Artiodactyl - Knowledge

2561: 2200: 2515: 2104: 3572: 2481: 2167: 2976:. Two major body types are known: Suinids and hippopotamuses are characterized by a stocky body, short legs, and a large head; camels and ruminants, though, have a more slender build and lanky legs. Size varies considerably; the smallest member, the mouse deer, often reaches a body length of only 45 centimeters (18 in) and a weight of 1.5 kilograms (3.3 lb). The largest member, the hippopotamus, can grow up to 5 meters (16 ft) in length and weigh 4.5 metric tons (5 short tons), and the giraffe can grow to be 5.5 meters (18 ft) tall and 4.7 meters (15 ft) in body length. All even-toed ungulates display some form of 2626: 2125: 3082: 939: 2704: 2583: 2349: 2221: 1896: 3739: 3644: 4589: 917: 778: 153: 2648: 2402: 3806: 1993: 3253: 3052: 229: 3946: 3028: 873: 3001: 2719: 3151: 2954: 2936: 2268: 3390: 2381: 3040: 4039: 3405: 22: 4145: 3489:, which is needed to break down the cellulose found in plant material. This form of digestion has two advantages: plants that are indigestible to other species can be digested and used, and the duration of the actual food consumption shortened; the animal spends only a short time out in the open with its head to the ground—rumination can take place later, in a sheltered area. 3848:(born relatively mature) and come with open eyes and are hairy (with the exception of the hairless hippos). Juvenile deer and pigs have striped or spotted coats; the pattern disappears as they grow older. The juveniles of some species spend their first weeks with their mother in a safe location, where others may be running and following the herd within a few hours or days. 3074:, claws are curved and pointed while nails are flat and dull). These claws consist of three parts: the plate (top and sides), the sole (bottom), and the bale (rear). In general, the claws of the forelegs are wider and blunter than those of the hind legs, and they are farther apart. Aside from camels, all even-toed ungulates put just the tip of the foremost 2005:, but differed in the adaptations of their teeth. It was nevertheless believed that cetaceans and anthracothereres descended from a common ancestor, and that hippopotamuses developed from anthracotheres. A study published in 2015 confirmed this, but also revealed that hippopotamuses were derived from older anthracotherians. The newly introduced genus 2001:

late Eocene, and are thought to have resembled small- or narrow-headed hippos. Research is therefore focused on anthracotheres (family Anthracotheriidae); one dating from the Eocene to Miocene was declared to be "hippo-like" upon discovery in the 19th century. A study from 2005 showed that the anthracotheres and hippopotamuses had very similar

4985:"Description of Teeth and portions of Jaws of two extinct Anthracotherioid Quadrupeds (Hyopotamus vectianus and Hyop. bovinus) discovered by the Marchioness of Hastings in the Eocene Deposits on the N.W. coast of the Isle of Wight: with an attempt to develope Cuvier's idea of the Classification of Pachyderms by the Number of their Toes" 3125:

is very agile and swings back and forth for added mobility when running. The special construction of the legs causes the legs to be unable to rotate, which allows for greater stability when running at high speeds. In addition, many smaller artiodactyls have a very flexible body, contributing to their

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O'Leary, M.A.; Bloch, J.I.; Flynn, J.J.; Gaudin, T.J.; Giallombardo, A.; Giannini, N.P.; Goldberg, S.L.; Kraatz, B.P.; Luo, Z.-X.; Meng, J.; Ni, X.; Novacek, M.J.; Perini, F.A.; Randall, Z.S.; Rougier, G.W.; Sargis, E.J.; Silcox, M.T.; Simmons, N.B.; Spaulding, M.; Velazco, P.M.; Weksler, M.; Wible,

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began around 8000 BCE. To date, humans have domesticated goats, sheep, cattle, camels, llamas, alpacas, and pigs. Initially, livestock was used primarily for food, but they began being used for work activities around 3000 BCE. Clear evidence exists of antelope being used for food 2 million years ago

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The length of the gestation period varies from four to five months for porcine, deer, and musk deer; six to ten months for hippos, deer, and bovines; ten to thirteen months with camels; and fourteen to fifteen months with giraffes. Most deliver one or two babies, but some pigs can deliver up to ten.

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is closed. When the bolus enters the mouth, the fluid is squeezed out with the tongue and re-swallowed. The bolus is chewed slowly to completely mix it with saliva and to break it down. Ingested food passes to the "fermentation chamber" (rumen and reticulum), where it is kept in continual motion by

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Artiodactyls have a well-developed sense of smell and sense of hearing. Unlike many other mammals, they have a poor sense of sight—moving objects are much easier to see than stationary ones. Similar to many other prey animals, their eyes are on the sides of the head, giving them an almost panoramic

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heat exchange that enables them, unlike perissodactyls which lack one, to regulate their brain temperature independently of their bodies. It has been argued that its presence explains the greater success of artiodactyls compared to perissodactyls in being able to adapt to diverse environments from

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The oldest cetaceans date back to the early Eocene (53 million years ago), whereas the oldest known hippopotamus dates back only to the Miocene (15 million years ago). The hippopotamids are descended from the anthracotheres, a family of semiaquatic and terrestrial artiodactyls that appeared in the

1911:. Molecular biology involves sequencing an organism's DNA and RNA and comparing the sequence with that of other living beings—the more similar they are, the more closely they are related. Comparison of even-toed ungulate and cetaceans genetic material has shown that the closest living relatives of 3539:

have three-chambered stomachs and do not ruminate. They consume around 68 kilograms (150 lb) of grass and other plant matter each night. They may cover distances up to 32 kilometers (20 mi) to obtain food, which they digest with the help of microbes that produce cellulase. Their closest

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Almost all even-toed ungulates have fur, with the exception being the nearly hairless hippopotamus. Fur varies in length and coloration depending on the habitat. Species in cooler regions can shed their coat. Camouflaged coats come in colors of yellow, gray, brown, or black tones.

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have a reduction in the number of toes to three. The central axis of the leg is between the third and fourth toe. The first toe is missing in modern artiodactyls, and can only be found in now-extinct genera. The second and fifth toes are adapted differently between species:

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relied heavily on reindeer for food, skins, tools, and weapons; with dropping temperatures and increased reindeer numbers at the end of the Pleistocene, they became the prey of choice. Reindeer remains accounted for 94% of bones and teeth found in a cave above the river

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taxon, for which the name Cetartiodactyla is sometimes used. Modern nomenclature divides Artiodactyla (or Cetartiodactyla) in four subordinate taxa: camelids (Tylopoda), pigs and peccaries (Suina), ruminants (Ruminantia), and hippos plus whales (Whippomorpha).

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Life expectancy is typically twenty to thirty years; as in many mammals, smaller species often have a shorter lifespan than larger species. The artiodactyls with the longest lifespans are the hippos, cows, and camels, which can live 40 to 50 years.

4824: 3357:. The canines are enlarged and tusk-like in the Suina, and are used for digging in the ground and for defense. In ruminants, the males' upper canines are enlarged and used as a weapon in certain species (mouse deer, musk deer, 5737: 2439:

Molecular findings and morphological indications suggest that artiodactyls, as traditionally defined, are paraphyletic with respect to cetaceans. Cetaceans are deeply nested within the former; the two groups together form a

4058:) and have spread into areas that they are not indigenous to, either having been brought in as farm animals or having run away as people's pets. Some artiodactyls also benefit from the fact that their predators (e.g. the 2927:

Although deer, musk deer, and pronghorns have traditionally been summarized as cervids (Cervioidea), molecular studies provide different—and inconsistent—results, so the question of phylogenetic systematics of infraorder

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All these cranial appendages can serve for posturing, battling for mating privilege, and for defense. In almost all cases, they are sexually dimorphic, and are often found only on the males. One exception is the species

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Montgelard, Claudine; Catzeflis, Francois M.; Douzery, Emmanuel (1997). "Phylogenetic relationships of artiodactyls and cetaceans as deduced from the comparison of cytochrome b and 12S rRNA mitochondrial sequences".

4919: 2041:) and hippopotamuses have molars with well-developed roots and a simple stomach that digests food. Thus, they were grouped together as non-ruminants (Porcine). All other even-toed ungulates have molars with a 972:

are sometimes subsumed into the more inclusive Cetartiodactyla taxon. An alternative approach is to include both land-dwelling even-toed ungulates and ocean-dwelling cetaceans in a revised Artiodactyla taxon.

3763:, with one male, several females, and their common offspring. In other species, the females and juveniles stay together, while males are solitary or live in bachelor groups and seek out females only during 3754:

The social behavior of even-toed ungulates varies from species to species. Generally, there is a tendency to merge into larger groups, but some live alone or in pairs. Species living in groups often have a

816:, and spread throughout Eurasia, Africa, and North America. Anthracotheres are thought to be the ancestors of hippos, and, likewise, probably led a similar aquatic lifestyle. Hippopotamuses appeared in the 3333:

There are two trends in terms of teeth within Artiodactyla. The Suina and hippopotamuses have a relatively large number of teeth (with some pigs having 44); their dentition is more adapted to a squeezing

5850: 3361:); species with frontal weapons are usually missing the upper canines. The lower canines of ruminants resemble the incisors, so that these animals have eight uniform teeth in the frontal part of the 839:. They first appeared in the late Eocene and developed a great diversity of species in North America. Only in the late Miocene or early Pliocene did they migrate from North America into Eurasia. The 1981:("ancient whales") from about 48 million years ago (in the Eocene). These findings showed that archaeocetes were more terrestrial than previously thought, and that the special construction of the 3503:

have four-chambered stomachs. The handicap of a heavy digestive system has increased selective pressure towards limbs that allow the animal to quickly escape predators. Most species within

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Dan Graur and Desmond Higgins were among the first to come to this conclusion, and included a paper published in 1994. However, they did not recognize hippopotamuses and classified the

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in the skin are present in virtually all species and can be located in different places, such as in the eyes, behind the horns, the neck, or back, on the feet, or in the anal region.

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is often heavily calloused to avoid injury from hard plant parts and to allow easier transport of roughly chewed food. Their stomachs are divided into three to four sections: the

4648:"The phylogeny of Cetartiodactyla: The importance of dense taxon sampling, missing data, and the remarkable promise of cytochrome b to provide reliable species-level phylogenies" 2560: 2299:. However, they evolved from originally terrestrial mammals. The most likely ancestors were long thought to be mesonychians—large, carnivorous animals from the early Cenozoic ( 2199: 804:

and North America. They had a stocky body with short legs and a massive head, which was characterized by two humps on the lower jaw bone. Anthracotheres had a large, porcine (

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taxa; that is, groups that descend from a common ancestor and include all of its descendants. To address this problem, the traditional order Artiodactyla and infraorder

5830: 4958: 3117:(tibia and fibula) are usually elongated. The muscles of the limbs are predominantly localized, which ensures that artiodactyls often have very slender legs. A 4305: 3244:

in Europe or caribou in North America, where both sexes can grow antlers yearly, though the females' antlers are typically smaller and not always present.

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as the sister group of cetaceans. Subsequent studies established the close relationship between hippopotamuses and cetaceans; these studies were based on

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lined from the armpit to the groin area. In most cases, however, even-toed ungulates have only one or two pairs of teats. In some species these form an

2514: 2103: 1746: 3051: 1755: 5847: 3039: 1989:, another type of ungulate, did not show this special construction of the talus, and thus was concluded to not have the same ancestors as cetaceans. 2049:, which requires regurgitating food and re-chewing it. Differences in stomach construction indicated that rumination evolved independently between 1712: 1694: 1064: 1010: 11210: 3900:. For cetaceans, possible predators include sharks, polar bears, and other cetaceans; in the latter is the orca, the top predator of the oceans. 1257: 1220: 4339:"Relationships of Cetacea (Artiodactyla) Among Mammals: Increased Taxon Sampling Alters Interpretations of Key Fossils and Character Evolution" 1019: 11262: 3837:

areas breed year-round. They carry out polygynous mating behavior, meaning a male mates with several females and suppresses all competition.

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Modern cetaceans are highly adapted sea creatures which, morphologically, have little in common with land mammals; they are similar to other

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have a complex stomach that contains four compartments. Their fore stomach has fermentation carried out by microbes and has high levels of

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to allow for proper mastication of plant material. Most of the fermentation occurs with the help of cellulolytic microorganisms within the

2007: 1985:(ankle bone) with a double-rolled joint surface, previously thought to be unique to even-toed ungulates, were also in early cetaceans. The 5698: 925:

was the first fossil artiodactyl genus to be named, with a history dating back to 1804. It lived in Europe as part of the endemic family

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DeMiguel, Daniel; Azanza, Beatriz; Morales, Jorge (2014). "Key innovations in ruminant evolution: a paleontological perspective".

5480: 11223: 5956: 756:, it is very difficult to accurately determine the origin of artiodactyls. The fossils are classified as belonging to the family 2847:(generally only in males). They are spread across Europe, Asia, and the Americas. This group includes, among other species, the 6606: 5004: 3535:; it has been proposed that their complex fore-stomach is a means to slow digestive passage and increase digestive efficiency. 540:

bear weight on an odd number of the five toes. Another difference between the two orders is that many artiodactyls (except for

3706:. Humans have introduced different artiodactyls worldwide as hunting animals. Artiodactyls inhabit almost every habitat, from 11241: 6039: 5936: 5798: 5770: 5625: 5511: 5401: 5101: 4863: 4444: 840: 11228: 6059: 5827: 5721: 3027: 3224:

are permanent bone structures that fuse to the frontal or parietal bones during an animal's life and are found only in the

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The molars of porcine have only a few bumps. In contrast, camels and ruminants have bumps that are crescent-shaped cusps (

2980:: the males are consistently larger and heavier than the females. In deer, only the males boast antlers, and the horns of 5979: 5791:

urinary and sexual apparatus, urogenital Apparatus. In: F.-V. Salomon and others (eds.): Anatomy for veterinary medicine

5037:"Farewell to life on land - thoracic strength as a new indicator to determine paleoecology in secondary aquatic mammals" 1931: 698:

are omnivorous, whereas cetaceans are entirely carnivorous. Artiodactyls are also known by many extinct groups such as

635:) to this group, while others opt to include cetaceans within the existing name of Artiodactyla. Some researchers use " 157: 4065:

Conversely, many artiodactyls have declined significantly in numbers, and some have even gone extinct, largely due to

6136: 5731: 5291:"Phylogenomic datasets provide both precision and accuracy in estimating the timescale of placental mammal phylogeny" 4952: 4245: 494: 5342:"Inferring the mammal tree: Species-level sets of phylogenies for questions in ecology, evolution, and conservation" 11324: 11163: 528:

which bear weight equally on two (an even number) of their five toes (the third and fourth, often in the form of a

11267: 5694: 4262: 2742:. It is a species-poor artiodactyl suborder of North American origin that is well adapted to extreme habitats—the 11176: 3585:

The penises of even-toed ungulates have an S-shape at rest and lie in a pocket under the skin on the belly. The

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Molecular and morphological studies confirmed that cetaceans are the closest living relatives of hippopotamuses.

6085: 3200:). They grow from a permanent outgrowth of the frontal bone called the pedicle and can be branched, as in the 770:, with a slim build, lanky legs, and a long tail. Their hind legs were much longer than their front legs. The 11249: 6958: 5232:"Resolving conflict in eutherian mammal phylogeny using phylogenomics and the multispecies coalescent model" 3232:, while similar to horns in that they have keratinous sheaths covering permanent bone cores, are deciduous. 7747: 5564:"The Interrelationships of Higher Ruminant Families with Special Emphasis on the Members of the Cervoidea" 5169:

J.R.; Cirranello, A.L. (2013). "The Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post-K-Pg Radiation of Placentals".

3424:(Ruminantia) ruminate their food—they regurgitate and re-chew it. Ruminants' mouths often have additional 160: 11236: 11106: 11093: 3597:. Cetaceans have similar penises. In some even-toed ungulates, the penis contains a structure called the 228: 161: 3196:

are bony structures that are shed and replaced each year; they are found in deer (members of the family

556:(as perissodactyls do). Molecular biology, along with new fossil discoveries, has found that cetaceans ( 7027: 6599: 5646:

Shively, C. L.; et al. (1985). "Some Aspects of the Nutritional Biology of the Collared Peccary".

