487:, the heavily Democratic Congress passed a raft of liberal legislation. Labor union leaders claimed credit for the widest range of liberal laws since the New Deal era, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964; the Voting Rights Act of 1965; the War on Poverty; aid to cities and education; increased Social Security benefits; and Medicare for the elderly. The 1966 elections were an unexpected disaster, with defeats for many of the more liberal Democrats. According to Alan Draper, the AFL-CIO Committee on Political Action (COPE) was the main electioneering unit of the labor movement. It ignored the White backlash against civil rights, which had become a main Republican attack point. The COPE assumed falsely that union members were interested in issues of greatest salience to union leadership, but polls showed this was not true as the members were much more conservative. The younger ones were much more concerned about taxes and crime, and the older ones had not overcome racial biases. Labor unions began to lose their members and influence in the 1970s as the economy became more service-oriented and the proportion of manufacturing jobs declined. Companies began relocating manufacturing jobs to
911:
possible majorities. They did this by converting some
Republicans, mobilizing large numbers who had never voted before. Milton Rakove states: "Holding the South and delivering thumping majorities in the big cities of the North insured national hegemony for the Democratic party." The new majorities did not matter in the great 1936 landslide, but they were decisive in 1940. A third of the electorate lived in the 106 cities with a population of 100,000 or more. They were 61% for FDR. The South had a sixth of the electorate and FDR won 73%. The remaining half of the electorate—the non-metropolitan North—voted 53% for the Republican Wendell Willkie. The largest possible landslide was needed, and the city machines came through in 1940, 1944, and 1948. In the 1920s strong big city Republican machines were common. During the Great Depression their support plunged, and they were displaced by Democratic machines in Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Chicago, St. Louis, and elsewhere. Across the urban North blacks deserted the GOP and were welcomed into the Democratic machine.
687:
whereby all the state's newspapers opposed him and refused to cover his ideas. The
Republican leadership realized the California electorate was moving left so it went along. Its 1934 platform endorsed not just the Townsend Plan but also the 30 hour work week, unemployment relief, and collective bargaining for all workers. The GOP wanted to win votes but in the process it legitimized a social welfare state as a bipartisan ideal. Consequently, the California experience helped push New Deal towards social welfare legislation, especially the WPA and Social Security. Sinclair's campaign gave aspiring Democratic leaders a boost, most notably
597:, then later under Reagan, were able to corral these voters with promises to be tough on law and order. The votes of blue-collar workers contributed heavily to the Republican landslides of 1972 and 1984, and to a lesser extent 1980 and 1988. At the presidential level, the GOP made inroads among urban, middle-class White Southerners as early as 1928 and later in 1952. Starting in 1980, Reagan pulled together both middle-class and working-class White Southerners. At the state and local level the GOP made steady gains in both White groups until reaching majority status in most of the South by 2000.
700:
In terms of religion, northern White
Protestants were 42% Democratic, White Catholics were 68% Democratic. Social class and religious affiliation added had separate effects that could add together, so that Catholic blue-collar workers were 76% Democratic, while Protestant blue-collar workers were only 52% Democratic. Throughout the period better educated higher income middle-class voters were more Republican so that the average Northern Protestant white collar voter was 69% Republican, while a Catholic counterpart was only 41% Republican. A Gallup poll of listees in
355:, which had long been a Republican stronghold with a promise of prosperity. The worsening depression enabled the Democrats to convince some Republicans to switch parties while mobilizing large numbers of ethnics who had not voted before. Democrats capitalized on Roosevelt's popularity to win the 1933 mayoral race. The WPA then played a critical role in the consolidation of the Democratic machine. By 1936 the Democrats had a majority in the registration rolls for the first time since the Civil War. That November FDR won 70% of the Pittsburgh vote.
263:, some third parties, universities, and foundations. It was largely opposed by the Republican Party, the business community, and rich Protestants. In creating his coalition, Roosevelt was at first eager to include liberal Republicans and some radical third parties, even if it meant downplaying the "Democratic" name. By the 1940s, the Republican and third-party allies had mostly been defeated. In 1948, the Democratic Party stood alone and survived the splits that created two splinter parties.
323:, labor unions, Northern religious and ethnic minorities (Catholic, Jewish, and Black), and Southern Whites. These voting blocs together formed a majority of voters and handed the Democratic Party seven victories out of nine presidential elections (1932–1948, 1960, 1964), as well as control of both houses of Congress during all but four years between the years 1932–1980 (Republicans won small majorities in 1946 and 1952). Political scientists describe this realignment as the "
881:. In addition, Democratic-led state governments were much more favorable to unions than the pro-business Republicans had been. In 1940 FDR won 64% of non-union manual workers, 71% of AFL members, and 79% of CIO members. Union membership grew rapidly during World War II. In 1944 FDR won 56% of non-union manual workers, 69% of AFL members, and 79% of CIO members. Truman in 1948 had similar results. The more militant industrial unions, led by
373:
for reelection in 1936, Roosevelt personalized the campaign and downplayed the
Democratic Party name. In contrast to his 1933 position as a neutral moderator between business and workers, he now became a strong labor union supporter. He crusaded against the rich upper class, denouncing the "economic royalists". He worked with third parties on the left: the
397:(ALP), a union-dominated left-wing group that supported Roosevelt in 1936, 1940,and 1944. The role of the ALP was to funnel socialists who distrusted the Democratic Party into the New Deal coalition. In 1940 La Guardia chaired the nationwide Committee of Independent Voters for Roosevelt; in return, the president put him in charge of the
898:, head of the coal miners; he headed the CIO 1938–1941. Lewis was an isolationist and broke with Roosevelt and endorsed his Republican opponent in the 1940 election, a position demanded by the pro-Soviet far left element in the CIO. Nevertheless, CIO members voted for Roosevelt and Lewis was forced to leave the CIO, taking his
704:
in early 1936 showed that only 31% planned to vote for
Roosevelt. Nationwide, Roosevelt won 36% of the votes of business and professional voters in 1940, 48% of lower-level white-collar workers, 66% of blue-collar workers, and 54% of farmers. The strongest component of the New Deal coalition was the
638:
of
Wisconsin. He disliked the conservativism of Wisconsin Democrats and preferred to work with the Progressive Party there. The Farmer-Labor Party of Minnesota made an informal alliance with FDR and supported him in 1936; the Minnesota Democrats were a weak third party. The White House supported the
585:
was: “We know big government does not have all the answers. We know there's not a program for every problem....The era of big government is over.” Clinton went on to cut New Deal-inspired welfare programs and repeal some of the New Deal's restrictions on banks. Clinton largely accepted the neoliberal
1385:
Labor unions crested in size and power in the 1950s but then went into steady decline. They continue to be major backers of the
Democrats, but with so few members, they have lost much of their influence. From the 1960s into the 1990s, many jobs moved to the Sun Belt free of union influences, and the
334:
City machines had major roles to play. Most important, the New Deal coalition had to carry entire states, not just cities. The largest possible landslide was needed, and the city machines came through in 1940, 1944, and 1948. They kept the voters by providing federal jobs aimed at the unemployed—the
1418:
lured many of the
Southern Whites back at the level of presidential voting, but by 2000, White males in the South were 2–1 Republican and, indeed, formed a major part of the new Republican coalition. Since the 2010s, younger non-evangelical White Southerners with a college degree have been trending
910:
City
Democratic machines had a new role to play. Traditionally the goal of winning power in the city was facilitated by keeping the vote low and under close watch. As part of the national New Deal coalition, the machines had to carry the state's electoral vote. That required turning out the largest
699:
In the North, class and ethnicity proved decisive factors in the New Deal coalition as shown by polling data in presidential and congressional elections from 1936 through 1968. Blue-collar workers average 63% Democratic. White collar workers, representing the middle class, averaged 43% Democratic.
