502:
44:
184:
2661:
530:, that drove the protests, court cases and general hostility that ended the oil and gas stimulation efforts. Furthermore, as the years went by without further development and production of nuclear weapons slowed, interest in peaceful applications waned in the 1950s–60s. Cheaper, non-nuclear stimulation techniques suitable for most US gas fields were developed in the following years.
2878:"semiannual report to Congress in January 1958". Other mentions of Strauss making statements in Feb 1958 or hearings being held are on p 447, and 474 it seems. p. 474's quotation: Senate Subcommittee of the Committee on Foreign Relations, Hearings on Control and Reduction of Armaments, Feb. 28 – April 17, 1958, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1958) pp. 1336–1364.
175:, announced that the Plowshares project was intended to "highlight the peaceful applications of nuclear explosive devices and thereby create a climate of world opinion that is more favorable to weapons development and tests". These tests were to demonstrate that atomic bombs can be used for peaceful purposes, that the atomic sword could be beaten into a plowshare.
327:. The explosion released 3.1 kilotons (13 TJ) of energy yield at a depth of 1,184 ft (361 m) which resulted in the formation of a 170 ft (52 m) diameter, 80 ft (24 m) high cavity. The test had many objectives, the most public of which involved the generation of
492:
Project Gnome vented radioactive steam over the very press gallery that was called to confirm its safety. The next blast, a 104-kiloton detonation at Yucca Flat, Nevada, displaced 12 million tons of soil and resulted in a radioactive dust cloud that rose 12,000 feet and plumed toward the
Mississippi
458:
The situation remained so for the next three decades, but a resurgence in
Colorado Western slope natural gas drilling has brought resource development closer and closer to the original underground detonations. By mid-2009, 84 drilling permits had been issued within a 3-mile (4.8 km) radius, with
395:
Over the next 11 years, 26 more nuclear explosion tests were conducted under the United States PNE program. The radioactive blast debris from 839 U.S. underground nuclear test explosions remain buried in-place and have been judged impractical to remove by the DOE's Nevada Site Office. Funding quietly
517:
contends that the main problem with oil and gas stimulation, which many considered the most promising economic use of nuclear detonations, was that the produced oil and gas was radioactive, which caused consumers to reject it and this was ultimately the program's downfall. Oil and gas are sometimes
1813:
Initially scheduled for July, the shot was delayed due to the accidental use of dummy detonators. As the detonators had to be placed in the center of the charge, organizers were required to dig down to the TNT charge and then use a steam heated mandrel to melt to its center, an extremely hazardous
1565:
In addition to the nuclear tests, Plowshare executed a number of non-nuclear test projects in an attempt to learn more about how the nuclear explosives could best be used. Several of these projects led to practical utility as well as to furthering knowledge about large explosives. These projects
2287:
Commission appointed in 1965 to conduct feasibility studies of several sea-level routes for an
Atlantic- Pacific interoceanic canal. Two routes were in Panama and one in northwestern Colombia. The 1970 final report recommended, in part, that no current U.S. canal policy should be made on the
454:
By 1974, approximately $ 82 million had been invested in the nuclear gas stimulation technology program. It was estimated that even after 25 years of production of all the natural gas deemed recoverable, only 15 to 40% of the investment would be recouped. Also, the concept that stove burners in
475:
Citizen groups voiced concerns and opposition to some of the
Plowshare tests. There were concerns that the blast effects from the Schooner explosion could dry up active wells or trigger an earthquake. There was opposition to both Rulison and Rio Blanco tests because of possible radioactive gas
203:
nicknamed the Pan-Atomic Canal, cutting paths through mountainous areas for highways, and connecting inland river systems. Other proposals involved blasting caverns for water, natural gas, and petroleum storage. Serious consideration was also given to using these explosives for various mining
2481:
First discussed with U.S. officials in 1962, the U.S. formally agreed to participate in a joint feasibility study with the
Australian government in early 1969 for using nuclear explosives to construct a harbor. The project was stopped in March 1969 when it was determined that there was an
1446:
A gas stimulation experiment to investigate the feasibility of using nuclear explosives to stimulate a low-permeability gas field; provide engineering data on the use of nuclear explosions for gas stimulation; on changes in gas production and recovery rates; and on techniques to reduce the
467:
Operation
Plowshare "started with great expectations and high hopes". Planners believed that the projects could be completed safely, but there was less confidence that they could be completed more economically than conventional methods. Moreover, there was insufficient public and Congressional
497:
Project
Plowshare shows how something intended to improve national security can unwittingly do the opposite if it fails to fully consider the social, political, and environmental consequences. It also “underscores that public resentment and opposition can stop projects in their tracks”.
2020:
Pre-Gondola I, four 20-ton charges; Pre-Gondola II, row of five charges totaling 140 tons; Pre-Gondola III, Phase I, three rows of seven one-ton charges; Phase II, one row of seven 30- ton charges; Phase III, one row of five charges varying from five to 35 tons and totaling 70 tons
668:
A multipurpose experiment designed to provide data concerning: (1) heat generated from a nuclear explosion; (2) isotopes production; (3) neutron physics; (4) seismic measurements in a salt medium; and (5) design data for developing nuclear devices specifically for peaceful uses.
493:
River. Other consequences – blighted land, relocated communities, tritium-contaminated water, radioactivity, and fallout from debris being hurled high into the atmosphere – were ignored and downplayed until the program was terminated in 1977, due in large part to public opposition.
439:. Three 30-kiloton detonations took place simultaneously at depths of 5,768, 6,152 and 6,611 ft (1,758, 1,875 and 2,015 m). If it had been successful, plans called for the use of hundreds of specialized nuclear explosives in the
158:
By exploiting the peaceful uses of the "friendly atom" in medical applications, earth removal, and later in nuclear power plants, the nuclear industry and government sought to allay public fears about nuclear technology and promote the acceptance of
345:, and a fourth experiment involved geophysical studies based upon the timed seismic source. Only the last objective was considered a complete success. The blast unintentionally vented radioactive steam while the press watched. The partly developed
283:
At the end of the program, a major objective was to develop nuclear explosives, and blast techniques, for stimulating the flow of natural gas in "tight" underground reservoir formations. In the 1960s, a proposal was suggested for a modified
1272:
A gas stimulation experiment to investigate the feasibility of using nuclear explosives to stimulate a low-permeability gas field; first
Plowshare joint government-industry nuclear experiment to evaluate an industrial application.
706:
A excavation experiment in alluvium to determine feasibility of using nuclear explosions for large excavation projects, such as harbors and canals; provide data on crater size, radiological safety, seismic effects, and air blast.
525:
to begin with, however, and the industry is set up to deal with oil and gas that contain radioactive contaminants. Historian Dr. Michael Payne notes that it was primarily changing public opinion, in response to events such as the
1553:
A gas stimulation experiment to investigate the feasibility of using nuclear explosives to stimulate a low-permeability gas field; develop technology for recovering natural gas from reservoirs with very low permeability.
505:
United States and Soviet Union/Russia nuclear stockpiles. The slow down in the production of nuclear weapons, beginning in the late 1970s in the US, greatly impacted on the economic calculations of peaceful uses of nuclear
3326:(Report). USDOE Nevada Operations Office, Las Vegas, NV (United States); Defense Nuclear Agency, Alexandria, VA (United States); Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States). pp. 65–68.