4789:"A new phylogenetic marker, apolipoprotein B, provides compelling evidence for eutherian relationships" 4234:"The earliest artiodactyls: Diacodexeidae, Dichobunidae, Homacodontidae, Leptochoeridae and Raoellidae" 890: 158: 11316: 11111: 3983:

that was inhabited around 12,500 years ago. In general, most even-toed ungulates can be consumed as a

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Many even-toed ungulates have a relatively large head. The skull is elongated and rather narrow; the

1584: 4588: 9791: 4604:"More DNA Support for a Cetacea/Hippopotamidae Clade: The Blood-Clotting Protein Gene y-Fibrinogen" 3940: 3821:, smaller litter sizes, and more highly developed newborns. As with many other mammals, species in 2807:) are the smallest and most primitive even-toed-ruminants; they inhabit forests of Africa and Asia. 3593:

mainly causes this curvature to extend, which leads to an extension, but not a thickening, of the

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Madsen, Ole; Willemsen, Diederik; Ursing, Björn M.; Arnason, Ulfur; de Jong, Wilfried W. (2002).

4499:"Evidence from milk casein genes that cetaceans are close relatives of hippopotamid artiodactyls" 4118: 3586: 2625: 2124: 156: 9953: 7389: 5617: 5610: 4855: 4094: 11303: 11071: 11033: 7491: 7197: 7116: 5814: 5686: 3081: 2315:

on their feet. Their molars were adapted to a carnivorous diet, resembling the teeth in modern

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World Agriculture and the Environment: A Commodity-by-Commodity Guide to Impacts and Practices

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and separates into layers of solid versus liquid material. The solids lump together to form a

11352: 11298: 10641: 9671: 7896: 7125: 7009: 6592: 6129: 4884:"A complete phylogeny of the whales, dolphins and even-toed hoofed mammals (Cetartiodactyla)" 4233: 4102: 4078: 3188:

have a bone core that is covered in a permanent sheath of keratin, and are found only in the

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were stocky animals with a large head, and were characterized by bony bumps on the lower jaw.

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of many females descend—as the testicles descend of many male mammals—and are close to the

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occupied Europe. Among the North American camels were groups like the stocky, short-legged

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Amrine-Madsen, Heather; Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Wayne, Robert K.; Springer, Mark S. (2003).

4764: 4747: 4620: 4603: 4515: 4498: 4472: 4413: 961:) are more closely related to ocean-dwelling cetaceans than to other even-toed ungulates. 8: 10894: 10596: 10587: 10335: 10203: 10176: 10112: 9773: 9653: 9602: 7281: 7188: 6779: 6529:(Rats, guinea pigs, squirrels, beavers, chinchillas, porcupines, capybaras and relatives) 6508:(Pigs, camels, hippos, deer, buffalo, gazelles, giraffes, whales, dolphins and relatives) 5579: 4540:"Molecular evidence from retroposons that whales form a clade within even-toed ungulates" 4114: 4098: 4070: 3707: 3532: 3453: 3437: 2965: 2023: 1955: 5417:

Cui, P.; Ji, R.; Ding, F.; Qi, D.; Gao, H.; Meng, H.; Yu, J.; Hu, S.; Zhang, H. (2007).

5247: 5182: 4804: 4707:"Stability of Cladistic Relationships between Cetacea and Higher-Level Artiodactyl Taxa" 4663: 4555: 4354: 4285: 3663:. Pigs, which have the largest litter size of all even-toed ungulates, have two rows of 3346:, a designated gap in the teeth where the molars are aligned for crushing plant matter. 3154:

Outgrowths of the frontal bone characterize most forehead weapons carriers, such as the

2791:) are named after glands on their belly and are indigenous to Central and South America. 2022:

postulated a close relationship between camels and ruminants as early as the mid-1700s.

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Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the

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dos Reis, M.; Inoue, J.; Hasegawa, M.; Asher, R.J.; Donoghue, P.C.J.; Yang, Z. (2012).

5266: 5231: 5212: 5145: 5118: 5069: 5036: 4911: 4848: 4577: 4373: 4338: 4297: 4211: 4198: 4169: 3971: 3771: 3545: 2703: 1175: 726:. Many artiodactyls are of great dietary, economic, and cultural importance to humans. 707: 411: 223: 5952: 5472: 5000: 4812: 2033:

Internal morphology (mainly the stomach and the molars) were used for classification.

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coined the term "even-toed ungulates" and the scientific name "Artiodactyla" in 1848.

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recognized the similar anatomy of the limbs of pigs and hippos, and British zoologist

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about whale traits and physical traits uniting whales with terrestrial artiodactyls.

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The Rise of Placental Mammals: Origins and Relationships of the Major Extant Clades

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Artiodactyls have been hunted by primitive humans for various reasons: for meat or

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have such a multi-chambered stomach, which is used for better digesting plant food.

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In even-toed ungulates, the bones of the stylopodium (upper arm or thigh bone) and

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artiodactyls. Some species' pattern of wakefulness varies with season or habitat.

639:" to exclude cetaceans and only include terrestrial artiodactyls, making the term 10738: 10729: 10677: 10668: 10449: 9306: 9297: 8774: 8370: 7422: 7332: 7170: 6982: 6861: 6834: 6825: 6411: 6312: 6280: 5854: 5834: 5358: 4462:"Molecular Evidence for the Inclusion of Cetaceans within the Order Artiodactyla" 4363: 4050:

The endangerment level of each even-toed ungulate is different. Some species are

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Hippos are a geologically young group, which raises questions about their origin.

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Pough, F. W.; Janis, C. M.; Heiser, J. B. (2005) . "Major Lineages of Mammals".

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Artiodactyls are native to almost all parts of the world, with the exception of

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For pigs and other biungulates the second and fifth toes are directed backwards.

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Gatesy, John; Milinkovitch, Michel; Waddell, Victor; Stanhope, Michael (1999).

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Two formerly widespread, but now extinct, families of even-toed ungulates were

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to middle Eocene saw the emergence of the ancestors of most of today's mammals.

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The presumed lineages within Artiodactyla can be represented in the following

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When camels have only two toes present, the claws are transformed into nails.

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The four summarized Artiodactyla taxa are divided into ten extant families:

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The classification of artiodactyls was hotly debated because ocean-dwelling

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Reproduction in the Uganda defassa waterbuck, Kobus defassa ugandae Neumann

5548: 5458: 5377: 5326: 5307: 5275: 5208: 5154: 5135: 5078: 4980: 4907: 4882:

Price, Samantha A.; Bininda-Emonds, Olaf R. P.; Gittleman, John L. (2005).

4820: 4773: 4732: 4679: 4497:

Gatesy, John; Hayashi, Cheryl; Cronin, Mathew A.; Arctander, Peter (1996).

4382: 4207: 4066: 4051: 3958: 3723: 3681: 3620: 3560: 3536: 3281: 3257: 3135: 3075: 2888: 2781: 2666: 2605: 2441: 2344: 2027: 1916: 1611: 1535: 1494: 1486: 1482: 1456: 1421: 1411: 1230: 1204: 1088: 965: 958: 942: 817: 640: 385: 344: 5502:

Salomon, Franz-Viktor; et al. (et al.) (2008). Salomon, F.-V. (ed.).

4629: 4573: 4524: 4421: 3926:, but they have debilitating effects only when the infestation is severe. 2064:

The taxonomy that was widely accepted by the end of the 20th century was:

1977:(an early whale the size of a fox) were found in Pakistan. They were both 901:

formed some three million years ago. With only the peccaries, lamoids (or

11197: 11065: 10578: 10326: 9488: 9442: 9433: 9382: 9334: 9195: 9037: 8630: 8621: 8449: 8243: 8234: 8224: 8118: 7961: 7771: 7762: 7675: 7518: 7440: 7323: 7248: 7239: 6427: 6345: 4027: 4015: 3945: 3790: 3429: 3335: 2959: 2903: 2788: 2711: 2494: 1992: 1978: 1904: 1539: 1501: 1471: 1391: 1381: 1329: 1319: 1261: 1139: 1117: 954: 906: 894: 877: 647: 434: 365: 293: 77: 5419:"A complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the wild two-humped camel ( 4337:

Spaulding, M; O'Leary, MA; Gatesy, J (2009). Farke, Andrew Allen (ed.).

3012:

Even-toed ungulates bear their name because they have an even number of

2843:) are made up of about 45 species, which are characterized by a pair of 2718: 10185: 10085: 9910: 9502: 8924: 8906: 8657: 8352: 8337: 8328: 8295: 8072: 7878: 7795: 7786: 7561: 7552: 7431: 7356: 6897: 6718: 6534: 6387: 6230: 6187: 6171: 6114: 6005:"Bones From French Cave Show Neanderthals, Cro-Magnon Hunted Same Prey" 5667: 4130: 3975: 3903: 3810: 3786: 3703: 3508: 3500: 3496: 3369: 3358: 3225: 3114: 3005: 2953: 2914: 2811: 2804: 2797: 2555: 2540: 2373: 2272: 2195: 2147: 2058: 2042: 1986: 1982: 1939: 1935: 1809: 1736: 1676: 1448: 1436: 1387: 1239: 1214: 789: 781: 762: 380: 283: 122: 87: 11202: 5199: 5052: 4232:

Theodor, Jessica M.; Erfurt, Jörg; Grégoire Métais (23 October 2007).

3778:. In addition to year-round sedentary species, there are animals that 3267: 2380: 11145: 10885: 10806: 10659: 10530: 10521: 9995: 9569: 9560: 9545: 9536: 9400: 8972: 8756: 8690: 8576: 8091: 7887: 7576: 7500: 7380: 6931: 6816: 6806: 6700: 6691: 6542: 6489: 6366: 6358: 6238: 6204: 5575: 4126: 4059: 4055: 3996: 3961:, as well as to use their bones and teeth as weapons or tools. Their 3881: 3869: 3865: 3845: 3794: 3727: 3528: 3486: 3362: 3354: 3179: 3167: 3086: 3017: 3000: 2973: 2918: 2833: 2822: 2777: 2743: 2739: 2723: 2449: 2329: 2300: 1967: 1907:

used not only morphology and fossils to classify organisms, but also

1848: 1844: 1793: 1721: 1684: 1607: 1569: 1373: 1280: 1070: 913:

than other continents, except Australia, which has no native species.

862: 858: 854: 651: 553: 545: 533: 390: 329: 240: 187: 179: 127: 71: 11027: 10852: 6081: 6055: 5659: 4062:) were severely decimated by ranchers, who saw them as competition. 3162:

Four families of even-toed ungulates have cranial appendages. These

3150: 2755: 872: 11189: 11150: 11050: 10794: 10422: 10094: 9806: 9644: 9584: 9249: 8948: 8480: 8425: 8313: 8142: 7618: 7609: 7585: 7473: 7347: 7097: 6973: 6669: 6647: 6635: 6481: 6337: 6165: 4748:"Molecular Evolution of the Mammalian Alpha 2B Adrenergic Receptor" 4439:. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 25. 4082: 3911: 3907: 3604: 3590: 3512: 3492: 3478: 3474: 3445: 3421: 3409: 3389: 3343: 3339: 3286: 3241: 3197: 3175: 3118: 2941: 2879: 2860: 2848: 2840: 2735: 2475: 2288: 2180: 2162: 2054: 2046: 1923: 1871: 1863: 1833: 1528: 1524: 1505: 1464: 1035: 882: 866: 828: 824: 813: 771: 659: 568:) fall within this taxonomic branch, being most closely related to 565: 525: 360: 316: 260: 203: 143: 117: 112: 97: 92: 82: 5396:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 111–184. 4564: 4539: 4267:(Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the early Eocene of Southern Europe" 3342:. Camels and ruminants have fewer teeth; there is often a yawning 10999: 10834: 10695: 10554: 9944: 9731: 9722: 9635: 9521: 9512: 9484: 9240: 9144: 9108: 9023: 9019: 8990: 8915: 8603: 8476: 8437: 8021: 7938: 7844: 7107: 7057: 6752: 6558: 6435: 6267: 6177: 6110:

Ungulate Taxonomy: A new perspective from Groves and Grubb (2011)

4786: 4704: 4110: 4074: 4043: 4010:

Today, artiodactyls are kept primarily for their meat, milk, and

4004: 4000: 3834: 3747: 3699: 3608: 3552: 3551:

Unlike other even-toed ungulates, pigs have a simple sack-shaped

3470: 3465: 3397: 3353:

are often reduced in ruminants, and are completely absent in the

3350: 3276: 3189: 3155: 3122: 3071: 2981: 2910: 2867: 2751: 2642: 2397: 2292: 2050: 1855: 1817: 1562: 1558: 1490: 1365: 1307: 969: 950: 801: 740:

The oldest fossils of even-toed ungulates date back to the early

667: 561: 549: 395: 211: 132: 107: 3980: 21: 10843: 10412: 10317: 10140: 10130: 9746: 9258: 9098: 9080: 9071: 8957: 8879: 8831: 8822: 8280: 8271: 8206: 8197: 8187: 8109: 7642: 7455: 7305: 6641: 6629: 6550: 6526: 6374: 6221: 6159: 6146: 3984: 3885: 3743: 3715: 3711: 3628: 3441: 3252: 3171: 3163: 2932:(the horned ruminants) for the time being, cannot be answered. 2929: 2871: 2844: 2773: 2759: 2577: 2308: 2304: 2216: 2099: 2034: 1927: 1859: 1764: 1132: 853:) have been around since the Eocene. In the late Eocene or the 745: 741: 695: 679: 270: 250: 139: 5860: 5817:." Journal of reproduction and fertility 18.3 (1969): 445-457. 4038: 3085:

Diagrams of hand skeletons of various mammals, left to right:

2935: 646:

The roughly 270 land-based even-toed ungulate species include

11311: 11137: 10867: 10825: 10400: 10070: 10061: 9355: 9282: 9273: 9204: 8933: 8888: 8747: 8672: 8552: 8543: 8054: 8045: 7537: 7528: 6737: 6728: 6419: 4122: 4106: 3988: 3950: 3919: 3897: 3668: 3616: 3594: 3541: 3520: 3504: 3482: 3449: 3448:. After the food is ingested, it is mixed with saliva in the 3433: 3213: 3170:), have one of four types of cranial appendages: true horns, 3106: 3102: 2899: 2875: 2852: 2815: 2766: 2707: 2509: 2276: 2084: 2045:

construction (crescent-shaped cusps) and have the ability to

2002: 1912: 1813: 1125: 1078: 1074: 902: 846: 820:

and occupied Africa and Asia—they never got to the Americas.

809: 675: 671: 557: 541: 370: 4881: 4745: 4496: 4231: 4007:, are considered to be scaleless fish, and thus not Kosher. 3464:); this is regurgitated by reticular contractions while the 3404: 2014: 594: 453: 10013: 9343: 9231: 9213: 8870: 8723: 8127: 7994: 7810: 7084: 7045: 5167: 4011: 3915: 3877: 3873: 3664: 3579: 3413: 3261: 3063: 2312: 1947: 1943: 1837: 767: 749: 683: 663: 627: 603: 600: 529: 486: 462: 459: 195: 9481: 5391: 5288: 4398: 4336: 3759:, both among males and females. Some species also live in 2319:, and, unlike other mammals, had a uniform construction. 2267: 10623: 9222: 9168: 8100: 7482: 6473: 4168:

Orliac, M.J.; Benoit, J.; O'Leary, M.A. (November 2012).

4144: 4023: 3889: 3461: 3393: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3013: 2856: 2832:) of North America comprise only one extant species: the 2038: 850: 805: 691: 621: 612: 585: 480: 471: 5828:

Reproductive System of Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis).

5504:

Anatomy for veterinary medicine (Musculoskeletal system)

4261:

Boivin, M.; Orliac, M.J.; et al. (September 2018).

2913:

comprise 72 species and two parvorders: toothed whales (

2011:

from Eastern Africa is thus the sister group of hippos.

812:. This group appeared in the middle Eocene up until the 8473: 5295:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

4167: 3864:

depending on their size and habitat. There are several

3507:

have a simple two-chambered stomach that allows for an

2262: 9016: 3109:. Highlighted are the even-toed ungulates pig and cow. 5526: 4989:

Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London

3685:

the Arctic Circle to deserts and tropical savannahs.

