534:
297:(DFSG). The DFSG were drafted to provide a more specific and objective standard for the FOSS that Debian would host in their repositories. The OSI adopted the DSFG and used them as the basis for their Open Source Definition. The Free Software Foundation maintains a rival set of criteria, the Free Software Definition. Historically, these three organizations and their sets of criteria have been the notable authorities in determining whether a license covers free and open-source software. There is significant diversity among individual licenses but little difference between the rival definitions. The three definitions each require that people receiving covered software must be able to use, modify, and redistribute the covered work.
583:, but Stallman wrote the GPL to increase the body of available free software. His reciprocal licenses offer the rights to use, modify, and distribute the work on the condition that people must release derivative works under a license offering these same freedoms. Software built on a copyleft base must come with the source code, and the source code must be available under the same or a similar license. This offers protection against proprietary software consuming code without giving back. Richard Stallman stated that "the central idea of copyleft is to use copyright law, but flip it over to serve the opposite of its usual purpose: instead of a means of privatizing software, becomes a means of keeping software free."
35:
167:
675:
832:
703:
set of terms cannot be waved to the public domain. Permissive licenses can be used within copyleft works, but copyleft material cannot be released under a permissive license. Some weak copyleft licenses can be used under the GPL and are said to be GPL-compatible. GPL software can only be used under the GPL or AGPL. Permissive licenses are broadly compatible because they can cover separate parts of a project. Multiple licenses including the GPL and Apache
License have been revised to enhance compatibility.
604:
263:
431:
722:
4471:
4461:
492:. One of the strengths of open-source development is the continual process where developers can build on the derivative works of each other and combine their projects into collective works. Explicitly making covered code sublicensable provides a legal advantage when tracking the chain of authorship. The BSD and MIT are template licenses that can be adapted to any project. They are widely adapted and used by many FOSS projects.
507:. Version 2, published in 2004, offers legal advantages over simple licenses and provides similar grants. While the BSD and MIT licenses offer an implicit patent grant, the Apache License includes a section on patents with an explicit grant from contributors. Additionally, it is one of the few permissive licenses with a patent retaliation clause. Patent retaliation, or patent suspension, clauses take effect if a
171:
169:
330:. He contrasted the proprietary model where small pools of secretive workers carried out this work with the development of Linux where the pool of testers included potentially the entire world. He summarized this strength as "Given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow." The OSI succeeded in bringing open-source development to corporate developers including Sun Microsystems,
764:, a digital equivalent where the user must click to accept. Open-source software has an additional acceptance mechanism. Without permission from the copyright holder, the law prohibits redistribution. Therefore, courts treat redistribution as acceptance of the license terms. These can include attribution provisions or source code provisions for copyleft licenses.
170:
412:, the court "caution against misuse or over-extension of trademark" law without providing a firm decision on those mutant copyrights. Trademark overlap can leave open-source and free content projects vulnerable to a "hostile takeover" if outside parties file for trademarks on derivative works. Notably, Andrey Duskin applied for trademarks on the
174:
172:
173:
707:
the amount of software dependencies, engineers working on complex projects often rely on license management software to achieve compliance with the licensing terms of open-source components. Many open-source software files do not unambiguously state the license, increasing the difficulties of compliance.
847:, and is freely available to anyone. Some creative works are not covered by copyright and enter directly into the public domain. In the early history of computing, this applied to software. Early computer software was often given away with hardware. Developed initially at MIT, the pioneering video game
445:, also known as academic licenses, allow recipients to use, modify, and distribute software with no obligation to provide source code. Institutions created these licenses to distribute their creations to the public. Permissive licenses are usually short, often less than a page of text. They impose few
614:
Practical benefits to copyleft licenses have attracted commercial developers. Corporations have used and written reciprocal licenses with a narrower scope than the GPL. For example, Netscape drafted their own copyleft terms after rejecting permissive licenses for the
Mozilla project. The GPL remains
904:
is a business model where developers release a core piece of software as open source and monetize a product containing it as proprietary software. The strong copyleft GPL is written to prevent distribution within proprietary software. Weak copyleft licenses impose specific requirements on derivative
702:
When combining code bases, the original licenses can be maintained for separate components, and the larger work released under a compatible license. This compatibility is often one-way. Public domain content can be used anywhere as there is no copyright claim, but code acquired under any almost any
385:. Patent claims give the holder the right to exclude others from making, using, selling, or importing products based on the idea. Because patents grant the right to exclude rather than the right to create, it is possible to have a patent on an idea but still be unable to legally implement it if the
771:
letters are a common method to bring companies back into compliance, especially in
Germany. A standard process has developed in the German legal system. FOSS developers present companies with a cease and desist letter. These letters outline how to come back into compliance from a violation. German
706:
Translation issues, ambiguity in licensing terms, and incompatibility of some licenses with the law in certain jurisdictions compound the problem of license compatibility. Downloading an open-source module is straightforward, but complying with the licensing terms can be more difficult. Because of
595:
reflect different values rather than a legal difference. Both movements and their formal definitions require the covered work to be made available with source code and with permission for modification and redistribution. There are occasional edge cases where only one of the FSF or the OSI accept a
397:
Trademarks are the only form of IP not shared by free and open-source software. Trademarks on FOSS function the same as any other trademark. A trademark is a design that identifies the distinct source of a product. Because they distinguish products, the same designs can be used in different fields
389:
relies on another patented idea. Thus, open-source patent grants can offer permission only from covered patents. They cannot guarantee that a third party has not patented any concepts embodied in the code. The older permissive licenses do not discuss patents directly and offer only implicit patent
885:
as a fallback. In jurisdictions that do not accept a public domain waiver, the permissive license takes effect. Public domain waivers share limitations with simple academic licenses. This creates the possibility that an outside party could attempt to control a public domain work via patent or
899:
Open-source licenses allow other businesses to commercialize covered software. Work released under a permissive license can be incorporated into proprietary software. Permissive licenses permit the addition of new terms, including proprietary ones. Proprietary software has heavily integrated
911:
relies on free and open-source software and avoids the distribution that triggers most licenses. Cloud software is hosted rather than distributed. A vendor hosts the software online, and their end users do not have to download, access, or even know about the code in use. The copyleft
228:. The creator, or their employer, holds the copyright to this original work and therefore has the exclusive right to make copies, release modified versions, distribute copies, perform publicly, or display the work publicly. Modified versions of the original work are
685:
determines how code with different licenses can be distributed together. The goal of open-source licensing is to make the work freely available, but this becomes complicated when working with multiple terminologies imposing different requirements. There are many
151:
to be distributed with the source code and under a similar license. Since the mid-2000s, courts in multiple countries have upheld the terms of both types of license. Software developers have filed cases as copyright infringement and as breaches of contract.