541:, made possible by multiple cleaner stimulation explosives, favorable rock strata and the possible creation of an underground contaminant storage cavity. The Soviet Union retains the record for the cleanest/lowest
3347:
The Off-Site
Plowshare and Vela Uniform Programs: Assessing Potential Environmental Liabilities through an Examination of Proposed Nuclear Projects,High Explosive Experiments, and High Explosive Construction
455:
California might soon emit trace amounts of blast radionuclides into family homes did not sit well with the general public. The contaminated gas was never channeled into commercial supply lines.
384:", displaced more than 12 million short tons (11,000 million kilograms) of soil and resulted in a radioactive cloud that rose to an altitude of 12,000 ft (3.7 km). The
485:
There were negative impacts from several of
Project Plowshare’s 27 nuclear explosions, primarily those conducted in the project's infancy and those that were very high in explosive yield.
3753:
472:
and Coach were two examples where technical problems and environmental concerns prompted further feasibility studies which took several years, and each project was eventually canceled.
134:
Negative impacts from Project Plowshare's tests generated significant public opposition, which eventually led to the program's termination in 1977. These consequences included
548:
The public records for devices that produced the highest proportion of their yield via fusion-only reactions, and therefore created orders of magnitude smaller amounts of
572:
in a 15 kt device. In comparison, the next three high fusion-yielding devices were all much too high in total explosive yield for oil and gas stimulation: the 50-megaton
235:. It was never carried out due to concerns for the native populations and the fact that there was little potential use for the harbor to justify its risk and expense.
3395:“The Containment of Underground Nuclear Explosions”, Project Director Gregory E van der Vink, U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, OTA-ISC-414, (Oct 1989).
2867:
highlight the peaceful applications of nuclear explosive devices and thereby create a climate of world opinion that is more favorable to weapons development and tests
1306:
An excavation experiment to explore cratering mechanics in hard, dry rock and study dispersion patterns of airborne radionuclides released under these conditions.
1004:
An excavation experiment to explore cratering mechanics in hard, dry rock and study dispersion patterns of airborne radionuclides released under these conditions.
3746:
447:
for safe use; the Rio Blanco test found that the three blast cavities had not connected as hoped, and the resulting gas still contained unacceptable levels of
421:
4401:
3739:
3389:
3538:
2722:
3628:
2970:
2678:
346:
3594:
Estimated Exposures and Thyroid Doses Received by the American People from Iodine-131 in Fallout Following Nevada Atmospheric Nuclear Bomb Tests
3295:"Press Release, Subject: A Charge of 500 Tons of Chemical High Explosive (Non-Nuclear) was Detonated at 7:17 a.m. Today at the NTS (Plowshare)"
2510:
Geothermal resource experiment; fracturing would allow fluids circulated in fracture zones to be converted to steam to generate electricity.
360:
cratering blasts were conducted; including the Buggy shot of five 1-kiloton devices for a channel/trench in Area 30 and the largest being 104
3050:
2262:
1645:
Study ditching characteristics of both-end detonated and multidetonated HE explosives in preparation for nuclear row charge experiments.
138:(projected to increase by CER Geonuclear Corporation to a level of 2% of the then-maximum level for drinking water) and the deposition of
3762:
2550:
534:
71:
2316:
Natural gas stimulation experiment; different geological characteristics than either GASBUGGY or RULISON; geological study completed.
3120:
2708:
2024:
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers project to provide seismic calibration test data and cratering characteristics for excavation projects.
4488:
4451:
2118:
A number of projects were proposed and some planning accomplished, but were not followed through on. A list of these is given here:
1945:
U.S. Army Engineer Nuclear Cratering Group study of basic cratering phenomenology in preparation for nuclear cratering experiments.
51:" plowshares shot displaced 12 million tons of earth and created a crater 320 feet (98 m) deep and 1,280 feet (390 m) wide.
2380:
Coal gasification; fracture rock-containing coal and in situ combustion of the coal would produce low-Btu gas and other products.
1037:
An excavation experiment in hard, dry rock to study dispersion patterns of airborne radionuclides released under these conditions.
519:
66:
efforts. As part of the program, 35 nuclear warheads were detonated in 27 separate tests. A similar program was carried out in the
740:
A device-development experiment to produce heavy elements and provide radiochemical analysis data for the planned Coach Project.
4406:
1919:
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers study of row-charge phenomenology and effects in preparation for a nuclear row- charge experiment.
537:
that did not result in customer product contamination issues was the 1976 Project Neva on the Sredne-Botuobinsk gas field in the
30:
This article is about proposed peaceful uses of nuclear weapons. For the serialized Philip K. Dick novel with the same name, see
1893:
U.S. Army Engineer Cratering Group Study of row- charge phenomenology and effects in preparation for nuclear row-charge tests.
2273:
Excavation of three miles of a divide cut through low hills; connect Tennessee and Tombigee rivers; dig 250-mile long canal.
373:
269:
242:
168:
1339:
A five-detonation excavation experiment to study the effects and phenomenology of nuclear row-charge excavation detonations.
2901:
2422:
Natural gas stimulation; study stimulation at various depths; an exploratory hole and two hydrological wells were drilled.
3155:
4493:
4445:
4370:
3556:
3081:
3191:
2288:
basis that nuclear excavation technology will be available for canal construction. AEC deferred in making any decision.
4426:
1884:
15 to 21.4 ft (4.57 to 6.52 m) for single-charge detonations; all row-charge detonations at 19.8 ft (6.04 m)
143:
17:
1997:
Obtain data for proposed Schooner nuclear cratering test, particularly cavity growth, seismic effects, and air blast.
4012:
3898:
2860:
2614:
2561:
2496:
Cratering experiment to extend excavation information on yields and rock types relevant to the trans-Isthmian canal.
2464:
Cratering experiment to extend excavation information on yields and rock types relevant to the trans-Isthmian canal.
1098:
1065:
1482:
A three-detonation device development experiment to develop improved nuclear explosives for excavation applications.
3521:
3500:
3449:
3427:
773:
A device-development experiment to produce heavy elements and provide technical data for the planned Coach Project.
593:
2564:, a study conducted from the 1950s to the 1960s into propelling spacecraft by detonating nuclear bombs behind them.
131:, as had earlier been assumed. This became the first crater on Earth definitely proven to be from an impact event.
3370:
938:
A device-development experiment designed to increase the neutron flux needed for the creation of heavy elements.
4467:
3605:
1697:
Examine blast, seismic effects and throw out characteristics in preparation for nuclear cratering experiments.
167:, the United States Federal government initiated Project Plowshare, involving "peaceful nuclear explosions". The
147:
4364:
4268:
3777:
3025:
276:
in Israel at an estimated cost of $ 575 million ($ 5 billion in 2021), to serve as an alternative route to the
4167:
4160:
3998:
1867:
To develop estimates for the quantities of radiation released to the atmosphere by a cratering detonation.
3545:
3192:"Milo D. Nordyke, 2000. peaceful nuclear explosions (PNEs) in the Soviet Union over the period 1965 to 1988"
4212:
4069:
1420:
2971:"The US had a plan in the 1960s to blast an alternative Suez Canal through Israel using 520 nuclear bombs"
2165:
Study the feasibility of oil recovery using a nuclear explosive detonation in the Athabascan tar sands.
3819:
592:
The U.S. conducted 27 PNE shots in conjunction with other, weapons-related, test series. A report by the
553:
1968:
simultaneous detonation of a row of five 20 ton charges placed 45 feet (13.7 m) apart (1 crater radius)
1405:
An excavation experiment to study the effects and phenomenology of cratering detonations in hard rock.
4498:
3731:
3613:, Nevada, US: Environmental Restoration Division, Operations Office, Department of Energy, April 1997,
3412:
2726:
2408:
Water resource management; dam construction, subsurface storage, purification; aquifer modification.
