Obergefell v. Hodges

1950:, in which the Court stated the Due Process Clause protects only rights and liberties that are "deeply rooted in this Nation's history and tradition", Alito claimed any "right" to same-sex marriage would not meet this definition; he chided the justices in the majority for going against judicial precedent and long-held tradition. Alito defended the rationale of the states, accepting the premise that same-sex marriage bans serve to promote procreation and the optimal childrearing environment. Alito expressed concern that the majority's opinion would be used to attack the beliefs of those who disagree with same-sex marriage, who "will risk being labeled as bigots and treated as such by governments, employers, and schools", leading to "bitter and lasting wounds". Expressing concern for judicial abuse, Alito concluded, "Most Americans—understandably—will cheer or lament today's decision because of their views on the issue of same-sex marriage. But all Americans, whatever their thinking on that issue, should worry about what the majority's claim of power portends." 1036:

Kellie Miller and Vanessa DeVillez married in New York on July 24, 2011, later moving to Tennessee. Army Reservist Sergeant First Class Ijpe DeKoe and Thomas Kostura married in New York on August 4, 2011. In May 2012, after completing a tour of duty in Afghanistan, Sergeant DeKoe was restationed in Memphis, Tennessee, where the couple subsequently relocated. On September 3, 2013, the Department of Defense began recognizing their marriage, but the state did not. Valeria Tanco and Sophia Jesty married in New York on September 9, 2011, then moved to Tennessee, where they were university professors. They were expecting their first child in 2014. On October 21, 2013, wishing to have their out-of-state marriages recognized in Tennessee, the four couples filed a lawsuit,

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principle applying equally to same-sex couples. Third, the fundamental right to marry "safeguards children and families and thus draws meaning from related rights of childrearing, procreation, and education"; as same-sex couples have children and families, they are deserving of this safeguard—though the right to marry in the United States has never been conditioned on procreation. Fourth, and lastly, "marriage is a keystone of our social order," and "here is no difference between same- and opposite-sex couples with respect to this principle"; consequently, preventing same-sex couples from marrying puts them at odds with society, denies them countless benefits of marriage, and introduces instability into their relationships for no justifiable reason.

2141: 1996: 1214: 1969: 874:. On October 22, plaintiff John Arthur died. The state defendants moved to dismiss the case as moot. Judge Black, in an order dated November 1, denied the motion to dismiss. On December 23, Judge Black ruled that Ohio's refusal to recognize same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions was discriminatory and ordered Ohio to recognize same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions on death certificates. He wrote, "When a state effectively terminates the marriage of a same-sex couple married in another jurisdiction, it intrudes into the realm of private marital, family, and intimate relations specifically protected by the Supreme Court." 2580: 1863:

fundamental rights without caution or regard for history. He also suggested the majority opinion could be used to expand marriage to include legalized polygamy. Roberts chided the majority for overriding the democratic process and for using the judiciary in a way that was not originally intended. According to Roberts, supporters of same-sex marriage cannot win "true acceptance" for their side because the debate has now been closed. Roberts also suggested the majority's opinion will ultimately lead to consequences for religious liberty, and he found the Court's language unfairly attacks opponents of same-sex marriage.

885:

Vitale and Robert Talmas married in New York on September 20, 2011. In 2013, they sought the services of the adoption agency, Adoption S.T.A.R., finally adopting a son on January 17, 2014, the same day Brittani Henry and Brittni Rogers married in New York. They, too, were expecting a son. The three female couples were living in Ohio, each anticipating the birth of a child later in 2014. Vitale and Talmas were living in New York with their adopted son, Child Doe, born in Ohio in 2013 and also a plaintiff through his parents. On February 10, 2014, the four legally married couples filed a lawsuit,

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Randell Johnson and Paul Campion married in California on July 3, 2008. They had four children: Plaintiffs T.J.-C. and T.J.-C., twin eighteen-year-old boys, Plaintiff D.J.-C., a fourteen-year-old boy, and Plaintiff M.J.-C., a ten-year-old girl. Jimmy Meade and Luther Barlowe married in Iowa on July 30, 2009. Kimberly Franklin and Tamera Boyd married in Connecticut on July 15, 2010. All resided in Kentucky. On July 26, 2013, Bourke and DeLeon, and their two children through them, filed a lawsuit,

2727: 2699: 9959: 9345: 1934:" such as a marriage license. According to Thomas, the majority's holding also undermines the political process and threatens religious liberty. Lastly, Thomas took issue with the majority's view that marriage advances the dignity of same-sex couples. In his view, government is not capable of bestowing dignity; rather, dignity is a natural right that is innate within every person, a right that cannot be taken away even through slavery and internment camps. 1805: 1729:

constitutional protection when he or she is harmed, even if the broader public disagrees and even if the legislature refuses to act," for "fundamental rights may not be submitted to a vote; they depend on the outcome of no elections." Furthermore, to rule against same-sex couples in this case, letting the democratic process play out as "a cautious approach to recognizing and protecting fundamental rights" would harm same-sex couples in the interim.

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endure even past death. It would misunderstand these men and women to say they disrespect the idea of marriage. Their plea is that they do respect it, respect it so deeply that they seek to find its fulfillment for themselves. Their hope is not to be condemned to live in loneliness, excluded from one of civilization's oldest institutions. They ask for equal dignity in the eyes of the law. The Constitution grants them that right.

1918:

rights protected by that document"; in doing so, the judiciary strays from the Constitution's text, subverts the democratic process, and "exalts judges at the expense of the People from whom they derive their authority." Thomas argued that the only liberty that falls under Due Process Clause protection is freedom from "physical restraint". Furthermore, Thomas insisted that "liberty has long been understood as

761:, hoping for guidance. On October 16, Friedman set trial for February 25, 2014. The trial ended March 7. On March 21, Friedman ruled for the plaintiffs, concluding that, "without some overriding legitimate interest, the state cannot use its domestic relations authority to legislate families out of existence. Having failed to establish such an interest in the context of same-sex marriage, the cannot stand." 1059:

couples and that proscriptions against same-sex marriage will soon become a footnote in the annals of American history." The state immediately filed a motion to stay this ruling, but, on March 20, Judge Trauger denied the request, reasoning that "the court's order does not open the floodgates for same-sex couples to marry in Tennessee ... applies only to the three same-sex couples at issue in this case."

2065:, a group that opposes same-sex marriage, accused the Court's majority of undermining freedom of speech, saying that "five lawyers took away the voices of more than 300 million Americans to continue to debate the most important social institution in the history of the world. . . . Nobody has the right to say that a mom or a woman or a dad or a man is irrelevant." Some, such as the 2485:(1997) that a right must be "deeply rooted in the Nation's history", and abortion was considered a crime, a view that some historians argued is incomplete. For the majority, Justice Samuel Alito responded to the dissenting's concerns, saying that the ruling would not affect other substantive due process cases. In his concurring opinion, Justice Clarence Thomas, a dissenter in 2203:, issued a ruling forbidding state officials from issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples; he faced ethics charges for this decree in May of that year and was subsequently suspended for the remainder of his term beginning that September. Following Moore's ruling, the previously listed counties continued to refuse to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples, while 2417:, not the federal courts, has legal authority over tribal reservations. Thus, unless Congress passes a law regarding same-sex marriage that is applicable to tribal governments, federally recognized American Indian tribes have the legal right to form their own marriage laws, and to reject those of the U.S. As such, the individual laws of the various 2218:, Covington, Elmore, Geneva, Marengo, Pike and Washington. By October 2016, Bibb, Coosa, and Marengo Counties had begun issuing licenses again, and by June 2017 so had Choctaw County. Until June 2019, eight counties still refused to issue marriage licenses to any couple: Autauga, Clarke, Cleburne, Covington, Elmore, Geneva, Pike and Washington. 998:, involved two male couples. Maurice Blanchard and Dominique James held a religious marriage ceremony on June 3, 2006. Kentucky county clerks repeatedly refused them marriage licenses. Timothy Love and Lawrence Ysunza had been living together as a couple for thirty years when, on February 13, 2014, they were refused a marriage license at the 8066:

marriage unconstitutional; New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964), which protected freedom of the press in the realm of political reporting and libel; Baker v. Carr (1962) and Reynolds v. Sims (1964), which established the one-person, one-vote concept in legislative apportionment; and Obergefell v. Hodges, the 2015 same-sex-marriage ruling.

1018:", and ordered that Kentucky's laws banning same-sex marriage "violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, and they are void and unenforceable." In the course of assessing the state's arguments for the bans, he stated, "These arguments are not those of serious people." 1881:

Fourteenth Amendment does not expressly forbid, and directly attacked the majority opinion for "lacking even a thin veneer of law". Lastly, Scalia faulted the actual writing in the opinion for "diminish this Court's reputation for clear thinking and sober analysis" and for "descend from the disciplined legal reasoning of

2513:(1965), responded, "Either the majority does not really believe in its own reasoning. Or if it does, all rights that have no history stretching back to the mid-19th century are insecure. Either the mass of the majority's opinion is hypocrisy, or additional constitutional rights are under threat. It is one or the other." 1068: 688:, the Court examined the nature of fundamental rights guaranteed to all by the Constitution, the harm done to individuals by delaying the implementation of such rights while the democratic process plays out, and the evolving understanding of discrimination and inequality that has developed greatly since 1987:

who sought to put his name on his husband's Ohio death certificate as surviving spouse, said, "Today's ruling from the Supreme Court affirms what millions across the country already know to be true in our hearts: that our love is equal." He expressed his hope that the term gay marriage soon will be a

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No union is more profound than marriage, for it embodies the highest ideals of love, fidelity, devotion, sacrifice, and family. In forming a marital union, two people become something greater than once they were. As some of the petitioners in these cases demonstrate, marriage embodies a love that may

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The Court noted the relationship between the liberty of the Due Process Clause and the equality of the Equal Protection Clause and determined that same-sex marriage bans violated the latter. Concluding that the liberty and equality of same-sex couples was significantly burdened, the Court struck down

1035:

One case came from Tennessee, involving four same-sex couples. Joy "Johno" Espejo and Matthew Mansell married in California on August 5, 2008. On September 25, 2009, they adopted two foster children. After Mansell's job was transferred to the state, they relocated to Franklin, Tennessee, in May 2012.

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As the case moved forward, the plaintiffs amended their complaint to ask the court to declare Ohio's recognition ban on same-sex marriage unconstitutional. Judge Black gave the state time to prepare its appeal of his decision by announcing on April 4 that he would issue an order on April 14 requiring

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The second case from Ohio involved four couples, a child, and an adoption agency. Georgia Nicole Yorksmith and Pamela Yorksmith married in California on October 14, 2008. They had a son in 2010 and were expecting another child. In 2011, Kelly Noe and Kelly McCraken married in Massachusetts. Joseph J.

2382:

for American Samoa, Fiti Alexander Sunia, stated in his January 2016 Senate confirmation hearing that he "will not perform weddings for same-sex couples unless local laws are changed." The legality of these statements by former and current territorial government officials remains to be addressed due

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wrote a dissenting opinion, which was joined by Justice Scalia. Thomas rejected the principle of substantive due process, which he claimed "invites judges to do exactly what the majority has done here—roam at large in the constitutional field guided only by their personal views as to the fundamental

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and Joseph R. Whalen, an associate solicitor general from Tennessee. Of the nine justices, all except Clarence Thomas made comments and asked questions, giving clues as to their positions on the Constitution and the future of same-sex marriage. While the questions and comments of the justices during

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petitioners asked the Court to consider three questions: whether denying same-sex couples the right to marry, including recognition of out-of-state marriages, violated the Due Process or Equal Protections Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment; whether refusing to recognize their out-of-state marriages

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issued the court's decision: "In the end, the Court concludes that Kentucky's denial of recognition for valid same-sex marriages violates the United States Constitution's guarantee of equal protection under the law, even under the most deferential standard of review. Accordingly, Kentucky's statutes

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As the newly amended case moved forward, on September 25, Black granted a September 19 motion by the plaintiffs to dismiss the governor and the state attorney general as defendants, and to add funeral director Robert Grunn to the lawsuit so that he could obtain clarification of his legal obligations

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Meanwhile, on July 22, 2013, David Michener and William Herbert Ives married in Delaware. They had three adoptive children. On August 27, William Ives died unexpectedly in Cincinnati, Ohio. His remains were being held at a Cincinnati funeral home pending the issuance of a death certificate, required

2814:(2015) ("The Court now holds that same-sex couples may exercise the fundamental right to marry. ... he State laws challenged by Petitioners in these cases are now held invalid to the extent they exclude same-sex couples from civil marriage on the same terms and conditions as opposite-sex couples."). 1732:

Additionally, the Court rejected the notion that allowing same-sex couples to marry harms the institution of marriage, leading to fewer opposite-sex marriages through a severing of the link between procreation and marriage, calling the notion "counterintuitive" and "unrealistic". Instead, the Court

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Addressing respondent states' argument, the Court emphasized that, while the democratic process may be an appropriate means for deciding issues such as same-sex marriage, no individual has to rely solely on the democratic process to exercise a fundamental right. "An individual can invoke a right to

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can set limits on same-sex marriage under their jurisdictions. At least twelve reservations specifically prohibit same-sex marriage and do not recognize same-sex marriages performed in other jurisdictions, and two others may ban it; these reservations remain the only parts of the Contiguous United

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violation, Scalia asserted that, because a same-sex marriage ban would not have been considered unconstitutional at the time of the Fourteenth Amendment's adoption, such bans are not unconstitutional today. He claimed there was "no basis" for the Court's decision striking down legislation that the

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More generally, Roberts stated that marriage, which he proposed had a "universal definition" as union "between a man and a woman", arose to ensure successful childrearing. Roberts criticized the majority opinion for relying on moral convictions rather than a constitutional basis, and for expanding

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found in the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause "extend to certain personal choices central to individual dignity and autonomy, including intimate choices that define personal identity and beliefs," but the "identification and protection" of these fundamental rights "has not been reduced to

1058:

granted a preliminary injunction requiring the state to recognize the marriages of the three plaintiff couples. She wrote, "At this point, all signs indicate that, in the eyes of the United States Constitution, the plaintiffs' marriages will be placed on an equal footing with those of heterosexual

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expressed reservations regarding plaintiffs' cause of action, suggesting they amend their complaint to challenge the state's ban on same-sex marriage. The plaintiffs amended their complaint accordingly on September 7. During a hearing on March 7, 2013, Friedman decided to delay the case until the

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is not the culmination of one lawsuit. Ultimately, it is the consolidation of six lower-court cases, originally representing sixteen same-sex couples, seven of their children, a widower, an adoption agency, and a funeral director. Those cases came from Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee. All

1724:

Due to the "substantial and continuing harm" and the "instability and uncertainty" caused by state marriage laws differing with regard to same-sex couples, and because respondent states had conceded that a ruling requiring them to marry same-sex couples would undermine their refusal to hold valid

1674:

The Court rejected respondent states' framing of the issue as whether there were a "right to same-sex marriage," insisting its precedents "inquired about the right to marry in its comprehensive sense, asking if there was a sufficient justification for excluding the relevant class from the right."

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Subsequently, on August 16, the complaint was amended to bring Johnson and Campion, their four children through them, and Meade and Barlowe into the case, again challenging the state's bans on same-sex marriage and the recognition of same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions. On November 1, the

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Two cases came from Kentucky, the first ultimately involving four same-sex couples and their six children. Gregory Bourke and Michael DeLeon married in Ontario, Canada, on March 29, 2004. They had two children: Plaintiff I.D., a fourteen-year-old girl, and Plaintiff I.D., a fifteen-year-old boy.

853:

the Ohio Registrar from accepting any death certificate unless it recorded the deceased's status at death as "married" and his partner as "surviving spouse". Black wrote that "hroughout Ohio's history, Ohio law has been clear: a marriage solemnized outside of Ohio is valid in Ohio if it is valid

8065:

Among the decisions repeatedly praised by the law-school professors were those that championed civil and individual liberties, as well as those that made democracy more participatory. Decisions that were often mentioned included Loving v. Virginia (1967), which found restrictions on interracial

1716:

in support throughout its discussion. First, "the right to personal choice regarding marriage is inherent in the concept of individual autonomy." Second, "the right to marry is fundamental because it supports a two-person union unlike any other in its importance to the committed individuals," a

1187:

also dismissed the arguments made on behalf of same-sex couples in this case: "Not one of the plaintiffs' theories, however, makes the case for constitutionalizing the definition of marriage and for removing the issue from the place it has been since the founding: in the hands of state voters."

726:

One case came from Michigan, involving a female couple and their three children. April DeBoer and Jayne Rowse held a commitment ceremony in February 2007. They were foster parents. A son was born on January 25, 2009, and adopted by Rowse in November. A daughter was born on February 1, 2010, and

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wrote a dissenting opinion, which was joined by Justice Thomas. Scalia stated that the Court's decision effectively robs the people of "the freedom to govern themselves", noting that a rigorous debate on same-sex marriage had been taking place and that, by deciding the issue nationwide, the

1053:

As the case progressed, on November 19, 2013, the plaintiffs moved for a preliminary injunction enjoining the state from applying its marriage recognition ban against them. On March 10, 2014, plaintiff couple Kellie Miller and Vanessa DeVillez withdrew from the case. On March 14, Judge

2007:

Hundreds of companies reacted positively to the Supreme Court decision by temporarily modifying their company logos on social media to include rainbows or other messages of support for the legalization of same-sex marriage. Jubilant supporters went to social media, public rallies, and

12197: 1851:(1905). Roberts stated that no prior decision had changed the core component of marriage, that it be between one man and one woman; consequently, same-sex marriage bans did not violate the Due Process Clause. Roberts also rejected the notion that same-sex marriage bans violated a 2237:, and it went into effect on August 29, 2019; all eight remaining holdout counties were required to begin issuing marriage certificates, and every county in Alabama is currently issuing marriage certificates to all couples, including otherwise eligible same-sex couples. 437: 1455:

oral arguments are an imperfect indicator of their final decisions, the justices appeared sharply divided in their approaches to this issue, splitting as they often do along ideological lines, with Justice Anthony Kennedy being pivotal. It was thought Chief Justice

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petitioners posed to the Court two questions: whether a state violates the Due Process or Equal Protection Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment by prohibiting same-sex couples to marry, and whether it does so by refusing to recognize out-of-state same-sex marriages.

727:

adopted by DeBoer in April 2011. A second son was born on November 9, 2009, and adopted by Rowse in October 2011. Michigan law allowed adoption only by single people or married couples. Consequently, on January 23, 2012, DeBoer and Rowse filed a lawsuit in the

2012:

to celebrate the ruling. Media commentators highlighted the above-quoted passage from Kennedy's decision as a key statement countering many of the arguments put forth by same-sex marriage opponents and mirroring similar language in the 1967 decision in

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Ohio to recognize same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions. Following the resignation of the lead defendant, Ohio's director of health, Ted Wymyslo, for reasons unrelated to the case, Lance Himes became interim director, and the case was restyled

897:. Adoption agency, Adoption S.T.A.R., sued due to the added and inadequate services Ohio law forced it to provide to same-sex parents adopting in the state. Theodore Wymyslo, the lead defendant, was then director of the Ohio Department of Health. 2627:. The RFMA compels all U.S. states and territories to recognize the validity of same-sex and interracial marriages if performed in a jurisdiction where such marriages are legally performed; this extends the recognition of same-sex marriages to 426: 6625: 2317:

signed SB-216 into law on April 13, 2016, which replaced the previously separate marriage license forms for opposite-sex and same-sex couples with one form that has an option for gender neutral language. On June 22, 2016, the director of the

1485:

On June 26, 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court held in a 5–4 decision that the Fourteenth Amendment requires all states to grant same-sex marriages and recognize same-sex marriages granted in other states. The Court overruled its prior decision in

9127: 1781: 13220: 1278: 6831: 1693:. It continued, "If rights were defined by who exercised them in the past, then received practices could serve as their own continued justification and new groups could not invoke rights once denied." Citing its prior decisions in 866:

before cremation, the deceased's desired funeral rite. As surviving spouse David Michener's name could not by Ohio law appear on the death certificate, he sought legal remedy, being added as a plaintiff in the case on September 3.

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requires a State to license a marriage between two people of the same sex and to recognize a marriage between two people of the same sex when their marriage was lawfully licensed and performed out-of-State. The judgment of the

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complaint was amended again to bring Franklin and Boyd into the case, now challenging only Kentucky's ban on the recognition of same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions. Originally, the couple had filed their own lawsuit,

6651: 2111:

Though the U.S. Supreme Court legalized same-sex marriage throughout the country in June 2015, there have been numerous counties refusing to issue marriage licenses to otherwise eligible same-sex couples in the states of

1642:"The Constitution promises liberty to all within its reach," the Court declared, "a liberty that includes certain specific rights that allow persons, within a lawful realm, to define and express their identity." Citing 8607: 854:

where solemnized", and noted that certain marriages between cousins or minors, while unlawful if performed in Ohio, are recognized by the state if lawful when solemnized in other jurisdictions. Ohio Attorney General

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regarding the legality of same-sex marriage that could prompt a grant of certiorari by the Supreme Court and an end to the uncertainty of status and the interstate chaos that the current discrepancy in state laws

870:

under Ohio law when serving clients with same-sex spouses, such as his client James Obergefell. Ohio Health Department Director Theodore Wymyslo was substituted as the lead defendant, and the case was restyled

8337: 1271: 905:. On April 14, Black ruled that Ohio must recognize same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions, and, on April 16, stayed enforcement of his ruling, except for the birth certificates sought by the plaintiffs. 3675: 1566: 842:. The local Ohio Registrar agreed that discriminating against the same-sex married couple was unconstitutional, but the state attorney general's office announced plans to defend Ohio's same-sex marriage ban. 11187: 13033: 8698: 1721:

same-sex marriage bans for violating both clauses, holding that same-sex couples may exercise the fundamental right to marry in all fifty states "on the same terms and conditions as opposite-sex couples."