472:
brought the concept of academic freedom of ideas to computing. Early academic software authors had shared code based on implied promises. Berkeley made these concepts explicit with clear disclaimers for liability and warranty along with conditions, or
168:
259:(FSF), and wrote several free software licenses. The FSF used existing intellectual property laws for the opposite of their intended goal of restriction. Instead of imposing restrictions, free software explicitly provided freedoms to the recipient.
659:
licenses often used by corporations. Weak copyleft uses narrower, explicit definitions of derivative works. The MPL uses a file-based definition, the CPL and EPL use a module-based definition, and the FSF's own LGPL refers to software libraries.
775:
Uncertainties remain in how different courts will handle certain aspects of licensing. For software in general, there are debates about what can be patented and what can be copyrighted. Regarding an application programming interface (API), the
276:
In the 90s, the term "open source" was coined as an alternative label for free software, and specific criteria were laid out to determine which licenses covered free and open-source software. Two active members of the free software community,
368:
under a similar license. Permissive licenses do not, and therefore the code can be used within proprietary software. Copyleft can be further divided into strong and weak depending on whether they define derivative works broadly or narrowly.
548:
to be distributed with software and require the source code to be made available under a similar license. Like the permissive licenses, most copyleft licenses require attribution. Most, including the GPL, disclaim implied warranties.
372:
Licenses focus on copyright law, but code is also covered by other forms of IP. Major open-source licenses written since the late 1990s contain patent grants. These open-source patent grants cover the patents held by the developers.
552:
Copyleft uses the restrictions of IP law—contrary to their usual purpose—to mandate that the code remain open. The term and it's related slogan, "All rights reversed", had been previously used in a playful manner by the
232:. When a creator modifies an existing work, they hold the copyright to their modifications. Unless the original work was in the public domain, a derivative work can only be distributed with the permission of every copyright holder.
916:(AGPL) is triggered when covered code is hosted or distributed. Some developers have adopted the AGPL, and others have switched to proprietary licenses with features of open-source licensing. For example, open-core developer
805:. A bare license is a set of conditions under which actions otherwise restricted by IP laws are permitted. Under the bare license interpretation, advocated by the FSF, a case is brought to court by the copyright holder as
931:
Since 2010, the cloud model has grown in prominence. Developers have criticized cloud companies that profit from hosting open-source software without contributing money or code upstream, comparing the practice to
477:, for redistribution. The original had four clauses, but subsequent versions have further reduced the restrictions. As a result, it's common to specify if the covered software uses a 2-clause or 3-clause version.
698:
of applications, each license can be considered separately. However, when attempting to combine software, code from another project can only be in-licensed if the project uses compatible terms and conditions.
405:
Trademark restrictions can overlap copyrights and affect material otherwise freely available. The US Supreme Court described using trademark law to restrict public domain content as "mutant copyright". In
890:
warranty and liability. Anyone using the free software must accept this disclaimer as a condition. Because public domain content is available to everyone, the copyright waiver cannot impose a disclaimer.
567:
mailed a manual to
Stallman with a "Copyleft Ⓛ" sticker. Stallman, who was working on the GNU operating system, adopted the term. An early version of copyleft licensing was used for the 1985 release of
772:
judges can issue a court-mandated cease and desist order to unresponsive companies. Civil cases proceed if these first steps fail. The German procedural laws are clear and favorable to claimants.
247:. Stallman witnessed fragmentation among software developers. He blamed the spread of proprietary software and closed models of development. To push back against these trends, Stallman founded the
304:" over "free software". He viewed open source as more appealing to businesses and more reflective of the tangible advantages of FOSS development. One of Raymond's goals was to expand the existing
390:
grants in their offers to use or sell covered material. Newer copyleft licenses and the 2004 Apache
License offer explicit patent grants and limited protection from patent litigation. These
746:
651:(AGPL) based on it, use a broad scope to describe affected works. The AGPL extends the reciprocal obligation in the GPL to cover software made available over a network. They are called
752:
Courts have found that distributing software indicates acceptance of the license's terms. Physical software releases can obtain the consumer's assent with notices placed on
318:, an open-air public market. He argued that aside from ethics, the open model provided advantages that proprietary software could not replicate. Raymond focused heavily on
3964:
244:
3234:
862:, copyright laws were not written with the expectation that creators would place their work into the public domain. Thus intellectual property laws lack clear paths to
235:
In 1980, the US government amended the law to treat software as a literary work. Software released after this point was restricted by IP laws. At that time, American
3022:
4043:
2978:
Joy, Reagan (2022). "The
Tragedy of the Creative Commons: An Analysis of How Overlapping Intellectual Property Rights Undermine the Use of Permissive Licensing".
81:(IP) laws restrict the modification and sharing of creative works. Free and open-source licenses use these existing legal structures for an inverse purpose. They
3108:
Oman, Ralph (Spring 2018). "Computer
Software as Copyrightable Subject Matter: Oracle V. Google, Legislative Intent, and the Scope of Rights in Digital Works".
402:
sources. To give up control of a trademark would result in the loss of that trademark. Therefore, no open-source license freely offers the use of a trademark.
745:
in
Germany—defendants argued that open-source licenses were invalid. Sitecom and Katzer separately argued that the licenses were unenforceable. Both the
647:(EPL). A difference between the GPL and other reciprocal licenses is how they define derivative works covered by the reciprocal provisions. The GPL, and the
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and German courts rejected these claims. They ruled that the defendants could not have legally distributed the software if the licenses were unenforceable.
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955:
351:
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3061:"Free and Open Source Software and FRAND‐based patent licenses: How to mediate between Standard Essential Patent and Free and Open Source Software"
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408:
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trademark law. Public domain waivers handle warranties differently from any type of license. Even very permissive ones, like the MIT license,
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4021:
3043:
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Developers typically achieve compliance without lawsuits. Social pressures, like the potential for community backlash, are often sufficient.
3991:
3889:
342:, Apple Inc., Microsoft, and Nokia. These companies released code under existing licenses and drafted their own to be approved by the OSI.
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4001:
3974:
3954:
3979:
3270:
Sen, Ravi; Subramaniam, Chandrasekar; Nelson, Matthew L. (Winter 2008). "Determinants of the Choice of Open Source
Software License".
2030:, p. 102 for: Apache License version 2.0 in 2004, GPL version 3 in 2007, LGPL version 3 in 2007, and AGPL version 3 in 2007. See
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161:
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481:
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147:. Permissive licenses come from academia. Copyleft licenses come from the free software movement. Copyleft licenses require
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4412:
4342:
4026:
3315:
3121:
Ombredanne, Philippe (2020). "Free and Open Source
Software License Compliance: Tools for Software Composition Analysis".
