Constitution - Knowledge

32: 2600: 4836:, IV, Berlin: Reimer, 1889, pp. 82ff who argue that the document is a single treaty agreed upon shortly after the hijra. Wellhausen argues that it belongs to the first year of Muhammad's residence in Medina, before the battle of Badr in 2/624. Wellhausen bases this judgement on three considerations; first Muhammad is very diffident about his own position, he accepts the Pagan tribes within the Umma, and maintains the Jewish clans as clients of the Ansars see Wellhausen, Excursus, p. 158. Even Moshe Gil a skeptic of Islamic history argues that it was written within 5 months of Muhammad's arrival in Medina. Moshe Gil. "The Constitution of Medina: A Reconsideration." 321:, that is, from inception, not from the date of the finding. It was never "law", even though, if it had been a statute or statutory provision, it might have been adopted according to the procedures for adopting legislation. Sometimes the problem is not that a statute is unconstitutional, but that the application of it is, on a particular occasion, and a court may decide that while there are ways it could be applied that are constitutional, that instance was not allowed or legitimate. In such a case, only that application may be ruled unconstitutional. Historically, the remedies for such violations have been petitions for common law 1382: 47: 2183:

that the constitution guarantees. An alternative view considers that constitutions are not enforced by the citizens at-large, but rather by the administrative powers of the state. Because rulers cannot themselves implement their policies, they need to rely on a set of organizations (armies, courts, police agencies, tax collectors) to implement it. In this position, they can directly sanction the government by refusing to cooperate, disabling the authority of the rulers. Therefore, constitutions could be characterized by a self-enforcing equilibria between the rulers and powerful administrators.

2755: 4824:. pp. 227–228 Watt argues that the initial agreement was shortly after the hijra and the document was amended at a later date specifically after the battle of Badr (AH 2, = AD 624). Serjeant argues that the constitution is in fact 8 different treaties which can be dated according to events as they transpired in Medina with the first treaty being written shortly after Muhammad's arrival. R. B. Serjeant. "The Sunnah Jâmi'ah, Pacts with the Yathrib Jews, and the Tahrîm of Yathrib: Analysis and Translation of the Documents Comprised in the so-called 'Constitution of Medina'." in 1394: 2371: 561: 2167:

their provisions tend to become very similar as they are amended after experience with their use. Provisions that give rise to certain kinds of questions are seen to need additional provisions for how to resolve those questions, and provisions that offer no course of action may best be omitted and left to policy decisions. Provisions that conflict with what Brownson and others can discern are the underlying "constitutions" of nature and society tend to be difficult or impossible to execute, or to lead to unresolvable disputes.

2127:, also examined how the functions of government, such as legislative, executive, and judicial, might appropriately be separated into branches. The prevailing theme among these writers was that the design of constitutions was not completely arbitrary or a matter of taste. They generally held that there are underlying principles of design that constrain all constitutions for every polity or organization. Each built on the ideas of those before concerning what those principles might be. 10438: 10452: 9218: 8702: 8691: 1619: 6953: 1198: 2300: 2238: 2197: 9230: 1373:, or tribal chiefs, of the Iroquois League's member nations made decisions on the basis of universal consensus of all chiefs following discussions that were initiated by a single nation. The position of Sachem descends through families and are allocated by the senior female clan heads, though, prior to the filling of the position, candidacy is ultimately democratically decided by the community itself. 416: 3849:, etc.) which compose the territory of the whole state. Sovereignty is divided between the centre and the constituent regions. The constitutions of Canada and the United States establish federal states, with power divided between the federal government and the provinces or states. Each of the regions may in turn have its own constitution (of unitary nature). 604:. He classified both what he regarded as good and what he regarded as bad constitutions, and came to the conclusion that the best constitution was a mixed system including monarchic, aristocratic, and democratic elements. He also distinguished between citizens, who had the right to participate in the state, and non-citizens and slaves, who did not. 2508:. The process by which a country adopts a constitution is closely tied to the historical and political context driving this fundamental change. The legitimacy (and often the longevity) of codified constitutions has often been tied to the process by which they are initially adopted and some scholars have pointed out that high constitutional 2662:, most of its fundamental political principles and regulations concerning the relationship between branches of government, and concerning the government and the individual are codified in a single document, the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia. However, the presence of statutes with constitutional significance, namely the 3929:. The example demonstrates that the protections and benefits of a constitution are ultimately provided not through its written terms but through deference by government and society to its principles. A constitution may change from being real to a facade and back again as democratic and autocratic governments succeed each other. 2119:. What arose from the latter was a concept of government being erected on the foundations of first, a state of nature governed by natural laws, then a state of society, established by a social contract or compact, which bring underlying natural or social laws, before governments are formally established on them as foundations. 5917:, Article 110 §1, p. 124, source: Hellenic Parliament, "The provisions of the Constitution shall be subject to revision with the exception of those which determine the form of government as a Parliamentary Republic and those of articles 2 paragraph 1, 4 paragraphs 1, 4 and 7 , 5 paragraphs 1 and 3, 13 paragraph 1, and 26." 2393:/administration. Most constitutions also attempt to define the relationship between individuals and the state, and to establish the broad rights of individual citizens. It is thus the most basic law of a territory from which all the other laws and rules are hierarchically derived; in some territories it is in fact called " 5083: 3886:

Many constitutions allow the declaration under exceptional circumstances of some form of state of emergency during which some rights and guarantees are suspended. This provision can be and has been abused to allow a government to suppress dissent without regard for human rights – see the article

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A fundamental classification is codification or lack of codification. A codified constitution is one that is contained in a single document, which is the single source of constitutional law in a state. An uncodified constitution is one that is not contained in a single document, consisting of several

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concept and its application to the relations among nations, and they sought to establish customary "laws of war and peace" to ameliorate wars and make them less likely. This led to considerations of what authority monarchs or other officials have and don't have, from where that authority derives, and

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to be contrary to the constitution, that is, unconstitutional. An example of constitutional violation by the executive could be a public office holder who acts outside the powers granted to that office by a constitution. An example of constitutional violation by the legislature is an attempt to pass

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Afghanistan, Angola, Armenia, Austria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Djibouti, Ecuador, Honduras, Laos, Libya, Malawi, North Korea, North Macedonia, Norway, Palestine, Portugal, Qatar, Samoa, São Tomé and Príncipe, Serbia, Singapore, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, United

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Political economy theory regards constitutions as coordination devices that help citizens to prevent rulers from abusing power. If the citizenry can coordinate a response to police government officials in the face of a constitutional fault, then the government have the incentives to honor the rights

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is a society with effective dominion over a well-defined territory, that consent to a well-designed constitution of government arises from presence on that territory, and that it is possible for provisions of a written constitution of government to be "unconstitutional" if they are inconsistent with

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The most common reasons for these frequent changes are the political desire for an immediate outcome and the short time devoted to the constitutional drafting process. A study in 2009 showed that the average time taken to draft a constitution is around 16 months, however there were also some extreme

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and, if found to be beyond power, must cease. Legislation that is found to be beyond power will be "invalid" and of no force; this applies to primary legislation, requiring constitutional authorization, and secondary legislation, ordinarily requiring statutory authorization. In this context, "within

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Other writers have argued that such considerations apply not only to all national constitutions of government, but also to the constitutions of private organizations, that it is not an accident that the constitutions that tend to satisfy their members contain certain elements, as a minimum, or that

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was written in Latin and consists of six books. The first book, with 62 articles, establishes councils, courts, various executive officers, and the powers assigned to them. The remaining books cover criminal and civil law and judicial procedures and remedies. Written in 1600, the document was based

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predicted that a period of 20 years would be the optimal time for any constitution to be still in force, since "the earth belongs to the living, and not to the dead". Indeed, according to recent studies, the average life of any new written constitution is around 19 years. However, a great number of

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who appoints and dismisses them. In the case of the United Kingdom and other countries with a monarchy, it is the monarch who appoints and dismisses ministers, on the advice of the prime minister. In turn the prime minister will resign if the government loses the confidence of the parliament (or a

1470:. This formed the basis of government for the short-lived republic from 1653 to 1657 by providing a legal rationale for the increasing power of Cromwell after Parliament consistently failed to govern effectively. Most of the concepts and ideas embedded into modern constitutional theory, especially 2621:

have since 1950 been intended to be the basis for a constitution, but as of 2017 it had not been drafted. The various Laws are considered to have precedence over other laws, and give the procedure by which they can be amended, typically by a simple majority of members of the Knesset (parliament).

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refers to a set of rules and principles that define the nature and extent of government. Most constitutions seek to regulate the relationship between institutions of the state, in a basic sense the relationship between the executive, legislature and the judiciary, but also the relationship of

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Generally, every modern written constitution confers specific powers on an organization or institutional entity, established upon the primary condition that it abides by the constitution's limitations. According to Scott Gordon, a political organization is constitutional to the extent that it

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Along the way, several writers examined how the design of government was important, even if the government were headed by a monarch. They also classified various historical examples of governmental designs, typically into democracies, aristocracies, or monarchies, and considered how just and

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The Spanish pattern of conspiracy and revolt by liberal army officers ... was emulated in both Portugal and Italy. In the wake of Riego's successful rebellion, the first and only pronunciamiento in Italian history was carried out by liberal officers in the kingdom of the Two Sicilies. The

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or, depending on the country, loses a particularly important vote in parliament, such as vote on the budget. When a government loses confidence, it stays in office until a new government is formed; something which normally but not necessarily required the holding of a general election.

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brought a series of political philosophers who wrote implied criticisms of the practices of monarchs and sought to identify principles of constitutional design that would be likely to yield more effective and just governance from their viewpoints. This began with revival of the Roman

1581:, provided an independent council to advise the king and safeguarded "Triennial" meetings of Parliament. A modified version of the Humble Petition with the clause on kingship removed was ratified on 25 May. This finally met its demise in conjunction with the death of Cromwell and the 3852:

A confederal state comprises again several regions, but the central structure has only limited coordinating power, and sovereignty is located in the regions. Confederal constitutions are rare, and there is often dispute to whether so-called "confederal" states are actually federal.

132:, a constitution defines the principles upon which the state is based, the procedure in which laws are made and by whom. Some constitutions, especially codified constitutions, also act as limiters of state power, by establishing lines which a state's rulers cannot cross, such as 2724:, although this usage is technically inaccurate. A codified constitution is a single document; states that do not have such a document have uncodified, but not entirely unwritten, constitutions, since much of an uncodified constitution is usually written in laws such as the 469:. Perhaps the earliest prototype for a law of government, this document itself has not yet been discovered; however it is known that it allowed some rights to his citizens. For example, it is known that it relieved tax for widows and orphans, and protected the poor from the 2174:

in which play consists of finding the best design and provisions for a written constitution that will be the rules for the game of government, and that will be most likely to optimize a balance of the utilities of justice, liberty, and security. An example is the metagame

378:'s 1946 Constitution, the bureaucrats drafted everything in no more than a week. Japan has the oldest unamended constitution in the world. The record for the shortest overall process of drafting, adoption, and ratification of a national constitution belongs to the 3809:

In a unitary state, sovereignty resides in the state itself, and the constitution determines this. The territory of the state may be divided into regions, but they are not sovereign and are subordinate to the state. In the UK, the constitutional doctrine of

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in 1780, the oldest still-functioning constitution of any U.S. state; while Connecticut and Rhode Island officially continued to operate under their old colonial charters, until they adopted their first state constitutions in 1818 and 1843, respectively.

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Constitutions are often, but by no means always, protected by a legal body whose job it is to interpret those constitutions and, where applicable, declare void executive and legislative acts which infringe the constitution. In some countries, such as

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Constitutions also establish where sovereignty is located in the state. There are three basic types of distribution of sovereignty according to the degree of centralisation of power: unitary, federal, and confederal. The distinction is not absolute.

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No free man shall be arrested, or imprisoned, or deprived of his property, or outlawed, or exiled, or in any way destroyed, nor shall we go against him or send against him, unless by the legal judgement of his peers, or by the law of the

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initially led to a proclamation of a proto-constitution in 1811; the full-fledged Constitution of Serbia followed few decades later, in 1835. The first Serbian constitution (Sretenjski ustav) was adopted at the national assembly in

382:'s 1938 constitution, which installed a royal dictatorship in less than a month. Studies showed that typically extreme cases where the constitution-making process either takes too long or is extremely short were non-democracies. 4571: 2036:, or mere personal whim. Such rule led some thinkers to take the position that what mattered was not the design of governmental institutions and operations, as much as the character of the rulers. This view can be seen in 397:

are said to have eclipsed the constitution in importance as a frame of government in practice. Developing a legal and political tradition of strict adherence to constitutional provisions is considered foundational to the

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sources but completed and reformed by St. Sava to function properly in Serbia. Besides decrees that organized the life of the church, there are various norms regarding civil life; most of these were taken from Prohiron.

578:, and attempting to classify different forms of constitutional government. The most basic definition he used to describe a constitution in general terms was "the arrangement of the offices in a state". In his works 6670:

A synchronic comparative perspective were before the founding fathers of Italian Constitution, when they were faced with the question of bicameralism and related issues of confidence and the legislative procedure,

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in 1825. Italian liberalism in 1820–1821 relied on junior officers and the provincial middle classes, essentially the same social base as in Spain. It even used a Hispanized political vocabulary, for it was led by

2565:, which sets forth the goals of the state and the motivation for the constitution, and several articles containing the substantive provisions. The preamble, which is omitted in some constitutions, may contain a 2163:

the constitutions of nature or society. Brownson argued that it is not ratification alone that makes a written constitution of government legitimate, but that it must also be competently designed and applied.

1715:. It is notable in that it established a democratic standard for the separation of powers in government between the legislative, executive, and judiciary branches, well before the publication of Montesquieu's 2158:. Each constitution must be consistent with, and derive its authority from, the ones before it, as well as from a historical act of society formation or constitutional ratification. Brownson argued that a 1233:, the medieval antecedent of the modern Parliaments. These laws, like other modern constitutions, had preeminence over other laws, and they could not be contradicted by mere decrees or edicts of the king. 2629:

that developed in Britain). By contrast to codified constitutions, uncodified constitutions include both written sources – e.g. constitutional statutes enacted by the Parliament – and unwritten sources –

354:(U.S. Constitution), which is the oldest and shortest written constitution still in force, close to 800 constitutions have been adopted and subsequently amended around the world by independent states. 1947:, the elder son of the king of Portugal. Pedro was crowned in 1822 as the first emperor of Brazil. The country was ruled by a Constitutional Monarchy until 1889 when it adopted the Republican model. 1593:

All of the British colonies in North America that were to become the 13 original United States, adopted their own constitutions in 1776 and 1777, during the American Revolution (and before the later

2776:. Amendments are often interwoven into the relevant sections of an existing constitution, directly altering the text. Conversely, they can be appended to the constitution as supplemental additions ( 2016:

came into force on 1 July 1867, as the British North America Act, an act of the British Parliament. Over a century later, the BNA Act was patriated to the Canadian Parliament and augmented with the

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within Medina. To this effect it instituted a number of rights and responsibilities for the Muslim, Jewish, and pagan communities of Medina bringing them within the fold of one community – the

2693:, the act that formally severed British Parliament's ability to amend the Canadian constitution. The Canadian constitution includes specific legislative acts as mentioned in section 52(2) of the 4235:

King, Brett W. "The Use of Supermajority Provisions in the Constitution: The Framers, The Federalist Papers and the Reinforcement of a Fundamental Principle." Seton Hall Const. LJ 8 (1997): 363.