1235:
An emplacement experiment to investigate underground phenomenology related to emplacement techniques.
872:
A device-development experiment to produce an improved nuclear explosive for excavation applications.
839:
A device-development experiment to produce an improved nuclear explosive for excavation applications.
768:
435:
The final PNE blast took place on May 17, 1973, under Fawn Creek, 47.5 mi (76.4 km) north of
312:
3637:
2686:
2147:
Investigate excavation efficiency as a function of yield and depth in planning for Project Chariot.
4207:
4053:
1448:
3544:. US: Department of Energy Nevada Operations Office. December 2000. DOE/NV-209-REV15. Archived from
62:
for peaceful construction purposes. The program was organized in June 1957 as part of the worldwide
4411:
4090:
3173:
1202:
A device-development experiment to evaluate clean nuclear explosives for excavation applications.
1169:
A device-development experiment to evaluate clean nuclear explosives for excavation applications.
806:
A device-development experiment to produce a clean nuclear explosive for excavation applications.
469:
436:
224:
3222:
3058:
2362:
Fracturing copper ore; extract copper by in situ leaching methods; feasibility study completed.
2334:
Create a large chimney of broken rock with void space to store natural gas under high pressure.
2257:
Study cratering characteristics in dry sandstone; study ground shock and air blast intensities.
1372:
A device-development experiment to develop clean nuclear explosives for excavation applications.
331:
which could then be used to generate electricity. Another objective was the production of useful
4416:
4337:
2917:
94:
3645:
Declassification of the yields of 11 nuclear tests conducted as part of the plowshare... program
4153:
1250:
557:
417:
3345:
Beck, Colleen M.; Edwards, Susan R.; King, Maureen L. (September 1, 2011). "Project Travois".
2850:
396:
ended in 1997, and costs for the program have been estimated at more than (US) $ 770 million.
4396:
3970:
3840:
2798:
542:
443:
gas fields. The previous two tests had indicated that the produced natural gas would be too
232:
102:
3124:
1688:
Shot 1 – 80 ft (24.4 m); Shot 2 17.1 ft (5.2 m); Shot 3 – 34.2 ft (10.4 m)
1136:
A device-development experiment to improve nuclear explosives for excavation applications.
4146:
4047:
3954:
3919:
3854:
3833:
3390:
IAEA review of the 1968 book: The constructive uses of nuclear explosions by Edward Teller.
3248:
2892:
The Firecracker Boys: H-Bombs, Inupiat Eskimos, and the Roots of the Environmental Movement
2775:
1708:
675:
646:
577:
527:
381:
320:
288:
116:
48:
1468:
Green, 1736 ft (529.2 m); Yellow, 1,099 ft (335 m); Red, 499 ft (152.1 m)
8:
4174:
4132:
4097:
3926:
3394:
3260:
2540:
2368:
1032:
999:
971:
An emplacement experiment to study the effects of nuclear explosions in carbonate rock.
966:
933:
409:
296:
35:
3274:"Restricted Data Declassification Decisions 1946 to the Present, RDD-7, January 1, 2001"
2944:
1619:
Three seismic experiments to measure ground shock for the planned GNOME nuclear test.
4321:
4258:
4040:
3991:
3947:
3912:
3891:
3861:
3784:
3308:
3294:
2582:
2063:
1521:
1334:
1301:
1267:
1230:
1197:
1164:
1131:
429:
2740:
1841:
To study the effects of depth of burial and charge separation on crater dimensions.
223:
One of the first serious cratering proposals that came close to being carried out was
4118:
4104:
4083:
4033:
4019:
4005:
3933:
3905:
3868:
3847:
3812:
3805:
3653:
3517:
3496:
3445:
3423:
3327:
3236:
2945:"Use of Nuclear Explosives for Excavation of Sea-Level Canal Across the Negev Desert"
2897:
2856:
2855:. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. p. 529.
2818:
2780:
Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power: A Critical Global Assessment of Atomic Energy
2702:
2610:
2240:
1510:
1477:
1441:
1400:
1367:
900:
867:
834:
801:
581:
514:
389:
319:, conducted on December 10, 1961, in a salt bed 24 mi (39 km) southeast of
300:
254:
217:
128:
59:
3693:
3598:
Figure 1 – Per capita thyroid doses resulting from all exposure routes from all test
3138:
2643:
191:
schemes involved chaining five thermonuclear devices to create an artificial harbor.
4300:
4233:
4217:
4181:
4139:
4125:
4111:
4076:
4026:
3826:
3725:
3712:
3699:
3686:
3673:
3614:
3351:
3005:
2814:
2810:
2783:
2227:
2035:
1751:
Establish depth of burst curves for underground explosives in a hard rock medium.
1548:
1241:
735:
701:
684:
663:
549:
511:
385:
377:
357:
342:
250:
238:
195:
Proposed uses for nuclear explosives under Project Plowshare included widening the
120:
98:
86:
3607:
Focused Evaluation of Selected Remedial Alternatives for the Underground Test Area
3483:
Proving Grounds: Project Plowshare and the Unrealized Dream of Nuclear Earthmoving
3273:
2348:
Break oil shale deposits for in situ retorting; exploratory core holes drilled.
1671:
To study rock fracturing and related phenomena produced by contained explosions.
253:, would have used 22 nuclear explosions to excavate a massive roadcut through the
4432:
4376:
4342:
4316:
3984:
3884:
3798:
3791:
3719:
3706:
3159:
2890:
2545:
2516:
2153:
1971:
Study fundamental processes involved in row charge excavating dense, hard rock.
1531:
501:
440:
272:
would have used 520 2-megaton nuclear explosions to excavate a canal through the
160:
135:
63:
3589:
3309:
TWX to OBrien et al, Subject: High Explosive Scooter Detonation has been Delayed
3198:
3106:
2553:– the equivalent Soviet program(s) that achieved "practical application" status.
204:
operations. One proposal suggested using nuclear blasts to connect underground
27:
U.S. program examining the peaceful applications of nuclear explosives (1961–77)
4238:
4063:
3875:
3107:""Gasbuggy" tests Nuclear Fracking – American Oil & Gas Historical Society"
2852:
Atoms for Peace and War, 1953–1961: Eisenhower and the Atomic Energy Commission
2475:
1103:
A heavy element device-development test to evaluate neutron flux performance.
339:
58:
was the overall United States program for the development of techniques to use
3406:
2179:
Study a nuclear detonation to shatter an oil shale formation to extract oil.
1539:
5,840 ft (1,780 m); 6,230 ft (1,898.9 m); 6,690 ft (2,039.1 m)
4482:
4391:
4263:
3977:
3961:
3680:
3346:
2822:
2665:
2322:
1808:
637:
478:
448:
444:
350:
316:
262:
258:
228:
172:
78:
3227:
by Milo D. Nordyke. Science & Global Security, 1998, Volume 7, pp. 1–117
77:
Successful demonstrations of non-combat uses for nuclear explosives include
4462:
4457:
4439:
4386:
4248:
3667:
3513:
Atomic Audit: The Costs and Consequences of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Since 1940
3437:
2394:
A high-yield row charge in hard rock under terrain of varying elevations.
1766:
576:
achieved a yield 97% derived from fusion, while in the US, the 9.3-megaton
538:
404:
Three nuclear explosion experiments were intended to stimulate the flow of
332:
303:. However, this approach was abandoned for a number of technical reasons.
273:
196:
124:
67:
2302:
A low-yield cratering detonation to study basic cratering phenomenology.