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clauses protect developers by terminating grants for any party who initiates a patent lawsuit regarding covered software.
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3430:
980:
17:
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457:
391:
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193:. Legal systems grant the owner of an IP the right to restrict access in many ways. Owners can sell, lease, gift, or
55:
4011:
3919:
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121:
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563:; the modern usage begins with Richard Stallman's efforts to create a free operating system. In 1984, programmer
294:
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339:
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works that may allow the covered code to be distributed within proprietary software in certain circumstances.
813:. US and French courts have tried cases under both interpretations. Non-profit organizations like FSF and the
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authors. A few include explicit provisions for patents, trademarks, and other forms of intellectual property.
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74:
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litigation on covered code. In that situation, the patent grants are revoked. These clauses protect against
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clarified the conditions by making them more explicit. For example, the MIT license describes the right to
310:
4400:
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the most popular license of this type, but there are other significant examples. The FSF has crafted the
442:
425:
361:
132:
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a copyright. Highly permissive licenses described as "public domain" may legally function as unilateral
801:
A long-debated subject within the FOSS community is whether open-source licenses are "bare licenses" or
124:
rather than software freedoms. While the goals behind the terms are different, open-source licenses and
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144:
47:
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2841:"The Political Agnosticism of Free and Open Source Software and the Inadvertent Politics of Contrast"
925:
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777:
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After 1980, the United States began to treat software as a literary work covered by copyright law.
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case that "ideas and principles which underlie interfaces are not protected by copyright". In a
140:
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Tsai, John (2008). "For Better or Worse: Introducing the Gnu General Public License Version 3".
2905:
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The Cathedral & the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary
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agreements. As a result, this causes more confusion than other legal aspects. When releasing a
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59:
809:. Under the contract interpretation, a case can be brought to court by an involved party as a
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They Create Worlds: The Story of the People and Companies That Shaped the Video Game Industry
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3617:
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3482:
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Onetti, Alberto; Verma, Sameer (May 1, 2009). "Open Source Licensing and Business Models".
2816:"Share and Share Alike: Understanding and Enforcing Open Source and Free Software Licenses"
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and its later variations permit modification and distribution of the covered software. The
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8:
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416:, a collaborative writing project, when creating derivative works based on SCP stories.
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2118:
810:
791:
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504:
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Bernelin, Margo (2020). "The compatibility of open/free licences: a legal imbroglio".
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580:
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Fontana, Richard E. (April 2010). "Open Source License Enforcement and Compliance".
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DiBona, Chris; Stone, Mark; Ockman, Sam, eds. (1999). "The Open Source Definition".
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The Copyleft sticker from an envelope Don Hopkins mailed to Richard Stallman in 1984
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Traditional, proprietary software licenses are written with the goal of increasing
572:. The term became associated with the FSF's later reciprocal licenses, notably the
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323:
240:
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139:. Both grant permission to change and distribute software. Typically, they require
97:
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89:, modify it, and distribute the modifications. These criteria are outlined in the
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has stated they comply with licenses and act in their customers' best interests.
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1967:
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189:(IP) is a legal category that treats creative output as property, comparable to
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CC0, provides a waiver of copyright claims into the public domain along with a
648:
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license, but the popular free software licenses are open source, including the
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39:
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Open Source as Philosophy, Methodology, and Commerce: Using Law with Attitude
1943:
844:
588:
474:
225:
3379:
3134:
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Fagundes, Dave; Perzanowski, Aaron (November 2020). "Abandoning Copyright".
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34:
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Permissive licenses generally originate in academic institutions like the
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4199:
3803:
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3678:
3542:
2034:, pp. 95–101 for: MPL version 2.0 in 2012 and EPL version 2 in 2017.
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created the first open-source license when they began distributing their
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offer to hold the rights to developers' projects to enforce compliance.
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to create a free operating system, wrote essays on freedom, founded the
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1955:
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established a precedent for open-source software litigation in Germany.
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Software license allowing source code to be used, modified, and shared
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Open Source Licensing: Software Freedom and Intellectual Property Law
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format. Under US copyright law, the initial release is considered an
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that allow content to be used, modified, and shared. They facilitate
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2100:
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their properties. Multiple types of IP law cover software including
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open-source code released under the Apache, BSD, and MIT licenses.
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802:
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528:
357:
236:
220:. These laws assign a copyright whenever a work is released in any
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2300:
1986:
1984:
1982:
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1154:
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drafted the Mozilla Public License while on Netscape's legal team.
3688:
3673:
3594:
3354:"Prime Leverage: How Amazon Wields Power in the Technology World"
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1892:
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484:(MIT) created an academic license based on the BSD original. The
335:
202:
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Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software
2312:
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1491:
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1390:
3525:
2796:""Free" and "Open Source" Software: Navigating the Shibboleths"
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1979:
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790:, the US Supreme Court permitted the recreation of an API in a
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305:
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2008:
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1234:
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Free and open-source software licenses have been successfully
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cover ideas and, rather than a specific implementation, cover
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Virtual Words: Language on the Edge of Science and Technology
2524:
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court since the mid-2000s. In a pair of early lawsuits—
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2960:"The Non-Discrimination Principle in Open Source Licensing"
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1200:
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switched from the Apache license to the "source-available"
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are also open-source software licenses. The separate terms
245:
MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
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449:. Most include disclaimers of warranty and obligations to
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the recipient the rights to use the software, examine the
3384:(First ed.). Sebastopol, California : Farnham:
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Open Source Software Licensing Basics for Corporate Users
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3040:"Open source biz shifts Akka to Business Source License"
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1996:
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364:. Copyleft licenses require derivative works to include
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International Journal of Law and Information Technology
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Early computer programs like the pioneering video game
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Most countries, including the United States (US), have
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Understanding Open Source and Free Software Licensing
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community to include large commercial developers. In
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Comparison of open-source and closed-source software
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Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution
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Comparison of free and open-source software licenses
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Comparison of free and open-source software licenses
131:
The two main categories of open-source licenses are
2931:
2582:
2405:
1806:
1617:
1525:
1342:
1115:
1073:
678:
Open-source software licenses and how they interact
4253:
2634:"Free and Open Source Software Licenses Explained"
1826:"Full text of GNU Emacs copying permission notice"
1549:
1537:
1079:
1034:
1010:
998:
314:, Raymond compared open-source development to the
3864:
3295:. Vol. 1: 1971 – 1982. Boca Raton, Florida:
2922:
2909:
2896:
2863:
2768:Copyright, Contract, and Licensing in Open Source
4487:
1570:Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp.
409:Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp.
120:. "Open source" emphasizes the strengths of the
1659:
1363:, "The Social Context of Open-Source Software".
3219:(Paperback ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ:
2147: (District Court of Munich 2004),
976:List of free and open-source software licenses
894:
843:When a copyright expires, the work enters the
3850:
3431:
300:Eric S. Raymond was a proponent of the term "
3890:Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities
3252:"Spacewar - Guide, History, Origin and More"
3182:(Revised ed.). Sebastopol, California:
2891:Hammerly, Jim; Paquin, Tom; Walton, Susan. "
3351:
3313:
3141:
2603:
2513:
2477:
2465:
2453:
2441:
2393:
2220:
2014:
1922:
1898:
1886:
1764:
1384:
112:(OSI), founded by free software developers
3857:
3843:
3438:
3424:
3352:Wakabayashi, Daisuke (December 15, 2019).
3120:
3065:The Journal of World Intellectual Property
2739:
2631:
2247:
2232:
2085:
2070:
2058:
1910:
1776:
870:that offer something but impose no terms.
3445:
3272:Journal of Management Information Systems
3076:
2957:
2726:
2695:
2649:
1752:
1740:
1716:
1495:
1480:
1468:
1264:
1252:
1240:
1187:
820:
243:was working as a graduate student at the
108:. The term "open source" was used by the
38:Popular open source licenses include the
3377:
2893:Freeing the Source: The Story of Mozilla
2658:
2043:
1175:
1160:
1148:
928:comes with source code as a reference.
830:
720:
673:
602:
532:
429:
356:Open-source licenses are categorized as
261:
165:
162:History of free and open-source software
33:
3175:
3110:Harvard Journal of Law & Technology
3058:
2944:
2916:
2838:
2793:
2752:
1519:
1507:
1372:
1360:
1348:
1324:
1300:
1288:
1276:
1204:
1004:
251:. Throughout the 1980s, he started the
14:
4496:Free and open-source software licenses
4488:
3237:from the original on December 19, 2022
3085:
3037:
2903:
2813:
2778:
2588:
2357:
2262:
2208:
1862:
1441:
1312:
1228:
1216:
3838:
3419:
3402:from the original on February 7, 2023
3290:
3212:
3144:ICFAI Journal of Knowledge Management
3046:from the original on October 31, 2022
2990:
2878:from the original on January 27, 2023
2784:
2771:
2765:
2758:
2745:
2732:
2679:
2615:
2576:
2564:
2552:
2540:
2528:
2489:
2429:
2381:
2369:
2345:
2318:
2306:
2274:
2196:
2184:
2172:
2160:
2104:
2031:
2027:
2002:
1990:
1973:
1850:
1838:
1812:
1800:
1788:
1704:
1680:
1653:
1638:
1626:
1531:
1456:
1411:
1336:
1121:
1109:
1097:
1085:
1043:
1028:
1016:
482:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
436:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
4413:Microsoft Open Specification Promise
3338:
3249:
3107:
2683:Open Source Law, Policy and Practice
2501:
2330:
1937:
1136:
1063:. Cornell Law School. November 2021.
986:List of permissive software licenses
725:Early legal victories by programmer
631:(MPL) for their releases, including
499:is more comprehensive and explicit.
128:describe the same type of licenses.
3880:Alternative terms for free software
3200:from the original on April 24, 2003
3154:
3025:from the original on March 26, 2023
2977:
2714:from the original on March 26, 2023
2417:
1874:
1728:
1692:
1665:
1611:
1599:
1587:
1555:
1543:
24:
4220:Python Software Foundation License
3038:Kunert, Paul (September 8, 2022).
3009:10.1093/oso/9780195398540.003.0017
2729:Patents and the Defensive Response
2697:10.1093/oso/9780198862345.001.0001
2289:Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.
1976:, refer to corresponding chapters.
1962:Sen, Subramaniam & Nelson 2008
1950:Hammerly, Paquin & Walton 1999
1427:Sen, Subramaniam & Nelson 2008
1400:Hammerly, Paquin & Walton 1999
981:List of copyleft software licenses
690:and some projects write their own
458:University of California, Berkeley
25:
4517:
4283:Definition of Free Cultural Works
3900:Free software project directories
3250:Ross, Heather (January 4, 2021).
2923:DiBona, Stone & Ockman (1999)
2910:DiBona, Stone & Ockman (1999)
2897:DiBona, Stone & Ockman (1999)
2333:, "Spacewar: End of Development".
1327:, "The Cathedral and the Bazaar".
914:GNU Affero General Public License
56:GNU Lesser General Public License
4470:
4469:
4459:
3920:Open-source software development
3086:Meeker, Heather (January 2020).
3059:Maracke, Catharina (July 2019).
2947:The Computer and Internet Lawyer
2794:Byfield, Bruce (March 4, 2008).
2632:Ballhausen, Miriam (June 2019).
1731:, "Apache License, Version 2.0".
875:public-domain-equivalent license
851:was used to market and test the
663:
4278:Debian Free Software Guidelines
4110:Free Software Movement of India
3341:Berkeley Technology Law Journal
3314:St. Laurent, Andrew M. (2004).
2980:Case Western Reserve Law Review
2820:Berkeley Technology Law Journal
2727:Bain, Malcom; Smith, P McCoy. "
2406:Fagundes & Perzanowski 2020
2280:
2134:
2110:
2020:
1818:
1561:
1074:Fagundes & Perzanowski 2020
295:Debian Free Software Guidelines
3094:Open Source Software Licensing
1049:
717:Open source license litigation
710:
501:The Apache Software Foundation
462:Berkeley Software Distribution
13:
1:
4268:Contributor License Agreement
4082:Open-source-software movement
3866:Free and open-source software
2958:Greenbaum, Eli (April 2016).
2934:William & Mary Law Review
2624:
971:Software Composition Analysis
961:List of free-content licenses
617:Lesser General Public License
419:
155:
75:free and open-source software
4439:The Cathedral and the Bazaar
4293:The Free Software Definition
815:Software Freedom Conservancy
643:(CPL) and later adopted the
464:(BSD) operating system. The
311:The Cathedral and the Bazaar
7:
4343:Mozilla software rebranding
4308:Permissive software license
3721:Software release life cycle
2839:Coleman, Gabriella (2004).
2680:Brock, Amanda, ed. (2022).
943:
895:Use in proprietary software
883:permissive software license
522:
426:Permissive software license
182:on the history of copyright
104:in response to the rise of
10:
4522:
4348:Proprietary device drivers
4298:The Open Source Definition
3789:Software protection dongle
3669:Unwanted software bundling
3320:. Sebastopol, California:
3284:10.2753/MIS0742-1222250306
2919:The Revenge of the Hackers
2906:The Open Source Definition
2870:. Sebastopol, California:
1291:, "Political Agnosticism".