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effective each tended to be and why, and how the advantages of each might be obtained by combining elements of each into a more complex design that balanced competing tendencies. Some, such as

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After tribal people first began to live in cities and establish nations, many of these functioned according to unwritten customs, while some developed autocratic, even tyrannical monarchs, who

394: 8159: 2740:; until then the ruling party could call a general election at any convenient time up to the maximum term of five years. This change would require a constitutional amendment in most nations. 1153: 3488: 3479:

or constitution is a provision that makes certain amendments either more difficult or impossible to pass, making such amendments inadmissible. Overriding an entrenched clause may require a

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declared "that the people are, under God, the original of all just power; that the Commons of England, being chosen by and representing the people, have the supreme power in this nation".

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may be prohibited as an organization from engaging in activities not concerning students; if the union becomes involved in non-student activities, these activities are considered to be

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trying to legislate in an area that the constitution allocates exclusively to the federal parliament, such as ratifying a treaty. Action that appears to be beyond power may be

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Activities of officials within an organization or polity that fall within the constitutional or statutory authority of those officials are termed "within power" (or, in Latin,

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Most constitutions require that amendments cannot be enacted unless they have passed a special procedure that is more stringent than that required of ordinary legislation.

821:) to Yathrib where he became political leader. It constituted a formal agreement between Muhammad and all of the significant tribes and families of Yathrib (later known as 3841:

A federal state has a central structure with at most a small amount of territory mainly containing the institutions of the federal government, and several regions (called

366:. By contrast, some constitutions, notably that of the United States, have remained in force for several centuries, often without major revision for long periods of time. 5331: 4809:

The Sunnah Jami'ah, pacts with the Yathrib Jews, and the Tahrim of Yathrib: Analysis and translation of the documents comprised in the so-called "Constitution of Medina."

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institutions within those branches. For example, executive branches can be divided into a head of government, government departments/ministries, executive agencies and a

2142:, an unwritten and commonly understood set of rules for the society formed by a social contract before it establishes a government, by which it establishes the third, a 8152: 4712: 4676: 4610: 917:

in 1100 bound the king for the first time in his treatment of the clergy and the nobility. This idea was extended and refined by the English barony when they forced

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said "A constitution...is the work of centuries; it is the idea, the consciousness of rationality so far as that consciousness is developed in a particular nation."

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expressed the option for the monarchy as a political system after Brazilian Independence. The leader of the national emancipation process was the Portuguese prince

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means that Australia's constitution is not contained in a single constitutional document. It means the Constitution of Australia is uncodified, it also contains

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would try to explain what constitutional designers were trying to do. According to Brownson there are, in a sense, three "constitutions" involved: The first the

8078: 2697:. However, some documents not explicitly listed in section 52(2) are also considered constitutional documents in Canada, entrenched via reference; such as the 5080: 5068: 795:

teachings, the document focuses more on social morality than on institutions of government, and remains a notable early attempt at a government constitution.

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nation also known as the Great Law of Peace, established a system of governance as far back as 1190 AD (though perhaps more recently at 1451) in which the

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or establish an independent judiciary, they may be ignored when the government feels threatened, or never put into practice. An extreme example was the

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also lacks explicit entrenched clauses, but has a similar substantive limit on amending its fundamental principles through judicial interpretations.

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In principle, constitutional rights are not a specific characteristic of democratic countries. Autocratic states have constitutions, such as that of

1681:. The model proposed that constitutional governments should be stable, adaptable, accountable, open and should represent the people (i.e., support 311:

below); in such states when an official act is unconstitutional, i.e. it is not a power granted to the government by the constitution, that act is

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noted the existence of national constitutions which are a facade for authoritarian sources of power. While such documents may express respect for

5639: 5404: 2554:. In case a formally valid amendment of a constitution infringes these principles protected against any amendment, it may constitute a so-called 5309: 1101:. It regulated all social spheres, so it was the second Serbian constitution, after St. Sava's Nomocanon (Zakonopravilo). The Code was based on 8325: 2732:

of the United Kingdom. Uncodified constitutions largely lack protection against amendment by the government of the time. For example, the U.K.

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on the following day. The constitution set up a state council consisting of 21 members while executive authority was vested in the office of "

8596: 8586: 4538: 4133: 3952:, this function is carried out by a dedicated constitutional court which performs this (and only this) function. In other countries, such as 6879: 6621: 6521: 6496: 6421: 6321: 6193: 6918: 6646: 6546: 6471: 6396: 6271: 6246: 6221: 6168: 6043: 5122: 3516: 2675: 2631: 2490: 2461: 574:(c. 350 BC) was the first to make a formal distinction between ordinary law and constitutional law, establishing ideas of constitution and 351: 6924: 6854: 6829: 6596: 6446: 6346: 6296: 6093: 1229:. These Constitutions were usually made formally as a royal initiative, but required for its approval or repeal the favorable vote of the 837:. The document was drawn up with the explicit concern of bringing to an end the bitter intertribal fighting between the clans of the Aws ( 6571: 6371: 6143: 6118: 6018: 4855: 2519:

law. That is, if there is any conflict between a legal statute and the codified constitution, all or part of the statute can be declared

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within articles 171 and 172 of Dušan's Code, which regulated juridical independence, is notable. They were taken from the Byzantine code

6754: 6704: 6068: 5907: 5484:. For both Portuguese and Italian liberals of these years, the Spanish constitution of 1812 remained the standard document of reference. 3838:

is an example) devolve more and more power to sub-national governments until the state functions in practice much like a federal state.

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might be the world's oldest active written constitution, since some of its core documents have been in operation since 1600, while the

6804: 6779: 6729: 5986: 1725:, and established a democratically elected Cossack parliament called the General Council. However, Orlyk's project for an independent 221:

used the term for significant and egregious violations of public trust, of a nature and extent that the transgression would justify a

8738: 8661: 7126: 3705: 2702: 2467: 1798: 1398: 580: 5734:

González de Lara, Yadira; Greif, Avner; Jha, Saumitra (May 2008). "The Administrative Foundations of Self-Enforcing Constitutions".

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Spanish-style military conspiracy also helped to inspire the beginning of the Russian revolutionary movement with the revolt of the

4828:: Volume iv. Ed. Uri Rubin. Brookfield: Ashgate, 1998, p. 151 and see the same article in BSOAS 41 (1978): 18 ff. See also Caetani. 948:

in the original case was between the king and the nobility but was gradually extended to all of the people. It led to the system of

10419: 8222: 8023: 4387: 2667: 849:. The precise dating of the Constitution of Medina remains debated, but generally, scholars agree it was written shortly after the 167:

is the oldest active codified constitution. The historical life expectancy of a constitution since 1789 is approximately 19 years.

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and is considered the first constitution of its kind in Europe and the world's second oldest one after the American Constitution.

8955: 6674: 4644: 2017: 393:. However, the extent to which governments abide by their own constitutional provisions varies. In North Korea, for example, the 89:

When these principles are written down into a single document or set of legal documents, those documents may be said to embody a

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of the union's charter, and nobody would be compelled by the charter to follow them. An example from the constitutional law of

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have agreed to abide by some Union-wide measures which restrict their absolute sovereignty in some ways, e.g., the use of the

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Estonia, Gabon, Kazakhstan, Malawi, Palau, Philippines, Senegal, Serbia (in some cases), Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan

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response. The term as used by Blackstone was not for a legal text, nor did he intend to include the later American concept of

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Weak Constitutionalism: Democratic Legitimacy and the Question of Constituent Power (Routledge Research in Constitutional Law

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in 1814, adopting many facets from the American constitution and the revolutionary French ones, but maintaining a hereditary

5582: 5480:(emulating the Spanish word serviles applied to supporters of absolutism), and in the end talked of resisting by means of a 8636: 8621: 4723: 4687: 4621: 3704:

Constitutions usually explicitly divide power between various branches of government. The standard model, described by the

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The Constitutional Law Group, Canadian Constitutional Law. 3rd ed. Toronto: Emond Montgomery Publications Ltd., 2003, p. 5

4927: 3956:, the ordinary courts may perform this function in addition to their other responsibilities. While elsewhere, like in the 374:

2008 Constitution was being secretly drafted for more than 17 years, whereas at the other extreme, during the drafting of

8616: 8552: 6941: 5677: 4891: 4299: 3794: 7354: 4911: 4874: 3744:, who has patronage powers to appoint and dismiss ministers. The president is accountable to the people in an election. 229:: "for that were to set the judicial power above that of the legislature, which would be subversive of all government". 31: 8671: 8320: 5970: 5943: 5892: 4017: 3492: 2475: 1809: 1539: 9845: 9403: 9302: 8651: 8646: 8626: 8451: 5689: 5663: 5617: 5392: 5352: 5318: 5007: 4397: 4198: 4159: 2431: 2357: 2339: 2281: 2224: 1432: 1265:

that fixed, for a period of more than four hundred years, an important aspect of the constitutional structure of the

1257: 931:", provided that the king was not permitted to imprison, outlaw, exile or kill anyone at a whim – there must be 164: 20: 2705:, some constitutional rules that exist in Canada are derived from unwritten sources and constitutional conventions. 2263: 545:. It eased the burden of the workers, and determined that membership of the ruling class was to be based on wealth ( 362:

constitutions do not last more than 10 years, and around 10% do not last more than one year, as was the case of the

9959: 9828: 9234: 8705: 8641: 8173: 7610: 6999: 4105: 4052: 3914: 3778: 2566: 1286:(first published in 1375, revised twice more before he died in 1398). These rules served as a constitution for the 869: 2625:

Uncodified constitutions are the product of an "evolution" of laws and conventions over centuries (such as in the

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SAH/D(2006)563 The Kurukan Fuga Charter: An example of an Endogenous Governance Mechanism for Conflict Prevention

2733: 1971: 1747: 1643: 1410: 1635: 9921: 9555: 8611: 8368: 8056: 7859: 4185: 4113: 3544: 2943:

Albania, Andorra, Armenia (some amendments), Egypt, Slovenia, Tunisia, Uganda, Yemen (some amendments), Zambia

2321: 2248: 1940: 1858: 1562: 1414: 1262: 783: 9274: 9015: 8869: 8731: 8522: 7990: 5028: 4934:, Inter-generational Forum on Endogenous Governance in West Africa organized by Sahel and West Africa Club / 2729: 2547:

process, and/or other procedures that make amending a constitution more difficult than passing a simple law.

2317: 2210: 1606: 24: 1050:'s Novellae). The Nomocanon was a completely new compilation of civil and canonical regulations, taken from 769:

combined this and two other earlier Saxon codes, with various Mosaic and Christian precepts, to produce the

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Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 41, No. 1. (1978), p. 4.

4097: 3869: 3741: 1885: 1820: 1000: 35: 2599: 10076: 9098: 8656: 8537: 8418: 8298: 8117: 8012: 7121: 3975:

Some countries, mainly those with uncodified constitutions, have no such courts at all. For example, the

3679: 3487:, or the consent of the minority party. For example, the U.S. Constitution has an entrenched clause that 2663: 2471: 1929: 1921: 1851: 1812: 1689: 1654: 1386: 363: 335: 51: 6957: 10051: 9550: 8570: 8532: 8363: 8122: 8001: 2758: 2686: 2647: 2445: 1997:

was put in force in September 1848 (with official revisions in 1878, 1891, 1949, 1971, 1982 and 1999).

1994: 1909: 1786: 1598: 1558: 1439:

constitution. It is the basis for every new Connecticut constitution since, and is also the reason for

1299: 1166:. 'Ibn al-Assal took his laws partly from apostolic writings and Mosaic law and partly from the former 1026:, and Ecumenical Council documents, which he modified with the canonical commentaries of Aristinos and 160: 125: 8137: 5634: 1178:. Even so, its first recorded use in the function of a constitution (supreme law of the land) is with 480:

ruled by special codes of written laws. The oldest such document still known to exist seems to be the

10134: 9123: 9075: 8665: 8089: 7281: 7070: 3984: 3980: 3811: 3535:

makes it impossible for certain basic features of the Constitution to be altered or destroyed by the

2659: 2453: 2096: 1862: 1594: 1341: 1206: 5748: 1498:

in 1647, as a set of propositions intended to be a basis for a constitutional settlement after King

9929: 9911: 9222: 9118: 8927: 8874: 8724: 8517: 8067: 7500: 7306: 5771: 5600: 5304: 4546: 4047: 4037: 4022: 3969: 3532: 2749: 2528: 1665:

What is sometimes called the "enlightened constitution" model was developed by philosophers of the

1658: 1507: 1467: 1187: 984: 953: 10263: 5799: 5332:"The Polish Constitution of May 3rd – a milestone in the history of law and the rise of democracy" 4448: 3724:. Constitutions vary extensively as to the degree of separation of powers between these branches. 105:; it is instead written in numerous fundamental acts of a legislature, court cases, and treaties. 10497: 10304: 10091: 9580: 9565: 8819: 8408: 8348: 8273: 7565: 7090: 6963: 5119: 4012: 3786: 3512: 3496: 2594: 2585:, the mission of the state can be defined as preserving a specific nation, language and culture. 2310: 2259: 2155: 2076: 1987: 1832: 1816: 1519: 1503: 1466:

promulgated the first detailed written constitution adopted by a modern state; it was called the

1043: 980: 949: 4970:

Tooker E (1990). "The United States Constitution and the Iroquois League". In Clifton JA (ed.).

4234: 3460:

Some countries are listed under more than one method because alternative procedures may be used.

535:

for many offenses (thus creating the modern term "draconian" for very strict rules). In 594 BC,

10492: 10359: 10344: 8854: 7359: 7296: 7291: 5743: 4146: 4123: 4002: 3637: 3589: 3524: 3520: 3504: 3500: 2694: 2682: 2515:

States that have codified constitutions normally give the constitution supremacy over ordinary

2509: 2378: 2108: 2104: 2013: 1983: 1925: 1767: 1483: 1004: 799: 211: 156: 128:

is also its constitution, in that it would define how that organization is constituted. Within

5960: 5882: 5439: 5433: 5010: 4975: 4849: 4756: 2512:

within a given country may itself be detrimental to separation of powers and the rule of law.

10463: 10056: 9734: 9545: 8967: 8910: 8804: 8789: 8413: 8373: 8237: 8202: 8169: 7972: 7470: 7206: 5933: 5277: 4325: 4032: 3761: 3643: 3528: 3508: 2780:), thus changing the frame of government without altering the existing text of the document. 1736: 1732: 1712: 1674: 1582: 1574: 1428: 1210: 554: 541: 390: 148: 39: 4440: 2754: 1874: 1840: 1393: 762: 731:

together with assorted earlier Roman laws. Systems that appeared somewhat later include the

46: 10184: 9530: 8950: 8468: 8403: 8303: 7605: 7266: 5996: 5496:

Lewin, Leif (May 1, 2007). "Majoritarian and Consensus Democracy: the Swedish Experience".

4274: 4027: 3964: 3938: 3699: 3684: 3649: 3609: 3556: 2725: 2698: 2618: 2532: 2449: 2147: 1763: 1755: 1666: 1506:. Charles had rejected the propositions, but before the start of the Second Civil War, the 1499: 1475: 1455: 1326: 1222: 1214: 1121: 1068: 952:, with further reforms shifting the balance of power from the monarchy and nobility to the 914: 889: 758: 683: 675: 634: 625: 586: 489: 151:

is the longest written constitution of any country in the world, with 146,385 words in its

5788:

Article gives information on the procedures for amending each of the Basic Laws of Israel.

3093:

Bahrain, Germany, India, Italy, Jordan, Namibia, Netherlands, Pakistan, Somalia, Zimbabwe

2646:

and traditions, such as holding general elections on Thursdays; together these constitute

2504:

Codified constitutions are often the product of some dramatic political change, such as a

1870: 1824: 1729:

State never materialized, and his constitution, written in exile, never went into effect.