2193:
A deeply buried clean nuclear explosive detonation excavation experiment
4381:
4284:
4243:
2528:
Several nuclear quarrying projects to create rock fill for dam projects.
405:
369:
109:
43:
31:
3761:
183:
4253:
4058:
2918:"Preliminary Design Studies In A Nuclear Excavation — Project Carryall"
2799:"Turning up the Gas: AEC Prepares Another Nuclear Gas Stimulation Shot"
2556:
1725:
Mining operation to examine high explosive-induced fracturing of salt.
1070:
To develop an improved nuclear explosive for excavation applications.
573:
476:
flaring operations and other environmental hazards. In a 1973 article,
324:
277:
213:
164:
3369:
Yoman, John (May 1970). "Summary of Nuclear-Excavation Applications".
2649:. US Department of Energy, Office of Science and Technical Information
3331:
3323:
1781:
To determine how gases in a confined underground explosion migrate.
365:
200:
105:
90:
82:
3355:
3324:
Caging the dragon: the containment of underground nuclear explosions
3010:
2993:
2081:
Four series of row-charge detonations to study excavation designs.
2052:
To study excavation of a small boat harbor in a weak coral medium.
408:
from "tight" formation gas fields. Industrial participants included
142:
from radioactive material being injected into the atmosphere before
115:
The project's uncharacteristically large and atmospherically vented
3939:
3618:
3462:
The Swords of Armageddon: US Nuclear Weapons Development Since 1945
2207:
Produce neutron-rich isotopes of known trans- plutonium elements.
1668:
Three explosions, varying from 500 to 1,000 lb. charges each
1515:
To develop a clean nuclear explosive for excavation applications.
1424:
413:
246:
2243:
for realignment of the Santa Fe railroad and a new highway I-40.
568:
explosive yield devices, that is, a total fission fraction of 0.3
212:. Another plan involved surface blasting on the western slope of
2741:"Keyah Math – Numerical Solutions for Culturally Diverse Geology"
2664:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1411:
905:
A device-development experiment to study emplacement techniques.
569:
565:
482:
used the term "Project Dubious" to describe Operation Plowshare.
425:
361:
336:
209:
205:
139:
556:
of the 1970s, with the three detonations that excavated part of
3539:"United States Nuclear Tests, July 1945 through September 1992"
2607:
10 Emerging Technologies That'll Improve and/or ruin everything
1642:
Series of 122 detonations of both linear and point HE charges
596:
includes yields slightly different from those presented below.
292:
3578:
2950:. United States Office of Scientific and Technical Information
1748:
Three 40,000 lb. charges and ten 1,000 lb. charges
459:
11 permits within one mi (1.6 km) mile of the site.
108:
data which has helped geologists and follow-on mining company
2436:
Natural gas stimulation; meteorological observations taken.
328:
3663:
milestones, including proposed tests and projects conducted.
3511:
3460:
3297:(Press release). Atomic Energy Commission. October 13, 1960.
3174:"The Soviet Program for Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Explosions"
2994:"Recovering Oil by Retorting a Nuclear Chimney in Oil Shale"
1807:
To study crater dimension, throw out material distribution,
2107:
To promote fracturing and in situ leaching of copper ore.
3224:
The Soviet Program for Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Explosions
2525:
Various sites in California, New Mexico, Idaho and Oregon
2095:
fracturing experiment (High explosive, ammonium nitrate)
3721:
Radiation Safety in Nuclear Energy Explorations (Part II)
349:
detonation experiment that was to follow adjacent to the
3708:
Radiation Safety in Nuclear Energy Explorations (Part I)
3485:, New Brunswick, NJ and London: Rutgers University Press
2916:
Fry, J. G.; Stane, R. A.; Crutchfield Jr, W. H. (1964).
2092:
Galiuro Mountains, 44 miles northeast Tucson, Arizona
2011:
excavation experiments (High explosive, nitromethane)
34:. For the Christian anti-nuclear protest movement, see
3237:
4.5 Thermonuclear Weapon Designs and Later Subsections
2915:
1881:
row-charge experiment (High explosive, nitromethane)
1838:
8 detonations of series of four 278 lb. charges
3263:. Nuclearweaponarchive.org. Retrieved on May 1, 2011.
3251:. Nuclearweaponarchive.org. Retrieved on May 1, 2011.
3239:. Nuclearweaponarchive.org. Retrieved on May 1, 2011.
3082:"Colorado drilling rigs closing in on '60s nuke site"
2239:
Row-charge excavation experiment to cut through the
1959:
row charge experiment (High explosive, nitromethane)
1907:
row-charge experiment (High explosive, nitromethane)
399:
335:
and their recovery. Yet another experiment involved
299:
created by breaking the rock into fragments) using a
4402:
Unethical human experimentation in the United States
3763:
Nuclear weapons tests conducted by the United States
1985:
cratering experiment (high explosive, nitromethane)
1933:
cratering experiment (High explosive, nitromethane)
1890:
Six single-charge detonations, four multiple-charge
535:
successful and profitable nuclear stimulation effort
462:
89:
manufacture, unlocking some of the mysteries of the
3420:
Nuclear Explosions and Earthquakes: The Parted Veil
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
3724:is available for free viewing and download at the
3711:is available for free viewing and download at the
3698:is available for free viewing and download at the
3685:is available for free viewing and download at the
3672:is available for free viewing and download at the
3311:(Report). Atomic Energy Commission. July 31, 1960.
2889:
2008:Near Fort Peck Reservoir, Valley County, Montana
1855:simulated excavation experiment (High explosive)
2450:Oil shale maturation; exploratory hole drilled.
388:plume headed northeast and then east towards the
74:, although the Soviet one consists of 124 tests.
4480:
3408:"Plowshare (1961) – US Atomic Energy Commission"
3371:Symposium on Engineering with Nuclear Explosives
3156:"elmada.com/wagon: Nuclear Stimulation Projects"
2991:
2623:
199:, constructing a new sea-level waterway through
3516:, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press,
3493:Under the Cloud: The Decades of Nuclear Testing
3344:
1811:, dust cloud growth, and long-range air blast.
580:test is reported as 95.2%, and the 4.5-megaton
3139:"Plowshare Program Executive Summary, pp. 4–5"
3004:(6). Society of Petroleum Engineers: 727–734.
3747:
3583:, National Cancer Institute, December 5, 2014
2040:excavation experiment (High explosive, TNT)
1829:row-charge experiment (High explosive, TNT)
1795:excavation experiment (High explosive, TNT)
1739:excavation experiment (High explosive, TNT)
1685:excavation experiment (High explosive, TNT)
1627:November–December 1959 & April–June 1960
428:test; and CER Geonuclear Corporation for the
2723:"Carnegie Observatories Astrophysics Series"
2113:
3596:(report), National Cancer Institute, 1999,
3368:
2887:
2849:Hewlett, Richard G.; Holl, Jack M. (1989).
2848:
2604:
2551:Nuclear Explosions for the National Economy
1633:ditching experiment (High explosive, TNT)
268:A project proposed in a 1963 memorandum by
245:, the California Division of Highways (now
72:Nuclear Explosions for the National Economy
3754:
3740:
3045:
3043:
1659:seismic experiment (High explosive, TNT)
4452:Trinity and Beyond: The Atomic Bomb Movie
3321:
3009:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2754:
1916:Five rows of five 1,000 lb. charges
3509:
2942:
2796:
2774:
2482:insufficient economic basis to proceed.