922:Server Side Public License
824:
714:
667:
574:GNU General Public License
526:
423:
349:
293:, Perens had proposed the
159:
48:GNU General Public License
4455:
4433:Source-available software
4391:
4333:Digital rights management
4325:
4123:
4100:
4062:
3938:
3872:
3784:Digital rights management
3774:
3719:
3661:
3610:
3518:
3453:
3291:Smith, Alexander (2019).
3176:Raymond, Eric S. (2001).
2845:Anthropological Quarterly
2814:Carver, Brian W. (2005).
1303:, "Memes and Mythmaking".
936:. Cloud computing leader
926:Source-available software
839:are in the public domain.
778:European Court of Justice
741:in the United States and
400:risk of confusing similar
4428:Shared Source Initiative
4225:Shared Source Initiative
4178:Free Software Foundation
4115:Free Software Foundation
3965:Configuration management
3662:Deceptive and/or illicit
3213:Rosen, Lawrence (2005).
3163:. Open Source Initiative
2991:Keats, Jonathon (2010).
992:
688:uncommonly used licenses
345:
257:Free Software Foundation
4363:SCO/Linux controversies
3814:Software license server
3157:"OSI Approved Licenses"
3135:10.1109/MC.2020.3011082
3001:Oxford University Press
2688:Oxford University Press
2651:10.1109/MC.2019.2907766
2466:Onetti & Verma 2009
1887:Onetti & Verma 2009
1385:Onetti & Verma 2009
4263:Comparison of licenses
4072:Free software movement
3490:Freely redistributable
3378:Williams, Sam (2002).
1901:, pp. 81–83, 114.
858:According to attorney
840:
827:Public-domain software
821:Public domain software
807:copyright infringement
730:
679:
645:Eclipse Public License
629:Mozilla Public License
611:
585:Free software licenses
538:
439:
287:Open Source Initiative
273:
271:Open Source Definition
249:free software movement
214:created copyright laws
183:
126:free software licenses
122:open development model
110:Open Source Initiative
102:free software movement
91:Open Source Definition
63:
60:Mozilla Public License
4506:Free culture movement
4338:License proliferation
3653:Software as a service
3447:Software distribution
3155:OSI (February 2023).
2742:Copyright Enforcement
2740:Ballhausen, Miriam. "
2673:10.1093/ijlit/eaaa010
2420:, pp. 1008–1010.
2125:535 F.3d 1373
1753:Bain & Smith 2022
1741:Bain & Smith 2022
1717:Bain & Smith 2022
1614:, pp. 979, 1002.
1602:, pp. 1004–1006.
1496:Bain & Smith 2022
1481:Bain & Smith 2022
1469:Bain & Smith 2022
1255:, pp. 1304–1305.
1243:, pp. 1302–1303.
834:
724:
683:License compatibility
677:
670:License compatibility
641:Common Public License
606:
536:
433:
265:
187:Intellectual property
177:
79:Intellectual property
37:
4423:Open-source hardware
4358:Proprietary software
4353:Proprietary firmware
4054:Formerly open-source
4049:Formerly proprietary
3915:Open-source software
3744:Software maintenance
3618:Digital distribution
3473:Free and open-source
2046:, pp. 100, 102.
1695:, "The MIT License".
593:open-source software
381:implementation of a
106:proprietary software
77:(FOSS) development.
67:Open-source licenses
4303:Open-source license
3905:Gratis versus libre
3749:Software maintainer
3531:Commercial software
3519:Compensation models
3364:on October 30, 2023
2686:(Second ed.).
2223:, pp. 158–159.
2017:, pp. 159–163.
2005:, pp. 243–247.
1964:, pp. 212–213.
1940:, pp. 564–570.
1877:, pp. 990–992.
1853:, pp. 103–109.
1803:, pp. 103–106.
1641:, pp. 101–102.
1590:, pp. 987–988.
1576:539 U.S. 23
1522:, pp. 184–185.
1429:, pp. 211–212.
1219:, pp. 448–450.
1139:, pp. 641–642.
938:Amazon Web Services
758:Online distribution
655:in contrast to the
556:Principia Discordia
513:patent infringement
503:wrote it for their
443:Permissive licenses
18:Open source license
3809:Software copyright
3799:Product activation
3754:Software publisher
3468:Floating licensing
3358:The New York Times
3078:10.1111/jwip.12114
2967:Cardoza Law Review
2917:Raymond, Eric S. "
2753:Chestek, Pamela. "
2297:, 1203 (2021).
2119:Jacobsen v. Katzer
1925:, pp. 68, 75.
1865:, 6:00–7:22.
1315:, 2:33–3:06.
1057:"Berne Convention"
841:
811:breach of contract
780:noted in the 2012
739:Jacobsen v. Katzer
731:
680:
612:
539:
505:Apache HTTP Server
440:
398:where there is no
392:patent retaliation
274:
184:
145:disclaim liability
64:
4483:
4482:
4383:Trusted Computing
4373:Software security
4321:
4320:
4002:Operating systems
3910:Long-term support
3832:
3831:
3824:Torrent poisoning
3739:Long-term support
3563:Pay what you want
3395:978-0-596-00287-9
3306:978-1-138-38990-8
3230:978-0-13-148787-1
3193:978-0-596-00108-7
3018:978-0-19-539854-0
2766:Smith, P McCoy. "
2707:978-0-19-886234-5
2384:, pp. 74–77.
2372:, pp. 55–56.
1841:, pp. 63–67.
1767:, pp. 38–39.
1707:, § 3.2.1.2.
1683:, pp. 73–90.
1656:, § 3.2.1.1.
1459:, pp. 22–24.
1112:, pp. 28–29.
1100:, pp. 27–28.
1031:, pp. 22–23.