1348:

history. It was an organic, coherent, and systematic work of legislation encompassing the

1170:

codes. There are a few historical records claiming that this law code was translated into

8: 10339: 9479: 9396: 9203: 8972: 8960: 8917: 8527: 8485: 8439: 8353: 8293: 8034: 7650: 7475: 7349: 7286: 7271: 5884:

Constitutional Evolution in Central and Eastern Europe (Studies in Modern Law and Policy)

5813: 5194: 5171: 5148: 4441: 3953: 3918: 3861: 3782: 3733: 3665: 3614: 3599: 3584: 3536: 3489:

prohibits abolishing equal suffrage of the States within the Senate without their consent

3174:>50% + >50% + >50% (electors in majority of states/cantons)+ >50% (electors) 2737: 2374: 1650: 1495: 1381: 1252: 1125: 996: 477: 137: 117: 6968: 4747:

Chilton, Adam S.; Versteeg, Mila (2014). "Do Constitutional Rights Make a Difference?".

2024:, Canada's constitution also has unwritten elements based in common law and convention. 1900:. The Spanish Constitution served as a model for other liberal constitutions of several 1067:

became the basis of the Serbian medieval law. The essence of Zakonopravilo was based on

10154: 9813: 9667: 9652: 9630: 9374: 9354: 9307: 9297: 9168: 8507: 8495: 8490: 8446: 8396: 8253: 8232: 8227: 7761: 7580: 7505: 7276: 7065: 7055: 5509: 5409:

War and Nation: identity and the process of state-building in South America (1800-1840)

4581:. Draft for presentation at NYU Workshop on Law, Economics and Politics. Archived from 4077: 3926: 3888: 3881: 3814:

dictates that sovereignty is ultimately contained at the centre. Some powers have been

3604: 2671: 2626: 2370: 2001: 1740: 1717: 1491: 1444: 1361: 1333: 1039: 910: 715: 619: 597: 592: 557:

again reformed the Athenian constitution and set it on a democratic footing in 508 BC.

268: 218: 133: 6682: 5908:

The official English language translation of the Greek Constitution as of May 27, 2008

5838: 5052: 2255: 1078: 560: 10139: 10061: 9899: 9642: 9637: 9590: 9515: 9509: 9349: 9267: 9070: 9050: 8995: 8547: 8502: 8478: 8461: 8358: 8343: 8313: 8308: 8258: 7926: 7889: 7820: 7771: 7645: 7374: 7085: 5966: 5939: 5888: 5685: 5659: 5579: 5513: 5456: 5443: 5388: 5314: 5281: 5270: 5240: 5003: 4979: 4752: 4478: 4452: 4419: 4393: 4367: 4251: 4194: 4087: 4072: 4062: 4042: 3968:

a law that would contradict the constitution, without first going through the proper

3942: 3922: 3900: 3856:

To some extent a group of states which do not constitute a federation as such may by

3737: 3625: 3594: 3470: 2643: 2639: 2551: 2524: 2216: 2084: 2069: 1975: 1959: 1944: 1828: 1775: 1708: 1463: 1421: 1406: 1282: 1266: 1218: 1171: 1110: 1056: 1022: 885: 679: 629:(534) was highly influential throughout Europe. This was followed in the east by the 575: 497: 180: 93:; if they are encompassed in a single comprehensive document, it is said to embody a 4104:

Judicial philosophies of constitutional interpretation (note: generally specific to

10144: 10111: 9610: 9474: 9469: 9434: 9130: 8977: 8945: 8922: 8758: 8512: 8473: 8434: 7936: 7791: 7480: 7460: 7394: 7364: 7339: 7301: 7080: 5753: 5714: 5505: 5429: 5230: 4359: 4138: 3906: 3819: 3709: 3670: 3631: 3491:. The term eternity clause is used in a similar manner in the constitutions of the 2131: 2052:, would examine designs for the government from a legal and historical standpoint. 1889: 1704: 1557:

was replaced in May 1657 by England's second, and last, codified constitution, the

1417: 1349: 1167: 1082: 1051: 968: 868:

c. 942–950. It served as the main law code in Wales until it was superseded by the

766: 743: 695: 659: 650: 520: 513: 481: 444: 358: 5170:(in Swedish) (3rd ed.). Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell. pp. 283–284. 4351: 4215: 2146:. The second would include such elements as the making of decisions by the public 791:, is an early example of a constitution in Asian political history. Influenced by 10393: 10366: 10354: 10334: 10268: 10246: 10226: 10221: 10201: 10066: 10046: 10041: 9944: 9904: 9615: 9540: 9464: 9449: 9369: 9193: 9183: 9140: 9090: 9040: 9035: 9030: 8900: 8895: 8839: 8829: 8768: 8763: 8456: 8391: 8263: 7776: 7530: 7510: 7465: 7251: 5914: 5681: 5643: 5621: 5586: 5126: 5087: 5034: 5017: 4931: 4878: 4859: 4472: 4413: 4363: 4222: 4082: 4006: 2690: 2112: 2073: 1955: 1570: 1531: 1479: 1459: 1448: 1237: 1163: 1136: 1027: 945: 918: 898: 811: 803: 733: 701: 448: 288: 276: 226: 109: 5867: 1770:) and repealed torture, liberated agricultural trade, diminished the use of the 1424:. This can be seen as the first written constitution adopted by a modern state. 1293:

The oldest written document still governing a sovereign nation today is that of

1074: 10470: 10278: 10196: 9785: 9751: 9702: 9687: 9459: 9364: 9344: 9334: 9178: 9147: 9135: 9103: 9045: 9010: 9005: 8937: 8799: 8794: 8747: 8268: 8207: 8197: 8192: 7946: 7941: 7825: 7595: 7520: 7424: 7389: 7040: 5719: 5702: 4924: 3976: 3963:

A constitutional violation is an action or legislative act that is judged by a

3957: 3865: 3773:

Other independent institutions which some constitutions have set out include a

3756: 3740:

systems of government, department secretaries/ministers are accountable to the

2614: 2159: 2103:, arguing for the divine right of monarchs, on the one side, and on the other, 2061: 2033: 1897: 1836: 1535: 1523: 1511: 1277: 1230: 1191: 1141: 944:

This provision became the cornerstone of English liberty after that point. The

903: 893: 861: 788: 303:

In most but not all modern states the constitution has supremacy over ordinary

251: 184: 152: 129: 5674: 4303: 3561:

Constitutions include various rights and duties. These include the following:

2658:

Some constitutions are largely, but not wholly, codified. For example, in the

1982:. However the Norwegians managed to infuse a radically democratic and liberal 1815:

was passed on 3 May 1791. Its draft was developed by the leading minds of the

810:, Ṣaḥīfat al-Madīna), also known as the Charter of Medina, was drafted by the 613:. They operated under a series of laws that were added from time to time, but 10486: 10324: 10283: 10169: 10149: 10121: 10071: 10036: 10010: 10005: 9998: 9949: 9889: 9729: 9719: 9677: 9600: 9595: 9525: 9484: 9408: 9188: 9113: 9065: 8890: 8849: 8844: 8824: 8814: 7967: 7575: 7434: 7226: 7156: 7060: 5517: 5265: 3748: 3480: 2800: 2536: 2390: 2151: 2100: 2080: 1905: 1802: 1771: 1670: 1632: 1602: 1436: 1366: 1317: 1106: 1064: 1007:. Saint Sava began the work on the Serbian Nomocanon in 1208 while he was at 927: 850: 753: 655: 609: 596:, he explores different constitutions of his day, including those of Athens, 532: 304: 284: 222: 141: 5303:"The first European country to follow the U.S. example was Poland in 1791." 4871: 4722:. Chicago, IL: Annu. Rev. Law Soc. Sci.5:201–23. p. 203. Archived from 10456: 10206: 10174: 10129: 9867: 9862: 9833: 9746: 9692: 9625: 9605: 9499: 9439: 9429: 9381: 9339: 9317: 9260: 9173: 9108: 9060: 9055: 8987: 8864: 8859: 7977: 7786: 7691: 7384: 7369: 7095: 5359: 3910: 3774: 3571: 2773: 2769: 2578: 1901: 1751: 1601:), with the exceptions of Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island. The 1471: 1287: 1179: 1158: 1031: 663: 509: 505: 327: 201:: edicta, mandata, decreta, rescripta). Later, the term was widely used in 194: 83: 79: 6991: 5614: 4898: 4851:

The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century

4686:. Chicago, IL: Annu. Rev. Law Soc. Sci.5. pp. 201–23 . Archived from 4620:. Chicago, IL: Annu. Rev. Law Soc. Sci.5. pp. 201–23 . Archived from 2777: 1542:." This position was designated as a non-hereditary life appointment. The 1213:

were promulgated by the Court from 1283 (or even two centuries before, if

10378: 10319: 10309: 10106: 10101: 9939: 9840: 9756: 9715: 9682: 9647: 9570: 9494: 9444: 9359: 9025: 9000: 8834: 8784: 7951: 7884: 7701: 7620: 7404: 7379: 7329: 7241: 7201: 7196: 7176: 7171: 7161: 7146: 7141: 6945: 5757: 4794:

Watt. Muhammad at Medina and R.B. Serjeant "The Constitution of Medina."

4190: 4118: 4092: 3960:, the concept of declaring an act to be unconstitutional does not exist. 3713: 2610: 2603: 2124: 2092: 2056: 1759: 1694: 1628: 1440: 1241: 1217:

is considered part of the compilation of Constitutions) until 1716, when

1145:, which became the supreme law used in parts of Germany as late as 1900. 1008: 932: 922: 550: 399: 386: 263: 239: 5880: 4751:. Coase-Sandor Institute for Law & Economics Working Paper No. 694. 4503:(8th ed.). Naperville, IL: Oak Hill Publishing Company. p. 25. 1690:

Agreements and Constitutions of Laws and Freedoms of the Zaporizian Host

296:, "authorized" and "valid" have the same meaning; as do "beyond power", 10442: 10371: 10251: 10189: 9934: 9855: 9850: 9808: 9790: 9778: 9739: 9585: 9575: 9535: 9520: 9504: 9454: 9391: 9386: 9198: 9080: 9020: 8809: 8167: 7706: 7635: 7525: 7444: 7429: 7409: 7221: 7191: 7181: 7151: 7026: 5193:(in Swedish) (4th ed.). Stockholm: AV Carlsons. pp. 412–413. 5103: 4128: 3815: 3752: 3484: 2544: 2540: 2505: 2324: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2116: 2068:

A seminal juncture in this line of discourse arose in England from the

2006: 1881:. It established a federal government but was repealed one year later. 1844: 1794: 1678: 1547: 1322: 1294: 1175: 964: 925:

in 1215. The most important single article of Magna Carta, related to "

546: 524: 395:

Ten Principles for the Establishment of a Monolithic Ideological System

280: 6964:

constitution | Theories, Features, Practices, & Facts | Britannica

5405:"1811 Miranda Declares Independence in Venezuela and Civil War Begins" 2764:

A constitutional amendment is a modification of the constitution of a

2138:

that includes all of what was called "natural law". The second is the

674:

Many of the Germanic peoples that filled the power vacuum left by the

10349: 10314: 10256: 10231: 10096: 9993: 9981: 9966: 9954: 9882: 9800: 9773: 9657: 7910: 7830: 7749: 7724: 7686: 7615: 7490: 7399: 7334: 7259: 7246: 7231: 7216: 7186: 7166: 5991: 4443:

Controlling the State: Constitutionalism from Ancient Athens to Today

3996: 3925:; however, citizens who transgressed unwritten limits were summarily 3790: 3717: 3476: 2635: 2574: 2394: 2088: 2041: 2040:, who called for rule by "philosopher-kings". Later writers, such as 1979: 1917: 1866: 1682: 1618: 1353: 1226: 1186:

remained the supreme law in Ethiopia until 1931, when a modern-style

1102: 1060: 1047: 992: 988: 960: 865: 771: 724: 706: 614: 571: 565: 501: 456: 432: 420: 317: 247: 202: 67: 63: 10437: 5871:. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Retrieved 28 August 2023. 5198: 5152: 2299: 2266:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 1197: 757:(c. 785). These continental codes were all composed in Latin, while 242:

mechanisms of power control for the protection of the interests and

10398: 10383: 10086: 9971: 9768: 9312: 7874: 7630: 7485: 7419: 7344: 7311: 7211: 7100: 7022: 5175: 3823: 3579: 3531:

does not contain specific provisions on entrenched clauses but the

2908:

Estonia, Portugal (in the five years following the last amendment)

2562: 2171: 2049: 1790: 1779: 1578: 1566: 1482:, can be traced back to the experiments of that period. Drafted by 1345: 1337: 1114: 838: 814: 792: 738: 601: 8716: 6952: 6932: 6910:, an indexed and searchable database of all constitutions in force 6222:"Read about "Freedom of opinion/thought/conscience" on Constitute" 5213:"Goodlatte says U.S. has the oldest working national constitution" 5147:(in Swedish) (4th ed.). Stockholm: AV Carlsons. p. 410. 4826:

The Life of Muhammad: The Formation of the Classical Islamic World

3999:, equivalent in some countries, often for a temporary constitution 662:. For constitutional principles almost lost to antiquity, see the 607:

The Romans initially codified their constitution in 450 BC as the

205:

for an important determination, especially a decree issued by the

10288: 10236: 10216: 10164: 9976: 9894: 9710: 9672: 9620: 9163: 8217: 7916: 7681: 7640: 7585: 7560: 7414: 7236: 7136: 6913: 5168:

Historia för gymnasiet: allmän och nordisk historia efter år 1000

4302:. Ministry of Law and Justice of India. July 2008. Archived from 4067: 3949: 3831: 2582: 2570: 2516: 1951: 1878: 1726: 999:. Its basic purpose was to organize the functioning of the young 842: 642: 488:(c. 2050 BC). Some of the better-known ancient law codes are the 428: 389:, which officially grants every citizen, among other things, the 379: 371: 261:); if they do not, they are termed "beyond power" (or, in Latin, 243: 113: 6880:"Read about "Truth and reconciliation commission" on Constitute" 6422:"Read about "Right to development of personality" on Constitute" 5636:

The American Republic: its Constitution, Tendencies, and Destiny

5555:

The Doubter's Companion: A Dictionary of Aggressive Common Sense

5438:. Vol. 2. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 1721:. This Constitution also limited the executive authority of the 1522:

presented by the Agitators and their civilian supporters at the

1201:

Third volume of the compilation of Catalan Constitutions of 1585

10388: 10241: 9986: 9877: 9872: 9818: 9489: 7921: 7756: 7711: 7050: 7045: 6907: 5862:"Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia". 3857: 2765: 2552:

most basic principles can never be abolished, even by amendment

2045: 1967: 1963: 1936: 1699: 1370: 1132: 1098: 1094: 1090: 976: 826: 822: 818: 710: 528: 460: 121: 75: 6780:"Read about "Establishment of judicial council" on Constitute" 6572:"Read about "Right to protect one's reputation" on Constitute" 5615:

Vindiciae Contra Tyrannos (Defense of Liberty Against Tyrants)

5189:

Borg, Ivan; Nordell, Erik; Rodhe, Sten; Nordell, Erik (1967).

5143:

Borg, Ivan; Nordell, Erik; Rodhe, Sten; Nordell, Erik (1967).