432:
Being a voter or a
Democrat was not a prerequisite for a relief job. Federal law specifically prohibited any political discrimination regarding WPA workers. Vague charges were bandied about at the time. The consensus of experts is that: “In the distribution of WPA project jobs as opposed to those
372:
spoiled the dream. Sensing how quickly public opinion was becoming more radical, Roosevelt moved left. He attacked big business. His major innovations now were social security for the elderly, the WPA for the unemployed, and a new labor relations act to support and encourage labor unions. Running
1449:
African Americans grew stronger in their Democratic loyalties and in their numbers. From the 1930s into the 1960s, black voters in the North began trending Democrat, while those in the South were largely disenfranchised. Following the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s, black voters became a much
604:
by Republicans to appeal to a backlash against Democratic national support for civil rights. However, a minority of scholars consider a demographic change in addition to race. They argue that the collapse of cotton agriculture, the growth of a suburban middle class, and the large-scale arrival of
686:
which had a strong following. The Republican candidate endorsed the Townsend Plan and won the movement's support. Sinclair was narrowly defeated by a combination of defections of prominent Democrats—including Roosevelt—as well as a massive smear campaign using Hollywood techniques and a blackout
681:
program promised to end poverty and unemployment by a setting up state-owned factories to hire the unemployed, and by increasing pensions for the elderly. Critics said it would flood the state with unemployed from everywhere else. Sinclair had a pension plan of his own and refused to endorse the
307:
opposed federal relief efforts as unwarranted, believing that market actors and local governments were better suited to address the situation. As the depression worsened, voters became increasingly dissatisfied with this approach and came to view President Hoover as indifferent to their economic
1393:
unwilling to support most of the Democratic presidential nominees. Since the 1990s, the growing number of Americans with a post-graduate degree have supported Democrats. In recent years, White Americans with a college degree have tended to support the Democratic Party, especially among younger
914:
Ethnics and Catholics were concentrated in large cities, which gave them a more Democratic hue. The 103 largest cities with a population of 100,000 or more in 1950 were Democratic strongholds, typically with former machines that had faded away during and after World War II. The largest cities
1397:
White Southerners abandoned cotton and tobacco farming, and moved to the cities where the New Deal programs had much less impact. Beginning in the 1950s, the southern cities and suburbs started voting Republican. The White Southerners believed the support that northern Democrats gave to the
893:
in 1938. Both federations added members rapidly, but they feuded bitterly. Both supported Roosevelt and the New Deal Coalition. The nationwide wave of labor strikes in 1937–38 alienated many voters, and the split weakened the New Deal coalition. The most controversial labor leader was
1450:
more important part of the Democrat voter base. Their Democratic loyalties have cut across all income and geographic lines to form the single most unified bloc of voters in the country, with over 87% of black voters voting for the Democratic presidential candidate since 2008.
433:
of a supervisory and administrative nature politics plays only a minor in a comparatively insignificant role." However those who were hired were reminded at election time that FDR created their job and the Republicans would take it away. The great majority voted accordingly.
255:, blue-collar workers, big city machines, racial and religious minorities (especially Jews, Catholics, and African Americans), white Southerners, and intellectuals. Besides voters the coalition included powerful interest groups: Democratic Party organizations in most states,
547:. Besides Johnson, another who came closest was Robert Kennedy, the likely Democratic candidate in 1968. The assassinations of Martin Luther King and Robert Kennedy, in the space of just two months, seem to have been an almost fatal blow to the New Deal coalition prospects.
429:, as well as other job agencies. He helped state and local Democratic organizations set up systems to select likely candidates for the federal payroll. In the 1940s most of the big city machines collapsed, with a few exceptions such as Chicago and Albany, New York.
652:
As the economy began to improve in 1933–34, people loudly demanded faster action and pushed the New Dealers to the left. Labor strikes grew to large scale, especially in California and Minnesota. Textile workers launched the largest strike in national history
417:, who served simultaneously as chair of the New York State Democratic Party, chair of the Democratic National Committee (DNC), and Postmaster General in FDR's cabinet, as well as FDR's campaign manager in 1932 and 1940. He handled traditional patronage for the
2740:
643:
whereby the FLP would get some of the patronage, and in turn the FLP would work to block a third-party ticket against Roosevelt in 1936. The radical third parties declined rapidly after 1936 and no longer played a part in the New Deal coalition.
665:, had both been active Roosevelt supporters in 1932. They now broke away and set up national appeals to millions of supporters, with talk of a third party to the left of Roosevelt in 1936. Long was assassinated but his followers did set up the
2453:
Nate Cohn, "How Educational Differences Are Widening America’s Political Rift: College graduates are now a firmly Democratic bloc, and they are shaping the party’s future. Those without degrees, by contrast, have flocked to Republicans."
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for patronage; when it ended in 1943, there was full employment and no replacement patronage source was created. Furthermore, World War II brought such a surge of prosperity that the relief mechanism of the New Deal was no longer needed.
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270:. They typically controlled both Houses of Congress before the 1990s. The coalition began to weaken with the collapse of big city machines after 1940, the steady decline of labor unions after 1970, the bitter factionalism during the
1430:. Many middle-class ethnic minorities saw the Democratic Party as a working class party, and preferred the GOP as the middle class party. In addition, while many supported the 1964 Civil Rights Act, they were generally opposed to
3157:
2717:
Mott, James Clinton. "The fate of an alliance: The Roosevelt coalition, 1932–1952" (PhD thesis, University of Illinois at Chicago ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1988. 8821023) statistical reanalysis of Gallup
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states, free of labor union influences, and many Americans followed suit. As a result, union membership steadily declined. Labor unions were painted as corrupt, ineffective, and outdated by the Republican Party.
1771:
The most frequent claim is that Kentucky Democrats purchased WPA votes in the 1935 gubernatorial campaign. For a refutation see Robert J. Leupold, "The Kentucky WPA: Relief and Politics, May–November 1935,"
363:
The president in 1933 wanted to bring all major groups together, business and labor, banker and borrower, farms and towns, liberals and conservatives. The escalating attacks from the right, typified by the
1514:
Hence the center-left of U.S. politics, symbolized by the New Deal Coalition which had given the Democrats comfortable majorities in Washington for a long time, disintegrated from the mid-1960s onwards.
581:
held that regulation was bad for economic growth and that tax cuts would bring sustained prosperity. In 1994 the Republicans swept control of Congress for the first time since 1952. The response of
1434:, and also supported the Republican stance against rising urban crime. However, the Jewish community has continued to vote largely Democratic: 74% voted for the Democratic presidential candidate in
468:
had been able to temporarily peel several elements of the coalition into the Republican column, notably some Northern farmers and manual workers and middle-class voters in the Border South. In the
519:
further split the coalition and drove many Whites away, signalling that the coalition started to fall. The War in Vietnam split the liberal coalition into hawks (led by Johnson and Vice President
393:
who had controlled city hall. La Guardia was the candidate of the ad-hoc City Fusion Party, winning the mayoralty in 1933 and reelection in 1937 and 1941. La Guardia was also the nominee of the
915:
averaged 66% for FDR in 1932 and 1936, compared to 58% of the rest of the country. The cities dropped 5 points to 61% for FDR in 1940 and 1944, while the rest dropped 7 points to 51%.