788:similar 2021 case
735:enforced in civil
544:licenses require
216:in line with the
175:
71:software licenses
16:(Redirected from
4513:
4501:Terms of service
4473:
4472:
4463:
4368:Software patents
4251:
4250:
4163:Creative Commons
4022:Web applications
3859:
3852:
3845:
3836:
3835:
3638:Product bundling
3611:Delivery methods
3510:Source-available
3440:
3433:
3426:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3360:. Archived from
3348:
3335:
3310:
3287:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3256:History-Computer
3246:
3244:
3242:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3151:
3138:
3117:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3082:
3080:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3034:
3032:
3030:
2987:
2974:
2964:
2954:
2941:
2926:
2913:
2904:Perens, Bruce. "
2900:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2860:
2835:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2788:
2775:
2762:
2749:
2736:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2699:
2676:
2655:
2653:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2604:Wakabayashi 2019
2601:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2517:
2514:St. Laurent 2004
2511:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2478:St. Laurent 2004
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2454:St. Laurent 2004
2451:
2445:
2442:St. Laurent 2004
2439:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2394:St. Laurent 2004
2391:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2251:
2245:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2221:St. Laurent 2004
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2149:No. 21 O 6123/04
2146:
2143:Welte v. Sitecom
2138:
2132:
2122:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2089:
2083:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2024:
2018:
2015:St. Laurent 2004
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1926:
1923:St. Laurent 2004
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1899:St. Laurent 2004
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1765:St. Laurent 2004
1762:
1756:
1755:, § 10.4.4.
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1719:, § 10.4.2.
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1578:, 34 (2003).
1573:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1471:, § 10.4.3.
1466:
1460:
1454:
1445:
1439:
1430:
1424:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1339:, § 16.3.4.
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1002:
879:Creative Commons
769:Cease and desist
743:Welte v. Sitecom
375:Software patents
269:, author of the
241:Richard Stallman
230:derivative works
218:Berne Convention
191:private property
176:
149:derivative works
98:Richard Stallman
21:
4521:
4520:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4479:
4451:
4418:Open-core model
4393:
4387:
4317:
4255:
4249:
4119:
4096:
4058:
3941:
3934:
3868:
3863:
3833:
3828:
3819:Software patent
3794:License manager
3776:Copy protection
3770:
3715:
3657:
3643:Retail software
3606:
3580:Open-core model
3536:Retail software
3514:
3449:
3444:
3414:
3405:
3403:
3396:
3367:
3365:
3332:
3307:
3260:
3258:
3240:
3238:
3231:
3203:
3201:
3194:
3166:
3164:
3129:(10): 105–109.
3098:
3096:
3071:(3–4): 78–102.
3049:
3047:
3028:
3026:
3019:
2962:
2881:
2879:
2804:
2802:
2717:
2715:
2708:
2627:
2622:
2614:
2610:
2602:
2595:
2587:
2583:
2575:
2571:
2563:
2559:
2551:
2547:
2539:
2535:
2527:
2520:
2512:
2508:
2500:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2476:
2472:
2464:
2460:
2452:
2448:
2440:
2436:
2428:
2424:
2416:
2412:
2404:
2400:
2392:
2388:
2380:
2376:
2368:
2364:
2356:
2352:
2344:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2317:
2313:
2309:, § 3.4.2.
2305:
2301:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2277:, § 3.1.3.
2273:
2269:
2261:
2254:
2248:Ballhausen 2022
2246:
2239:
2233:Ballhausen 2022
2231:
2227:
2219:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2195:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2159:
2155:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2107:, § 3.4.1.
2103:
2092:
2086:Ballhausen 2022
2084:
2077:
2071:Ombredanne 2020
2069:
2065:
2059:Ombredanne 2020
2057:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2025:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1936:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1911:Ballhausen 2019
1909:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1885:
1881:
1873:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1799:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1777:Ballhausen 2019
1775:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1679:
1672:
1664:
1660:
1652:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1625:
1618:
1610:
1606:
1598:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1506:
1502:
1494:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1455:
1448:
1440:
1433:
1425:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1398:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1371:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1267:, p. 1305.
1263:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1174:
1167:
1159:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1135:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1096:
1092:
1084:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1035:
1027:
1023:
1015:
1011:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
966:Multi-licensing
946:
909:Cloud computing
897:
829:
823:
719:
713:
672:
666:
657:weaker copyleft
653:strong copyleft
531:
525:
517:patent trolling
428:
422:
354:
348:
283:Eric S. Raymond
239:and programmer
166:
164:
158:
118:Eric S. Raymond
58:(LGPL) and the
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4519:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4467:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4442:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4403:
4397:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4329:
4327:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4259:
4257:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4129:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4112:
4106:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4068:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3955:Bioinformatics
3952:
3946:
3944:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3862:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3839:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3780:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3725:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3671:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3528:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3470:
3465:
3459:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3443:
3442:
3435:
3428:
3420:
3413:
3412:
3394:
3386:O'Reilly Media
3375:
3349:
3336:
3331:978-0596005818
3330:
3322:O'Reilly Media
3311:
3305:
3288:
3278:(3): 207–239.
3267:
3247:
3229:
3210:
3192:
3184:O'Reilly Media
3173:
3161:opensource.org
3152:
3139:
3118:
3105:
3083:
3056:
3035:
3017:
2988:
2986:(4): 977–1013.
2975:
2955:
2942:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2914:
2901:
2872:O'Reilly Media
2861:
2851:(3): 507–519.
2836:
2826:(1): 443–481.
2811:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2779:Walden, Ian. "
2776:
2763:
2750:
2737:
2706:
2677:
2656:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2608:
2593:
2581:
2569:
2557:
2545:
2533:
2518:
2506:
2504:, p. 550.
2494:
2482:
2470:
2458:
2446:
2434:
2422:
2410:
2408:, p. 524.
2398:
2386:
2374:
2362:
2350:
2335:
2323:
2311:
2299:
2279:
2267:
2252:
2237:
2235:, p. 127.
2225:
2213:
2201:
2189:
2187:, p. 138.
2177:
2175:, p. 137.
2165:
2163:, p. 106.
2153:
2133:
2109:
2090:
2075:
2073:, p. 106.
2063:
2061:, p. 105.
2048:
2036:
2019:
2007:
1995:
1978:
1966:
1954:
1942:
1927:
1915:
1903:
1891:
1879:
1867:
1855:
1843:
1831:
1817:
1805:
1793:
1791:, p. 135.
1781:
1769:
1757:
1745:
1743:, ch. 10.
1733:
1721:
1709:
1697:
1685:
1670:
1658:
1643:
1631:
1616:
1604:
1592:
1580:
1560:
1558:, p. 989.
1548:
1546:, p. 986.
1536:
1524:
1512:
1500:
1485:
1473:
1461:
1446:
1431:
1416:
1404:
1389:
1377:
1365:
1353:
1341:
1329:
1317:
1305:
1293:
1281:
1269:
1265:Greenbaum 2016
1257:
1253:Greenbaum 2016
1245:
1241:Greenbaum 2016
1233:
1221:
1209:
1192:
1188:Greenbaum 2016
1180:
1165:
1153:
1141:
1126:
1114:
1102:
1090:
1078:
1076:, p. 529.