4972:

The Invented Indian: cultural fictions and government policies

4212:

R (HS2 Action Alliance Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport

3760:

part of it). Confidence can be lost if the government loses a

108:

Constitutions concern different levels of organizations, from

10329: 10273: 10179: 10020: 9823: 9322: 6978: 6372:"Read about "Right to conscientious objection" on Constitute" 5435:

A History of Spain and Portugal: Eighteenth Century to Franco

4938:, Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso), June 26 to 28, 2006. pp. 71–82. 3835: 3827: 3721: 3720:. Some constitutions include additional branches, such as an 2176: 2037: 1913: 1893: 1639: 1273: 1035: 935:

of law first. This article, Article 39, of Magna Carta read:

857: 846: 834: 778: 689: 654:

established constitutional principles for the 3rd century BC

536: 470: 452: 424: 375: 339: 86:, and commonly determines how that entity is to be governed. 71: 4949:"The United States has "the longest surviving constitution"" 2811:

Legislature (unicameral, joint session or lower house only)

2527:. In addition, exceptional procedures are often required to 564:

Diagram illustrating the classification of constitutions by

415: 10211: 10159: 10015: 9413: 9329: 8905: 4935: 1789:, ratified 21 June 1788, was influenced by the writings of 1647: 1344:

in April 1827. The Carta was a work of great importance in

1149: 493: 440: 334:

Scholars debate whether a constitution must necessarily be

322: 206: 159:

is the shortest written constitution with 3,814 words. The

6730:"Read about "Counter corruption commission" on Constitute" 6597:"Read about "Right to renounce citizenship" on Constitute" 6522:"Read about "Right to overthrow government" on Constitute" 6044:"Read about "Duty to serve in the military" on Constitute" 2703:

a number of different statutes, amendments, and references

2489:

different sources, which may be written or unwritten; see

906:. It survived only in later editions of the 15th century. 761:

was used for those of England, beginning with the Code of

699:, applying separate codes for Germans and for Romans; the 9283: 7717: 6297:"Read about "Provision for civil marriage" on Constitute" 4358:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 36–64, 4057: 3566: 2531:. These procedures may include: convocation of a special 1613: 1490:

included elements incorporated from an earlier document "

1447:". ====English civil war era====] On 4 January 1649, the 830: 6094:"Read about "Claim of universal suffrage" on Constitute" 5733: 2561:

Codified constitutions normally consist of a ceremonial

1896:, the only Spanish continental city which was safe from 6969:

Constitutionalism | Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

6944:, on the relationship between constitution-making, the 5625:, "Junius Brutus" (Orig. Fr. 1581, Eng. tr. 1622, 1688) 5590:, Franciscus de Victoria (lect. 1532, first pub. 1557). 5377: 5188: 5142: 4711:

Ginsburg, Tom; Zachary, Elkins; Blount, Justin (2009).

4675:

Ginsburg, Tom; Zachary, Elkins; Blount, Justin (2009).

4609:

Ginsburg, Tom; Zachary, Elkins; Blount, Justin (2009).

485: 9252: 6974:

Constitutions and Constitutionalism | Encyclopedia.com

6938:

English translations of various national constitutions

6347:"Read about "Right to academic freedom" on Constitute" 4974:. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. pp. 4637: 4521:

Zachary, Elkins; Ginsburg, Tom; Melton, James (2009).

4350:

Elkins, Zachary; Ginsburg, Tom; Melton, James (2009),

4141:(adopts same changes, but without constitutional name) 3285:

Lower house + upper house + sub-national legislatures

2501:

Most states in the world have codified constitutions.

2027: 727:, king of the Visigoths, adopted and consolidated the 4710: 4674: 4608: 4520: 4418:. Oxford University Press. May 17, 2012. p. 17. 4389:

The Historical and Institutional Context of Roman Law

6805:"Read about "Human rights commission" on Constitute" 6447:"Read about "Right to found a family" on Constitute" 4998:

Fritze, Ronald H. & Robison, William B. (1996).

4545:. September 6, 1789. pp. 392–97. Archived from 4501:

The U.S. Constitution and Fascinating Facts About It

4349: 3864:

entity. For example, the countries constituting the

3860:

and accords give up parts of their sovereignty to a

2170:

