3024:, like French. Indian-English speakers usually speak with a syllabic rhythm. Further, in some Indian languages, stress is associated with a low pitch, whereas in most English dialects, stressed syllables are generally pronounced with a higher pitch. Thus, when some Indian speakers speak, they appear to put the stress accents at the wrong syllables, or accentuate all the syllables of a long English word. Certain Indian accents possess a "sing-song" quality, a feature seen in a few English dialects of Britain, such as
616:
557:
499:
9032:
1203:, of 41,554 surveyed, households reported that 72% of men (29,918) spoke no English, 28% of them (11,635) spoke at least some English, and 5% of them (2,077, roughly 17.9% of those who spoke at least some English) spoke fluent English. Among women, 83% (34,489) spoke no English, 17% (7,064) spoke at least some English, and 3% (1,246, roughly 17.6% of those who spoke at least some English) spoke English fluently. According to statistics from the District Information System for Education (DISE) of the
1398:
5719:: All the adults who participated in this study spoke a Telugu variety of Indian English. Telugu pronunciation of English is heavily influenced by the spelling. Two identical letters in a word are articulated as geminates. The articulation is also mostly rhotic ... In place of the alveolar stops, retroflex sounds are used. Some speakers would also use a retroflex nasal in place of the alveolar nasal, and a retroflex lateral in place of the alveolar lateral.
4387:
63:
4373:
369:
1568:
Amendment Bill declared
English to be an associate language "until such time as all non-Hindi States had agreed to its being dropped." This has not yet occurred, and English is still widely used. For instance, it is the only reliable means of day-to-day communication between the central government and the non-Hindi states.
1222:, 129 million Indians (10.6%) spoke English. 259,678 (0.02%) Indians spoke English as their first language. It concluded that approximately 83 million Indians (6.8%) reported English as their second language, and 46 million (3.8%) reported it as their third language, making English the second-most spoken language in India.
516:
574:
4788:
Knowledge's India estimate of 350 million includes two categories – 'English speakers' and 'English users'. The distinction between speakers and users is that Users only know how to read
English words, while Speakers know how to read English, understand spoken English and form their own sentences to
2208:
are always unaspirated in Indian
English, (aspirated in cultivated form) whereas in RP, General American and most other English accents they are aspirated in word-initial or stressed syllables. Thus "pin" is pronounced in Indian English but in most other dialects. In native Indo-Aryan languages, a
1520:
played a major role in introducing
English and Western concepts into educational institutions in British-India. He supported the replacement of Persian by English as the official language, the use of English as the medium of instruction in all schools, and the training of English-speaking Indians as
5691:. Speakers of these languages tend to use their own retroflex consonants in place of English alveolar /t, d, n/. Although these languages do have non-retroflex stops, these are dental, and it seems that English alveolar stops are perceived as closer to the retroflex stops than to the dental ones.
1567:
and other non-Hindi-speaking states, it was decided to temporarily retain
English for official purposes until at least 1965. By the end of this period, however, opposition from non-Hindi states was still too strong to have Hindi declared the sole language. With this in mind, the English Language
517:
577:
2209:
predominant language family in India, the distinction between aspirated and unaspirated plosives is phonemic, and the
English stops are equated with the unaspirated rather than the aspirated phonemes of the local languages. The same is true of the voiceless postalveolar affricate
3044:
is preferred for digit grouping. When written in words, or when spoken, numbers less than 100,000 are expressed just as they are in
Standard English. Numbers including and beyond 100,000 are expressed in a subset of the Indian numbering system. Thus, the following scale is used:
575:
635:
5198:(2002), page 163: "Some of the words in American English have spelling pronunciation and also pronunciation spelling. These are also characteristic features of Indian English as well. The novels of Mulk Raj Anand, in particular, are full of examples of ..."
1583:
to large parts of the Indian population. The use of outdated teaching methods and the poor grasp of
English exhibited by the authors of many guidebooks disadvantage students who rely on these books, giving India only a moderate proficiency in English.
2510:, especially when plurals are being formed, unlike speakers of other varieties of English, who use for the pluralisation of words ending in a voiceless consonant, for words ending in a voiced consonant or vowel, and for words ending in a sibilant.
2257:
plosives, sometimes even with a tendency to come down to the alveolar region. So a Hindi speaker normally cannot distinguish the difference between their own apical post-alveolar plosives and
English's alveolar plosives. Languages such as Tamil have
6802:
1432:. Idiomatic forms derived from Indian literary languages and vernaculars have been absorbed into Indian English. Nevertheless, there remains general homogeneity in phonetics, vocabulary, and phraseology among various dialects of Indian English.
5224:(2012), page 56: "Not all distributional differences, however, have important consequences for spelling. For instance, the ... Naturally enough, Indian English is heavily influenced by the native language of the area in which it is spoken."
633:
2244:
and the other retroflex. Native speakers of Indian languages prefer to pronounce the
English alveolar plosives sound as more retroflex than dental, and the use of retroflex consonants is a common feature of Indian English. In the
1455:, although lakh and crore are also used to refer to other large numbers such as population sizes. These terms are not used by other English-speakers, who have to learn what they mean in order to read Indian English news articles.
515:
573:
1196:, 12.18% of Indians knew English at that time. Of those, approximately 200,000 reported that it was their first language, 86 million reported that it was their second, and 39 million reported that it was their third.
2890:, so the spelling of a word is a highly reliable guide to its modern pronunciation. Indians' tendency to pronounce English phonetically as well can cause divergence from British English. This phenomenon is known as
5819:
2520:, native languages like Hindi have corresponding affricates articulated from the palatal region, rather than postalveolar, and they have more of a stop component than fricative; this is reflected in their English.
4789:
converse in English. The distinction becomes clear when you consider China's numbers. China has over 200 million people who can read English words but by this definition only a few million are English speakers.
1575:
among many Indians has changed over time. It used to be associated primarily with colonialism; it is now primarily associated with economic progress, and English continues to be an official language of India.
1215:, enrollment in English-medium schools increased by 50% between 2008–09 and 2013–14. The number of English-medium school students in India increased from over 15 million in 2008–09 to 29 million by 2013–14.
5211:(2009), page 116: "So what was Cauvery is now Kaveri. Some residual spellings left by the British do exist such as the use of ee for /i:/ as in Mukherjee. Also, some place names such as Cuddapah and Punjab"
632:
4235:
Numerous other dictionaries ostensibly covering Indian English, though for the most part being merely collections of administratively-useful words from local languages, include (chronologically):
2249:
script of Hindi, all alveolar plosives of English are transcribed as their retroflex counterparts. One good reason for this is that unlike most other native Indian languages, Hindi does not have
1643:
and English. It is often the growing preferred language of the urban and semi-urban educated Indian youth, as well as the Indian diaspora abroad. The Hindi film industry, more popularly known as
6029:
8807:
8672:
5263:- Shapiro is/was an OED employee. The article states: "The opinions and other information contained in the OED blog posts and comments do not necessarily reflect the opinions or positions of
508:
7062:
2064:
respectively). Though the trap-bath split is prevalent in Indian English, it varies greatly. Many younger Indians who read and listen to American English do not have this split. Similar to
3831:: Used to acknowledge and apologise for something that causes problems or difficulties and ask people to accept and adapt to the situation, or used to apologise for causing inconvenience.
518:
3709:
e.g. "Pedestrian trips account for a quarter to a third of all trips in many Indian cities, yet, footpaths are designed as an afterthought to vehicles and commercial establishments." (
3614:: To do that which is necessary or required, with the respectful implication that the other party is trusted to understand what needs doing without being given detailed instructions.
4778:
634:
9012:
5419:
576:
566:
1525:, with most high schools offering English language instruction in some subjects. In 1857, just before the end of East India Company rule, universities that were modeled on the
1757:
North Indians, especially a minority of English students and teachers along with some people in various professions like telephone customer service agents, often speak with a
1204:
4296:
5120:
5095:
6170:
4735:
4271:
1749:
In general, Indian English has fewer peculiarities in its vowel sounds than the consonants, especially as spoken by native speakers of languages like Hindi, the vowel
4684:
6736:
5452:
6093:
4303:
9105:
8659:
7110:
5987:
Indian English has different words for high numbers than British or America English.Note that above a thousand, Indians introduce a comma after every two digits,
2401:
Indian English is variably rhotic; with pronunciations either being non-rhotic due to the traditional influence of RP, or generally rhotic due to the underlying
1533:(1858 to 1947), English-language penetration increased throughout the subcontinent. This was driven in part by the gradually increasing hiring of Indians in the
729:
6706:
An Anglo-Indian dictionary: a glossary of Indian terms used in English, and of such English or other non-Indian terms as have obtained special meanings in India
1579:
While there is an assumption that English is readily available in India, studies show that its usage is actually restricted to the elite, because of inadequate
4910:
5999:
5527:
9005:
8183:
4617:
8123:
6341:
5069:
4400:
1106:
of India, and the additional official language in seven other states and one union territory. Furthermore, English is the sole official language of the
6396:
6037:
4785:. The article explains the difference between the 350 million number mentioned in a previous version of this Knowledge article and the current number:
3020:(where only certain words in a sentence or phrase are stressed) are important features of Received Pronunciation. Indian native languages are actually
2084:
1051:
4758:
4171:
5349:
3918:: used for saying that someone is away. This phrase has its origins in the posting of army officers to particular "stations" during the days of the
1185:
Today, only a few hundred thousand Indians, or less than 0.1% of the total population, speak English as their first language, and around 30% of the
9100:
8998:
8979:
1753:
system having some similarities with that of English. Among the distinctive features of the vowel-sounds employed by some Indian English speakers:
1025:
2431:
as , as opposed to and in more non-rhotic varieties. Speakers with rhotic accents, especially some south Indians, may also pronounce word-final
3350:
1233:. The index gives the country a score of 496 indicating "moderate proficiency". India ranks 6th out of 24 Asian countries included in the index.
6414:
2925:, found in no other English accent (although some Scottish accents come close). This is somewhat similar to the traditional distinction between
1563:
was declared the first official language in the new Indian Republic, and attempts were made to declare Hindi the sole national language. Due to
1517:
5703:, p. 289b: This use of retroflex consonants is very characteristic of Indian English, and the retroflex resonance is very pervasive ...
5019:
4874:
1647:, incorporates considerable amounts of Hinglish as well. Many internet platforms and voice commands on Google also recognise Hinglish. When
9293:
9150:
8380:
8331:
7104:
4775:
1800:, have been gaining influence on Indian English in recent years as cultural and economic ties increase between India and the United States.
6196:
5394:
4774:
For the distinction between "English Speakers" and "English Users", see TESOL-India (Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages),
1522:
3511:(verb): To snatch a gold chain (or sometimes silver chain) from someone and run away, usually perpetrated by two or more criminals on a
8218:
7191:
5247:
1330:
dates from 1696, though the term did not become common until the 19th century. In the colonial era, the most common terms in use were
3912:, etc.). Often resides or spends their working time in a special service space in the office, behind the front desk or in the pantry.
2974:
Use of instead of for the "-ed" ending of the past tense after voiceless consonants, for example "developed" may be instead of RP
6245:
1256:
stated in 2011 that, due to the prominence and usage of the language and the desire for English-language education, "English is the
6780:
4802:
3626:
625:
2748:. Retroflex and dental consonants are not present and only alveolar consonants are used unlike other Indian languages. Similar to
8348:
4420:
4415:
1099:
693:
7122:
9079:
5236:(2002), page 300: "The use of Indian words with English spellings: e.g. 'Mundus,' 'raksha'; 'Ed Cherukka,' 'Chacko Saar Vannu'"
2596:
2395:
1208:
1044:
5936:
4828:
3908:
Usually a person employed to do less important and menial jobs in a business office (such as a messenger, copier maintenance,
1591:
due to the dominance of Indian-style education and teachers in the country after it withdrew from its isolation in the 1960s.
9128:
8974:
8268:
8053:
7023:
6981:
6908:
6885:
6843:
6822:
6639:
6618:
6596:
6566:
6545:
5332:
5039:
4887:
4595:
127:
6714:
4732:
8288:
7361:
7246:
3745:
e.g. "Private institutions can only develop if they are allowed to charge reasonable fees, while also providing need based
99:
9422:
6584:
4647:
956:
7769:
6943:
2636:. A significant portion of Indians thus, even though their native languages do have its nearest equivalent: the unvoiced
2240:, , especially in the north of India. In Indian languages, there are two entirely distinct sets of coronal plosives: one
1564:
478:
7874:
7044:
7094:
4723:, Issue 25, 2003, pp. 8–10, (Feature: Languages of West Bengal in Census and Surveys, Bilingualism and Trilingualism).
3594:
between them. The term is usually used to describe the hatred spread by religious leaders and politicians which cause
106:
7002:
6862:
6658:
6103:
5980:
5829:
2028:
1037:
146:
4346:(2004) delineates how Indian English differs from British English for a large number of specific lexical items. The
9273:
8324:
7673:
6007:
1982:
5953:
Varshney, R.L., "An Introductory Textbook of Linguistics and Phonetics", 15th Ed. (2005), Student Store, Bareilly.
2262:
retroflex plosives, however, wherein the articulation is done with the tongue curved upwards and backwards at the
9069:
7921:
7717:
2152:
1872:
754:
468:
80:
4625:
3877:
e.g. "When I have a job I'll have to begin a whole new search for my better half ... Back to the newspaper
113:
47:, macaronic languages mixing English with Hindi, Bengali, Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, Urdu and Nepali, respectively.