1530:

which rejected DOMA's recognition of only opposite-sex marriages for certain purposes under federal law. In both cases, Justice Kennedy authored the majority opinions and was considered the "swing vote".

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liberty interest in her noncitizen spouse being admitted to the country." In her dissenting opinion, Justice Sotomayor criticised the majority for using the "history and tradition" test established in

1463:, Roberts made comments during oral argument suggesting that the bans in question may constitute sex discrimination. In his opinion, however, he argued that same-sex marriage bans were constitutional. 1779: 12125: 6617: 6114: 1264: 12836: 2214:

Chambers County began issuing marriage licenses again in June 2016, and so by June 26, 2016, twelve counties were refusing to issue any marriage licenses: Autauga, Bibb, Choctaw, Clarke, Cleburne,

7481: 12277: 7106: 7015: 6769: 6403: 2374:, because residents born in the territory are U.S. nationals, rather than U.S. citizens as in the other four populated U.S territories. On July 9, 2015, then-attorney general for American Samoa, 6800: 2348:

and same-sex marriage would begin in Puerto Rico within fifteen days. Although same-sex couples began marrying in the territory on July 17, the court battle would continue until April 11, 2016.

2050:

called the Court's decision a "lawless ruling" and pledged free legal defense of state workers who refuse to marry couples on religious grounds. In a tweet, former Governor of Arkansas and then

1177:, the Sixth Circuit ruled 2–1 that Ohio's ban on same-sex marriage did not violate the U.S. Constitution. The court said it was bound by the U.S. Supreme Court's 1972 action in a similar case, 1567: 12245: 12101: 12924: 12740: 6472: 2391:

established by federal law that all territories, including American Samoa, must recognize same-sex marriages performed in other states; however, this does not change anything for marriages

822:(Western Division, Cincinnati) on July 19, 2013, alleging that the state discriminates against same-sex couples who have married lawfully out-of-state. The lead defendant was Ohio Governor 6823: 1859:, Roberts stated that same-sex marriage bans did not violate the clause because they were rationally related to a governmental interest: preserving the traditional definition of marriage. 12400: 9100: 9963: 1780: 11163: 7347: 7251: 1519:

decision was issued on the second-to-last decision day of the Court's term; and, as late as 9:59 on the morning of the decision, same sex couples were unable to marry in many states.

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to perform and recognize the marriages of same-sex couples on the same terms and conditions as the marriages of opposite-sex couples, with equal rights and responsibilities. Prior to

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Does the Fourteenth Amendment require a state to recognize a marriage between two people of the same sex when their marriage was lawfully licensed and performed out-of-state?

314:

Does the Fourteenth Amendment require a state to recognize a marriage between two people of the same sex when their marriage was lawfully licensed and performed out-of-state?

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Feature provides images of all plaintiffs, except John Arthur, Adoption S.T.A.R., Joy Espejo, Matthew Mansell, Kellie Miller, and Vanessa DeVillez. See, also, reference 45.

7722: 2273:. Swisher and Throckmorton Counties began issuing marriage licenses by August 2015, and Loving and Mills Counties followed suit by September 2015. After September 4, 2015, 1681:

that fundamental rights had to be "deeply rooted" in the nation's history and traditions, the Court said that it is "inconsistent with the approach this Court has used" in

858:

indicated he would not appeal the preliminary order. On August 13, Black extended the temporary restraining order until the end of December and scheduled oral arguments on

9419: 9265: 9225: 7595: 7530: 4087: 10961: 8480: 4111: 1393:(Tennessee)—and agreed to review the case. It set a briefing schedule to be completed April 17. The Court ordered briefing and oral argument on the following questions: 800:

Two cases came from Ohio, the first ultimately involving a male couple, a widower, and a funeral director. In June 2013, following the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in

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have laws pertaining to same-sex marriage independent of state law. The federal government recognizes same-sex marriages, regardless of the current state of residence.

810:

and John Arthur decided to marry to obtain legal recognition of their relationship. They married in Maryland on July 11. After learning that their state of residence,

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and requires states to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples and to recognize same-sex marriages validly performed in other jurisdictions. This established

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petitioners asked the Court to consider whether Ohio's refusal to recognize marriages from other jurisdictions violated the Fourteenth Amendment's guarantees of

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for the purposes of briefing and oral argument. (On April 15, after Ohio's governor, John Kasich, appointed Lance Himes interim health director on February 21,

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was the only county that refused to issue marriage licenses, with the county clerk citing grounds of personal religious beliefs. However, after the

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Between January 2012 and February 2014, plaintiffs in Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee filed federal district court cases that culminated in

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same-sex marriages performed in other states, the Court also held that states must recognize same-sex marriages legally performed in other states.

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partner Susan Baker Manning, on behalf of 379 business entities, which stated a business case for legalizing same-sex marriage across the country.

1371:

On January 16, 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court consolidated the four same-sex marriage cases challenging state laws that prohibited same-sex marriage—

1199:

Because the correct result is so obvious, one is tempted to speculate that the majority has purposefully taken the contrary position to create the

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wrote, "This flawed, failed decision is an out-of-control act of unconstitutional judicial tyranny." Austin R. Nimocks, senior counsel for the

2051: 2025:, which affirmed married couples have a right of privacy. The paragraph was frequently repeated on social media after the ruling was reported. 8281: 4848: 4776: 4432: 4167: 4151: 4135: 4043: 4007: 3983: 3083: 3065: 3005: 2659:

announced on November 14, 2022, that a bipartisan deal had been struck, and that they expected the legislation to reach 60 votes to break the

13065: 12416: 12173: 12021: 11814: 10353: 10176: 9843: 9369: 9110: 6159: 4027: 3987: 2448:

and ruled that states may not treat married same-sex couples differently from married opposite-sex couples in issuing birth certificates. In

616: 7339: 3226: 2452:, birth certificates were listed among the "governmental rights, benefits, and responsibilities" that typically accompany marriage. Quoting 957:(Louisville Division), challenging Kentucky's bans on same-sex marriage and the recognition of same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions. 10668: 10573: 10533: 10488: 10069: 10054: 8311: 8271: 7261: 4404: 4306: 3824: 3780: 3661: 3645: 3604: 3586: 3515: 3503: 3495: 3475: 3467: 3459: 3443: 3435: 3393: 3347: 6449: 5375: 3201: 2144:

Alabama counties issuing marriage licenses to all couples (blue) and counties issuing licenses to no one (purple) prior to August 29, 2019

13200: 12868: 12780: 11407: 10508: 10348: 10318: 10306: 10273: 10206: 10049: 9090: 9036: 8453:

President Obama praised the ruling, saying 'we've made our union a little more perfect' and calling the decision a 'victory for America.'

8206: 7370: 5054: 7937: 4816: 4800: 4723: 4715: 4600: 2635:. RFMA officially repealed DOMA and requires the federal government to recognize same-sex and interracial marriages, codifying parts of 1999:

Plaintiffs Jimmy Meade (left) and Luke Barlowe (right) celebrate at Lexington Pride Festival, Lexington, Kentucky, on the day after the

13225: 11666: 10618: 10583: 10421: 10296: 10216: 10211: 10181: 10121: 10089: 10039: 10029: 9935: 9435: 9156: 8466: 8436: 1772: 6861: 6559: 5259: 1733:

stated that married same-sex couples "would pose no risk of harm to themselves or third parties". The majority also stressed that the

1509:(DOMA), which denied federal recognition to same-sex marriages, as being unconstitutional. It also came on the twelfth anniversary of 12892: 12424: 11439: 10762: 10686: 10650: 10608: 10563: 10523: 10478: 10426: 10406: 10396: 10378: 10234: 10126: 10064: 10059: 10044: 9886: 9566: 9445: 9349: 9176: 6297: 5120: 4882: 4671: 3365: 3330: 7284: 6917: 4359: 4115: 4091: 4071: 3838: 10578: 10568: 10553: 10528: 10498: 10431: 10388: 10343: 10323: 10291: 10024: 10016: 9812: 9149: 8106:

The dissenting justices framed the issue similarly, but not necessarily using the same language. See the dissenting opinions below.

6511: 3304: 2746: 2055: 1183:, which dismissed a same-sex couple's marriage claim "for want of a substantial federal question". Writing for the majority, Judge 8363: 4867:, 574 U.S. 1118 (Jan. 16, 2015) (No. 14-556) (order granting cert.); regarding case consolidation, generally, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 977:. Consolidation never occurred, and that separate case was dismissed for failure to raise new claims. On February 12, 2014, Judge 13175: 13165: 12705: 11570: 11171: 11038: 10678: 10613: 10493: 10328: 10313: 10301: 10229: 10034: 9990: 9802: 9751: 9440: 9195: 8983: 8674: 8664: 7718: 6677: 2667:

passed 62–37 in the Senate on November 16. On November 29, the Senate passed it by a 61–36 vote, with a large majority of Senate

2418: 1538:. The Chief Justice read part of his dissenting opinion from the bench, his first time doing so since joining the Court in 2005. 576: 8383: 8216: 7128: 2519:, a county clerk in Kentucky who was found liable by a jury for failing to issue marriage licenses to gay couples following the 12077: 11251: 11062: 10663: 10446: 10283: 10246: 9822: 9817: 9807: 9784: 9459: 9188: 9070: 8619: 7587: 7527:"Supreme Court's decision on abortion could open the door to overturn same-sex marriage, contraception and other major rulings" 7526: 6985: 6955: 3053: 2854: 2660: 1404:

The Court also told the parties to each of the four cases to address only the questions raised in their particular case. Thus,

677: 6703: 6652:"Same-Sex Marriage: American Samoa May Be the Only Territory in the US Where the Historic Supreme Court Ruling Does Not Apply" 11431: 9306: 8161: 8146: 8128: 3574: 7748: 5341: 5233: 2828: 2378:, stated that his office was "still reviewing the decision to determine its applicability to American Samoa." Further, the 12582: 12269: 12253: 12157: 10633: 10538: 9392: 9255: 9171: 9166: 9095: 9085: 9075: 7185: 7075: 4998: 1159: 68: 5315: 3410: 3177: 12165: 11275: 10696: 9838: 9716: 9681: 8765: 5099: 5080: 4999:

Ingraham, Nathan, "Apple, Facebook, Comcast, and hundreds of others ask Supreme Court for nationwide marriage equality",

3796: 3109: 2632: 2384: 2371: 7618: 7553: 7309: 4210: 12981: 12697: 12622: 11886: 10503: 9983: 9910: 9794: 9756: 9661: 9621: 9311: 9260: 8950: 7962: 4832: 4731: 2751: 1478: 1345:, and whether the state's refusal to recognize the adoption judgment of another state violated the U.S. Constitution's 1299: 1084: 939: 781: 572: 45: 8411: 4757: 1473: 1329:

petitioners presented the Court with the question of whether denying same-sex couples the right to marry violated the

834:(ALS), they wanted the Ohio Registrar to identify the other partner, James Obergefell, as his surviving spouse on his 13041: 10981: 10074: 9940: 9881: 9721: 9711: 9706: 9686: 8489: 7045: 3278: 3178:"The Man Who Changed America: Jim Obergefell Tells PEOPLE Gay Marriage Ruling Made Him Feel 'Like an Equal American'" 559: 7804: 6140: 2523:

ruling as she claimed this violated her religion, has appealed her case to the federal appellate courts, urging for

2289:

Three Kentucky counties were not confirmed to be issuing or refused to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples:

12860: 11730: 10673: 10603: 10251: 9858: 9636: 9551: 9235: 9001: 8014: 7406: 4486: 3701: 2931: 2341: 2125: 1015: 5285: 5162: 13155: 11610: 11455: 10969: 10513: 10151: 9671: 9666: 9541: 8611: 7482:"Supreme Court rules Arkansas birth certificate law unconstitutional following legalization of same-sex marriage" 7162: 5183: 5033: 2501:

and cast doubt over substantive due process. The dissenting opinion, which criticized the majority for rejecting

615:, same-sex marriage had already been established by statute, court ruling, or voter initiative in 36 states, the 6325: 3031: 2544: 1995: 13170: 12440: 11298: 10658: 10623: 10164: 10116: 9930: 9761: 9726: 9631: 9606: 5214: 4218: 2028:

In 2015, due to the ruling, Justice Anthony Kennedy and the other justices of the Supreme Court were chosen as

7870: 7690:

https://www.jezebel.com/former-country-clerk-kim-davis-asks-appeals-court-to-overturn-marriage-equality-ruling

6271: 1710:

The Court listed four distinct reasons why the fundamental right to marry applies to same-sex couples, citing

1447:, representing the United States, also argued for the same-sex couples. The states were represented by former 1014:, on February 28. On July 1, 2014, Judge Heyburn issued his ruling. He found "homosexual persons constitute a 11082: 10821: 10755: 10628: 10588: 10558: 10363: 10146: 9920: 9746: 9696: 9676: 9651: 9641: 9626: 9616: 9601: 9581: 9556: 9546: 9536: 9286: 9026: 8915: 8880: 6886: 6731: 4536: 4023: 2225:

passed a bill that would change state law to replace marriage licenses, which were applications put before a

1213: 839: 831: 270: 6589: 3975: 2322:, Chris Hartmann, stated that "there are no counties where marriage licenses are being denied" in Kentucky. 1006:, challenging the state's ban on same-sex marriage. The motion was granted on February 27, and the case was 11838: 11690: 11642: 11383: 10998: 10483: 10468: 10458: 10453: 10441: 10416: 10411: 10401: 10268: 10224: 10171: 9925: 9766: 9741: 9646: 9586: 9561: 9531: 9521: 8955: 8860: 8820: 6185: 4234: 2278: 2030: 1346: 973:, but a change of venue was ordered for convenience, with the intent formally to consolidate the case with 4371: 4179: 3863: 2313:

in her non-issuance of same-sex marriage licenses. In an attempt to mitigate the issue, Kentucky Governor

1968: 84: 12724: 11894: 11195: 11046: 10638: 10598: 10548: 10473: 10463: 10358: 10186: 10136: 10131: 9701: 9656: 9596: 9571: 9526: 8920: 8910: 8905: 8885: 8687: 4908: 2379: 7987: 7837: 6095: 6079: 6063: 6047: 6031: 6015: 5999: 5983: 5967: 5951: 5935: 5919: 5903: 5887: 5871: 5855: 5839: 5823: 5807: 5791: 5775: 5759: 5743: 5727: 5711: 5695: 5670: 5654: 5638: 5622: 5606: 5590: 5574: 5558: 5542: 5526: 5481: 5458: 5442: 5426: 4703: 4654: 4634: 4612: 4294: 2914: 2898: 2882: 2811: 2795: 1358:(1972), summarily dismissing same-sex couples' marriage claims, remained binding precedent. Lastly, the 151: 11846: 10593: 10518: 10333: 10141: 9731: 9611: 9576: 9041: 8835: 8750: 8637: 8560: 7911: 2270: 2193: 2067: 2062: 1448: 1422: 1397:

Does the Fourteenth Amendment require a state to license a marriage between two people of the same sex?

999: 311:

Does the Fourteenth Amendment require a state to license a marriage between two people of the same sex?

7704: 4579: 4314: 13049: 12456: 12448: 12061: 11482: 11415: 10701: 10156: 9848: 9736: 9691: 9591: 8870: 8865: 8740: 8603: 3519: 3397: 3209: 2330: 2177: 620: 72: 4864: 4326: 4235:

Stipulation of Dismissal of Plaintiffs Kellie Miller and Vanessa DeVillez and Defendant Bill Gibbons

2675:. On December 8, the House agreed to the Senate amendment by a 258–169 vote, with one member voting 2479:(1973), and held that the right to privacy does not extend to that of abortion on the criteria from 2152:, by September 4, 2015, officials in eleven Alabama counties stopped issuing all marriage licenses: 292: 203: 13081: 13025: 12189: 11746: 11714: 11345: 11139: 11123: 10748: 8960: 8925: 8830: 8805: 8631: 8566: 8379:

Article provides pics of James Obergefell and husband John Arthur. See, also, references 14 and 15.

8244: 8234: 7744: 6854:"Getting married in Alabama? Changes you need to know | Alabama Department of Public Health (ADPH)" 3331:"Two Years after His Husband's Death, Jim Obergefell Is Still Fighting for the Right to Be Married" 2641: 2620: 2554: 2481: 2388: 2290: 2281:, the newly elected Irion County Clerk said she would issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples. 2173: 2161: 1839:, but warned it has been misused over time to expand perceived fundamental rights, particularly in 1712: 1677: 1501: 1162:, by the appointment of Ohio governor John Kasich, succeeded Himes as Ohio's health director, and 802: 751: 278: 260: 245: 226: 176: 131: 6404:"Here Are the Key Excerpts on Religious Liberty from the Supreme Court's Decision on Gay Marriage" 4959: 2579: 1976:

illuminated in rainbow colors, which appear on the LGBTQ+ pride flag, on the evening of the ruling

1240: Same-sex marriage banned where federal circuit court has found similar bans unconstitutional 13089: 12654: 12510: 11771: 11698: 11091: 11006: 8945: 8895: 8875: 8850: 8840: 8825: 8815: 8800: 8780: 8755: 8745: 8735: 8693: 8659: 8504: 8321: 8225: 5018: 3955: 3931: 3923: 3911: 3903: 3253:"Terminally Ill Ohio Gay Man Gets Dying Wish, Marries Partner after Being Flown to Another State" 2509: 2208: 2165: 2021: 1906: 1856: 1828: 1644: 1636: 1506: 1436:

in the case were heard on April 28, 2015. The plaintiffs were represented by civil rights lawyer

1408:

raises only the second question, the recognition of same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions.

1342: 1302:. On November 14, 2014, the same-sex couples, widowers, child plaintiff, and funeral director in 592: 3755: 3642: 3476:

Amended Verified Complaint for Temporary Restraining Order and Declaratory and Injunctive Relief

3444:

Amended Verified Complaint for Temporary Restraining Order and Declaratory and Injunctive Relief

13190: 12320: 9161: 8965: 8940: 8845: 8785: 8760: 8730: 8720: 7677: 5367: 4784: 4440: 3482:, No. 1:13-cv-501 (amended verified complaint filed Sept. 3, 2013); see, also, Fed. R. Civ. P. 3366:"Ohio Attorney General Has No Plans to Appeal Temporary Restraining Order in Gay Couple's Case" 2672: 2414: 2298: 2294: 2204: 2181: 2169: 2044: 1841: 1444: 1441: 1192: 1155: 757: 635: 10740: 7509: 7430:"Supreme Court Orders States to List Same-Sex Parents on Birth Certificates; Gorsuch Dissents" 3504:

Second Amended Complaint for Temporary Restraining Order and Declaratory and Injunctive Relief

13160: 13009: 12852: 12820: 12408: 11957: 10905: 10797: 9975: 9301: 8900: 8855: 8795: 8770: 8725: 8669: 8626: 8573: 8537: 8524: 7402: 6560:"Anti-LGBTQ Bills in Tennessee Attempt to Undermine Supreme Court's Marriage Equality Ruling" 5399:"John Roberts's Full-Throated Gay Marriage Dissent: Constitution 'Had Nothing to Do with It'" 4739: 4730:, No. 14-556 (U.S. June 26, 2015) (petition filed Nov. 14, 2014) (Adoption S.T.A.R. at iii); 3541: 2982:"Lesbian Couple with Three Kids Files Federal Court Challenge to Michigan's Gay Marriage Ban" 2375: 2310: 2266: 2215: 2096: 2085: 518: 95: 7938:"Senate defeats filibuster on gay marriage bill, paving path for protecting same sex unions" 6618:"2 Ky. county clerks still fighting same-sex marriage despite Supreme Court ruling, lawsuit" 1318:

with the Court. Adoption agency Adoption S.T.A.R. did not petition. The same-sex couples in

893:(Western Division, Cincinnati), to force the state to list both parents on their children's 13001: 12748: 12598: 12296: 12229: 11674: 11554: 11391: 11219: 11179: 11131: 8930: 8810: 8775: 8254: 8168: 7719:"Supreme Court rules against Los Angeles couple denied visa in part over husband's tattoos" 6853: 3894:, No. 3:13-CV-750-H (W.D. Ky. Feb. 12, 2014) (second amended complaint filed Nov. 1, 2013). 3510:, No. 13-cv-501 (S.D. Ohio Dec. 23, 2013) (second amended complaint filed Sept. 26, 2013); 2732: 2258: 2189: 2157: 1897: 1591: 1055: 604: 8400:

Article provides pics of Joy Espejo, Matthew Mansell, Kellie Miller, and Vanessa DeVillez.