Constitutional design has been treated as a kind of

1588: 6144:"Read about "Freedom of association" on Constitute" 4832:. Milano: Hoepli, 1905, p. 393. Julius Wellhausen. 4193:(editor), 2051 pp., 2005, Oxford University Press, 3550: 2858:Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Yemen 1990:limited by the constitution, like the Spanish one. 1530:was adopted by Parliament on 15 December 1653, and 896:around 1017, and in 1054 was incorporated into the 6169:"Read about "Freedom of expression" on Constitute" 5383:Briceño Perozo, Mario. "Mendoza, Cristóbal de" in 5269: 5050: 5000:Historical Dictionary of Stuart England, 1603–1689 3979:has traditionally operated under the principle of 2569:and/or to fundamental values of the state such as 1801:, and others. The document became a benchmark for 8228:Cabinet department / Office of the prime minister 6755:"Read about "Electoral commission" on Constitute" 6472:"Read about "Right to information" on Constitute" 5881:Kyriaki Topidi and Alexander H.E. Morawa (2010). 4713:"Does the Process of Constitution-Making Matter?" 4677:"Does the Process of Constitution-Making Matter?" 4645:"The Anomalous Life of the Japanese Constitution" 4611:"Does the Process of Constitution-Making Matter?" 4474:Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law 4415:Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law 3768: 3475:An entrenched clause or entrenchment clause of a 1308:(Town Statute) of 1300, itself influenced by the 1174:and entered Ethiopia around 1450 in the reign of 617:was not reorganized into a single code until the 10484: 6397:"Read about "Right to fair trial" on Constitute" 6247:"Read about "Freedom of religion" on Constitute" 6194:"Read about "Freedom of movement" on Constitute" 6119:"Read about "Freedom of assembly" on Constitute" 5703:"The Constitutional Dilemma of Economic Liberty" 2539:of legislators' votes, approval in two terms of 6942:United Nations Rule of Law: Constitution-making 6622:"Read about "Rights of children" on Constitute" 5958: 5931: 4746: 2924:>50% before and after an election + >50% 2792:Procedures for amending national constitutions 1805:and codified constitutions written thereafter. 1661:, where the Constitution has just been adopted. 1244:, reconstructed from oral tradition in 1988 by 682:codified their laws. One of the first of these 193:, used for regulations and orders, such as the 6647:"Read about "Rights of debtors" on Constitute" 6322:"Read about "Right of petition" on Constitute" 6019:"Read about "Duty to pay taxes" on Constitute" 4749:Coase-Sandor Institute for Law & Economics 3751:systems, Cabinet Ministers are accountable to 2065:the remedies for the abuse of such authority. 1974:, which saw the division of power between the 1869:and Latin America, promulgated and drafted by 1550:, with each sitting for at least five months. 1397:A painting depicting George Washington at the 136:. Changes to constitutions frequently require 9268: 8732: 8153: 8079:Autonomous types of first-tier administration 7007: 6830:"Read about "Media commission" on Constitute" 6547:"Read about "Right to privacy" on Constitute" 4160:What Can We Learn from Written Constitutions? 447:in 1877 found evidence of the earliest known 5965:. Facts On File, Incorporated. p. 626. 5814:"The Constitution of the Republic of Poland" 3134:Either house of legislature + joint session 2617:, have wholly uncodified constitutions. The 623:(438 AD); later, in the Eastern Empire, the 352:Constitution of the United States of America 308: 7021: 6497:"Read about "Right to marry" on Constitute" 4914:. Dusanov Zakonik. Retrieved July 12, 2013. 4385: 3872:instead of national units previously used. 2736:legislated by simple majority for strictly 2225:Learn how and when to remove these messages 405: 188: 9275: 9261: 8739: 8725: 8274:Assistant minister/Parliamentary secretary 8160: 8146: 7014: 7000: 6675:"Il bicameralismo tra due modelli mancati" 6272:"Read about "Human dignity" on Constitute" 5927: 5925: 5923: 5797:"The Spanish Constitution and its reform" 5387:, Vol. 3. Caracas: Fundación Polar, 1999. 4569: 4432: 4292: 3114:Lower house + upper house + joint session 2900:Bulgaria, Solomon Islands (in some cases) 2701:. Although Canada's constitution includes 2588: 2550:Constitutions may also provide that their 2543:, the consent of regional legislatures, a 2535:or constitutional convention, requiring a 713:, all written soon after 500. In 506, the 345: 16:Fundamental principles that govern a state 6705:"Read about "Central bank" on Constitute" 6069:"Read about "Duty to work" on Constitute" 5764: 5747: 5718: 5229: 5106:(1903), Dictionary of National Biography 4477:. Oxford University Press. May 17, 2012. 4386:Mousourakis, George (December 12, 2003). 3708:, involves three branches of government: 2358:Learn how and when to remove this message 2340:Learn how and when to remove this message 2282:Learn how and when to remove this message 1518:as their alternative to the more radical 1280:created and refined a document he called 875: 10420:History of the American legal profession 6216: 6214: 5700: 4969: 4862:. Google Books. Retrieved July 12, 2013. 4515: 4513: 4511: 4158:Zachary Elkins and Tom Ginsburg. 2021. " 3932: 3006:Legislature + sub-national legislatures 2753: 2668:Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942 2666:, as adopted by the Commonwealth in the 2598: 2496: 2369: 1617: 1401:of 1787 signing of the U.S. Constitution 1392: 1380: 1225:, finishing with the historical laws of 1196: 559: 414: 45: 30: 6672: 5920: 5839:"Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej" 5297: 5264: 5182: 5165: 5054:The Origins of Modern Constitutionalism 4525:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 4523:The Endurance of National Constitutions 4356:The Endurance of National Constitutions 3987:could not be questioned by the courts. 3894: 3693: 3236:before and after an election + >50% 3163:Lower house + upper house + referendum 2716:are often used interchangeably, as are 2018:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 1546:also required the calling of triennial 1376: 1340:until it was superseded by the code of 1300:Leges Statutae Republicae Sancti Marini 1077:, emperor of Serbs and Greeks, enacted 1038:, the translation of Prohiron, and the 539:, the ruler of Athens, created the new 338:, resulting from the nations "spirit". 10485: 6929:, "Constitutions, bibliography, links" 6855:"Read about "Ombudsman" on Constitute" 4992: 4963: 4881:. Search.com. Retrieved July 12, 2013. 4775:Jihād: the origin of holy war in Islam 4498: 4438: 4239: 3212:Japan, Romania, Zimbabwe (some cases) 2786: 2653: 2609:As of 2017 only two sovereign states, 1614:Democratic constitutions: 18th century 1093:, in two state congresses: in 1349 in 1030:, local church meetings, rules of the 99:The Constitution of the United Kingdom 9256: 8720: 8141: 6995: 6982: 6211: 5874: 5495: 5428: 5205: 5037:Instrument of Government (England ). 4603: 4601: 4572:"Innovation in Constitutional Rights" 4508: 4245: 3875: 3464: 2685:resulted from the passage of several 1707:. It was written to establish a free 250:, including those that may be in the 9229: 5995:. September 26, 2004. Archived from 5385:Diccionario de Historia de Venezuela 5136: 4655:from the original on August 11, 2019 4562: 4543:Popular Basis of Political Authority 4447:. Harvard University Press. p. 4269: 4267: 4134:Proposed European Union constitution 2814:>50% + >50% after an election 2322:adding citations to reliable sources 2293: 2231: 2190: 1778:. The constitution was commended by 669: 8746: 8233:Speaker / President of the assembly 5962:Encyclopedia of World Constitutions 5952: 5887:. Ashgate Publishing. p. 105. 5656:Principles of Constitutional Design 4539:"Thomas Jefferson to James Madison" 3795:truth and reconciliation commission 2556:unconstitutional constitutional law 2405: 2028:Principles of constitutional design 1494:", which had been agreed to by the 807: 693:(471 AD). This was followed by the 370:cases registered. For example, the 232: 13: 8321:International development minister 6919:Dictionary of the History of Ideas 5701:Weingast, Barry R. (Summer 2005). 5510:10.1111/j.1467-9477.1998.tb00012.x 5353:"The Constitution of May 3 (1791)" 4598: 4164:Annual Review of Political Science 4152: 4048:Corporate constitutional documents 4018:Constitution of the Roman Republic 3800: 2581:. In ethnic nation-states such as 1926:the Norwegian constitution of 1814 1850:Another landmark document was the 1735:of 1755 and 1794 were inspired by 1565:. The Petition offered hereditary 1540:Lord Protector of the Commonwealth 1240:was a 13th-century charter of the 300:, "not authorized" and "invalid". 14: 10509: 9404:Restitution and unjust enrichment 8696:Government ministers by portfolio 8452:Ministry of Education and Culture 6901: 5239:. Fred B. Rothman & Company. 5191:Historia för gymnasiet. Årskurs 1 5159: 5145:Historia för gymnasiet. Årskurs 1 4279:Comparative Constitutions Project 4264: 3727: 3675:Right to protect one's reputation 2964:3/4 + >50% of eligible voters 2400: 2206:This article has multiple issues. 1970:. Sweden had already enacted its 1589:British colonies in North America 1312:, and it remains in force today. 686:to be written was the Visigothic 165:Constitution of the United States 21:Constitution of the United States 10451: 10450: 10436: 9228: 9217: 9216: 8701: 8700: 8690: 8689: 6951: 6934:International Constitutional Law 6872: 6847: 6822: 6797: 6772: 6747: 6722: 6697: 6664: 6639: 5707:Journal of Economic Perspectives 4720:University of Chicago Law School 4684:University of Chicago Law School 4618:University of Chicago Law School 4250:. S. Chand & Co. p. 3. 4106:United States constitutional law 4053:International constitutional law 3915:Constitution of the Soviet Union 3551:Constitutional rights and duties 3169:Algeria, France, Ireland, Italy 2830:60% + >50% after an election 2822:>50% + 60% after an election 2442:Fully written (in few documents) 2298: 2236: 2195: 2099:, leading to the debate between 1962:lost its personal possession of 1762:. The king also cherished other 1478:, the written constitution, and 1013:The Nomocanon in Fourteen Titles 870:Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 427:shows him receiving the laws of 62:is the aggregate of fundamental 10415:History of the legal profession 8024:Social and political philosophy 6679:L'Ago e Il Filo Edizione Online 6614: 6589: 6564: 6539: 6514: 6489: 6464: 6439: 6414: 6389: 6364: 6339: 6314: 6289: 6264: 6239: 6186: 6161: 6136: 6111: 6086: 6061: 6036: 6011: 5979: 5901: 5856: 5831: 5806: 5791: 5727: 5694: 5668: 5649: 5628: 5607: 5593: 5572: 5560: 5547: 5538: 5532:"Constitution Act, 1982, s. 60" 5524: 5489: 5422: 5397: 5345: 5324: 5292:May second oldest constitution. 5253: 5223: 5120:constitution (politics and law) 5113: 5097: 5073: 5061: 5044: 5022: 4941: 4917: 4905: 4884: 4865: 4843: 4814: 4801: 4788: 4764: 4739: 4703: 4667: 4530: 4491: 4465: 4406: 4352:"Conceptualizing Constitutions" 3983:under which the laws passed by 3785:, a judicial oversight body, a 3182:60% + 60% + >50% (optional) 3067:Poland, Bosnia and Herzegovina 2734:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 2678:, thus is partially unwritten. 2523:by a court, and struck down as 2483: 2309:needs additional citations for 2214:or discuss these issues on the 2186: 2022:Constitution Acts, 1867 to 1982 1910:Portuguese Constitution of 1822 1365:, the oral constitution of the 1261:in Nuremberg headed by Emperor 1087:Душанов Законик/Dušanov Zakonik 902:; it became the law for all of 864:(Law of Hywel) was codified by 8369:Ministry of trade and industry 7860:Political history of the world 6983: 5498:Scandinavian Political Studies 5002:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 4570:Ginsburg, Tom; Melton, James. 4379: 4343: 4318: 4228: 4204: 4186:New Oxford American Dictionary 4177: 4114:List of national constitutions 3769:Other independent institutions 1859:1811 Constitution of Venezuela 1810:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1709:Zaporozhian-Ukrainian Republic 1415:Lord High Chancellor of Sweden 1017:Synopsis of Stefan the Efesian 787:written in 604, reportedly by 784:Seventeen-article constitution 523:codified the oral laws of the 1: 9016:Needle and syringe programmes 8870:Universal access to education 8523:Ministry of religious affairs 5675:The Paradox of Self-Amendment 5166:Bäcklin, Martin, ed. (1965). 5092:Declaration of Representation 4170: 3572:Duty to serve in the military 2919:Djibouti, Ecuador, Venezuela 2743: 2154:and conducted by established 1972:1809 Instrument of Government 1603:Commonwealth of Massachusetts 1411:1634 Instrument of Government 1190:was first granted by Emperor 463: 25:Constitution (disambiguation) 19:For the US constitution, see 7865:History of political thought 5736:The American Economic Review 5276:. Penguin Classics. p. 4782:Encyclopedia of Islam Online 4364:10.1017/cbo9780511817595.004 4098:Rule according to higher law 3870:metric system of measurement 3517:the Islamic Republic of Iran 3166:>50% + >50% + >50% 1930:Mexican Constitution of 1824 1886:Spanish Constitution of 1812 1821:Stanislaw August Poniatowski 1748:Swedish constitution of 1772 1577:'s control over issuing new 170: 36:Constitution of the Year XII 7: 9099:Publicly funded health care 8538:Ministry of social security 8419:Ministry of water resources 8299:Ministry of foreign affairs 8168:Common types of government 6673:Buonomo, Giampiero (2013). 5803:. Retrieved 28 August 2023. 5772:"Basic Laws – Introduction" 5051:Francis D. Wormuth (1949). 4830:Annali dell'Islam, Volume I 3990: 3905:Italian political theorist 3453:Bulgaria (some amendments) 2262:the claims made and adding 1922:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 1912:, constitutions of various 1852:French Constitution of 1791 1387:Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk 1154:'Abul Fada'il Ibn al-'Assal 1152:Egyptian Christian writer, 973:Законоправило/Zakonopravilo 626:Codex repetitæ prælectionis 531:; this code prescribed the 364:French Constitution of 1791 350:Since 1789, along with the 315:, and the nullification is 101:is a notable example of an 52:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 10: 10514: 10082:International legal theory 9561:International slavery laws 9556:International human rights 9551:International criminal law 8571:Minister without portfolio 8533:Ministry of social affairs 8364:Ministry of infrastructure 5913:November 14, 2017, at the 5720:10.1257/089533005774357815 5680:September 4, 2006, at the 5585:December 21, 2016, at the 5464:(juntas), appointed local 5236:Constitutions of the World 5133:. Retrieved July 12, 2013. 5086:December 27, 2022, at the 5041:. Retrieved July 12, 2013. 5016:December 27, 2022, at the 4858:December 27, 2022, at the 3936: 3898: 3879: 3779:anti-corruption commission 3697: 3554: 3468: 3432:Constitutional convention 3405:Sub-national legislatures 3052:Lower house + upper house 2841:France, Senegal, Slovakia 2759:United States Constitution 2747: 2687:British North America Acts 2676:constitutional conventions 2648:British constitutional law 2632:constitutional conventions 2592: 2430:Most of the world (first: 2144:constitution of government 1995:Swiss Federal Constitution 1908:nations, for example, the 1787:United States Constitution 1624:Constitution of 3 May 1791 1599:United States Constitution 1559:Humble Petition and Advice 1484:Major-General John Lambert 775:code of laws for England. 519:In 621 BC, a scribe named 439:Excavations in modern-day 410: 357:In the late 18th century, 161:Constitution of San Marino 126:international organization 18: 10430: 10407: 10297: 10135:Administration of justice 10120: 10029: 9920: 9799: 9701: 9422: 9290: 9212: 9156: 9124:National health insurance 9089: 9076:Supervised injection site 8986: 8936: 8883: 8777: 8754: 8685: 8622:Communications ministries 8579: 8563: 8427: 8382: 8334: 8282: 8246: 8180: 8108: 8101: 7960: 7902: 7850: 7843: 7811: 7804: 7744: 7737: 7672: 7663: 7546: 7539: 7453: 7322: 7109: 7071:National unity government 7033: 6989: 6884:www.constituteproject.org 6859:www.constituteproject.org 6834:www.constituteproject.org 6809:www.constituteproject.org 6784:www.constituteproject.org 6759:www.constituteproject.org 6734:www.constituteproject.org 6709:www.constituteproject.org 6651:www.constituteproject.org 6626:www.constituteproject.org 6601:www.constituteproject.org 6576:www.constituteproject.org 6551:www.constituteproject.org 6526:www.constituteproject.org 6501:www.constituteproject.org 6476:www.constituteproject.org 6451:www.constituteproject.org 6426:www.constituteproject.org 6401:www.constituteproject.org 6376:www.constituteproject.org 6351:www.constituteproject.org 6326:www.constituteproject.org 6301:www.constituteproject.org 6276:www.constituteproject.org 6251:www.constituteproject.org 6226:www.constituteproject.org 6198:www.constituteproject.org 6173:www.constituteproject.org 6148:www.constituteproject.org 6123:www.constituteproject.org 6098:www.constituteproject.org 6073:www.constituteproject.org 6048:www.constituteproject.org 6023:www.constituteproject.org 5938:. Routledge. p. 67. 5642:October 10, 2017, at the 5620:February 2, 2017, at the 5557:. Toronto: Penguin, 1995. 4930:October 10, 2017, at the 4877:October 10, 2017, at the 4499:Jordan, Terry L. (2013). 4402:– via Google Books. 4330:www.constituteproject.org 4326:"Monaco 1962 (rev. 2002)" 3985:United Kingdom Parliament 3981:parliamentary sovereignty 3812:Parliamentary sovereignty 3789:, a media commission, an 3431: 3404: 3284: 3162: 3051: 3005: 2913:Legislature + referendum 2912: 2810: 2660:Constitution of Australia 2491:constitutional convention 2462:constitutional convention 2460:Partially unwritten (see 2438: 1774:and instituted a form of 1595:Articles of Confederation 1399:Constitutional Convention 1255:was a decree issued by a 1207:Principality of Catalonia 1131:Between 1220 and 1230, a 1086: 972: 884:, originally combined by 549:), rather than on birth ( 9912:Basic structure doctrine 9762:Natural and legal rights 9643:Public international law 9119:Single-payer health care 8928:Universal basic services 8875:Universal basic services 8617:Climate change ministers 8518:Ministry of home affairs 7501:Environmental regulation 7307:Representative democracy 5959:Gerhard Robbers (2006). 5932:Joel Colón-Ríos (2012). 5684:, by Peter Suber (1990) 5658:, Donald S. Lutz (2006) 5601:The Law of War and Peace 5457:Decembrist army officers 5108:Index and Epitome p. 991 5057:. Harper & Brothers. 4872:Metasearch Search Engine 4038:Constitutional economics 4023:Constitutional amendment 3970:constitutional amendment 3917:that on paper supported 3834:). Some unitary states ( 3545:Constitution of Colombia 3533:basic structure doctrine 2750:Constitutional amendment 2427:In single act (document) 2384:Most commonly, the term 1843:. It was adopted by the 1754:and was inspired by the 1739:. The latter introduced 1642:-trimmed cloak), enters 1555:Instrument of Government 1528:Instrument of Government 1488:Instrument of Government 1468:Instrument of Government 1420:after the death of king 1290:for the next 250 years. 