2284:Pan-American Isthmus (Central America)
2069:excavation experiment (High explosive)
560:, being cited as 98% fusion each in the
500:
182:
42:
4407:International Day against Nuclear Tests
3350:(Report). Vol. 1. pp. 3–259.
3334:. DOE/NV-388; DNA-TR-95-74; DE98000017.
3040:
2985:
2837:The Untold History of the United States
1942:Four 40,000 lb. spherical charges
1474:Green, 105; Yellow, 0.9; Red, 0.4 tons
368:) on July 6, 1962, at the north end of
14:
4481:
3490:
3480:
3442:US Nuclear Weapons: The Secret History
3436:
3422:, San Francisco: WH Freeman & Co,
3315:
2968:
2751:
2707:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2644:"Executive Summary: Plowshare Program"
1639:Playa (combination of silt and clay)
1471:Green, Tuff; Yellow and Red, Alluvium
270:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
169:United States Atomic Energy Commission
119:also led geologists to determine that
3735:
3362:
3338:
3121:"Innovation Alberta: Article Details"
3079:
2236:Bristol Mountains Mojave Desert, CA
1607:seismic experiment (High explosive)
545:nuclear devices so far demonstrated.
488:On Project Gnome and the Sedan test:
380:(NTS) in southern Nevada. The shot, "
291:process which involved creation of a
4446:Reactor-grade plutonium nuclear test
4371:Fallout: An American Nuclear Tragedy
3417:
1765:tracer experiment (High explosive,
1742:5 to 59.85 ft (1.5 to 18.24 m)
1560:
306:
4427:Radiation Exposure Compensation Act
2992:Lombard, DB; Carpenter, HC (1967).
2969:Guenot, Marianne (March 25, 2021).
2924:(50). Highway Research Board: 32–39
2839:(Gallery Books, 2012), pp. 283–284
2725:. February 10, 2006. Archived from
2278:Interoceanic Sea-Level Canal Study
1910:18.5 to 23 ft (5.64 to 7.0 m)
1604:Southeast of Carlsbad, New Mexico
1330:
533:As a point of comparison, the most
97:and probing the composition of the
24:
3495:, Woodlands, TX: Two Sixty Press,
3458:
3383:
2835:Stone, Oliver and Kuznick, Peter,
1982:Owyhee County, southwestern Idaho
1936:42 to 66 ft (18.3 to 20.1 m)
1544:
400:Natural gas stimulation experiment
231:to create an artificial harbor at
25:
4510:
3510:Schwartz, Stephen I, ed. (1998),
3400:
3123:. August 24, 2007. Archived from
2803:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1542:Sandstone, gas-bearing formation
1261:Sandstone, gas bearing formation
594:Federation of American Scientists
584:test as 95% derived from fusion.
463:Impacts, opposition and economics
420:; CER Geonuclear Corporation and
261:, to accommodate construction of
4489:American nuclear weapons testing
2943:Maccabee, H. D. (July 1, 1963).
2659:
2581:Test shot Anacostia resulted in
2416:Jan. 1968 – 1974
1852:At LRL, near Tracy, California
587:
227:, which would have used several
4468:Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll
3301:
3287:
3266:
3254:
3242:
3230:
3216:
3184:
3166:
3148:
3131:
3113:
3099:
3073:
3057:. April 9, 1973. Archived from
3018:
2998:Journal of Petroleum Technology
2962:
2936:
2909:
2881:
2872:
2842:
2032:November 1969 – December 1970
1875:November 1962 – February 1963
1694:Three 40,000 lb. charges
220:for a water transport project.
4365:National Atomic Testing Museum
4269:Nevada Test and Training Range
3682:Plowshare (Part II) (ca. 1961)
3580:Radioactive I-131 from Fallout
3158:. July 6, 2004. Archived from
3051:"Environment: Project Dubious"
2829:
2815:10.1080/00963402.1972.11457935
2790:
2733:
2715:
2671:
2598:
2575:
2405:Clear Creek or San Simon, AZ
1636:3 to 20 ft (1 to 6.1 m)
1610:1,200 ft (365.8 m), each
13:
1:
3695:New Mexico, 1961/11/30 (1961)
3669:Plowshare (Part I) (ca. 1961)
2592:
2005:October 1966 – October 1969
1456:Flask -Green, -Yellow, -Red
3080:Jaffe, Mark (July 2, 2009).
2797:Jacobsen, Sally (May 1972).
2433:Pinedale, WY (24 miles NW)
2263:Tennessee/ Tombigee Waterway
552:as a result, are the USSR's
178:
153:
123:was formed as a result of a
7:
4494:Peaceful nuclear explosions
3376:(Report). pp. 267–268.
2534:
2419:Pinedale, WY (19 miles S)
2377:Gillette, WY (20 miles W)
2359:Safford, AZ (11 miles NE)
2254:Colorado Plateau CO or AZ
2204:Carlsbad, NM (GNOME site)
554:Peaceful nuclear explosions
550:long-lived fission products
10:
4515:
3491:Miller, Richard L (1999),
3444:, Arlington, TX: Aerofax,
3322:Carothers, J (June 1995).
3178:www.bibliotecapleyades.net
2605:Weinersmith, Zach (2017).
2469:Australian Harbor Project
2331:Renovo, PA (12 miles SW)
2089:August 1971 – March 1972
2017:Saturated Bearclaw shale
1789:17:17 am, 13 October 1960
1432:8,425 ft (2,567.9 m)
960:Dolomite (carbonate rock)
468:support for the projects.
313:Peaceful Nuclear Explosion
241:, proposed in 1963 by the
29:
4355:
4330:
4309:
4293:
4277:
4226:
4200:
4191:
3769:
3636:, US: DOE, archived from
3028:. Harvard Business School
2896:, New York: Basic Books,
2114:Proposed nuclear projects
1449:radioactive contamination
4412:Nevada Desert Experience
2568:
2478:(NW coast of Australia)
2043:4–8 ft (1.2–2.4 m)
1501:1,735 ft (528.8 m)
1358:1,535 ft (467.9 m)
1258:4,240 ft (1,292 m)
1089:1,057 ft (322.2 m)
924:1,325 ft (403.9 m)
825:1,616 ft (492.6 m)
437:Grand Junction, Colorado
374:Atomic Energy Commission
243:Atomic Energy Commission
4417:Nuclear weapons testing
4338:Pacific Proving Grounds
3459:———,
3026:"Austral Oil, Co., Inc"
2922:Highway Research Record
2501:Geothermal Power Plant
2345:Rio Blanco County, CO
2313:Rio Blanco County, CO
2270:Northeast Mississippi
2002:Pre-Gondola I, II, III
601:Plowshare nuclear tests
295:chimney (a zone in the
95:stellar nucleosynthesis
4218:Carson National Forest
3643:on September 7, 2006,
3481:Kirsch, Scott (2005),
3418:Bolt, Bruce A (1976),
2888:O'Neill, Dan (2007) ,
1772:610 ft (185.9 m)
1391:365 ft (111.3 m)
1251:Farmington, New Mexico
1221:572 ft (174.3 m)
1188:990 ft (301.8 m)
1155:650 ft (198.1 m)
1056:495 ft (150.9 m)
957:1,332 ft (406 m)
891:848 ft (258.5 m)
858:862 ft (262.7 m)
759:745 ft (227.1 m)
726:747 ft (227.7 m)
654:1,185 ft (361 m)
507:
495:
418:Farmington, New Mexico
192:
171:chairman at the time,
52:
4397:Desert Rock exercises
3652:"Plowshare Program",
2729:on February 10, 2006.
2221:Scaling experiment.