8: 12932: 12884: 12828: 12764: 12756: 12689: 12606: 12542: 12205: 12149: 12093: 12085: 11722: 11602: 11586: 11463: 11243: 11227: 10921: 10805: 9031: 8935: 8890: 8790: 8517: 8272:

Final Order Granting Plaintiffs' Motion for Declaratory Judgment and Permanent Injunction

8049: 7753: 5291: 2274: 2262: 2254: 2222: 2140: 2078: 1855:, because they involved no government intrusion or subsequent punishment. Addressing the 1847: 1661: 1612: 745: 385: 6423:"How Will the U.S. Supreme Court's Same-Sex-Marriage Decision Affect Religious Liberty?" 6246:"The One Supreme Court Paragraph on Love That Gay Marriage Supporters Will Never Forget" 3202:

Verified Complaint for Temporary Restraining Order and Declaratory and Injunctive Relief

12993: 12812: 12804: 12630: 12590: 12558: 12475: 12344: 12336: 12304: 12221: 12045: 11997: 11973: 11941: 11862: 11806: 11798: 11650: 11546: 11361: 11030: 10945: 10874: 10785: 9361: 8680: 7875: 5675: 5167: 5121:"The Supreme Court Gay Marriage Arguments: What the Justices Revealed — Quote by Quote" 3208:, No. 13-cv-501 (S.D. Ohio Dec. 23, 2013) (complaint filed July 19, 2013). See, also, 2647: 2549: 2494: 2410: 2250: 2073: 2015: 1836: 1832: 1824: 1655: 1649: 1632: 1535: 1338: 978: 630:. After all district courts ruled for the plaintiffs, the rulings were appealed to the 588: 6272:"Why Marriage Equality Matters for All Americans, Explained in One Powerful Paragraph" 1115:

on March 18 and July 8, respectively. And on May 9 Ohio's director of health appealed

13195: 13128: 13120: 13073: 12796: 12670: 12384: 12141: 11981: 11965: 11916: 11902: 11878: 11634: 11618: 11578: 11506: 11447: 11147: 11054: 10990: 10937: 10829: 9296: 8543: 8157: 8142: 8124: 8023: 7880: 7809: 7375: 7008:"Kentucky House approves creation of marriage license accommodating same-sex couples" 6219: 2319: 1946:

wrote a dissenting opinion, which was joined by Justices Scalia and Thomas. Invoking

1699: 1511: 1383: 1007: 1002:

Clerk's office. On February 14, the next day, the couples submitted a motion to join

949: 914: 894: 859: 835: 655: 237: 8458: 8139:

Love Wins: The Lovers and Lawyers Who Fought the Landmark Case for Marriage Equality

6977: 6947: 6377: 6350: 12376: 12352: 11933: 11682: 11658: 11522: 10929: 10897: 10845: 8975: 8312:

Order Granting Plaintiffs' Motion for Declaratory Judgment and Permanent Injunction

5142:"Argument Analysis: Review of Consular Visa Decisions for the Twenty-first Century" 4625: 4313:, No. 13-CV-501 (S.D. Ohio Dec. 23, 2013) (notice filed Jan. 16, 2014). See, also, 2786: 1927: 1919: 1852: 1667: 1608: 1534:

Chief Justice Roberts and Justices Scalia, Thomas, and Alito each wrote a separate

1373: 1076: 846: 733: 721: 681: 584: 524: 218: 13221:

United States Supreme Court decisions that overrule a prior Supreme Court decision

12198:

Northeastern Fla. Chapter, Associated Gen. Contractors of America v. Jacksonville

11790: 11530: 11399: 10953: 10913: 10837: 9895:

Cities and counties in the United States offering a domestic partnership registry

8134: 8089: 7842: 4868: 4558: 4448: 4388: 4186: 4119: 4095: 3991: 3959: 3935: 3649: 3523: 3483: 2092: 1914: 1902: 1620: 1604: 1596: 1488: 1389: 1179: 1151: 1038: 1030: 994: 789: 685: 660: 498: 401: 377: 373: 338: 195: 7067: 4193:, No. 3:13-cv-01159 (M.D. Tenn. Mar. 14, 2014) (complaint filed Oct. 21, 2013); 2229:, with marriage certificates, which are given to couples that file the required 1599:

authored the Court's opinion declaring same-sex couples have the right to marry.

12940: 12772: 12518: 12483: 12360: 11870: 11626: 11538: 11307: 10813: 10007: 9291: 8587: 8530: 8268:

U.S. District Courts: Most relevant actions (dates refer to indicated actions)

7256: 7235: 3643:

Complaint for Temporary Restraining Order and Declaratory and Injunctive Relief

2628: 2440: 2344:

announced on June 26, 2015, that the territory would comply with the ruling in

2129: 1980: 1872: 1616: 1451: 1184: 1147: 1072: 926: 827: 807: 776: 389: 365: 64: 20: 7456:"Gay Couples Entitled to Equal Treatment on Birth Certificates, Justices Rule" 4461: 3954:, No. 3:13-CV-750-H (second amended complaint filed Nov. 1, 2013); see, also, 3082:

Harris, Andrew M.; Raphael, Steven; Cronin Fisk, Margaret (October 16, 2013).

2962:, No. 12-CV-10285 (E.D. Mich. Mar. 21, 2014) (complaint filed Jan. 23, 2012); 1322:

filed their petition for a writ of certiorari with the Court on November 18.

13149: 13034:

Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank

12662: 12053: 11925: 11594: 11562: 11490: 11353: 11259: 11107: 11022: 9207: 8027: 7884: 6824:"Here's how getting married in Alabama will change with no marriage licenses" 6223: 5494: 4783:, No. 14-574 (U.S. June 26, 2015) (petition filed Nov. 18, 2014); see, also, 4439:, No. 14-574 (U.S. June 26, 2015) (petition filed Nov. 18, 2014); see, also, 4219:

Plaintiffs' Memorandum of Law in Support of Motion for Preliminary Injunction

3656:, No. 1:14-cv-129 (S.D. Ohio Apr. 14, 2014) (complaint filed Feb. 10, 2014); 2652: 2503: 2230: 2226: 2185: 2058: 1882: 1627:. The majority held that state same-sex marriage bans are a violation of the 1433: 1417:

submitted, more than any other U.S. Supreme Court case, including a historic

1413: 1200: 1080: 982:

and constitutional amendment that mandate this denial are unconstitutional."

958: 850: 665: 119: 7777:"Supreme Court Just Countered Landmark Gay Marriage Ruling, Sotomayor Warns" 6141:"Obama Praises Supreme Court's Decision to Legalize Gay Marriage Nationwide" 4738:, No. 14-562 (U.S. June 26, 2015) (petition filed Nov. 14, 2014); see, also 4333:, No. 3:13-cv-01159 (M.D. Tenn. Mar. 14, 2014) (notice filed Mar. 18, 2014). 2249:, six Texas counties initially refused to issue same-sex marriage licenses: 705:

six federal district court rulings found for the same-sex couples and other

12948: 12312: 11498: 10853: 9337: 4762: 4062:, No. 3:13-CV-750-H (W.D. Ky. Feb. 12, 2014) (motion filed Feb. 14, 2014); 2718: 2019:, which abolished bans on inter-racial marriages, and the 1965 decision in 1989: 1943: 1886: 1820: 1812: 1456: 1437: 1091:

The six decisions of the four federal district courts were appealed to the

608: 397: 357: 7680:

at 5 (U.S. June 24, 2022) (Breyer, Sotomayor, and Kagan, JJ., dissenting).

7037: 5342:"Anthony Kennedy: How One Man's Evolution Legalized Marriage for Millions" 4984:"Business Won Big, Lost Big At Supreme Court This Term" by Daniel Fisher, 4349:, No. 12-CV-10285 (E.D. Mich. Mar. 21, 2014) (notice filed Mar. 21, 2012). 2930:

Terkel, Amanda; Abbey-Lambertz, Kate; Conetta, Christine (June 17, 2015).

2651:. The Act passed the House in a bipartisan vote on July 19, 2022. Senator 11822: 11099: 11014: 10886: 7619:"The Supreme Court's draft opinion on overturning Roe v. Wade, annotated" 7554:"The Supreme Court's draft opinion on overturning Roe v. Wade, annotated" 6302: 5125: 2932:"Meet the Couples Fighting to Make Marriage Equality the Law of the Land" 2475: 2088: 1973: 1624: 1138:.) Upon prior motion by the parties, the Sixth Circuit also consolidated 1047: 855: 823: 738: 409: 257: 242: 223: 200: 173: 141: 12278:

Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College

6473:"What Churches and Clergy Should Note from the Same-Sex Marriage Ruling" 6050:(Alito, J., dissenting) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 4506: 4064:

Intervening Complaint and Petition for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief

3930:, No. 3:13-CV-750-H (amended complaint filed Aug. 16, 2013); see, also, 12368: 8712: 7871:"House Passes Same-Sex Marriage Bill Amid Concern About Court Reversal" 6212:"Jubilant Marchers at Gay Pride Parades Celebrate Supreme Court Ruling" 5146: 5104: 5081:"A Look at the Five Lawyers to Argue Gay Marriage before Supreme Court" 5038: 4883:"Supreme Court Will Hear Four Cases Challenging Same-Sex Marriage Bans" 4378:, No. 1:14-cv-129 (S.D. Ohio Apr. 14, 2014) (notice filed May 9, 2014). 3728:"Federal Judge Says He'll Require Ohio to Recognize Same-Sex Marriages" 2704: 2680: 2314: 2047: 1796: 1583: 1315: 600: 288: 230: 207: 115: 12246:

Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1

12102:

Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.

6495: 5260:"Justice Roberts Revives an Old Argument That Could Save Gay Marriage" 5055:"8 Most Awkward Moments in the Supreme Court's Gay-Marriage Arguments" 2459: 1988:

thing of the past and henceforth only be known as marriage. President

1804: 1067: 8154:

Awakening: How Gays and Lesbians Brought Marriage Equality to America

5499:"Supreme Court 2015: Obergefell v. Hodges links liberty and equality" 2656: 2516: 2302: 2200: 2009: 1459:

could be pivotal as well. Despite his past views, and his dissent in

1218:

State laws regarding same-sex marriage in the United States prior to

188: 180: 107: 6442:"Does Supreme Court's Marriage Decision Protect Religious Entities?" 2698: 2077:, raised concerns that there may be conflict between the ruling and 1234: Same-sex marriage ban overturned, decision stayed indefinitely 1146:

on July 16. On August 6, the three-judge panel consisting of Judges

658:

were unconstitutional, the Sixth Circuit ruled that it was bound by

11164:

Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists

7781: 7252:"Inos to Initiate Consultations with AG, Mayors on Same-Sex Ruling" 5213:

de Vogue, Ariane; Brown, Pamela; Diamond, Jeremy (April 28, 2015).

5059: 4672:"Federal Appeals Court Upholds Four States' Same-Sex Marriage Bans" 3619:"Ohio's Ban on Gay Marriage Ruled Unconstitutional in Limited Case" 3450:, No. 1:13-cv-501 (amended verified complaint filed Sept. 3, 2013). 3348:

Order Granting Plaintiffs' Motion for a Temporary Restraining Order

2359:, respectively, announced that their territories would comply with 2234: 2121: 1827:, which was joined by Justices Scalia and Thomas. Roberts accepted 1354:

violated same-sex couples' right to interstate travel; and whether

1295: 706: 282: 249: 211: 8156:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2017. 6115:"Supreme Court Rules Gay Couples Nationwide Have a Right to Marry" 4722:, No. 14-571 (U.S. June 26, 2015) (petition filed Nov. 14, 2014); 4607:, No. 14-556 (U.S. June 26, 2015) (petition filed Nov. 14, 2014); 1876:

democratic process had been unduly halted. Addressing the claimed

10099: 6298:"Final Paragraph of SCOTUS Same-Sex Marriage Decision Goes Viral" 5184:"U.S. Top Court Divided on Gay Marriage, Kennedy Appears Pivotal" 4935:"Record Number of Amicus Briefs Filed in Same-Sex-Marriage Cases" 3152:"In Supreme Court Case, a Couple Not Recognized in Life or Death" 2687:. President Biden signed the bill into law on December 13, 2022. 2664: 2305:, clerk of Rowan County, cited religious exemptions based on the 2153: 2113: 1044:

United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee

971:

United States District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky

955:

United States District Court for the Western District of Kentucky

729:

United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan

111: 7838:"Congress moves to protect marriage equality after Roe decision" 7129:"Guam Becomes First US Territory to Recognise Same-Sex Marriage" 6978:"Kentucky clerk jailed for defying court orders on gay marriage" 4637:(6th Cir. 2014) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 3910:, No. 3:13-CV-750-H (complaint filed July 26, 2013); see, also, 2333:

had been issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples prior to

11370:

Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York

10770: 8440: 8415: 8403: 6793:"2yrs later, 7co. still not issuing same-sex marriage licenses" 6587: 5014:"Morgan Lewis Creates Role for 'Large Impact' Pro Bono Matters" 4281:, No. 3:13-cv-01159 (memorandum and order filed Mar. 20, 2014). 4070:, No. 3:13-CV-750-H (filed in record Feb. 27, 2014); see, also 3839:"Federal Judge Grants Partial Stay in Ohio Marriage-Ban Ruling" 2548:(2024), the Supreme Court held that a "citizen does not have a 2527:

to be overturned using the same reasoning the majority used in

2233:. The bill was signed into law in May 2019 by Alabama Governor 2124:. Additionally, the overall status of same sex-marriage in the 1815:

argued same-sex marriage bans did not violate the Constitution.

40: 11424:

Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community

10005: 8428:

Includes reactions to multiple Supreme Court cases, including

6678:"Alabama Judges Use Segregation-Era Law to Avoid Gay Marriage" 5234:"John Roberts' Big Moment: Will He Anger Conservatives Again?" 3948:

Second Amended Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief

3888:

Second Amended Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief

3864:"Bourke v. Beshear & Love v. Beshear – Plaintiff Profiles" 2422:

States to enforce explicit bans on same-sex couples marrying.

1653:

any formula." As the Supreme Court has found in cases such as

891:

United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio

820:

United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio

536: 9404:

Rights and responsibilities of marriages in the United States

8551:

Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act

7371:"American Samoa questions gay marriage validity in territory" 6675: 6186:"Gay Pride: How the World Turned into a Rainbow This Weekend" 4387:

Regarding case consolidation, generally, see Fed. R. Civ. P.

2741:

List of LGBT-related cases in the United States Supreme Court

2566:

test to the "fundamental rights" of "marriage and intimacy".

2117: 668:

and led to a Supreme Court review. Decided on June 26, 2015,

580: 9420:

U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex unions

9266:

History of violence against LGBT people in the United States

9226:

U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex unions

8384:"Couples in Tenn. Same-Sex Marriage Lawsuit Seek Injunction" 7749:"Opinion | Are the justices re-examining same-sex marriage?" 7099:"One year after marriage ruling, pockets of defiance remain" 6762:"One year after marriage ruling, pockets of defiance remain" 6526: 3279:"Cincinnati Lawsuit Challenges Ohio's Same-Sex Marriage Ban" 3176:

Mcafee, Tierney; Sobieraj Westfall, Sandra (June 26, 2015).

1992:

praised the decision and called it a "victory for America".

1103:

on March 18. On March 21, the governor of Michigan appealed

814:, would not recognize their marriage, they filed a lawsuit, 7936:

Quarshie, Mabinty; Elbeshbishi, Sarah (November 16, 2022).

7310:"American Samoa holds out against same-sex marriage ruling" 4699: 4650: 4630: 3227:"Ohio Officials Ordered to Recognize Gay Couple's Marriage" 2929: 2791: 2409:

The Court's decision did not legalize same-sex marriage on

2337:

the territory was already fully compliant with the ruling.

1228: Same-sex marriage legal (including by court decision) 811: 548: 542: 530: 275: 166:

District court decisions, each siding with the plaintiffs:

19:"Obergefell" redirects here. For the case's plaintiff, see 7588:"The Supreme Court's Argument For Overturning Roe v. Wade" 7212:"First Circuit Slams Door on Puerto Rico Gay Marriage Ban" 6160:"The Best Company Responses to Same-Sex Marriage Decision" 3012:, No. 12-CV-10285 (amended complaint filed Sept. 7, 2012). 2395:

in American Samoa, the status of which remains uncertain.

1298:

from each of the six district court cases appealed to the

13058:

Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett

10962:

O'Gorman & Young, Inc. v. Hartford Fire Insurance Co.

5316:"New Employee Benefits Rules for Some Same-Sex Marriages" 5286:"The Effect of Obergefell v. Hodges for Same-Sex Couples" 5215:"Supreme Court Justices Skeptical of Redefining Marriage" 3084:"Michigan Gay Marriage Ban Challenge Gets February Trial" 2829:"Opinion Analysis: Marriage Now Open to Same-Sex Couples" 2081:, echoing the arguments made by the dissenting justices. 737:, alleging Michigan's adoption law was unconstitutional. 664:

and found such bans to be constitutional. This created a

539: 13186:

Discrimination against LGBTQ people in the United States

11855:

Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma

9480:

Public opinion of same-sex marriage in the United States

9391: 8596:

Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission

8364:"Ohio Couple 'Blown Away' by Impact of Marriage Lawsuit" 7369:

Sagapolutele, Fili; Kelleher, Jennifer (July 10, 2015).

7285:"Virgin Islands Governor Signs Marriage Executive Order" 6535:"Gov. Bill Haslam signs 'natural meaning' bill into law" 5368:"Supreme Court Rules Same-Sex Marriage Legal Nationwide" 4022:, No. 3:13-CV-946-H (W.D. Ky. dismissed Feb. 12, 2014) ( 3797:"Judge: Ohio Must Recognize Other States' Gay Marriages" 3468:

Motion for Temporary Restraining Order Re David Michener

3436:

Motion for Temporary Restraining Order Re David Michener

3081: 2763:

Public opinion of same-sex marriage in the United States

2405:

Same-sex marriage in tribal nations in the United States

1671:, this extension includes a fundamental right to marry. 1574:

Justice Kennedy reads a summary of his majority opinion.

1440:

and Washington, D.C. lawyer Douglas Hallward-Driemeier.

1166:

was again retitled, this time as its final iteration of

1122:

Subsequently, on May 20, the Sixth Circuit consolidated

1099:

on January 16, 2014. The governor of Tennessee appealed

11268:

Box v. Planned Parenthood of Indiana and Kentucky, Inc.

8181:

Tribe, Laurence H. "Equal Dignity: Speaking Its Name."

8121:

Love Unites Us: Winning the Freedom to Marry in America

7407:"Fight For Marriage Equality Not Over On Navajo Nation" 6918:"WATCH: The Next 'Kim Davis:' Texas Clerk Molly Criner" 3924:

Amended Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief

3702:"Ohio Will Have to Recognize Gay Marriages, Judge Says" 3175: 3006:

Amended Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief

13216:

United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court

11950:

Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County

8169:"Dissenting from History: The False Narratives of the 8015:"Biden Signs Bill to Protect Same-Sex Marriage Rights" 5163:"Gay Marriage Arguments Divide Supreme Court Justices" 5100:"A View from the Courtroom, Same-Sex Marriage Edition" 5022:(Law.com), January 9, 2019. Retrieved January 9, 2019. 4241:, No. 3:13-cv-01159 (stipulation filed Mar. 10, 2014). 3522:(esp. for Sept. 25, 2013); see, also, Fed. R. Civ. P. 2534: 1158:

heard oral arguments in all four cases. On August 11,

1050:, the lead defendant, was then governor of Tennessee. 12014:

United States v. Montgomery County Board of Education

11156:

City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health

9317:

Disney and Florida's Parental Rights in Education Act

8488: 7401: 4225:, No. 3:13-cv-01159 (memorandum filed Nov. 19, 2013). 3830: 3788: 2758:

List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 576

961:, the lead defendant, was then governor of Kentucky. 741:, the lead defendant, was then governor of Michigan. 560: 545: 12845:

San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez

11910:

Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County

11236:

Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England

8119:

Cathcart, Kevin M., and Leslie J. Gabel-Brett, eds.

7368: 6887:"Local government responses to Obergefell v. Hodges" 6732:"Local government responses to Obergefell v. Hodges" 6590:"Local Government Responses to Obergefell v. Hodges" 5212: 3411:"Gay Ohio Couple Win Extension Recognizing Marriage" 3024:"No Immediate Ruling on Michigan's Gay Marriage Ban" 2694: 1737:

protects those who disagree with same-sex marriage.

1492:, which the Sixth Circuit had invoked as precedent. 1290: 1093:

United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit

551: 533: 12733:

Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Co.