9698:
8238:
7678:
7184:
5789:
5765:
4350:
publishing company also produced a range of synchronic general dictionaries for the Indian market, such as the
2144:
1920:
1200:
84:
6333:
2294:). Mostly in north India, some speakers allophonically further change the voiced retroflex plosives to voiced
9021:
8278:
7971:
7933:
7084:
2836:
2779:
are spoken like , a phenomenon that is also apparent in their English. Exactly the opposite is seen for many
2473:
1773:
as , etc. Some South Indians, however, like native Telugu speakers speak with a rhotic accent, but the final
1521:
teachers. Throughout the 1840s and 1850s, primary, middle, and high schools were opened in many districts of
395:
4716:
413:
9814:
9317:
8964:
8273:
7926:
7746:
7563:
7384:
5477:
4755:
3399:
Some examples of words and phrases unique to, or chiefly used in, standard written Indian English include:
2465:
1951:
1896:
1538:
1226:
1155:
786:
734:
281:
95:
3000:
2975:
2968:
2964:
2938:
2934:
2907:
2870:
2859:
2855:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2829:
2825:
2813:
2805:
2798:
2776:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2699:
2691:
2673:
2661:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2580:
2576:
2552:
2541:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2517:
2514:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2492:
2469:
2461:
2452:
2448:
2436:
2432:
2369:
2365:
2357:
2299:
2291:
2287:
2279:
2275:
2253:
retroflex plosives (Tiwari, 2001). The so-called retroflexes in Hindi are actually articulated as apical
2233:
2229:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2061:
2057:
2053:
1774:
1529:
and used English as the medium of instruction were established in Bombay, Calcutta and Madras. During the
9819:
8959:
8317:
7649:
7639:
7237:
7204:
7200:
4473:
3738:, each tenable for one year and one of which is for the second and the other for the third year class." (
3630:
3312:
2764:
in Assamese. For example; change is pronounced as , vote is pronounced as and English is pronounced as .
2656:
loanwords into Hindi. The probable reason is the confusion created by the use of the Devanagari grapheme
2176:
2112:
1464:
1008:
851:
7116:
6391:
4575:
9328:
9132:
Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority
8233:
7948:
7806:
7217:
6355:
6263:
4468:
4250:
3299:
Larger numbers are generally expressed as multiples of the above (for example, one lakh crores for one
2809:
2652:
sound as and (the latter, especially in the North). This replacement is equally true for Persian and
2184:
2005:
1943:
1556:
1510:
1506:
714:
7169:
8213:
7739:
7697:
7668:
7600:
7568:
7177:
6288:
5427:
5291:"The Official Languages Act, 1963 | Department of Official Language | Ministry of Home Affairs | GoI"
5251:
4655:. Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India. 1 December 2007. pp. 212–267. Archived from
4405:
3774:
2686:
2630:
2594:
2182:
2174:
2150:
2142:
2118:
2110:
2026:
2003:
1980:
1972:
1949:
1941:
1918:
1894:
1870:
1409:
9426:
Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language
6758:
5617:
4998:
2091:
The following are some variations in Indian English resulting from not distinguishing a few vowels:
9714:
9305:
8969:
7938:
7892:
7791:
7764:
7729:
7624:
7495:
7153:
Indian Novels in English: Texts, Contexts and Language Hardcover – 2018 by Jaydeep Sarangi (Author)
3671:
3586:
2480:
for words with either sound, possibly in free variation with and/or depending upon region. Thus,
2353:
1671:, where the former term is used predominantly in modern India and the latter term predominantly in
856:
6148:
9809:
9590:
8150:
7983:
7801:
7776:
7138:
6293:
5264:
4410:
3721:(adjective): Of a person or group of people who has returned home after living abroad for a while
3289:
3268:
3041:
3021:
2477:
2120:
2068:, variability is especially present when the split occurs before nasal clusters in words such as
1429:
349:
286:
231:
221:
211:
73:
3975:(noun, frequently as a single word): A newspaper journalist, a reporter, a member of the press.
9204:
9064:
8525:
8065:
8043:
7847:
7544:
7513:
7391:
6685:
5528:"The Readers' Editor writes: Why is American English becoming part of everyday usage in India?"
3595:
3300:
2891:
2350:
2338:
2254:
1845:
1793:
1279:
981:
966:
688:
7961:
7132:
6896:
6606:
6556:
6440:
5972:
5679:: The comments on retroflex consonants also apply to northern Indian languages such as Hindi,
4980:
2999:
Silent letters may be pronounced. For example, 'salmon' is usually pronounced with a distinct
9642:
9263:
8403:
8385:
8263:
8048:
7943:
7656:
7590:
7344:
7334:
7329:
6873:
6301:
6095:
Indian Englishes in the Twenty-First Century: Unity and Diversity in Lexicon and Morphosyntax
4893:
4090:
4035:
3058:
3013:
2790:
by people of rural backgrounds, as with some Spanish-speakers. This is usually dealt with by
2361:
1560:
1303:
1186:
1095:
976:
861:
8256:
5367:
Chelliah, Shobhana L. (July 2001). "Constructs of Indian English in language 'guidebooks'".
2213:. The local unvoiced aspirated plosives are instead equated with English fricatives, namely
120:
9372:
8882:
8777:
7685:
7578:
7518:
7396:
7369:
7286:
4959:
National Research University Higher School of Economics Journal of Language & Education
4743:
4347:
4282:
4264:
3979:
3520:
3017:
2903:
2406:
1758:
1526:
1448:
1283:
1219:
1193:
306:
226:
5290:
1614:
8:
9771:
9343:
9299:
9176:
9141:
8827:
8283:
8113:
8105:
8003:
7966:
7852:
7837:
7712:
7702:
7629:
7468:
7148:
6681:
4449:
4219:
4080:
4076:
3659:
3639:
3065:
2910:) in other accents, some Indian English speakers supply a murmured version , for example
2883:
2410:
2037:
1656:
1640:
1475:
1212:
1179:
1135:
1126:
1091:
936:
831:
806:
801:
796:
719:
246:
51:
4971:
3610:
3317:
Indian English includes many political, sociological, and administrative terms, such as
8782:
8742:
8635:
8340:
8173:
8140:
8075:
8058:
7913:
7734:
7281:
7271:
6763:
6092:
Leuckert, Sven; Lange, Claudia; Bernaisch, Tobias; Yurchenko, Asya (21 December 2023).
5891:
5595:
5045:
5003:
4849:"EF English Proficiency Index – A comprehensive ranking of countries by English skills"
4257:
3919:
3751:
3576:
2957:
2523:
2342:
2225:
2065:
1806:
1699:
1636:
1580:
1479:
1267:
1248:
1230:
1171:
1115:
1107:
1001:
986:
951:
791:
698:
216:
6071:
Lambert, James (2018). "Anglo-Indian slang in dictionaries on historical principles".
4319:
The first dictionary of Indian English to be published after independence was Hawkins
1505:
English-language public instruction began in the subcontinent in the 1830s during the
446:
9574:
8937:
8732:
8717:
8712:
8620:
8520:
8438:
8428:
8413:
8393:
8178:
8163:
8135:
8095:
7887:
7824:
7573:
7349:
7313:
7156:
7078:
7040:
7019:
6998:
6977:
6904:
6881:
6858:
6839:
6818:
6785:
6654:
6635:
6614:
6592:
6562:
6541:
6099:
5976:
5883:
5825:
5684:
5599:
5587:
5328:
5324:
5049:
5035:
4976:
4883:
4591:
4524:
4440:
3591:
3526:
e.g. "Women are avoiding wearing gold chains due to the concerning rise in number of
3338:
2953:
2887:
2816:
from Persian and Arabic is written by putting a dot beneath the grapheme for native
2787:
2772:
2768:
2721:
2614:
1974:
1849:
1483:
1311:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1103:
1083:
971:
946:
911:
841:
816:
781:
776:
750:
454:
7869:
6282:
5350:"The rise of Hinglish: How the media created a new lingua franca for India's elites"
1486:
in 1600 and the subsequent establishment of trading ports in coastal cities such as
474:
9725:
9693:
9583:
9398:
9228:
8892:
8762:
8747:
8727:
8707:
8687:
8605:
8570:
8560:
8479:
8469:
8454:
8433:
8398:
8298:
8251:
8203:
8130:
8038:
8028:
8023:
8013:
7859:
7832:
7690:
7610:
7555:
7453:
7435:
7422:
7259:
7254:
6959:
6931:
6076:
5965:
Alex's Adventures in Numberland: Dispatches from the Wonderful World of Mathematics
5940:
5873:
5688:
5680:
5577:
5507:
5376:
5320:
5179:
5027:
4966:
4583:
4392:
4089:– A form of divorce practiced in the Indian Muslim community for many generations.
3676:
3415:
3411:
2749:
2669:
2618:
2606:
2568:
2417:
2383:
2372:
for North Indian speakers, whereas it would be pronounced unaspirated in the south.
2322:
2308:
2241:
2162:
2130:
2098:
2014:
1991:
1960:
1929:
1906:
1882:
1858:
1833:
1819:
1709:
1691:
1683:
1628:
1572:
1513:
1111:
1076:
961:
941:
931:
906:
901:
891:
876:
871:
836:
811:
771:
674:
344:
241:
236:
4549:
9735:
8942:
8907:
8867:
8862:
8857:
8837:
8832:
8822:
8797:
8772:
8767:
8682:
8645:
8640:
8630:
8590:
8580:
8575:
8550:
8535:
8494:
8484:
8459:
8448:
8168:
8070:
8008:
7978:
7786:
7661:
7482:
7458:
7430:
7401:
7374:
7339:
7226:
7098:
7034:
7013:
6992:
6971:
6833:
6812:
6629:
6611:
Linguistic Theory and South Asian Languages: Essays in honour of K. A. Jayaseelan
4954:
4782:
4762:
4739:
4720:
4709:
4243:
4236:
4158:
3951:
3622:
3590:: The creation of hatred between different religions and ethnicities which cause
3373:
3346:
3342:
2952:
sound as instead of . This trait is also present in other South Asian dialects (
2695:
2677:
2587:
2346:
1810:
1797:
1719:
1310:
were also awaiting presidential approval to use Hindi alongside English, and the
1237:
1087:
991:
921:
886:
866:
846:
821:
584:
203:
186:
9665:
9391:
9362:
9279:
9216:
9074:
8922:
8912:
8902:
8897:
8872:
8847:
8842:
8757:
8737:
8722:
8702:
8692:
8625:
8610:
8595:
8585:
8555:
8489:
8408:
8243:
8158:
8018:
7842:
7595:
7500:
7490:
7406:
7208:
7119:: An analysis of Indian language published by the "Language In India" magazine.
6919:
6576:
4656:
4496:
4310:
4229:
3936:(phrase): Graduate from school/college or complete a course at an institution.
3666:
3658:
e.g. "The official and Service atmosphere ... set the tone for almost all
3571:
3421:
e.g. "For 14 years he immersed himself in academics and was a fine achiever." (
2944:
In unstressed syllables, which speakers of American English would realise as a
2780:
2391:
2295:
2202:
1733:
1534:
1452:
1315:
1291:
1122:
896:
826:
724:
333:
311:
301:
191:
5937:"Onset of Rising Pitch in Focused Words in Hindi : an Experimental Study"
5878:
5861:
5582:
5565:
5502:
Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of 'lishes': The nomenclature of hybridity.
4587:
2423:
Many Indians with rhotic accents prefer to pronounce words with as , such as
2420:
is seen as having a large influence on the English language in India recently.
9803:
9311:
9257:
9161:
8932:
8927:
8917:
8887:
8877:
8852:
8787:
8615:
8600:
8530:
8464:
8293:
8208:
7864:
7781:
7722:
7634:
7585:
7463:
7445:
7126:
6741:
5887:
5591:
5395:"To Eat 'Snacks Or Snakes?' Discover The Idiosyncrasies Of Bhutanese English"
4314:
Things India: Being Discursive Notes on Various Subjects connected with India
4289:
4224:
4120:(noun): The enhancement or upgrading of status, value or level of something.
3618:
3563:
3553:
3549:
3285:
3246:
3212:
3029:
2267:
1543:
1295:
1270:
and the history of the emergence of Indian English are deeply inter-related.
1242:
1141:
996:
592:
533:
291:
7117:"Linguistic and Social Characteristics of Indian English" by Jason Baldridge
7113:, and compare side by side with other English accents from around the World.
6687:
HOBSON-JOBSON: Being a glossary of Anglo-Indian colloquial words and phrases
5380:
5031:
4928:
4359:
A Dictionary of Indian English, with a Supplement on Word-formation Patterns
1816:
Indian English speakers do not necessarily make a clear distinction between
9671:
9516:
9506:
9286:
8817:
7796:
7644:
7523:
7091:
6935:
5968:
5511:
5183:
4378:
4336:
3894:
3462:
3384:. Words that are treated as mass nouns in native forms of English, such as
3362:
3354:
2402:
2387:
2376:
1778:
1444:
1302:
by virtue of special presidential approval. As of 2018, the high courts of
1286:. However, as allowed by the Constitution, Hindi is also used in courts in
916:
340:
5315:
Annamalai, E. (2006). "India: Language Situation". In Brown, Keith (ed.).
5248:"The most distinctive counting system in English? Indian cardinal numbers"
4307:
A Glossary of Indian Terms relating to Religion, Customs, Government, Land
4018:
e.g. "There is an urgent need for setting up an independent authority for
3823:
e.g. Q: "How much is this?" A: "It will be two hundred and seventy rupee."
430:
9613:
9563:
9521:
9385:
9349:
9268:
9181:
9084:
8990:
8540:
6963:
6580:
4994:
4142:
3867:
3834:
e.g. "The store will be closed this afternoon due to staffing shortages.
3728:
3498:
3488:
3326:
2545:
1813:, which perhaps results from a similar pattern used while speaking Hindi.
1668:
1660:
1624:
1530:
1354:
1253:
1159:
642:
529:
525:
296:
5895:
5478:"Decoding the Bollywood poster - National Science and Media Museum blog"
4733:"Family-wise Grouping of the 122 Scheduled and Non-scheduled Languages".
4123:
e.g. "Our Company lays great stress on technical training and knowledge
2996:
as in both the noun and the verb, instead of as a noun and as a verb.
2491:
South Indians tend to curl the tongue (retroflex accentuation) less for
2360:
in the north (it would be unaspirated in the south) and the unaspirated
1397:
9511:
9456:
9250:
8545:
7707:
7199:
6677:
6501:
6483:
6465:
6373:
6080:
4215:
3784:
3567:
3381:
2824:. This substitution is rarer than that for , and in fact in many Hindi
2791:
2246:
658:
604:
545:
6315:
6222:
4872:
3702:(noun) (also Australian English, British English, Hiberno-English): a
9635:
9618:
9597:
9486:
9380:
8443:
8309:
7264:
7111:'Hover & Hear' pronunciations in a Standard Indian English accent
6920:"Beyond Hobson-Jobson: Towards a new lexicography for Indian English"
6719:
6653:. Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles. Cambridge University Press.
6058:
James Lambert (2014). Indian "English slang". In Julie Coleman (ed.)
