944:
906:
925:
963:
257:
31:
103:
246:
878:
78:
695:
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880:
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879:
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883:
705:
The orange-headed thrush is 205–235 milliimetres (8.1–9.25 in) long and weighs 47–60 grammes (1.7–2.1 oz). The adult male of the nominate subspecies of this small thrush has an entirely orange head and underparts, uniformly grey upperparts and wings, and white median and undertail
709:
The female resembles the male but has browner or more olive upperparts and warm brown wings, but some old females are almost identical to the male. The juvenile is dull brown with buff streaks on its back, and a rufous tone to the head and face; it has grey wings. The bill is brownish horn, and the
854:
The orange-headed thrush has an extensive range, estimated at 2,780,000 square kilometres (1,070,000 sq mi). The population size has not been quantified, but it is believed to be large due to its extensive range; it also reported as being locally common. The species is not believed to
798:
bushes being preferred. Three or four, occasionally five, eggs are laid; they are cream or tinted with pale blue, grey or green, and have pale lilac blotches and reddish brown spots. They are incubated for 13–14 days to hatching, with another 12 days until the young birds leave the nest.
685:
is resident between 1000 and 1630 metres (3300–5400 ft) on Mt
Kinabalu and Mt Trus Madi, northern Borneo. Some of the subspecies are completely or partially migratory; their wintering habitat is similar to the breeding forests, but more likely to be at lower altitudes.
50:
680:
This species is often found in damp areas, near streams or in shady ravines. It occurs between 250 and 1830 metres (825– 6040 ft) in the
Himalayas and up to about 1500 metres (5000 ft) in Malaysia, Thailand and Java.
713:
This species' orange and grey plumage is very distinctive, and it is unlikely to be confused with any other species. Differences between the subspecies, as described above, can be quite striking, as with the strong head pattern on
882:
866:. Against the trend in Southeast Asia where loss or fragmentation of woodland poses a threat to forest birds, the orange-headed thrush has colonized Hong Kong, where it was first recorded in 1956, thanks to forest maturation.
478:, but with a less defined head pattern. The face and neck-sides are whitish but flecked with orange or brownish and with weaker face stripes. The orange breast and flanks become paler orange on the belly and lower flanks.
718:, but may be less obvious variations in plumage tone, or whether there is white on the folded wing. As with many other thrushes, all forms of this species shows a distinctive underwing pattern, with a strong white band.
51:
778:
thrushes, and several birds may congregate outside the breeding season at a good food source. It has a swift, silent flight, but when disturbed will often sit motionless until the threat has passed.
512:. It is similar to the nominate subspecies, but averages slightly brighter or deeper orange on head and upperparts and also has a slightly longer, heavier bill, and white tips to the median coverts.
444:. It winter further south in southern Burma, and much of the rest of Thailand into Malaysia. It is very similar to the nominate but the male is brighter or deeper orange and lacks white tips to the
842:
The orange-headed thrush feeds on the ground in dense undergrowth or other thick cover. It is most active at dawn and dusk, probing the leaf litter for insects and their larvae, spiders, other
943:
1071:
Index
Ornithologicus, sive Systema Ornithologiæ; complectens avium divisionem in classes, ordines, genera, species, ipsarumque varietates: adjectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, &c
855:
approach the thresholds for the global population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e., declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations), and is therefore evaluated as
746:
given in flight. However, this bird is generally silent especially in winter. The song is a loud clear series of variably sweet lilting musical notes, recalling the quality of the
52:
905:
924:
1828:
327:
The male of this small thrush has uniform grey upperparts, and an orange head and underparts. The females and young birds have browner upper parts.