461:" that had developed over the previous 20 years. He wrote that "to an appreciable part of the electorate, the Democrats had replaced the Republicans as the party of prosperity."
441:
After the end of the Great Depression around 1941, the next challenge was to keep Democratic majorities alive. It seemed impossible after the GOP landslide in 1946. Journalist
605:
Northern migrants outweighed the racist factor. Both viewpoints agree that the politicization of religious issues important to White Southern Protestants (i.e. opposition to
266:
The coalition made the Democratic Party the majority party nationally for decades. Democrats lost control of the White House only in 1952 and 1956 during the broadly popular
1746:
244:
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691:, who was elected governor in 1938. Needing an alternative to the New Deal's Social Security system, many Republicans around the country endorsed the Townsend Plan.
3627:
539:(president 1963–1969), who tried to reinvigorate the old coalition but was unable to hold together the feuding components, especially after his handling of the
2550:
Caughey, Devin, Michael C. Dougal, and Eric Schickler. "Policy and Performance in the New Deal Realignment: Evidence from old data and new methods."
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Sheppard, Si. " 'If it wasn't for Roosevelt you wouldn't have this job': The Politics of Patronage and the 1936 Presidential Election in New York."
1798:
Si Sheppard, “ ‘If it weren't for Roosevelt you wouldn't have this job': The Politics of Patronage and the 1936 Presidential Election in New York,”
3051:
Luconi, Stefano. "Machine politics and the consolidation of the Roosevelt majority: The case of Italian Americans in Pittsburgh and Philadelphia."
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Caughey, Devin, Michael Dougal, and Eric Schickler. "The Policy Bases of the New Deal Realignment: Evidence from Public Opinion Polls, 1936–1952."
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3647:
240:
2572:
1477:
3652:
3167:
2982:
Eldersveld, Samuel J. "The Influence of Metropolitan Party Pluralities in Presidential Elections Since 1920: A Study of Twelve Key Cities"
2362:
Samuel J. Eldersveld, "The Influence of Metropolitan Party Pluralities in Presidential Elections Since 1920: A Study of Twelve Key Cities"
219:
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670:
469:
446:
313:
271:
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Roosevelt wanted a coalition that was broader than just the Democratic Party. He admired old Progressives now in the GOP, such as
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3391:
344:
140:
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and spent his time in office building a powerful nationwide coalition and keeping his partners from squabbling with each other.
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Sugrue, Thomas J. "Crabgrass-roots politics: Race, rights, and the reaction against liberalism in the urban north, 1940–1964."
320:
183:
2555:
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programs, and the follow-up Democratic presidents. It was composed of voting blocs who supported them. The coalition included
3396:
3386:
2728:
Nelson, Michael. "The Historical Presidency: Lost Confidence: The Democratic Party, the Vietnam War, and the 1968 Election."
2012:
Joe Merton, "The politics of symbolism: Richard Nixon's appeal to White ethnics and the frustration of realignment 1969–72."
300:
1899:
Michael Nelson, "The Historical Presidency: Lost Confidence: The Democratic Party, the Vietnam War, and the 1968 Election."
3501:
3477:
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voters, while non-college graduates are more likely to support the Republican Party—a reversal of the pattern before 2000.
886:
878:
418:
1389:
Intellectuals gave increasing support to Democrats since 1932. The Vietnam War, however, caused a serious split, with the
3076:
2829:
Schickler, Eric, and Devin Caughey, "Public Opinion, Organized Labor, and the Limits of New Deal Liberalism, 1936–1945,"
3282:
2922:
465:
260:
252:
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Salvatore, Nick, and Jefferson Cowie. "The Long Exception: Rethinking the Place of the New Deal in American History."
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voters disliked the goal of racial integration and became fearful of rising urban crime. The Republicans, first under
3011:
2735:
Norpoth, Helmut, Andrew H. Sidman, and Clara H. Suong. "Polls and Elections: The New Deal Realignment in Real Time."
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654:
275:
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3406:
610:
374:
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2673:
Leuchtenburg, William E. "Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932–1940." (1963), a standard scholarly survey
677:, a famous novelist and socialist won the Democratic nomination for governor, on a left-wing ticket in 1934. His
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899:
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1733:
1378:
606:
532:
422:
348:
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890:
153:
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Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal: The Growth of the Conservative Coalition in Congress, 1933–39
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3426:
3356:
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666:
566:
508:
426:
378:
340:
283:
3232:
2271:(Bureau of Applied Social Research, Columbia University, 1948); Hadley Cantril and Mildred Strunk, eds.
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3451:
3381:
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3361:
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A New Deal for Blacks: The Emergence of Civil Rights as a National Issue, Vol. I: The Depression Decade
2000:
582:
570:
569:(1981–1989), Republicans took control of prosperity issues, largely because of the poor performance of
398:
336:
224:
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began in 1929 and was often blamed on Republicans and their big business allies. Republican president
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3507:
678:
635:
214:
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3527:
1499:
Intellectual Radicalism after 1989: Crisis and Re-orientation in the British and the American Left
3512:
3441:
3320:
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Dynamics of the Party System: Alignment and Realignment of Political Parties in the United States
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The President and the Parties: The Transformation of the American Party System Since the New Deal
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Transformations of the American Party System: Political Coalitions from the New Deal to the 1970s
2523:
1647:
Transformations of the American Party System: Political Coalitions from the New Deal to the 1970s
877:
The New Dealers made a major, successful effort to build up labor unions, especially through the
365:
3156:
Blake, William. "The New Deal: Retrospection, Realignment, or a Reconstituted Polity?." (2020).
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The big-city machines faded away in the 1940s with a few exceptions that lingered a bit such as
3446:
3275:
2567:
Caughey, Devin, and Christopher Warshaw. "The dynamics of state policy liberalism, 1936–2014."
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Earl Black and Merle Black, ‘’The Rise of Southern Republicans’’ (Harvard U.P., 2002) pp. 2–11.
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1402:
to be a direct political assault on their interests, which opened the way to protest votes for
3123:
3108:
Stave, Bruce. "The New Deal, The Last Hurrah, and the Building of an Urban Political Machine"
2674:
1594:
3543:
3436:
3341:
3091:
Shover, John L. "The emergence of a two-party system in Republican Philadelphia, 1924–1936."
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Jones, Gene Delon. "The Origin of the Alliance between the New Deal and the Chicago Machine"
2914:
1682:
Traitor to his class: the privileged life and radical presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt
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1399:
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Scholars debate exactly why the New Deal coalition collapsed so completely. Most emphasize a
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267:
192:
34:
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The Buying of the Presidency? Franklin D. Roosevelt, the New Deal, and the Election of 1936
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The long southern strategy: How chasing White voters in the South changed American politics
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The coalition was strongest among Jews and Catholics and weakest among White Protestants.
394:
382:
3001:
The making of the New Deal Democrats: Voting behavior and realignment in Boston, 1920–1940
8:
386:
328:
102:
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Richard Jensen, "The cities reelect Roosevelt: Ethnicity, religion, and class in 1940."