4833:
4640:
4154:
4150:
3871:
3652:
3512:
3423:
3377:
2590:
whereas other varieties use clear in syllable-initial positions and
2237:
1644:
1299:
646:
588:
439:
423:
405:
387:
6126:
3794:
e.g. "A group of four friends had gone to have dinner at a roadside
2960:), and common for many second-language European speakers of English.
62:
9688:
9608:
9546:
9531:
9451:
9446:
9441:
9337:
9222:
9186:
9170:
8565:
8474:
7291:
7133:
An exploration into linguistic majority-minority relations in India
4463:
4458:
4453:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4386:
4161:
for bribes and/or employment favours given by the particular party.
4137:
4003:
3987:
3909:
3770:
3703:
3478:
3439:
3366:
3330:
2694:. This is common among people without formal English education. In
2622:
1724:
1714:
1704:
1672:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1258:
486:
44:
36:
32:
28:
24:
20:
6609:. In Bayer, Josef; Bhattacharya, Tanmoy; Babu, M. T. Hany (eds.).
4228:, originally published in 1886 with an expanded edition edited by
2948:, speakers of Indian English would use the spelling vowel, making
1357:
words for Indian English have been used. The earliest of these is
1114:
or legislature mandates the use of a regional language, or if the
9752:
9741:
9496:
9491:
9476:
9471:
9244:
9234:
9197:
8752:
8697:
8423:
8228:
8223:
8033:
7379:
7306:
7301:
6538:
In Search of Indian English: History, Politics and Indigenisation
5121:"Government taking efforts to make Tamil official language in HC"
4713:
4444:
4344:
Indian and British English: A Handbook of Usage and Pronunciation
4007:
3960:(verb): To bring (something) forward to an earlier date or time.
3690:
e.g. "He didn't call even" meaning "He didn't even call" and not
3418:): Academic pursuits in contrast to technical or practical work.
1750:
1499:
1495:
1307:
1264:
In Search of Indian English: History, Politics and Indigenisation
1079:
926:
482:
6030:"Corporate chiefs getting crores in salaries: 100 and counting!"
4293:
A Glossary of Reference, on Subjects connected with the Far East
3788:
2305:
Most major native languages of India lack the dental fricatives
1587:
In addition, many features of Indian English were imported into
1262:
national language of India. It is a bitter truth." In his book,
1118:
has given approval for the use of regional languages in courts.
9747:
9541:
9536:
9501:
9481:
9356:
9239:
9210:
9191:
8515:
7296:
7276:
6091:
4146:
3655:): Of a person or group of people that uses or speaks English.
3358:
3334:
3322:
3318:
3025:
2882:
A number of distinctive features of Indian English are due to "
2804:
Many Indians with lower exposure to English also may pronounce
2653:
2591:
2263:
1664:
1588:
1491:
40:
4254:
The Oriental Interpreter and Treasury of East Indian Knowledge
1909:
1205:
National University of Educational Planning and Administration
9730:
9720:
9703:
9648:
9603:
9526:
9466:
9461:
8792:
8418:
8365:
6901:
Legacies of Colonial English: Studies in Transported Dialects
6676:
3841:
e.g.: When asking someone to move along so you can sit down.
3539:
3516:
3263:
3241:
3207:
3190:
3161:
2945:
2564:
2271:
2197:
The following are the standard variations in Indian English:
2101:
1932:
1836:
1648:
1632:
1487:
1440:
1338:, both dating from 1860. Other less common terms in use were
1287:
374:
172:
6171:"UP cinema halls to show Kumbh logo before screening movies"
5799:. Linda J. Ferrier-Reid, Robert MacAuslan and Joel MacAuslan
5722:
5453:"Hinglish gets the most laughs, say Mumbai's standup comics"
4497:"LANGUAGE - INDIA,STATES AND UNION TERRITORIES (Table C-16)"
2921:
may be aspirated as or , resulting in realisations such as
2311:
1435:
Formal written publications in English in India tend to use
9708:
9682:
9676:
8499:
6855:
The Indianisation of English: the English language in India
6634:. Series: Dialects of English. Edinburgh University Press.
5566:"Variation and change in the short vowels of Delhi English"
4911:"Number of children studying in English doubles in 5 years"
4776:"India is World's Second Largest English-Speaking Country".
4525:"POPULATION BY BILINGUALISM AND TRILINGUALISM (Table C-17)"
4048:
3858:
3602:
3452:
3407:
3396:, are frequently treated as count nouns in Indian English.
3144:
3115:
2914:. No other accent of English admits this voiced aspiration.
2640:, often use the voiced palatal affricate (or postalveolar)
2626:
2416:
In recent years, rhoticity has been increasing. Generally,
2325:
1885:
1861:
1652:
1436:
1266:, Ranjan Kumar Auddy shows that the history of the rise of
6703:
6512:
5694:
5420:"The idiosyncrasies of Bhutanese English – Kuensel Online"
5174:. A multitude of 'lishes': The nomenclature of hybridity.
5096:"Haryana to approach guv for promoting use of Hindi in HC"
4170:
Spelling practices in Indian English generally follow the
2985:
ending of the plural after voiced consonants, for example
2668:). A similar thing happens in other Indian languages like
2165:
1822:
1278:
Under the Indian Constitution, English is the language of
1162:
in 1947, English remained an official language of the new
485:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
16:
Class of varieties of the English language spoken in India
6944:"Setting the record straight: An in-depth examination of
6149:"cinema hall Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary"
4848:
3749:
and scholarships for a certain percentage of students." (
2786:
Inability to pronounce certain (especially word-initial)
2364:, or possibly the aspirated version , is substituted for
2133:
2017:
1994:
1963:
5639:
5545:
2886:". Most Indian languages, unlike English, have a nearly
1346:(1912). An item of Anglo-Indian English was known as an
9106:
List of countries where English is an official language
7015:
Structural Nativization in Indian English Lexicogrammar
6613:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 249–267.
5855:
5853:
5747:
5745:
5743:
5741:
5739:
5737:
5660:
5658:
5656:
5654:
4323:(1984). Other efforts include (chronologically): Lewis
2917:
Similarly, especially with Hindi speakers, the digraph
2537:
are usually replaced by the VC clusters , and (as in
2368:. For example, "thin" would be realised as instead of
7161:
5706:
5670:
4646:
4232:
in 1903, widely available in reprint since the 1960s.
2605:
The following are variations in Indian English due to
2394:
based on the influence by the native phonology, or an
1852:, with the target vowel ranging between either option.
1594:
6759:"India Faces a Linguistic Truth: English Spoken Here"
5447:
5445:
4999:"India Faces a Linguistic Truth: English Spoken Here"
4331:(1991), Sengupta's Indian English supplement to the
2390:, but may also be pronounced as a retroflex flap or
6060:
Global English Slang: Methodologies and Perspectives
5902:
5850:
5838:
5734:
5651:
5627:
4955:"English as a Lingua Franca in a Multilingual India"
4679:
4677:
4519:
4517:
4368:
4153:
or a group of communities who always back a certain
3435:: Nothing to be concerned about, everything is fine
1516:
as the official language of the East India Company.
6280:
5821:
Indian Writing in English: Pre to Post Independence
5276:MacKenzie, John (January 2013). "A family empire",
5270:
4873:Desai, Dubey; Joshi, Sen; Sharif, Vanneman (2010).
4401:
Regional differences and dialects in Indian English
3885:(Calcutta), 10 February 1999 (Midweek section) 4/3)
3874:for the purpose of finding a marriageable partner.
3802:(Calcutta), 10 February 1999 (Midweek section) 4/3)
3272:
3216:
3165:
3119:
2933:present in English, however, wherein the former is
2706:are allophones in some cases, so the words such as
2460:Most Indian languages do not differentiate between
2040:of Received Pronunciation, affecting words such as
1474:The English language established a foothold on the
87:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
9031:
6397:Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners
6281:
5921:"Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language".
5442:
5157:: Towards a new lexicography for Indian English",
3625:(VAT) on petro-products to bring down prices, the
1447:and Western numbering for foreign currencies like
7039:. Series: Varieties of English Around the World.
7036:Contemporary Indian English: Variation and Change
6197:"Yogi Accuses Opposition of Ranking Up Inflation"
5866:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
4674:
4514:
4261:A Supplement to the Glossary of Indian Terms: A-J
3954:(British English), gas station (American English)
2586:Indian English uses clear in all instances like
9801:
9101:List of countries by English-speaking population
6781:"The Problem With The English Language In India"
5925:. Cambridge University Press. 1995. p. 360.
5245:
4803:"The Problem With The English Language In India"
4214:The most famous dictionary of Indian English is
3455:): Take advantage of an opportunity or resource.
1225:India ranks 52 out of 111 countries in the 2022
6810:
6000:"Investors lose Rs 4.4 lakh crore in four days"
5194:Mukesh Ranjan Verma and Krishna Autar Agrawal:
4685:"Court language is English, says Supreme Court"
4610:
2835:Many speakers of Indian English do not use the
641:An example of a female news presenter from the
6852:
6835:South Asian English: Structure, Use, and Users
6800:
5923:Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language
4829:"Sanskrit and English: there's no competition"
3818:This is how much it is (quantifying something)
3566:will soon display the newly-unveiled logo for
2660:(for /dʒ/) with a dot beneath it to represent
2555:). Syllable nuclei in words with the spelling
1246:among different regions of India. Writing for
1182:were considered separate from Indian English.
9006:
8325:
7185:
6903:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 536–.
6699:. London & New York: Penguin. p. 10.
6575:
6243:
5728:
5149:
5147:
4240:A Dictionary of Words used in the East Indies
3950:(used in some parts of south India; noun): A
2601:(velarised-L) in coda and syllabic positions.
1045:
9294:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
9151:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
7543:
6607:"Writing Systems and Phonological Awareness"
6587:, in Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.),
5962:
4993:
4268:The Zillah Dictionary in the Roman Character
2476:). Instead, many Indians use a frictionless
7149:India Human Development Survey-II 2011–2012
7065:. Archived from the original on 31 May 2013
7032:
6831:
6801:Indian English, English To Bengali (2019),
3471:(interjection) (South India): oh no, yikes.
3277:
3221:
3170:
3124:
3007:
2963:The word "of" is usually pronounced with a
1094:for communication, and is enshrined in the
9020:
9013:
8999:
8332:
8318:
8219:Comparison of American and British English
7192:
7178:
6554:
5763:
5700:
5676:
5317:Encyclopedia of language & linguistics
5144:
3376:, is notable for its treatment of English
2858:, and in some south Indian variants, with
2571:) are also replaced by VC clusters. e.g.,
1052:
1038:
7092:Indian general spoken Problems in English
6832:Baumgardner, Robert Jackson, ed. (1996).
6098:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5877:
5581:
5314:
4970:
4826:
3942:e.g. "I passed out of my school aged 17."
2877:
2386:/r/ is pronounced by most speakers as an
1541:in 1947, English was the only functional
1361:(recorded from 1962), and others include
1353:In the modern era, a range of colloquial
147:Learn how and when to remove this message
7912:
7105:Indian Pronunciation Problems in English
6994:Indian English: Texts and Interpretation
6990:
6555:Ball, Martin J.; Muller, Nicole (2014).
5366:
5196:Reflections on Indian English literature
4952:
3437:(a reference to the famous Indian movie
583:An example of a female speaker from the
524:An example of a female speaker from the
6941:
6917:
6880:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 90–.
6871:
6734:
6694:
6627:
6604:
6518:
5859:
5712:
5615:
5563:
5551:
5347:
4421:Indian States by most popular languages
4416:Languages with official status in India
3939:e.g. "I passed out of college in 2007."
2812:. Again in Hindi Devanagari the loaned
2513:In case of the postalveolar affricates
2502:Sometimes, Indian speakers interchange
479:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
9802:
9080:English in the Commonwealth of Nations
8339:
7011:
6894:
6876:. In Braj Kachru; et al. (eds.).
6872:Gargesh, Ravinder (17 February 2009).
6756:
6715:"What ails English language teaching?"
6713:Rayan, Albert P. (24 September 2017).
5817:
5526:Reddy, C. Rammanohar (6 August 2017).
4929:"EF English Proficiency Index – India"
4491:
4489:
4286:Glossary of Judicial and Revenue Terms
4102:e.g. "Read out the para and copy down
2832:, or the two are used interchangeably.
2828:is used by native speakers instead of
1655:is viewed as a single language called
1507:rule of the British East India Company
1209:Ministry of Human Resource Development
9046:
8994:
8313:
7173:
7160:
6969:
6952:International Journal of Lexicography
6712:
6648:
6558:Phonetics for Communication Disorders
6535:
6415:"You studied so hard you passed out?"
6409:
6407:
5908:
5844:
5751:
5664:
5645:
5633:
5611:
5609:
5525:
5521:
5519:
5026:, Routledge India, pp. 126–144,
5017:
4624:. University of Leeds. Archived from
4574:Bhatt, Rakesh M. (31 December 2020),
4573:
1026:Teaching English as a second language
8289:Non-native pronunciations of English
6814:Register Variation in Indian English
6778:
6302:participating institution membership
5139:A Voyage to Suratt, in the Year 1689
4357:The most recent dictionary is Carls
4333:Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary
4051:): To report back with information.
3633:was aware of the situation and will
3497:(noun) (also Australian English): A
1550:
1392:
85:adding citations to reliable sources
56:
6973:The Syntax of Spoken Indian English
6811:Balasubramanian, Chandrika (2009).
6704:Whitworth, George Clifford (1885).
6344:from the original on 22 March 2022.
5246:Shapiro, Richard (16 August 2012).
4972:10.17323/2411-7390-2019-5-1-103-109
4486:
4099:: previously mentioned, the above.
3443:, which has a song with this title)
3035:
2690:/) usually being used to represent
1736:and English) exist in South India.
1595:Hinglish and other hybrid languages
13:
9030:
7162:Articles Related to Indian English
6669:
6404:
6244:Nidhi Adlakha (29 November 2019).
6223:"English-knowing (adj). Compound,
6006:. 27 November 2010. Archived from
5824:. Nitya Publications. p. 89.
5606:
5516:
4582:, De Gruyter, pp. 2208–2222,
4580:A Handbook of Varieties of English
4352:Macmillan Comprehensive Dictionary
4206:, rather than the American style.