9231:

Same-sex marriage law in the United States by state

8255:

U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit opinion

8251:(April 28, 2015): Question 2 (audio and transcript) 8241:(April 28, 2015): Question 1 (audio and transcript) 7935: 7910:Tyko, Kelly; Solender, Andrew (November 14, 2022). 7340:"American Samoa judge objects to same sex marriage" 6704:"Alabama Chief Justice Orders Halt to Gay Marriage" 6583: 6581: 6351:"US Gay Marriage: Texas Pushes Back against Ruling" 4529:"Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals Aug. 6 Hearing FAQ" 2444:(2016), the Supreme Court by a 6–3 vote reaffirmed 2351:On June 29 and June 30, 2015, the governors of the 845:As the case progressed, on July 22, District Judge 784:

on the morning of June 26, 2015, James Obergefell (

527: 12393:Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney 12262:Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action 11116:Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth 9485:Same-sex marriage legislation in the United States 8013: 7992:Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives 4217:, No. 3:13-cv-01159 (motion filed Nov. 19, 2013); 3795:Hunt, Amber; Thompson, Chrissie (April 14, 2014). 3676:"Couples Sue to Force Ohio's Hand on Gay Marriage" 2768:Timeline of same-sex marriage in the United States 2574: 2383:to lack of litigation, making the legal status of 1889:to the mystical aphorisms of the fortune cookie." 1515:, which struck down sodomy laws in 13 states. The 1021: 712: 695: 12030:Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education 11707:Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health 9493: 9468:History of same-sex marriage in the United States 6766:Washington Blade: Gay News, Politics, LGBT Rights 6676:Staff of The Associated Press (October 3, 2015). 6588:Local desk staff of Ballotpedia (June 26, 2017). 6210:Flegenheimer, Matt; Yee, Vivian (June 28, 2015). 5445:(internal quotation marks and citations omitted). 5340:Roberts, Dan; Siddiqui, Sabrina (June 26, 2015). 5313: 5295:. McBrayer, McGinnis, Leslie & Kirkland, PLLC 4758:"Same-Sex Marriage back before the Supreme Court" 3974:, No. 3:13-CV-51 (E.D. Ky. filed Aug. 16, 2013) ( 3502:, No. 1:13-cv-501 (motion filed Sept. 19, 2013); 2633:refuse to perform or recognize same-sex marriages 1740:In closing, Justice Kennedy wrote for the Court: 491:This case overturned a previous ruling or rulings 13147: 12909:City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc. 12118:Regents of the University of California v. Bakke 6578: 6326:"People of the Year: Anthony & the Supremes" 5657:(internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 3474:, No. 1:13-cv-501 (motion filed Sept. 3, 2013); 3466:, No. 1:13-cv-501 (motion filed Sept. 3, 2013); 3442:, No. 1:13-cv-501 (motion filed Sept. 3, 2013); 1062: 11990:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County 11515:Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co. 7912:"Senate tees up vote on marriage equality bill" 7585: 7186:"Plaintiffs in Puerto Rico Marriage Case Marry" 7155:"Puerto Rico Amends Laws to Allow Gay Marriage" 6471:Branaugh, Matt; Ogles, Samuel (June 26, 2015). 6209: 6158:Kim, Susanna; Valiente, Alexa (June 26, 2015). 5339: 5034:"'Super-Cuts' from Same-Sex Marriage Arguments" 4265:) (preliminary injunction filed Mar. 14, 2014). 4180:Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief 3904:Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief 3072:, No. 12-CV-10285 (notice filed Oct. 16, 2013). 2956:Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief 2855:"Timeline: Same-Sex Marriage through the Years" 1787:Chief Justice Roberts delivers an oral dissent. 1499:decision came on the second anniversary of the 9271:2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States 8298:, No. 3:13-cv-01159 (M.D. Tenn. Mar. 14, 2014) 8087:Although most appeals courts did not consider 7963:"Roll Call Votes 117th Congress - 2nd Session" 7520: 7518: 6108: 6106: 6104: 5359: 4405:order replacing defendant and changing caption 3536: 3534: 3532: 3354:, No. 1:13-cv-501 (order filed July 22, 2013). 3328: 3110:"In Gay Marriage Suit, a Battle Over Research" 2493:overruled the fundamental right to privacy as 2489:, urged the court to revisit this case, since 1079:upholding same-sex marriage bans, causing the 678:same-sex marriage throughout the United States 429:, joined by Ginsburg, Breyer, Sotomayor, Kagan 13066:Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs 12417:Michael M. v. Superior Court of Sonoma County 12174:Board of Education of Oklahoma City v. Dowell 12022:Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education 11815:Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education 10756: 9991: 9377: 8474: 8437:"President Obama on Same-Sex Marriage Ruling" 8097:had held that it was binding on lower courts. 8050:"The Best Supreme Court Decisions Since 1960" 7805:"Federalism and the Respect for Marriage Act" 7512:at 1 (U.S. June 26, 2017) (citation omitted). 6470: 4110:, No. 3:13-CV-750-H (W.D. Ky. July 1, 2014) ( 2199:On January 6, 2016, Alabama's Chief Justice, 1477:On the morning of June 26, 2015, outside the 1272: 11284:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 11188:Ohio v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health 11071:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 10240:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 10083:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 9133:State bans on local anti-discrimination laws 8308:, No. 12-CV-10285 (E.D. Mich. Mar. 21, 2014) 8288:, No. 3:13-CV-750-H (W.D. Ky. Feb. 12, 2014) 7909: 7674:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 5003:, March 5, 2015. Retrieved January 26, 2019. 4855:, No. 14-574 (petition filed Nov. 18, 2014). 4839:, No. 14-562 (petition filed Nov. 14, 2014). 4823:, No. 14-556 (petition filed Nov. 14, 2014). 4807:, No. 14-571 (petition filed Nov. 14, 2014). 3794: 3785:, No. 1:14-cv-129 (S.D. Ohio Apr. 14, 2014). 3591:, No. 1:13-cv-501 (S.D. Ohio Dec. 23, 2013). 3550:ACLU: American Civil Liberties Union of Ohio 2822: 2820: 2671:originating from Republican Senators in the 2625:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 2470:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 2461:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 1703:, the Court framed the issue accordingly in 1481:, the crowd celebrates the Court's decision. 1252: Same-sex marriage legality complicated 12869:Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia 12781:Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections 11770: 11408:Will v. Michigan Department of State Police 8328:, No. 3:13-CV-750-H (W.D. Ky. July 1, 2014) 8318:, No. 1:14-cv-129 (S.D. Ohio Apr. 14, 2014) 8278:, No. 1:13-cv-501 (S.D. Ohio Dec. 23, 2013) 8188:Yoshino, Kenji. "A New Birth of Freedom?: 7515: 6243: 6157: 6101: 5074: 5072: 5070: 4988:, July 2, 2015. Retrieved January 26, 2019. 3529: 3220: 3218: 2419:federally recognized Native American tribes 1208: 744:During a hearing on August 29, 2012, Judge 12134:Crawford v. Los Angeles Board of Education 11667:Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill 10763: 10749: 9998: 9984: 9436:Recognition of same-sex unions in Colorado 9384: 9370: 8699:Presidential Memorandum of August 25, 2017 8481: 8467: 8207:U.S. Supreme Court slip opinion (archived) 7710: 7649:"The Dobbs v. Jackson Decision, Annotated" 5284:Koch, Brittany Blackburn (July 17, 2015). 4665: 4663: 4564: 3396:) (order filed Aug. 13, 2013). See, also, 1279: 1265: 1173:On November 6, 2014, in a decision styled 634:. In November 2014, following a series of 13181:American Civil Liberties Union litigation 12893:New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer 12425:Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan 11440:Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee 9446:Recognition of same-sex unions in Florida 7586:Thomson-DeVeaux, Amelia (June 24, 2022). 7038:"Kentucky SB216 | 2016 | Regular Session" 6532: 6504:"Haslam signs LGBT Erasure bill into law" 6295: 4932: 4906: 4114:) (order filed Feb. 28, 2014); see, also 4090:) (order filed Feb. 27, 2014); see, also 3302: 2925: 2923: 2826: 2817: 2569: 2507:and overruling precedents dating back to 1505:ruling that struck down Section 3 of the 13211:United States same-sex marriage case law 12126:Washington v. Seattle School Dist. No. 1 9150:Florida Parental Rights in Education Act 8556:Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010 8217:U.S. Supreme Court official docket entry 7835: 7716: 7703:, No. 23-334, 602 U.S. ___, slip op. at 7581: 7579: 7479: 7427: 7068:"SB 216 - Kentucky 2016 Regular Session" 6701: 6018:, 733–34 (Thomas, J., dissenting). 5687: 5685: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5396: 5231: 5067: 5052: 4533:NCLR: National Center for Lesbian Rights 3750: 3748: 3699: 3276: 3250: 3215: 2979: 2747:Goodridge v. Department of Public Health 2578: 2430: 2307:First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution 2139: 1994: 1967: 1896: 1803: 1754: 1590: 1472: 1212: 1066: 925: 826:. Because one partner, John Arthur, was 775: 597:Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution 13206:United States equal protection case law 12837:Lehnhausen v. Lake Shore Auto Parts Co. 12706:Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. Ward 11571:Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur 11172:Webster v. Reproductive Health Services 11039:Webster v. Reproductive Health Services 9903: 9441:Recognition of same-sex unions in Texas 9428: 8675:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 8665:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 8361: 8338:"Supreme Court Gay Marriage Plaintiffs" 8302:Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law 8012:Shear, Michael D. (December 13, 2022). 7768: 7737: 7249: 7096: 6650:Boren, Zachary Davies (July 10, 2015). 6439: 6402:Bailey, Sarah Pulliam (June 26, 2015). 6375: 6324:Stern, Mark Joseph (November 5, 2015). 5493: 5257: 5194:from the original on September 24, 2015 5139: 5112: 5078: 4880: 4817:Joint Petition for a Writ of Certiorari 4724:Joint Petition for a Writ of Certiorari 4669: 4660: 4601:Joint Petition for a Writ of Certiorari 4403:, No. 14-3057 (6th Cir. Nov. 6, 2014) ( 3725: 3674:Myers, Amanda Lee (February 10, 2014). 3363: 3224: 3107: 2473:(2022), the majority opinion overruled 2366:However, it is unclear whether and how 1466: 862:, which is permanent, for December 18. 769: 13148: 12980: 12078:Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver 10873: 10784: 8620:G.G. v. Gloucester County School Board 8404:Plaintiff Adoption S.T.A.R.'s homepage 7988:"Final Vote Results for Roll Call 513" 7796: 7774: 7743: 7453: 7282: 7183: 6881: 6879: 6790: 6726: 6724: 6645: 6643: 6612: 6610: 6401: 6183: 6138: 6112: 5970:(Thomas, J., dissenting) (cleaned up). 5181: 5160: 4909:"Court Will Rule on Same-Sex Marriage" 4414:, No. 14-1341 (6th Cir. Nov. 6, 2014). 2920: 2750:(2003), the court case that legalized 2398: 1749: 1526:are consistent with their opinions in 334:Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit 13108: 12979: 11769: 11432:City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams 10872: 10783: 10744: 9979: 9365: 9307:Arnold Schwarzenegger and LGBT rights 8462: 8265:, No. 14-1341 (6th Cir. Nov. 6, 2014) 8047: 8011: 7802: 7616: 7576: 7551: 7524: 7383:from the original on February 4, 2021 7350:from the original on February 4, 2021 7320:from the original on February 4, 2021 7240:, No. 14-1253 (D.P.R. Apr. 11, 2016). 7210:Coble, Christopher (April 13, 2016). 7209: 7109:from the original on February 8, 2021 7078:from the original on February 8, 2021 7048:from the original on February 8, 2021 7018:from the original on February 8, 2021 6988:from the original on February 8, 2021 6958:from the original on February 5, 2021 6928:from the original on February 5, 2021 6915: 6897:from the original on February 5, 2021 6864:from the original on February 5, 2021 6834:from the original on February 5, 2021 6803:from the original on February 5, 2021 6772:from the original on February 5, 2021 6742:from the original on February 5, 2021 6649: 6628:from the original on February 8, 2021 6501: 6420: 6378:"US Gay Marriage: Reaction to Ruling" 6323: 5954:, 719 n. 22 (Scalia, J., dissenting). 5682: 5464: 5365: 5118: 5097: 5031: 3745: 3673: 3616: 3149: 3021: 2980:Wooledge, Scott (September 8, 2012). 1932:a particular governmental entitlement 1095:. Ohio's director of health appealed 28:2015 United States Supreme Court case 12158:Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education 11299:Section 1979 of the Revised Statutes 9393:Same-sex unions in the United States 9256:LGBTQ movements in the United States 7283:Lavers, Michael K. (July 10, 2015). 7184:Lavers, Michael K. (July 18, 2015). 6479:. Christianity Today. Archived from 6269: 5283: 5140:Johnson, Kevin (February 24, 2015). 4907:Denniston, Lyle (January 16, 2015). 4755: 4572:"Richard Hodges, MPA [Bio.]" 3836: 3700:Thompson, Chrissie (April 4, 2014). 3617:Bzdek, Vincent (December 23, 2013). 2852: 1958: 1107:. The governor of Kentucky appealed 919: 12925:Kadrmas v. Dickinson Public Schools 12741:Quaker City Cab Co. v. Commonwealth 12166:City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co. 11276:June Medical Services, LLC v. Russo 11252:Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt 11063:Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt 8041: 7868: 7428:Gryboski, Michael (June 26, 2017). 6876: 6721: 6640: 6607: 5232:de Vogue, Ariane (April 27, 2015). 5182:Hurley, Lawrence (April 28, 2015). 4881:Geidner, Chris (January 16, 2015). 4670:Geidner, Chris (November 6, 2014). 4462:"State of Ohio: All in This Region" 3756:"Mr. Lance D. Himes [Bio.]" 3719: 3251:Hastings, Deborah (July 15, 2013). 2754:(first state to do so in the U.S.) 2425: 2385:same-sex marriage in American Samoa 2325: 2095:into law. The bill was seen by the 1541: 877: 16:2015 landmark US Supreme Court case 13: 13201:United States due process case law 12698:Arlington County Board v. Richards 12623:Examining Board v. Flores de Otero 12401:Wengler v. Druggists Mut. Ins. Co. 11887:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents 10772:United States Fourteenth Amendment 9312:LGBT protests against Donald Trump 9261:LGBTQ history in the United States 8141:. New York: William Morrow, 2016. 8113: 7891:from the original on July 19, 2022 7850:from the original on July 18, 2022 7836:Solender, Andrew (July 18, 2022). 7817:from the original on July 23, 2022 7725:from the original on June 24, 2024 7717:Castillo, Andrea (June 21, 2024). 7598:from the original on June 25, 2022 7533:from the original on June 24, 2022 6702:Williams, Pete (January 6, 2016). 6440:Caspino, Michael (June 26, 2015). 6376:Zurcher, Anthony (June 26, 2015). 6296:Armstrong, James (June 26, 2015). 6244:Ehrenfreund, Max (June 26, 2015). 5378:from the original on June 29, 2015 5314:Schiff Hardin LLP (July 3, 2013). 5032:Singh, Tejinder (April 28, 2015). 4933:Totenberg, Nina (April 28, 2015). 4756:Snow, Justin (November 14, 2014). 4088:order granting motion to intervene 3664:at 6–10 (S.D. Ohio Apr. 14, 2014). 3303:Zimmerman, Julie (July 14, 2013). 2752:same-sex marriage in Massachusetts 2631:, the remaining U.S. territory to 2531:and echoing Thomas's concurrence. 2211:Counties joined in their refusal. 1761: 1548: 1300:Supreme Court of the United States 985: 573:Supreme Court of the United States 210:2014); stay granted, No. 14-5297 ( 46:Supreme Court of the United States 14: 13237: 13226:United States Supreme Court cases 13042:Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents 12583:Takahashi v. Fish and Game Comm'n 8490:LGBTQ rights in the United States 8245:U.S. Supreme Court oral arguments 8235:U.S. Supreme Court oral arguments 8200: 8048:Sachs, Andrea (October 6, 2015). 6916:Ennis, Dawn (February 18, 2016). 6821: 5679:as an exemplum of this principle. 5397:Phillips, Amber (June 26, 2015). 5119:Rosen, Jeffrey (April 29, 2015). 5053:Gerstein, Josh (April 28, 2015). 4849:Petition for a Writ of Certiorari 4833:Petition for a Writ of Certiorari 4777:Petition for a Writ of Certiorari 4732:Petition for a Writ of Certiorari 4578:. August 11, 2014. Archived from 4433:Petition for a Writ of Certiorari 4211:Motion for Preliminary Injunction 3394:order extending restraining order 3329:Geidner, Chris (March 22, 2015). 3150:Stark, Samantha (June 26, 2015). 2827:Denniston, Lyle (June 26, 2015). 2387:somewhat uncertain. In 2022, the 1892: 1866: 1291:Petitions for writs of certiorari 908: 796:) react to its historic decision. 12861:Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas 12270:Fisher v. University of Texas II 11731:Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co. 10200:Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba 10098: 9958: 9957: 9344: 9343: 9331: 9236:Sodomy laws in the United States 8362:Johnson, Chris (July 24, 2013). 8100: 8005: 7980: 7955: 7929: 7903: 7869:Lai, Stephanie (July 19, 2022). 7862: 7829: 7775:Dobkin, Rachel (June 22, 2024). 7694: 7683: 7667: 7641: 7629:from the original on May 5, 2022 7610: 7564:from the original on May 5, 2022 7545: 7525:Sneed, Tierney (June 24, 2022). 7499: 7480:Lovelace, Ryan (June 26, 2017). 7473: 7447: 7421: 7395: 7362: 7332: 7302: 7276: 7243: 7229: 7203: 7177: 7147: 7135:. Associated Press. June 5, 2015 7121: 7097:Johnson, Chris (June 22, 2016). 7090: 7060: 7030: 7000: 6970: 6940: 6909: 6846: 6815: 6784: 6754: 6695: 6669: 6552: 6533:Whetstone, Tyler (May 5, 2017). 6464: 6433: 6414: 6395: 6369: 6343: 6317: 6289: 6263: 6237: 6203: 6184:Sarkar, Monica (June 28, 2015). 6177: 6151: 6139:Reilly, Mollie (June 26, 2015). 6132: 6113:Barnes, Robert (June 26, 2015). 6085: 6069: 6053: 6037: 6021: 6005: 5989: 5973: 5957: 5941: 5925: 5909: 5893: 5877: 5861: 5845: 5829: 5813: 5797: 5781: 5765: 5749: 5733: 5717: 5701: 5660: 5644: 5628: 5612: 5596: 5580: 5564: 5548: 5532: 5516: 5487: 5448: 5432: 5416: 5390: 5333: 5307: 5277: 5251: 5225: 5206: 5175: 5154: 5133: 5091: 5079:Sherman, Mark (April 28, 2015). 5046: 5025: 5007: 4992: 4557:See, generally, Fed. R. Civ. P. 4505:. April 28, 2014. Archived from 3364:Geidner, Chris (July 25, 2013). 3305:"To Get Married, They Left Ohio" 3225:Geidner, Chris (July 22, 2013). 2725: 2711: 2697: 2584:November 29 Senate vote by state 2562:had rejected application of the 1937: 1795:Problems playing this file? See 1777: 1582:Problems playing this file? See 1564: 1428: 1366: 523: 39: 12575:Ohio ex rel. Clark v. Deckebach 12254:Fisher v. University of Texas I 11611:Moore v. City of East Cleveland 11456:Los Angeles County v. Humphries 10970:West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish 10195:Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten 8688:DoD Directive 1304.26 8412:"Supreme Court Ruling Reaction" 7250:Pinaroc, Joel (June 29, 2015). 