3209: 953:

evolved from land-dwelling even-toed ungulates. Some

615: 588: 582: 495: 474: 450: 5094:'Classification of Mammals - Above the Species Level 4645: 3659:

is variable and correlates, as in all mammals, with

796:. Entelodonts existed from the middle Eocene to the 624: 618: 609: 597: 591: 532:). The other three toes are either present, absent, 483: 477: 468: 456: 5608:Janis, C.; Jarman, P. (1984). Macdonald, D. (ed.). 5607: 5119:"A higher-level MRP supertree of placental mammals" 4941:D. Rose, Kenneth (2005). J. David Archibald (ed.). 3800: 2814:) are composed of two species: the giraffe and the 881:was a relative of giraffes with deer-like forehead 606: 465: 6500:(Horses, zebras, donkeys, rhinoceroses and tapirs) 5848:Reproductive physiology in South American Camelids 5837:" Journal of Embryo Transfer 24.4 (2009): 293-295. 5609: 5339: 5035:Ando, Konami; Fujiwara, Shin-ichi (10 July 2016). 4847: 2984:are usually small or not present in females. Male 2776:) are limited to the Old World. These include the 5230:Song, S.; Liu, L.; Edwards, S.V.; Wu, S. (2012). 4236:. In Prothero, Donald R.; Foss, Scott E. (eds.). 3896:, and for small species and young animals, large 3817:Generally, even-toed ungulates tend to have long 3499:have three-chambered stomachs, while the rest of 2322:The suspected relations can be shown as follows: 857:, two families stayed in Eurasia and Africa; the 11344: 5926: 5857:." Genetics of Reproduction in Sheep (2013): 81. 5229: 5025:etwa noch bei Nowak (1999) oder Hendrichs (2004) 4073:. Extinct species include several gazelles, the 4026:, and camels are used for work, as rides, or as 3953:, have been domesticated for thousands of years. 3651:has glands in the eyes that are clearly visible. 760:; their best-known and best-preserved member is 6614: 6195: 5473:"Claws Out: Things You Didn't Know About Claws" 5340:Upham, N.S.; Esselstyn, J.A.; Jetz, W. (2019). 5236:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5161: 4947:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 216. 4646:Agnarsson, Ingi; May-Collado, Laura J. (2008). 4332: 4330: 4328: 4326: 3033:Hippopotamuses have all four toes pointing out. 808:-like) build, with short legs and an elongated 766:. These were small animals, some as small as a 155: 5645: 5641: 5639: 5637: 4394: 4392: 4227: 4225: 572:. Some modern taxonomists thus apply the name 6600: 6130: 5681: 5679: 5677: 4877: 4875: 4641: 4639: 1971:(amphibioid cetacean the size of a wolf) and 831:, limited to North America; early forms like 536:, or pointing posteriorly. By contrast, most 5980:"Humans hunted for meat 2 million years ago" 5922: 5920: 5866: 5282: 5092:McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). 5034: 4459: 4323: 4260: 4240:. Johns Hopkins University. pp. 32–58. 3774:and mark their territory, for example, with 3138:is enlarged near the back and displaces the 3062:When camels have only two toes present, the 2870:) are the most species-rich. Among them are 964:Phylogenetic classification only recognizes 5723:Biology and Management of White-tailed Deer 5634: 5416: 5392:Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). 5091: 4434: 4389: 4222: 3929: 3693: 6689: 6607: 6593: 6137: 6123: 5869:"The carotid rete and artiodactyl success" 5674: 5561: 4872: 4845: 4636: 3855: 929:during the late Eocene-earliest Oligocene. 524: 'finger, toe'). Typically, they are 10924: 8396: 5917: 5900: 5788: 5765:. Springer Science & Business Media. 5448: 5438: 5367: 5357: 5333: 5316: 5306: 5265: 5255: 5198: 5144: 5134: 5068: 4763: 4722: 4619: 4563: 4537: 4514: 4372: 4362: 4254: 4197: 4161: 3995:, which are even-toed animals but do not 3515:, however, is a herbivore, and has extra 3126:speed by increasing their stride length. 2057:; therefore, tylopods were excluded from 2015:Historical classification of Artiodactyla 1223:– paraphyletic to Cetacea and Raoellidae 933: 10805: 8195: 6468:(Hedgehogs, shrews, moles and relatives) 6144: 6029: 5784: 5782: 5758: 5520: 5423:): an evolutionary history of Camelidae" 5223: 4460:Graur, Dan; Higgins, Desmond G. (1994). 4046:has been extinct since the 17th century. 4037: 3944: 3804: 3737: 3642: 3570: 3403: 3388: 3251: 3149: 3080: 2999: 2952: 2934: 2762:in South American high mountain regions. 2750:camels in the Old World deserts and the 2717: 2702: 2266: 1991: 1919:is the paraphyletic group Artiodactyla. 1894: 937: 915: 911:comparatively fewer artiodactyl families 871: 843:became extinct around 10,000 years ago. 776: 7096: 6667: 5867:Mitchell, G; Lust, A (23 August 2008). 5501: 5410: 4940: 4435:Groves, Colin P.; Grubb, Peter (2011). 3566: 729: 11345: 6814: 6034:. Washington, D.C., US: Island Press. 5931:(7th ed.). Pearson. p. 539. 5719: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5483:from the original on 24 September 2016 4850:Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide 4846:Savage, R. J. G.; Long, M. R. (1986). 4601: 3987:meat, with the principal exception of 2988:have a much darker coat than females. 11032: 11031: 10923: 10792: 10791: 10397: 9480: 9015: 8472: 7934: 7080: 6666: 6588: 6118: 5977: 5779: 4922:from the original on 4 September 2020 4839: 4827:from the original on 4 September 2020 4793:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 4765:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004040 4686:from the original on 4 September 2020 4652:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 4621:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025790 4516:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025663 4414:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025792 4129:. Twenty-four species are considered 3016:(two or four)—in some peccaries, the 2710:are now considered a sister group of 945:coined the term "even-toed ungulate". 11317:AB0787CD-0A46-FF98-FDAB-F894E6D524AB 11278:4a18d2b8-713b-49ca-bda4-0e279654c184 11177:eaf48d96-8b8b-4c2e-90fe-8de942580313 8232: 6088:from the original on 13 October 2014 6011:from the original on 22 October 2008 5759:Lombardi, Julian (6 December 2012). 5616:. New York: Facts on File. pp. 5116: 5007:from the original on 6 November 2023 4979: 4854:. New York: Facts on File. pp. 3589:are only slightly developed; and an 3400:) have a simple sack-shaped stomach. 3145: 2434: 2263:Historical classification of Cetacea 1410:Superfamily Balaenopteroidea: large 15: 7081: 5959:from the original on 26 August 2021 5762:Comparative Vertebrate Reproduction 5594: 4018:for clothing. Domestic cattle, the 3384: 3008:is the smallest even-toed ungulate. 1890: 13: 10398: 7935: 6062:from the original on 5 August 2011 5978:McKie, Robin (22 September 2012). 5701:from the original on 28 April 2015 5648:The Journal of Wildlife Management 5555: 4101:. Fourteen species are considered 3733: 3726:prevails in open habitats such as 3495:(camels, llamas, and alpacas) and 3469:rhythmic contractions. Cellulytic 2275:were long considered ancestors of 827:) were, during large parts of the 151: 14: 11369: 11358:Extant Ypresian first appearances 6103: 5955:. NOAA Fisheries. 3 August 2021. 5740:from the original on 21 June 2024 5562:Janis, C.M.; Scott, K.M. (1987). 5001:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1848.004.01-02.21 4961:from the original on 21 June 2024 4311:from the original on 2 March 2022 1081:(7 extant and 13 extinct species) 976: 5720:Hewitt, David G (24 June 2011). 4587: 4190:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01562.x 4174:, the oldest artiodactyl mammal" 4143: 3934: 3801:Reproduction and life expectancy 3050: 3038: 3026: 2726:is the only extant antilocaprid. 2646: 2624: 2581: 2559: 2513: 2479: 2400: 2379: 2347: 2219: 2198: 2165: 2123: 2102: 1293:– paraphyletic to Hippopotamidae 893:only in the Pliocene, after the 578: 446: 227: 75: 20: 6959:Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain ( 6074: 6048: 6023: 5997: 5971: 5945: 5840: 5820: 5807: 5752: 5713: 5495: 5465: 5385: 5110: 5085: 5028: 5019: 4973: 4934: 4780: 4752:Molecular Biology and Evolution 4739: 4698: 4608:Molecular Biology and Evolution 4595: 4503:Molecular Biology and Evolution 4469:Molecular Biology and Evolution 4402:Molecular Biology and Evolution 3809:Most artiodactyls, such as the 2780:and the domesticated form, the 2769:) are made up of two families: 2376: 1965:In 2001, the fossil limbs of a 1824: 1800: 1780: 1771: 1752: 1743: 1727: 1718: 1709: 1700: 1691: 1665: 1655: 1645: 1635: 1576:(one species, possibly extinct) 1353: 1344: 1335: 1326: 1316: 1287: 1268: 1254: 1245: 1236: 1227: 1211: 1194: 1182: 1155: 1146: 1104: 1094: 1085: 1061: 1052: 1042: 1025: 1016: 1007: 998: 7748:Central American red brocket ( 5691:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 4531: 4490: 4453: 4428: 2891:include hippos and cetaceans: 2543: (ruminants) 891:settled by even-toed ungulates 861:, which became extinct in the 552:chambers rather than in their 1: 5695:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 5096:. Columbia University Press. 4813:10.1016/s1055-7903(03)00118-0 4294:10.1016/j.geobios.2018.06.003 4155: 3868:that prey on them, including 3776:glandular secretions or urine 3555:. Some artiodactyls, such as 3338:, which is characteristic of 2825:) is indigenous to East Asia. 1563:South American river dolphins 8455:Large subfamily listed below 8443:Large subfamily listed below 8431:Large subfamily listed below 5359:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000494 4364:10.1371/journal.pone.0007062 4003:, which, for the purpose of 3860:Artiodactyls have different 3688: 2810:The giraffe-like creatures ( 2738:) comprise only one family, 1311:: whales (about 90 species) 7: 6950:Yellow-striped chevrotain ( 6941:Indian spotted chevrotain ( 5612:The Encyclopedia of Mammals 5394:Mammal Species of the World 4672:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.05.046 4136: 3623:at the level of the fourth 3166:(with the exception of the 2972:Artiodactyls are generally 2964:skeleton on display at the 2898:) comprise two groups, the 2800:) consist of six families: 1739:: chevrotains (ten species) 694:. Many are herbivores, but 10: 11374: 6537:(Rabbits, hares and pikas) 6492:(Dogs, cats and relatives) 6398:(Tenrecs and golden moles) 4033: 3938: 3121:is never present, and the 2948: 1874:, and others (135 species) 980: 905:), and various species of 865:, exist today only in the 733: 11040: 10998: 10970: 10946: 10937: 10933: 10919: 10886:Dromedary/Arabian camel ( 10877:Domestic Bactrian camel ( 10865: 10814: 10801: 10787: 10751: 10727: 10703: 10694: 10576: 10543: 10519: 10486: 10462: 10441:North Sulawesi babirusa ( 10420: 10411: 10407: 10393: 10357: 10315: 10138: 10129: 10083: 10059: 10035: 9993: 9942: 9918: 9909: 9881: 9857: 9850: 9804: 9744: 9720: 9633: 9582: 9558: 9534: 9510: 9501: 9497: 9476: 9431: 9332: 9323: 9295: 9271: 9166: 9106: 9097: 9069: 9045: 9036: 9032: 9011: 8970: 8946: 8868: 8844: 8820: 8796: 8745: 8721: 8670: 8565: 8541: 8517: 8493: 8489: 8468: 8448: 8436: 8424: 8387: 8350: 8326: 8293: 8269: 8260: 8223: 8186: 8140: 8080: 8071: 8043: 7992: 7959: 7950: 7946: 7930: 7876: 7842: 7808: 7784: 7760: 7730:Amazonian brown brocket ( 7664: 7631: 7607: 7574: 7550: 7526: 7517: 7453: 7402: 7378: 7345: 7294: 7261: 7237: 7105: 7092: 7076: 7063:Large family listed below 7056: 7051:Large family listed below 7044: 7028:Williamson's mouse-deer ( 6971: 6929: 6905: 6896: 6805: 6750: 6726: 6717: 6680: 6676: 6662: 6624: 6517: 6456: 6447: 6386: 6357: 6336: 6323:(Kangaroos and relatives) 6279: 6250: 6229: 6220: 6186: 6154: 5568:American Museum Novitates 4900:10.1017/s1464793105006743 4471:: 357–364. Archived from 4238:Evolution of Artiodactyls 3375: 3300: 3297: 3270: 2639: 2617: 2610: 2574: 2552: 2545: 2533: 2506: 2499: 2472: 2465: 2394: 2370: 2363: 2341: 2334: 2213: 2192: 2185: 2159: 2152: 2117: 2096: 2089: 2077: 1903:In the 1990s, biological 1585:South Asian river dolphin 1380:Superfamily Balaenoidea: 517: 'even' and 417: 410: 357: 352: 224:Scientific classification 222: 169: 150: 63: 9127:Domestic water buffalo ( 7492:Central Asian red deer ( 7117:Bornean yellow muntjac ( 6315:(Bilbies and bandicoots) 6084:. Encyclopedia of Life. 5421:Camelus bactrianus ferus 3949:Some artiodactyls, like 3941:Domestication of animals 3930:Interactions with humans 3694:Distribution and habitat 3638: 3247: 3070:(while both are made of 2995: 2765:The pig-like creatures ( 841:North American varieties 10005:Bates' pygmy antelope ( 9792:Soemmerring's gazelle ( 7897:Yucatan brown brocket ( 7126:Hairy-fronted muntjac ( 7010:Philippine mouse-deer ( 6207:(Platypus and echidnas) 5541:10.1111/1749-4877.12080 5440:10.1186/1471-2164-8-241 5257:10.1073/pnas.1211733109 5191:10.1126/science.1229237 4724:10.1080/106351599260409 3856:Predators and parasites 3260:of Suinas develop into 3129: 1603:Superfamily Ziphioidea 1142:: peccaries (4 species) 398:(historically excluded) 170:Clockwise from center: 10715:White-lipped peccary ( 10651:Philippine warty pig ( 10276:Yellow-backed duiker ( 10240:Black-fronted duiker ( 10213:White-bellied duiker ( 9834:Przewalski's gazelle ( 9057:Four-horned antelope ( 7855:Peruvian Yungas pudu ( 7414:Visayan spotted deer ( 7273:European fallow deer ( 7216:Northern red muntjac ( 7162:Southern red muntjac ( 6438:(Dugongs and manatees) 6377:(Anteaters and sloths) 6007:. ScienceDaily. 2003. 5885:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0138 5308:10.1098/rspb.2012.0683 5136:10.1186/1471-2148-6-93 4538:Shimamura, M. (1997). 