4131:, 8 September 1986 153/1 (advert))
4022:of telecom consumer complaints." (
3900:e.g. "That place is quite far na?"
3503:e.g. "He is allergic to capsicum."
3064:In words (Indian system) (Only in
2398:like in most varieties of English.
1428:Indian English generally uses the
1189:can speak English to some extent.
614:
555:
497:
14:
9831:
9047:
7055:
6757:Joseph, Manu (16 February 2011).
6062:(pp. 126–134). London: Routledge.
5482:blog.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk
5070:"Use of Hindi Language in Courts"
4800:
4058:with the required documentation."
3967:due to a change in the schedule."
3742:(Calcutta) 57/1, 1 February 1893)
3530:cases in many parts of the city."
2685:
2567:in RP and an r-coloured schwa in
1761:accent. Examples of this include
1498:(called Madras before 1996), and
1326:The first occurrence of the term
1273:
196:128 million total speakers (2011)
50:For pre-1947 Indian English, see
9274:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
6838:. University of Illinois Press.
6779:Aula, Sahith (6 November 2014).
5348:Daniyal, Shoaib (18 June 2017).
4385:
4371:
3372:Indian English, like some other
3051:In digits (International system)
2884:the vagaries of English spelling
2337:), although occurs variably as
2321:
2307:
2266:. This also causes (in parts of
2161:
2129:
2097:
2013:
1990:
1959:
1928:
1905:
1881:
1857:
1832:
1818:
1678:Other macaronic hybrids such as
1615:Englishisation § South Asia
1469:
1396:
657:Problems playing this file? See
630:
603:Problems playing this file? See
571:
544:Problems playing this file? See
513:
367:
61:
9070:History of the English language
7139:108 varieties of Indian English
7123:On the future of Indian English
6878:The Handbook of World Englishes
6528:
6494:
6490:(3rd ed.). September 2009.
6476:
6458:
6433:
6384:
6366:
6348:
6326:
6308:
6274:
6256:
6237:
6215:
6189:
6163:
6141:
6119:
6085:
6065:
6052:
6022:
5992:
5956:
5947:
5929:
5914:
5811:
5782:
5757:
5564:Domange, Raphaël (March 2020).
5557:
5496:
5470:
5412:
5387:
5360:
5341:
5308:
5283:
5239:
5227:
5214:
5201:
5188:
5164:
5153:Lambert, James (2012). "Beyond
5131:
5113:
5088:
5062:
5011:
4987:
4946:
4921:
4903:
4866:
4841:
4820:
4794:
4768:
4748:
4209:
4067:confirmation, I understand you.
4029:e.g. "Where does he go for the
3845:I would like to sit down, sir.
3427:(Madras), 6 December 1991 27/2)
2375:The English of Delhi often has
1635:. This typically refers to the
1502:(called Calcutta before 2001).
72:needs additional citations for
8239:English-based creole languages
6233:(3rd ed.). December 2008.
6137:(3rd ed.). December 2011.
5325:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04611-3
5319:. Elsevier. pp. 610–613.
4827:Rukmini S (24 November 2014).
4726:
4703:
4618:"Case Studies - Asian English"
4567:
4542:
4321:Common Indian Words in English
4277:(1853) and its second edition
4026:(India) (Nexis), 2 April 1998)
2613:Most Indian languages (except
2302:to a nasalised retroflex flap.
2282:to allophonically change to (
1781:is used for /r/, resulting in
1201:India Human Development Survey
1121:Before the dissolution of the
1:
8980:Scheduled languages in states
8279:List of English-based pidgins
7033:Sedlatschek, Andreas (2009).
7018:. John Benjamins Publishing.
6997:. John Benjamins Publishing.
6976:. John Benjamins Publishing.
6817:. John Benjamins Publishing.
6338:Oxford Learner's Dictionaries
5963:Bellos, Alex (5 April 2010).
5618:"The Vowels of Delhi English"
5570:Language Variation and Change
4479:
4325:Sahibs, Nabobs and Boxwallahs
4033:of his genuine grievances?" (
3897:) (North India): "isn't it?"
3687:: Added at end of sentence.
3306:
3292:are not commonly used today)
2837:voiced postalveolar fricative
2474:voiced labiovelar approximant
2192:
2083:Most Indians do not have the
1848:(RP), i.e. they may have the
1494:(called Bombay before 1995),
1314:has been taking steps to use
9318:United States Virgin Islands
8274:Linguistic purism in English
6561:. Routledge. pp. 289–.
6536:Auddy, Ranjan Kumar (2020).
6445:Cambridge English Dictionary
5860:Mahanta, Shakuntala (2012).
5790:"Indian English Phonologics"
5018:Auddy, Ranjan Kumar (2019),
4247:Glossary to the Fifth Report
2981:Use of instead of for the
2676:(except Indian varieties of
2466:voiced labiodental fricative
1739:
1227:EF English Proficiency Index
7:
7375:London & Thames Estuary
6991:Mehrotra, Raja Ram (1998).
6857:. Oxford University Press.
6472:(3rd ed.). March 2007.
6380:(3rd ed.). March 2001.
6374:"matrimonial (noun) B. 3b."
6322:(3rd ed.). March 2008.
6246:"India's missing footpaths"
5729:Cardona & Suthar (2003)
5024:In Search of Indian English
4882:. Oxford University Press.
4474:Regional accents of English
4364:
4165:
3963:e.g. "The meeting has been
3704:sidewalk (American English)
3313:Glossary of the British Raj
3273:
3217:
3166:
3120:
3016:. Both syllable stress and
2898:In words where the digraph
2644:. This makes words such as
1805:Many North Indians have an
1792:Features characteristic of
1789:as or and respectively.
1555:After the independence and
1465:Glossary of the British Raj
1388:
1009:List of dialects of English
10:
9836:
9035:English speaking countries
8234:English as a lingua franca
6735:Johnson (27 August 2016).
6360:Oxford Learners Dictionary
6151:. Dictionary.cambridge.org
5764:Spitzbardt, Harry (1976).
5222:Survey of English Spelling
4953:Ishwarya, N. Iyer (2019).
4876:Human development in india
4756:"India and its Languages".
4754:Tropf, Herbert S. (2005).
4469:English as a lingua franca
3763:(noun): A strike, protest.
3310:
2810:voiceless bilabial plosive
2379:after coronals, unlike RP.
1612:
1598:
1557:Partition of British India
1462:
1458:
1102:in seven states and seven
715:English as a lingua franca
49:
18:
9769:
9657:
9627:
9573:
9555:
9434:
9421:
9412:
9371:
9327:
9160:
9140:
9127:
9118:
9114:
9093:
9057:
9053:
9042:
9028:
8955:
8806:
8671:
8658:
8508:
8379:
8358:
8347:
8214:Broad and general accents
8196:
8149:
8124:regional and occupational
8104:
8091:
8084:
7996:
7957:
7905:
7883:
7823:
7755:
7620:
7609:
7554:
7536:
7509:
7481:
7444:
7421:
7360:
7322:
7245:
7236:
7225:
7216:
7167:
7083:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
6628:Sailaja, Pingali (2009).
6605:Sailaja, Pingali (2007).
6506:Oxford English Dictionary
6488:Oxford English Dictionary
6470:Oxford English Dictionary
6378:Oxford English Dictionary
6320:Oxford English Dictionary
6289:Oxford English Dictionary
6231:Oxford English Dictionary
6135:Oxford English Dictionary
5879:10.1017/S0025100312000096
5616:Domange, Raphaël (2023).
5583:10.1017/S0954394520000010
5252:Oxford English Dictionary
5234:Indian English Literature
4649:The Constitution of India
4588:10.1515/9783110197181-133
4406:Indian English literature
3948:petrol pump / petrol bunk
3855:lady finger/lady's finger
3755:(Nexis), 12 October 2006)
3727:(noun): A studentship or
3694:or "Even he didn't call".
3278:
3222:
3171:
3125:
3099:
3096:
3091:
3088:
3083:
3080:
3075:
3072:
3054:In digits (Indian system)
2971:as in most other accents.
2631:voiced alveolar fricative
1744:
1478:with the granting of the
1149:
1090:. English is used by the
465:
453:
437:
421:
403:
385:
380:
362:Official language in
360:
355:
330:
274:
200:
178:
168:
163:
9715:Northern Mariana Islands
9306:Turks and Caicos Islands
7097:16 February 2020 at the
6895:Hickey, Raymond (2004).
6589:The Indo-Aryan Languages
6466:"press (noun), Compound"
6264:"Foreign-returned (adj)"
4576:"Indian English: syntax"
4342:(2003). Nihalani et al.
4275:Kutcherry Technicalities
4039:, 15 September 2002 8/4)
3990:' and a broad smile." (
3621:government could reduce
3617:e.g. "When asked if the
3022:syllable-timed languages
3008:Supra-segmental features
2868:⟨treasure⟩
2853:⟨treasure⟩
2354:voiceless dental plosive
2033:, especially before /l/.
1971:can be more mid central
1796:, such as rhoticity and
1565:protests from Tamil Nadu
1321:
1240:country, English is the
19:Not to be confused with
9591:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
6970:Lange, Claudia (2012).
6942:Lambert, James (2018),
6918:Lambert, James (2012),
6874:"South Asian Englishes"
6853:Braj B. Kachru (1983).
6804:Spoken English Learning
6695:Crystal, David (1990).
6294:Oxford University Press
5818:Rathod, Rakesh (2019).
5717:Indian (Telugu) English
5381:10.1111/1467-971X.00207
5265:Oxford University Press
5074:Business Standard India
5032:10.4324/9780429331602-6
4781:4 December 2010 at the
4738:7 February 2013 at the
4411:Indian numbering system
4329:Words in Indian English
4300:Anglo-Indian Dictionary
4279:Kachahri Technicalities
3353:. It incorporates some
3042:Indian numbering system
2937:, whilst the latter is
2672:, with the letters for
2609:with Indian languages:
2478:labiodental approximant
1430:Indian numbering system
1342:(dating from 1897) and
669:Part of a series on the
350:Unified English Braille
9205:British Virgin Islands
9065:English-speaking world
9036:
9022:English-speaking world
7392:Received Pronunciation
7012:Schilk, Marco (2011).
6936:10.1075/eww.33.3.03lam
6690:. John Murray, London.
5701:Ball & Muller 2014
5677:Ball & Muller 2014
5512:10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam
5184:10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam
4791:
3994:(Nexis), 20 June 2001)
3606:: South Asian, Indian.
2950:⟨sanity⟩
2892:spelling pronunciation
2878:Spelling pronunciation
2796:⟨school⟩
2425:⟨flower⟩
2036:Most Indians have the
1846:Received Pronunciation
1794:North American English
1199:According to the 2005
957:San Andrés–Providencia
689:English-speaking world
619:
560:
502:
467:This article contains
9643:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
9264:Saint Kitts and Nevis
9034:
8386:Constitution of India
7586:Multicultural Toronto
6897:"South Asian English"
6649:Wells, J. C. (1982).
6356:"Kindly adjust (adj)"
5137:Ovington, J. (1696).
4786:
4765:. Siemens AG, Munich.
4091:Triple talaq in India
4036:Sunday Times of India
3692:"He even didn't call"
3662:life, especially the
3311:Further information:
3014:stress-timed language
2994:⟨house⟩
2923:⟨which⟩
2912:⟨ghost⟩
2864:⟨shore⟩
2548:precedes, by (as in
2488:are often homophones.
2362:voiced dental plosive
1561:Modern Standard Hindi
1280:India's Supreme Court
1098:. English is also an
1096:Constitution of India
787:Antiguan and Barbudan
618:
559:
501:
7747:Western Pennsylvania
7145:, 2001 (Volume 500).
7135:, by B. Mallikarjun.
6697:The English Language
6502:"upgradation (noun)"
6268:Cambridge Dictionary
5943:on 1 September 2006.
5278:BBC History Magazine
5020:"Speeches Political"
4997:(17 February 2011).
4917:. 28 September 2015.
4899:on 11 December 2015.
4761:8 March 2008 at the
4744:2001 Census of India
4073:road junction/circle
3740:The Medical Reporter
3734:e.g. "Two permanent
3465:) (South India): ew.
3369:, along with slang.
3111:one hundred thousand
2989:may be instead of .
2987:⟨dogs⟩
2904:voiced velar plosive
2843:). Some Indians use
2650:⟨rosy⟩
2646:⟨zero⟩
2396:alveolar approximant
2284:⟨stop⟩
2025:may be more central
1777:becomes an , and an
1527:University of London
1332:Anglo-Indian English
1284:high courts of India
1133:broadly referred to
694:As a second language
307:Early Modern English
194:speakers: 46 million
189:speakers: 83 million
81:improve this article
9815:Dialects of English
9300:Trinidad and Tobago
9177:Antigua and Barbuda
8808:100,000 – 1 million
8284:Mid-Atlantic accent
7875:Trinidad and Tobago
6682:Arthur Coke Burnell
6521:, pp. 83, 115.
6421:. 13 September 2019
6419:Times of India Blog
6292:(Online ed.).
6040:on 1 September 2014
5715:, p. 252: 1.4
5648:, pp. 627–628.
5430:on 13 February 2019
4719:14 May 2007 at the
4662:on 9 September 2014
4550:"India - Languages"
4450:Bangladeshi English
4087:talaq, talaq, talaq
4079:(British English),
3773:(British English),
3713:, 29 November 2019)
3660:Indian middle-class
3572:the national anthem
3259:one hundred billion
3186:one hundred million
3066:Hindustani language
2775:, all instances of
2429:⟨our⟩
2356:is substituted for
2278:preceding alveolar
2085:hoarse-horse merger
1539:Indian independence
1509:. In 1835, English
1476:Indian subcontinent
1318:alongside English.
1213:Government of India
1180:Bangladeshi English
1136:South Asian English
1127:Indian subcontinent
1110:, unless the state
1092:Government of India
282:Proto-Indo-European
247:South Asian English
52:South Asian English
9820:Languages of India
9037:
8960:Linguistic history
8341:Languages of India
7807:Pennsylvania Dutch
7063:"English in India"
6964:10.1093/ijl/ecy010
6924:English World-Wide
6764:The New York Times
6708:. K. Paul, Trench.