7161:. June 29, 2015. Archived from 5258:Goodwin, Liz (April 28, 2015). 5161:Liptak, Adam (April 28, 2015). 4977: 4952: 4926: 4900: 4874: 4858: 4842: 4826: 4810: 4801:Petition for Writ of Certiorari 4794: 4770: 4749: 4716:Petition for Writ of Certiorari 4709: 4689: 4640: 4618: 4594: 4551: 4521: 4479: 4454: 4417: 4407:) (order filed Apr. 15, 2014), 4394: 4381: 4365: 4352: 4336: 4320: 4300: 4284: 4268: 4244: 4228: 4204: 4173: 4157: 4141: 4125: 4101: 4077: 4049: 4033: 4013: 3997: 3965: 3941: 3917: 3897: 3881: 3856: 3837:Snow, Justin (April 16, 2014). 3814: 3774: 3726:Memmott, Mark (April 4, 2014). 3693: 3667: 3636: 3610: 3594: 3580: 3575:order denying motion to dismiss 3564: 3489: 3453: 3429: 3403: 3383: 3357: 3341: 3322: 3296: 3277:Thompson, Ann (July 19, 2013). 3270: 3244: 3195: 3169: 3143: 3127: 3108:Eckholm, Erik (March 7, 2014). 3101: 3075: 3059: 3046: 3015: 2999: 2973: 2949: 2853:Wolf, Richard (June 24, 2015). 2575:Respect for Marriage Act (2022) 992:The second case from Kentucky, 700:The U.S. Supreme Court case of 696:Lawsuits in the district courts 13176:2015 in United States case law 13166:2014 in United States case law 12441:J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B. 10372:British Indian Ocean Territory 8081: 7454:Liptak, Adam (June 26, 2017). 6791:Ammann, Phil (June 29, 2017). 6270:Taub, Amanda (June 26, 2015). 5098:Walsh, Mark (April 28, 2015). 3978:) (order filed Oct. 2, 2013); 3958:(nos. 29–31); Fed. R. Civ. P. 3827:) (order filed Apr. 16, 2014). 3825:order granting motion for stay 2904: 2888: 2872: 2846: 2801: 2779: 1648:, the Court affirmed that the 1256:Native American tribal nations 1246: Same-sex marriage banned 731:(Southern Division, Detroit), 599:. The 5–4 ruling requires all 1: 12110:Dayton Bd. of Ed. v. Brinkman 11315:McNeese v. Board of Education 10822:United States v. Wong Kim Ark 9287:Congressional Equality Caucus 8123:. New York: New Press, 2016. 7803:Somin, Ilya (July 20, 2022). 7237:Conde-Vidal v. García-Padilla 6502:Brant, Joseph (May 5, 2017). 6421:Green, Emma (June 26, 2015). 5366:Cohen, Matt (June 26, 2015). 3577:) (order filed Nov. 1, 2013). 2773: 2106: 2038: 1314:filed petitions for writs of 1063:Reversal by the Sixth Circuit 849:granted the couple's motion, 832:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 764: 11839:Hirabayashi v. United States 11691:DeShaney v. Winnebago County 11643:Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co. 11384:Owen v. City of Independence 10999:Pierce v. Society of Sisters 8342:WPRI 12 Fox: Eyewitness News 8322:Memorandum Opinion and Order 7617:Blake, Aaron (May 3, 2022). 7552:Blake, Aaron (May 3, 2022). 5890:(Roberts, C.J., dissenting). 5874:(Roberts, C.J., dissenting). 5858:(Roberts, C.J., dissenting). 5842:(Roberts, C.J., dissenting). 5826:(Roberts, C.J., dissenting). 5810:(Roberts, C.J., dissenting). 5794:(Roberts, C.J., dissenting). 5778:(Roberts, C.J., dissenting). 5762:(Roberts, C.J., dissenting). 5746:(Roberts, C.J., dissenting). 4706:(Daughtrey, J., dissenting). 4327:Defendants' Notice of Appeal 3542:"LGBT Rights on the Docket: 2545:Department of State v. Muñoz 2536:Department of State v. Muñoz 1347:Full Faith and Credit Clause 749:U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 110:609; 83 U.S.L.W. 4592; 2015 7: 12725:United States v. Cruikshank 11895:Brown v. Board of Education 11196:Planned Parenthood v. Casey 11047:Planned Parenthood v. Casey 10728:British Antarctic Territory 3732:National Public Radio (NPR) 3022:White, Ed (March 7, 2013). 2690: 2284: 2099:as an attempt to challenge 2084:On May 4, 2017, Republican 1611:and was joined by Justices 930:Plaintiffs Gregory Bourke ( 638:rulings that year from the 10: 13242: 11847:Korematsu v. United States 9145:Anti-LGBTQ curriculum laws 8638:303 Creative LLC v. Elenis 8561:Violence Against Women Act 8196:129, no. 1 (2015): 147–79. 8178:92, no. 3 (2017): 1007–57. 6446:National Catholic Register 2402: 2320:Kentucky Fairness Campaign 2135: 2068:National Catholic Register 2063:Alliance Defending Freedom 2056:2016 presidential election 1963: 1953: 1905:wrote a dissent rejecting 1835:are protected through the 1675:Addressing the formula in 1522:The justices' opinions in 1449:Michigan Solicitor General 1075:wrote the Sixth Circuit's 1028: 942:building on June 26, 2015. 912: 719: 680:and its territories. In a 473:, joined by Scalia, Thomas 440:, joined by Scalia, Thomas 18: 13115: 13109: 13104: 13050:United States v. Morrison 12988: 12975: 12716: 12681: 12502: 12467: 12457:United States v. Skrmetti 12449:United States v. Virginia 12288: 12062:Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson 11782: 11778: 11765: 11483:Jacobson v. Massachusetts 11474: 11416:Gonzaga University v. Doe 11294: 11081: 10980: 10885: 10881: 10868: 10792: 10779: 10717: 10649: 10387: 10282: 10107: 10096: 10015: 9953: 9880: 9831: 9793: 9775: 9506: 9458: 9412: 9399: 9325: 9279: 9248: 9216: 9123:Employment discrimination 9066: 9059: 9015: 8992: 8974: 8711: 8690:("Don't ask, don't tell") 8648: 8512: 8503: 8496: 8185:129, no. 1 (2015): 16–32. 6508:Out & About Nashville 6034:(Thomas, J., dissenting). 6002:(Thomas, J., dissenting). 5986:(Thomas, J., dissenting). 5938:(Scalia, J., dissenting). 5922:(Scalia, J., dissenting). 5906:(Scalia, J., dissenting). 4576:Ohio Department of Health 3760:Ohio Department of Health 3496:Motion to Amend Complaint 3460:Motion to Amend Complaint 3056:(doc. 50, Jan. 11, 2013). 2645:, and the 1967 ruling in 1983:, the named plaintiff in 654:that state-level bans on 496: 489: 482: 477: 466: 455: 444: 433: 422: 417: 351: 346: 326: 321: 307: 302: 162: 157: 147: 137: 127: 90: 80: 73:Ohio Department of Health 67:, et al., Petitioners v. 59: 52: 38: 33: 13082:United States v. Georgia 13026:City of Boerne v. Flores 12190:United States v. Fordice 11747:Williams v. Pennsylvania 11715:Washington v. Glucksberg 10707:Northern Mariana Islands 9854:Northern Mariana Islands 9037:Northern Mariana Islands 8632:Respect for Marriage Act 8567:United States v. Windsor 8183:Harvard Law Review Forum 8074: 6098:(Alito, J., dissenting). 6082:(Alito, J., dissenting). 6066:(Alito, J., dissenting). 2683:). 39 Republicans voted 2642:United States v. Windsor 2621:Respect for Marriage Act 2614: Nay and not voting 2596: Yea and not voting 2555:Washington v. Glucksberg 2482:Washington v. Glucksberg 2389:Respect for Marriage Act 2353:Northern Mariana Islands 2309:and Section Five of the 2240: 1713:United States v. Windsor 1678:Washington v. Glucksberg 1502:United States v. Windsor 1209:Before the Supreme Court 938:) celebrate outside the 803:United States v. Windsor 752:United States v. Windsor 13090:Shelby County v. Holder 12655:Cabell v. Chavez-Salido 12511:Patsone v. Pennsylvania 11772:Equal Protection Clause 11699:Michael H. v. Gerald D. 11092:United States v. Vuitch 11007:Griswold v. Connecticut 9081:Conversion therapy bans 8694:Defense of Marriage Act 8660:Immigration Act of 1917 8226:SCOTUSblog docket entry 8167:Leslie, Christopher R. 8093:binding precedent, the 7701:Dep't of State v. Muñoz 7486:The Washington Examiner 6539:Knoxville News Sentinel 5320:The National Law Review 5019:The Legal Intelligencer 4185:April 12, 2019, at the 3648:April 25, 2015, at the 2510:Griswold v. Connecticut 2279:November 2020 elections 2022:Griswold v. Connecticut 1907:substantive due process 1857:Equal Protection Clause 1829:substantive due process 1645:Griswold v. Connecticut 1507:Defense of Marriage Act 851:temporarily restraining 593:Equal Protection Clause 13156:2010s in LGBTQ history 12957:Armour v. Indianapolis 12321:Moritz v. Commissioner 11377:Procunier v. Navarette 11295:Civil rights liability 11083:Abortion jurisprudence 9091:Housing discrimination 8137:, and Jim Obergefell. 4960:"Obergefell v. Hodges" 4263:preliminary injunction 2673:Southern United States 2616: 2570:Subsequent legislation 2145: 2045:Texas Attorney General 2035:s People of the Year. 2004: 1977: 1910: 1842:Dred Scott v. Sandford 1816: 1766: 1747: 1600: 1553: 1482: 1445:Donald B. Verrilli Jr. 1442:U.S. Solicitor General 1287: 1206: 1156:Martha Craig Daughtrey 1088: 1048:William Edwards Haslam 1046:(Nashville Division). 943: 934:) and Michael DeLeon ( 808:James "Jim" Obergefell 797: 758:Hollingsworth v. Perry 666:split between circuits 484:U.S. Const. amend. XIV 13171:2015 in LGBTQ history 13010:Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer 12853:Richardson v. Ramirez 12821:Boddie v. Connecticut 12409:Kirchberg v. Feenstra 12238:Johnson v. California 11958:McLaughlin v. Florida 11346:O'Connor v. Donaldson 10906:Allgeyer v. Louisiana 10798:Slaughter-House Cases 10619:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 9887:domestic partnerships 9302:LGBT people in prison 9177:Domestic partnerships 9157:Public accommodations 8670:Executive Order 10450 8627:Executive Order 13988 8574:Executive Order 13672 8538:Executive Order 13087 8525:Executive Order 12968 8276:Obergefell v. Wymyslo 7403:Julian Brave NoiseCat 6984:. September 4, 2015. 6948:"Irion County, Texas" 6858:Alabama Public Health 6564:Human Rights Campaign 5016:, by Lizzy McLellan, 4539:on September 26, 2015 4509:on September 26, 2015 4497:Obergefell v. Wymyslo 4466:Marriage Equality USA 4311:Obergefell v. Wymyslo 4261:, No. 3:13-cv-01159 ( 4086:, No. 3:13-CV-750-H ( 3986:at 5 n.7; see, also, 3976:order to change venue 3588:Obergefell v. Wymyslo 3508:Obergefell v. Wymyslo 2582: 2376:Talauega Eleasalo Ale 2311:Kentucky Constitution 2143: 2097:Human Rights Campaign 2086:Governor of Tennessee 1998: 1971: 1900: 1807: 1765: 1755:Chief Justice Roberts 1742: 1594: 1552: 1476: 1216: 1197: 1097:Obergefell v. Wymyslo 1070: 929: 872:Obergefell v. Wymyslo 779: 575:which ruled that the 170:Obergefell v. Wymyslo 106:135 S. Ct. 2584; 192 55:Decided June 26, 2015 53:Argued April 28, 2015 13002:Katzenbach v. Morgan 12749:Breedlove v. Suttles 12599:Graham v. Richardson 12492:Obergefell v. Hodges 12297:Breedlove v. Suttles 12230:Grutter v. Bollinger 12070:Jefferson v. Hackney 11739:Obergefell v. Hodges 11675:Edwards v. Aguillard 11555:Epperson v. Arkansas 11392:Harlow v. Fitzgerald 11327:Jenkins v. McKeithen 11220:Mazurek v. Armstrong 11180:Hodgson v. Minnesota 11140:Bellotti v. Baird II 11132:Colautti v. Franklin 10887:Economic substantive 9844:District of Columbia 9162:Religious exemptions 8984:District of Columbia 8608:Harris Funeral Homes 8580:Obergefell v. Hodges 8348:on February 22, 2018 8333:Plaintiff pictures: 8259:Obergefell v. Hodges 8249:Obergefell v. Hodges 8239:Obergefell v. Hodges 8230:Obergefell v. Hodges 8221:Obergefell v. Hodges 8211:Obergefell v. Hodges 8190:Obergefell v. Hodges 7346:. January 20, 2016. 6860:. February 5, 2021. 6477:Church Law & Tax 5673:. The Court invoked 5423:Obergefell v. Hodges 4728:Obergefell v. Hodges 4605:Obergefell v. Hodges 4489:Obergefell v. Hodges 4315:Justia Docket Report 4275:Memorandum and Order 4112:order restyling case 3544:Obergefell v. Hodges 3520:Justia Docket Report 3398:Justia Docket Report 3210:Justia Docket Report 3206:Obergefell v. Kasich 2808:Obergefell v. Hodges 2733:United States portal 2558:(1997), saying that 2380:district court judge 2245:After the ruling in 2148:After the ruling in 2101:Obergefell v. Hodges 2052:Republican candidate 1878:Fourteenth Amendment 1629:Fourteenth Amendment 1560:Opinion announcement 1497:Obergefell v. Hodges 1467:Opinion of the Court 1379:Obergefell v. Hodges 1331:Fourteenth Amendment 1308:Obergefell v. Hodges 1220:Obergefell v. Hodges 1168:Obergefell v. Hodges 1083:that helped trigger 1056:Aleta Arthur Trauger 1010:and was restyled as 840:marriage in Maryland 816:Obergefell v. Kasich 771:Obergefell v. Kasich 702:Obergefell v. Hodges 684:authored by Justice 628:Obergefell v. Hodges 617:District of Columbia 605:District of Columbia 510:Obergefell v. Hodges 329:Fourteenth Amendment 142:Opinion announcement 138:Opinion announcement 34:Obergefell v. Hodges 12933:Gregory v. Ashcroft 12901:Mills v. Habluetzel 12885:Zablocki v. Redhail 12829:Eisenstadt v. Baird 12765:Oyama v. California 12757:Skinner v. Oklahoma 12690:Shapiro v. Thompson 12607:Sugarman v. Dougall 12551:Porterfield v. Webb 12543:Terrace v. Thompson 12206:Missouri v. Jenkins 12150:Hunter v. Underwood 12094:Milliken v. Bradley 12086:Norwood v. Harrison 12038:McDaniel v. Barresi 11723:Troxel v. Granville 11603:Mathews v. Eldridge 11587:Taylor v. Louisiana 11464:Connick v. Thompson 11244:Gonzales v. Carhart 11228:Stenberg v. Carhart 11212:Lambert v. Wicklund 11124:Bellotti v. Baird I 10922:Lochner v. New York 10806:Minor v. Happersett 10262:U.S. tribal nations 10257:U.S. Virgin Islands 9864:U.S. Virgin Islands 9047:U.S. Virgin Islands 8518:One, Inc. v. Olesen 8390:. November 21, 2013 8176:Indiana Law Journal 7754:The Washington Post 7623:The Washington Post 7558:The Washington Post 7133:The Guardian Weekly 6624:. August 17, 2015. 6483:on October 10, 2019 6408:The Washington Post 6250:The Washington Post 6145:The Huffington Post 6119:The Washington Post 5403:The Washington Post 5292:National Law Review 4493:Obergefell v. Himes 4401:Obergefell v. Himes 4056:Motion to Intervene 4020:Franklin v. Beshear 3972:Franklin v. Beshear 3823:, No. 1:14-cv-129 ( 3660:, No. 1:14-cv-129, 3623:The Washington Post 3573:, No. 1:13-cv-501 ( 3392:, No. 1:13-cv-501 ( 3257:New York Daily News 3034:on October 29, 2013 2639:the 2013 ruling in 2413:. In the U.S., the 2411:Indian reservations 2399:Indian reservations 2357:U.S. Virgin Islands 2223:Alabama Legislature 2132:remains uncertain. 1924:governmental action 1920:individual freedom 1848:Lochner v. New York 1750:Dissenting opinions 1662:Zablocki v. Redhail 1613:Ruth Bader Ginsburg 1414:amici curiae briefs 1136:Obergefell v. Himes 1124:Obergefell v. Himes 1016:quasi-suspect class 967:Franklin v. Beshear 830:and suffering from 746:Bernard A. Friedman 386:Ruth Bader Ginsburg 303:Questions presented 12994:Civil Rights Cases 12982:Enforcement Clause 12813:Oregon v. Mitchell 12805:Williams v. Rhodes 12631:Nyquist v. Mauclet 12591:Hernandez v. Texas 12476:Bowers v. Hardwick 12468:Sexual orientation 12345:Stanton v. Stanton 12337:Geduldig v. Aiello 12305:Goesaert v. Cleary 12222:Gratz v. Bollinger 12046:Palmer v. Thompson 11998:Hunter v. Erickson 11974:Loving v. Virginia 11942:Anderson v. Martin 11863:Shelley v. Kraemer 11807:Plessy v. Ferguson 11799:Yick Wo v. Hopkins 11651:Kolender v. Lawson 11547:Loving v. Virginia 11362:Imbler v. Pachtman 11339:Wood v. Strickland 11204:Leavitt v. Jane L. 11031:Bowers v. Hardwick 10946:Buchanan v. Warley 10875:Due Process Clause 10786:Citizenship Clause 9196:Transgender rights 9116:Sexual orientation 8681:Bowers v. Hardwick 8282:Memorandum Opinion 8194:Harvard Law Review 8152:Frank, Nathaniel. 8020:The New York Times 7876:The New York Times 7653:The New York Times 7460:The New York Times 7434:The Christian Post 7014:. March 25, 2016. 6514:on October 4, 2017 6216:The New York Times 5676:Bowers v. Hardwick 5168:The New York Times 4447:; Fed. R. Civ. P. 4362:(items 68 and 92). 4257:at 19; see, also, 4118:; Fed. R. Civ. P. 4094:; Fed. R. Civ. P. 4024:order of dismissal 3990:; Fed. R. Civ. P. 3934:; Fed. R. Civ. P. 3552:. January 16, 2014 3415:Edge Media Network 3156:The New York Times 3114:The New York Times 2648:Loving v. Virginia 2619:In July 2022, the 2617: 2495:unenumerated right 2221:At that time, the 2146: 2074:Christianity Today 2016:Loving v. Virginia 2005: 1978: 1911: 1837:Due Process Clause 1833:fundamental rights 1825:dissenting opinion 1817: 1767: 1656:Loving v. Virginia 1650:fundamental rights 1601: 1554: 1536:dissenting opinion 1483: 1421:brief, written by 1288: 1191:Dissenting, Judge 1089: 979:John G. Heyburn II 944: 895:birth certificates 798: 786:foreground, center 589:Due Process Clause 462:, joined by Scalia 451:, joined by Thomas 362:Associate Justices 291:granted, 574 U.S. 13143: 13142: 13139: 13138: 13129:Trump v. Anderson 13121:Gold Clause Cases 13100: 13099: 13074:Tennessee v. Lane 12971: 12970: 12967: 12966: 12877:Trimble v. Gordon 12797:Levy v. Louisiana 12789:Rinaldi v. Yeager 12671:Bernal v. Fainter 12647:Ambach v. Norwick 12639:Foley v. Connelie 12535:Crane v. New York 12433:Lehr v. Robertson 12385:Caban v. Mohammed 12142:Palmore v. Sidoti 11982:Lee v. Washington 11966:Reitman v. Mulkey 11917:Gebhart v. Belton 11903:Briggs v. Elliott 11879:Sweatt v. Painter 11761: 11760: 11757: 11756: 11635:Parratt v. Taylor 11619:Duren v. Missouri 11579:Arnett v. Kennedy 11507:Powell v. Alabama 11448:Ashcroft v. Iqbal 11333:Scheuer v. Rhodes 11148:H. L. v. Matheson 11055:Lawrence v. Texas 10991:Meyer v. Nebraska 10938:Coppage v. Kansas 10864: 10863: 10830:Perez v. Brownell 10738: 10737: 9973: 9972: 9949: 9948: 9876: 9875: 9872: 9871: 9454: 9453: 9359: 9358: 9297:Save Our Children 9244: 9243: 9055: 9054: 8707: 8706: 8544:Lawrence v. Texas 8286:Bourke v. Beshear 8162:978-0-674-73722-8 8147:978-0-06-245608-3 8129:978-1-59558-550-9 7747:(June 24, 2024). 7409:. Huffington Post 7376:The Seattle Times 7316:. July 10, 2015. 6893:. June 20, 2017. 6768:. June 22, 2016. 6452:on April 16, 2019 5497:(June 26, 2015). 4781:Bourke v. Beshear 4437:Bourke v. Beshear 4060:Bourke v. Beshear 3892:Bourke v. Beshear 3417:. August 13, 2013 2602: Yea and Nay 2079:religious liberty 1959:Initial reactions 1782: 1700:Lawrence v. Texas 1569: 1512:Lawrence v. Texas 1411:The case had 148 1384:Bourke v. Beshear 1320:Bourke v. Beshear 1140:Bourke v. Beshear 1109:Bourke v. Beshear 1004:Bourke v. Beshear 950:Bourke v. Beshear 921:Bourke v. Beshear 915:Bourke v. Beshear 860:injunctive relief 838:, based on their 836:death certificate 656:same-sex marriage 583:is guaranteed to 577:fundamental right 506: 505: 238:Bourke v. Beshear 13233: 13106: 13105: 13018:Dellmuth v. Muth 12977: 12976: 12377:Parham v. Hughes 12353:Edwards v. Healy 12182:Freeman v. Pitts 11937:(M.D. Ala. 1956) 11934:Browder v. Gayle 11780: 11779: 11767: 11766: 11683:Turner v. Safley 11659:Hudson v. Palmer 11523:NAACP v. Alabama 10982:Right to privacy 10930:Muller v. Oregon 10898:Mugler v. Kansas 10883: 10882: 10870: 10869: 10846:Rogers v. Bellei 10781: 10780: 10765: 10758: 10751: 10742: 10741: 10687:Pitcairn Islands 10235:Falkland Islands 10102: 10010:around the world 10000: 9993: 9986: 9977: 9976: 9961: 9960: 9901: 9900: 9504: 9503: 9491: 9490: 9426: 9425: 9386: 9379: 9372: 9363: 9362: 9347: 9346: 9338:LGBTQ portal 9336: 9335: 9334: 9064: 9063: 8976:Federal district 8612:Altitude Express 8510: 8509: 8501: 8500: 8483: 8476: 8469: 8460: 8459: 8455: 8450: 8448: 8427: 8425: 8423: 8399: 8397: 8395: 8378: 8376: 8374: 8368:Washington Blade 8357: 8355: 8353: 8344:. Archived from 8306:DeBoer v. Snyder 8263:DeBoer v. Snyder 8261:, then known as 8135:Cenziper, Debbie 8107: 8104: 8098: 8085: 8069: 8068: 8062: 8060: 8045: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8034: 8017: 8009: 8003: 8002: 8000: 7998: 7984: 7978: 7977: 7975: 7973: 7959: 7953: 7952: 7950: 7948: 7933: 7927: 7926: 7924: 7922: 7907: 7901: 7900: 7898: 7896: 7866: 7860: 7859: 7857: 7855: 7833: 7827: 7826: 7824: 7822: 7800: 7794: 7793: 7791: 7789: 7772: 7766: 7765: 7763: 7761: 7741: 7735: 7734: 7732: 7730: 7714: 7708: 7707:(June 21, 2024). 