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2814:
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2630:
2613:
2603:
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Don't Make No Waves... Don't Back No Losers: An Insiders' Analysis of the Daley Machine
2027:
Creating the New Right Ethnic in 1970s America: The Intersection of Anger and Nostalgia
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1431:
589:
While most Northerners supported the original civil rights movement, many conservative
512:
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199:
78:
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Donald L. Singer, "Upton Sinclair and the California Gubernatorial Campaign of 1934."
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Monica Prasad, "The popular origins of neoliberalism in the Reagan tax cut of 1981."
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argument, thereby abandoning the New Deal coalition's claim to the prosperity issue.
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536:
256:
166:
70:
54:
38:
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Rainbow's end: Irish-Americans and the dilemmas of urban machine politics, 1840–1985
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The Lost Majority: Why the Future of Government Is Up for Grabs–and Who Will Take It
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The American Dole: Unemployment Relief and the Welfare State in the Great Depression
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Rainbow's End: Irish-Americans and the Dilemmas of Urban Machine Politics, 1840—1985
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Rainbow's end: Irish-Americans and the dilemmas of urban machine politics, 1840–1985
1813:
Rainbow's End: Irish-Americans and the Dilemmas of Urban Machine Politics, 1840—1985
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Farmer-Labor Party (FLP) in Minnesota. Roosevelt had an informal deal with Governor
3583:
3578:
3305:
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pulled many of the working-class social conservatives into the Republican party as
1374:
662:
631:
50:
42:
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Social Cleavages and Political Change: Voter Alignments and U.S. Party Coalitions,
2612:(1943), 880pp; highly detailed report by the independent Russell Sage Foundation.
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C.K. McFarland, C. K. "Coalition of convenience: Lewis and Roosevelt, 1933–1940."
385:(ALP) in New York state. In New York City he collaborated closely with Republican
3553:
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3492:
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2948:
2852:
Mr. Democrat: Jim Farley, the New Deal and the Making of Modern American Politics
2602:(Princeton University Press, 1989); 10 scholarly essays focused on the coalition
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Intellectuals and the American Presidency: Philosophers, Jesters, or Technicians?
1830:
1730:
Mr. Democrat: Jim Farley, the New Deal and the Making of Modern American Politics
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524:
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187:
86:
82:
66:
46:
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The Catholic Voter in American Politics: The Passing of the Democratic Monolith,
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towards the Democratic Party, such as in Virginia, Georgia, and North Carolina.
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2533:
674:
640:
528:
477:
304:
62:
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American-Made: The Enduring Legacy of the WPA: When FDR Put the Nation to Work
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Building New Deal Liberalism: the Political Economy of Public Works, 1933–1956
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The Fall of the House of Roosevelt: Brokers of Ideas and Power from FDR to LBJ
2077:
Richard Lowitt, "Roosevelt and Progressive Republicans: Friends and Foes." in
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Richard J. Jensen, "The Last Party System: Decay of Consensus, 1932–1980", in
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688:
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535:, the coalition lacked a leader of the stature of Roosevelt. The closest was
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279:
98:
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Boulay, Harvey, and Alan DiGaetano. "Why did political machines disappear?"
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Testing the Roosevelt coalition: Connecticut society and politics, 1940–1946
3144:
White Ethnic New York: Jews, Catholics, and the Shaping of Postwar Politics
3034:
Lewis, Michael. "No Relief From Politics: Machine Bosses and Civil Works."
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Jensen, Richard. "The Last Party System, 1932–1980," in Paul Kleppner, ed.
1834:
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1411:
496:
458:
450:
414:
390:
90:
58:
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Nelson, Bruce. "'Give Us Roosevelt'--Workers and the New Deal Coalition."
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and Chicago. Local Democrats in most cities were heavily dependent on the
421:. He helped with the new agencies aimed at the unemployed, especially the
3346:
3315:
2902:
2161:
Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, & the Great Depression
2092:
History of Wisconsin: Volume V: War, a New Era, and Depression, 1914–1940
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Painting Dixie Red: When, Where, Why, and How the South Became Republican
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ethnic groups: Here is the distribution of party identification in 1944:
590:
574:
540:
504:
204:
94:
74:
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Ethnicity. An Interdisciplinary Journal of the Study of Ethnic Relations
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was a boss in New York City and, with Farley, FDR's patronage advisor.
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Republican Party frequently painted unions as corrupt and ineffective.
614:
556:
516:
145:
3191:
3086:
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Reed Jr, Adolph. "Race and the Disruption of the New Deal Coalition."
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Braik, Fethia. "New Deal for Minorities During the Great Depression."
2284:
AIPO (Gallup) Poll #294 (1943), #335 (1944); Cantril and Strunk, eds.
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2118:
Minnesota in a Century of Change: The State and its People since 1900
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658:
106:
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DiGaetano, Alan. "Urban political reform: Did it kill the machine?"
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Party Politics in the Age of Roosevelt: The Making of Modern America
924:
Percentage of Democratic vote in major groups, presidency 1948–1964
873:
Labor history of the United States § Organized labor, 1929–1955
3291:
3137:
City of Ambition: FDR, LaGuardia, and the Making of Modern New York
2801:
Party Dynamics, the Democratic Coalition and the Politics of Change
2497:
African American Power and Politics: The Political Context Variable
1390:
544:
488:
369:
248:
175:
171:
162:
2933:
Farewell to the party of Lincoln: Black politics in the age of FDR
2204:
Launching Social Security: A Capture-and-Record Account, 1935–1937
2579:
Achievement of American Liberalism: The New Deal and Its Legacies
3186:
Sternsher, Bernard. "The New Deal party system: A reappraisal."
2774:
Divided They Fell: The Demise of the Democratic Party: 1964–1996
1886:
David J. Sousa, "Organized labor in the electorate, 1960–1988."
1579:
Divided They Fell: The Demise of the Democratic Party, 1964–1996
274:, the turn of White Northern ethnics and Southern Whites toward
3019:
Catholic New Deal: Religion and Reform in Depression Pittsburgh
2243:
The New Deal and American Politics: A Study in Political Change
2429:
From the Ashes of the Old: American Labor and America's Future
2129:
Hugh T. Lovin, "The Fall of Farmer-Labor Parties, 1936–1938."
408:
319:
Over the course of the 1930s, Roosevelt forged a coalition of
3174:
The End of Realignment?: Interpreting American Electoral Eras
3103:
The New Deal and the Last Hurrah: Pittsburgh Machine Politics
2769:(Oxford University Press, 1996), a standard scholarly survey.
2532:(1956); a standard scholarly biography emphasizing politics;
457:, seemed the safer, more conservative candidate to the "new
3260:
2595:(2015) pp. 153–66, New Deal as issue in 1940 election.
343:(where the boys' wages went to the unemployed father), the
3239:
They Voted for Roosevelt: The Presidential Vote, 1932–1944
2593:
America at the Ballot Box: Elections and Political History
3207:(1951), massive compilation of many public opinion polls
2681:
In the Shadow of FDR: From Harry Truman to George W. Bush
2520:
Journal of Political Science and International Relations
1422:
The European ethnic groups came of age after the 1960s.
550:
239:
was an American political coalition that supported the
2651:
What It Took to Win: A History of the Democratic Party
2586:
In Defense of Populism: Protest and American Democracy
2174:
In Defense of Populism: Protest and American Democracy
1995:
Gregory Albo, "Neoliberalism from Reagan to Clinton."