6651:Accents of English
6484:"redressal (noun)"
6127:"academic (noun),
6081:10.1111/weng.12291
6034:The Smart Investor
5504:English World-wide
5484:. 28 February 2013
5457:The Times of India
5176:English World-wide
5159:English World-Wide
5100:The Times of India
5004:The New York Times
4915:The Times of India
4689:The Economic Times
4529:censusindia.gov.in
4501:censusindia.gov.in
4083:(American English)
3920:East India Company
3777:(American English)
3752:The Economic Times
3596:Hindu–Muslim riots
3577:The Times of India
2983:⟨-s⟩
2958:Sri Lankan English
2927:⟨wh⟩
2919:⟨wh⟩
2900:⟨gh⟩
2822:⟨फ़⟩
2788:consonant clusters
2744:are pronounced as
2732:are pronounced as
2666:⟨ज़⟩
2066:Australian English
1940:may be more front
1807:intonation pattern
1722:and English), and
1480:East India Company
1408:. You can help by
1268:Indian nationalism
1249:The New York Times
1231:EF Education First
1172:partition of India
1116:President of India
1108:Judiciary of India
620:
561:
503:
9797:
9796:
9791:
9790:
9787:
9786:
9783:
9782:
9765:
9764:
9761:
9760:
9408:
9407:
8988:
8987:
8951:
8950:
8654:
8653:
8307:
8306:
8192:
8191:
7992:
7991:
7901:
7900:
7819:
7818:
7815:
7814:
7740:Pacific Northwest
7601:Standard Canadian
7532:
7531:
7477:
7476:
7417:
7416:
7025:978-90-272-0351-9
6983:978-90-272-4905-0
6910:978-0-521-83020-1
6887:978-1-4051-8831-9
6845:978-0-252-06493-7
6824:978-90-272-2311-1
6641:978-0-7486-2595-6
6620:978-90-272-9245-2
6598:978-0-415-77294-5
6568:978-1-317-77795-3
6547:978-0-367-35271-4
6334:"hotel (noun) 3."
6300:(Subscription or
6004:Business Standard
5554:, pp. 24–25.
5424:kuenselonline.com
5334:978-0-08-044299-0
5207:Pingali Sailaja:
5041:978-0-429-33160-2
4889:978-0-19-806512-8
4691:. 7 December 2015
4597:978-3-11-019718-1
4441:Pakistani English
3592:communal violence
3580:, 3 January 2018)
3491:(British English)
3297:
3296:
3256:1,00,00,00,00,000
2992:Pronunciation of
2931:⟨w⟩
2888:phonetic spelling
2818:⟨फ⟩
2756:is pronounced as
2682:⟨ज⟩
2658:⟨ज⟩
2264:roof of the mouth
2159:Pronunciation of
2127:Pronunciation of
2095:Pronunciation of
1917:is pronounced as
1893:is pronounced as
1869:is pronounced as
1850:cot-caught merger
1798:r-coloured vowels
1669:code-mixed tongue
1627:of the languages
1551:Republic of India
1537:. At the time of
1484:Queen Elizabeth I
1426:
1425:
1312:Madras High Court
1229:published by the
1218:According to the
1192:According to the
1187:Indian population
1176:Pakistani English
1168:Republic of India
1164:Dominion of India
1104:union territories
1100:official language
1084:Republic of India
1062:
1061:
735:Linguistic purism
720:European language
636:
578:
519:
493:
492:
475:rendering support
471:phonetic symbols.
157:
156:
149:
131:
9827:
9726:Papua New Guinea
9694:Marshall Islands
9584:Christmas Island
9419:
9418:
9415:
9399:Pitcairn Islands
9229:Falkland Islands
9125:
9124:
9121:
9116:
9115:
9055:
9054:
9044:
9043:
9033:
9015:
9008:
9001:
8992:
8991:
8669:
8668:
8509:State-level only
8356:
8355:
8334:
8327:
8320:
8311:
8310:
8204:English language
8089:
8088:
7910:
7909:
7893:Falkland Islands
7792:General American
7765:African-American
7618:
7617:
7552:
7551:
7541:
7540:
7243:
7242:
7234:
7233:
7223:
7222:
7194:
7187:
7180:
7171:
7170:
7158:
7157:
7141:, Dharma Kumar,
7088:
7082:
7074:
7072:
7070:
7050:
7029:
7008:
6987:
6966:
6938:
6914:
6891:
6868:
6849:
6828:
6807:
6797:
6795:
6793:
6775:
6773:
6771:
6753:
6751:
6749:
6731:
6729:
6727:
6709:
6700:
6691:
6664:
6645:
6624:
6601:
6572:
6551:
6522:
6516:
6510:
6509:
6498:
6492:
6491:
6480:
6474:
6473:
6462:
6456:
6455:
6453:
6451:
6437:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6426:
6411:
6402:
6401:
6392:"Out of station"
6388:
6382:
6381:
6370:
6364:
6363:
6352:
6346:
6345:
6330:
6324:
6323:
6312:
6306:
6305:
6297:
6285:
6278:
6272:
6271:
6260:
6254:
6253:
6241:
6235:
6234:
6219:
6213:
6212:
6210:
6208:
6193:
6187:
6186:
6184:
6182:
6167:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6156:
6145:
6139:
6138:
6123:
6117:
6116:
6114:
6112:
6089:
6083:
6075:37(2): 248–260.
6069:
6063:
6056:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6045:
6036:. Archived from
6026:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6015:
6010:on 16 March 2012
5996:
5990:
5989:
5960:
5954:
5951:
5945:
5944:
5939:. Archived from
5933:
5927:
5926:
5918:
5912:
5906:
5900:
5899:
5881:
5857:
5848:
5842:
5836:
5835:
5815:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5804:
5794:
5786:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5767:English in India
5761:
5755:
5749:
5732:
5726:
5720:
5710:
5704:
5698:
5692:
5674:
5668:
5662:
5649:
5643:
5637:
5631:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5613:
5604:
5603:
5585:
5561:
5555:
5549:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5538:
5523:
5514:
5500:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5489:
5474:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5449:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5426:. Archived from
5416:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5391:
5385:
5384:
5364:
5358:
5357:
5345:
5339:
5338:
5312:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5295:rajbhasha.gov.in
5287:
5281:
5274:
5268:
5262:
5260:
5258:
5243:
5237:
5231:
5225:
5218:
5212:
5205:
5199:
5192:
5186:
5170:Lambert, James.
5168:
5162:
5151:
5142:
5135:
5129:
5128:
5127:. 20 March 2020.
5117:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5092:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5081:
5066:
5060:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5015:
5009:
5008:
4991:
4985:
4984:
4974:
4950:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4939:
4925:
4919:
4918:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4892:. Archived from
4881:
4870:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4845:
4839:
4838:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4801:Flows, Capital.
4798:
4792:
4772:
4766:
4752:
4746:
4730:
4724:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4681:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4661:
4654:
4644:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4614:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4546:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4521:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4493:
4395:
4393:Languages portal
4390:
4389:
4381:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4340:Hanklyn-Janklin
4327:(1991), Muthiah
4114:: lunch, snack.
4068:
4015:(noun): Redress
3819:
3719:foreign-returned
3693:
3631:state government
3444:
3416:American English
3281:
3280:
3276:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3048:
3047:
3036:Numbering system
3002:
2995:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2966:
2951:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2913:
2909:
2901:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2808:as an aspirated
2807:
2800:
2797:
2778:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2701:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2675:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2607:language contact
2600:
2582:
2578:
2554:
2543:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2519:
2516:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2494:
2471:
2463:
2454:
2450:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2418:American English
2384:rhotic consonant
2371:
2367:
2359:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2301:
2298:, and the nasal
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2235:
2231:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2188:
2180:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2156:
2148:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2124:
2116:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2032:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2009:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1986:
1978:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1955:
1947:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1924:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1900:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1876:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1776:
1765:pronounced as ,
1573:English language
1571:The view of the
1421:
1418:
1400:
1393:
1139:, also known as
1075:) is a group of
1054:
1047:
1040:
857:Falkland Islands
675:English language
666:
665:
638:
637:
617:
585:Northeast Indian
580:
579:
558:
521:
520:
500:
461:
449:
433:
426:
417:
416:
408:
399:
398:
390:
373:
371:
370:
345:English alphabet
336:
206:
161:
160:
152:
145:
141:
138:
132:
130:
96:"Indian English"
89:
65:
57:
9835:
9834:
9830:
9829:
9828:
9826:
9825:
9824:
9800:
9799:
9798:
9793:
9792:
9779:
9757:
9736:Solomon Islands
9653:
9623:
9569:
9551:
9430:
9413:
9404:
9367:
9323:
9156:
9136:
9119:
9110:
9089:
9049:
9038:
9024:
9019:
8989:
8984:
8970:Multilingualism
8947:
8809:
8802:
8674:
8663:
8661:
8650:
8504:
8384:
8375:
8350:
8343:
8338:
8308:
8303:
8188:
8145:
8100:
8080:
7988:
7984:Solomon Islands
7953:
7897:
7879:
7811:
7802:New York Latino
7777:American Indian
7757:
7751:
7612:
7605:
7546:
7528:
7514:Channel Islands
7505:
7473:
7440:
7413:
7356:
7318:
7228:
7212:
7198:
7163:
7099:Wayback Machine
7076:
7075:
7068:
7066:
7061:
7058:
7053:
7047:
7026:
7005:
6984:
6911:
6888:
6865:
6846:
6825:
6791:
6789:
6769:
6767:
6747:
6745:
6737:"Rue the rules"
6725:
6723:
6672:
6670:Further reading
6667:
6661:
6642:
6621:
6599:
6577:Cardona, George
6569:
6548:
6531:
6526:
6525:
6517:
6513:
6500:
6499:
6495:
6482:
6481:
6477:
6464:
6463:
6459:
6449:
6447:
6439:
6438:
6434:
6424:
6422:
6413:
6412:
6405:
6390:
6389:
6385:
6372:
6371:
6367:
6354:
6353:
6349:
6332:
6331:
6327:
6314:
6313:
6309:
6299:
6279:
6275:
6262:
6261:
6257:
6242:
6238:
6221:
6220:
6216:
6206:
6204:
6195:
6194:
6190:
6180:
6178:
6177:. 22 April 2016
6175:Hindustan Times
6169:
6168:
6164:
6154:
6152:
6147:
6146:
6142:
6125:
6124:
6120:
6110:
6108:
6106:
6090:
6086:
6073:World Englishes
6070:
6066:
6057:
6053:
6043:
6041:
6028:
6027:
6023:
6013:
6011:
5998:
5997:
5993:
5983:
5961:
5957:
5952:
5948:
5935:
5934:
5930:
5920:
5919:
5915:
5907:
5903:
5858:
5851:
5843:
5839:
5832:
5816:
5812:
5802:
5800:
5792:
5788:
5787:
5783:
5773:
5771:
5762:
5758:
5750:
5735:
5727:
5723:
5711:
5707:
5699:
5695:
5675:
5671:
5663:
5652:
5644:
5640:
5632:
5628:
5620:
5614:
5607:
5562:
5558:
5550:
5546:
5536:
5534:
5524:
5517:
5506:, 39(1): 1-32.
5501:
5497:
5487:
5485:
5476:
5475:
5471:
5461:
5459:
5451:
5450:
5443:
5433:
5431:
5418:
5417:
5413:
5403:
5401:
5399:dailybhutan.com
5393:
5392:
5388:
5369:World Englishes
5365:
5361:
5346:
5342:
5335:
5313:
5309:
5299:
5297:
5289:
5288:
5284:
5275:
5271:
5256:
5254:
5244:
5240:
5232:
5228:
5220:Edward Carney:
5219:
5215:
5206:
5202:
5193:
5189:
5169:
5165:
5152:
5145:
5136:
5132:
5119:
5118:
5114:
5104:
5102:
5094:
5093:
5089:
5079:
5077:
5076:. 28 April 2016
5068:
5067:
5063:
5054:
5052:
5042:
5016:
5012:
4992:
4988:
4951:
4947:
4937:
4935:
4927:
4926:
4922:
4909:
4908:
4904:
4896:
4890:
4879:
4871:
4867:
4857:
4855:
4847:
4846:
4842:
4825:
4821:
4811:
4809:
4799:
4795:
4783:Wayback Machine
4773:
4769:
4763:Wayback Machine
4753:
4749:
4740:Wayback Machine
4731:
4727:
4721:Wayback Machine
4710:Census of India
4708:
4704:
4694:
4692:
4683:
4682:
4675:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4641:
4631:
4629:
4622:British Library
4616:
4615:
4611:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4572:
4568:
4558:
4556:
4548:
4547:
4543:
4533:
4531:
4523:
4522:
4515:
4505:
4503:
4495:
4494:
4487:
4482:
4391:
4384:
4377:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4212:
4168:
4159:political party
4066:
3817:
3691:
3664:English-knowing
3649:English-knowing
3623:Value Added Tax
3528:chain-snatching
3509:chain-snatching
3436:
3374:World Englishes
3347:scheduled tribe
3343:scheduled caste
3315:
3309:
3266:
3253:100,000,000,000
3244:
3234:10,00,00,00,000
3210:
3038:
3010:
2993:
2986:
2982:
2949:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2911:
2899:
2880:
2867:
2863:
2852:
2821:
2817:
2795:
2681:
2665:
2657:
2649:
2645:
2439:, resulting in
2428:
2424:
2349:. Usually, the
2324:
2320:
2310:
2306:
2283:
2195:
2164:
2160:
2132:
2128:
2100:
2096:
2038:trap–bath split
2016:
2012:
1993:
1989:
1962:
1958:
1931:
1927:
1908:
1904:
1884:
1880:
1860:
1856:
1835:
1831:
1821:
1817:
1811:Hiberno-English
1747:
1742:
1617:
1611:
1599:Main articles:
1597:
1553:
1547:in the region.