4069:, and, more recently, 4047: 3954: 3880:. Other predators are 3814: 3770:Many artiodactyls are 3751: 3652: 3582: 3540:living relatives, the 3417: 3401: 3265: 3206:Odocoileus virginianus 3159: 3110: 3009: 2969: 2945: 2727: 2715: 2280: 1997: 1900: 1630:Total-group Ruminantia 1300:: hippos (two species) 946: 934:Taxonomy and phylogeny 930: 886: 785: 736:Evolution of cetaceans 422:Montgelard et al. 1997 164: 31:is missing information 11299:Paleobiology Database 10895:Wild Bactrian camel ( 10597:Bornean bearded pig ( 10588:Palawan bearded pig ( 10177:White-legged duiker ( 9603:Red-fronted gazelle ( 7282:Persian fallow deer ( 7198:Roosevelt's muntjac ( 6871:Himalayan musk deer ( 6780:Reticulated giraffe ( 6307:(Quolls and dunnarts) 5853:30 March 2023 at the 5833:25 April 2019 at the 4602:Gatesy, John (1997). 4103:critically endangered 4079:Malagasy hippopotamus 4041: 3948: 3829:regions have a fixed 3813:, are born with hair. 3808: 3741: 3671:in the groin region. 3646: 3611:and thus outside the 3574: 3407: 3392: 3255: 3153: 3084: 3066:are transformed into 3003: 2960:Philantomba monticola 2956: 2938: 2917:) and baleen whales ( 2721: 2706: 2665: (or 2270: 1995: 1898: 1574:Chinese river dolphin 1476:oceanic true dolphins 1422:slender-back rorquals 993:Clade Cetartiodactyla 957:even-toed ungulates ( 941: 919: 875: 780: 163: 11172:Fauna Europaea (new) 10982:Pygmy hippopotamus ( 10642:Oliver's warty pig ( 10267:Red-flanked duiker ( 9672:Erlanger's gazelle ( 9392:Harnessed bushbuck ( 9118:Wild water buffalo ( 8595:East Caucasian tur ( 8586:West Caucasian tur ( 7739:Little red brocket ( 7207:Truong Son muntjac ( 7019:Vietnam mouse-deer ( 7001:Greater mouse-deer ( 6880:Siberian musk deer ( 5793:. pp. 368–403. 4119:Przewalski's gazelle 4091:Scimitar-horned oryx 3708:tropical rainforests 3680:Artiodactyls have a 3576:Genitourinary system 3567:Genitourinary system 2297:convergent evolution 2073:Even-toed ungulates 1956:adrenergic receptors 1820:(five species total) 1816:and four species of 983:List of artiodactyls 909:, South America has 730:Evolutionary history 10615:Celebes warty pig ( 10606:Visayan warty pig ( 10222:Red forest duiker ( 9954:Günther's dik-dik ( 9816:Mongolian gazelle ( 9621:Heuglin's gazelle ( 9612:Thomson's gazelle ( 8766:Long-tailed goral ( 8161:Mountain reedbuck ( 8152:Southern reedbuck ( 8004:East African oryx ( 7906:White-tailed deer ( 7685:Small red brocket ( 7652:South Andean deer ( 7595:Siberian roe deer ( 7586:European roe deer ( 7423:Philippine sambar ( 7390:Père David's deer ( 6992:Lesser mouse-deer ( 6853:Kashmir musk deer ( 5529:Integrative Zoology 5506:. pp. 22–234. 5301:(1742): 3491–3500. 5248:2012PNAS..10914942S 5242:(37): 14942–14947. 5183:2013Sci...339..662O 5117:Beck, N.R. (2006). 4805:2003MolPE..28..225A 4664:2008MolPE..48..964A 4556:1997Natur.388..666S 4355:2009PLoSO...4.7062S 4286:2018Geobi..51..285B 4115:wild Bactrian camel 4099:extinct in the wild 4089:. Two species, the 4071:habitat destruction 3742:Artiodactyls, like 3607:are located in the 3546:obligate carnivores 3533:volatile fatty acid 3460:(also known as the 2966:Museum of Osteology 2828:The antilocaprids ( 2024:Henri de Blainville 1529:lesser sperm whales 1135:: pigs (19 species) 637:even-toed ungulates 184:Camelus dromedarius 10763:Collared peccary ( 10633:Flores warty pig ( 10474:Giant forest hog ( 10336:Maxwell's duiker ( 10258:Ruwenzori duiker ( 10204:Jentink's duiker ( 10113:Sharpe's grysbok ( 9869:Tibetan antelope ( 9774:Bright's gazelle ( 9708:Goitered gazelle ( 9681:Mountain gazelle ( 9654:Cuvier's gazelle ( 9594:Mongalla gazelle ( 8982:Pyrenean chamois ( 8408:Tibetan antelope ( 8362:Black wildebeest ( 7189:Reeves's muntjac ( 7153:Sumatran muntjac ( 7144:Gongshan muntjac ( 6917:Water chevrotain ( 6844:Alpine musk deer ( 6771:Southern giraffe ( 6762:Northern giraffe ( 6291:(Monito del monte) 5789:Uwe Gille (2008). 5479:. 7 January 2014. 5382:(see e.g. Fig S10) 5041:Journal of Anatomy 4888:Biological Reviews 4711:Systematic Biology 4178:Journal of Anatomy 4170:"The inner ear of 4150:Mammals portal 4048: 3955: 3815: 3752: 3730:and open forests. 3653: 3583: 3418: 3402: 3266: 3160: 3111: 3010: 2970: 2946: 2939:Reconstruction of 2728: 2716: 2281: 1998: 1954:) gene sequences, 1901: 1176:Cetancodontamorpha 989:Order Artiodactyla 947: 931: 889:South America was 887: 786: 165: 11340: 11339: 11286:Open Tree of Life 11034:Taxon identifiers 11025: 11024: 11021: 11020: 11017: 11016: 10994: 10993: 10915: 10914: 10911: 10910: 10907: 10906: 10783: 10782: 10779: 10778: 10775: 10774: 10739:Chacoan peccary ( 10690: 10689: 10678:Javan warty pig ( 10669:Timor warty pig ( 10476:H. meinertzhageni 10450:Togian babirusa ( 10389: 10388: 10385: 10384: 10381: 10380: 10345:Walter's duiker ( 10285:Abbott's duiker ( 10249:Ogilby's duiker ( 10195:Harvey's duiker ( 10159:Brooke's duiker ( 10125: 10124: 9905: 9904: 9846: 9845: 9783:Peter's gazelle ( 9765:Grant's gazelle ( 9699:Speke's gazelle ( 9472: 9471: 9468: 9467: 9464: 9463: 9349: 9319: 9318: 9307:African buffalo ( 9138:B. depressicornis 9093: 9092: 9007: 9006: 9003: 9002: 8775:Himalayan goral ( 8597:C. cylindricornis 8464: 8463: 8460: 8459: 8420: 8419: 8383: 8382: 8371:Blue wildebeest ( 8305:Common tsessebe ( 8256: 8255: 8219: 8218: 8182: 8181: 8094:K. ellipsiprymnus 8067: 8066: 7926: 7925: 7922: 7921: 7918: 7917: 7866:P. mephistophiles 7822:P. mephistophiles 7513: 7512: 7209:M. truongsonensis 7171:Pu Hoat muntjac ( 7072: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7040: 7039: 6983:Java mouse-deer ( 6892: 6891: 6862:Black musk deer ( 6835:Dwarf musk deer ( 6826:Anhui musk deer ( 6801: 6800: 6764:G. camelopardalis 6713: 6712: 6582: 6581: 6578: 6577: 6574: 6573: 6570: 6569: 6562: 6554: 6546: 6538: 6530: 6509: 6501: 6493: 6485: 6477: 6469: 6439: 6431: 6423: 6415: 6407: 6406:(Elephant shrews) 6399: 6378: 6370: 6351: 6332: 6331: 6324: 6316: 6308: 6300: 6299:(Marsupial moles) 6297:Notoryctemorphia 6292: 6271: 6263: 6260:Paucituberculata 6244: 6216: 6215: 6208: 6056:"Cetartiodactyla" 6041:978-1-55963-370-3 6030:Clay, J. (2004). 5938:978-0-13-127836-3 5826:Yong, Hwan-Yul. " 5800:978-3-8304-1075-1 5772:978-1-4615-4937-6 5627:978-0-87196-871-5 5582:on 6 October 2014 5513:978-3-8304-1075-1 5403:978-0-8018-8221-0 5177:(6120): 662–667. 5103:978-0-231-11013-6 5053:10.1111/joa.12518 4865:978-0-8160-1194-0 4758:(12): 2150–2160. 4550:(6643): 666–670. 4446:978-1-4214-0093-8 4437:Ungulate Taxonomy 4263:"New material of 4095:Père David's deer 4087:Schomburgk's deer 3972:Great Rift Valley 3862:natural predators 3844:The newborns are 3833:, while those in 3819:gestation periods 3750:, live in groups. 3599:urethral process. 3587:corpora cavernosa 3557:white-tailed deer 3331: 3330: 3238:Rangifer tarandus 3202:white-tailed deer 3146:Horns and antlers 2978:sexual dimorphism 2700: 2699: 2691: 2690: 2682: 2681: 2673: 2672: 2659: 2658: 2623:(hippopotamuses) 2594: 2593: 2435:Inner systematics 2431: 2430: 2422: 2421: 2413: 2412: 2361: Cete 2259: 2258: 2250: 2249: 2241: 2240: 2232: 2231: 2136: 2135: 1909:molecular biology 1452:: toothed whales 1403:pygmy right whale 1348:Remingtonocetidae 1291:Anthracotheriidae 1260:(Family contains 1056:Merycoidodontidae 899:Isthmus of Panama 837:Merycoidodontidae 794:Anthracotheriidae 437:belonging to the 435:placental mammals 428: 427: 423: 348: 54: 53: 11365: 11333: 11332: 11320: 11319: 11307: 11306: 11294: 11293: 11281: 11280: 11271: 11270: 11258: 11257: 11255:NHMSYS0000376178 11245: 11244: 11232: 11231: 11219: 11218: 11206: 11205: 11193: 11192: 11180: 11179: 11167: 11166: 11154: 11153: 11141: 11140: 11128: 11127: 11115: 11114: 11102: 11101: 11089: 11088: 11076: 11075: 11074: 11061: 11060: 11059: 11029: 11028: 10944: 10943: 10935: 10934: 10921: 10920: 10812: 10811: 10803: 10802: 10789: 10788: 10701: 10700: 10507:Common warthog ( 10498:Desert warthog ( 10418: 10417: 10409: 10408: 10395: 10394: 10294:Weyns's duiker ( 10168:Peters' duiker ( 10150:Aders's duiker ( 10136: 10135: 10023:Royal antelope ( 9981:Salt's dik-dik ( 9972:Silver dik-dik ( 9963:Kirk's dik-dik ( 9916: 9915: 9893:Saiga antelope ( 9855: 9854: 9794:N. soemmerringii 9663:Dorcas gazelle ( 9508: 9507: 9499: 9498: 9492: 9478: 9477: 9365:Mountain nyala ( 9348: 9347: 9339: 9330: 9329: 9285:P. nghetinhensis 9187:European bison ( 9178:American bison ( 9104: 9103: 9043: 9042: 9034: 9033: 9027: 9013: 9012: 8889:Domestic sheep ( 8733:Himalayan tahr ( 8700:Mainland serow ( 8682:Japanese serow ( 8491: 8490: 8484: 8470: 8469: 8394: 8393: 8267: 8266: 8230: 8229: 8193: 8192: 8170:Bohor reedbuck ( 8078: 8077: 8057:A. nasomaculatus 7980:Sable antelope ( 7957: 7956: 7948: 7947: 7941: 7932: 7931: 7694:Merida brocket ( 7524: 7523: 7465:Thorold's deer ( 7317:A. calamianensis 7200:M. rooseveltorum 7146:M. gongshanensis 7103: 7102: 7094: 7093: 7087: 7078: 7077: 6903: 6902: 6812: 6811: 6791:G. tippelskirchi 6724: 6723: 6687: 6686: 6678: 6677: 6664: 6663: 6609: 6602: 6595: 6586: 6585: 6560: 6552: 6544: 6536: 6528: 6519:Euarchontoglires 6507: 6499: 6491: 6483: 6475: 6467: 6454: 6453: 6437: 6429: 6421: 6413: 6405: 6397: 6376: 6368: 6355: 6354: 6350: 6349: 6341: 6322: 6314: 6313:Peramelemorphia 6306: 6298: 6290: 6269: 6268:Didelphimorphia 6262:(Shrew opossums) 6261: 6248: 6247: 6243: 6242: 6234: 6227: 6226: 6206: 6197:Australosphenida 6193: 6192: 6139: 6132: 6125: 6116: 6115: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6078: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6052: 6046: 6045: 6027: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5975: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5949: 5943: 5942: 5924: 5915: 5914: 5904: 5864: 5858: 5844: 5838: 5824: 5818: 5813:Spinage, C. A. " 5811: 5805: 5804: 5786: 5777: 5776: 5756: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5717: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5683: 5672: 5671: 5643: 5632: 5631: 5615: 5605: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5578:. Archived from 5559: 5553: 5552: 5524: 5518: 5517: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5469: 5463: 5462: 5452: 5442: 5414: 5408: 5407: 5389: 5383: 5381: 5371: 5361: 5352:(12): e3000494. 5337: 5331: 5330: 5320: 5310: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5269: 5259: 5227: 5221: 5220: 5202: 5165: 5159: 5158: 5148: 5138: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5089: 5083: 5082: 5072: 5032: 5026: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5012: 4977: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4879: 4870: 4869: 4853: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4784: 4778: 4777: 4767: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4726: 4702: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4643: 4634: 4633: 4623: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4591: 4585: 4567: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4518: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4477: 4466: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4396: 4387: 4386: 4376: 4366: 4334: 4321: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4310: 4271: 4258: 4252: 4251: 4229: 4220: 4219: 4201: 4165: 4148: 4147: 4105:, including the 3991:(pigs etc.) and 3720:mountain regions 3675:Secretory glands 3613:abdominal cavity 3385:Digestive system 3268: 3054: 3042: 3030: 2986:Indian antelopes 2878:, caprines, and 2803:The mouse deer ( 2650: 2628: 2613: 2612: 2585: 2563: 2548: 2547: 2536: 2535: 2517: 2502: 2501: 2483: 2468: 2467: 2456: 2455: 2404: 2383: 2378: 2366: 2365: 2351: 2337: 2336: 2326: 2325: 2223: 2202: 2188: 2187: 2169: 2155: 2154: 2127: 2106: 2092: 2091: 2080: 2079: 2074: 2068: 2067: 1891:Research history 1828:Hoplitomerycidae 1826: 1804:Climacoceratidae 1802: 1782: 1773: 1754: 1747:Archaeomerycidae 1745: 1729: 1720: 1711: 1702: 1693: 1667: 1657: 1647: 1637: 1596:La Plata dolphin 1461:oceanic dolphins 1377:: baleen whales 1355: 1346: 1337: 1328: 1318: 1289: 1270: 1256: 1247: 1238: 1229: 1213: 1196: 1184: 1157: 1148: 1106: 1096: 1087: 1063: 1054: 1044: 1027: 1018: 1009: 1000: 634: 633: 630: 629: 626: 623: 620: 617: 614: 611: 608: 605: 602: 599: 596: 593: 590: 587: 584: 502: 498: 493: 492: 489: 488: 485: 482: 479: 476: 473: 470: 467: 464: 461: 458: 455: 452: 421: 343: 232: 231: 154: 137: 74: 67:Temporal range: 61: 60: 56:Order of mammals 49: 46: 40: 24: 16: 11373: 11372: 11368: 11367: 11366: 11364: 11363: 11362: 11343: 11342: 11341: 11336: 11328: 11323: 11315: 11310: 11302: 11297: 11289: 11284: 11276: 11274: 11266: 11261: 11253: 11248: 11240: 11235: 11227: 11222: 11214: 11209: 11201: 11196: 11188: 11183: 11175: 11170: 11162: 11157: 11149: 11144: 11136: 11131: 11123: 11118: 11110: 11105: 11097: 11092: 11084: 11079: 11070: 11069: 11064: 11055: 11054: 11049: 11036: 11026: 11013: 10990: 10966: 10929: 10903: 10861: 10797: 10771: 10747: 10723: 10686: 10653:S. philippensis 10590:S. ahoenobarbus 10572: 10564:Red river hog ( 10539: 10515: 10482: 10458: 10432:Buru babirusa ( 10403: 10377: 10369:Common duiker ( 10353: 10311: 10121: 10079: 10055: 10031: 9989: 9938: 9901: 9877: 9842: 9827:P. picticaudata 9800: 9740: 9716: 9710:G. subgutturosa 9629: 9578: 9554: 9530: 9493: 9482: 9460: 9427: 9419:Cape bushbuck ( 9412:T. strepsiceros 9341: 9340: 9338: 9315: 9291: 9267: 9162: 9154:Mountain anoa ( 9089: 9083:B. tragocamelus 9065: 9059:T. quadricornis 9028: 9017: 8999: 8966: 8942: 8898:Bighorn sheep ( 8864: 8840: 8816: 8808:Mountain goat ( 8792: 8784:Chinese goral ( 8741: 8717: 8702:C. sumatraensis 8666: 8649:Siberian ibex ( 8613:Domestic goat ( 8561: 8537: 8513: 8505:Barbary sheep ( 8485: 8474: 