7698: 7692: 7687: 7681: 7671: 7665: 7664: 7662: 7660: 7645: 7639: 7638: 7636: 7634: 7614: 7608: 7607: 7605: 7603: 7583: 7574: 7573: 7571: 7569: 7549: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7538: 7522: 7513: 7503: 7497: 7496: 7494: 7492: 7477: 7471: 7470: 7468: 7466: 7451: 7445: 7444: 7442: 7440: 7425: 7419: 7418: 7416: 7414: 7405:(July 2, 2015). 7399: 7393: 7392: 7390: 7388: 7366: 7360: 7359: 7357: 7355: 7336: 7330: 7329: 7327: 7325: 7306: 7300: 7299: 7297: 7295: 7289:Washington Blade 7280: 7274: 7273: 7271: 7269: 7264:on July 27, 2018 7260:. Archived from 7247: 7241: 7233: 7227: 7226: 7224: 7222: 7207: 7201: 7200: 7198: 7196: 7190:Washington Blade 7181: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7170: 7165:on June 26, 2018 7151: 7145: 7144: 7142: 7140: 7125: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7114: 7103:Washington Blade 7094: 7088: 7087: 7085: 7083: 7064: 7058: 7057: 7055: 7053: 7034: 7028: 7027: 7025: 7023: 7004: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6993: 6974: 6968: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6944: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6933: 6913: 6907: 6906: 6904: 6902: 6883: 6874: 6873: 6871: 6869: 6850: 6844: 6843: 6841: 6839: 6822:Kirby, Brendan. 6819: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6758: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6747: 6728: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6699: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6673: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6647: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6633: 6614: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6600: 6585: 6576: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6566:. April 26, 2017 6556: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6530: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6510:. Archived from 6499: 6493: 6492: 6490: 6488: 6468: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6448:. Archived from 6437: 6431: 6430: 6418: 6412: 6411: 6399: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6373: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6347: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6321: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6293: 6287: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6267: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6256: 6241: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6207: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6190:CNN (London, UK) 6181: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6170: 6155: 6149: 6148: 6136: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6110: 6099: 6089: 6083: 6073: 6067: 6057: 6051: 6041: 6035: 6025: 6019: 6009: 6003: 5993: 5987: 5977: 5971: 5961: 5955: 5945: 5939: 5929: 5923: 5913: 5907: 5897: 5891: 5881: 5875: 5865: 5859: 5849: 5843: 5833: 5827: 5817: 5811: 5801: 5795: 5785: 5779: 5769: 5763: 5753: 5747: 5737: 5731: 5721: 5715: 5705: 5699: 5689: 5680: 5664: 5658: 5648: 5642: 5632: 5626: 5616: 5610: 5600: 5594: 5584: 5578: 5568: 5562: 5552: 5546: 5536: 5530: 5520: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5509: 5491: 5485: 5475: 5462: 5452: 5446: 5436: 5430: 5425:, 576 U.S. 644, 5420: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5363: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5311: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5281: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5255: 5249: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5229: 5223: 5222: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5179: 5173: 5172: 5158: 5152: 5151: 5137: 5131: 5130: 5116: 5110: 5109: 5095: 5089: 5088: 5076: 5065: 5064: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5029: 5023: 5011: 5005: 4996: 4990: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4904: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4878: 4872: 4862: 4856: 4846: 4840: 4830: 4824: 4814: 4808: 4798: 4792: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4753: 4747: 4720:DeBoer v. Snyder 4713: 4707: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4667: 4658: 4644: 4638: 4626:DeBoer v. Snyder 4622: 4616: 4598: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4582:on June 27, 2015 4568: 4562: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4535:. Archived from 4525: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4458: 4452: 4421: 4415: 4412:DeBoer v. Snyder 4409:consol. sub nom. 4398: 4392: 4385: 4379: 4372:Notice of Appeal 4369: 4363: 4356: 4350: 4347:Deboer v. Snyder 4343:Notice of Appeal 4340: 4334: 4324: 4318: 4307:Notice of Appeal 4304: 4298: 4288: 4282: 4272: 4266: 4248: 4242: 4232: 4226: 4208: 4202: 4177: 4171: 4161: 4155: 4145: 4139: 4129: 4123: 4105: 4099: 4081: 4075: 4053: 4047: 4037: 4031: 4028:PlainSite Docket 4017: 4011: 4001: 3995: 3988:PlainSite Docket 3969: 3963: 3945: 3939: 3921: 3915: 3901: 3895: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3834: 3828: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3792: 3786: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3752: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3671: 3665: 3654:Henry v. Wymyslo 3640: 3634: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3614: 3608: 3598: 3592: 3584: 3578: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3538: 3527: 3493: 3487: 3457: 3451: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3407: 3401: 3387: 3381: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3361: 3355: 3345: 3339: 3338: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3222: 3213: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3147: 3141: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3079: 3073: 3066:Notice to Appear 3063: 3057: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3030:. Archived from 3019: 3013: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2977: 2971: 2960:DeBoer v. Snyder 2953: 2947: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2927: 2918: 2908: 2902: 2892: 2886: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2824: 2815: 2810:, 576 U.S. 644, 2805: 2799: 2798:(6th Cir. 2014). 2787:DeBoer v. Snyder 2783: 2735: 2730: 2729: 2728: 2721: 2716: 2715: 2714: 2707: 2702: 2701: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2589: 2426:Subsequent cases 2340:The governor of 2326:U.S. territories 1981:James Obergefell 1853:right to privacy 1808:In his dissent, 1784: 1783: 1764: 1668:Turner v. Safley 1637:Equal Protection 1609:majority opinion 1571: 1570: 1551: 1542:Majority opinion 1387:(Kentucky), and 1374:DeBoer v. Snyder 1343:equal protection 1304:DeBoer v. Snyder 1281: 1274: 1267: 1251: 1245: 1239: 1233: 1227: 1175:DeBoer v. Snyder 1105:DeBoer v. Snyder 1077:majority opinion 1022:Tennessee case: 1000:Jefferson County 887:Henry v. Wymyslo 879:Henry v. Wymyslo 847:Timothy S. Black 794:foreground, left 734:DeBoer v. Snyder 722:DeBoer v. Snyder 715:DeBoer v. Snyder 682:majority opinion 585:same-sex couples 571:decision of the 563: 558: 557: 554: 553: 550: 547: 544: 541: 538: 535: 532: 529: 521:644 (2015) ( 347:Court membership 271:DeBoer v. Snyder 268:Cases reversed, 263:(W.D. Ky. 2014). 219:DeBoer v. Snyder 185:Henry v. Wymyslo 65:James Obergefell 43: 42: 31: 30: 13241: 13240: 13236: 13235: 13234: 13232: 13231: 13230: 13146: 13145: 13144: 13135: 13111: 13096: 12984: 12963: 12712: 12677: 12615:In re Griffiths 12559:Webb v. O'Brien 12498: 12463: 12284: 12214:Texas v. Lesage 12006:Hadnott v. Amos 11791:Pace v. Alabama 11774: 11753: 11531:Hoyt v. Florida 11470: 11400:Felder v. Casey 11296: 11290: 11077: 10976: 10954:Adams v. Tanner 10914:Holden v. Hardy 10888: 10877: 10860: 10838:Afroyim v. Rusk 10788: 10775: 10769: 10739: 10734: 10724:United Kingdom 10713: 10683:United Kingdom 10645: 10544:North Macedonia 10383: 10368:United Kingdom 10278: 10221:United Kingdom 10103: 10094: 10079:United Kingdom 10011: 10008:same-sex unions 10004: 9974: 9969: 9945: 9899: 9885: 9868: 9827: 9789: 9771: 9510: 9495: 9489: 9450: 9424: 9408: 9395: 9390: 9360: 9355: 9332: 9330: 9321: 9275: 9240: 9218: 9212: 9182:by municipality 9167:Same-sex unions 9128:by municipality 9096:Intersex rights 9051: 9018: 9011: 8988: 8970: 8703: 8652: 8650: 8644: 8492: 8487: 8446: 8444: 8443:. June 26, 2015 8435: 8421: 8419: 8418:. June 26, 2015 8410: 8393: 8391: 8382: 8372: 8370: 8351: 8349: 8336: 8326:Love v. Beshear 8296:Tanco v. Haslam 8213:(June 26, 2015) 8203: 8116: 8114:Further reading 8111: 8110: 8105: 8101: 8086: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8058: 8056: 8046: 8042: 8032: 8030: 8010: 8006: 7996: 7994: 7986: 7985: 7981: 7971: 7969: 7961: 7960: 7956: 7946: 7944: 7934: 7930: 7920: 7918: 7908: 7904: 7894: 7892: 7867: 7863: 7853: 7851: 7834: 7830: 7820: 7818: 7801: 7797: 7787: 7785: 7773: 7769: 7759: 7757: 7742: 7738: 7728: 7726: 7715: 7711: 7699: 7695: 7688: 7684: 7676:, No. 19–1392, 7672: 7668: 7658: 7656: 7655:. June 24, 2022 7647: 7646: 7642: 7632: 7630: 7615: 7611: 7601: 7599: 7592:FiveThirtyEight 7584: 7577: 7567: 7565: 7550: 7546: 7536: 7534: 7523: 7516: 7504: 7500: 7490: 7488: 7478: 7474: 7464: 7462: 7452: 7448: 7438: 7436: 7426: 7422: 7412: 7410: 7400: 7396: 7386: 7384: 7367: 7363: 7353: 7351: 7338: 7337: 7333: 7323: 7321: 7308: 7307: 7303: 7293: 7291: 7281: 7277: 7267: 7265: 7248: 7244: 7234: 7230: 7220: 7218: 7208: 7204: 7194: 7192: 7182: 7178: 7168: 7166: 7153: 7152: 7148: 7138: 7136: 7127: 7126: 7122: 7112: 7110: 7095: 7091: 7081: 7079: 7066: 7065: 7061: 7051: 7049: 7036: 7035: 7031: 7021: 7019: 7006: 7005: 7001: 6991: 6989: 6976: 6975: 6971: 6961: 6959: 6946: 6945: 6941: 6931: 6929: 6914: 6910: 6900: 6898: 6885: 6884: 6877: 6867: 6865: 6852: 6851: 6847: 6837: 6835: 6820: 6816: 6806: 6804: 6789: 6785: 6775: 6773: 6760: 6759: 6755: 6745: 6743: 6730: 6729: 6722: 6712: 6710: 6700: 6696: 6686: 6684: 6674: 6670: 6660: 6658: 6656:The Independent 6648: 6641: 6631: 6629: 6616: 6615: 6608: 6598: 6596: 6594:Ballotpedia.org 6586: 6579: 6569: 6567: 6558: 6557: 6553: 6543: 6541: 6531: 6527: 6517: 6515: 6500: 6496: 6486: 6484: 6469: 6465: 6455: 6453: 6438: 6434: 6419: 6415: 6400: 6396: 6386: 6384: 6374: 6370: 6360: 6358: 6357:. June 29, 2015 6349: 6348: 6344: 6334: 6332: 6322: 6318: 6308: 6306: 6294: 6290: 6280: 6278: 6268: 6264: 6254: 6252: 6242: 6238: 6228: 6226: 6208: 6204: 6194: 6192: 6182: 6178: 6168: 6166: 6156: 6152: 6137: 6133: 6123: 6121: 6111: 6102: 6090: 6086: 6074: 6070: 6058: 6054: 6042: 6038: 6026: 6022: 6010: 6006: 5994: 5990: 5978: 5974: 5962: 5958: 5946: 5942: 5930: 5926: 5914: 5910: 5898: 5894: 5882: 5878: 5866: 5862: 5850: 5846: 5834: 5830: 5818: 5814: 5802: 5798: 5786: 5782: 5770: 5766: 5754: 5750: 5738: 5734: 5722: 5718: 5706: 5702: 5690: 5683: 5665: 5661: 5649: 5645: 5633: 5629: 5617: 5613: 5601: 5597: 5585: 5581: 5569: 5565: 5553: 5549: 5537: 5533: 5521: 5517: 5507: 5505: 5492: 5488: 5476: 5465: 5453: 5449: 5437: 5433: 5421: 5417: 5407: 5405: 5395: 5391: 5381: 5379: 5364: 5360: 5350: 5348: 5338: 5334: 5324: 5322: 5312: 5308: 5298: 5296: 5282: 5278: 5268: 5266: 5264:Yahoo! Politics 5256: 5252: 5242: 5240: 5230: 5226: 5211: 5207: 5197: 5195: 5180: 5176: 5159: 5155: 5138: 5134: 5117: 5113: 5096: 5092: 5077: 5068: 5051: 5047: 5030: 5026: 5012: 5008: 4997: 4993: 4982: 4978: 4968: 4966: 4958: 4957: 4953: 4943: 4941: 4931: 4927: 4917: 4915: 4905: 4901: 4891: 4889: 4879: 4875: 4863: 4859: 4847: 4843: 4831: 4827: 4815: 4811: 4799: 4795: 4775: 4771: 4754: 4750: 4736:Tanco v. Haslam 4714: 4710: 4694: 4690: 4680: 4678: 4668: 4661: 4645: 4641: 4623: 4619: 4599: 4595: 4585: 4583: 4570: 4569: 4565: 4556: 4552: 4542: 4540: 4527: 4526: 4522: 4512: 4510: 4485: 4484: 4480: 4470: 4468: 4460: 4459: 4455: 4422: 4418: 4399: 4395: 4386: 4382: 4370: 4366: 4357: 4353: 4341: 4337: 4331:Tanco v. Haslam 4325: 4321: 4305: 4301: 4289: 4285: 4273: 4269: 4249: 4245: 4233: 4229: 4209: 4205: 4191:Tanco v. Haslam 4189:at 1, 5–6, 38, 4187:Wayback Machine 4178: 4174: 4162: 4158: 4146: 4142: 4130: 4126: 4108:Love v. Beshear 4106: 4102: 4082: 4078: 4054: 4050: 4038: 4034: 4018: 4014: 4002: 3998: 3970: 3966: 3950:at 1–7, 16–17, 3946: 3942: 3922: 3918: 3902: 3898: 3886: 3882: 3872: 3870: 3862: 3861: 3857: 3847: 3845: 3835: 3831: 3819: 3815: 3805: 3803: 3793: 3789: 3779: 3775: 3765: 3763: 3762:. March 7, 2014 3754: 3753: 3746: 3736: 3734: 3724: 3720: 3710: 3708: 3698: 3694: 3684: 3682: 3672: 3668: 3650:Wayback Machine 3641: 3637: 3627: 3625: 3615: 3611: 3599: 3595: 3585: 3581: 3569: 3565: 3555: 3553: 3540: 3539: 3530: 3506:at 1, 3, 9–10, 3494: 3490: 3458: 3454: 3434: 3430: 3420: 3418: 3409: 3408: 3404: 3388: 3384: 3374: 3372: 3362: 3358: 3346: 3342: 3327: 3323: 3313: 3311: 3301: 3297: 3287: 3285: 3283:WVXU Cincinnati 3275: 3271: 3261: 3259: 3249: 3245: 3235: 3233: 3223: 3216: 3200: 3196: 3186: 3184: 3174: 3170: 3160: 3158: 3148: 3144: 3132: 3128: 3118: 3116: 3106: 3102: 3092: 3090: 3080: 3076: 3064: 3060: 3051: 3047: 3037: 3035: 3020: 3016: 3004: 3000: 2990: 2988: 2978: 2974: 2954: 2950: 2940: 2938: 2936:Huffington Post 2928: 2921: 2917:, 673–76. 2909: 2905: 2893: 2889: 2877: 2873: 2863: 2861: 2851: 2847: 2837: 2835: 2825: 2818: 2806: 2802: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2731: 2726: 2724: 2717: 2712: 2710: 2703: 2696: 2693: 2615: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2603: 2599: 2597: 2593: 2591: 2587: 2577: 2572: 2540: 2465: 2436: 2428: 2407: 2401: 2328: 2287: 2243: 2231:notarized forms 2138: 2109: 2093:HB 1111/SB 1085 2041: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1940: 1915:Clarence Thomas 1903:Clarence Thomas 1895: 1869: 1802: 1801: 1793: 1791: 1790: 1789: 1788: 1785: 1778: 1775: 1768: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1735:First Amendment 1621:Sonia Sotomayor 1605:Anthony Kennedy 1597:Anthony Kennedy 1589: 1588: 1580: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1575: 1572: 1565: 1562: 1555: 1549: 1544: 1489:Baker v. Nelson 1469: 1431: 1390:Tanco v. Haslam 1369: 1356:Baker v. Nelson 1312:Tanco v. Haslam 1293: 1286: 1285: 1259: 1254: 1253: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1223: 1211: 1180:Baker v. Nelson 1152:Deborah L. Cook 1144:Love v. Beshear 1113:Love v. Beshear 1101:Tanco v. Haslam 1065: 1039:Tanco v. Haslam 1033: 1031:Tanco v. Haslam 1027: 1024:Tanco v. Haslam 1012:Love v. Beshear 995:Love v. Beshear 990: 987:Love v. Beshear 924: 917: 911: 882: 790:Al Gerhardstein 788:) and attorney 774: 767: 724: 718: 713:Michigan case: 698: 686:Anthony Kennedy 661:Baker v. Nelson 561: 526: 522: 499:Baker v. Nelson 492: 402:Sonia Sotomayor 400: 388: 378:Clarence Thomas 376: 374:Anthony Kennedy 339:Baker v. Nelson 317: 298: 254:Love v. Beshear 214:Apr. 25, 2014). 196:Tanco v. Haslam 123: 54: 48: 29: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 13239: 13229: 13228: 13223: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13183: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13158: 13141: 13140: 13137: 13136: 13134: 13133: 13125: 13116: 13113: 13112: 13102: 13101: 13098: 13097: 13095: 13094: 13086: 13078: 13070: 13062: 13054: 13046: 13038: 13030: 13022: 13014: 13006: 12998: 12989: 12986: 12985: 12973: 12972: 12969: 12968: 12965: 12964: 12962: 12961: 12953: 12945: 12941:Vacco v. Quill 12937: 12929: 12921: 12917:Clark v. Jeter 12913: 12905: 12897: 12889: 12881: 12873: 12865: 12857: 12849: 12841: 12833: 12825: 12817: 12809: 12801: 12793: 12785: 12777: 12773:Oyler v. Boles 12769: 12761: 12753: 12745: 12737: 12729: 12720: 12718: 12714: 12713: 12711: 12710: 12702: 12694: 12685: 12683: 12679: 12678: 12676: 12675: 12667: 12659: 12651: 12643: 12635: 12627: 12619: 12611: 12603: 12595: 12587: 12579: 12571: 12563: 12555: 12547: 12539: 12531: 12527:Heim v. McCall 12523: 12519:Truax v. Raich 12515: 12506: 12504: 12500: 12499: 12497: 12496: 12488: 12484:Romer v. Evans 12480: 12471: 12469: 12465: 12464: 12462: 12461: 12453: 12445: 12437: 12429: 12421: 12413: 12405: 12397: 12389: 12381: 12373: 12365: 12361:Craig v. Boren 12357: 12349: 12341: 12333: 12329:Kahn v. Shevin 12325: 12317: 12309: 12301: 12292: 12290: 12286: 12285: 12283: 12282: 12274: 12266: 12258: 12250: 12242: 12234: 12226: 12218: 12210: 12202: 12194: 12186: 12178: 12170: 12162: 12154: 12146: 12138: 12130: 12122: 12114: 12106: 12098: 12090: 12082: 12074: 12066: 12058: 12050: 12042: 12034: 12026: 12018: 12010: 12002: 11994: 11986: 11978: 11970: 11962: 11954: 11946: 11938: 11930: 11922: 11921: 11920: 11913: 11906: 11891: 11883: 11875: 11871:Perez v. Sharp 11867: 11859: 11851: 11843: 11835: 11831:Smith v. Texas 11827: 11819: 11811: 11803: 11795: 11786: 11784: 11776: 11775: 11763: 11762: 11759: 11758: 11755: 11754: 11752: 11751: 11743: 11735: 11727: 11719: 11711: 11703: 11695: 11687: 11679: 11671: 11663: 11655: 11647: 11639: 11631: 11627:Parham v. J.R. 11623: 11615: 11607: 11599: 11591: 11583: 11575: 11567: 11559: 11551: 11543: 11539:Oyler v. Boles 11535: 11527: 11519: 11511: 11503: 11495: 11487: 11478: 11476: 11472: 11471: 11469: 11468: 11460: 11452: 11444: 11436: 11428: 11420: 11412: 11404: 11396: 11388: 11380: 11374: 11366: 11358: 11350: 11342: 11336: 11330: 11324: 11321:Pierson v. Ray 11318: 11312: 11308:Monroe v. Pape 11303: 11301: 11292: 11291: 11289: 11288: 11280: 11272: 11264: 11256: 11248: 11240: 11232: 11224: 11216: 11208: 11200: 11192: 11184: 11176: 11168: 11160: 11152: 11144: 11136: 11128: 11120: 11112: 11104: 11096: 11087: 11085: 11079: 11078: 11076: 11075: 11067: 11059: 11051: 11043: 11035: 11027: 11019: 11011: 11003: 10995: 10986: 10984: 10978: 10977: 10975: 10974: 10966: 10958: 10950: 10942: 10934: 10926: 10918: 10910: 10902: 10893: 10891: 10879: 10878: 10866: 10865: 10862: 10861: 10859: 10858: 10850: 10842: 10834: 10826: 10818: 10814:Elk v. Wilkins 10810: 10802: 10793: 10790: 10789: 10777: 10776: 10768: 10767: 10760: 10753: 10745: 10736: 10735: 10733: 10732: 10731: 10730: 10721: 10719: 10715: 10714: 10712: 10711: 10710: 10709: 10704: 10699: 10697:American Samoa 10693:United States 10691: 10690: 10689: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10655: 10653: 10647: 10646: 10644: 10643: 10642: 10641: 10636: 10631: 10626: 10621: 10614:United Kingdom 10611: 10606: 10601: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10450: 10449: 10439: 10437:Czech Republic 10434: 10429: 10424: 10419: 10414: 10409: 10404: 10399: 10393: 10391: 10385: 10384: 10382: 10381: 10376: 10375: 10374: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10310: 10309: 10299: 10294: 10288: 10286: 10280: 10279: 10277: 10276: 10271: 10266: 10265: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10244: 10243: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10230:Cayman Islands 