1472:
1467:
1461:
1445:Indian currency
1422:
1416:
1413:
1406:needs expansion
1391:
1348:Anglo-Indianism
1324:
1282:and of all the
1276:
1152:
1088:Indian diaspora
1058:
707:Advanced topics
664:
663:
655:
653:
652:
651:
650:
639:
631:
628:
621:
615:
610:
609:
601:
599:
598:
597:
596:
581:
572:
569:
562:
556:
551:
550:
542:
540:
539:
538:
537:
522:
514:
511:
504:
498:
473:Without proper
459:
445:
429:
422:
412:
411:
404:
394:
393:
386:
368:
366:
363:
356:Official status
348:
337:
332:
326:
277:
270:
207:
204:Language family
202:
195:
190:
185:
181:
180:Native speakers
153:
142:
136:
133:
90:
88:
78:
66:
55:
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9833:
9823:
9822:
9817:
9812:
9810:Indian English
9795:
9794:
9789:
9788:
9785:
9784:
9781:
9780:
9770:
9767:
9766:
9763:
9762:
9759:
9758:
9756:
9755:
9750:
9745:
9738:
9733:
9728:
9723:
9718:
9711:
9706:
9701:
9696:
9691:
9686:
9679:
9674:
9669:
9666:American Samoa
9661:
9659:
9655:
9654:
9652:
9651:
9646:
9639:
9631:
9629:
9625:
9624:
9622:
9621:
9616:
9611:
9606:
9601:
9594:
9587:
9579:
9577:
9571:
9570:
9568:
9567:
9559:
9557:
9553:
9552:
9550:
9549:
9544:
9539:
9534:
9529:
9524:
9519:
9514:
9509:
9504:
9499:
9494:
9489:
9484:
9479:
9474:
9469:
9464:
9459:
9454:
9449:
9444:
9438:
9436:
9432:
9431:
9429:
9428:
9416:
9410:
9409:
9406:
9405:
9403:
9402:
9395:
9392:Norfolk Island
9388:
9383:
9377:
9375:
9369:
9368:
9366:
9365:
9363:United Kingdom
9360:
9353:
9346:
9341:
9333:
9331:
9325:
9324:
9322:
9321:
9314:
9309:
9302:
9297:
9290:
9283:
9280:Sint Eustatius
9276:
9271:
9266:
9261:
9254:
9247:
9242:
9237:
9232:
9225:
9220:
9217:Cayman Islands
9213:
9208:
9201:
9194:
9189:
9184:
9179:
9174:
9166:
9164:
9158:
9157:
9155:
9154:
9146:
9144:
9138:
9137:
9135:
9134:
9122:
9112:
9111:
9109:
9108:
9103:
9097:
9095:
9091:
9090:
9088:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9075:British Empire
9072:
9067:
9061:
9059:
9051:
9050:
9040:
9039:
9029:
9026:
9025:
9018:
9017:
9010:
9003:
8995:
8986:
8985:
8983:
8982:
8977:
8972:
8967:
8962:
8956:
8953:
8952:
8949:
8948:
8946:
8945:
8940:
8935:
8930:
8925:
8920:
8915:
8910:
8905:
8900:
8895:
8890:
8885:
8880:
8875:
8870:
8865:
8860:
8855:
8850:
8845:
8840:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8820:
8814:
8812:
8804:
8803:
8801:
8800:
8795:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8775:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8679:
8677:
8673:Over 1 million
8666:
8656:
8655:
8652:
8651:
8649:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8558:
8553:
8548:
8543:
8538:
8533:
8528:
8523:
8518:
8512:
8510:
8506:
8505:
8503:
8502:
8497:
8492:
8487:
8482:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8446:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8406:
8401:
8396:
8390:
8388:
8377:
8376:
8374:
8373:
8368:
8362:
8360:
8353:
8345:
8344:
8337:
8336:
8329:
8322:
8314:
8305:
8304:
8302:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8266:
8261:
8260:
8259:
8254:
8246:
8244:Englishisation
8241:
8236:
8231:
8226:
8221:
8216:
8211:
8206:
8200:
8198:
8194:
8193:
8190:
8189:
8187:
8186:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8155:
8153:
8151:Southeast Asia
8147:
8146:
8144:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8127:
8126:
8116:
8110:
8108:
8102:
8101:
8099:
8098:
8092:
8086:
8082:
8081:
8079:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8066:South Atlantic
8063:
8062:
8061:
8056:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8000:
7998:
7994:
7993:
7990:
7989:
7987:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7975:
7974:
7964:
7958:
7955:
7954:
7952:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7930:
7929:
7918:
7916:
7907:
7903:
7902:
7899:
7898:
7896:
7895:
7890:
7884:
7881:
7880:
7878:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7856:
7855:
7848:Cayman Islands
7845:
7840:
7835:
7829:
7827:
7821:
7820:
7817:
7816:
7813:
7812:
7810:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7773:
7772:
7761:
7759:
7758:ethno-cultural
7753:
7752:
7750:
7749:
7744:
7743:
7742:
7737:
7727:
7726:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7695:
7694:
7693:
7683:
7682:
7681:
7676:
7666:
7665:
7664:
7654:
7653:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7627:
7621:
7615:
7607:
7606:
7604:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7582:
7581:
7576:
7566:
7560:
7558:
7549:
7538:
7534:
7533:
7530:
7529:
7527:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7510:
7507:
7506:
7504:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7487:
7485:
7479:
7478:
7475:
7474:
7472:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7450:
7448:
7442:
7441:
7439:
7438:
7433:
7427:
7425:
7419:
7418:
7415:
7414:
7412:
7411:
7410:
7409:
7404:
7394:
7389:
7388:
7387:
7382:
7372:
7366:
7364:
7358:
7357:
7355:
7354:
7353:
7352:
7350:Stoke-on-Trent
7347:
7342:
7332:
7326:
7324:
7320:
7319:
7317:
7316:
7311:
7310:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7268:
7267:
7257:
7251:
7249:
7240:
7231:
7220:
7214:
7213:
7209:Modern English
7197:
7196:
7189:
7182:
7174:
7168:
7165:
7164:
7155:
7154:
7151:
7146:
7136:
7130:
7120:
7114:
7108:
7102:
7089:
7057:
7056:External links
7054:
7052:
7051:
7046:978-9027248985
7045:
7030:
7024:
7009:
7003:
6988:
6982:
6967:
6958:(4): 485–506,
6939:
6930:(3): 292–320,
6915:
6909:
6892:
6886:
6869:
6863:
6850:
6844:
6829:
6823:
6808:
6798:
6776:
6754:
6732:
6710:
6701:
6692:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6665:
6659:
6646:
6640:
6631:Indian English
6625:
6619:
6602:
6597:
6573:
6567:
6552:
6546:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6524:
6523:
6511:
6493:
6475:
6457:
6432:
6403:
6383:
6365:
6347:
6325:
6316:"freeship, 4."
6307:
6273:
6255:
6236:
6214:
6188:
6162:
6140:
6118:
6104:
6084:
6064:
6051:
6021:
5991:
5981:
5955:
5946:
5928:
5913:
5911:, p. 630.
5901:
5872:(2): 217–224.
5849:
5847:, p. 627.
5837:
5830:
5810:
5781:
5756:
5754:, p. 629.
5733:
5731:, p. 665.
5721:
5705:
5693:
5669:
5667:, p. 628.
5650:
5638:
5636:, p. 626.
5626:
5605:
5556:
5552:Sailaja (2009)
5544:
5515:
5495:
5469:
5441:
5411:
5386:
5375:(2): 161–178.
5359:
5340:
5333:
5307:
5282:
5269:
5238:
5226:
5213:
5209:Indian English
5200:
5187:
5163:
5143:
5130:
5112:
5087:
5061:
5040:
5010:
4986:
4965:(1): 103–109.
4945:
4920:
4902:
4888:
4865:
4840:
4819:
4793:
4767:
4747:
4725:
4702:
4673:
4639:
4628:on 27 May 2019
4609:
4596:
4566:
4541:
4513:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4447:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4382:
4366:
4363:
4230:William Crooke
4211:
4208:
4174:, e.g., using
4167:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4149:from a single
4134:
4133:
4132:
4129:Business India
4115:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4094:
4084:
4070:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4027:
4010:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3980:Prime Minister
3970:
3969:
3968:
3955:
3952:petrol station
3945:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3923:
3916:out of station
3913:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3881:on Sundays." (
3868:Advertisements
3861:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3839:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3778:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3743:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3672:Toward Freedom
3667:intelligentsia
3646:
3645:
3644:
3635:do the needful
3629:said that the
3611:do the needful
3607:
3599:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3570:, right after
3543:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3492:
3482:
3472:
3466:
3456:
3446:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3357:words such as
3308:
3305:
3295:
3294:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3231:10,000,000,000
3228:
3227:
3204:
3201:
3200:1,00,00,00,000
3198:
3194:
3193:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3052:
3037:
3034:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2979:
2972:
2961:
2942:
2915:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2851:instead, e.g.
2833:
2802:
2784:
2765:
2718:
2603:
2602:
2584:
2521:
2511:
2500:
2489:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2421:
2405:of the native
2399:
2392:alveolar trill
2380:
2373:
2341:allophones in
2333:(spelled with
2303:
2296:retroflex flap
2228:stops English
2222:
2201:The voiceless
2194:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2157:
2125:
2089:
2088:
2081:
2034:
2010:
1987:
1956:
1925:
1901:
1877:
1853:
1814:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1712:and English),
1702:and English),
1694:and English),
1686:and English),
1667:mean the same
1639:hybrid use of
1596:
1593:
1552:
1549:
1535:civil services
1471:
1468:
1460:
1457:
1424:
1423:
1403:
1401:
1390:
1387:
1328:Indian English
1323:
1320:
1292:Madhya Pradesh
1275:
1274:Court language
1272:
1166:and later the
1154:After gaining
1151:
1148:
1142:British Indian
1131:Indian English
1123:British Empire
1086:and among the
1082:spoken in the
1065:Indian English
1060:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1049:
1042:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
982:South Atlantic
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
766:
765:
761:
760:
759:
758:
745:
744:
740:
739:
738:
737:
732:
727:
725:Modern English
722:
717:
709:
708:
704:
703:
702:
701:
696:
691:
683:
682:
678:
677:
671:
670:
654:
640:
629:
626:Speech example
624:
623:
622:
613:
612:
611:
600:
582:
570:
567:Speech example
565:
564:
563:
554:
553:
552:
541:
523:
512:
509:Speech example
507:
506:
505:
496:
495:
494:
491:
490:
477:, you may see
463:
462:
457:
451:
450:
443:
435:
434:
427:
419:
418:
409:
401:
400:
391:
383:
382:
381:Language codes
378:
377:
364:
361:
358:
357:
353:
352:
338:
334:Writing system
331:
328:
327:
325:
324:
323:
322:
321:
320:
319:
318:
317:
316:
315:
314:
312:Modern English
302:Middle English
287:Proto-Germanic
280:
278:
275:
272:
271:
269:
268:
267:
266:
265:
264:
263:
262:
261:
260:
259:
258:
257:
256:
255:
254:
252:Indian English
210:
208:
201:
198:
197:
182:
179:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
164:Indian English
155:
154:
69:
67:
60:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9832:
9821:
9818:
9816:
9813:
9811:
9808:
9807:
9805:
9777:
9773:
9768:
9754:
9751:
9749:
9746:
9744:
9743:
9739:
9737:
9734:
9732:
9729:
9727:
9724:
9722:
9719:
9717:
9716:
9712:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9702:
9700:
9697:
9695:
9692:
9690:
9687:
9685:
9684:
9680:
9678:
9675:
9673:
9670:
9668:
9667:
9663:
9662:
9660:
9656:
9650:
9647:
9645:
9644:
9640:
9638:
9637:
9633:
9632:
9630:
9626:
9620:
9617:
9615:
9612:
9610:
9607:
9605:
9602:
9600:
9599:
9595:
9593:
9592:
9588:
9586:
9585:
9581:
9580:
9578:
9576:
9572:
9566:
9565:
9561:
9560:
9558:
9554:
9548:
9545:
9543:
9540:
9538:
9535:
9533:
9530:
9528:
9525:
9523:
9520:
9518:
9515:
9513:
9510:
9508:
9505:
9503:
9500:
9498:
9495:
9493:
9490:
9488:
9485:
9483:
9480:
9478:
9475:
9473:
9470:
9468:
9465:
9463:
9460:
9458:
9455:
9453:
9450:
9448:
9445:
9443:
9440:
9439:
9437:
9433:
9427:
9424:
9423:
9420:
9417:
9411:
9401:
9400:
9396:
9394:
9393:
9389:
9387:
9384:
9382:
9379:
9378:
9376:
9374:
9370:
9364:
9361:
9359:
9358:
9354:
9352:
9351:
9347:
9345:
9342:
9340:
9339:
9335:
9334:
9332:
9330:
9326:
9320:
9319:
9315:
9313:
9312:United States
9310:
9308:
9307:
9303:
9301:
9298:
9296:
9295:
9291:
9289:
9288:
9284:
9282:
9281:
9277:
9275:
9272:
9270:
9267:
9265:
9262:
9260:
9259:
9255:
9253:
9252:
9248:
9246:
9243:
9241:
9238:
9236:
9233:
9231:
9230:
9226:
9224:
9221:
9219:
9218:
9214:
9212:
9209:
9207:
9206:
9202:
9200:
9199:
9195:
9193:
9190:
9188:
9185:
9183:
9180:
9178:
9175:
9173:
9172:
9168:
9167:
9165:
9163:
9159:
9153:
9152:
9148:
9147:
9145:
9143:
9139:
9133:
9130:
9129:
9126:
9123:
9117:
9113:
9107:
9104:
9102:
9099:
9098:
9096:
9092:
9086:
9083:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9062:
9060:
9056:
9052:
9048:Further links
9045:
9041:
9027:
9023:
9016:
9011:
9009:
9004:
9002:
8997:
8996:
8993:
8981:
8978:
8976:
8973:
8971:
8968:
8966:
8963:
8961:
8958:
8957:
8954:
8944:
8941:
8939:
8936:
8934:
8931:
8929:
8926:
8924:
8921:
8919:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8881:
8879:
8876:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8816:
8815:
8813:
8811:
8805:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8680:
8678:
8676:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8657:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8544:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8529:
8527:
8526:Chhattisgarhi
8524:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8514:
8513:
8511:
8507:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8483:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8442:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8391:
8389:
8387:
8382:
8378:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8363:
8361:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8346:
8342:
8335:
8330:
8328:
8323:
8321:
8316:
8315:
8312:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8264:International
8262:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8249:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8201:
8199:
8195:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8156:
8154:
8152:
8148:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8125:
8122:
8121:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8111:
8109:
8107:
8103:
8097:
8094:
8093:
8090:
8087:
8083:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8051:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8001:
7999:
7995:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7973:
7970:
7969:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7959:
7956:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7944:Torres Strait
7942:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7928:
7925:
7924:
7923:
7920:
7919:
7917:
7915:
7911:
7908:
7904:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7885:
7882:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7854:
7851:
7850:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7830:
7828:
7826:
7822:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7771:
7768:
7767:
7766:
7763:
7762:
7760:
7754:
7748:
7745:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7732:
7731:
7728:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7700:
7699:
7696:
7692:
7689:
7688:
7687:
7684:
7680:
7679:North-Central
7677:
7675:
7672:
7671:
7670:
7667:
7663:
7660:
7659:
7658:
7657:New York City
7655:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7632:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7622:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7608:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7591:Ottawa Valley
7589:
7587:
7584:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7571:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7561:
7559:
7557:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7542:
7539:
7535:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7511:
7508:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7488:
7486:
7484:
7480:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7451:
7449:
7447:
7443:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7428:
7426:
7424:
7420:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7399:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7386:
7385:Multicultural
7383:
7381:
7378:
7377:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7367:
7365:
7363:
7359:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7345:Black Country
7343:
7341:
7338:
7337:
7336:
7335:West Midlands
7333:
7331:
7330:East Midlands
7328:
7327:
7325:
7321:
7315:
7312:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7289:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7266:
7263:
7262:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7252:
7250:
7248:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7215:
7210:
7206:
7202:
7195:
7190:
7188:
7183:
7181:
7176:
7175:
7172:
7166:
7159:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7144:
7143:India Seminar
7140:
7137:
7134:
7131:
7128:
7127:Gurcharan Das
7124:
7121:
7118:
7115:
7112:
7109:
7106:
7103:
7100:
7096:
7093:
7090:
7086:
7080:
7064:
7060:
7059:
7048:
7042:
7038:
7037:
7031:
7027:
7021:
7017:
7016:
7010:
7006:
7004:90-272-4716-1
7000:
6996:
6995:
6989:
6985:
6979:
6975:
6974:
6968:
6965:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6947:
6946:Hobson-Jobson
6940:
6937:
6933:
6929:
6925:
6921:
6916:
6912:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6893:
6889:
6883:
6879:
6875:
6870:
6866:
6864:0-19-561353-8
6860:
6856:
6851:
6847:
6841:
6837:
6836:
6830:
6826:
6820:
6816:
6815:
6809:
6806:
6805:
6799:
6788:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6766:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6744:
6743:
6742:The Economist
6738:
6733:
6722:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6707:
6702:
6698:
6693:
6689:
6688:
6683:
6679:
6675:
6674:
6662:
6660:0-521-28541-0
6656:
6652:
6647:
6643:
6637:
6633:
6632:
6626:
6622:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6603:
6600:
6594:
6591:, Routledge,
6590:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6574:
6570:
6564:
6560:
6559:
6553:
6549:
6543:
6540:. Routledge.