8456: 8444: 8432: 8416: 8379: 8346: 8322: 8289: 8252: 8215: 8178: 8136: 8063: 8039: 8013:Scimitar oryx ( 7988: 7971:Roan antelope ( 7942: 7936: 7914: 7872: 7864:Northern pudu ( 7838: 7830:Southern pudu ( 7820:Northern pudu ( 7804: 7780: 7756: 7721:Pygmy brocket ( 7703:Dwarf brocket ( 7660: 7627: 7603: 7570: 7546: 7509: 7449: 7398: 7374: 7341: 7315:Calamian deer ( 7290: 7284:D. mesopotamica 7257: 7233: 7227:M. vuquangensis 7225:Giant muntjac ( 7135:Fea's muntjac ( 7088: 7082: 7064: 7052: 7036: 6967: 6925: 6888: 6846:M. chrysogaster 6797: 6789:Masai giraffe ( 6746: 6709: 6672: 6658: 6620: 6613: 6583: 6566: 6513: 6498:Perissodactyla 6443: 6382: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6328: 6305:Dasyuromorphia 6289:Microbiotheria 6281:Australidelphia 6275: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6212: 6182: 6150: 6143: 6106: 6101: 6091: 6089: 6080: 6079: 6075: 6065: 6063: 6054: 6053: 6049: 6042: 6028: 6024: 6014: 6012: 6003: 6002: 5998: 5988: 5986: 5976: 5972: 5962: 5960: 5951: 5950: 5946: 5939: 5929:Vertebrate Life 5925: 5918: 5873:Biology Letters 5865: 5861: 5855:Wayback Machine 5846:Sumar, Julio. " 5845: 5841: 5835:Wayback Machine 5825: 5821: 5812: 5808: 5801: 5787: 5780: 5773: 5757: 5753: 5743: 5741: 5734: 5718: 5714: 5704: 5702: 5685: 5684: 5675: 5660:10.2307/3801702 5644: 5635: 5628: 5606: 5595: 5585: 5583: 5560: 5556: 5525: 5521: 5514: 5500: 5496: 5486: 5484: 5477:Thomson Safaris 5471: 5470: 5466: 5415: 5411: 5404: 5390: 5386: 5338: 5334: 5287: 5283: 5228: 5224: 5166: 5162: 5115: 5111: 5104: 5090: 5086: 5033: 5029: 5024: 5020: 5010: 5008: 4978: 4974: 4964: 4962: 4955: 4939: 4935: 4925: 4923: 4880: 4873: 4866: 4844: 4840: 4830: 4828: 4785: 4781: 4744: 4740: 4703: 4699: 4689: 4687: 4644: 4637: 4600: 4596: 4586: 4536: 4532: 4495: 4491: 4481: 4479: 4478:on 5 March 2016 4475: 4464: 4458: 4454: 4447: 4433: 4429: 4397: 4390: 4335: 4324: 4314: 4312: 4308: 4269: 4259: 4255: 4248: 4230: 4223: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4142: 4139: 4060:Tasmanian tiger 4036: 3943: 3937: 3932: 3858: 3803: 3736: 3734:Social behavior 3722:. The greatest 3696: 3691: 3641: 3633:uterus bicornis 3631:has two horns ( 3625:lumbar vertebra 3569: 3525:large intestine 3517:maxillary teeth 3426:salivary glands 3387: 3378: 3250: 3148: 3132: 3078:on the ground. 3058: 3055: 3046: 3043: 3034: 3031: 2998: 2951: 2821:The musk deer ( 2796:The ruminants ( 2787:The peccaries ( 2701: 2692: 2683: 2674: 2660: 2595: 2580:(horn bearers) 2437: 2432: 2423: 2414: 2265: 2260: 2251: 2242: 2233: 2137: 2075: 2072: 2017: 1960:apolipoproteins 1893: 1851:(seven species) 1775:Palaeomerycidae 1756:Lophiomerycidae 1704:Hypertragulidae 1639:Anoplotheriidae 1428:(eight species) 1418:Balaenopteridae 1249:Choeropotamidae 1077:and lamoids or 1046:Anoplotheriidae 985: 979: 936: 927:Anoplotheriidae 907:capreoline deer 738: 732: 581: 577: 574:Cetartiodactyla 548:in one or more 544:) digest plant 500: 496: 449: 445: 420: 419:Cetartiodactyla 342: 226: 162: 152: 146: 136: 135: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 69: 68: 65: 57: 50: 44: 41: 34: 25: 12: 11: 5: 11371: 11361: 11360: 11355: 11338: 11337: 11335: 11334: 11321: 11308: 11295: 11282: 11272: 11259: 11246: 11233: 11220: 11207: 11194: 11181: 11168: 11159:Fauna Europaea 11155: 11142: 11129: 11116: 11103: 11090: 11077: 11062: 11046: 11044: 11038: 11037: 11023: 11022: 11019: 11018: 11015: 11014: 11012: 11011: 11004: 11002: 10996: 10995: 10992: 10991: 10989: 10988: 10984:C. liberiensis 10978: 10976: 10968: 10967: 10965: 10964: 10958:Hippopotamus ( 10954: 10952: 10941: 10939:Hippopotamidae 10931: 10930: 10917: 10916: 10913: 10912: 10909: 10908: 10905: 10904: 10902: 10901: 10892: 10888:C. dromedarius 10883: 10873: 10871: 10863: 10862: 10860: 10859: 10850: 10841: 10832: 10822: 10820: 10809: 10799: 10798: 10785: 10784: 10781: 10780: 10777: 10776: 10773: 10772: 10770: 10769: 10759: 10757: 10749: 10748: 10746: 10745: 10735: 10733: 10725: 10724: 10722: 10721: 10711: 10709: 10698: 10692: 10691: 10688: 10687: 10685: 10684: 10675: 10671:S. timoriensis 10666: 10657: 10648: 10639: 10630: 10624:Domestic pig ( 10621: 10612: 10603: 10594: 10584: 10582: 10574: 10573: 10571: 10570: 10561: 10551: 10549: 10541: 10540: 10538: 10537: 10527: 10525: 10517: 10516: 10514: 10513: 10504: 10500:P. aethiopicus 10494: 10492: 10484: 10483: 10481: 10480: 10470: 10468: 10460: 10459: 10457: 10456: 10452:B. togeanensis 10447: 10438: 10428: 10426: 10415: 10405: 10404: 10391: 10390: 10387: 10386: 10383: 10382: 10379: 10378: 10376: 10375: 10365: 10363: 10355: 10354: 10352: 10351: 10342: 10333: 10323: 10321: 10313: 10312: 10310: 10309: 10303:Zebra duiker ( 10300: 10291: 10282: 10278:C. silvicultor 10273: 10264: 10255: 10246: 10237: 10231:Black duiker ( 10228: 10219: 10215:C. leucogaster 10210: 10201: 10192: 10183: 10174: 10165: 10156: 10146: 10144: 10133: 10127: 10126: 10123: 10122: 10120: 10119: 10110: 10104:Cape grysbok ( 10101: 10091: 10089: 10081: 10080: 10078: 10077: 10067: 10065: 10057: 10056: 10054: 10053: 10047:Klipspringer ( 10043: 10041: 10033: 10032: 10030: 10029: 10020: 10011: 10001: 9999: 9991: 9990: 9988: 9987: 9978: 9974:M. piacentinii 9969: 9960: 9950: 9948: 9940: 9939: 9937: 9936: 9926: 9924: 9913: 9907: 9906: 9903: 9902: 9900: 9899: 9889: 9887: 9879: 9878: 9876: 9875: 9865: 9863: 9852: 9848: 9847: 9844: 9843: 9841: 9840: 9836:P. przewalskii 9831: 9822: 9812: 9810: 9802: 9801: 9799: 9798: 9789: 9780: 9771: 9762: 9756:Dama gazelle ( 9752: 9750: 9742: 9741: 9739: 9738: 9728: 9726: 9718: 9717: 9715: 9714: 9705: 9696: 9690:Rhim gazelle ( 9687: 9678: 9669: 9660: 9651: 9641: 9639: 9631: 9630: 9628: 9627: 9618: 9609: 9600: 9590: 9588: 9580: 9579: 9577: 9576: 9566: 9564: 9556: 9555: 9553: 9552: 9548:A. marsupialis 9542: 9540: 9532: 9531: 9529: 9528: 9518: 9516: 9505: 9495: 9494: 9474: 9473: 9470: 9469: 9466: 9465: 9462: 9461: 9459: 9458: 9452:Common eland ( 9449: 9439: 9437: 9429: 9428: 9426: 9425: 9416: 9410:Greater kudu ( 9407: 9398: 9389: 9380: 9371: 9362: 9352: 9350: 9327: 9321: 9320: 9317: 9316: 9314: 9313: 9303: 9301: 9293: 9292: 9290: 9289: 9279: 9277: 9269: 9268: 9266: 9265: 9256: 9247: 9238: 9229: 9223:Domestic yak ( 9220: 9211: 9202: 9193: 9184: 9174: 9172: 9164: 9163: 9161: 9160: 9151: 9147:B. mindorensis 9142: 9136:Lowland anoa ( 9133: 9124: 9114: 9112: 9101: 9095: 9094: 9091: 9090: 9088: 9087: 9077: 9075: 9067: 9066: 9064: 9063: 9053: 9051: 9040: 9030: 9029: 9009: 9008: 9005: 9004: 9001: 9000: 8998: 8997: 8988: 8978: 8976: 8968: 8967: 8965: 8964: 8954: 8952: 8944: 8943: 8941: 8940: 8931: 8922: 8913: 8904: 8895: 8886: 8876: 8874: 8866: 8865: 8863: 8862: 8856:Nilgiri tahr ( 8852: 8850: 8842: 8841: 8839: 8838: 8828: 8826: 8818: 8817: 8815: 8814: 8804: 8802: 8794: 8793: 8791: 8790: 8781: 8772: 8763: 8753: 8751: 8743: 8742: 8740: 8739: 8729: 8727: 8719: 8718: 8716: 8715: 8709:Taiwan serow ( 8706: 8697: 8688: 8678: 8676: 8668: 8667: 8665: 8664: 8655: 8646: 8640:Iberian ibex ( 8637: 8628: 8619: 8610: 8601: 8592: 8583: 8573: 8571: 8563: 8562: 8560: 8559: 8549: 8547: 8539: 8538: 8536: 8535: 8529:Arabian tahr ( 8525: 8523: 8515: 8514: 8512: 8511: 8501: 8499: 8487: 8486: 8466: 8465: 8462: 8461: 8458: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8446: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8434: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8422: 8421: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8414: 8404: 8402: 8391: 8385: 8384: 8381: 8380: 8378: 8377: 8368: 8358: 8356: 8348: 8347: 8345: 8344: 8334: 8332: 8324: 8323: 8321: 8320: 8311: 8301: 8299: 8291: 8290: 8288: 8287: 8277: 8275: 8264: 8258: 8257: 8254: 8253: 8251: 8250: 8240: 8238: 8227: 8221: 8220: 8217: 8216: 8214: 8213: 8203: 8201: 8190: 8184: 8183: 8180: 8179: 8177: 8176: 8167: 8163:R. fulvorufula 8158: 8148: 8146: 8138: 8137: 8135: 8134: 8125: 8116: 8107: 8098: 8088: 8086: 8075: 8069: 8068: 8065: 8064: 8062: 8061: 8051: 8049: 8041: 8040: 8038: 8037: 8031:Arabian oryx ( 8028: 8019: 8010: 8000: 7998: 7990: 7989: 7987: 7986: 7977: 7967: 7965: 7954: 7944: 7943: 7928: 7927: 7924: 7923: 7920: 7919: 7916: 7915: 7913: 7912: 7908:O. virginianus 7903: 7894: 7884: 7882: 7874: 7873: 7871: 7870: 7861: 7851: 7849: 7840: 7839: 7837: 7836: 7827: 7816: 7814: 7806: 7805: 7803: 7802: 7792: 7790: 7782: 7781: 7779: 7778: 7774:O. bezoarticus 7768: 7766: 7758: 7757: 7755: 7754: 7745: 7736: 7727: 7718: 7714:M. gouazoubira 7712:Gray brocket ( 7709: 7700: 7691: 7682: 7672: 7670: 7662: 7661: 7659: 7658: 7649: 7639: 7637: 7629: 7628: 7626: 7625: 7615: 7613: 7605: 7604: 7602: 7601: 7592: 7582: 7580: 7572: 7571: 7569: 7568: 7558: 7556: 7548: 7547: 7545: 7544: 7534: 7532: 7521: 7515: 7514: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7507: 7498: 7489: 7480: 7471: 7467:C. albirostris 7461: 7459: 7451: 7450: 7448: 7447: 7438: 7429: 7420: 7410: 7408: 7400: 7399: 7397: 7396: 7386: 7384: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7372: 7363: 7353: 7351: 7343: 7342: 7340: 7339: 7330: 7321: 7312: 7302: 7300: 7292: 7291: 7289: 7288: 7279: 7269: 7267: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7255: 7251:E. cephalophus 7245: 7243: 7235: 7234: 7232: 7231: 7222: 7213: 7204: 7195: 7186: 7180:Leaf muntjac ( 7177: 7173:M. puhoatensis 7168: 7159: 7150: 7141: 7132: 7123: 7113: 7111: 7100: 7090: 7089: 7074: 7073: 7070: 7069: 7066: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7054: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7042: 7041: 7038: 7037: 7035: 7034: 7030:T. williamsoni 7025: 7016: 7007: 6998: 6989: 6979: 6977: 6969: 6968: 6966: 6965: 6956: 6947: 6937: 6935: 6927: 6926: 6924: 6923: 6913: 6911: 6900: 6894: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6886: 6882:M. moschiferus 6877: 6873:M. leucogaster 6868: 6859: 6850: 6841: 6837:M. berezovskii 6832: 6822: 6820: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6795: 6786: 6777: 6768: 6758: 6756: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6744: 6734: 6732: 6721: 6715: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6707: 6697: 6695: 6684: 6682:Antilocapridae 6674: 6673: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6656: 6654:Laurasiatheria 6650: 6644: 6638: 6632: 6625: 6622: 6621: 6612: 6611: 6604: 6597: 6589: 6580: 6579: 6576: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6564: 6556: 6548: 6540: 6532: 6523: 6521: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6511: 6503: 6495: 6487: 6479: 6471: 6462: 6460: 6458:Laurasiatheria 6451: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6441: 6433: 6425: 6417: 6412:Tubulidentata 6409: 6404:Macroscelidea 6401: 6392: 6390: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6380: 6372: 6363: 6361: 6352: 6334: 6333: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6326: 6321:Diprotodontia 6318: 6310: 6302: 6294: 6285: 6283: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6273: 6265: 6256: 6254: 6245: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6210: 6201: 6199: 6190: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6180: 6174: 6168: 6162: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6142: 6141: 6134: 6127: 6119: 6113: 6112: 6105: 6104:External links 6102: 6100: 6099: 6082:"Artiodactyla" 6073: 6047: 6040: 6022: 5996: 5970: 5953:"Killer Whale" 5944: 5937: 5916: 5879:(4): 415–418. 5859: 5839: 5819: 5806: 5799: 5778: 5771: 5751: 5732: 5712: 5673: 5654:(3): 729–732. 5633: 5626: 5593: 5570:(2893): 1–85. 5554: 5535:(4): 412–433. 5519: 5512: 5494: 5464: 5409: 5402: 5384: 5332: 5281: 5222: 5160: 5109: 5102: 5084: 5047:(6): 768–777. 5027: 5018: 4995:(1): 103–141. 4972: 4953: 4933: 4871: 4864: 4838: 4799:(2): 225–240. 4779: 4738: 4697: 4635: 4614:(5): 537–543. 4594: 4530: 4509:(7): 954–963. 4489: 4452: 4445: 4427: 4408:(5): 550–559. 4388: 4322: 4280:(4): 285–306. 4253: 4246: 4221: 4184:(5): 417–426. 4159: 4157: 4154: 4153: 4152: 4138: 4135: 4035: 4032: 4005:Rabbinical Law 3970:, part of the 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3857: 3854: 3802: 3799: 3735: 3732: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3657:mammary glands 3655:The number of 3649:Japanese serow 3640: 3637: 3568: 3565: 3537:Hippopotamuses 3396:(such as this 3386: 3383: 3377: 3374: 3329: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3315: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3295: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3272:Dental formula 3249: 3246: 3158:and its horns. 