10227: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10203: 10202: 10197: 10189: 10184: 10179: 10174: 10169: 10168: 10167: 10159: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10113: 10111: 10105: 10104: 10097: 10095: 10093: 10092: 10087: 10086: 10085: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10021: 10019: 10013: 10012: 10003: 10002: 9995: 9988: 9980: 9971: 9970: 9968: 9967: 9954: 9951: 9950: 9947: 9946: 9944: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9907: 9905: 9898: 9897: 9891: 9889: 9878: 9877: 9874: 9873: 9870: 9869: 9867: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9839:American Samoa 9835: 9833: 9829: 9828: 9826: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9799: 9797: 9795:Circuit Courts 9791: 9790: 9788: 9787: 9781: 9779: 9777:Tribal nations 9773: 9772: 9770: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9717:South Carolina 9714: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9682:North Carolina 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9518: 9516: 9501: 9488: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9476: 9475: 9464: 9462: 9456: 9455: 9452: 9451: 9449: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9432: 9430: 9423: 9422: 9416: 9414: 9413:General unions 9410: 9409: 9407: 9406: 9400: 9397: 9396: 9389: 9388: 9381: 9374: 9366: 9357: 9356: 9354: 9353: 9341: 9326: 9323: 9322: 9320: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9292:Lavender Scare 9289: 9283: 9281: 9277: 9276: 9274: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9252: 9250: 9246: 9245: 9242: 9241: 9239: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9222: 9220: 9214: 9213: 9211: 9210: 9205: 9204: 9203: 9193: 9192: 9191: 9186: 9185: 9184: 9174: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9153: 9152: 9142: 9137: 9136: 9135: 9130: 9120: 9119: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9076:Age of consent 9073: 9067: 9061: 9057: 9056: 9053: 9052: 9050: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9027:American Samoa 9023: 9021: 9017:Unincorporated 9013: 9012: 9010: 9009: 9007:Indian Country 9004: 8998: 8996: 8994:Tribal nations 8990: 8989: 8987: 8986: 8980: 8978: 8972: 8971: 8969: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8916:South Carolina 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8881:North Carolina 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8717: 8715: 8709: 8708: 8705: 8704: 8702: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8685: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8656: 8654: 8646: 8645: 8643: 8642: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8616: 8600: 8592: 8588:Pavan v. Smith 8584: 8576: 8571: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8540: 8535: 8531:Romer v. Evans 8527: 8522: 8513: 8507: 8498: 8494: 8493: 8486: 8485: 8478: 8471: 8463: 8457: 8456: 8433: 8408: 8407: 8406: 8401: 8380: 8359: 8331: 8330: 8329: 8319: 8316:Henry v. Himes 8309: 8299: 8289: 8279: 8266: 8252: 8242: 8232: 8223: 8214: 8202: 8201:External links 8199: 8198: 8197: 8186: 8179: 8165: 8150: 8132: 8115: 8112: 8109: 8108: 8099: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8070: 8040: 8004: 7979: 7954: 7928: 7902: 7861: 7828: 7795: 7767: 7736: 7709: 7693: 7682: 7666: 7640: 7609: 7575: 7544: 7514: 7508:, No. 16–992, 7506:Pavan v. Smith 7498: 7472: 7446: 7420: 7394: 7361: 7331: 7301: 7275: 7257:Saipan Tribune 7242: 7228: 7202: 7176: 7146: 7120: 7089: 7059: 7029: 6999: 6969: 6939: 6908: 6875: 6845: 6814: 6783: 6753: 6720: 6694: 6668: 6639: 6606: 6577: 6551: 6525: 6494: 6463: 6432: 6413: 6394: 6368: 6342: 6316: 6288: 6262: 6236: 6202: 6176: 6150: 6131: 6100: 6094:, 576 U.S. at 6084: 6078:, 576 U.S. at 6068: 6062:, 576 U.S. at 6052: 6046:, 576 U.S. at 6036: 6030:, 576 U.S. at 6020: 6014:, 576 U.S. at 6004: 5998:, 576 U.S. at 5988: 5982:, 576 U.S. at 5972: 5966:, 576 U.S. at 5956: 5950:, 576 U.S. at 5940: 5934:, 576 U.S. at 5924: 5918:, 576 U.S. at 5908: 5902:, 576 U.S. at 5892: 5886:, 576 U.S. at 5876: 5870:, 576 U.S. at 5860: 5854:, 576 U.S. at 5844: 5838:, 576 U.S. at 5828: 5822:, 576 U.S. at 5812: 5806:, 576 U.S. at 5796: 5790:, 576 U.S. at 5780: 5774:, 576 U.S. at 5764: 5758:, 576 U.S. at 5748: 5742:, 576 U.S. at 5732: 5726:, 576 U.S. at 5716: 5710:, 576 U.S. at 5700: 5694:, 576 U.S. at 5681: 5669:, 576 U.S. at 5659: 5653:, 576 U.S. at 5643: 5637:, 576 U.S. at 5627: 5621:, 576 U.S. at 5611: 5605:, 576 U.S. at 5595: 5589:, 576 U.S. at 5579: 5573:, 576 U.S. at 5563: 5557:, 576 U.S. at 5547: 5541:, 576 U.S. at 5531: 5525:, 576 U.S. at 5515: 5495:Yoshino, Kenji 5486: 5480:, 576 U.S. at 5463: 5457:, 576 U.S. at 5447: 5441:, 576 U.S. at 5431: 5415: 5389: 5358: 5332: 5306: 5276: 5250: 5224: 5205: 5174: 5153: 5132: 5111: 5090: 5085:MLive Michigan 5066: 5045: 5024: 5006: 4991: 4976: 4951: 4925: 4899: 4873: 4857: 4841: 4825: 4809: 4793: 4769: 4748: 4708: 4688: 4659: 4639: 4617: 4611:, 576 U.S. at 4593: 4563: 4550: 4520: 4478: 4453: 4416: 4393: 4380: 4376:Henry v. Himes 4364: 4351: 4335: 4319: 4299: 4293:, 576 U.S. at 4283: 4267: 4243: 4227: 4203: 4172: 4156: 4140: 4124: 4100: 4076: 4048: 4032: 4026:); see, also, 4012: 3996: 3964: 3940: 3926:at 1–2, 5–10, 3916: 3896: 3880: 3855: 3829: 3813: 3787: 3782:Henry v. Himes 3773: 3744: 3718: 3692: 3666: 3658:Henry v. Himes 3635: 3609: 3593: 3579: 3563: 3528: 3488: 3452: 3428: 3402: 3382: 3356: 3340: 3321: 3309:Cincinnati.com 3295: 3269: 3243: 3214: 3194: 3168: 3142: 3126: 3100: 3074: 3058: 3045: 3028:The Big Story 3014: 2998: 2972: 2948: 2919: 2913:, 576 U.S. at 2903: 2897:, 576 U.S. at 2887: 2881:, 576 U.S. at 2871: 2845: 2816: 2800: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2771: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2722: 2708: 2692: 2689: 2663:. A motion of 2629:American Samoa 2610: 2608: Two Nays 2604: 2598: 2592: 2590: Two yeas 2586: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2539: 2533: 2464: 2458: 2441:Pavan v. Smith 2435: 2432:Pavan v. Smith 2429: 2427: 2424: 2403:Main article: 2400: 2397: 2372:American Samoa 2327: 2324: 2286: 2283: 2242: 2239: 2137: 2134: 2130:American Samoa 2108: 2105: 2040: 2037: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1939: 1936: 1894: 1893:Justice Thomas 1891: 1873:Antonin Scalia 1868: 1867:Justice Scalia 1865: 1819:Chief Justice 1792: 1786: 1776: 1771: 1770: 1769: 1760: 1759: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1617:Stephen Breyer 1579: 1573: 1563: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1547: 1546: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1468: 1465: 1452:John J. Bursch 1434:Oral arguments 1430: 1427: 1402: 1401: 1398: 1368: 1365: 1292: 1289: 1284: 1283: 1276: 1269: 1261: 1260: 1248: 1242: 1236: 1230: 1224: 1210: 1207: 1160:Richard Hodges 1148:Jeffrey Sutton 1128:Henry v. Himes 1117:Henry v. Himes 1073:Jeffrey Sutton 1064: 1061: 1029:Main article: 1026: 1020: 989: 984: 923: 918: 913:Main article: 910: 909:Kentucky cases 907: 903:Henry v. Himes 889:, also in the 881: 876: 828:terminally ill 773: 768: 766: 763: 739:Richard Snyder 720:Main article: 717: 711: 697: 694: 652:Tenth Circuits 504: 503: 494: 493: 490: 487: 486: 480: 479: 475: 474: 468: 464: 463: 457: 453: 452: 446: 442: 441: 435: 431: 430: 424: 420: 419: 415: 414: 413: 412: 390:Stephen Breyer 366:Antonin Scalia 363: 360: 355: 349: 348: 344: 343: 324: 323: 319: 318: 316: 315: 312: 308: 305: 304: 300: 299: 297: 296: 286: 266: 265: 264: 234: 215: 192: 163: 160: 159: 155: 154: 149: 145: 144: 139: 135: 134: 129: 125: 124: 114:2473451; 2015 105: 92: 88: 87: 82: 78: 77: 69:Richard Hodges 61: 60:Full case name 57: 56: 50: 49: 44: 36: 35: 27: 21:Jim Obergefell 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13238: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13191:LGBTQ in Ohio 13189: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13153: 13151: 13131: 13130: 13126: 13123: 13122: 13118: 13117: 13114: 13107: 13103: 13092: 13091: 13087: 13084: 13083: 13079: 13076: 13075: 13071: 13068: 13067: 13063: 13060: 13059: 13055: 13052: 13051: 13047: 13044: 13043: 13039: 13036: 13035: 13031: 13028: 13027: 13023: 13020: 13019: 13015: 13012: 13011: 13007: 13004: 13003: 12999: 12996: 12995: 12991: 12990: 12987: 12983: 12978: 12974: 12959: 12958: 12954: 12951: 12950: 12946: 12943: 12942: 12938: 12935: 12934: 12930: 12927: 12926: 12922: 12919: 12918: 12914: 12911: 12910: 12906: 12903: 12902: 12898: 12895: 12894: 12890: 12887: 12886: 12882: 12879: 12878: 12874: 12871: 12870: 12866: 12863: 12862: 12858: 12855: 12854: 12850: 12847: 12846: 12842: 12839: 12838: 12834: 12831: 12830: 12826: 12823: 12822: 12818: 12815: 12814: 12810: 12807: 12806: 12802: 12799: 12798: 12794: 12791: 12790: 12786: 12783: 12782: 12778: 12775: 12774: 12770: 12767: 12766: 12762: 12759: 12758: 12754: 12751: 12750: 12746: 12743: 12742: 12738: 12735: 12734: 12730: 12727: 12726: 12722: 12721: 12719: 12715: 12708: 12707: 12703: 12700: 12699: 12695: 12692: 12691: 12687: 12686: 12684: 12680: 12673: 12672: 12668: 12665: 12664: 12663:Plyler v. Doe 12660: 12657: 12656: 12652: 12649: 12648: 12644: 12641: 12640: 12636: 12633: 12632: 12628: 12625: 12624: 12620: 12617: 12616: 12612: 12609: 12608: 12604: 12601: 12600: 12596: 12593: 12592: 12588: 12585: 12584: 12580: 12577: 12576: 12572: 12569: 12568: 12567:Frick v. Webb 12564: 12561: 12560: 12556: 12553: 12552: 12548: 12545: 12544: 12540: 12537: 12536: 12532: 12529: 12528: 12524: 12521: 12520: 12516: 12513: 12512: 12508: 12507: 12505: 12501: 12494: 12493: 12489: 12486: 12485: 12481: 12478: 12477: 12473: 12472: 12470: 12466: 12459: 12458: 12454: 12451: 12450: 12446: 12443: 12442: 12438: 12435: 12434: 12430: 12427: 12426: 12422: 12419: 12418: 12414: 12411: 12410: 12406: 12403: 12402: 12398: 12395: 12394: 12390: 12387: 12386: 12382: 12379: 12378: 12374: 12371: 12370: 12366: 12363: 12362: 12358: 12355: 12354: 12350: 12347: 12346: 12342: 12339: 12338: 12334: 12331: 12330: 12326: 12323: 12322: 12318: 12315: 12314: 12310: 12307: 12306: 12302: 12299: 12298: 12294: 12293: 12291: 12287: 12280: 12279: 12275: 12272: 12271: 12267: 12264: 12263: 12259: 12256: 12255: 12251: 12248: 12247: 12243: 12240: 12239: 12235: 12232: 12231: 12227: 12224: 12223: 12219: 12216: 12215: 12211: 12208: 12207: 12203: 12200: 12199: 12195: 12192: 12191: 12187: 12184: 12183: 12179: 12176: 12175: 12171: 12168: 12167: 12163: 12160: 12159: 12155: 12152: 12151: 12147: 12144: 12143: 12139: 12136: 12135: 12131: 12128: 12127: 12123: 12120: 12119: 12115: 12112: 12111: 12107: 12104: 12103: 12099: 12096: 12095: 12091: 12088: 12087: 12083: 12080: 12079: 12075: 12072: 12071: 12067: 12064: 12063: 12059: 12056: 12055: 12054:Coit v. Green 12051: 12048: 12047: 12043: 12040: 12039: 12035: 12032: 12031: 12027: 12024: 12023: 12019: 12016: 12015: 12011: 12008: 12007: 12003: 12000: 11999: 11995: 11992: 11991: 11987: 11984: 11983: 11979: 11976: 11975: 11971: 11968: 11967: 11963: 11960: 11959: 11955: 11952: 11951: 11947: 11944: 11943: 11939: 11936: 11935: 11931: 11928: 11927: 11926:Lucy v. Adams 11923: 11919: 11918: 11914: 11912: 11911: 11907: 11905: 11904: 11900: 11899: 11897: 11896: 11892: 11889: 11888: 11884: 11881: 11880: 11876: 11873: 11872: 11868: 11865: 11864: 11860: 11857: 11856: 11852: 11849: 11848: 11844: 11841: 11840: 11836: 11833: 11832: 11828: 11825: 11824: 11820: 11817: 11816: 11812: 11809: 11808: 11804: 11801: 11800: 11796: 11793: 11792: 11788: 11787: 11785: 11781: 11777: 11773: 11768: 11764: 11749: 11748: 11744: 11741: 11740: 11736: 11733: 11732: 11728: 11725: 11724: 11720: 11717: 11716: 11712: 11709: 11708: 11704: 11701: 11700: 11696: 11693: 11692: 11688: 11685: 11684: 11680: 11677: 11676: 11672: 11669: 11668: 11664: 11661: 11660: 11656: 11653: 11652: 11648: 11645: 11644: 11640: 11637: 11636: 11632: 11629: 11628: 11624: 11621: 11620: 11616: 11613: 11612: 11608: 11605: 11604: 11600: 11597: 11596: 11595:Goss v. Lopez 11592: 11589: 11588: 11584: 11581: 11580: 11576: 11573: 11572: 11568: 11565: 11564: 11563:In re Winship 11560: 11557: 11556: 11552: 11549: 11548: 11544: 11541: 11540: 11536: 11533: 11532: 11528: 11525: 11524: 11520: 11517: 11516: 11512: 11509: 11508: 11504: 11501: 11500: 11496: 11493: 11492: 11491:Zucht v. King 11488: 11485: 11484: 11480: 11479: 11477: 11473: 11466: 11465: 11461: 11458: 11457: 11453: 11450: 11449: 11445: 11442: 11441: 11437: 11434: 11433: 11429: 11426: 11425: 11421: 11418: 11417: 11413: 11410: 11409: 11405: 11402: 11401: 11397: 11394: 11393: 11389: 11386: 11385: 11381: 11378: 11375: 11372: 11371: 11367: 11364: 11363: 11359: 11356: 11355: 11354:Paul v. Davis 11351: 11348: 11347: 11343: 11340: 11337: 11334: 11331: 11328: 11325: 11322: 11319: 11316: 11313: 11310: 11309: 11305: 11304: 11302: 11300: 11293: 11286: 11285: 11281: 11278: 11277: 11273: 11270: 11269: 11265: 11262: 11261: 11260:Azar v. Garza 11257: 11254: 11253: 11249: 11246: 11245: 11241: 11238: 11237: 11233: 11230: 11229: 11225: 11222: 11221: 11217: 11214: 11213: 11209: 11206: 11205: 11201: 11198: 11197: 11193: 11190: 11189: 11185: 11182: 11181: 11177: 11174: 11173: 11169: 11166: 11165: 11161: 11158: 11157: 11153: 11150: 11149: 11145: 11142: 11141: 11137: 11134: 11133: 11129: 11126: 11125: 11121: 11118: 11117: 11113: 11110: 11109: 11108:Doe v. Bolton 11105: 11102: 11101: 11097: 11094: 11093: 11089: 11088: 11086: 11084: 11080: 11073: 11072: 11068: 11065: 11064: 11060: 11057: 11056: 11052: 11049: 11048: 11044: 11041: 11040: 11036: 11033: 11032: 11028: 11025: 11024: 11023:Doe v. Bolton 11020: 11017: 11016: 11012: 11009: 11008: 11004: 11001: 11000: 10996: 10993: 10992: 10988: 10987: 10985: 10983: 10979: 10972: 10971: 10967: 10964: 10963: 10959: 10956: 10955: 10951: 10948: 10947: 10943: 10940: 10939: 10935: 10932: 10931: 10927: 10924: 10923: 10919: 10916: 10915: 10911: 10908: 10907: 10903: 10900: 10899: 10895: 10894: 10892: 10890: 10884: 10880: 10876: 10871: 10867: 10856: 10855: 10851: 10848: 10847: 10843: 10840: 10839: 10835: 10832: 10831: 10827: 10824: 10823: 10819: 10816: 10815: 10811: 10808: 10807: 10803: 10800: 10799: 10795: 10794: 10791: 10787: 10782: 10778: 10773: 10766: 10761: 10759: 10754: 10752: 10747: 10746: 10743: 10729: 10726: 10725: 10723: 10722: 10720: 10716: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10694: 10692: 10688: 10685: 10684: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10656: 10654: 10652: 10648: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10616: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10504:Liechtenstein 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10448: 10447:Faroe Islands 10445: 10444: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10394: 10392: 10390: 10386: 10380: 10377: 10373: 10370: 10369: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10308: 10305: 10304: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10289: 10287: 10285: 10281: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10249: 10248: 10247:United States 10245: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10222: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10192: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10166: 10163: 10162: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10114: 10112: 10110: 10106: 10101: 10091: 10088: 10084: 10081: 10080: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10022: 10020: 10018: 10014: 10009: 10001: 9996: 9994: 9989: 9987: 9982: 9981: 9978: 9966: 9965: 9956: 9955: 9952: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9908: 9906: 9902: 9896: 9893: 9892: 9890: 9888: 9883: 9879: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9836: 9834: 9832:Other regions 9830: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9800: 9798: 9796: 9792: 9786: 9785:Navajo Nation 9783: 9782: 9780: 9778: 9774: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9757:West Virginia 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9662:New Hampshire 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9622:Massachusetts 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9509: 9505: 9502: 9499: 9492: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9474: 9471: 9470: 9469: 9466: 9465: 9463: 9461: 9457: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9433: 9431: 9427: 9421: 9418: 9417: 9415: 9411: 9405: 9402: 9401: 9398: 9394: 9387: 9382: 9380: 9375: 9373: 9368: 9367: 9364: 9352: 9351: 9342: 9340: 9339: 9328: 9327: 9324: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9284: 9282: 9278: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9253: 9251: 9247: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9223: 9221: 9215: 9209: 9208:Bathroom bill 9206: 9202: 9199: 9198: 9197: 9194: 9190: 9187: 9183: 9180: 9179: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9169: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9151: 9148: 9147: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9125: 9124: 9121: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9103: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9068: 9065: 9062: 9058: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9024: 9022: 9020: 9014: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9002:Navajo Nation 9000: 8999: 8997: 8995: 8991: 8985: 8982: 8981: 8979: 8977: 8973: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8956:West Virginia 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8861:New Hampshire 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8821:Massachusetts 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8718: 8716: 8714: 8710: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8689: 8686: 8683: 8682: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8657: 8655: 8647: 8640: 8639: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8622: 8621: 8617: 8614: 8613: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8598: 8597: 8593: 8590: 8589: 8585: 8582: 8581: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8569: 8568: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8546: 8545: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8533: 8532: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8520: 8519: 8515: 8514: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8502: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8484: 8479: 8477: 8472: 8470: 8465: 8464: 8461: 8454: 8442: 8438: 8434: 8431: 8417: 8413: 8409: 8405: 8402: 8389: 8385: 8381: 8369: 8365: 8360: 8347: 8343: 8339: 8335: 8334: 8332: 8327: 8323: 8320: 8317: 8313: 8310: 8307: 8303: 8300: 8297: 8293: 8290: 8287: 8283: 8280: 8277: 8273: 8270: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8253: 8250: 8246: 8243: 8240: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8218: 8215: 8212: 8208: 8205: 8204: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8184: 8180: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8166: 8163: 8159: 8155: 8151: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8133: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8117: 8103: 8096: 8095:Sixth Circuit 8092: 