1798:125 ft (38.1 m)
1733:July–September 1960
1601:February 10–16, 1959
1325:135 ft (41.1 m)
1292:170 ft (51.8 m)
1023:280 ft (85.3 m)
504:
490:
265:and a new rail line.
233:Cape Thompson, Alaska
186:
163:. At the peak of the
103:reflection seismology
46:
3249:Operation Hardtack I
3204:on December 23, 2016
3061:on December 14, 2008
2776:Sovacool, Benjamin K
2689:on February 10, 2006
2060:July–December 1970
2036:Kawaihae Bay, Hawaii
1988:71 ft (21.6 m)
1962:59 ft (18.0 m)
1709:Winnfield, Louisiana
1653:February–April 1960
1122:502 ft (153 m)
990:90 ft (27.4 m)
792:489 ft (149 m)
692:635 ft (194 m)
647:Carlsbad, New Mexico
528:Cuban Missile Crisis
289:shale oil extraction
3590:"Executive Summary"
3127:on August 24, 2007.
3109:. December 4, 2015.
2541:Plowshares movement
2162:Athabasca, Canada
1979:September 30, 1965
603:
422:Austral Oil Company
410:El Paso Natural Gas
353:was then canceled.
297:oil shale formation
144:underground testing
36:Plowshares Movement
18:Operation Plowshare
4264:Sand Springs Range
2493:Nevada Test Site
2461:Nevada Test Site
2299:Nevada Test Site
2144:Nevada Test Site
2064:Trinidad, Colorado
1904:Nevada Test Site
1901:June–August 1963
1826:Nevada Test Site
1792:Nevada Test Site
1736:Nevada Test Site
1682:Nevada Test Site
1656:Nevada Test Site
1630:Nevada Test Site
1417:September 10, 1969
1349:September 17, 1968
1212:September 21, 1967
599:
558:Pechora–Kama Canal
508:
193:
148:mandated by treaty
117:Sedan nuclear test
99:Earth's deep crust
60:nuclear explosives
53:
4499:Project Plowshare
4476:
4475:
4422:Project Plowshare
4351:
4350:
3558:Plowshare Program
3551:on June 15, 2010.
3261:Operation Redwing
2903:978-0-465-00348-8
2585:being discovered.
2532:
2531:
2430:Jul. 1969 – 1974
2356:Oct. 1967 – 1968
2241:Bristol Mountains
2111:
2110:
2066:(six miles west)
1956:Nevada Test Site
1930:Nevada Test Site
1878:Nevada Test Site
1861:Oil-sand mixture
1762:Rifle, Colorado
1561:Non-nuclear tests
1558:
1557:
1495:Nevada Test Site
1462:Nevada Test Site
1385:Nevada Test Site
1352:Nevada Test Site
1319:Nevada Test Site
1286:Nevada Test Site
1247:December 10, 1967
1215:Nevada Test Site
1182:Nevada Test Site
1149:Nevada Test Site
1116:Nevada Test Site
1083:Nevada Test Site
1050:Nevada Test Site
1017:Nevada Test Site
984:Nevada Test Site
951:Nevada Test Site
918:Nevada Test Site
885:Nevada Test Site
852:Nevada Test Site
819:Nevada Test Site
816:February 20, 1964
786:Nevada Test Site
753:Nevada Test Site
750:February 21, 1963
720:Nevada Test Site
717:November 27, 1962
643:December 10, 1961
515:Benjamin Sovacool
390:Mississippi River
307:Plowshare testing
301:nuclear explosive
255:Bristol Mountains
218:Sacramento Valley
129:volcanic eruption
81:, stimulation of
56:Project Plowshare
16:(Redirected from
4506:
4234:Nevada Test Site
4198:
4197:
3756:
3749:
3742:
3733:
3732:
3726:Internet Archive
3713:Internet Archive
3700:Internet Archive
3687:Internet Archive
3674:Internet Archive
3662:
3660:
3647:
3642:
3635:
3622:
3612:
3600:
3584:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3563:
3552:
3550:
3543:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3505:
3486:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3467:
3454:
3432:
3409:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3228:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3203:
3197:. Archived from
3196:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3162:on July 6, 2004.
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3047:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3013:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2949:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2895:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2846:
2840:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2786:, pp. 171–2
2784:World Scientific
2772:
2749:
2748:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2706:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2685:. Archived from
2675:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2648:
2640:
2621:
2620:
2602:
2586:
2579:
2507:Not determined
2447:near Ouray, UT
2391:Not determined
2218:Not determined
2190:Not determined
2176:Not determined
2121:
2120:
2075:Sandstone/shale
1976:Pre-Schooner II
1804:500 ton charges
1705:March–July 1960
1584:Depth of Burial
1569:
1568:
1382:December 8, 1968
1283:January 26, 1968
1146:November 6, 1966
981:November 5, 1964
948:November 5, 1964
783:October 11, 1963
769:Dominic I and II
685:Nevada Test Site
625:Yield (kilotons)
619:Depth of Burial
604:
598:
564:test's three 15-
543:fission-fraction
512:social scientist
470:Projects Chariot
412:Company for the
386:radioactive dust
378:Nevada Test Site
358:proof-of-concept
315:(PNE) blast was
251:Santa Fe Railway
239:Project Carryall
121:Barringer crater
87:chemical element
21:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4479:
4478:
4477:
4472:
4433:The Atomic Cafe
4377:Alvin C. Graves
4357:
4347:
4326:
4305:
4289:
4273:
4222:
4193:
4187:
4168:Upshot–Knothole
4161:Tumbler–Snapper
3765:
3760:
3718:The short film
3705:The short film
3692:The short film
3679:The short film
3666:The short film
3658:
3655:Atomic traveler
3651:
3640:
3633:
3626:
3610:
3604:
3588:
3576:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3537:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3503:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3452:
3430:
3407:
3403:
3386:
3384:Further reading
3381:
3373:
3367:
3363:
3356:10.2172/1046575
3343:
3339:
3320:
3316:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3259:
3255:
3247:
3243:
3235:
3231:
3221:
3217:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3090:
3088:
3086:The Denver Post
3078:
3074:
3064:
3062:
3049:
3048:
3041:
3031:
3029:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3011:10.2118/1669-PA
2990:
2986:
2976:
2974:
2967:
2963:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2937:
2927:
2925:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2863:
2847:
2843:
2834:
2830:
2795:
2791:
2773:
2752:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2700:
2699:
2692:
2690:
2679:"Archived copy"
2677:
2676:
2672:
2660:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2624:
2617:
2609:. p. 154.