1566:
What It Took to Win: A History of the Democratic Party
1406:, who, in 1964, was the first Republican to carry the
2254:
According to Gallup polls reported in George Gallup,
445:
found in his in-depth interviews of voters after the
16:
1930s–1960s U.S. Democratic Party political coalition
2269:
Voting Behavior of American Ethnic Groups, 1936–1944
1540:
The Age of Roosevelt vol 3: The Politics of Upheaval
1728:Farley broke with FDR in 1940. Daniel Mark Scroop,
413:Roosevelt's top aide in distributing patronage was
3254:by Roger Biles @ the Chicago Historical Society's
2906:
2600:The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, 1930–1980
401:. He retired and was replaced as mayor in 1945 by
2314:(Univ of North Carolina Press, 1997) pp. 108–110.
2148:Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932–1940
1751:, University of Colorado, Boulder, archived from
1645:Everett Carll Ladd, Jr., with Charles D. Hadley.
3658:Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)
3614:
3026:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society
2953:The Creation of a Democratic Majority, 1928–1936
2767:Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945–1974
2666:Ladd Jr., Everett Carll with Charles D. Hadley.
1589:
1587:
694:
243:beginning in 1932. The coalition is named after
3628:History of the Democratic Party (United States)
2789:Riccards, Michael P., and Cheryl A. Flagg eds.
1636:(Paul Kleppner et al. eds.) (1981) pp. 219–225.
889:(CIO), and split off from the more traditional
3130:Boston, the Great Depression, and the New Deal
2841:The Age Of Roosevelt, The Politics Of Upheaval
1964:“State of the Union Address," January 3, 1996.
1829:(2nd ed.). Anchor Press. pp. 62–63.
1824:
1495:
3276:
3164:International Labor and Working Class History
2703:Milkis, Sidney M. and Jerome M. Mileur, eds.
1873:Alan Draper, "Labor and the 1966 Elections."
1584:
1478:History of the United States Democratic Party
905:
3387:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
3063:In With Flynn, The Boss Behind the President
2591:Davies, Gareth, and Julian E. Zelizer, eds.
351:(WPA). A representative transition came in
2693:Mason, Robert. "Political Realignment." in
2620:America divided: The civil war of the 1960s
1914:America divided: The civil war of the 1960s
1789:(Russell Sage Foundation, 1943) pp.301–303.
1634:The Evolution of American Electoral Systems
409:WPA jobs and Democratic party organizations
3283:
3269:
3229:The Gallup Poll: Public opinion, 1935–1971
3203:Cantril, Hadley and Mildred Strunk, eds.;
2942:
2831:Studies in American Political Development,
2705:The New Deal and the Triumph of Liberalism
2392:(U of California Press, 1990) pp. 140–142.
1818:
918:
3493:National Bituminous Coal Conservation Act
3181:Fifty Years Later: The New Deal Evaluated
2974:Franklin D. Roosevelt and the City Bosses
2219:(U of New Mexico Press, 1988) pp 259–260.
1975:42: Inside the Presidency of Bill Clinton
647:
483:After the smashing reelection victory of
1711:Thomas Kessner, "Fiorello H. LaGuardia"
671:1936 United States presidential election
331:of the 1896–1932 era that proceeded it.
3392:Federal Emergency Relief Administration
2976:(1977), short survey of major machines
2644:Evolution of American Electoral Systems
2217:Social Security: The First Half Century
1977:(Cornell University Press, 2016) p. 15.
1621:Roosevelt: The Party Leader, 1932–1945.
617:" made for a strong Republican appeal.
358:
345:Federal Emergency Relief Administration
3648:Political history of the United States
3615:
2901:
2854:(University of Michigan Press, 2009).
2813:(University Press of Kentucky, 2014).
2811:Roosevelt: The Party Leader, 1932–1945
2618:Isserman, Maurice, and Michael Kazin.
2598:Gerstle, Gary, and Steve Fraser, eds.
2581:2003) 12 essays focusing on the issues
2202:Charles McKinley and Robert W. Frase,
1912:Maurice Isserman, and Michael Kazin.
1553:Roosevelt: The Party Leader, 1932–1945
1527:Roosevelt: The Party Leader, 1932–1945
1365:Source: Gallup Polls in Gallup (1972)
620:
3264:
2895:(2008) comprehensive history; 640pp
2569:American Journal of Political Science
2191:https://www.jstor.org/stable/41171421
2105:Historical Dictionary of the New Deal
1916:(6th ed. Oxford UP, 2020) pp 186–203.
1739:
1732:(University of Michigan Press, 2009)
1623:(University Press of Kentucky), 2014.
301:Great Depression in the United States
286:, with its opposition to regulation.
3513:Rural Electrification Administration
3478:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
3188:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
2725:40.1 (1990): 40–48., popular history
2051:See Angie Maxwell and Todd Shields,
2014:European Journal of American Culture
887:Congress of Industrial Organizations
879:National Labor Relations Act of 1935
812:1940 votes by religious denomination
551:Reagan Era and the Southern Strategy
3653:Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt
3468:Works Progress Administration (WPA)
2629:(Columbia University Press, 2004).
485:President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964
436:
13:
3256:Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago
3197:
3053:Journal of American Ethnic History
2747:The Democrats: The years after FDR
2505:
2079:Franklin D. Roosevelt and Congress
1927:The Democrats: The Years Since FDR
1862:The Democrats: The Years Since FDR
669:that polled 2% of the vote in the
577:. Reagan's new economic policy of
278:on racial issues, and the rise of
14:
3669:
3427:Public Works Administration (PWA)
3397:Frazier–Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act
3357:Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
3245:
3241:(1947) tables of votes by county.
3150:
2984:American Political Science Review
2776:(Oxford University Press, 1996).
2540:Roosevelt: the soldier of freedom
2471:Politics and Society in the South
2364:American Political Science Review
2029:(Rowman & Littlefield, 2017)
1787:The WPA and Federal Relief Policy
1502:. Transcript Verlag. p. 35.
583:Democratic President Bill Clinton
3633:Democratic Party (United States)
3452:Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
3417:National Recovery Administration
3407:National Industrial Recovery Act
3183:(Temple University Press, 1985).
2986:43#6 (1949), pp. 1189–1206
2588:(U of Pennsylvania Press, 2020).
2267:Leo Srole, and Robert T. Bower,
2055:(Oxford University Press, 2019).
860:Source: Gallup Poll #294, #335.
625:
3643:Liberalism in the United States
3523:United States Housing Authority
3043:The Future of American Politics
3008:Machine politics: Chicago model
2821:Truman and the Democratic Party
2695:A Companion to Richard M. Nixon
2530:Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox
2489:
2476:
2463:
2447:
2434:
2421:
2408:
2395:
2382:
2369:
2356:
2343:
2330:
2317:
2304:
2291:
2278:
2261:
2248:
2235:
2222:
2209:
2196:
2179:
2166:
2153:
2140:
2123:
2110:
2097:
2084:
2071:
2058:
2045:
2036:
2019:
2006:
1989:
1980:
1967:
1958:
1945:
1932:
1919:
1906:
1893:
1880:
1867:
1854:
1849:Truman and the Democratic Party
1841:
1827:The Future of American Politics
1805:
1792:
1779:
1765:
1722:
1705:
1696:
1687:
1674:
1661:
1652:
1639:
866:
389:, against the conservatives of
245:President Franklin D. Roosevelt
3498:National Labor Relations Board
3488:Judicial Procedures Reform Act
3105:(U of Pittsburgh Press, 1970).