8091: 8084: 8080: 8067: 8055: 8051: 8044: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8016: 8008: 7993: 7989: 7983: 7968: 7964: 7958: 7943: 7939: 7932: 7917: 7913: 7906: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7877: 7872: 7865: 7849: 7845: 7844: 7839: 7832: 7816: 7812: 7811: 7806: 7799: 7784: 7783: 7778: 7771: 7756: 7755: 7750: 7746: 7740: 7724: 7720: 7713: 7706: 7702: 7697: 7691: 7686: 7679: 7675: 7670: 7654: 7650: 7644: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7613: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7582: 7580: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7548: 7532: 7528: 7521: 7519: 7511: 7507: 7502: 7487: 7483: 7476: 7461: 7457: 7450: 7435: 7431: 7424: 7408: 7404: 7398: 7382: 7378: 7377: 7372: 7365: 7349: 7345: 7341: 7335: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7305: 7290: 7286: 7279: 7263: 7259: 7258: 7253: 7246: 7239: 7238: 7232: 7217: 7213: 7206: 7191: 7187: 7180: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7150: 7134: 7130: 7124: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7093: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7063: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7033: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7003: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6973: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6943: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6912: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6882: 6880: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6849: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6818: 6802: 6798: 6797:Alabama Today 6794: 6787: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6757: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6727: 6725: 6709: 6705: 6698: 6687:September 18, 6683: 6679: 6672: 6657: 6653: 6646: 6644: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6613: 6611: 6595: 6591: 6584: 6582: 6565: 6561: 6555: 6540: 6536: 6529: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6498: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6467: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6436: 6428: 6424: 6417: 6409: 6405: 6398: 6383: 6379: 6372: 6356: 6352: 6346: 6331: 6327: 6320: 6305: 6304: 6299: 6292: 6277: 6273: 6266: 6251: 6247: 6240: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6206: 6191: 6187: 6180: 6165: 6161: 6154: 6146: 6142: 6135: 6120: 6116: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6097: 6093: 6088: 6081: 6077: 6072: 6065: 6061: 6056: 6049: 6045: 6040: 6033: 6029: 6024: 6017: 6013: 6008: 6001: 5997: 5992: 5985: 5981: 5976: 5969: 5965: 5960: 5953: 5949: 5944: 5937: 5933: 5928: 5921: 5917: 5912: 5905: 5901: 5896: 5889: 5885: 5880: 5873: 5872:710–711 5869: 5864: 5857: 5853: 5848: 5841: 5837: 5832: 5825: 5821: 5816: 5809: 5805: 5800: 5793: 5789: 5784: 5777: 5773: 5768: 5761: 5757: 5752: 5745: 5741: 5736: 5729: 5725: 5720: 5713: 5709: 5704: 5697: 5693: 5688: 5686: 5678: 5677: 5672: 5668: 5663: 5656: 5652: 5647: 5640: 5636: 5631: 5624: 5620: 5615: 5608: 5604: 5599: 5592: 5588: 5583: 5576: 5572: 5567: 5560: 5556: 5551: 5544: 5540: 5535: 5528: 5524: 5519: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5490: 5483: 5479: 5474: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5460: 5456: 5451: 5444: 5440: 5435: 5428: 5424: 5419: 5404: 5400: 5393: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5362: 5347: 5343: 5336: 5321: 5317: 5310: 5294: 5293: 5287: 5280: 5265: 5261: 5254: 5239: 5235: 5228: 5220: 5216: 5209: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5178: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5157: 5149: 5148: 5143: 5136: 5128: 5127: 5122: 5115: 5107: 5106: 5101: 5094: 5086: 5082: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5062: 5061: 5056: 5049: 5041: 5040: 5035: 5028: 5021: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5004: 5002: 4995: 4989: 4987: 4980: 4965: 4961: 4955: 4940: 4936: 4929: 4914: 4910: 4903: 4888: 4887:BuzzFeed News 4884: 4877: 4870: 4866: 4861: 4854: 4850: 4845: 4838: 4834: 4829: 4822: 4818: 4813: 4806: 4802: 4797: 4790: 4788: 4782: 4778: 4773: 4765: 4764: 4759: 4752: 4745: 4743: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4712: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4692: 4677: 4676:BuzzFeed News 4673: 4666: 4664: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4643: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4627: 4621: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4597: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4567: 4560: 4554: 4543:September 13, 4538: 4534: 4530: 4524: 4513:September 13, 4508: 4504: 4500: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4482: 4471:September 13, 4467: 4463: 4457: 4450: 4446: 4444: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4420: 4413: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4397: 4390: 4384: 4377: 4373: 4368: 4361: 4355: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4332: 4328: 4323: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4303: 4296: 4292: 4287: 4280: 4276: 4271: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4247: 4240: 4236: 4231: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4207: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4181: 4176: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4153: 4149: 4144: 4137: 4133: 4128: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4104: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4045: 4041: 4036: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4009: 4005: 4000: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3968: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3944: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3900: 3893: 3889: 3884: 3869: 3865: 3859: 3844: 3840: 3833: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3802: 3798: 3791: 3784: 3783: 3777: 3761: 3757: 3751: 3749: 3733: 3729: 3722: 3707: 3703: 3696: 3681: 3677: 3670: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3644: 3639: 3624: 3620: 3613: 3606: 3602: 3597: 3590: 3589: 3583: 3576: 3572: 3567: 3556:September 13, 3551: 3547: 3545: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3456: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3432: 3416: 3412: 3406: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3371: 3370:BuzzFeed News 3367: 3360: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3336: 3335:BuzzFeed News 3332: 3325: 3310: 3306: 3299: 3284: 3280: 3273: 3258: 3254: 3247: 3232: 3231:BuzzFeed News 3228: 3221: 3219: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3183: 3179: 3172: 3157: 3153: 3146: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3119:September 19, 3115: 3111: 3104: 3093:September 19, 3089: 3088:Bloomberg.com 3085: 3078: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3055: 3049: 3038:September 19, 3033: 3029: 3025: 3018: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2991:September 25, 2987: 2983: 2976: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2937: 2933: 2926: 2924: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2860: 2856: 2849: 2834: 2830: 2823: 2821: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2788: 2782: 2778: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2749: 2748: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2723: 2720: 2709: 2706: 2700: 2695: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2653:Tammy Baldwin 2650: 2649: 2644: 2643: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2585: 2581: 2567: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2556: 2551: 2547: 2546: 2537: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2512: 2511: 2506: 2505: 2504:stare decisis 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2483: 2478: 2477: 2472: 2471: 2462: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2442: 2433: 2423: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2406: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2323: 2321: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2227:probate court 2224: 2219: 2217: 2212: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2142: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2087: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2075: 2070: 2069: 2064: 2060: 2059:Mike Huckabee 2057: 2053: 2049: 2046: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2026: 2024: 2023: 2018: 2017: 2011: 2010:Pride parades 2002: 1997: 1993: 1991: 1986: 1982: 1975: 1970: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1938:Justice Alito 1935: 1933: 1931: 1925: 1923: 1916: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1890: 1888: 1884: 1883:John Marshall 1879: 1874: 1864: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1849: 1844: 1843: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1814: 1811: 1810:Chief Justice 1806: 1800: 1798: 1774: 1746: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1701: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1679: 1672: 1670: 1669: 1664: 1663: 1658: 1657: 1651: 1647: 1646: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1607:authored the 1606: 1598: 1593: 1587: 1585: 1561: 1539: 1537: 1532: 1529: 1525: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1513: 1508: 1504: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1491: 1490: 1480: 1479:Supreme Court 1475: 1471: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1450: 1446: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1429:Oral argument 1426: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1415: 1409: 1407: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1394: 1392: 1391: 1386: 1385: 1380: 1376: 1375: 1367:Merits briefs 1364: 1361: 1357: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1282: 1277: 1275: 1270: 1268: 1263: 1262: 1257: 1222: 1221: 1215: 1205: 1202: 1201:circuit split 1196: 1194: 1189: 1186: 1182: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1134:was restyled 1133: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1086: 1085:Supreme Court 1082: 1081:circuit split 1078: 1074: 1069: 1060: 1057: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1040: 1032: 1025: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 996: 988: 983: 980: 976: 972: 968: 962: 960: 959:Steve Beshear 956: 952: 951: 941: 940:Supreme Court 937: 933: 928: 922: 916: 906: 904: 898: 896: 892: 888: 880: 875: 873: 867: 863: 861: 857: 852: 848: 843: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 804: 795: 791: 787: 783: 782:Supreme Court 778: 772: 762: 760: 759: 754: 753: 747: 742: 740: 736: 735: 730: 723: 716: 710: 708: 703: 693: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 662: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 636:appeals court 633: 632:Sixth Circuit 629: 624: 622: 618: 614: 610: 609:Insular Areas 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 565: 556: 520: 516: 512: 511: 501: 500: 495: 488: 485: 481: 476: 472: 469: 465: 461: 458: 454: 450: 447: 443: 439: 436: 432: 428: 425: 421: 418:Case opinions 416: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354:Chief Justice 353: 352: 350: 345: 341: 340: 336:is reversed. 335: 330: 325: 320: 313: 310: 309: 306: 301: 294: 290: 287: 284: 280: 277: 273: 272: 267: 262: 259: 255: 251: 247: 244: 240: 239: 235: 232: 228: 225: 221: 220: 216: 213: 209: 205: 202: 198: 197: 193: 190: 186: 182: 178: 175: 171: 168: 167: 165: 164: 161: 156: 153: 150: 146: 143: 140: 136: 133: 132:Oral argument 130: 126: 121: 117: 113: 109: 103: 102: 97: 93: 89: 86: 83: 79: 76: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 51: 47: 37: 32: 26: 22: 13161:2014 in Ohio 13127: 13119: 13088: 13080: 13072: 13064: 13056: 13048: 13040: 13032: 13024: 13016: 13008: 13000: 12992: 12955: 12949:Bush v. Gore 12947: 12939: 12931: 12923: 12915: 12907: 12899: 12891: 12883: 12875: 12867: 12859: 12851: 12843: 12835: 12827: 12819: 12811: 12803: 12795: 12787: 12779: 12771: 12763: 12755: 12747: 12739: 12731: 12723: 12704: 12696: 12688: 12669: 12661: 12653: 12645: 12637: 12629: 12621: 12613: 12605: 12597: 12589: 12581: 12573: 12565: 12557: 12549: 12541: 12533: 12525: 12517: 12509: 12491: 12490: 12482: 12474: 12455: 12447: 12439: 12431: 12423: 12415: 12407: 12399: 12391: 12383: 12375: 12367: 12359: 12351: 12343: 12335: 12327: 12319: 12313:Reed v. Reed 12311: 12303: 12295: 12276: 12268: 12260: 12252: 12244: 12236: 12228: 12220: 12212: 12204: 12196: 12188: 12180: 12172: 12164: 12156: 12148: 12140: 12132: 12124: 12116: 12108: 12100: 12092: 12084: 12076: 12068: 12060: 12052: 12044: 12036: 12028: 12020: 12012: 12004: 11996: 11988: 11980: 11972: 11964: 11956: 11948: 11940: 11932: 11924: 11915: 11908: 11901: 11893: 11885: 11877: 11869: 11861: 11853: 11845: 11837: 11829: 11821: 11813: 11805: 11797: 11789: 11745: 11738: 11737: 11729: 11721: 11713: 11705: 11697: 11689: 11681: 11673: 11665: 11657: 11649: 11641: 11633: 11625: 11617: 11609: 11601: 11593: 11585: 11577: 11569: 11561: 11553: 11545: 11537: 11529: 11521: 11513: 11505: 11499:Buck v. Bell 11497: 11489: 11481: 11462: 11454: 11446: 11438: 11430: 11422: 11414: 11406: 11398: 11390: 11382: 11376: 11368: 11360: 11352: 11344: 11338: 11332: 11326: 11320: 11314: 11306: 11282: 11274: 11266: 11258: 11250: 11242: 11234: 11226: 11218: 11210: 11202: 11194: 11186: 11178: 11170: 11162: 11154: 11146: 11138: 11130: 11122: 11114: 11106: 11098: 11090: 11069: 11061: 11053: 11045: 11037: 11029: 11021: 11013: 11005: 10997: 10989: 10968: 10960: 10952: 10944: 10936: 10928: 10920: 10912: 10904: 10896: 10854:Saenz v. Roe 10852: 10844: 10836: 10828: 10820: 10812: 10804: 10796: 10191:Netherlands 10075:South Africa 9962: 9882:Civil unions 9722:South Dakota 9712:Rhode Island 9707:Pennsylvania 9687:North Dakota 9494:By territory 9348: 9329: 9172:Civil unions 8921:South Dakota 8911:Rhode Island 8906:Pennsylvania 8886:North Dakota 8684: (1986) 8679: 8653:federal laws 8636: 8618: 8615: (2020) 8602: 8599: (2018) 8594: 8591: (2016) 8586: 8583: (2015) 8579: 8578: 8570: (2013) 8565: 8547: (2003) 8542: 8534: (1996) 8529: 8521: (1958) 8516: 8452: 8445:. Retrieved 8429: 8420:. Retrieved 8392:. Retrieved 8388:LGBTQ Nation 8387: 8371:. Retrieved 8367: 8350:. Retrieved 8346:the original 8341: 8325: 8315: 8305: 8295: 8285: 8275: 8262: 8258: 8248: 8238: 8229: 8220: 8210: 8193: 8189: 8182: 8175: 8170: 8153: 8138: 8120: 8102: 8088: 8083: 8064: 8057:. Retrieved 8053: 8043: 8033:December 13, 8031:. Retrieved 8019: 8007: 7995:. Retrieved 7991: 7982: 7972:December 19, 7970:. Retrieved 7966: 7957: 7947:November 16, 7945:. 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Rice 11100:Roe v. Wade 11015:Roe v. Wade 10889:due process 10674:New Zealand 10634:Isle of Man 10604:Switzerland 10539:Netherlands 10354:South Korea 10339:Philippines 10252:Puerto Rico 10177:El Salvador 9859:Puerto Rico 9637:Mississippi 9552:Connecticut 9217:Repealed or 9140:Immigration 9106:Transgender 9086:Hate crimes 9042:Puerto Rico 9019:territories 8836:Mississippi 8751:Connecticut 8649:Repealed or 8059:January 27, 7997:December 8, 7967:U.S. Senate 7387:February 4, 7354:February 4, 7324:February 4, 7113:February 8, 7082:February 8, 7072:Open States 7052:February 8, 7022:February 8, 6992:February 8, 6962:February 5, 6932:February 5, 6901:February 5, 6891:Ballotpedia 6868:February 5, 6838:February 5, 6807:February 5, 6776:February 5, 6746:February 5, 6736:Ballotpedia 6632:February 8, 6335:November 6, 6303:Global News 5325:November 4, 5299:October 10, 5126:Yahoo! 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Orr 10718:Antarctica 10669:Micronesia 10574:San Marino 10534:Montenegro 10514:Luxembourg 10152:Costa Rica 10070:Seychelles 10055:Mozambique 10006:Status of 9936:Washington 9911:California 9752:Washington 9672:New Mexico 9667:New Jersey 9542:California 9219:overturned 8951:Washington 8871:New Mexico 8866:New Jersey 8741:California 8651:overturned 8430:Obergefell 8394:October 7, 8373:October 7, 8352:October 7, 8292:Memorandum 8173:Dissents." 8171:Obergefell 6828:FOX10 News 6092:Obergefell 6076:Obergefell 6060:Obergefell 6044:Obergefell 6028:Obergefell 6012:Obergefell 5996:Obergefell 5980:Obergefell 5964:Obergefell 5948:Obergefell 5932:Obergefell 5916:Obergefell 5900:Obergefell 5884:Obergefell 5868:Obergefell 5852:Obergefell 5836:Obergefell 5820:Obergefell 5804:Obergefell 5788:Obergefell 5772:Obergefell 5756:Obergefell 5740:Obergefell 5724:Obergefell 5708:Obergefell 5692:Obergefell 5667:Obergefell 5651:Obergefell 5635:Obergefell 5619:Obergefell 5603:Obergefell 5587:Obergefell 5571:Obergefell 5555:Obergefell 5539:Obergefell 5523:Obergefell 5478:Obergefell 5455:Obergefell 5439:Obergefell 5408:August 27, 5382:August 27, 5269:August 30, 5243:August 30, 5147:SCOTUSblog 5105:SCOTUSblog 5039:SCOTUSblog 4964:SCOTUSblog 4913:SCOTUSblog 4865:Order List 4821:Obergefell 4609:Obergefell 4491:(Formerly 4423:Regarding 4291:Obergefell 3873:October 5, 3806:August 31, 3766:August 30, 3737:August 31, 3711:August 31, 3685:August 31, 3628:August 31, 3601:Obergefell 3571:Obergefell 3512:Obergefell 3500:Obergefell 3480:Obergefell 3472:Obergefell 3464:Obergefell 3448:Obergefell 3440:Obergefell 3421:August 31, 3390:Obergefell 3352:Obergefell 3314:August 31, 3236:August 31, 3187:August 31, 3161:August 31, 2911:Obergefell 2895:Obergefell 2879:Obergefell 2833:SCOTUSblog 2774:References 2705:Law portal 2681:abstention 2661:filibuster 2564:Glucksberg 2560:Obergefell 2525:Obergefell 2521:Obergefell 2487:Obergefell 2454:Obergefell 2450:Obergefell 2446:Obergefell 2368:Obergefell 2361:Obergefell 2346:Obergefell 2315:Matt Bevin 2247:Obergefell 2194:Washington 2150:Obergefell 2107:Compliance 2048:Ken Paxton 2039:Opposition 2001:Obergefell 1985:Obergefell 1948:Glucksberg 1797:media help 1705:Obergefell 1584:media help 1524:Obergefell 1517:Obergefell 1406:Obergefell 1335:Obergefell 1316:certiorari 1204:threatens. 1164:Obergefell 1132:Obergefell 1008:bifurcated 765:Ohio cases 670:Obergefell 613:Obergefell 607:, and the 342:overruled. 289:Certiorari 231:E.D. Mich. 208:M.D. Tenn. 116:U.S. LEXIS 81:Docket no. 12682:Residency 10659:Australia 10624:Gibraltar 10509:Lithuania 10349:Singapore 10319:Indonesia 10307:Hong Kong 10274:Venezuela 10207:Nicaragua 10165:Greenland 10117:Argentina 10050:Mauritius 9941:Wisconsin 9762:Wisconsin 9727:Tennessee 9632:Minnesota 9607:Louisiana 9249:Movements 8961:Wisconsin 8926:Tennessee 8831:Minnesota 8806:Louisiana 8497:By entity 8028:0362-4331 7942:USA TODAY 7885:0362-4331 7012:Raw Story 6713:March 10, 6599:March 10, 6224:0362-4331 5001:The Verge 4010:at 5 n.7. 3848:April 16, 3801:USA Today 3706:USA Today 3652:at 1–10, 2986:Daily Kos 2859:USA Today 2657:Wisconsin 2517:Kim Davis 2393:performed 2303:Kim Davis 2201:Roy Moore 2178:Covington 2126:territory 1639:Clauses. 1296:Claimants 1193:Daughtrey 1042:, in the 953:, in the 818:, in the 707:claimants 601:50 states 189:S.D. Ohio 181:S.D. Ohio 108:L. 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