2603:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2589:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2546:Atoms for Peace
2537:
2116:
1994:85 ton charge
1924:Pre-Schooner I
1864:100 gm charges
1759:August 2, 1960
1563:
1532:Rifle, Colorado
915:October 9, 1964
590:
578:Hardtack Poplar
465:
441:western Rockies
402:
323:, in southeast
309:
225:Project Chariot
181:
161:nuclear weapons
156:
136:tritiated water
127:and not from a
70:under the name
64:Atoms for Peace
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4512:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4448:
4443:
4436:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4367:
4361:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4343:South Atlantic
4340:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4319:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4281:
4279:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4259:Central Nevada
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4239:Frenchman Flat
4236:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4204:
4202:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4091:Roller Coaster
4087:
4080:
4073:
4066:
4064:Project 58/58A
4061:
4056:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4009:
4002:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3974:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3951:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3930:
3923:
3916:
3909:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3876:Starfish Prime
3865:
3858:
3851:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3766:
3759:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3736:
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229:hydrogen bombs
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3999:Little Feller
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3820:Buster–Jangle
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3627:"Plowshare",
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3523:0-8157-7773-6
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3508:
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3502:1-881043-05-3
3498:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3468:, US cold war
3464:
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3457:
3453:
3451:0-517-56740-7
3447:
3443:
3439:
3438:Hansen, Chuck
3435:
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3429:0-7167-0276-2
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3055:Time magazine
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2745:keyah.asu.edu
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2666:public domain
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2562:Project Orion
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2307:Dragon Trail
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2100:
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2086:Old Reliable
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2019:
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1898:Pre-Buggy II
1897:
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1809:ground motion
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1613:Bedded salt
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1331:5 at 1.1 each
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1252:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1179:June 22, 1967
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1113:July 11, 1966
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1080:June 25, 1966
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
978:
975:
974:
970:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
945:
942:
941:
937:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
912:
909:
908:
904:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
882:June 30, 1964
881:
879:
876:
875:
871:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
849:June 11, 1964
848:
846:
843:
842:
838:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
813:
810:
809:
805:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
780:
777:
776:
772:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
747:
744:
743:
739:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
714:
711:
710:
705:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
686:
683:
680:
678:
677:
673:
672:
667:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
648:
645:
642:
640:
639:
635:
634:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
605:
602:
597:
595:
588:Nuclear tests
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
546:
544:
540:
536:
531:
529:
524:
522:
516:
513:
503:
499:
494:
489:
486:
483:
481:
480:
473:
471:
460:
456:
452:
450:
449:radionuclides
446:
442:
438:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
397:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
372:, within the
371:
367:
363:
359:
354:
352:
348:
347:Project Coach
344:
341:
338:
334:
333:radioisotopes
330:
326:
322:
318:
317:Project Gnome
314:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
287:
281:
279:
275:
271:
266:
264:
263:Interstate 40
260:
259:Mojave Desert
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
234:
230:
226:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
202:
198:
190:
185:
176:
174:
173:Lewis Strauss
170:
166:
162:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
132:
130:
126:
125:meteor impact
122:
118:
113:
111:
107:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
79:rock blasting
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4463:Louis Vitale
4458:Vela Uniform
4450:
4440:Radio Bikini
4438:
4431:
4421:
4387:Chuck Hansen
4369:
4249:Rainier Mesa
3720:
3707:
3694:
3681:
3668:
3661:(chronology)
3654:
3644:
3638:the original
3629:
3621:, DOE/NV-465
3606:
3597:
3593:
3579:
3566:, retrieved
3557:
3546:the original
3527:, retrieved
3512:
3492:
3482:
3470:, retrieved
3461:
3441:
3419:
3364:
3340:
3317:
3303:
3289:
3277:. Retrieved
3268:
3256:
3244:
3232:
3223:
3218:
3206:. Retrieved
3199:the original
3186:
3177:
3168:
3160:the original
3150:
3133:
3125:the original
3115:
3101:
3089:. Retrieved
3085:
3075:
3063:. Retrieved
3059:the original
3054:
3032:November 23,
3030:. Retrieved
3020:
3001:
2997:
2987:
2975:. Retrieved
2964:
2952:. Retrieved
2938:
2926:. Retrieved
2921:
2911:
2891:
2883:
2874:
2866:
2851:
2844:
2836:
2831:
2806:
2802:
2792:
2779:
2744:
2735:
2727:the original
2717:
2691:. Retrieved
2687:the original
2683:www.ociw.edu
2682:
2673:
2651:. Retrieved
2606:
2600:
2577:
2515:
2413:Wagon Wheel
2367:
2321:
2226:
2184:Ditchdigger
2152:
2117:
2104:2,002 tons
1872:Pre-Buggy I
1849:Summer 1961
1812:
1767:nitromethane
1564:
1545:3 at 33 each
1528:May 17, 1973
1520:
1492:July 8, 1971
1487:
1459:May 26, 1970
1451:to the gas.
1421:Grand Valley
1410:
1377:
1344:
1311:
1278:
1240:
1207:
1174:
1141:
1108:
1075:
1042:
1009:
976:
943:
910:
877:
844:
811:
778:
745:
712:
681:July 6, 1962
674:
636:
628:Test series
600:
591:
561:
547:
539:Soviet Union
532:
520:
509:
506:detonations.
496:
491:
487:
484:
477:
474:
466:
457:
453:
434:
403:
394:
356:A number of
355:
310:
285:
282:
274:Negev Desert
267:
237:
222:
197:Panama Canal
194:
188:
157:
133:
114:
76:
68:Soviet Union
55:
54:
40:
4382:Reed Hadley
4285:Salmon Site
4278:Mississippi
4244:Pahute Mesa
4070:Quicksilver
3971:Hardtack II
3841:Cornerstone
3091:January 30,
2693:January 12,
2455:Sturtevant
2369:Thunderbird
1775:Oil shale
1713:experiment
1679:March 1960
1676:Stagecoach
1616:3.65 tons
1572:Test name
1525:-1, -2, -3
523:radioactive
445:radioactive
406:natural gas
370:Yucca Flats
249:), and the
187:One of the
110:prospecting
101:, creating
32:The Zap Gun
4483:Categories
4254:Yucca Flat
4208:Alamogordo
4201:New Mexico
4147:Touchstone
4059:Project 57
4054:Project 56
4048:Praetorian
3955:Hardtack I
3920:Greenhouse
3855:Crossroads
3834:Charioteer
3770:Operations
3568:August 17,
3529:August 17,
3472:August 17,
3348:Activities
3279:August 17,
3065:August 17,
2928:August 17,
2653:August 17,
2593:References
2583:Curium-250
2557:Atomic age
2342:Oct. 1967
2328:Aug. 1967
2310:Dec. 1966
2296:Mar. 1966
2170:Oil Shale
1823:June 1961
1730:Buckboard
1598:Pre-Gnome
1566:included:
1522:Rio Blanco
631:Objective
574:Tsar Bomba
430:Rio Blanco
416:test near
351:Gnome test
325:New Mexico
311:The first
278:Suez Canal
214:California
165:Atomic Age
47:The 1962 "
4317:Parachute
4175:Whetstone
4133:Tinderbox
4098:Sandstone
4013:Musketeer
3927:Grenadier
3899:Flintlock
2973:. Insider
2823:0096-3402
2809:(5): 37.
2399:Aquarius
2130:Location
2057:Trinidad
1991:Rhyolite
1913:Alluvium
1887:Alluvium
1835:Alluvium
1814:process.