1687:
818:, neither the hen nor the hatched chick evict the host's eggs, but the host's young often die because they cannot compete successfully with the
786:
The nest, built by both sexes, is a wide but shallow cup of twigs, bracken and rootlets lined with softer plant material like leaves, moss and
1726:
1581:
774:
The orange-headed thrush is a shy, secretive bird usually occurring alone or in pairs, but is comparatively more easily seen than many other
1808:
504:
breeds from southern Burma to southern
Thailand, and winters further south at lower levels in Peninsular Thailand, on islands in the
1319:
1780:
1674:
1516:
1700:
1542:
404:. It has a white throat and face sides, with two black stripes running downwards from below the eyes. The spelling emendation
1166:
962:
1705:
1547:
665:
and southern China. Its habitat is moist broadleaved evergreen woodlands, with a medium-density undergrowth of bushes and
1044:
1303:
1278:
1253:
1200:
1175:
1141:
1586:
1823:
1731:
862:
It is very popular as cage-bird on Java, and numbers have severely declined in recent years owing to trapping for
551:
The following table summarises selected physical measurements for those subspecies for which data is available.
1713:
1568:
790:
needles. It is constructed at a height of up to 4.5 metres (15 ft) in a small tree or bush, with
542:
in the west of its range. The separation of this form from the western Javan subspecies has been questioned.
1818:
706:
coverts. It has a slate-coloured bill and the legs and feet have brown fronts and pink or yellowish rears.
1469:
1464:
1429:
336:
214:
1022:
931:
448:; the female is duller on head and underparts, with an olive tinge to the grey of the mantle and back.
102:
1443:
950:
297:. Most populations are resident. The species shows a preference for shady damp areas, and like many
1692:
1451:
1391:
912:
893:
823:
428:
breeds through most of South-East Asia from southern Burma and southwestern China to northwest
43:
1560:
1612:
197:
1380:
1456:
1326:
8:
999:
642:
348:
290:
67:
1069:
1813:
1477:
223:
97:
1661:
1607:
1490:
1350:
Leven, Michael R.; Corlett, Richard T. (2004). "Invasive birds in Hong Kong, China".
1299:
1274:
1249:
1196:
1171:
1137:
763:
759:
347:" and referencing the colour of the head and underparts. It has about 12 subspecies.
1666:
1625:
1495:
1359:
1017:
747:
505:
445:
352:
344:
1482:
766:. It sings from a perch in a leafy tree, mostly early morning and late afternoon.
1771:
1739:
1594:
1414:
495:
485:
454:
breeds in southeastern China, and is partially migratory, regularly wintering in
1718:
1573:
811:
658:
375:
294:
256:
30:
1802:
1652:
1555:
1008:
856:
815:
283:
164:
87:
82:
418:(Madhya Pradesh and Orissa) has brighter orange crown and longer wings than
843:
1599:
1045:"Orange-headed Thrush Zoothera citrina - by Aditya Salekar - JungleDragon"
1744:
1529:
1423:
803:
751:
1785:
1216:
Abdulali, Humayun (1965). "Notes on Indian birds 4 – on the validity of
245:
1679:
1620:
1521:
863:
646:
387:
371:
355:(2005) suggest that this complex may consist of more than one species.
250:
1534:
1363:
654:
455:
383:
367:
321:
299:
174:
154:
114:
1508:
1385:
1765:
1646:
1408:
916:
897:
509:
437:
429:
313:
305:
134:
1320:"Host list of avian brood parasites - 2 - Cuculiformes; Cuculidae"
1438:
787:
441:
414:(not always recognized) found in northeastern part of peninsular
317:
846:
and fruit. In
Malaysia, wintering birds regularly feed on figs.
464:
breeds in eastern-central China; its wintering range is unknown.
819:
795:
755:
670:
519:
471:
401:
124:
1503:
954:
935:
791:
694:
650:
415:
397:
379:
363:
972:
666:
662:
535:
433:
279:
144:
1163:
1349:
1195:. London: Christopher Helm Publishers Ltd. p. 226.
1191:
Grimmett, Richard; Inskipp, Carol; Inskipp, Tim (2002).
1074:(in Latin). London: Leigh & Sotheby. volume 1, 350.
997:
324:
and fruit. It nests in trees but does not form flocks.