3028:67#3 (1974), pp. 253–274
2996:(U of California Press, 1990).
2737:Presidential Studies Quarterly
2730:Presidential Studies Quarterly
2513:New Deal and American Politics
2340:(Indiana UP, 1976) pp 155–156.
2068:(UP of Florida, 2011) pp 1–12.
1901:Presidential Studies Quarterly
1693:Leuchtenberg, 124, 131, 150. .
1626:
1613:
1571:
1558:
1545:
1532:
1519:
1489:
900:United Mine Workers of America
661:in Louisiana and radio priest
1:
3422:National Youth Administration
3176:(U of Wisconsin Press, 1991).
2686:Manza, Jeff and Clem Brooks;
2661:Party Coalitions in the 1980s
2610:WPA and federal relief policy
2379:(Oxford UP, 1978), pp. 88–89.
2230:Party Coalitions in the 1980s
2187:Southern California Quarterly
1774:Filson Club History Quarterly
1483:
695:Class ethnicity, and religion
533:John F. Kennedy assassination
523:) and doves (led by Senators
423:Works Progress Administration
349:Works Progress Administration
3483:Farm Security Administration
3290:
3166:74 (Fall 2008) : 3‐32.
2659:Lipset, Seymour Martin, ed.
2469:Earl Black and Merle Black,
1973:Michael Nelson, et al. eds.
1888:Political Research Quarterly
1702:Leuchtenberg, 124, 131, 150.
1538:Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.,
1496:Sebastian Berg, ed. (2017).
1049:Professional & Business
927:
922:
891:American Federation of Labor
573:(1977–1981) in dealing with
495:During the 1960s, issues as
466:Republican Dwight Eisenhower
375:Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party
294:
7:
3432:Public Works of Art Project
3352:Agricultural Adjustment Act
3120:Journal of American History
3093:Journal of American History
3065:(2020), popular biography.
3003:(U of Chicago Press, 1989).
2839:Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr.
2482:by William B. Prendergast,
2403:The Political Almanac; 1952
2366:43#6 (1949), pp. 1189–1206.
2228:Seymour Martin Lipset, ed.
2131:Pacific Northwest Quarterly
2116:Clifford Edward Clark, ed.
1684:(2008) pp 345–347, 447–449.
1468:, opposition active by 1938
1453:
567:Presidency of Ronald Reagan
509:counterculture of the 1960s
427:Civilian Conservation Corps
379:Wisconsin Progressive Party
341:Civilian Conservation Corps
284:presidency of Ronald Reagan
10:
3674:
3473:Federal Project Number One
3382:Farm Credit Administration
3377:Homeowners Refinancing Act
3362:Civil Works Administration
2622:(6th ed. Oxford UP, 2020).
2299:The Political Almanac 1952
2256:The Political Almanac 1952
2215:Gerald Nash, et al. eds.
2081:(Routledge, 2019) pp 7–13.
1864:(1976) pp 95–115, 162–190.
906:City politics and machines
870:
554:
480:won back Southern voters.
447:1948 presidential election
399:Office of Civilian Defense
337:Civil Works Administration
289:
3592:
3536:
3508:Rural Electrification Act
3460:
3334:
3298:
3205:Public Opinion, 1935–1946
3021:(Penn State Press, 2010).
2679:Leuchtenburg, William E.
2286:Public Opinion, 1935–1946
2273:Public Opinion, 1935–1946
2146:William E. Leuchtenburg,
1953:Journal of Policy History
1715:26#2 (1993), pp. 151–159
1368:
636:Robert M. La Follette Jr.
531:). In addition after the
405:, the Tammany candidate.
215:Politics of United States
210:
198:
152:
136:
128:
120:
112:
30:
21:
3528:Fair Labor Standards Act
3237:Robinson, Edgar Eugene.
3233:vol 1 online 1935–1948).
2967:Journal of urban history
2960:Journal of Urban History
2847:a major scholarly survey
2639:(Yale University, 1973).
2542:(1970) covers 1940–1945
2538:Burns, James MacGregor.
2528:Burns, James MacGregor.
1658:Stave 1966. Pp 467, 470.
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
713:in Northern cities, 1944
634:of Nebraska and Senator
3442:Railroad Retirement Act
3321:American Liberty League
3095:60.4 (1974): 985–1002.
3036:Urban Affairs Quarterly
2943:Machines and localities
2784:Urban Affairs Quarterly
1825:Lubell, Samuel (1956).
1802:95#1 (2014), pp. 41–69.
1776:(1975) 49#2 pp 152–168.
1671:(2008) pp 361–363, 368.
919:Group voting: 1948–1964
543:alienated the emerging
366:American Liberty League
200:Political position
3252:Machine Politics essay
3179:Sitkoff, Harvard, ed.
3172:Shafer, Byron E., ed.
3122:82.2 (1995): 551–578.
3112:33.4 (1966): 460–483.
2739:43.1 (2013): 146–166.
2577:Chafe, William H. ed.
2571:60.4 (2016): 899–913.
2554:82.2 (2020): 494–508.
2189:56.4 (1974): 375–406.
1466:Conservative coalition
1029:Grade School educated
648:Pressure from the Left
368:led by his old friend
327:", in contrast to the
3544:Franklin D. Roosevelt
3437:Reciprocal Tariff Act
3342:Emergency Banking Act
3038:30.2 (1994): 210–226.
3017:Heineman, Kenneth J.
2850:Scroop, Daniel Mark.
2786:27.2 (1991): 326–333.
2732:48.3 (2018): 570–585.
2584:Critchlow, Donald T.
2377:A New Deal for Blacks
2327:13.3 (1972): 400–414.
2016:26.3 (2008): 181–198.
1955:24.3 (2012): 351–383.
1903:48.3 (2018): 570–585.
1890:46.4 (1993): 741–758.
1400:Civil Rights Movement
1009:High School educated
871:Further information:
476:and his running mate
347:, and especially the
310:Franklin D. Roosevelt
268:Eisenhower presidency
116:Franklin D. Roosevelt
35:Franklin D. Roosevelt
3638:Centre-left politics
3564:Henry Morgenthau Jr.
3412:National Housing Act
3372:Executive Order 6102
3190:15.1 (1984): 53–81.
3110:Pennsylvania History
3085:95.1 (2014): 41–69.
2884:Sundquist, James L.
2877:Smith, Jason Scott.
2765:Patterson, James T.
2697:(2011) pp: 252–269.
2353:8.2 (1981): 189–195.
2172:Donald T. Crichlow,
2103:James S. Olson, ed.
2094:(1990) pp. 404, 443.
1999:52.11 (2001): 81–89
711:Party identification
395:American Labor Party
383:American Labor Party
359:Roosevelt moves left
3135:Williams, Mason B.
2969:18.1 (1991): 37–67.
2962:12.1 (1985): 25–49.
2955:(1979), on Chicago.
2833:25 (2011), 162–89.
2745:Parmet, Herbert S.
2562:Journal of Politics
2552:Journal of Politics
2522:1.1 (2018): 20–24.
2427:Stanley Aronowitz,
2120:(1989). pp 375–379.
1925:Herbert S. Parmet,
1877:30.1 (1989): 76–92.
1860:Herbert S. Parmet,
1667:Jean Edward Smith,
1568:(2022) pp. 204–244.
1555:(2014). pp 183–187.
1529:(2014), pp 103–128.