1801:Alluvium
1691:Alluvium
1624:Toboggan
1578:Location
1435:Sandstone
1279:Cabriolet
1099:Flintlock
1066:Flintlock
1033:Whetstone
1010:Palanquin
1000:Whetstone
967:Whetstone
934:Whetstone
812:Klickitat
713:Anacostia
613:Location
607:Test name
521:naturally
366:terajoule
201:Nicaragua
179:Proposals
154:Rationale
106:vibroseis
91:R-process
83:tight gas
4310:Colorado
4301:Amchitka
4213:Carlsbad
4041:Plumbbob
3992:Latchkey
3948:Guardian
3940:Cannikin
3913:Fusileer
3892:Fishbowl
3862:Crosstie
3785:Aqueduct
3466:(CD-ROM)
3440:(1988),
3208:July 22,
2977:April 2,
2954:April 2,
2778:(2011),
2703:cite web
2535:See also
2490:1969–70
2402:1968–70
2388:1967–68
2293:Flivver
2281:1965–70
2248:Dogsled
2228:Carryall
2212:Phaeton
2133:Purpose
2101:Unknown
2098:Unknown
2078:Unknown
2072:Unknown
2049:Unknown
2029:Tugboat
1820:Rowboat
1786:Scooter
1778:Unknown
1722:Unknown
1719:Unknown
1716:Unknown
1702:Plowboy
1662:Unknown
1425:Colorado
1378:Schooner
1345:Stoddard
1335:Crosstie
1302:Crosstie
1295:Rhyolite
1268:Crosstie
1242:Gasbuggy
1231:Crosstie
1224:Alluvium
1198:Latchkey
1165:Latchkey
1158:Alluvium
1132:Latchkey
1092:Alluvium
1026:Rhyolite
927:Alluvium
894:Alluvium
861:Alluvium
795:Alluvium
779:Tornillo
762:Alluvium
695:Alluvium
570:kilotons
424:for the
414:Gasbuggy
321:Carlsbad
247:Caltrans
206:aquifers
4356:Related
4154:Trinity
4119:Sunbeam
4105:Sculpin
4084:Redwing
4034:Phalanx
4020:Niblick
4006:Mandrel
3934:Grommet
3906:Fulcrum
3869:Dominic
3848:Cresset
3813:Bowline
3806:Bedrock
3413:YouTube
2517:Travois
2385:Galley
2339:Bronco
2154:Oilsand
2138:Oxcart
2014:Varied
1965:Basalt
1950:Dugout
1939:Basalt
1858:Varied
1832:Varied
1745:Basalt
1587:Medium
1511:Grommet
1488:Miniata
1478:Mandrel
1442:Mandrel
1412:Rulison
1401:Bowline
1388:Crater
1368:Bowline
1322:Crater
1289:Crater
1043:Templar
1020:Crater
944:Handcar
901:Niblick
868:Niblick
835:Niblick
802:Niblick
689:Crater
566:kiloton
426:Rulison
362:kiloton
343:physics
337:neutron
286:in situ
257:in the
210:Arizona
189:Chariot
140:fallout
4358:topics
4294:Alaska
4227:Nevada
4182:Wigwam
4140:Toggle
4126:Teapot
4112:Storax
4077:Ranger
4027:Nougat
3827:Castle
3564:, OSTI
3520:
3499:
3448:
3426:
3332:524871
3330:
2900:
2859:
2821:
2613:
2353:Sloop
2198:Coach
2046:Water
1846:Yo-Yo
1756:Pinot
1590:Yield
1549:Toggle
1536:Shaft
1498:Shaft
1465:Shaft
1429:Shaft
1355:Shaft
1328:Basalt
1255:Shaft
1218:Shaft
1208:Marvel
1185:Shaft
1175:Switch
1152:Shaft
1119:Shaft
1086:Shaft
1076:Vulcan
1053:Shaft
993:Basalt
987:Shaft
954:Shaft
921:Shaft
888:Shaft
855:Shaft
822:Shaft
789:Shaft
756:Shaft
746:Kaweah
736:Storax
723:Shaft
702:Storax
664:Nougat
651:Shaft
622:Medium
432:test.
293:rubble
4331:Other
4322:Rifle
4194:areas
3985:Julin
3885:Emery
3799:Argus
3792:Arbor
3778:Anvil
3659:(PDF)
3641:(PDF)
3634:(PDF)
3611:(PDF)
3562:(PDF)
3549:(PDF)
3542:(PDF)
3374:(PDF)
3202:(PDF)
3195:(PDF)
3142:(PDF)
2948:(PDF)
2647:(PDF)
2569:Notes
2522:1970
2504:1971
2487:Yawl
2472:1969
2458:1969
2444:1969
2441:Utah
2427:Wasp
2374:1967
2323:Ketch
2267:1964
2251:1964
2233:1963
2215:1963
2201:1963
2187:1961
2173:1959
2159:1959
2141:1959
2127:Date
2124:Name
1665:Tuff
1650:Hobo
1593:Note
1581:Type
1575:Date
1312:Buggy
1142:Simms
1109:Saxon
977:Sulky
676:Sedan
638:Gnome
616:Type
562:Taiga
382:Sedan
364:(435
329:steam
49:Sedan
4192:Test
3570:2016
3531:2016
3518:ISBN
3497:ISBN
3474:2016
3446:ISBN
3424:ISBN
3328:OSTI
3281:2016
3210:2016
3093:2010
3067:2016
3034:2014
2979:2021
2956:2021
2930:2016
2898:ISBN
2857:ISBN
2819:ISSN
2709:link
2695:2022
2655:2016
2611:ISBN
1504:Tuff
1394:Tuff
1361:Tuff
1191:Tuff
1125:Tuff
1062:0.37
1059:Tuff
897:11.7
828:Tuff
798:0.38
729:Tuff
698:104
657:Salt
610:Date
510:The
479:Time
146:was
3978:Ivy
3615:doi
3411:on
3352:doi
3006:doi
2811:doi
1298:2.3
1227:2.2
1194:3.1
1161:2.3
1128:1.2
1029:4.3
996:0.9
911:Par
878:Dub
845:Ace
732:5.2
376:'s
216:'s
208:in
93:of
4485::
3957:"
3936:"
3871:"
3630:NV
3592:,
3176:.
3084:.
3053:.
3042:^
3002:19
3000:.
2996:.
2920:.
2865:.
2817:.
2807:28
2805:.
2801:.
2782:,
2753:^
2743:.
2705:}}
2701:{{
2681:.
2625:^
1769:)
1507:83
1438:43
1423:,
1397:30
1364:31
1264:29
1095:25
963:12
930:38
831:70
451:.
392:.
280:.
150:.
112:.
85:,
4184:"
4180:"
4177:"
4173:"
4170:"
4166:"
4163:"
4159:"
4156:"
4152:"
4149:"
4145:"
4142:"
4138:"
4135:"
4131:"
4128:"
4124:"
4121:"
4117:"
4114:"
4110:"
4107:"
4103:"
4100:"
4096:"
4093:"
4089:"
4086:"
4082:"
4079:"
4075:"
4072:"
4068:"
4050:"
4046:"
4043:"
4039:"
4036:"
4032:"
4029:"
4025:"
4022:"
4018:"
4015:"
4011:"
4008:"
4004:"
4001:"
3997:"
3994:"
3990:"
3987:"
3983:"
3980:"
3976:"
3973:"
3969:"
3964:"
3960:"
3953:"
3950:"
3946:"
3932:"
3929:"
3925:"
3922:"
3918:"
3915:"
3911:"
3908:"
3904:"
3901:"
3897:"
3894:"
3890:"
3887:"
3883:"
3878:"
3874:"
3867:"
3864:"
3860:"
3857:"
3853:"
3850:"
3846:"
3843:"
3839:"
3836:"
3832:"
3829:"
3825:"
3822:"
3818:"
3815:"
3811:"
3808:"
3804:"
3801:"
3797:"
3794:"
3790:"
3787:"
3783:"
3780:"
3776:"
3755:e
3748:t
3741:v
3728:.
3715:.
3702:.
3689:.
3676:.
3648:.
3623:.
3617::
3601:.
3585:.
3573:.
3534:.
3506:.
3487:.
3477:.
3455:.
3433:.
3358:.
3354::
3283:.
3212:.
3180:.
3144:.
3095:.
3069:.
3036:.
3014:.
3008::
2981:.
2958:.
2932:.
2825:.
2813::
2747:.
2711:)
2697:.
2668:.
2657:.
2619:.
864:3
765:3
660:3
38:.
20:)
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