3147: 3144: 3131: 3128: 3060: 3059: 3056: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3025: 2997: 2994: 2950: 2947: 2925: 2924: 2923: 2922: 2907: 2896:Hippopotamidae 2885: 2884: 2883: 2864: 2859:(wapiti), and 2837: 2830:Antilocapridae 2826: 2819: 2808: 2794: 2793: 2792: 2785: 2763: 2734:The camelids ( 2698: 2697: 2694: 2693: 2689: 2688: 2685: 2684: 2680: 2679: 2676: 2675: 2671: 2670: 2669:) 2662: 2661: 2657: 2656: 2653: 2652: 2638: 2635: 2634: 2631: 2630: 2621:Hippopotamidae 2616: 2611: 2609: 2601: 2600: 2597: 2596: 2592: 2591: 2588: 2587: 2573: 2570: 2569: 2566: 2565: 2551: 2546: 2544: 2534: 2532: 2524: 2523: 2520: 2519: 2505: 2500: 2498: 2490: 2489: 2486: 2485: 2471: 2466: 2464: 2454: 2436: 2433: 2429: 2428: 2425: 2424: 2420: 2419: 2416: 2415: 2411: 2410: 2407: 2406: 2393: 2390: 2389: 2386: 2385: 2369: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2357: 2354: 2353: 2340: 2335: 2333: 2324: 2317:toothed whales 2285:marine mammals 2264: 2261: 2257: 2256: 2253: 2252: 2248: 2247: 2244: 2243: 2239: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2230: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2212: 2209: 2208: 2205: 2204: 2191: 2186: 2184: 2176: 2175: 2172: 2171: 2158: 2153: 2151: 2143: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2134: 2133: 2130: 2129: 2121:Hippopotamidae 2116: 2113: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2095: 2090: 2088: 2078: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2016: 2013: 1917:hippopotamuses 1892: 1889: 1888: 1887: 1886: 1885: 1884: 1883: 1882: 1881: 1880: 1879: 1878: 1877: 1876: 1875: 1852: 1841: 1830: 1821: 1806: 1797: 1790:Antilocapridae 1786: 1784:Dromomerycidae 1777: 1760: 1759: 1758: 1749: 1740: 1733: 1731:Bachitheriidae 1724: 1715: 1713:Praetragulidae 1706: 1697: 1695:Leptomerycidae 1672: 1669:Protoceratidae 1662: 1659:Cainotheriidae 1652: 1642: 1627: 1626: 1625: 1624: 1623: 1622: 1621: 1620: 1619: 1618: 1617: 1616: 1615: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1588: 1577: 1566: 1553:river dolphins 1549:Platanistoidea 1545: 1544: 1543: 1532: 1511: 1510: 1509: 1498: 1479: 1444: 1443: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1433:Eschrichtiidae 1429: 1426:humpback whale 1408: 1407: 1406: 1395: 1394:(four species) 1361: 1360: 1359: 1357:Basilosauridae 1350: 1341: 1332: 1303: 1302: 1301: 1298:Hippopotamidae 1294: 1276: 1275: 1274: 1272:Mixtotheriidae 1265: 1251: 1242: 1233: 1217: 1200: 1198:Entelodontidae 1191: 1163: 1162: 1161: 1159:Doliochoeridae 1152: 1143: 1136: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1108:Protoceratidae 1101: 1091: 1082: 1067: 1065:Agriochoeridae 1058: 1049: 1031: 1029:Cainotheriidae 1022: 1013: 1011:Amphimerycidae 1004: 981:Main article: 978: 977:Classification 975: 959:hippopotamuses 935: 932: 833:Cainotheriidae 790:Entelodontidae 731: 728: 724:palaeomerycids 716:anthracotheres 708:merycoidodonts 656:hippopotamuses 570:hippopotamuses 538:perissodactyls 426: 425: 415: 414: 408: 407: 406: 405: 404: 403: 402: 401: 400: 399: 393: 383: 373: 363: 355: 354: 350: 349: 337: 333: 332: 327: 320: 319: 314: 310: 309: 307:Pan-Euungulata 304: 297: 296: 291: 287: 286: 281: 274: 273: 268: 264: 263: 258: 254: 253: 248: 244: 243: 238: 234: 233: 220: 219: 208:Cervus elaphus 172:American bison 167: 166: 148: 147: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 66: 55: 52: 51: 28: 26: 19: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11370: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11350: 11348: 11331: 11326: 11322: 11318: 11313: 11309: 11305: 11300: 11296: 11292: 11287: 11283: 11279: 11273: 11269: 11264: 11260: 11256: 11251: 11247: 11243: 11238: 11234: 11230: 11225: 11221: 11217: 11212: 11208: 11204: 11199: 11195: 11191: 11186: 11182: 11178: 11173: 11169: 11165: 11160: 11156: 11152: 11147: 11143: 11139: 11134: 11130: 11126: 11121: 11117: 11113: 11108: 11104: 11100: 11095: 11091: 11087: 11082: 11078: 11073: 11067: 11063: 11058: 11052: 11048: 11047: 11045: 11043: 11039: 11035: 11030: 11010: 11006: 11005: 11003: 11001: 10997: 10987: 10985: 10980: 10979: 10977: 10975: 10974: 10969: 10963: 10961: 10956: 10955: 10953: 10951: 10950: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10936: 10932: 10928: 10922: 10918: 10900: 10898: 10893: 10891: 10889: 10884: 10882: 10880: 10879:C. bactrianus 10875: 10874: 10872: 10870: 10869: 10864: 10858: 10856: 10851: 10849: 10847: 10842: 10840: 10838: 10833: 10831: 10829: 10824: 10823: 10821: 10819: 10818: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10804: 10800: 10796: 10790: 10786: 10768: 10766: 10761: 10760: 10758: 10756: 10755: 10750: 10744: 10742: 10737: 10736: 10734: 10732: 10731: 10726: 10720: 10718: 10713: 10712: 10710: 10708: 10707: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10693: 10683: 10681: 10680:S. verrucosus 10676: 10674: 10672: 10667: 10665: 10663: 10658: 10656: 10654: 10649: 10647: 10645: 10640: 10638: 10636: 10631: 10629: 10627: 10626:S. domesticus 10622: 10620: 10618: 10617:S. celebensis 10613: 10611: 10609: 10604: 10602: 10600: 10595: 10593: 10591: 10586: 10585: 10583: 10581: 10580: 10575: 10569: 10567: 10562: 10560: 10558: 10553: 10552: 10550: 10548: 10547: 10546:Potamochoerus 10542: 10536: 10534: 10529: 10528: 10526: 10524: 10523: 10518: 10512: 10510: 10505: 10503: 10501: 10496: 10495: 10493: 10491: 10490: 10485: 10479: 10477: 10472: 10471: 10469: 10467: 10466: 10461: 10455: 10453: 10448: 10446: 10444: 10443:B. celebensis 10439: 10437: 10435: 10430: 10429: 10427: 10425: 10424: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10410: 10406: 10402: 10396: 10392: 10374: 10372: 10367: 10366: 10364: 10362: 10361: 10356: 10350: 10348: 10343: 10341: 10339: 10334: 10332: 10330: 10327:Blue duiker ( 10325: 10324: 10322: 10320: 10319: 10314: 10308: 10306: 10301: 10299: 10297: 10292: 10290: 10288: 10283: 10281: 10279: 10274: 10272: 10270: 10265: 10263: 10261: 10256: 10254: 10252: 10247: 10245: 10243: 10242:C. nigrifrons 10238: 10236: 10234: 10229: 10227: 10225: 10224:C. natalensis 10220: 10218: 10216: 10211: 10209: 10207: 10202: 10200: 10198: 10193: 10191: 10189: 10184: 10182: 10180: 10175: 10173: 10171: 10170:C. callipygus 10166: 10164: 10162: 10157: 10155: 10153: 10148: 10147: 10145: 10143: 10142: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10128: 10118: 10116: 10111: 10109: 10107: 10102: 10100: 10098: 10097:R. campestris 10093: 10092: 10090: 10088: 10087: 10082: 10076: 10074: 10069: 10068: 10066: 10064: 10063: 10058: 10052: 10050: 10049:O. oreotragus 10045: 10044: 10042: 10040: 10039: 10034: 10028: 10026: 10021: 10019: 10017: 10012: 10010: 10008: 10003: 10002: 10000: 9998: 9997: 9992: 9986: 9984: 9979: 9977: 9975: 9970: 9968: 9966: 9961: 9959: 9957: 9952: 9951: 9949: 9947: 9946: 9941: 9935: 9933: 9928: 9927: 9925: 9923: 9922: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9908: 9898: 9896: 9891: 9890: 9888: 9886: 9885: 9880: 9874: 9872: 9867: 9866: 9864: 9862: 9861: 9856: 9853: 9849: 9839: 9837: 9832: 9830: 9828: 9823: 9821: 9819: 9814: 9813: 9811: 9809: 9808: 9803: 9797: 9795: 9790: 9788: 9786: 9781: 9779: 9777: 9772: 9770: 9768: 9763: 9761: 9759: 9754: 9753: 9751: 9749: 9748: 9743: 9737: 9735: 9730: 9729: 9727: 9725: 9724: 9719: 9713: 9711: 9706: 9704: 9702: 9697: 9695: 9693: 9692:G. leptoceros 9688: 9686: 9684: 9679: 9677: 9675: 9670: 9668: 9666: 9661: 9659: 9657: 9652: 9650: 9648: 9643: 9642: 9640: 9638: 9637: 9632: 9626: 9624: 9619: 9617: 9615: 9610: 9608: 9606: 9601: 9599: 9597: 9596:E. albonotata 9592: 9591: 9589: 9587: 9586: 9581: 9575: 9573: 9572:A. cervicapra 9568: 9567: 9565: 9563: 9562: 9557: 9551: 9549: 9544: 9543: 9541: 9539: 9538: 9533: 9527: 9525: 9520: 9519: 9517: 9515: 9514: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9500: 9496: 9490: 9486: 9479: 9475: 9457: 9455: 9450: 9448: 9446: 9443:Giant eland ( 9441: 9440: 9438: 9436: 9435: 9430: 9424: 9422: 9421:T. sylvaticus 9417: 9415: 9413: 9408: 9406: 9404: 9399: 9397: 9395: 9390: 9388: 9386: 9383:Lesser kudu ( 9381: 9379: 9377: 9372: 9370: 9368: 9363: 9361: 9359: 9354: 9353: 9351: 9345: 9337: 9336: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9322: 9312: 9310: 9305: 9304: 9302: 9300: 9299: 9294: 9288: 9286: 9281: 9280: 9278: 9276: 9275: 9270: 9264: 9262: 9257: 9255: 9253: 9248: 9246: 9244: 9239: 9237: 9235: 9230: 9228: 9226: 9221: 9219: 9217: 9212: 9210: 9208: 9203: 9201: 9199: 9198:B. domesticus 9196:Bali cattle ( 9194: 9192: 9190: 9185: 9183: 9181: 9176: 9175: 9173: 9171: 9170: 9165: 9159: 9157: 9152: 9150: 9148: 9143: 9141: 9139: 9134: 9132: 9130: 9125: 9123: 9121: 9116: 9115: 9113: 9111: 9110: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9096: 9086: 9084: 9079: 9078: 9076: 9074: 9073: 9068: 9062: 9060: 9055: 9054: 9052: 9050: 9049: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9035: 9031: 9025: 9021: 9014: 9010: 8996: 8994: 8989: 8987: 8985: 8980: 8979: 8977: 8975: 8974: 8969: 8963: 8961: 8956: 8955: 8953: 8951: 8950: 8945: 8939: 8937: 8932: 8930: 8928: 8923: 8921: 8919: 8914: 8912: 8910: 8905: 8903: 8901: 8900:O. canadensis 8896: 8894: 8892: 8887: 8885: 8883: 8878: 8877: 8875: 8873: 8872: 8867: 8861: 8859: 8854: 8853: 8851: 8849: 8848: 8847:Nilgiritragus 8843: 8837: 8835: 8830: 8829: 8827: 8825: 8824: 8819: 8813: 8811: 8810:O. americanus 8806: 8805: 8803: 8801: 8800: 8795: 8789: 8787: 8782: 8780: 8778: 8773: 8771: 8769: 8764: 8762: 8760: 8755: 8754: 8752: 8750: 8749: 8744: 8738: 8736: 8735:H. jemlahicus 8731: 8730: 8728: 8726: 8725: 8720: 8714: 8712: 8707: 8705: 8703: 8698: 8696: 8694: 8689: 8687: 8685: 8680: 8679: 8677: 8675: 8674: 8669: 8663: 8661: 8656: 8654: 8652: 8647: 8645: 8643: 8638: 8636: 8634: 8631:Nubian ibex ( 8629: 8627: 8625: 8622:Alpine ibex ( 8620: 8618: 8616: 8611: 8609: 8607: 8602: 8600: 8598: 8593: 8591: 8589: 8584: 8582: 8580: 8575: 8574: 8572: 8570: 8569: 8564: 8558: 8556: 8551: 8550: 8548: 8546: 8545: 8540: 8534: 8532: 8527: 8526: 8524: 8522: 8521: 8516: 8510: 8508: 8503: 8502: 8500: 8498: 8497: 8492: 8488: 8482: 8478: 8471: 8467: 8453: 8451: 8447: 8441: 8439: 8435: 8429: 8427: 8423: 8413: 8411: 8406: 8405: 8403: 8401: 8400: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8389:Pantholopinae 8386: 8376: 8374: 8369: 8367: 8365: 8360: 8359: 8357: 8355: 8354: 8349: 8343: 8341: 8340:A. buselaphus 8336: 8335: 8333: 8331: 8330: 8325: 8319: 8317: 8312: 8310: 8308: 8303: 8302: 8300: 8298: 8297: 8292: 8286: 8284: 8279: 8278: 8276: 8274: 8273: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8259: 8249: 8247: 8244:Grey rhebok ( 8242: 8241: 8239: 8237: 8236: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8222: 8212: 8210: 8205: 8204: 8202: 8200: 8199: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8188:Aepycerotinae 8185: 8175: 8173: 8168: 8166: 8164: 8159: 8157: 8155: 8150: 8149: 8147: 8145: 8144: 8139: 8133: 8131: 8126: 8124: 8122: 8119:Nile lechwe ( 8117: 8115: 8113: 8108: 8106: 8104: 8099: 8097: 8095: 8090: 8089: 8087: 8085: 8084: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8070: 8060: 8058: 8053: 8052: 8050: 8048: 8047: 8042: 8036: 8034: 8029: 8027: 8025: 8020: 8018: 8016: 8011: 8009: 8007: 8002: 8001: 7999: 7997: 7996: 7991: 7985: 7983: 7978: 7976: 7974: 7969: 7968: 7966: 7964: 7963: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7952:Hippotraginae 7949: 7945: 7940: 7933: 7929: 7911: 7909: 7904: 7902: 7900: 7895: 7893: 7891: 7886: 7885: 7883: 7881: 7880: 7875: 7869: 7867: 7862: 7860: 7858: 7853: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7846: 7841: 7835: 7833: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7818: 7817: 7815: 7813: 7812: 7807: 7801: 7799: 7798:B. dichotomus 7794: 7793: 7791: 7789: 7788: 7783: 7777: 7775: 7772:Pampas deer ( 7770: 7769: 7767: 7765: 7764: 7759: 7753: 7751: 7746: 7744: 7742: 7737: 7735: 7733: 7732:M. nemorivaga 7728: 7726: 7724: 7719: 7717: 7715: 7710: 7708: 7706: 7701: 7699: 7697: 7692: 7690: 7688: 7683: 7681: 7679: 7676:Red brocket ( 7674: 7673: 7671: 7669: 7668: 7663: 7657: 7655: 7650: 7648: 7646: 7645:H. antisensis 7641: 7640: 7638: 7636: 7635: 7630: 7624: 7622: 7617: 7616: 7614: 7612: 7611: 7606: 7600: 7598: 7593: 7591: 7589: 7584: 7583: 7581: 7579: 7578: 7573: 7567: 7565: 7560: 7559: 7557: 7555: 7554: 7549: 7543: 7541: 7536: 7535: 7533: 7531: 7530: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7516: 7506: 7504: 7499: 7497: 7495: 7490: 7488: 7486: 7485:C. canadensis 7481: 7479: 7477: 7472: 7470: 7468: 7463: 7462: 7460: 7458: 7457: 7452: 7446: 7444: 7439: 7437: 7435: 7434:R. timorensis 7430: 7428: 7426: 7421: 7419: 7417: 7412: 7411: 7409: 7407: 7406: 7401: 7395: 7393: 7392:E. davidianus 7388: 7387: 7385: 7383: 7382: 7377: 7371: 7369: 7364: 7362: 7360: 7359:R. duvaucelii 7355: 7354: 7352: 7350: 7349: 7344: 7338: 7336: 7331: 7329: 7327: 7324:Bawean deer ( 7322: 7320: 7318: 7313: 7311: 7309: 7304: 7303: 7301: 7299: 7298: 7293: 7287: 7285: 7280: 7278: 7276: 7271: 7270: 7268: 7266: 7265: 7260: 7254: 7252: 7249:Tufted deer ( 7247: 7246: 7244: 7242: 7241: 7236: 7230: 7228: 7223: 7221: 7219: 7214: 7212: 7210: 7205: 7203: 7201: 7196: 7194: 7192: 7187: 7185: 7183: 7182:M. putaoensis 7178: 7176: 7174: 7169: 7167: 7165: 7160: 7158: 7156: 7151: 7149: 7147: 7142: 7140: 7138: 7133: 7131: 7129: 7128:M. crinifrons 7124: 7122: 7120: 7115: 7114: 7112: 7110: 7109: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7086: 7079: 7075: 7061: 7059: 7055: 7049: 7047: 7043: 7033: 7031: 7026: 7024: 7022: 7021:T. versicolor 7017: 7015: 7013: 7008: 7006: 7004: 6999: 6997: 6995: 6990: 6988: 6986: 6981: 6980: 6978: 6976: 6975: 6970: 6964: 6962: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6933: 6928: 6922: 6920: 6915: 6914: 6912: 6910: 6909: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6895: 6885: 6883: 6878: 6876: 6874: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6851: 6849: 6847: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6833: 6831: 6829: 6828:M. anhuiensis 6824: 6823: 6821: 6819: 6818: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6804: 6794: 6792: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6782:G. reticulata 6778: 6776: 6774: 6769: 6767: 6765: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6755: 6754: 6749: 6743: 6741: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6731: 6730: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6716: 6706: 6704: 6699: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6693: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6665: 6661: 6655: 6651: 6649: 6645: 6643: 6639: 6637: 6633: 6631: 6627: 6626: 6623: 6618: 6610: 6605: 6603: 6598: 6596: 6591: 6590: 6587: 6563: 6557: 6555: 6549: 6547: 6541: 6539: 6533: 6531: 6525: 6524: 6522: 6520: 6516: 6510: 6506:Artiodactyla 6504: 6502: 6496: 6494: 6488: 6486: 6480: 6478: 6472: 6470: 6466:Eulipotyphla 6464: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6449:Boreoeutheria 6446: 6440: 6434: 6432: 6426: 6424: 6418: 6416: 6410: 6408: 6402: 6400: 6396:Afrosoricida 6394: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6385: 6379: 6373: 6371: 6365: 6364: 6362: 6360: 6356: 6353: 6347: 6339: 6335: 6325: 6319: 6317: 6311: 6309: 6303: 6301: 6295: 6293: 6287: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6278: 6272: 6266: 6264: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6249: 6246: 6240: 6232: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6219: 6209: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6185: 6179: 6175: 6173: 6169: 6167: 6163: 6161: 6157: 6156: 6153: 6148: 6140: 6135: 6133: 6128: 6126: 6121: 6120: 6117: 6111: 6108: 6107: 6087: 6083: 6077: 6061: 6057: 6051: 6043: 6037: 6033: 6026: 6010: 6006: 6000: 5985: 5981: 5974: 5958: 5954: 5948: 5940: 5934: 5930: 5923: 5921: 5912: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5863: 5856: 5852: 5849: 5843: 5836: 5832: 5829: 5823: 5816: 5810: 5802: 5796: 5792: 5785: 5783: 5774: 5768: 5764: 5763: 5755: 5739: 5735: 5733:9781482295986 5729: 5726:. CRC Press. 