925:
621:Components in 1930s
387:Fiorello La Guardia
329:Fourth Party System
312:won a landslide in
103:W. Averell Harriman
3402:Glass–Steagall Act
3367:Communications Act
3311:New Deal Coalition
3142:Zeitz, Joshua M.
3139:(WW Norton, 2013).
3128:Trout, Charles H.
3075:(ABC-CLIO, 2014).
2915:St. Martin's Press
2871:(Oxford UP, 1979)
2867:Sitkoff, Harvard.
2799:Rubin, Richard L.
2755:Patterson, James.
2710:Milkis, Sidney M.
2635:Jeffries, John W.
2625:Janeway, Michael.
2608:Howard, Donald S.
2511:Allswang, John M.
2336:Milton L. Rakove,
2312:The CIO, 1935–1955
2310:Robert H. Zieger,
2241:John M. Allswang,
2150:(1963) pp. 95–118.
2107:(1985) pp 164–165.
2064:Glen Feldman, ed.
1929:(1976) pp 248–284.
1815:(1988) pp 140–143.
1785:Donald S. Howard,
1748:Political Machines
1460:Fifth Party System
1432:racial integration
923:
673:. In California,
515:, and large-scale
513:affirmative action
501:racial integration
325:Fifth Party System
237:New Deal coalition
79:Adlai Stevenson II
24:New Deal coalition
3610:
3609:
3299:Causes and legacy
3213:Flynn, Edward J.
3061:MacKay, Malcolm.
3006:Gosnell, Harold.
2972:Dorsett, Lyle W.
2860:Singleton, Jeff.
2405:(1952) pp 32, 65,
2375:Harvard Sitkoff,
1942:(1996) pp 51–132.
1940:Divided They Fell
1851:(1997) pp. 23–56.
1363:
1362:
989:College educated
864:
863:
804:
803:
602:Southern Strategy
561:Southern Strategy
537:Lyndon B. Johnson
464:In 1952 and 1956
453:, not Republican
233:
232:
220:Political parties
184:Modern liberalism
167:Social liberalism
141:Progressive Party
137:Succeeded by
71:Robert F. Kennedy
55:Lyndon B. Johnson
39:Eleanor Roosevelt
31:Prominent members
3665:
3584:Robert F. Wagner
3579:Francis Townsend
3306:Great Depression
3285:
3278:
3271:
3262:
3261:
3227:Gallup, George.
3083:New York History
3045:(2nd ed. 1956).
3041:Lubell, Samuel.
2999:Gamm, Gerald H.
2992:Erie, Steven P.
2949:Andersen, Kristi
2931:Weiss, Nancy J.
2928:
2912:
2819:Savage, Sean J.
2809:Savage, Sean J.
2772:Radosh, Ronald.
2649:Kazin, Michael.
2500:
2493:
2487:
2480:
2474:
2467:
2461:
2451:
2445:
2438:
2432:
2425:
2419:
2414:Steven P. Erie,
2412:
2406:
2399:
2393:
2388:Steven P. Erie,
2386:
2380:
2373:
2367:
2360:
2354:
2347:
2341:
2334:
2328:
2321:
2315:
2308:
2302:
2295:
2289:
2282:
2276:
2265:
2259:
2252:
2246:
2239:
2233:
2226:
2220:
2213:
2207:
2200:
2194:
2183:
2177:
2170:
2164:
2157:
2151:
2144:
2138:
2127:
2121:
2114:
2108:
2101:
2095:
2088:
2082:
2075:
2069:
2062:
2056:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2034:
2023:
2017:
2010:
2004:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1978:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1956:
1949:
1943:
1936:
1930:
1923:
1917:
1910:
1904:
1897:
1891:
1884:
1878:
1871:
1865:
1858:
1852:
1847:Sean J. Savage,
1845:
1839:
1838:
1822:
1816:
1811:Steven P. Erie,
1809:
1803:
1800:New York History
1796:
1790:
1783:
1777:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1743:
1737:
1726:
1720:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1685:
1678:
1672:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1650:
1643:
1637:
1630:
1624:
1619:Sean J. Savage,
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1595:"Herbert Hoover"
1591:
1582:
1575:
1569:
1562:
1556:
1549:
1543:
1536:
1530:
1525:Sean J. Savage,
1523:
1517:
1516:
1493:
1428:Reagan Democrats
926:
809:
808:
708:
707:
663:Charles Coughlin
632:George W. Norris
437:Decline and fall
241:Democratic Party
51:Alben W. Barkley
43:Henry A. Wallace
19:
18:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3588:
3554:Frances Perkins
3549:Harold L. Ickes
3532:
3518:Social Security
3461:Second New Deal
3456:
3330:
3294:
3289:
3248:
3219:Edward J. Flynn
3215:You're the boss
3200:
3198:Primary sources
3153:
3055:(1996): 32–59.
2945:
2925:
2670:2nd ed. (1978).
2508:
2506:Further reading
2503:
2494:
2490:
2481:
2477:
2468:
2464:
2452:
2448:
2439:
2435:
2426:
2422:
2413:
2409:
2401:George Gallup,
2400:
2396:
2387:
2383:
2374:
2370:
2361:
2357:
2348:
2344:
2335:
2331:
2322:
2318:
2309:
2305:
2296:
2292:
2283:
2279:
2275:(1951), p. 619.
2266:
2262:
2253:
2249:
2240:
2236:
2227:
2223:
2214:
2210:
2201:
2197:
2184:
2180:
2171:
2167:
2159:Alan Brinkley,
2158:
2154:
2145:
2141:
2133:(1971): 16–26.
2128:
2124:
2115:
2111:
2102:
2098:
2089:
2085:
2076:
2072:
2063:
2059:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2024:
2020:
2011:
2007:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1950:
1946:
1938:Ronald Radosh,
1937:
1933:
1924:
1920:
1911:
1907:
1898:
1894:
1885:
1881:
1872:
1868:
1859:
1855:
1846:
1842:
1823:
1819:
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1563:
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1472:Obama coalition
1456:
1404:Barry Goldwater
1371:
921:
908:
875:
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712:
697:
650:
628:
623:
563:
553:
525:Eugene McCarthy
521:Hubert Humphrey
474:John F. Kennedy
455:Thomas E. Dewey
439:
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403:William O'Dwyer
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3447:Securities Act
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3246:External links
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2018:
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1997:Monthly Review
1988:
1986:Kazin, p. 290.
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1601:. June 7, 2019
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1542:(1957) p. 592.
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2325:Labor History
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2313:
2307:
2301:(1952) p. 37.
2300:
2294:
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2270:
2264:
2258:(1952) p. 36.
2257:
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2245:(1978), p 57.
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2206:(1970) p. 11.
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1875:Labor History
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1755:on 2009-12-08
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1462:, 1930s–1970s
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902:union along.
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896:John L. Lewis
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3042:
3035:
3025:
3018:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2983:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2932:
2908:
2903:Trende, Sean
2892:
2885:
2878:
2868:
2861:
2851:
2840:
2830:
2820:
2810:
2800:
2790:
2783:
2773:
2766:
2756:
2746:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2711:
2704:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2667:
2660:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2626:
2619:
2609:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2568:
2561:
2551:
2544:vol 2 online
2539:
2534:vol 1 online
2529:
2519:
2512:
2496:
2491:
2483:
2478:
2470:
2465:
2459:Oct. 8, 2021
2456:
2449:
2441:
2436:
2431:(1998) ch 7.