1120:In 1222, Hungarian King 979:constitution from 1219. 406:Pre-modern constitutions 209:, now referred to as an 199:constitutiones principis 10092:Principle of typicality 9566:International trade law 9282: 8820:Public good (economics) 8706:Ministries by portfolio 8677:Public works ministries 8409:Ministry of electricity 8349:Ministry of the economy 8223:Office of the president 7566:Uncodified constitution 7091:Administrative division 6948:and the United Nations. 5131:Encyclopædia Britannica 5125:April 17, 2015, at the 5039:Encyclopædia Britannica 4838:Israel Oriental Studies 4300:"Constitution of India" 4275:"Constitution Rankings" 4013:Consent of the governed 3787:human rights commission 3654:Right to start a family 3638:conscientious objection 3622:Right to civil marriage 3308:Canada (in most cases) 3291:Canada (in some cases) 3177:Australia, Switzerland 3101:Brazil, Czech Republic 2722:uncodified constitution 2595:Uncodified constitution 2589:Uncodified constitution 2140:constitution of society 1833:Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz 1817:Enlightenment in Poland 1750:was enacted under King 1693:was written in 1710 by 1520:Agreement of the People 1504:First English Civil War 1182:beginning in 1563. The 983:was the compilation of 950:Constitutional Monarchy 346:History and development 309:Uncodified constitution 103:uncodified constitution 8642:Environment ministries 8612:Agriculture ministries 8607:Presidents of assembly 8602:Deputy prime ministers 5646:, O.A. Brownson (1866) 4853:John Van Antwerp Fine 4834:Skizzen und Vorabeiten 4439:Gordon, Scott (1999). 4221:March 5, 2017, at the 4147:United Nations Charter 4124:Strict constructionism 4003:Apostolic constitution 3590:Freedom of association 3335:India (in some cases) 3239:Spain (in some cases) 3185:Spain (in most cases) 2993:Namibia, Sierra Leone 2761: 2738:fixed-term parliaments 2718:unwritten constitution 2695:Constitution Act, 1982 2683:Constitution of Canada 2664:Statute of Westminster 2606: 2381: 2136:constitution of nature 2130:The later writings of 2014:Constitution of Canada 1920:revolts (i.e., in the 1884:On 19 March 1812, the 1733:Corsican Constitutions 1711:, with the support of 1662: 1435:, which was the first 1402: 1390: 1202: 1117:(book VII, 1, 16–17). 1046:(most were taken from 942: 876:Middle Ages after 1000 800:Constitution of Medina 581:Constitution of Athens 568: 436: 279:would be a provincial 212:apostolic constitution 189: 157:Constitution of Monaco 55: 43: 23:. For other uses, see 10087:Principle of legality 9846:Delegated legislation 9546:Intellectual property 8968:Public infrastructure 8805:Public administration 8790:Free-culture movement 8637:Environment ministers 8543:Minister for Veterans 8414:Ministry of Petroleum 8374:Ministry of transport 8213:Deputy First Minister 8203:Deputy prime minister 8057:aspects of capitalism 7973:History of philosophy 7471:Unemployment benefits 7207:Military dictatorship 5604:, Hugo Grotius (1625) 5472:), used the terms of 5272:The Federalist Papers 5033:May 22, 2015, at the 4901:on November 25, 2011. 4033:Constitutional crisis 3937:Further information: 3933:Constitutional courts 3762:vote of no confidence 3595:Freedom of expression 2757: 2714:codified constitution 2602: 2497:Codified constitution 2373: 2009:on 15 February 1835. 1954:, as a result of the 1743:for property owners. 1737:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1713:Charles XII of Sweden 1675:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1659:Warsaw's Royal Castle 1657:; in the background, 1653:will swear to uphold 1636:King Stanisław August 1621: 1429:Colony of Connecticut 1413:, drawn up under the 1396: 1384: 1336:. It was in force in 1283:Ancestral Injunctions 1211:Catalan constitutions 1200: 937: 563: 542:Solonian Constitution 418: 391:freedom of expression 149:Constitution of India 95:codified constitution 49: 40:First French Republic 34: 10305:Barristers' chambers 10247:Legal representation 10185:Justice of the peace 9531:Financial regulation 8632:Education ministries 8469:Information minister 8404:Environment minister 8304:Immigration minister 7991:Political ideologies 7267:Parliamentary system 5987:"The basic features" 5758:10.1257/aer.98.2.105 5569:, by Francesco Hayez 5553:Saul, John Ralston. 5365:on November 16, 2017 4306:on February 23, 2015 4248:India's Constitution 4246:Pylee, M.V. (1997). 4028:Constitutional court 3965:constitutional court 3939:Constitutional court 3895:Facade constitutions 3783:electoral commission 3706:Baron de Montesquieu 3700:Separation of powers 3694:Separation of powers 3680:renounce citizenship 3658:Right to information 3650:personal development 3610:Freedom of the press 3557:Constitutional right 3529:India's constitution 3296:>50% + >50% + 3277:75% + 75% + >50% 3272:Poland (some cases) 3269:+ >50% + >50% 3255:Antigua and Barbuda 3117:>50% + >50% + 2726:Basic Laws of Israel 2710:written constitution 2699:Proclamation of 1763 2619:Basic Laws of Israel 2533:constituent assembly 2529:amend a constitution 2379:Russian Constitution 2318:improve this article 1941:Constitution of 1824 1756:separation of powers 1667:Age of Enlightenment 1655:the new Constitution 1644:St. John's Cathedral 1502:was defeated in the 1476:separation of powers 1456:English Protectorate 1377:Modern constitutions 1327:Giudicato of Arborea 1223:Nueva Planta decrees 1215:Usatges of Barcelona 1069:Corpus Iuris Civilis 981:St. Sava's Nomocanon 915:Charter of Liberties 913:proclamation of the 890:Grand Prince of Kiev 676:Western Roman Empire 635:Leo III the Isaurian 490:code of Lipit-Ishtar 124:that establishes an 91:written constitution 70:that constitute the 50:Constitution of the 10340:Election commission 10052:Expressive function 9581:Landlord–tenant law 9480:Consumer protection 9204:Public viewing area 8973:Public water system 8961:Municipal broadband 8918:Public broadcasting 8528:Ministry of science 8486:Ministry of justice 8479:Ministry of housing 8440:Ministry of culture 8354:Ministry of finance 8294:Ministry of defence 8113:Forms of government 8046:Conservatism navbox 7651:Legislative council 7476:National healthcare 7350:Christian democracy 7272:Presidential system 7127:Countries by system 6958:Portal:Constitution 4651:. August 15, 2017. 4549:on October 14, 2018 3919:freedom of assembly 3666:Right of revolution 3615:Freedom of religion 3600:Freedom of movement 3585:Freedom of assembly 3537:Parliament of India 2793: 2787:Methods of amending 2654:Mixed constitutions 1978:, the king and the 1329:promulgated by the 1253:Golden Bull of 1356 1126:Golden Bull of 1222 997:Ecumenical Councils 765:(602). Around 893, 289:judicially reviewed 155:version, while the 116:and unincorporated 110:sovereign countries 10298:Legal institutions 10165:Lawsuit/Litigation 10155:Dispute resolution 9960:Catholic canon law 9668:State of emergency 9631:Will and testament 9355:Law of obligations 9308:Constitutional law 9298:Administrative law 9169:Government auction 8855:Public procurement 8672:Interior ministers 8553:Minister for women 8508:Ministry of sports 8496:Ministry of labour 8491:Minister of labour 8462:Ministry of health 8447:Education minister 8397:Ministry of energy 8254:Secretary of state 8118:Types of democracy 8013:Political spectrum 7626:Legislative bodies 7581:Head of government 7506:Banking regulation 7066:Federal government 7056:Central government 6926:Constitutional Law 6914:Amendments Project 5310:Waves of Democracy 4892:"Short Term Loans" 4822:Muhammad at Medina 4773:Reuven Firestone, 4078:Judicial restraint 4063:International law 3889:state of emergency 3882:State of emergency 3876:State of emergency 3685:Rights of children 3605:Freedom of thought 3465:Entrenched clauses 2916:>50% + >50% 2889:after an election 2872:after an election 2791: 2762: 2672:Australia Act 1986 2640:royal prerogatives 2627:Westminster System 2607: 2382: 2247:possibly contains 2156:rules of procedure 2079:, the writings of 2002:Serbian revolution 1888:was ratified by a 1875:Juan Germán Roscio 1741:universal suffrage 1718:Spirit of the Laws 1663: 1561:, proposed by Sir 1516:Heads of Proposals 1514:had presented the 1492:Heads of Proposals 1445:Constitution State 1443:'s nickname, "the 1433:Fundamental Orders 1403: 1391: 1203: 1040:Byzantine emperors 817:after his flight ( 763:Æthelberht of Kent 729:Codex Theodosianus 702:Pactus Alamannorum 684:Germanic law codes 620:Codex Theodosianus 593:Nicomachean Ethics 569: 437: 267:). For example, a 219:William Blackstone 134:fundamental rights 56: 44: 10480: 10479: 10140:Constitutionalism 10062:Law and economics 9900:Act of parliament 9638:Product liability 9591:Legal archaeology 9516:Environmental law 9510:Entertainment law 9350:International law 9250: 9249: 9244: 9243: 9071:Public university 9051:Public open space 8996:Drinking fountain 8956:Telecommunication 8714: 8713: 8662:Health ministries 8657:Forest ministries 8652:Foreign ministers 8647:Finance ministers 8627:Defence ministers 8548:Ministry of women 8503:Regional minister 8385:natural resources 8359:Industry minister 8344:Commerce minister 8314:Interior ministry 8309:Interior minister 8285:foreign affairs / 8259:Minister of state 8135: 8134: 8131: 8130: 8123:Political parties 8002:Political culture 7927:International law 7898: 7897: 7890:U.S. Constitution 7839: 7838: 7821:Political science 7800: 7799: 7772:Political parties 7733: 7732: 7659: 7658: 7375:Constitutionalism 7086:County government 6956:Works related to 6921:Constitutionalism 6685:on March 24, 2016 5449:978-0-299-06270-5 5430:Payne, Stanley G. 5287:978-0-14-044495-7 5246:978-0-8377-0362-6 5231:Blaustein, Albert 4985:978-1-56000-745-6 4796:Islamic Quarterly 4726:on April 17, 2018 4690:on April 17, 2018 4624:on April 17, 2018 4484:978-0-19-957861-0 4458:978-0-674-16987-6 4425:978-0-19-957861-0 4373:978-0-511-81759-5 4257:978-81-219-0403-2 4088:Philosophy of law 4073:Judicial activism 4043:Constitutionalism 3943:Constitutionality 3923:freedom of speech 3901:Constitutionalism 3738:semi-presidential 3689:Rights of debtors 3662:Right to marriage 3626:Right to petition 3471:Entrenched clause 3457: 3456: 2772:or other type of 2689:from 1867 to the 2634:, observation of 2481: 2480: 2368: 2367: 2360: 2350: 2349: 2342: 2292: 2291: 2284: 2249:original research 2229: 2085:Samuel Rutherford 2020:. Apart from the 1960:absolute monarchy 1898:French occupation 1871:Cristóbal Mendoza 1829:Scipione Piattoli 1825:Stanisław Staszic 1776:religious freedom 1585:of the monarchy. 1563:Christopher Packe 1534:was installed as 1464:English Civil War 1422:Gustavus Adolphus 1407:Kingdom of Sweden 1310:Codex Justinianus 1267:Holy Roman Empire 1219:Philip V of Spain 1148:Around 1240, the 1057:Legal transplants 1023:John Scholasticus 892:, was granted to 886:Yaroslav the Wise 680:Early Middle Ages 670:Early Middle Ages 576:constitutionalism 498:code of Hammurabi 476:After that, many 240:institutionalized 82:or other type of 10505: 10455: 10454: 10453: 10441: 10440: 10264:Question of fact 10145:Criminal justice 9475:Construction law 9470:Conflict of laws 9435:Agricultural law 9277: 9270: 9263: 9254: 9253: 9232: 9231: 9220: 9219: 9131:Social insurance 8978:Waste management 8946:Electric utility 8923:Public transport 8840:Public ownership 8759:Municipalization 8741: 8734: 8727: 8718: 8717: 8704: 8703: 8693: 8692: 8513:Tourism minister 8474:Housing minister 8435:Culture minister 8162: 8155: 8148: 8139: 8138: 8106: 8105: 8094: 8090:World government 8088: 8083: 8077: 8072: 8066: 8061: 8055: 8050: 8044: 8039: 8033: 8028: 8022: 8017: 8011: 8006: 8000: 7995: 7989: 7937:World government 7848: 7847: 7809: 7808: 7792:Environmentalism 7742: 7741: 7670: 7669: 7544: 7543: 7481:Public education 7461:Social insurance 7395:Environmentalism 7365:Communitarianism 7340:Authoritarianism 7302:Direct democracy 7081:Local government 7016: 7009: 7002: 6993: 6992: 6980: 6979: 6955: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6890: 6876: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6851: 6845: 6844: 6842: 6840: 6826: 6820: 6819: 6817: 6815: 6801: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6790: 6776: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6765: 6751: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6726: 6720: 6719: 6717: 6715: 6701: 6695: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6681:. Archived from 6668: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6657: 6643: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6632: 6618: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6607: 6593: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6582: 6568: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6543: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6532: 6518: 6512: 6511: 6509: 6507: 6493: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6468: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6443: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6432: 6418: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6407: 6393: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6382: 6368: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6357: 6343: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6332: 6318: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6293: 6287: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6268: 6262: 6261: 6259: 6257: 6243: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6218: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6190: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6165: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6154: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6115: 6109: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6090: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6065: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6054: 6040: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6015: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6004: 5999:on July 25, 2012 5983: 5977: 5976: 5956: 5950: 5949: 5929: 5918: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5878: 5872: 5860: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5835: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5810: 5804: 5800:blog.congreso.es 5795: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5768: 5762: 5761: 5751: 5731: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5698: 5692: 5672: 5666: 5653: 5647: 5632: 5626: 5611: 5605: 5597: 5591: 5576: 5570: 5564: 5558: 5551: 5545: 5542: 5536: 5535: 5528: 5522: 5521: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5401: 5395: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5364: 5358:. Archived from 5357: 5349: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5328: 5322: 5301: 5295: 5294: 5275: 5259:Isaac Kramnick, 5257: 5251: 5250: 5233:(January 1993). 5227: 5221: 5220: 5209: 5203: 5202: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5163: 5157: 5156: 5140: 5134: 5117: 5111: 5101: 5095: 5094:of June 14, 1647 5077: 5071: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5048: 5042: 5026: 5020: 4996: 4990: 4989: 4967: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4951:. PolitiFact.com 4945: 4939: 4921: 4915: 4909: 4903: 4902: 4897:. Archived from 4896: 4888: 4882: 4869: 4863: 4847: 4841: 4840:4 (1974): p. 45. 4818: 4812: 4805: 4799: 4792: 4786: 4768: 4762: 4760: 4743: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4717: 4707: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4681: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4641: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4615: 4605: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4585:on July 17, 2014 4576: 4566: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4534: 4528: 4526: 4517: 4506: 4504: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4446: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4410: 4404: 4403: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4271: 4262: 4261: 4243: 4237: 4232: 4226: 4208: 4202: 4181: 4139:Treaty of Lisbon 3907:Giovanni Sartori 3820:Northern Ireland 3755:, but it is the 3671:Right to privacy 3632:academic freedom 3619:Right to dignity 3450: 3449: 3445: 3416: 3415: 3411: 3385: 3384: 3380: 3375: 3374: 3370: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3347: 3343: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3320: 3316: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3235: 3234: 3230: 3225: 3224: 3220: 3208: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3155: 3154: 3150: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3126: 3125: 3121: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3079: 3075: 3063: 3062: 3058: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3033: 3029: 3017: 3016: 3012: 2990: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2979: 2975: 2888: 2887: 2883: 2871: 2870: 2866: 2854: 2853: 2849: 2825:Estonia, Greece 2817:Iceland, Sweden 2794: 2790: 2567:reference to God 2525:unconstitutional 2410: 2409: 2363: 2356: 2345: 2338: 2334: 2331: 2325: 2302: 2294: 2287: 2280: 2276: 2273: 2267: 2264:inline citations 2240: 2239: 2232: 2221: 2199: 2198: 2191: 2132:Orestes Brownson 2097:James Harrington 1768:enlighted despot 1705:Zaporozhian Host 1638:(left, in regal 1607:its Constitution 1418:Axel Oxenstierna 1306:Statuti Comunali 1238:Kouroukan Founga 1088: 975:) was the first 974: 954:House of Commons 882:Pravda Yaroslava 809: 767:Alfred the Great 744:Lex Visigothorum 696:Lex Burgundionum 651:Edicts of Ashoka 482:Code of Ur-Nammu 468: 465: 451:, issued by the 445:Ernest de Sarzec 431:from the seated 359:Thomas Jefferson 277:sovereign states 233:General features 192: 153:English-language 10513: 10512: 10508: 10507: 10506: 10504: 10503: 10502: 10483: 10482: 10481: 10476: 10449: 10435: 10426: 10403: 10394:Political party 10367:Legal education 10355:Law enforcement 10335:Court of equity 10293: 10269:Question of law 10222:Practice of law 10202:Judicial review 10116: 10067:Legal formalism 10047:Comparative law 10042:Contract theory 10025: 9945:Legal pluralism 9916: 9905:Act of Congress 9829:Executive order 9795: 9697: 9616:Nationality law 9541:Immigration law 9465:Competition law 9418: 9286: 9281: 9251: 9246: 9245: 9240: 9208: 9194:Public security 9184:Public offering 9152: 9141:Social security 9091:Social services 9085: 9041:Public hospital 9036:Public computer 9031:Public bookcase 8982: 8932: 8901:Law enforcement 8896:Fire department 8879: 8830:Public interest 8773: 8769:Progressive tax 8764:Nationalization 8750: 8748:Public services 8745: 8715: 8710: 8681: 8597:Prime ministers 8592:Vice presidents 8575: 8559: 8457:Health minister 8423: 8392:Energy minister 8384: 8378: 8336: 8330: 8286: 8284: 8278: 8264:Deputy minister 8242: 8176: 8166: 8136: 8127: 8097: 8092: 8086: 8081: 8075: 8070: 8068:Western culture 8064: 8059: 8053: 8048: 8042: 8037: 8031: 8026: 8020: 8015: 8009: 8004: 7998: 7993: 7987: 7956: 7894: 7835: 7816:Fields of study 7796: 7777:Advocacy