6539:
6534:
6533:
6520:
6515:
6507:
6503:
6497:
6489:
6485:
6479:
6471:
6467:
6461:
6446:
6442:
6436:
6420:
6416:
6410:
6408:
6399:
6398:
6393:
6387:
6379:
6375:
6369:
6361:
6357:
6351:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6329:
6321:
6317:
6311:
6303:
6295:
6291:
6290:
6284:
6277:
6269:
6265:
6259:
6251:
6247:
6240:
6232:
6228:
6226:
6218:
6203:. 27 May 2018
6202:
6198:
6192:
6176:
6172:
6166:
6150:
6144:
6136:
6132:
6130:
6122:
6107:
6105:9781009323796
6101:
6097:
6096:
6088:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6068:
6061:
6055:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6025:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5995:
5988:
5984:
5982:9781408811146
5978:
5974:
5970:
5969:A&C Black
5966:
5959:
5950:
5942:
5938:
5932:
5924:
5917:
5910:
5905:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5856:
5854:
5846:
5841:
5833:
5831:9788194343271
5827:
5823:
5822:
5814:
5798:
5791:
5785:
5769:
5768:
5760:
5753:
5748:
5746:
5744:
5742:
5740:
5738:
5730:
5725:
5718:
5714:
5709:
5702:
5697:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5673:
5666:
5661:
5659:
5657:
5655:
5647:
5642:
5635:
5630:
5619:
5612:
5610:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5560:
5553:
5548:
5533:
5529:
5522:
5520:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5499:
5483:
5479:
5473:
5458:
5454:
5448:
5446:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5415:
5400:
5396:
5390:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5363:
5355:
5351:
5344:
5336:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5311:
5296:
5292:
5286:
5279:
5273:
5266:
5253:
5249:
5242:
5235:
5230:
5223:
5217:
5210:
5204:
5197:
5191:
5185:
5181:
5178:, 39(1): 26.
5177:
5173:
5167:
5160:
5156:
5155:Hobson-Jobson
5150:
5148:
5140:
5134:
5126:
5122:
5116:
5101:
5097:
5091:
5075:
5071:
5065:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5014:
5006:
5005:
5000:
4996:
4990:
4982:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4949:
4934:
4930:
4924:
4916:
4912:
4906:
4895:
4891:
4885:
4878:
4877:
4869:
4854:
4850:
4844:
4836:
4835:
4830:
4823:
4808:
4804:
4797:
4790:
4784:
4780:
4777:
4771:
4764:
4760:
4757:
4751:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4734:
4729:
4722:
4718:
4715:
4714:Indian Census
4711:
4706:
4690:
4686:
4680:
4678:
4658:
4651:
4650:
4643:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4613:
4599:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4570:
4555:
4551:
4545:
4530:
4526:
4520:
4518:
4502:
4498:
4492:
4490:
4485:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4388:
4383:
4380:
4369:
4362:
4360:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4308:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4269:
4266:
4262:
4259:
4255:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4226:
4225:Hobson-Jobson
4221:
4217:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4186:(as a verb),
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4172:British style
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4105:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4065:
4062:
4057:
4054:e.g. "Please
4053:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3998:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3848:
3847:Kindly adjust
3844:
3840:
3837:
3836:Kindly adjust
3833:
3832:
3830:
3829:kindly adjust
3827:
3822:
3821:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3712:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3564:Uttar Pradesh
3561:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3554:movie theatre
3551:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3507:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3442:
3441:
3434:
3431:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3304:
3302:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3262:ten thousand
3261:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3243:
3240:one thousand
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3197:1,000,000,000
3196:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3122:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3100:ten thousand
3095:
3092:one thousand
3087:
3079:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3033:
3031:
3030:Welsh English
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3012:English is a
2998:
2991:
2980:
2973:
2967:instead of a
2962:
2959:
2955:
2947:
2943:
2916:
2905:
2902:represents a
2897:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2838:
2834:
2811:
2803:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2751:
2723:
2719:
2709:
2697:
2688:
2679:
2671:
2655:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2588:Irish English
2585:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2525:
2522:
2512:
2501:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2467:
2459:
2455:respectively.
2446:
2442:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2363:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2316:
2304:
2297:
2273:
2269:
2268:Uttar Pradesh
2265:
2261:
2256:
2255:post-alveolar
2252:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2227:
2223:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2186:
2178:
2173:ranging from
2170:
2158:
2154:
2146:
2138:
2126:
2122:
2114:
2109:ranging from
2106:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2022:
2011:
2007:
2002:may be lower
1999:
1988:
1984:
1976:
1968:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1937:
1926:
1922:
1914:
1902:
1898:
1890:
1878:
1874:
1866:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1827:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1663:Hinglish and
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1592:
1590:
1585:
1582:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1544:lingua franca
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1523:British India
1519:
1518:Lord Macaulay
1515:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1470:British India
1466:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1420:
1417:December 2019
1411:
1407:
1404:This section
1402:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1296:Uttar Pradesh
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1252:, journalist
1251:
1250:
1245:
1244:
1243:lingua franca
1239:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
977:South African
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
769:
768:
767:
763:
762:
756:
752:
749:
748:
747:
746:
742:
741:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
712:
711:
710:
706:
705:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
686:
685:
684:
680:
679:
676:
673:
672:
668:
667:
662:
660:
648:
644:
627:
608:
606:
594:
593:Arundhati Roy
590:
586:
568:
549:
547:
535:
534:Vandana Shiva
531:
527:
510:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
470:
464:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
442:
441:
436:
432:
428:
425:
420:
415:
410:
407:
402:
397:
392:
389:
384:
379:
376:
365:
359:
354:
351:
346:
342:
339:
335:
329:
313:
310:
309:
308:
305:
304:
303:
300:
299:
298:
295:
294:
293:
292:Proto-English
290:
289:
288:
285:
284:
283:
279:
273:
253:
250:
249:
248:
245:
244:
243:
240:
239:
238:
235:
234:
233:
232:Anglo-Frisian
230:
229:
228:
225:
224:
223:
222:West Germanic
220:
219:
218:
215:
214:
213:
212:Indo-European
209:
205:
199:
193:
188:
183:
177:
174:
171:
167:
162:
159:
151:
148:
140:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112:
108:
105:
101:
98: –
97:
93:
92:Find sources:
86:
82:
76:
75:
70:This article
68:
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59:
58:
53:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
9775:
9772:Dependencies
9740:
9713:
9681:
9672:Cook Islands
9664:
9641:
9634:
9596:
9589:
9582:
9562:
9517:South Africa
9507:Sierra Leone
9425:
9397:
9390:
9355:
9348:
9336:
9316:
9304:
9292:
9287:Sint Maarten
9285:
9278:
9256:
9249:
9227:
9215:
9203:
9196:
9169:
9149:
9131:
8381:8th schedule
8370:
8118:
8049:South Africa
8044:Sierra Leone
7797:Miami Latino
7686:Philadelphia
7674:Inland North
7579:Newfoundland
7397:West Country
7211:by continent
7142:
7067:. Retrieved
7035:
7014:
6993:
6972:
6955:
6951:
6945:
6927:
6923:
6900:
6877:
6854:
6834:
6813:
6803:
6790:. Retrieved
6784:
6768:. Retrieved
6762:
6746:. Retrieved
6740:
6724:. Retrieved
6718:
6705:
6696:
6686:
6650:
6630:
6610:
6588:
6581:Suthar, Babu
6557:
6537:
6529:Bibliography
6519:Sailaja 2009
6514:
6505:
6496:
6487:
6478:
6469:
6460:
6448:. Retrieved
6444:
6435:
6423:. Retrieved
6418:
6395:
6386:
6377:
6368:
6359:
6350:
6337:
6328:
6319:
6310:
6287:
6276:
6267:
6258:
6249:
6239:
6230:
6224:
6217:
6205:. Retrieved
6200:
6191:
6179:. Retrieved
6174:
6165:
6153:. Retrieved
6143:
6134:
6128:
6121:
6109:. Retrieved
6094:
6087:
6072:
6067:
6059:
6054:
6042:. Retrieved
6038:the original
6033:
6024:
6012:. Retrieved
6008:the original
6003:
5994:
5986:
5964:
5958:
5949:
5941:the original
5931:
5922:
5916:
5904:
5869:
5865:
5840:
5820:
5813:
5801:. Retrieved
5796:
5784:
5772:. Retrieved
5770:. p. 31
5766:
5759:
5724:
5716:
5713:Sailaja 2007
5708:
5696:
5672:
5641:
5629:
5576:(1): 49–76.
5573:
5569:
5559:
5547:
5535:. Retrieved
5531:
5503:
5498:
5486:. Retrieved
5481:
5472:
5460:. Retrieved
5456:
5432:. Retrieved
5428:the original
5423:
5414:
5402:. Retrieved
5398:
5389:
5372:
5368:
5362:
5353:
5343:
5316:
5310:
5298:. Retrieved
5294:
5285:
5277:
5272:
5255:. Retrieved
5241:
5233:
5229:
5221:
5216:
5208:
5203:
5195:
5190:
5175:
5171:
5166:
5158:
5154:
5138:
5133:
5124:
5115:
5103:. Retrieved
5099:
5090:
5078:. Retrieved
5073:
5064:
5053:, retrieved
5023:
5013:
5002:
4995:Joseph, Manu
4989:
4962:
4958:
4948:
4936:. Retrieved
4932:
4923:
4914:
4905:
4894:the original
4875:
4868:
4856:. Retrieved
4852:
4843:
4832:
4822:
4810:. Retrieved
4806:
4796:
4787:
4770:
4750:
4728:
4705:
4693:. Retrieved
4688:
4664:. Retrieved
4657:the original
4648:
4642:
4630:. Retrieved
4626:the original
4621:
4612:
4601:, retrieved
4579:
4569:
4557:. Retrieved
4553:
4544:
4532:. Retrieved
4528:
4504:. Retrieved
4500:
4379:India portal
4358:
4356:
4351:
4343:
4339:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4318:
4313:
4309:(1897), and
4306:
4299:
4292:
4285:
4278:
4274:
4267:
4260:
4253:
4246:
4239:
4234:
4223:
4213:
4210:Dictionaries
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4169:
4136:
4128:
4124:
4117:
4111:
4103:
4096:
4086:
4081:intersection
4072:
4063:
4055:
4044:
4034:
4030:
4023:
4019:
4012:
3999:
3991:
3984:presspersons
3983:
3982:greeted the
3972:
3964:
3957:
3947:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3915:
3905:
3895:interjection
3890:
3882:
3879:matrimonials
3878:
3863:
3854:
3846:
3842:
3835:
3828:
3813:
3807:
3799:
3795:
3780:
3766:
3760:
3750:
3746:
3739:
3735:
3724:
3718:
3710:
3699:
3684:
3670:
3663:
3648:
3638:
3634:
3609:
3601:
3585:
3575:
3574:is played" (
3560:Cinema halls
3559:
3545:
3535:
3527:
3508:
3494:
3484:
3474:
3468:
3463:interjection
3458:
3448:
3438:
3432:
3422:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3371:
3363:hill station
3355:Anglo-Indian
3316:
3298:
3283:
3206:one hundred
3183:10,00,00,000
3084:one hundred
3059:short scales
3039:
3011:
2881:
2707:
2684:represents /
2604:
2572:
2560:
2556:
2549:
2538:
2485:
2481:
2444:
2440:
2403:phonotactics
2388:alveolar tap
2377:yod-dropping
2339:intervocalic
2334:
2259:
2250:
2196:
2090:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2049:
2045:
2041:
1979:or open-mid
1786:
1782:
1779:alveolar tap
1770:
1766:
1762:
1748:
1729:
1723:
1713:
1703:
1695:
1687:
1679:
1677:
1661:portmanteaus
1620:
1618:
1586:
1578:
1570:
1554:
1542:
1504:
1473:
1434:
1427:
1414:
1410:adding to it
1405:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1347:
1344:Indo-English
1343:
1340:Indo-Anglian
1339:
1336:Anglo-Indian
1335:
1334:, or simply
1331:
1327:
1325:
1277:
1263:
1257:
1247:
1241:
1238:multilingual
1235:
1224:
1217:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1170:. After the
1156:independence
1153:
1140:
1134:
1130:
1120:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1006:
967:Sierra Leone
881:
656:
643:South Indian
602:
543:
526:North Indian
466:
438:
251:
158:
143:
137:January 2019
134:
124:
117:
110:
103:
91:
79:Please help
74:verification
71:
9614:Philippines
9564:Puerto Rico
9522:South Sudan
9386:New Zealand
9350:Isle of Man
9269:Saint Lucia
9182:The Bahamas
9085:Anglosphere
8359:Union-level
8174:Philippines
7967:New Zealand
7853:Bay Islands
7833:The Bahamas
7756:Social and
7713:New Orleans
7630:New England
7524:Isle of Man
7469:Port Talbot
7370:East Anglia
7287:Northumbria
6450:13 November
6201:The Pioneer
5797:Phonologics
5774:2 September
5434:26 February
5404:26 February
5161:33(3): 294.