2428:
2423:
2415:
2410:
2402:
2397:
2389:
2384:
2376:
2371:
2363:
2358:
2350:
2345:
2337:
2332:
2324:
2319:
2311:
2306:
2298:
2293:
2285:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2255:
2250:
2242:
2237:
2229:
2224:
2216:
2211:
2203:
2198:
2186:
2181:
2176:(2020) p 56.
2173:
2168:
2160:
2155:
2147:
2142:
2130:
2125:
2117:
2112:
2104:
2099:
2091:
2086:
2078:
2073:
2065:
2060:
2052:
2047:
2038:
2026:
2021:
2013:
2008:
1996:
1991:
1982:
1974:
1969:
1960:
1952:
1947:
1939:
1934:
1926:
1921:
1913:
1908:
1900:
1895:
1887:
1882:
1874:
1869:
1861:
1856:
1848:
1843:
1826:
1820:
1812:
1807:
1799:
1794:
1786:
1781:
1773:
1767:
1757:, retrieved
1753:the original
1747:
1741:
1729:
1724:
1712:
1707:
1698:
1689:
1681:
1676:
1668:
1663:
1654:
1646:
1641:
1633:
1628:
1620:
1615:
1603:. Retrieved
1598:
1578:
1573:
1565:
1560:
1552:
1547:
1539:
1534:
1526:
1521:
1513:
1498:
1491:
1448:
1421:
1416:Bill Clinton
1412:Jimmy Carter
1396:
1388:
1384:
1372:
1364:
1226:Independent
913:
909:
876:
867:Labor unions
805:
797:
701:
698:
651:
629:
599:
588:
571:Jimmy Carter
564:
497:civil rights
494:
482:
463:
459:middle class
451:Harry Truman
440:
431:
415:James Farley
412:
391:Tammany Hall
362:
333:
318:
298:
276:conservatism
265:
261:labor unions
253:labor unions
236:
234:
193:civil rights
180:Later phase:
179:
159:Early phase:
158:
91:James Farley
59:Jimmy Carter
3537:Individuals
3347:Economy Act
3316:Brain Trust
2440:Tevi Troy,
2232:(1981) p79.
2090:Paul Glad,
1605:February 9,
1599:History.com
1344:All voters
1207:Republican
1167:Protestant
885:formed the
722:Republican
719:Independent
667:Union Party
657:. Senator
611:LGBT rights
591:blue collar
575:stagflation
565:During the
541:Vietnam War
517:urban riots
505:Vietnam War
419:Post Office
308:struggles.
205:Center-left
95:Wayne Morse
75:Ted Kennedy
3617:Categories
1759:2012-02-18
1484:References
1408:Deep South
1148:Not union
852:Protestant
844:None given
815:% for FDR
716:Democratic
615:Bible Belt
613:) in the "
557:Reagan era
555:See also:
472:election,
381:, and the
353:Pittsburgh
282:under the
146:Dixiecrats
3569:Huey Long
3326:Criticism
1438:, 78% in
1245:Democrat
1187:Catholic
702:Who's Who
659:Huey Long
295:Formation
225:Elections
129:Dissolved
107:Pat Brown
3623:New Deal
3597:Category
3335:New Deal
3292:New Deal
3217:(1947);
2905:(2012).
2803:(1976).
2759:(1967).
2297:Gallup,
2163:(12983).
2135:in JSTOR
1835:6193934M
1551:Savage,
1454:See also
1391:New Left
1284:Midwest
836:Catholic
607:abortion
545:New Left
507:and the
489:Sun Belt
370:Al Smith
321:liberals
249:New Deal
176:Laborism
172:New Deal
163:Big tent
154:Ideology
3602:Commons
3146:(2007).
3132:(1977).
3087:excerpt
3077:excerpt
3067:excerpt
3010:(1937)
2935:(1983)
2897:excerpt
2856:exderpt
2843:(1957)
2823:(1997)
2795:excerpt
2793:(2022)
2749:(1976)
2714:(1993).
2707:(2002).
2690:(1999).
2683:(2001).
2663:(1981).
2655:excerpt
2646:(1981).
2564:(2018).
2515:(1978).
2499:(1997).
2486:(1999).
2473:, 1987.
2444:(2003).
2418:(1988).
2031:excerpt
1734:excerpt
1581:(1996).
1109:Farmer
783:Italian
655:in 1934
290:History
121:Founded
113:Founder
3223:online
3209:online
3192:online
3168:online
3158:online
3124:online
3114:online
3097:online
3057:online
3047:online
3030:online
3012:online
2988:online
2978:online
2937:online
2921:
2888:(1983)
2881:(2005)
2873:online
2864:(2000)
2845:online
2835:online
2825:online
2815:online
2805:online
2778:online
2761:online
2751:online
2741:online
2718:polls.
2699:online
2675:online
2653:(2022)
2631:online
2614:online
2604:online
2573:online
2556:online
2524:online
2001:online
1833:
1717:online
1506:
1375:Albany
1369:Legacy
1324:South
969:Black
949:White
828:Jewish
798:Source
769:Jewish
503:, the
377:, the
339:, the
148:(1948)
143:(1948)
1304:West
1264:East
944:1964
941:1960
938:1956
935:1952
932:1948
755:Black
741:Irish
132:1970s
2919:ISBN
1607:2021
1504:ISBN
1444:2012
1440:2008
1436:2004
1414:and
855:45%
847:51%
839:73%
831:87%
823:55%
792:27%
778:11%
764:34%
750:21%
736:36%
679:EPIC
609:and
559:and
527:and
499:and
470:1960
425:and
314:1932
299:The
235:The
191:Pro-
170:Pro-
124:1932
3502:Act
1669:FDR
1379:WPA
1359:61
1356:50
1353:42
1350:45
1347:50
1339:52
1336:51
1333:49
1330:51
1327:53
1319:60
1316:49
1313:43
1310:42
1307:49
1299:61
1296:48
1293:41
1290:42
1287:50
1279:68
1276:53
1273:40
1270:45
1267:48
1259:87
1256:84
1253:85
1250:77
1240:56
1237:43
1234:30
1231:35
1221:20
1202:76
1199:78
1196:51
1193:56
1190:62
1182:55
1179:38
1176:37
1173:37
1170:43
1162:56
1159:44
1156:35
1151:42
1143:77
1140:62
1137:51
1132:76
1124:53
1121:48
1118:46
1115:33
1112:60
1104:71
1101:60
1098:50
1095:55
1092:66
1084:57
1081:48
1078:37
1075:40
1072:47
1064:54
1061:42
1058:32
1055:36
1052:19
1044:66
1041:55
1038:50
1035:52
1032:64
1024:62
1021:52
1018:42
1015:45
1012:51
1004:52
1001:39
998:31
995:34
992:22
984:94
981:68
978:61
975:77
972:71
964:59
961:49
958:41
955:43
952:50
820:All
789:21%
786:52%
775:35%
772:54%
761:20%
758:46%
747:27%
744:52%
733:32%
730:32%
727:All
247:'s
3619::
2951:.
2917:.
2913:.
1831:OL
1597:.
1586:^
1512:.
1446:.
1410:.
1218:5
1215:4
1212:8
800::
511:,
259:,
3504:)
3500:(
3284:e
3277:t
3270:v
3014:.
2927:.
2193:.
2137:.
2033:.
2003:.
1837:.
1736:.
1719:.
1609:.
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