groups 7729: 7665: 7655: 7535: 7531:Street cleaning 7511:Food inspection 7466:Law enforcement 7449: 7318: 7252:Totalitarianism 7105: 7029: 7020: 6985: 6904: 6899: 6898: 6888: 6886: 6878: 6877: 6873: 6863: 6861: 6853: 6852: 6848: 6838: 6836: 6828: 6827: 6823: 6813: 6811: 6803: 6802: 6798: 6788: 6786: 6778: 6777: 6773: 6763: 6761: 6753: 6752: 6748: 6738: 6736: 6728: 6727: 6723: 6713: 6711: 6703: 6702: 6698: 6688: 6686: 6669: 6665: 6655: 6653: 6645: 6644: 6640: 6630: 6628: 6620: 6619: 6615: 6605: 6603: 6595: 6594: 6590: 6580: 6578: 6570: 6569: 6565: 6555: 6553: 6545: 6544: 6540: 6530: 6528: 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Serjeant, 4806: 4802: 4793: 4789: 4769: 4765: 4744: 4740: 4729: 4727: 4715: 4708: 4704: 4693: 4691: 4679: 4672: 4668: 4658: 4656: 4643: 4642: 4638: 4627: 4625: 4613: 4606: 4599: 4588: 4586: 4574: 4567: 4563: 4552: 4550: 4537: 4535: 4531: 4518: 4509: 4496: 4492: 4485: 4471: 4470: 4466: 4459: 4437: 4433: 4426: 4412: 4411: 4407: 4400: 4384: 4380: 4374: 4348: 4344: 4334: 4332: 4324: 4323: 4319: 4309: 4307: 4298: 4297: 4293: 4283: 4281: 4273: 4272: 4265: 4258: 4244: 4240: 4233: 4229: 4223:Wayback Machine 4209: 4205: 4189:, Second Edn., 4182: 4178: 4173: 4155: 4153:Further reading 4083:Judicial review 4007:Catholic Church 3993: 3945: 3935: 3903: 3897: 3884: 3878: 3803: 3801:Power structure 3771: 3730: 3722:auditory branch 3702: 3696: 3559: 3553: 3473: 3467: 3447: 3443: 3442: 3413: 3409: 3408: 3382: 3378: 3377: 3372: 3368: 3367: 3355: 3351: 3350: 3345: 3341: 3340: 3328: 3324: 3323: 3318: 3314: 3313: 3302: 3298: 3297: 3265: 3261: 3260: 3249: 3245: 3244: 3232: 3228: 3227: 3222: 3218: 3217: 3205: 3201: 3200: 3195: 3191: 3190: 3152: 3148: 3147: 3142: 3138: 3137: 3123: 3119: 3118: 3087: 3083: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3072: 3060: 3056: 3055: 3041: 3037: 3036: 3031: 3027: 3026: 3014: 3010: 3009: 2987: 2983: 2982: 2977: 2973: 2972: 2935:Russia, Turkey 2885: 2881: 2880: 2868: 2864: 2863: 2851: 2847: 2846: 2789: 2752: 2746: 2730:Parliament Acts 2691:Canada Act 1982 2656: 2597: 2591: 2499: 2486: 2408: 2403: 2364: 2353: 2352: 2351: 2346: 2335: 2329: 2326: 2315: 2303: 2288: 2277: 2271: 2268: 2253: 2241: 2237: 2200: 2196: 2189: 2113:Algernon Sidney 2034:ruled by decree 2030: 1956:Napoleonic Wars 1616: 1591: 1571:Oliver Cromwell 1532:Oliver Cromwell 1480:judicial review 1460:Oliver Cromwell 1449:Rump Parliament 1379: 1246:Siriman Kouyaté 1139:, composed the 1137:Eike von Repgow 1135:administrator, 1097:and in 1354 in 1028:Joannes Zonaras 1001:Serbian kingdom 946:social contract 899:Russkaya Pravda 878: 812:Islamic prophet 751:(730), and the 749:Lex Alamannorum 734:Edictum Rothari 672: 658:king's rule in 466: 449:code of justice 413: 408: 348: 269:students' union 235: 227:judicial review 173: 66:or established 27: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10511: 10501: 10500: 10498:Sources of law 10495: 10478: 10477: 10475: 10474: 10467: 10460: 10446: 10443:Law portal 10431: 10428: 10427: 10425: 10424: 10423: 10422: 10411: 10409: 10405: 10404: 10402: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10375: 10374: 10364: 10363: 10362: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10322: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10301: 10299: 10295: 10294: 10292: 10291: 10286: 10281: 10279:Trial advocacy 10276: 10271: 10266: 10261: 10260: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10193: 10192: 10187: 10177: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10157: 10152: 10147: 10142: 10137: 10132: 10126: 10124: 10118: 10117: 10115: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10069: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10039: 10033: 10031: 10027: 10026: 10024: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10003: 10002: 10001: 9991: 9990: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9963: 9962: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9926: 9924: 9918: 9917: 9915: 9914: 9909: 9908: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9887: 9886: 9885: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9859: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9838: 9837: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9816: 9811: 9809:Ballot measure 9805: 9803: 9797: 9796: 9794: 9793: 9788: 9786:Legal treatise 9783: 9782: 9781: 9776: 9766: 9765: 9764: 9754: 9752:Letters patent 9749: 9744: 9743: 9742: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9713: 9707: 9705: 9703:Sources of law 9699: 9698: 9696: 9695: 9690: 9688:Unenforced law 9685: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9634: 9633: 9628: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9460:Commercial law 9457: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9426: 9424: 9420: 9419: 9417: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9400: 9399: 9389: 9384: 9379: 9378: 9377: 9372: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9326: 9325: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9294: 9292: 9288: 9287: 9280: 9279: 9272: 9265: 9257: 9248: 9247: 9242: 9241: 9239: 9238: 9226: 9213: 9210: 9209: 9207: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9179:Public holiday 9176: 9171: 9166: 9160: 9158: 9154: 9153: 9151: 9150: 9148:Youth services 9145: 9144: 9143: 9138: 9136:Social pension 9128: 9127: 9126: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9104:Public housing 9101: 9095: 9093: 9087: 9086: 9084: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9046:Public library 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9011:Infrastructure 9008: 9006:Free education 9003: 8998: 8992: 8990: 8984: 8983: 8981: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8964: 8963: 8953: 8948: 8942: 8940: 8938:Public utility 8934: 8933: 8931: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8914: 8913: 8911:Savings system 8906:Postal service 8903: 8898: 8893: 8887: 8885: 8884:Basic services 8881: 8880: 8878: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8800:Product sample 8797: 8795:Free newspaper 8792: 8787: 8781: 8779: 8775: 8774: 8772: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8755: 8752: 8751: 8744: 8743: 8736: 8729: 8721: 8712: 8711: 8709: 8708: 8698: 8686: 8683: 8682: 8680: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8583: 8581: 8577: 8576: 8574: 8573: 8567: 8565: 8561: 8560: 8558: 8557: 8556: 8555: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8499: 8498: 8488: 8483: 8482: 8481: 8471: 8466: 8465: 8464: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8443: 8442: 8431: 8429: 8425: 8424: 8422: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8400: 8399: 8388: 8386: 8383:Environment / 8380: 8379: 8377: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8340: 8338: 8337:infrastructure 8332: 8331: 8329: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8317: 8316: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8290: 8288: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8276: 8271: 8269:Undersecretary 8266: 8261: 8256: 8250: 8248: 8244: 8243: 8241: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8208:First minister 8205: 8200: 8198:Prime minister 8195: 8193:Vice president 8190: 8184: 8182: 8178: 8177: 8165: 8164: 8157: 8150: 8142: 8133: 8132: 8129: 8128: 8126: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8109: 8103: 8099: 8098: 8096: 8095: 8084: 8073: 8062: 8051: 8040: 8029: 8018: 8007: 7996: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7964: 7962: 7958: 7957: 7955: 7954: 7949: 7947:European Union 7944: 7942:United Nations 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7906: 7904: 7900: 7899: 7896: 7895: 7893: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7851: 7845: 7841: 7840: 7837: 7836: 7834: 7833: 7828: 7826:Urban planning 7823: 7818: 7812: 7806: 7802: 7801: 7798: 7797: 7795: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7745: 7739: 7735: 7734: 7731: 7730: 7728: 7727: 7722: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7673: 7667: 7661: 7660: 7657: 7656: 7654: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7596:Prime minister 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7547: 7541: 7537: 7536: 7534: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7521:Traffic lights 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7457: 7455: 7451: 7450: 7448: 7447: 7442: 7440:Theoreticians: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7425:Fundamentalism 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7390:Egalitarianism 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7326: 7324: 7320: 7319: 7317: 7316: 7315: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7269: 7264: 7255: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7113: 7111: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7037: 7035: 7031: 7030: 7019: 7018: 7011: 7004: 6996: 6990: 6987: 6986: 6977: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6949: 6939: 6930: 6922: 6916: 6911: 6903: 6902:External links 6900: 6897: 6896: 6871: 6846: 6821: 6796: 6771: 6746: 6721: 6696: 6663: 6638: 6613: 6588: 6563: 6538: 6513: 6488: 6463: 6438: 6413: 6388: 6363: 6338: 6313: 6288: 6263: 6238: 6210: 6185: 6160: 6135: 6110: 6085: 6060: 6035: 6010: 5978: 5972:978-0816060788 5971: 5951: 5945:978-0415671903 5944: 5919: 5900: 5894:978-1409403272 5893: 5873: 5868:21 August 1995 5855: 5830: 5805: 5790: 5763: 5742:(2): 105–109. 5726: 5693: 5667: 5648: 5627: 5606: 5592: 5571: 5559: 5546: 5537: 5523: 5504:(3): 195–206. 5488: 5448: 5421: 5396: 5376: 5344: 5323: 5296: 5286: 5266:Madison, James 5252: 5245: 5222: 5204: 5181: 5158: 5135: 5112: 5096: 5072: 5060: 5043: 5021: 4991: 4984: 4962: 4940: 4916: 4904: 4883: 4864: 4842: 4813: 4800: 4798:8 (1964) p. 4. 4787: 4785: 4784: 4778: 4777:(1999) p. 118; 4763: 4738: 4702: 4666: 4636: 4597: 4561: 4529: 4507: 4490: 4483: 4464: 4457: 4431: 4424: 4405: 4398: 4378: 4372: 4342: 4317: 4291: 4263: 4256: 4238: 4227: 4203: 4175: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4168: 4167: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4149: 4144: 4143: 4142: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4101: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4000: 3992: 3989: 3977:United Kingdom 3958:United Kingdom 3934: 3931: 3896: 3893: 3880:Main article: 3877: 3874: 3866:European Union 3802: 3799: 3770: 3767: 3757:prime minister 3729: 3728:Accountability 3726: 3698:Main article: 3695: 3692: 3691: 3690: 3687: 3682: 3676: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3660: 3655: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3574: 3569: 3555:Main article: 3552: 3549: 3493:Czech Republic 3469:Main article: 3466: 3463: 3455: 3454: 3451: 3439: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3429: 3428: 3427:United States 3425: 3421: 3420: 3417: 3406: 3402: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3391: 3390: 3387: 3364: 3363: 3362:United States 3360: 3337: 3336: 3333: 3310: 3309: 3306: 3293: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3282: 3281: 3278: 3274: 3273: 3270: 3257: 3256: 3253: 3241: 3240: 3237: 3214: 3213: 3210: 3187: 3186: 3183: 3179: 3178: 3175: 3171: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3160: 3159: 3156: 3135: 3131: 3130: 3127: 3115: 3111: 3110: 3107: 3103: 3102: 3099: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3069: 3068: 3065: 3053: 3049: 3048: 3045: 3023: 3022: 3019: 3007: 3003: 3002: 2999: 2995: 2994: 2991: 2969: 2968: 2965: 2961: 2960: 2957: 2956:3/4 + >50% 2953: 2952: 2949: 2948:2/3 + >60% 2945: 2944: 2941: 2940:2/3 + >50% 2937: 2936: 2933: 2932:3/5 + >50% 2929: 2928: 2925: 2921: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2910: 2909: 2906: 2902: 2901: 2898: 2894: 2893: 2890: 2877: 2876: 2873: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2843: 2842: 2839: 2835: 2834: 2831: 2827: 2826: 2823: 2819: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2808: 2807: 2804: 2798: 2788: 2785: 2748:Main article: 2745: 2742: 2655: 2652: 2615:United Kingdom 2593:Main article: 2590: 2587: 2498: 2495: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2478: 2476:United Kingdom 2465: 2457: 2456: 2443: 2440: 2436: 2435: 2428: 2425: 2421: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2407: 2406:Classification 2404: 2402: 2401:Classification 2399: 2366: 2365: 2348: 2347: 2330:September 2016 2306: 2304: 2297: 2290: 2289: 2272:September 2016 2244: 2242: 2235: 2230: 2204: 2203: 2201: 2194: 2188: 2185: 2062:law of nations 2029: 2026: 1916:states during 1906:Latin American 1902:South European 1861:was the first 1837:Ignacy Potocki 1615: 1612: 1590: 1587: 1536:Lord Protector 1524:Putney Debates 1512:New Model Army 1437:North American 1378: 1375: 1278:Hongwu Emperor 1231:Catalan Courts 1192:Haile Selassie 1142:Sachsenspiegel 1005:Serbian church 894:Great Novgorod 877: 874: 862:Cyfraith Hywel 789:Prince Shōtoku 671: 668: 637:(740) and the 467: 2300 BC 412: 409: 407: 404: 347: 344: 234: 231: 179:comes through 172: 169: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10510: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10493:Constitutions 10491: 10490: 10488: 10473: 10472: 10468: 10466: 10465: 10461: 10459: 10458: 10447: 10445: 10444: 10439: 10433: 10432: 10429: 10421: 10418: 10417: 10416: 10413: 10412: 10410: 10406: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10373: 10370: 10369: 10368: 10365: 10361: 10358: 10357: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10325:Civil society 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10302: 10300: 10296: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10284:Trier of fact 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10224: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10182: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10170:Legal opinion 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10150:Court-martial 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10127: 10125: 10123: 10122:Jurisprudence 10119: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10035: 10034: 10032: 10028: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10011:Statutory law 10009: 10007: 10006:Socialist law 10004: 10000: 9999:Byzantine law 9997: 9996: 9995: 9992: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9961: 9958: 9957: 9956: 9953: 9952: 9951: 9950:Religious law 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9927: 9925: 9923: 9922:Legal systems 9919: 9913: 9910: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9892: 9891: 9890:Statutory law 9888: 9884: 9881: 9880: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9843: 9842: 9839: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9821: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9806: 9804: 9802: 9798: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9771: 9770: 9767: 9763: 9760: 9759: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9741: 9738: 9737: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9720:Statutory law 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9708: 9706: 9704: 9700: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9678:Transport law 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9623: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9596:Legal fiction 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9526:Financial law 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9485:Corporate law 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9427: 9425: 9421: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9409:Statutory law 9407: 9405: 9402: 9398: 9395: 9394: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9367: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9324: 9321: 9320: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9295: 9293: 9291:Core subjects 9289: 9285: 9278: 9273: 9271: 9266: 9264: 9259: 9258: 9255: 9237: 9236: 9227: 9225: 9224: 9215: 9214: 9211: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9189:Public sector 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9161: 9159: 9155: 9149: 9146: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9133: 9132: 9129: 9125: 9122: 9121: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9114:Job guarantee 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9096: 9094: 9092: 9088: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9066:Public toilet 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9056:Public school 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8993: 8991: 8989: 8985: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8962: 8959: 8958: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8951:Oil & gas 8949: 8947: 8944: 8943: 8941: 8939: 8935: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8912: 8909: 8908: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8891:Civil service 8889: 8888: 8886: 8882: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8850:Public rights 8848: 8846: 8845:Public policy 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8825:Public health 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8815:Public domain 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8782: 8780: 8776: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8756: 8753: 8749: 8742: 8737: 8735: 8730: 8728: 8723: 8722: 8719: 8707: 8699: 8697: 8688: 8687: 8684: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8667: 8666:mental health 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8584: 8582: 8578: 8572: 8569: 8568: 8566: 8562: 8554: 8551: 8550: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8497: 8494: 8493: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8480: 8477: 8476: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8463: 8460: 8459: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8441: 8438: 8437: 8436: 8433: 8432: 8430: 8426: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8398: 8395: 8394: 8393: 8390: 8389: 8387: 8381: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8333: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8315: 8312: 8311: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8291: 8289: 8287:public safety 8281: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8251: 8249: 8245: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8185: 8183: 8179: 8175: 8171: 8163: 8158: 8156: 8151: 8149: 8144: 8143: 8140: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8110: 8107: 8104: 8100: 8091: 8085: 8080: 8074: 8069: 8063: 8058: 8052: 8047: 8041: 8036: 8030: 8025: 8019: 8014: 8008: 8003: 7997: 7992: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7968:Human history 7966: 7965: 7963: 7959: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7912: 7908: 7907: 7905: 7903:International 7901: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7852: 7849: 7846: 7842: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7813: 7810: 7807: 7803: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7751: 7747: 7746: 7743: 7740: 7736: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7719: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7674: 7671: 7668: 7662: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7576:Head of state 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7548: 7545: 7542: 7538: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7458: 7456: 7452: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7435:Progressivism 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7327: 7325: 7321: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7282:Collaborative 7280: 7278: 7275: 7274: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7261: 7257: 7256: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7227:Republicanism 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7157:Confederation 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7114: 7112: 7108: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7061:Unitary state 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7038: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7017: 7012: 7010: 7005: 7003: 6998: 6997: 6994: 6988: 6981: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960:at Wikisource 6959: 6954: 6950: 6947: 6943: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6931: 6928: 6927: 6923: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6885: 6881: 6875: 6860: 6856: 6850: 6835: 6831: 6825: 6810: 6806: 6800: 6785: 6781: 6775: 6760: 6756: 6750: 6735: 6731: 6725: 6710: 6706: 6700: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6667: 6652: 6648: 6642: 6627: 6623: 6617: 6602: 6598: 6592: 6577: 6573: 6567: 6552: 6548: 6542: 6527: 6523: 6517: 6502: 6498: 6492: 6477: 6473: 6467: 6452: 6448: 6442: 6427: 6423: 6417: 6402: 6398: 6392: 6377: 6373: 6367: 6352: 6348: 6342: 6327: 6323: 6317: 6302: 6298: 6292: 6277: 6273: 6267: 6252: 6248: 6242: 6227: 6223: 6217: 6215: 6199: 6195: 6189: 6174: 6170: 6164: 6149: 6145: 6139: 6124: 6120: 6114: 6099: 6095: 6089: 6074: 6070: 6064: 6049: 6045: 6039: 6024: 6020: 6014: 5998: 5994: 5993: 5988: 5982: 5974: 5968: 5964: 5963: 5955: 5947: 5941: 5937: 5936: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5916: 5912: 5909: 5904: 5896: 5890: 5886: 5885: 5877: 5870: 5869: 5865: 5859: 5844: 5840: 5834: 5819: 5815: 5809: 5802: 5801: 5794: 5777: 5773: 5767: 5759: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5730: 5721: 5716: 5713:(3): 89–108. 