4858:29 November
4335:(1996) and
4188:anaesthesia
4125:upgradation
4118:upgradation
3973:pressperson
3906:office boy:
3864:matrimonial
3729:scholarship
3640:The Pioneer
3587:communalism
3546:cinema hall
3499:bell pepper
3489:bus station
3477:(noun): An
3433:all is well
3382:count nouns
3327:eve-teasing
3237:ten billion
3203:one billion
3180:100,000,000
3157:ten million
3154:1,00,00,000
3140:one million
3018:word stress
2976:/dɪˈvɛləpt/
2629:) lack the
2544:), or if a
2413:languages.
2206:/p/,/t/,/k/
1948:or central
1809:similar to
1625:portmanteau
1531:British Raj
1482:charter by
1381:(1985) and
1355:portmanteau
1350:from 1851.
1254:Manu Joseph
1220:2011 Census
1194:2001 Census
1160:British Raj
1129:, the term
937:New Zealand
832:Cameroonian
807:Bay Islands
802:Bangladeshi
530:Uttarakhand
481:instead of
297:Old English
276:Early forms
9804:Categories
9699:Micronesia
9512:Somaliland
9457:The Gambia
9251:Montserrat
8975:Endangered
8778:Rajasthani
8662:unofficial
8621:Rajbangshi
8546:Kamatapuri
8451:(Manipuri)
8114:Bangladesh
8106:South Asia
8059:Cape Flats
8009:The Gambia
7934:Aboriginal
7770:vernacular
7735:California
7708:High Tider
7703:Appalachia
7564:Aboriginal
7496:South-West
7340:Birmingham
7297:Sunderland
7282:Manchester
7272:Lancashire
7069:23 January
6678:Henry Yule
6585:"Gujarati"
6304:required.)
6283:"freeship"
6044:7 November
6014:7 November
5971:. p.
5909:Wells 1982
5862:"Assamese"
5845:Wells 1982
5803:7 November
5752:Wells 1982
5665:Wells 1982
5646:Wells 1982
5634:Wells 1982
4933:www.ef.com
4853:www.ef.com
4554:Ethnologue
4480:References
4251:Stocqueler
4176:travelling
4075:(noun): a
3978:e.g. "The
3814:it will be
3810:Oh really?
3785:restaurant
3783:(noun): A
3769:(noun): A
3568:Kumbh Mela
3548:(noun): A
3538:(noun): A
3487:(noun): A
3481:/aubergine
3469:ayyo, aiyo
3459:ayye, aiye
3307:Vocabulary
3151:10,000,000
3057:In words (
2856:/ˈtrɛzəːr/
2792:epenthesis
2767:Again, in
2546:high vowel
2407:Indo-Aryan
2247:Devanagari
2236:are often
2193:Consonants
1903:Diphthong
1879:Diphthong
1855:Diphthong
1759:non-rhotic
1657:Hindustani
1641:Hindustani
1613:See also:
1463:See also:
1383:Indianlish
1367:Indenglish
1207:under the
1007:see also:
1002:Zimbabwean
987:Sri Lankan
952:Philippine
792:Australian
777:Anguillian
659:media help
605:media help
546:media help
227:Ingvaeonic
107:newspapers
9774:shown in
9636:Gibraltar
9619:Singapore
9598:Hong Kong
9487:Mauritius
9381:Australia
8965:Classical
8783:Surjapuri
8743:Khandeshi
8713:Dhundhari
8664:languages
8636:Sikkimese
8444:Malayalam
8351:languages
8179:Singapore
8141:Sri Lanka
8096:Hong Kong
7922:variation
7914:Australia
7825:Caribbean
7691:Baltimore
7574:Lunenburg
7519:Gibraltar
7436:Highlands
7314:Yorkshire
7277:Liverpool
6720:The Hindu
6441:"prepone"
6425:19 August
6250:The Hindu
5888:0025-1003
5600:216377833
5592:0954-3945
5532:Scroll.in
5354:Scroll.in
5141:, p. 326.
5125:The Hindu
5050:241712224
4834:The Hindu
4603:21 August
4348:Macmillan
4297:Whitworth
4196:catalogue
4155:candidate
4151:community
4077:crossroad
4031:redressal
4024:Statesman
4020:redressal
4013:redressal
3992:The Hindu
3883:Statesman
3872:newspaper
3808:is it so:
3800:Statesman
3747:freeships
3736:freeships
3711:The Hindu
3675:vii. 40,
3653:adjective
3637:." (2018
3513:motorbike
3485:bus stand
3424:The Hindu
3404:academics
3390:equipment
3331:vote bank
3137:10,00,000
3134:1,000,000
2954:Pakistani
2871:/ˈtrɛʃər/
2799:/isˈkuːl/
2581:/ˈmiːʈər/
2577:/ˈmiːtər/
2411:Dravidian
2351:aspirated
2238:retroflex
1740:Phonology
1700:Malayalam
1645:Bollywood
1637:macaronic
1619:The term
1581:education
1363:Indiglish
1300:Rajasthan
1158:from the
972:Singapore
947:Pakistani
912:Malaysian
842:Caribbean
817:Bermudian
782:Antarctic
751:Phonology
743:Phonology
730:Loanwords
647:Karnataka
645:state of
589:Meghalaya
587:state of
528:state of
440:Glottolog
424:ISO 639-3
406:ISO 639-2
388:ISO 639-1
9689:Kiribati
9609:Pakistan
9556:Americas
9547:Zimbabwe
9532:Tanzania
9452:Eswatini
9447:Cameroon
9442:Botswana
9338:Guernsey
9223:Dominica
9187:Barbados
9171:Anguilla
9162:Americas
9058:Articles
8938:Tangkhul
8810:speakers
8733:Haryanvi
8718:Garhwali
8675:speakers
8566:Kokborok
8521:Bhojpuri
8475:Sanskrit
8439:Maithili
8429:Kashmiri
8414:Gujarati
8394:Assamese
8349:Official
8299:Standard
8269:Learning
8257:Nerrière
8248:Globish
8164:Malaysia
8136:Pakistan
8076:Zimbabwe
8004:Cameroon
7838:Barbados
7569:Atlantic
7537:Americas
7454:Abercraf
7423:Scotland
7402:Cornwall
7323:Midlands
7307:Teesside
7302:Tyneside
7292:Pitmatic
7255:Cheshire
7201:Dialects
7107:, ESLAN.
7095:Archived
7079:cite web
6684:(1886).
6583:(2003),
6342:Archived
5896:26351864
5685:Gujarati
5537:18 April
4938:2 August
4779:Archived
4759:Archived
4736:Archived
4717:Archived
4464:Tenglish
4459:Tanglish
4454:Banglish
4436:Manglish
4431:Hinglish
4426:Kanglish
4365:See also
4361:(2017).
4354:(2006).
4316:(1906).
4302:(1885),
4295:(1878),
4288:(1855),
4281:(1877),
4270:(1852),
4263:(1845),
4256:(1844),
4249:(1813),
4242:(1804),
4237:Rousseau
4184:practise
4166:Spelling
4138:votebank
4104:the same
4097:the same
4004:bullying
4002:(noun):
3988:namaskar
3986:with a '
3965:preponed
3910:Chaiwala
3866:(noun):
3857:(noun):
3771:motorway
3725:freeship
3700:footpath
3677:J. Nehru
3495:capsicum
3479:eggplant
3440:3 Idiots
3412:Canadian
3410:) (also
3394:training
3386:evidence
3367:gymkhana
3339:swadeshi
3301:trillion
3108:1,00,000
2794:. e.g.,
2781:Bengalis
2773:Bhojpuri
2769:Assamese
2722:Assamese
2615:Assamese
2553:/ˈliʈil/
2542:/ˈbəʈən/
2524:Syllabic
2449:/wɔːtar/
2427:as and
2343:Gujarati
2226:alveolar
2203:plosives
1730:Tamglish
1725:Tanglish
1715:Tenglish
1705:Kanglish
1696:Manglish
1688:Banglish
1680:Minglish
1673:Pakistan
1621:Hinglish
1609:Tanglish
1605:Tenglish
1601:Hinglish
1511:replaced
1389:Features
1385:(2007).
1377:(1984),
1373:(1984),
1371:Indglish
1369:(1979),
1365:(1974),
1259:de facto
1112:governor
1080:dialects
1018:Teaching
962:Scottish
942:Nigerian
927:Namibian
907:Malawian
902:Liberian
892:Jamaican
877:Gustavia
872:Ghanaian
837:Canadian
812:Belizean
772:American
764:Dialects
487:Help:IPA
447:indi1255
217:Germanic
45:Nenglish
37:Tenglish
33:Kanglish
29:Tanglish
25:Benglish
21:Hinglish
9776:italics
9753:Vanuatu
9742:Tokelau
9658:Oceania
9497:Nigeria
9492:Namibia
9477:Liberia
9472:Lesotho
9373:Oceania
9344:Ireland
9245:Jamaica
9235:Grenada
9198:Bermuda
8893:Ladakhi
8798:Varhadi
8763:Marwari
8753:Lambadi
8748:Kumaoni
8728:Harauti
8708:Bundeli
8698:Bajjika
8688:Bagheli
8606:Mundari
8571:Kurmali
8561:Khortha
8480:Santali
8470:Punjabi
8455:Marathi
8434:Konkani
8424:Kannada
8399:Bengali
8371:English
8229:Engrish
8224:E-Prime
8197:Related
8184:Vietnam
8169:Myanmar
8039:Nigeria
8034:Namibia
8024:Liberia
7906:Oceania
7888:Bermuda
7860:Jamaica
7787:Chicano
7625:Midland
7611:United
7547:America
7483:Ireland
7459:Cardiff
7431:Glasgow
7380:Cockney
7260:Cumbria
7238:England
7229:Britain
7205:accents
6508:. 1993.
6111:4 March
5689:Marathi
5681:Bengali
5488:16 July
5462:16 July
5300:3 April
5105:16 July
5080:16 July
5055:23 July
4981:3381672
4695:16 July
4445:Paklish
4272:Carnegy
4244:Wilkins
4220:Brunell
4200:realise
4008:fagging
4000:ragging
3958:prepone
3775:freeway
3767:highway
3679:, 1941)
3542:or film
3521:scooter
3475:brinjal
3105:100,000
2866:, e.g.
2750:Bengali
2713:become
2711:/fɹɪdʒ/
2670:Bengali
2619:Marathi
2453:/nevar/
2074:Francis
2062:/lɑːst/
2058:/stɑːf/
2054:/klɑːs/
1844:unlike
1751:phoneme
1710:Kannada
1692:Bengali
1684:Marathi
1629:English
1514:Persian
1500:Kolkata
1496:Chennai
1459:History
1449:dollars
1379:Inglish
1359:Indlish
1308:Haryana
1144:English
1125:on the
1077:English
992:Ugandan
922:Myanmar
867:Gambian
852:England
847:Cornish
822:British
755:History
699:History
483:Unicode
242:English
184:250,000
121:scholar
9748:Tuvalu
9628:Europe
9542:Zambia
9537:Uganda
9502:Rwanda
9482:Malawi
9435:Africa
9414:
9357:Jersey
9329:Europe
9240:Guyana
9211:Canada
9192:Belize
9142:Africa
9120:
8943:Thadou
8908:Mising
8868:Konyak
8863:Kolami
8858:Kodava
8853:Khotta
8838:Dimasa
8833:Badaga
8823:Angami
8773:Nimadi
8768:Mewari
8738:Kangri
8683:Awadhi
8646:Tamang
8641:Sunwar
8631:Sherpa
8611:Newari
8591:Magahi
8581:Lepcha
8576:Kurukh
8551:Kharia
8536:Gurung
8516:Angika
8495:Telugu
8485:Sindhi
8460:Nepali
8449:Meitei
8383:to the
8252:Gogate
8159:Brunei
8071:Uganda
8054:accent
8029:Malawi
7997:Africa
7972:accent
7927:accent
7870:Samaná
7843:Bequia
7662:accent
7635:Boston
7613:States
7596:Quebec
7556:Canada
7545:North
7501:Ulster
7491:Dublin
7407:Dorset
7265:Barrow
7227:Great
7218:Europe
7043:
7022:
7001:
6980:
6907:
6884:
6861:
6842:
6821:
6786:Forbes
6657:
6638:
6617:
6595:
6565:
6544:
6207:28 May
6181:24 May
6155:24 May
6102:
5979:
5894:
5886:
5828:
5687:. and
5598:
5590:
5331:
5257:24 May
5048:
5038:
4979:
4886:
4812:6 June
4807:Forbes
4666:30 May
4632:30 May
4594:
4559:14 May
4534:14 May
4506:14 May
4337:Hankin
4311:Crooke
4304:Temple
4283:Wilson
4258:Elliot
4204:colour
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