1190:
1136:. Christopher Helm Publishers Ltd. pp. 229–232.
1131:
834:
have also been claimed as parasites on this species.
1268:
949:
Orange-headed Thrush (Geokichla citrina cyanota) at
1132:Clement, Peter; Hathway, Ren; Wilczur, Jan (2000).
1293:
1023:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22708375A152676506.en
754:. It also includes imitations of other birds like
1294:Barlow, Clive; Wacher, Tim; Disley, Tony (1997).
726:Calls of the orange-headed thrush include a soft
1800:
1296:A Field Guide to birds of The Gambia and Senegal
1193:Pocket Guide to Birds of the Indian Subcontinent
1164:Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Anderton, John C. (2005).
750:, but with the more repetitive structure of the
814:which lay a single egg in the nest. Unlike the
641:The orange-headed thrush breeds in much of the
374:and possibly in western and northern Burma. It
362:, the nominate subspecies breeds from northern
1222:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
1170:. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions.
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
677:also occurs in large gardens and orchards.
636:
1298:. Robertsbridge: Pica Press. p. 229.
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
930:An orange-headed thrush (ssp. cyanota) at
911:Geokichla citrina, orange-headed thrush -
892:Geokichla citrina, orange-headed thrush -
76:
29:
1829:Taxa named by John Latham (ornithologist)
1269:Lekagul, Boonsong; Round, Philip (1991).
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1021:
518:is resident in the mountains of northern
474:and possibly northern Laos. It resembles
289:It is common in well-wooded areas of the
1239:
1237:
1235:
1215:
1150:
693:
255:
244:
48:
1312:
830:, and, very rarely, the common cuckoo,
408:is suggested by Rasmussen and Anderton.
1801:
1381:Videos on the Internet Bird Collection
1287:
1262:
1246:A Field Guide to the Birds of Thailand
1243:
1078:
1067:
993:
991:
989:
1390:
1389:
1343:
1232:
1167:Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide
1134:Thrushes (Helm Identification Guides)
1061:
264:in Sanjay Gandhi National Park, India
1184:
335:This species was first described by
1809:IUCN Red List least concern species
1009:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
986:
13:
1248:. New Holland Press. p. 176.
309:thrushes, can be quite secretive.
14:
1840:
1374:
396:is mainly resident in Peninsular
1271:A Guide to the Birds of Thailand
998:BirdLife International. (2019).
961:
942:
923:
904:
876:
534:is resident in Eastern Java and
101:
1273:. Saha Karn Baet. p. 341.
546:
1325:. Field Museum. Archived from
1209:
1037:
802:This species is a host of the
689:
673:forests for secondary growth.
1:
979:
769:
629:
626:
623:
613:
610:
607:
597:
594:
591:
581:
578:
575:
565:
562:
559:
528:is resident in Western Java.
470:breeds in southern Vietnam,
343:, the species name meaning "
312:The orange-headed thrush is
7:
781:
330:
10:
1845:
932:Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary
869:
837:
260:Orange-headed thrush ssp.
249:Orange-headed thrush from
1755:
1636:
1398:
1016:: e.T22708375A152676506.
951:Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary
849:
710:legs and feet are brown.
316:, eating a wide range of
229:
222:
203:
196:
98:Scientific classification
96:
74:
65:
37:
28:
23:
1218:Zoothera citrina amadoni
721:
637:Distribution and habitat
1824:Birds described in 1790
669:, but it also utilises
432:, central and southern
1352:Ornithological Science
1244:Robson, Craig (2004).
913:Khao Yai National Park
894:Khao Yai National Park
824:chestnut-winged cuckoo
702:
265:
253:
60:
44:Khao Yai National Park
1068:Latham, John (1790).