5725: 5724: 5716: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5687:"Artiodactyl" 5682: 5680: 5678: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5629: 5623: 5619: 5614: 5613: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5558: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5523: 5515: 5509: 5505: 5498: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5468: 5460: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5422: 5413: 5405: 5399: 5395: 5388: 5379: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5336: 5328: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5285: 5277: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5226: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5164: 5156: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5123:BMC Evol Biol 5120: 5113: 5105: 5099: 5095: 5088: 5080: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5031: 5022: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4981:Owen, Richard 4976: 4960: 4956: 4954:9780801880223 4950: 4946: 4945: 4937: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4894:(3): 445–73. 4893: 4889: 4885: 4878: 4876: 4867: 4861: 4857: 4852: 4851: 4842: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4783: 4775: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4742: 4734: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4701: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4658:(3): 964–85. 4657: 4653: 4649: 4642: 4640: 4631: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4598: 4590: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4566: 4565:10.1038/41759 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4534: 4526: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4493: 4474: 4470: 4463: 4456: 4448: 4442: 4438: 4431: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4395: 4393: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4268: 4266: 4257: 4249: 4247:9780801887352 4243: 4239: 4235: 4228: 4226: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4173: 4164: 4160: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4140: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4054:(such as the 4053: 4045: 4040: 4031: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4020:water buffalo 4017: 4013: 4008: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3993:hippopotamids 3990: 3986: 3982: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3968:Olduvai Gorge 3964: 3963:domestication 3960: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3935:Domestication 3927: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3853: 3849: 3847: 3842: 3838: 3836: 3832: 3831:mating season 3828: 3824: 3820: 3812: 3807: 3798: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3766: 3765:mating season 3762: 3758: 3749: 3745: 3740: 3731: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3686: 3683: 3678: 3676: 3672: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3650: 3645: 3636: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3564: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3547: 3543: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3382: 3373: 3371: 3366: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3316: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3245: 3243: 3239: 3233: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3157: 3152: 3143: 3141: 3140:parietal bone 3137: 3127: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3053: 3048: 3041: 3036: 3029: 3024: 3023: 3022: 3019: 3015: 3007: 3002: 2993: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2967: 2963: 2961: 2957:Blue duiker ( 2955: 2944: 2943: 2937: 2933: 2931: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2824: 2820: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2806: 2802: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2786: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2732: 2731: 2725: 2720: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2696: 2695: 2687: 2686: 2678: 2677: 2668: 2664: 2663: 2655: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2644: 2637: 2636: 2633: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2622: 2615: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2590: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2579: 2572: 2571: 2568: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2558:(mouse deer) 2557: 2550: 2549: 2542: 2538: 2537: 2531: 2530: 2529:Cetruminantia 2526: 2525: 2522: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2511: 2504: 2503: 2497: 2496: 2492: 2491: 2488: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2477: 2470: 2469: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2451: 2446: 2443: 2427: 2426: 2418: 2417: 2409: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2392: 2391: 2388: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2375: 2368: 2367: 2360: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2339: 2338: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2307:), which had 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2255: 2254: 2246: 2245: 2237: 2236: 2228: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2211: 2210: 2207: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2190: 2189: 2182: 2178: 2177: 2174: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2157: 2156: 2149: 2145: 2144: 2141: 2140: 2132: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2115: 2114: 2111: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2094: 2093: 2086: 2082: 2081: 2070: 2069: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2012: 2010: 2009: 2004: 1994: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1975: 1974:Ichthyolestes 1970: 1969: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1897: 1873: 1869: 1868:goat-antelope 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1829: 1822: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1805: 1798: 1796:(one species) 1795: 1791: 1787: 1785: 1778: 1776: 1769: 1768: 1767: 1766: 1761: 1757: 1750: 1748: 1741: 1738: 1734: 1732: 1725: 1723: 1716: 1714: 1707: 1705: 1698: 1696: 1689: 1688: 1687: 1686: 1681: 1680: 1679: 1678: 1673: 1670: 1663: 1660: 1653: 1650: 1649:Xiphodontidae 1643: 1640: 1633: 1632: 1631: 1628: 1613: 1612:beaked whales 1609: 1605: 1604: 1602: 1598:(one species) 1597: 1593: 1592:Pontoporiidae 1589: 1587:(one species) 1586: 1582: 1581:Platanistidae 1578: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1565:(two species) 1564: 1560: 1556: 1555: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542:(one species) 1541: 1537: 1533: 1531:(two species) 1530: 1526: 1522: 1521: 1520: 1516: 1515:Physeteroidea 1512: 1508:(six species) 1507: 1503: 1499: 1497:(two species) 1496: 1492: 1488: 1487:Arctic whales 1484: 1480: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1468: 1467:, and others 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1453: 1451: 1450: 1445: 1439:(one species) 1438: 1434: 1430: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1412:baleen whales 1409: 1405:(one species) 1404: 1400: 1399:Cetotheriidae 1396: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1383: 1379: 1378: 1376: 1375: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1367: 1362: 1358: 1351: 1349: 1342: 1340: 1339:Ambulocetidae 1333: 1331: 1324: 1323: 1322: 1321: 1313: 1312: 1310: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1295: 1292: 1285: 1284: 1283: 1282: 1277: 1273: 1266: 1263: 1259: 1258:Cebochoeridae 1252: 1250: 1243: 1241: 1234: 1232: 1225: 1224: 1222: 1221:Dichobunoidea 1218: 1216: 1209: 1208: 1207: 1206: 1201: 1199: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1187:Andrewsarchus 1180: 1179: 1178: 1177: 1172: 1171: 1170: 1169: 1168:Cetruminantia 1164: 1160: 1153: 1151: 1150:Sanitheriidae 1144: 1141: 1137: 1134: 1130: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1102: 1099: 1098:Xiphodontidae 1092: 1090: 1083: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1066: 1059: 1057: 1050: 1047: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1032: 1030: 1023: 1021: 1014: 1012: 1005: 1003: 1002:Diacodexeidae 996: 995: 994: 990: 987: 986: 984: 974: 971: 967: 962: 960: 956: 952: 944: 940: 928: 924: 923: 922:Anoplotherium 918: 914: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 884: 880: 879: 874: 870: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 821: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 798:early Miocene 795: 791: 783: 779: 775: 773: 769: 765: 764: 759: 758:Diacodexeidae 755: 754:North America 751: 747: 743: 737: 727: 725: 721: 720:basilosaurids 717: 713: 709: 705: 704:cainotheriids 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 644: 642: 638: 632: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 516: 512: 509: 508:Ancient Greek 505: 504: 491: 443: 440: 436: 432: 424: 416: 413: 409: 397: 394: 392: 389: 388: 387: 384: 382: 379: 378: 377: 376:Cetruminantia 374: 372: 369: 368: 367: 364: 362: 359: 358: 356: 353:Subdivisions 351: 346: 341: 338: 335: 334: 331: 328: 325: 322: 321: 318: 315: 312: 311: 308: 305: 302: 299: 298: 295: 292: 289: 288: 285: 282: 279: 276: 275: 272: 269: 266: 265: 262: 259: 256: 255: 252: 249: 246: 245: 242: 239: 236: 235: 230: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 168: 149: 145: 141: 134: 129: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 73: 62: 59: 48: 38: 32: 29:This article 27: 23: 18: 17: 11353:Artiodactyls 11099:Artiodactyla 11086:Artiodactyla 11072:Artiodactyla 11042:Artiodactyla 11041: 10983: 10971: 10960:H. amphibius 10959: 10949:Hippopotamus 10947: 10927:Whippomorpha 10896: 10887: 10878: 10866: 10854: 10845: 10836: 10827: 10815: 10764: 10752: 10740: 10728: 10716: 10704: 10679: 10670: 10661: 10652: 10643: 10634: 10625: 10616: 10608:S. cebifrons 10607: 10598: 10589: 10577: 10565: 10556: 10544: 10532: 10520: 10509:P. africanus 10508: 10499: 10489:Phacochoerus 10487: 10475: 10463: 10451: 10442: 10434:B. babyrussa 10433: 10421: 10370: 10358: 10346: 10338:P. maxwellii 10337: 10329:P. monticola 10328: 10316: 10304: 10295: 10286: 10277: 10269:C. rufilatus 10268: 10259: 10250: 10241: 10232: 10223: 10214: 10205: 10196: 10187: 10186:Bay duiker ( 10179:C. crusalbum 10178: 10169: 10160: 10151: 10139: 10131:Cephalophini 10114: 10106:R. melanotis 10105: 10096: 10084: 10072: 10060: 10048: 10036: 10024: 10016:N. moschatus 10015: 10006: 9994: 9982: 9973: 9964: 9956:M. guentheri 9955: 9943: 9932:D. megalotis 9931: 9919: 9894: 9882: 9871:P. hodgsonii 9870: 9858: 9835: 9826: 9818:P. gutturosa 9817: 9805: 9793: 9784: 9775: 9766: 9757: 9745: 9733: 9721: 9709: 9700: 9691: 9682: 9674:G. erlangeri 9673: 9664: 9655: 9647:G. bennettii 9646: 9634: 9622: 9614:E. thomsonii 9613: 9605:E. rufifrons 9604: 9595: 9583: 9571: 9559: 9547: 9535: 9523: 9511: 9453: 9445:T. derbianus 9444: 9432: 9420: 9411: 9402: 9393: 9384: 9376:T. eurycerus 9375: 9366: 9357: 9333: 9325:Tragelaphini 9308: 9296: 9284: 9272: 9260: 9251: 9243:B. javanicus 9242: 9233: 9225:B. grunniens 9224: 9215: 9207:B. frontalis 9206: 9197: 9188: 9179: 9167: 9155: 9146: 9137: 9128: 9119: 9107: 9082: 9070: 9058: 9046: 8993:R. rupicapra 8992: 8984:R. pyrenaica 8983: 8971: 8959: 8947: 8935: 8926: 8925:Snow sheep ( 8917: 8908: 8907:Dall sheep ( 8899: 8890: 8881: 8869: 8858:N. hylocrius 8857: 8845: 8834:O. moschatus 8833: 8821: 8809: 8797: 8785: 8776: 8767: 8758: 8746: 8734: 8722: 8710: 8701: 8692: 8683: 8671: 8659: 8658:Walia ibex ( 8650: 8642:C. pyrenaica 8641: 8632: 8623: 8614: 8606:C. falconeri 8605: 8596: 8587: 8578: 8566: 8555:B. taxicolor 8554: 8542: 8530: 8518: 8506: 8494: 8410:P. hodgsonii 8409: 8397: 8372: 8363: 8353:Connochaetes 8351: 8339: 8338:Hartebeest ( 8327: 8315: 8306: 8294: 8282: 8270: 8262:Alcelaphinae 8246:P. capreolus 8245: 8233: 8208: 8196: 8171: 8162: 8154:R. arundinum 8153: 8141: 8129: 8121:K. megaceros 8120: 8111: 8102: 8093: 8081: 8056: 8044: 8032: 8023: 8014: 8005: 7993: 7981: 7972: 7960: 7907: 7898: 7889: 7877: 7865: 7856: 7843: 7831: 7821: 7809: 7797: 7796:Marsh deer ( 7785: 7773: 7761: 7749: 7740: 7731: 7722: 7713: 7704: 7695: 7686: 7678:M. americana 7677: 7665: 7653: 7644: 7634:Hippocamelus 7632: 7620: 7608: 7596: 7588:C. capreolus 7587: 7575: 7563: 7562:Water deer ( 7551: 7539: 7527: 7502: 7493: 7484: 7475: 7466: 7454: 7442: 7433: 7425:R. mariannus 7424: 7415: 7403: 7391: 7379: 7367: 7366:Eld's deer ( 7358: 7357:Barasingha ( 7346: 7334: 7325: 7316: 7307: 7295: 7283: 7274: 7262: 7250: 7238: 7226: 7218:M. vaginalis 7217: 7208: 7199: 7190: 7181: 7172: 7163: 7154: 7145: 7136: 7127: 7119:M. atherodes 7118: 7106: 7029: 7020: 7012:T. nigricans 7011: 7002: 6993: 6985:T. javanicus 6984: 6972: 6960: 6951: 6942: 6930: 6919:H. aquaticus 6918: 6906: 6881: 6872: 6863: 6854: 6845: 6836: 6827: 6815: 6790: 6781: 6772: 6763: 6751: 6740:O. johnstoni 6739: 6727: 6703:A. americana 6702: 6690: 6652:Superorder: 6646:Infraclass: 6617:Artiodactyla 6616: 6545:(Treeshrews) 6505: 6428:Proboscidea 6369:(Armadillos) 6252:Ameridelphia 6205:Monotremata 6090:. Retrieved 6076: 6064:. Retrieved 6050: 6031: 6025: 6013:. Retrieved 5999: 5987:. Retrieved 5984:The Guardian 5983: 5973: 5961:. Retrieved 5947: 5928: 5876: 5872: 5862: 5842: 5822: 5809: 5790: 5761: 5754: 5742:. Retrieved 5722: 5715: 5703:. Retrieved 5690: 5651: 5647: 5611: 5584:. Retrieved 5580:the original 5567: 5557: 5532: 5528: 5522: 5503: 5497: 5487:24 September 5485:. Retrieved 5476: 5467: 5430: 5427:BMC Genomics 5426: 5420: 5412: 5393: 5387: 5349: 5346:PLOS Biology 5345: 5335: 5298: 5294: 5284: 5239: 5235: 5225: 5174: 5170: 5163: 5126: 5122: 5112: 5093: 5087: 5044: 5040: 5030: 5021: 5009:. Retrieved 4992: 4988: 4975: 4963:. Retrieved 4943: 4936: 4924:. Retrieved 4891: 4887: 4849: 4841: 4829:. Retrieved 4796: 4792: 4782: 4755: 4751: 4741: 4714: 4710: 4700: 4688:. Retrieved 4655: 4651: 4611: 4607: 4597: 4547: 4543: 4533: 4506: 4502: 4492: 4480:. Retrieved 4473:the original 4468: 4455: 4436: 4430: 4405: 4401: 4349:(9): e7062. 