1066:
1048:
1033:
1021:
1009:
996:
994:
991:
989:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
947:
945:
942:
896:
893:
860:Lawrence Rosen
825:Main article:
822:
819:
794:product under
792:transformative
715:Main article:
712:
709:
668:Main article:
665:
662:
649:Affero License
608:Mitchell Baker
527:Main article:
524:
521:
497:Apache License
424:Main article:
421:
418:
414:SCP Foundation
347:
344:
285:, founded the
178:Legal scholar
160:Main article:
157:
154:
40:Apache License
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4518:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4476:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4457:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4446:Revolution OS
4443:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4407:GNU Manifesto
4404:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4390:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4314:
4313:Public domain
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4252:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4102:Organisations
4099:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3997:Office suites
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3937:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3895:Free software
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3860:
3855:
3853:
3848:
3846:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3633:Pre-installed
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3505:Public domain
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3441:
3436:
3434:
3429:
3427:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3401:
3397:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3376:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3347:(1): 547–581.
3346:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3268:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3222:
3221:Prentice Hall
3218:
3217:
3211:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3174:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3116:(2): 639–652.
3115:
3111:
3106:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2940:(2): 487–569.
2939:
2935:
2930:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2888:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2724:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2667:(2): 93–111.
2666:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2618:, § 16.5.3.2.
2617:
2612:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2590:
2585:
2579:, § 16.5.3.8.
2578:
2573:
2566:
2561:
2555:, § 16.4.2.2.
2554:
2549:
2543:, § 16.4.2.8.
2542:
2537:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2516:, p. 39.
2515:
2510:
2503:
2498:
2492:, § 16.4.2.3.
2491:
2486:
2480:, p. 30.
2479:
2474:
2468:, p. 81.
2467:
2462:
2456:, p. 22.
2455:
2450:
2444:, p. 14.
2443:
2438:
2431:
2426:
2419:
2414:
2407:
2402:
2396:, p. 98.
2395:
2390:
2383:
2378:
2371:
2366:
2359:
2354:
2348:, p. 36.
2347:
2342:
2340:
2332:
2327:
2321:, § 3.4.
2320:
2315:
2308:
2303:
2296:
2291:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2271:
2265:, § 1.1.
2264:
2259:
2257:
2250:, § 5.4.
2249:
2244:
2242:
2234:
2229:
2222:
2217:
2210:
2205:
2199:, ch. 6.
2198:
2193:
2186:
2181:
2174:
2169:
2162:
2157:
2150:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2088:, § 5.3.
2087:
2082:
2080:
2072:
2067:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2045:
2044:Bernelin 2020
2040:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2016:
2011:
2004:
1999:
1993:, § 3.3.
1992:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1975:
1970:
1963:
1958:
1951:
1946:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1924:
1919:
1913:, p. 82.
1912:
1907:
1900:
1895:
1889:, p. 71.
1888:
1883:
1876:
1871:
1864:
1859:
1852:
1847:
1840:
1835:
1827:
1821:
1815:, p. 64.
1814:
1809:
1802:
1797:
1790:
1785:
1779:, p. 86.
1778:
1773:
1766:
1761:
1754:
1749:
1742:
1737:
1730:
1725:
1718:
1713:
1706:
1701:
1694:
1689:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1667:
1662:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1640:
1635:
1629:, p. 69.
1628:
1623:
1621:
1613:
1608:
1601:
1596:
1589:
1584:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1564:
1557:
1552:
1545:
1540:
1534:, p. 38.
1533:
1528:
1521:
1516:
1510:, p. 30.
1509:
1504:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1482:
1477:
1470:
1465:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1414:, § 3.2.
1413:
1408:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1387:, p. 69.
1386:
1381:
1375:, p. 19.
1374:
1369:
1362:
1357:
1350:
1345:
1338:
1333:
1326:
1321:
1314:
1309:
1302:
1297:
1290:
1285:
1278:
1273:
1266:
1261:
1254:
1249:
1242:
1237:
1230:
1225:
1218:
1213:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1189:
1184:
1178:, ch. 9.
1177:
1176:Williams 2002
1172:
1170:
1163:, ch. 7.
1162:
1161:Williams 2002
1157:
1151:, ch. 1.
1150:
1149:Williams 2002
1145:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1124:, p. 28.
1123:
1118:
1111:
1106:
1099:
1094:
1088:, p. 17.
1087:
1082:
1075:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1046:, p. 15.
1045:
1040:
1038:
1030:
1025:
1019:, p. 22.
1018:
1013:
1006:
1001:
997:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
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4405:
4302:
4288:Free license
4034:Android apps
3694:Trojan horse
3623:File sharing
3585:Postcardware
3573:Donationware
3548:Crowdfunding
3495:License-free
3404:. Retrieved
3380:
3366:. Retrieved
3362:the original
3357:
3344:
3340:
3316:
3292:
3275:
3271:
3261:December 23,
3259:. Retrieved
3255:
3239:. Retrieved
3215:
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3178:
3167:December 23,
3165:. Retrieved
3160:
3147:
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3126:
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3097:. Retrieved
3093:
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3048:. Retrieved
3027:. Retrieved
2996:
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2950:
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2937:
2933:
2880:. Retrieved
2866:
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2823:
2819:
2803:. Retrieved
2799:
2785:Brock (2022)
2772:Brock (2022)
2759:Brock (2022)
2746:Brock (2022)
2733:Brock (2022)
2716:. Retrieved
2682:
2664:
2660:
2644:(6): 82–86.
2641:
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2497:
2485:
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2461:
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2413:
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2389:
2377:
2365:
2360:, p. 3.
2353:
2326:
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2302:
2295:593 U.S.
2287:
2282:
2270:
2228:
2216:
2204:
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2180:
2168:
2156:
2141:
2136:
2117:
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2066:
2039:
2022:
2010:
1998:
1969:
1957:
1952:, ¶ 23.
1945:
1918:
1906:
1894:
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1858:
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1834:
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1527:
1520:Chestek 2022
1515:
1508:Chestek 2022
1503:
1476:
1464:
1407:
1380:
1373:Raymond 2001
1368:
1361:Raymond 2001
1356:
1349:Raymond 2001
1344:
1332:
1325:Raymond 2001
1320:
1308:
1301:Raymond 1999
1296:
1289:Coleman 2004
1284:
1279:, p. 2.
1277:Fontana 2010
1272:
1260:
1248:
1236:
1231:, ¶ 16.
