: 6473: 6429:4 July 6403: 6354: 6307: 6253: 6245: 6186: 6141: 6098: 6017: 5999:Arctic 5963: 5930: 5855: 5847: 5802: 5792: 5784: 5717: 5707: 5699: 5632: 5605: 5582:207815 5580: 5572: 5525: 5517: 5465: 5422: 5414: 5359: 5351: 5290: 5239: 5229: 5221: 5174: 5121: 5113: 5048: 5015: 4981: 4971: 4963: 4914: 4904: 4896: 4868:Nature 4844: 4752: 4711: 4685: 4638: 4613: 4571: 4522: 4512: 4504: 4451: 4428: 4381: 4293: 4268: 4214: 4189: 4181: 4131: 4061: 4001: 3949: 3918: 3910: 3840: 3684: 3646: 3588: 3538: 3501: 3493: 3434: 3426: 3379: 3371: 3332: 3324: 3285: 3229: 3168: 3158: 3150: 3101: 3050: 3000: 2966: 2958: 2898: 2862: 2815: 2807: 2738: 2730: 2660: 2650: 2642: 2598: 2588: 2580: 2529: 2521: 2425: 2415: 2407: 2359: 2307: 2275: 2225: 1890:goblet 1851:kayaks 1830:Muktuk 1825:whales 1766:quotas 1737:copper 1691:muktuk 1589:, and 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1391:mating 1184:palate 1158:small 565:snouts 561:melons 547:extant 448:, and 446:shrimp 403:canine 368:Arctic 12230:WoRMS 12209:69409 12196:64546 12157:20693 12131:40151 12066:13704 12035:IRMNG 12027:41459 11996:EUNIS 11949:446SX 11936:12413 11923:20781 11764:Steno 11688:Sousa 10469:Nenga 9824:Kogia 8453:Kogia 8122:Steno 8003:Sousa 7049:JSTOR 6885:S2CID 6715:S2CID 6643:S2CID 6591:S2CID 5961:S2CID 5885:(PDF) 5874:(PDF) 5578:JSTOR 5523:S2CID 5420:S2CID 5119:S2CID 2964:JSTOR 2813:S2CID 2736:S2CID 2175:(PDF) 2168:(PDF) 1972:magic 1902:horns 1894:Milan 1821:seals 1817:Inuit 1811:Inuit 1544:orcas 1449:hertz 1415:nurse 1364:skate 1265:leads 1148:Drone 1064:navel 922:IRSNB 604:clade 532:Greek 497:ivory 489:Inuit 430:polar 395:melon 372:genus 176:CITES 170:CITES 12222:8084 12165:OBIS 12139:NOAA 12126:NCBI 12061:IUCN 12048:ITIS 12009:GBIF 12001:8368 11983:EPPO 11931:BOLD 11079:Inia 8499:Inia 7111:2024 7087:OCLC 7079:ISSN 7041:ISSN 7002:ISSN 6961:PMID 6943:ISSN 6910:ISBN 6877:ISSN 6835:2024 6822:ISBN 6799:2023 6781:ISBN 6756:ISSN 6707:ISSN 6666:ISBN 6635:ISSN 6583:PMID 6575:ISSN 6534:ISBN 6507:ISBN 6479:PMID 6471:ISSN 6431:2024 6401:ISSN 6352:ISSN 6305:ISSN 6251:PMID 6243:ISSN 6197:2024 6184:ISBN 6139:ISSN 6096:ISSN 6050:2016 6015:ISSN 5972:2024 5928:ISSN 5893:2024 5853:PMID 5845:ISSN 5800:PMID 5782:ISSN 5745:2016 5715:PMID 5697:ISSN 5648:2020 5630:ISBN 5603:ISBN 5570:ISSN 5515:ISSN 5463:ISSN 5412:ISSN 5357:PMID 5349:ISSN 5288:ISSN 5237:PMID 5219:ISSN 5172:ISSN 5135:2024 5111:ISSN 5064:2024 5046:ISBN 5026:2024 5013:ISBN 4979:PMID 4961:ISSN 4912:PMID 4894:ISSN 4842:ISSN 4796:2016 4763:2024 4750:ISBN 4727:2024 4709:ISBN 4683:ISBN 4654:2024 4636:ISBN 4611:ISSN 4569:ISSN 4520:PMID 4502:ISSN 4449:ISBN 4426:ISSN 4379:ISSN 4327:2009 4291:ISBN 4266:ISSN 4212:ISBN 4187:PMID 4179:ISSN 4129:ISSN 4075:2024 4059:ISSN 4015:2024 3999:ISSN 3965:2024 3947:ISBN 3916:PMID 3908:ISSN 3868:2016 3838:ISSN 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