4346: 4342: 4313:. Retrieved 4277: 4273: 4264: 4256: 4237: 4181: 4177: 4171: 4163: 4067:over-hunting 4064: 4052:synanthropic 4049: 4028:pack animals 4009: 3997:chew the cud 3956: 3902: 3859: 3850: 3843: 3839: 3816: 3784: 3782:seasonally. 3769: 3761:harem groups 3753: 3724:biodiversity 3697: 3682:carotid rete 3679: 3673: 3654: 3621:pelvic inlet 3602: 3598: 3584: 3561:gall bladder 3550: 3491: 3419: 3408:As with all 3379: 3367: 3348: 3332: 3237: 3234: 3229: 3221: 3217: 3212:, as in the 3205: 3193: 3185: 3184: 3161: 3136:frontal bone 3133: 3112: 3061: 3011: 2990: 2971: 2958: 2940: 2926: 2894:The hippos ( 2889:whippomorphs 2866:The bovids ( 2782:domestic pig 2729: 2667:Whippomorpha 2640: 2618: 2606:Cetancodonta 2604: 2575: 2553: 2539: 2507: 2493: 2473: 2461:Artiodactyla 2460: 2459: 2447: 2442:monophyletic 2438: 2395: 2371: 2345:Artiodactyla 2342: 2321: 2282: 2273:mesonychians 2214: 2193: 2160: 2118: 2097: 2063: 2032: 2028:Richard Owen 2018: 2006: 1999: 1987:mesonychians 1979:archaeocetes 1972: 1966: 1964: 1928:casein genes 1921: 1902: 1840:(49 species) 1762: 1682: 1674: 1629: 1614:(22 species) 1547:Superfamily 1536:Physeteridae 1519:sperm whales 1513:Superfamily 1483:Monodontidae 1478:(38 species) 1457:Delphinoidea 1455:Superfamily 1446: 1392:right whales 1382:right whales 1371: 1363: 1314: 1305: 1278: 1231:Dichobunidae 1219:Superfamily 1205:Whippomorpha 1202: 1185: 1173: 1165: 1123: 1115: 1089:Oromerycidae 1033: 1020:Robiacinidae 992: 988: 966:monophyletic 963: 948: 943:Richard Owen 920: 888: 876: 845: 823:The camels ( 822: 818:late Miocene 787: 761: 739: 700:anoplotheres 645: 641:paraphyletic 636: 573: 521: 518: 514: 511: 442:Artiodactyla 441: 431:Artiodactyls 430: 429: 418: 386:Whippomorpha 340:Artiodactyla 339: 323: 300: 290:Grandorder: 277: 215: 207: 200:Orcinus orca 199: 191: 183: 175: 70:55.4–0 64:Artiodactyls 58: 42: 30: 11198:iNaturalist 11066:Wikispecies 10837:L. guanicoe 10696:Tayassuidae 10660:Wild boar ( 10599:S. barbatus 10557:P. larvatus 10533:P. salvania 10531:Pygmy hog ( 10465:Hylochoerus 10318:Philantomba 10206:C. jentinki 10188:C. dorsalis 10141:Cephalophus 10025:N. pygmaeus 9983:M. saltiana 9921:Dorcatragus 9895:S. tatarica 9785:N. petersii 9723:Litocranius 9623:E. tilonura 9570:Blackbuck ( 9546:Springbok ( 9489:Antilopinae 9487:(subfamily 9434:Taurotragus 9401:Sitatunga ( 9394:T. scriptus 9385:T. imberbis 9342:(including 9335:Tragelaphus 9156:B. quarlesi 9038:Boselaphini 9022:(subfamily 8927:O. nivicola 8768:N. caudatus 8757:Red goral ( 8748:Naemorhedus 8711:C. swinhoei 8691:Red serow ( 8673:Capricornis 8651:C. sibirica 8588:C. caucasia 8579:C. aegagrus 8577:Wild goat ( 8531:A. jayakari 8520:Arabitragus 8479:(subfamily 8450:Antilopinae 8373:C. taurinus 8316:D. pygargus 8209:A. melampus 8130:K. vardonii 8092:Waterbuck ( 8033:O. leucoryx 7962:Hippotragus 7890:O. hemionus 7888:Mule deer ( 7787:Blastocerus 7696:M. bricenii 7654:H. bisulcus 7621:R. tarandus 7597:C. pygargus 7519:Capreolinae 7501:Sika deer ( 7443:R. unicolor 7432:Rusa deer ( 7335:A. porcinus 7155:M. montanus 6952:M. kathygre 6701:Pronghorn ( 6692:Antilocapra 6551:Dermoptera 6543:Scandentia 6535:Lagomorpha 6484:(Pangolins) 6474:Chiroptera 6430:(Elephants) 6420:Hyracoidea 6414:(Aardvarks) 6176:(unranked) 6092:15 November 5586:28 February 5011:16 February 4926:3 September 4831:3 September 4717:(1): 6–20. 4690:3 September 3976:Cro-Magnons 3791:crepuscular 3772:territorial 3661:litter size 3497:chevrotains 3430:oral mucosa 3336:mastication 3240:, known as 3218:Alces alces 3115:zygopodiums 2904:pygmy hippo 2789:Tayassuidae 2712:Artiofabula 2495:Artiofabula 2311:instead of 2037:(including 1946:sequences, 1938:sequences, 1905:systematics 1763:Infraorder 1683:Infraorder 1540:sperm whale 1502:Phocoenidae 1472:Delphinidae 1330:Pakicetidae 1320:Archaeoceti 1306:Infraorder 1279:Infraorder 1262:Cebochoerus 1140:Tayassuidae 1118:Artiofabula 955:semiaquatic 895:land bridge 878:Sivatherium 849:(including 782:Entelodonts 712:entelodonts 643:in nature. 506:, from 366:Artiofabula 294:Ferungulata 176:Bison bison 11347:Categories 10973:Choeropsis 10855:L. vicugna 10741:C. wagneri 10644:S. oliveri 10635:S. heureni 10371:S. grimmia 10360:Sylvicapra 10347:P. walteri 10260:C. rubidis 10251:C. ogilbyi 10197:C. harveyi 10161:C. brookei 10115:R. sharpei 10095:Steenbok ( 10086:Raphicerus 10038:Oreotragus 9911:Neotragini 9860:Pantholops 9776:N. notatus 9734:L. walleri 9683:G. gazella 9656:G. cuvieri 9645:Chinkara ( 9537:Antidorcas 9524:A. clarkei 9513:Ammodorcas 9503:Antilopini 9403:T. spekeii 9367:T. buxtoni 9358:T. angasii 9250:Wild yak ( 9234:B. indicus 9189:B. bonasus 9129:B. bubalis 9072:Boselaphus 9048:Tetracerus 8918:O. gmelini 8786:N. griseus 8759:N. baileyi 8724:Hemitragus 8693:C. rubidus 8684:C. crispus 8633:C. nubiana 8496:Ammotragus 8399:Pantholops 8329:Alcelaphus 8314:Bontebok ( 8307:D. lunatus 8296:Damaliscus 8283:B. hunteri 8172:R. redunca 8073:Reduncinae 8024:O. gazella 7973:H. equinus 7899:O. pandora 7879:Odocoileus 7763:Ozotoceros 7619:Reindeer ( 7564:H. inermis 7553:Hydropotes 7476:C. elaphus 7474:Red deer ( 7416:R. alfredi 7333:Hog deer ( 7191:M. reevesi 7164:M. muntjak 6994:T. kanchil 6961:M. meminna 6908:Hyemoschus 6898:Tragulidae 6855:M. cupreus 6773:G. giraffa 6719:Giraffidae 6670:Ruminantia 6490:Carnivora 6482:Pholidota 6388:Afrotheria 6367:Cingulata 6348:inclusive) 6270:(Opossums) 6241:inclusive) 6231:Metatheria 6188:Yinotheria 6172:Vertebrata 6170:Subphylum 6015:17 October 5989:26 October 5744:17 October 5705:17 October 5433:(1): 241. 5200:11336/7302 4315:16 October 4265:Diacodexis 4172:Diacodexis 4156:References 4131:endangered 4125:, and the 4014:, fur, or 3939:See also: 3882:crocodiles 3870:large cats 3866:carnivores 3811:wildebeest 3785:There are 3728:grasslands 3704:Antarctica 3511:diet. The 3509:omnivorous 3501:Ruminantia 3485:) produce 3444:, and the 3428:, and the 3370:selenodont 3359:water deer 3230:Pronghorns 3226:Giraffidae 3186:True horns 3180:pronghorns 3006:mouse deer 2974:quadrupeds 2915:Odontoceti 2863:(caribou). 2839:The deer ( 2812:Giraffidae 2805:Tragulidae 2798:Ruminantia 2772:The pigs ( 2754:, llamas, 2556:Tragulidae 2541:Ruminantia 2374:Mesonychia 2287:, such as 2196:Tragulidae 2148:Selenodont 2059:Ruminantia 2043:selenodont 2008:Epirigenys 1940:cytochrome 1936:fibrinogen 1810:Giraffidae 1737:Tragulidae 1677:Ruminantia 1449:Odontoceti 1447:Parvorder 1437:gray whale 1390:: greater 1388:Balaenidae 1372:Parvorder 1315:Parvorder 1240:Helohyidae 1215:Raoellidae 763:Diacodexis 734:See also: 522:, dáktylos 381:Ruminantia 317:Euungulata 313:Mirorder: 284:Scrotifera 192:Sus scrofa 10925:Suborder 10835:Guanaco ( 10807:Camelidae 10793:Suborder 10765:D. tajacu 10754:Dicotyles 10730:Catagonus 10717:T. pecari 10662:S. scrofa 10566:P. porcus 10555:Bushpig ( 10423:Babyrousa 10399:Suborder 10296:C. weynsi 10287:C. spadix 10152:C. adersi 10073:O. ourebi 10007:N. batesi 9996:Neotragus 9965:M. kirkii 9767:N. granti 9732:Gerenuk ( 9701:G. spekei 9665:G. dorcas 9522:Dibatag ( 9309:S. caffer 9274:Pseudoryx 9261:B. taurus 9241:Banteng ( 9216:B. gaurus 9145:Tamaraw ( 8991:Chamois ( 8973:Rupicapra 8960:P. nayaur 8936:O. vignei 8916:Mouflon ( 8615:C. hircus 8604:Markhor ( 8507:A. lervia 8272:Beatragus 8198:Aepyceros 8022:Gemsbok ( 8015:O. dammah 7857:P. carlae 7750:M. temama 7741:M. rufina 7705:M. chunyi 7687:M. bororo 7577:Capreolus 7503:C. nippon 7494:C. hanglu 7381:Elaphurus 7326:A. kuhlii 7240:Elaphodus 7108:Muntiacus 6943:M. indica 6932:Moschiola 6864:M. fuscus 6807:Moschidae 6668:Suborder 6628:Kingdom: 6559:Primates 6553:(Colugos) 6527:Rodentia 6422:(Hyraxes) 6359:Xenarthra 6346:Placental 6239:Marsupial 5963:26 August 5893:1744-9561 5576:2246/5180 5217:206544776 5061:0021-8782 4482:23 August 4302:134967454 4127:pygmy hog 4056:wild boar 3999:, and of 3908:nematodes 3904:Parasites 3846:precocial 3823:temperate 3795:nocturnal 3757:hierarchy 3718:and high 3689:Lifestyle 3605:testicles 3559:, lack a 3529:Peccaries 3487:cellulase 3454:reticulum 3438:reticulum 3422:ruminants 3410:ruminants 3363:lower jaw 3355:upper jaw 3340:omnivores 3222:Ossicones 3176:ossicones 3168:musk deer 3087:orangutan 3018:hind legs 2919:Mysticeti 2911:cetaceans 2880:antelopes 2834:pronghorn 2823:Moschidae 2778:wild boar 2744:dromedary 2740:Camelidae 2724:pronghorn 2645:(whales) 2478:(camels) 2450:cladogram 2330:Paraxonia 2301:Paleocene 2295:, due to 2181:Ruminants 2055:ruminants 1968:Pakicetus 1924:ruminants 1849:musk deer 1845:Moschidae 1794:pronghorn 1722:Gelocidae 1685:Tragulina 1675:Suborder 1608:Ziphiidae 1570:Lipotidae 1506:porpoises 1465:porpoises 1374:Mysticeti 1281:Ancodonta 1203:Suborder 1124:Suborder 1071:Camelidae 1034:Suborder 951:cetaceans 883:ossicones 863:Old World 859:peccaries 855:Oligocene 660:antelopes 652:peccaries 566:porpoises 554:intestine 546:cellulose 534:vestigial 526:ungulates 391:Ancodonta 330:Paraxonia 247:Kingdom: 241:Eukaryota 188:wild boar 180:dromedary 45:July 2023 37:talk page 11242:14200001 11051:Wikidata 10897:C. ferus 10853:Vicuña ( 10846:L. pacos 10844:Alpaca ( 10828:L. glama 10795:Tylopoda 10305:C. zebra 10233:C. niger 9807:Procapra 9585:Eudorcas 9561:Antilope 9298:Syncerus 9259:Cattle ( 9252:B. mutus 9180:B. bison 9120:B. arnee 9081:Nilgai ( 8958:Bharal ( 8949:Pseudois 8909:O. dalli 8891:O. aries 8882:O. ammon 8880:Argali ( 8832:Muskox ( 8799:Oreamnos 8777:N. goral 8660:C. walie 8544:Budorcas 8481:Caprinae 8426:Caprinae 8281:Hirola ( 8225:Peleinae 8207:Impala ( 8112:K. leche 8110:Lechwe ( 8006:O. beisa 7982:H. niger 7643:Taruca ( 7610:Rangifer 7540:A. alces 7441:Sambar ( 7368:R. eldii 7348:Rucervus 7306:Chital ( 7098:Cervinae 7085:Cervidae 7046:Cervidae 6974:Tragulus 6648:Eutheria 6642:Mammalia 6636:Chordata 6634:Phylum: 6630:Animalia 6436:Sirenia 6338:Eutheria 6166:Chordata 6160:Animalia 6158:Kingdom 6086:Archived 6066:12 March 6060:Archived 6009:Archived 5957:Archived 5911:18426746 5851:Archived 5831:Archived 5738:Archived 5699:Archived 5549:24148672 5481:Archived 5459:17640355 5378:31800571 5327:22628470 5276:22930817 5209:23393258 5155:17101039 5079:27396988 5005:Archived 4983:(1848). 4959:Archived 4920:Archived 4916:45056197 4908:16094808 4825:Archived 4821:12878460 4774:12446807 4733:12078645 4684:Archived 4680:18590827 4383:19774069 4343:PLOS ONE 4306:Archived 4208:22938073 4137:See also 4083:bluebuck 3912:botflies 3906:include 3892:, large 3835:tropical 3748:giraffes 3591:erection 3513:babirusa 3493:Tylopoda 3479:protozoa 3475:bacteria 3471:microbes 3446:abomasum 3351:incisors 3344:diastema 3242:reindeer 3198:Cervidae 3119:clavicle 2942:Indohyus 2902:and the 2861:reindeer 2849:red deer 2841:Cervidae 2752:guanacos 2748:Bactrian 2736:Tylopoda 2476:Tylopoda 2293:sea cows 2163:Tylopoda 2051:tylopods 2047:ruminate 2020:Linnaeus 1872:antelope 1834:Cervidae 1525:Kogiidae 1036:Tylopoda 867:Americas 829:Cenozoic 825:Tylopoda 814:Pliocene 668:giraffes 562:dolphins 520:δάκτυλος 515:, ártios 499:-tee-oh- 412:Synonyms 361:Tylopoda 271:Mammalia 261:Chordata 257:Phylum: 251:Animalia 237:Domain: 214:(Genus: 204:red deer 144:Holocene 11009:Cetacea 11000:Cetacea 10868:Camelus 10826:Llama ( 10706:Tayassu 10522:Porcula 10071:Oribi ( 10062:Ourebia 9945:Madoqua 9930:Beira ( 9851:Saigini 9758:N. dama 9636:Gazella 9485:Bovidae 9483:Family 9454:T. oryx 9374:Bongo ( 9356:Nyala ( 9283:Saola ( 9205:Gayal ( 9109:Bubalus 9024:Bovinae 9020:Bovidae 9018:Family 8934:Urial ( 8624:C. ibex 8553:Takin ( 8477:Bovidae 8475:Family 8438:Bovinae 8364:C. gnou 8143:Redunca 8055:Addax ( 7939:Bovidae 7937:Family 7845:Pudella 7832:P. pudu 7723:M. nana 7538:Moose ( 7308:A. axis 7275:D. dama 7137:M. feae 7083:Family 7058:Bovidae 7003:T. napu 6817:Moschus 6753:Giraffa 6738:Okapi ( 6640:Class: 6619:species 6615:Extant 6375:Pilosa 6178:Amniota 6164:Phylum 6145:Extant 5902:2610139 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