1224:
1212:
1205:Maracke 2019
1183:
1156:
1144:
1117:
1105:
1093:
1081:
1069:
1060:
1051:
1024:
1012:
1005:Byfield 2008
1000:
934:strip mining
930:
907:
898:
872:
857:
842:
800:
781:
774:
766:
751:
732:
727:Harald Welte
705:
701:
681:
639:drafted the
613:
578:
554:
551:
540:
494:
479:
470:BSD licenses
455:
441:
407:
404:
396:
378:
371:
355:
334:, Netscape,
309:
299:
279:Bruce Perens
275:
267:Bruce Perens
234:
211:
185:
130:
114:Bruce Perens
100:founded the
95:
66:
65:
52:BSD Licenses
31:
26:
4378:Tivoization
4017:Video games
3992:Mathematics
3804:Product key
3734:End-of-life
3729:Abandonware
3679:Infostealer
3628:On-premises
3543:Crippleware
3500:Proprietary
3483:Open source
3406:February 6,
3241:January 21,
3204:January 28,
3150:(1): 68–94.
3099:December 7,
3050:January 25,
3029:January 28,
2953:(4). Aspen.
2882:January 21,
2718:January 29,
2589:Kunert 2022
2567:, § 16.5.3.
2531:, § 16.5.2.
2432:, § 16.3.3.
2358:Walden 2022
2263:Walden 2022
2209:Meeker 2020
2131: 2008).
1863:Meeker 2020
1498:, § 10.4.4.
1483:, § 10.4.2.
1442:Meeker 2020
1313:Meeker 2020
1229:Perens 1999
1217:Carver 2005
877:, like the
855:computer.
711:Enforcement
619:(LGPL) for
565:Don Hopkins
546:source code
486:MIT license
466:BSD license
366:source code
328:bug reports
302:open source
253:GNU Project
180:Eben Moglen
141:attribution
87:source code
50:(GPL), the
44:MIT License
4490:Categories
4326:Challenges
4044:Commercial
4027:E-commerce
4012:Television
3711:Shovelware
3684:Ransomware
3648:Sneakernet
2993:"Copyleft"
2800:Datamation
2755:Trademarks
2625:References
2616:Brock 2022
2577:Brock 2022
2565:Brock 2022
2553:Brock 2022
2541:Brock 2022
2529:Brock 2022
2490:Brock 2022
2430:Brock 2022
2382:Rosen 2005
2370:Smith 2019
2346:Rosen 2005
2319:Smith 2022
2307:Smith 2022
2275:Smith 2022
2197:Rosen 2005
2185:Rosen 2005
2173:Rosen 2005
2161:Smith 2022
2105:Smith 2022
2032:Smith 2022
2028:Smith 2022
2003:Rosen 2005
1991:Smith 2022
1974:Rosen 2005
1851:Rosen 2005
1839:Keats 2010
1813:Keats 2010
1801:Rosen 2005
1789:Rosen 2005
1705:Smith 2022
1681:Rosen 2005
1654:Smith 2022
1639:Rosen 2005
1627:Rosen 2005
1532:Rosen 2005
1457:Rosen 2005
1412:Smith 2022
1337:Brock 2022
1122:Rosen 2005
1110:Rosen 2005
1098:Rosen 2005
1086:Rosen 2005
1044:Rosen 2005
1029:Rosen 2005
1017:Rosen 2005
754:shrinkwrap
696:collection
561:Tiny BASIC
511:initiates
490:sublicense
447:conditions
420:Permissive
362:permissive
350:See also:
289:(OSI). At
207:copyrights
199:trademarks
156:Background
133:permissive
4256:standards
4254:Types and
4235:Unlicense
4230:Sleepycat
4064:Community
3759:Vaporware
3706:Scareware
3602:Trialware
3590:Shareware
3297:CRC Press
2857:0003-5491
2832:1086-3818
2502:Tsai 2008
2331:Ross 2021
2129:Fed. Cir.
1938:Tsai 2008
1137:Oman 2018
902:Open core
868:contracts
849:Spacewar!
837:Spacewar!
803:contracts
762:clickwrap
627:uses the
621:libraries
570:GNU Emacs
387:invention
4475:Category
4392:Related
4273:Copyleft
4193:GNU LGPL
4188:GNU AGPL
4153:Beerware
4148:Artistic
4125:Licenses
4092:Advocacy
4039:iOS apps
3980:Wireless
3975:Graphics
3942:packages
3940:Software
3930:Timeline
3568:Careware
3558:Freeware
3553:Freemium
3463:Beerware
3455:Licenses
3400:Archived
3235:Archived
3198:Archived
3123:Computer
3044:Archived
3023:Archived
2876:Archived
2712:Archived
2638:Computer
2418:Joy 2022
2211:, 17:04.
1875:Joy 2022
1729:OSI 2023
1693:OSI 2023
1666:OSI 2023
1612:Joy 2022
1600:Joy 2022
1588:Joy 2022
1556:Joy 2022
1544:Joy 2022
1444:, 16:13.
1207:, § 2.2.
1190:, § I.A.
951:Beerware
944:See also
888:disclaim
796:fair use
760:can use
542:Copyleft
529:Copyleft
523:Copyleft
509:licensee
358:copyleft
320:feedback
237:activist
137:copyleft
4401:Forking
4183:GNU GPL
4077:History
4007:Routing
3970:Drivers
3925:Outline
3873:General
3689:Spyware
3674:Malware
3595:Nagware
3368:May 24,
2805:June 6,
1828:. 1985.
918:Elastic
692:bespoke
633:Firefox
625:Mozilla
576:(GPL).
475:clauses
336:Mozilla
324:testing
203:patents
195:license
4465:Portal
4394:topics
4215:Python
4138:Apache
4087:Events
3987:Health
3960:Codecs
3526:Adware
3392:
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581:profit
451:credit
340:Apache
326:, and
316:bazaar
306:hacker
291:Debian
205:, and
62:(MPL).
54:, the
46:, the
42:, the
4240:WTFPL
3950:Audio
2963:(PDF)
993:Notes
864:waive
853:PDP-1
383:claim
346:Types
222:fixed
83:grant
4245:zlib
4168:CDDL
4143:APSL
3764:list
3699:Worm
3478:Free
3408:2023
3390:ISBN
3370:2024
3326:ISBN
3301:ISBN
3263:2023
3243:2023
3225:ISBN
3206:2023
3188:ISBN
3169:2023
3101:2023
3052:2023
3031:2023
3013:ISBN
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2884:2023
2853:ISSN
2828:ISSN
2807:2024
2720:2023
2702:ISBN
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559:and
495:The
480:The
456:The
281:and
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116:and
69:are
4210:MPL
4205:MIT
4200:ISC
4173:EPL
4158:BSD
4133:AFL
3280:doi
3131:doi
3073:doi
3005:doi
2692:doi
2669:doi
2646:doi
1061:Wex
637:IBM
598:GPL
379:any
360:or
332:IBM
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