5712: 5708: 5704: 5697: 5691: 5690:0-8204-1212-0 5687: 5683: 5679: 5676: 5671: 5665: 5664:0-521-86168-3 5661: 5657: 5652: 5645: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5631: 5624: 5623: 5619: 5616: 5610: 5603: 5602: 5596: 5589: 5588: 5584: 5581: 5575: 5568: 5563: 5556: 5550: 5541: 5533: 5527: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5492: 5485: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5466:capi politici 5463: 5458: 5451: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5436: 5431: 5425: 5410: 5406: 5400: 5394: 5393:980-6397-37-1 5390: 5386: 5380: 5369:September 14, 5361: 5354: 5348: 5337:September 14, 5333: 5327: 5320: 5319:0-8039-9019-7 5316: 5312: 5311: 5306: 5300: 5293: 5289: 5283: 5279: 5274: 5273: 5267: 5262: 5256: 5248: 5242: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5226: 5218: 5214: 5208: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5185: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5162: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5139: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5121: 5116: 5109: 5105: 5100: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5082: 5076: 5070: 5064: 5056: 5055: 5047: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5029: 5025: 5019: 5015: 5012: 5009: 5008:0-313-28391-5 5005: 5001: 4995: 4987: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4966: 4950: 4944: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4926: 4920: 4913: 4908: 4900: 4893: 4887: 4880: 4876: 4873: 4868: 4861: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4846: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4817: 4810: 4804: 4797: 4791: 4783: 4779: 4776: 4772: 4771: 4767: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4742: 4725: 4721: 4714: 4706: 4689: 4685: 4678: 4670: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4640: 4623: 4619: 4612: 4604: 4602: 4584: 4580: 4573: 4565: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4533: 4524: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4502: 4494: 4486: 4480: 4476: 4475: 4468: 4460: 4454: 4450: 4445: 4444: 4435: 4427: 4421: 4417: 4416: 4409: 4401: 4399:9780754621140 4395: 4391: 4390: 4382: 4375: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4346: 4331: 4327: 4321: 4305: 4301: 4295: 4280: 4276: 4270: 4268: 4259: 4253: 4249: 4242: 4236: 4231: 4224: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4213: 4207: 4200: 4199:0-19-517077-6 4196: 4192: 4188: 4187: 4180: 4176: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4156: 4148: 4145: 4140: 4137: 4136: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4111: 4110: 4109: 4107: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3994: 3988: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3973: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3944: 3940: 3930: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3902: 3892: 3890: 3883: 3873: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3862:supranational 3859: 3854: 3850: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3807: 3798: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3766: 3763: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3749:parliamentary 3745: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3725: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3701: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3661: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3647: 3645: 3641: 3639: 3635: 3633: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3580:Right to vote 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3564: 3563: 3562: 3558: 3548: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3481:supermajority 3478: 3472: 3462: 3461: 3452: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3392: 3388: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3295: 3294: 3290: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3271: 3259: 3258: 3254: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3216: 3215: 3211: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3181: 3180: 3176: 3173: 3172: 3168: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3136: 3133: 3132: 3128: 3116: 3113: 3112: 3108: 3105: 3104: 3100: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3025: 3024: 3020: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2971: 2970: 2966: 2963: 2962: 2958: 2955: 2954: 2950: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2939: 2938: 2934: 2931: 2930: 2926: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2899: 2896: 2895: 2891: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2862: 2861: 2856: 2845: 2844: 2840: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2821: 2820: 2816: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2802: 2801:Supermajority 2799: 2796: 2795: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2537:supermajority 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2494: 2492: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2459: 2458: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2432:United States 2429: 2426: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2411: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2391:civil service 2387: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2362: 2359: 2344: 2341: 2333: 2323: 2319: 2313: 2312: 2307:This section 2305: 2301: 2296: 2295: 2286: 2283: 2275: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2251: 2250: 2245:This section 2243: 2234: 2233: 2228: 2226: 2219: 2218: 2213: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2193: 2192: 2184: 2180: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2164: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2152:public notice 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2126: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2109:James Tyrrell 2106: 2105:Henry Neville 2102: 2101:Robert Filmer 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2081:Thomas Hobbes 2078: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1996: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1855: 1853: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1841:Hugo Kołłątaj 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1819:such as King 1818: 1814: 1811: 1806: 1804: 1803:republicanism 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1772:death penalty 1769: 1766:ideas (as an 1765: 1764:enlightenment 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1719: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1701: 1696: 1692: 1691: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1671:Thomas Hobbes 1668: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1634: 1630: 1627:(painting by 1626: 1625: 1620: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1486:in 1653, the 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1427:In 1639, the 1425: 1423: 1419: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1400: 1395: 1388: 1383: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1367:Haudenosaunee 1364: 1363: 1362:Gayanashagowa 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1342:Charles Felix 1339: 1335: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1319: 1318:Carta de Logu 1313: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1284: 1279: 1275: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1199: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1146: 1144: 1143: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1111:transplanting 1108: 1107:Byzantine law 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1065:Byzantine law 1062: 1058: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1034:, the law of 1033: 1029: 1025: 1024: 1021:Nomocanon of 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 970: 966: 962: 957: 955: 951: 947: 941: 936: 934: 930: 929: 928:habeas corpus 924: 920: 916: 912: 907: 905: 901: 900: 895: 891: 887: 883: 873: 871: 867: 863: 859: 854: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 825:), including 824: 820: 816: 813: 808:صحیفة المدینه 805: 801: 796: 794: 790: 786: 785: 780: 776: 774: 773: 768: 764: 760: 756: 755: 754:Lex Frisionum 750: 746: 745: 740: 736: 735: 730: 726: 722: 718: 717: 712: 708: 704: 703: 698: 697: 692: 691: 685: 681: 677: 667: 665: 661: 657: 653: 652: 646: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 627: 622: 621: 616: 612: 611: 610:Twelve Tables 605: 603: 599: 595: 594: 589: 588: 583: 582: 577: 573: 567: 562: 558: 556: 552: 548: 544: 543: 538: 534: 533:death penalty 530: 526: 522: 517: 515: 511: 510:Assyrian code 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 474: 473:of the rich. 472: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 434: 430: 426: 422: 417: 403: 401: 396: 392: 388: 383: 381: 377: 373: 367: 365: 360: 355: 353: 343: 341: 337: 336:autochthonous 332: 330: 329: 324: 320: 319: 314: 313:null and void 310: 306: 305:statutory law 301: 299: 295: 290: 286: 285:federal state 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 265: 260: 255: 253: 249: 245: 241: 230: 228: 224: 223:revolutionary 220: 216: 214: 213: 208: 204: 200: 196: 191: 186: 182: 178: 168: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 145: 143: 142:supermajority 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 106: 104: 100: 96: 92: 87: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 53: 48: 41: 37: 33: 29: 26: 22: 10469: 10462: 10448: 10434: 10207:Jurisdiction 10175:Legal remedy 10130:Adjudication 10030:Legal theory 9868:Ratification 9863:Promulgation 9834:Proclamation 9814:Codification 9747:Human rights 9735:Divine right 9725:Constitution 9724: 9693:Women in law 9611:Military law 9606:Marriage law 9601:Maritime law 9500:Election law 9440:Aviation law 9430:Abortion law 9382:Property law 9318:Criminal law 9233: 9221: 9174:Public float 9109:Job creation 9061:Public space 8988:Public works 8865:Public value 8860:Public trust 8093:}} 8087:{{ 8082:}} 8076:{{ 8071:}} 8065:{{ 8060:}} 8054:{{ 8049:}} 8043:{{ 8038:}} 8032:{{ 8027:}} 8021:{{ 8016:}} 8010:{{ 8005:}} 7999:{{ 7994:}} 7988:{{ 7982: 7978:Civilization 7931: 7909: 7879: 7869: 7854: 7815: 7787:Civil rights 7781: 7766: 7748: 7716: 7696: 7692:Town meeting 7676: 7625: 7600: 7570: 7556:Constitution 7555: 7550: 7515: 7495: 7439: 7385:Distributism 7370:Conservatism 7355:Collectivism 7323:Philosophies 7297:Cosmopolitan 7292:Conservative 7258: 7131: 7122:Govt systems 7116: 7096:Municipality 7075: 6933: 6925: 6887:. Retrieved 6883: 6874: 6862:. Retrieved 6858: 6849: 6837:. Retrieved 6833: 6824: 6812:. Retrieved 6808: 6799: 6787:. Retrieved 6783: 6774: 6762:. Retrieved 6758: 6749: 6737:. Retrieved 6733: 6724: 6712:. Retrieved 6708: 6699: 6687:. Retrieved 6683:the original 6678: 6666: 6654:. Retrieved 6650: 6641: 6629:. Retrieved 6625: 6616: 6604:. Retrieved 6600: 6591: 6579:. Retrieved 6575: 6566: 6554:. Retrieved 6550: 6541: 6529:. Retrieved 6525: 6516: 6504:. Retrieved 6500: 6491: 6479:. Retrieved 6475: 6466: 6454:. Retrieved 6450: 6441: 6429:. Retrieved 6425: 6416: 6404:. Retrieved 6400: 6391: 6379:. Retrieved 6375: 6366: 6354:. Retrieved 6350: 6341: 6329:. Retrieved 6325: 6316: 6304:. Retrieved 6300: 6291: 6279:. Retrieved 6275: 6266: 6254:. Retrieved 6250: 6241: 6229:. Retrieved 6225: 6201:. Retrieved 6197: 6188: 6176:. Retrieved 6172: 6163: 6151:. Retrieved 6147: 6138: 6126:. Retrieved 6122: 6113: 6101:. Retrieved 6097: 6088: 6076:. Retrieved 6072: 6063: 6051:. Retrieved 6047: 6038: 6026:. Retrieved 6022: 6013: 6001:. Retrieved 5997:the original 5990: 5981: 5961: 5954: 5934: 5903: 5883: 5876: 5866: 5864:Article 105, 5863: 5858: 5846:. Retrieved 5842: 5833: 5821:. Retrieved 5817: 5808: 5798: 5793: 5780:. Retrieved 5775: 5766: 5739: 5735: 5729: 5710: 5706: 5696: 5670: 5655: 5651: 5635: 5630: 5613: 5609: 5599: 5595: 5578: 5574: 5566: 5562: 5554: 5549: 5540: 5526: 5501: 5497: 5491: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5453: 5434: 5424: 5412:. Retrieved 5408: 5399: 5384: 5379: 5367:. Retrieved 5360:the original 5347: 5335:. Retrieved 5326: 5308: 5305:John Markoff 5299: 5291: 5271: 5261:Introduction 5260: 5255: 5235: 5225: 5216: 5207: 5190: 5184: 5167: 5161: 5144: 5138: 5130: 5115: 5099: 5091: 5075: 5063: 5053: 5046: 5038: 5024: 4999: 4994: 4971: 4965: 4955:November 10, 4953:. Retrieved 4943: 4919: 4907: 4899:the original 4886: 4867: 4850: 4845: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4816: 4808: 4803: 4795: 4790: 4781: 4780:"Muhammad", 4774: 4766: 4748: 4741: 4728:. Retrieved 4724:the original 4719: 4705: 4692:. Retrieved 4688:the original 4683: 4669: 4657:. Retrieved 4648: 4639: 4626:. Retrieved 4622:the original 4617: 4587:. Retrieved 4583:the original 4578: 4564: 4551:. Retrieved 4547:the original 4542: 4532: 4522: 4500: 4493: 4473: 4467: 4442: 4434: 4414: 4408: 4388: 4381: 4355: 4345: 4333:. Retrieved 4329: 4320: 4310:December 17, 4308:. Retrieved 4304:the original 4294: 4282:. Retrieved 4278: 4247: 4241: 4230: 4210: 4206: 4183: 4179: 4163: 4103: 4102: 4005:(a class of 3974: 3962: 3946: 3911:human rights 3904: 3885: 3855: 3851: 3846: 3842: 3840: 3808: 3804: 3775:central bank 3772: 3746: 3734:presidential 3731: 3703: 3576:Duty to work 3565:Duty to pay 3560: 3474: 3459: 3458: 2797:Approval by 2782: 2770:organization 2763: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2707: 2680: 2657: 2624: 2608: 2579:human rights 2560: 2555: 2549: 2520: 2514: 2503: 2500: 2487: 2484:Codification 2454:Saudi Arabia 2386:constitution 2385: 2383: 2377:copy of the 2375:Presidential 2354: 2336: 2327: 2316:Please help 2311:verification 2308: 2278: 2269: 2246: 2222: 2215: 2209: 2208:Please help 2205: 2187:Key features 2181: 2169: 2165: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2129: 2121: 2077:Protectorate 2067: 2054: 2031: 2021: 2011: 1999: 1992: 1984:constitution 1949: 1934: 1892:gathered in 1883: 1863:Constitution 1856: 1849: 1813:Constitution 1807: 1784: 1752:Gustavus III 1745: 1731: 1722: 1716: 1698: 1688: 1687: 1664: 1622: 1592: 1554: 1552: 1543: 1527: 1515: 1496:Army Council 1487: 1472:bicameralism 1453: 1431:adopted the 1426: 1409:adopted the 1405:In 1634 the 1404: 1385:The Cossack 1360: 1358: 1330: 1316: 1315:In 1392 the 1314: 1309: 1305: 1298: 1292: 1288:Ming dynasty 1281: 1271: 1256: 1250: 1235: 1204: 1188:Constitution 1184:Fetha Negest 1183: 1180:Sarsa Dengel 1159:Fetha Negest 1157: 1156:, wrote the 1147: 1140: 1130: 1119: 1109:. The legal 1079:Dušan's Code 1075:Stefan Dušan 1073: 1032:Holy Fathers 1020: 1016: 1012: 958: 943: 938: 926: 909:In England, 908: 897: 881: 879: 855: 797: 782: 777: 770: 752: 748: 742: 732: 728: 721:"Lex Romana" 720: 714: 700: 694: 687: 673: 664:code of Manu 649: 647: 638: 630: 624: 618: 608: 606: 591: 585: 579: 570: 540: 518: 506:Hittite code 475: 438: 419:Detail from 384: 368: 356: 349: 333: 328:quo warranto 326: 316: 312: 302: 297: 293: 272: 262: 258: 256: 236: 217: 210: 198: 197:enactments ( 177:constitution 176: 174: 146: 118:associations 107: 102: 94: 90: 88: 80:organization 60:constitution 59: 57: 28: 10379:Legislature 10310:Bureaucracy 10107:Rule of man 10102:Rule of law 10077:Libertarian 9940:Chinese law 9841:Legislation 9791:Regulations 9779:Law reports 9757:Natural law 9653:Reparations 9648:Refugee law 9571:Jurimetrics 9512:(Media law) 9450:Banking law 9445:Amnesty law 9423:Disciplines 9360:Private law 9026:Public bank 9001:Free clinic 8835:Public land 8785:Common good 8335:Economics / 7952:World Court 7885:Magna Carta 7702:Legislation 7664:Governance 7621:Legislature 7496:Regulation: 7405:Familialism 7380:Corporatism 7360:Communalism 7330:Agrarianism 7242:Technocracy 7202:Meritocracy 7197:Kleptocracy 7177:Ergatocracy 7172:Electocracy 7162:Colonialism 7147:Bureaucracy 7142:Aristocracy 6946:rule of law 6406:October 21, 5776:The Knesset 5580:Relectiones 5414:February 1, 5104:Lee, Sidney 4392:. Ashgate. 4191:Erin McKean 4119:Originalism 4093:Rule of law 3714:legislative 3642:Right to a 3539:through an 3394:Referendum 3280:Madagascar 3109:Kazakhstan 2951:Seychelles 2611:New Zealand 2604:Magna Carta 2521:ultra vires 2472:New Zealand 2148:conventions 2125:Montesquieu 2093:John Milton 2074:Cromwellian 2057:Renaissance 1799:Montesquieu 1760:Montesquieu 1695:Pylyp Orlyk 1629:Jan Matejko 1583:Restoration 1573:, asserted 1548:Parliaments 1441:Connecticut 1242:Mali Empire 1124:issued the 1009:Mount Athos 995:, based on 987:, based on 933:due process 923:Magna Carta 904:Kievan Rus' 759:Anglo-Saxon 747:(654), the 741:(643), the 555:Cleisthenes 551:aristocracy 478:governments 400:rule of law 387:North Korea 298:ultra vires 294:intra vires 273:ultra vires 264:ultra vires 259:intra vires 190:constitutio 74:basis of a 10487:Categories 10372:Law school 10252:Prosecutor 10190:Magistrate 9977:Jewish law 9935:Common law 9856:Rulemaking 9851:Regulation 9801:Law making 9740:Divine law 9716:Legal 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