697:
538:and intergrades with
259:
248:
55:
24:Orange-headed thrush
1049:www.jungledragon.com
270:orange-headed thrush
1819:Birds of Indomalaya
828:Clamator coromandus
643:Indian Subcontinent
604:G. c. andamanensis
494:is resident in the
484:is resident in the
291:Indian Subcontinent
68:Conservation status
969:Geokichla citrina
808:Clamator jacobinus
703:
620:G. c. albogularis
266:
254:
61:
1796:
1795:
1626:Geokichla-citrina
1608:Open Tree of Life
1430:Geokichla citrina
1400:Geokichla citrina
1392:Taxon identifiers
1002:Geokichla citrina
887:
764:common tailorbird
634:
633:
502:G. c. gibsonhilli
492:G. c. albogularis
378:further south in
275:Geokichla citrina
243:
242:
237:
207:Geokichla citrina
91:
53:
1836:
1789:
1788:
1776:
1775:
1774:
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1747:
1735:
1734:
1722:
1721:
1719:NHMSYS0021109887
1709:
1708:
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1682:
1670:
1669:
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1656:
1655:
1638:Zoothera citrina
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1589:
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1574:NHMSYS0021275546
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1364:10.2326/osj.3.43
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1324:
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1285:
1284:
1266:
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1241:
1230:
1229:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1161:
1148:
1147:
1129:
1076:
1075:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1025:
995:
965:
946:
927:
908:
889:
888:
748:common blackbird
554:
553:
506:Gulf of Thailand
482:G. c. andamensis
468:G. c. aurimacula
235:
233:Zoothera citrina
209:
106:
105:
85:
80:
79:
54:
33:
21:
20:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1784:
1779:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1757:Turdus citrinus
1751:
1743:
1740:Observation.org
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1606:
1598:
1595:Observation.org
1593:
1585:
1580:
1572:
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1546:
1541:
1533:
1528:
1520:
1515:
1507:
1502:
1494:
1489:
1481:
1476:
1468:
1463:
1455:
1450:
1442:
1437:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1394:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1348:
1344:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1306:
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1267:
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1210:
1203:
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1162:
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852:
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832:Cuculus canorus
784:
772:
734:, a screeching
724:
692:
639:
549:
496:Nicobar Islands
486:Andaman Islands
462:G. c. courtoisi
366:east along the
341:Turdus citrinus
333:
218:
211:
205:
192:
189:G. citrina
100:
92:
81:
77:
70:
49:
47:
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1375:External links
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812:brood parasite
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736:teer-teer-teer
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659:Southeast Asia
657:, and through
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526:G. c. rubecula
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449:
446:median coverts
426:G. c. innotata
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1332:on 2011-07-16
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1255:1-84330-921-1
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1228:(2): 305–306.
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1073:
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1050:
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1019:
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994:
992:
990:
985:
974:
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964:
959:
956:
952:
945:
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937:
933:
926:
921:
918:
914:
907:
902:
899:
895:
874:
873:
867:
865:
860:
858:
857:Least Concern
847:
845:
844:invertebrates
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
816:common cuckoo
813:
809:
805:
800:
797:
793:
789:
779:
777:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
738:, and a thin
737:
733:
729:
719:
717:
716:G. c. cyanota
711:
707:
701:
700:G. c. cyanota
698:Underwing of
696:
687:
684:
678:
676:
675:G. c. cyanota
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
621:
618:
617:
605:
602:
601:
589:
588:G. c. cyanota
586:
585:
573:
572:G. c. citrina
570:
569:
556:
555:
552:
541:
537:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
517:
514:
511:
507:
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500:
497:
493:
490:
487:
483:
480:
477:
476:G. c. cyanota
473:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
453:
450:
447:
443:
440:and southern
439:
435:
431:
427:
424:
421:
417:
413:
412:G. c. amadoni
410:
407:
403:
399:
395:
394:G. c. cyanota
392:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
360:G. c. citrina
358:
357:
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198:Binomial name
195:
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155:Passeriformes
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126:
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110:
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99:
95:
89:
84:
83:Least Concern
73:
69:
64:
59:
58:G. c. cyanota
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1756:
1637:
1399:
1358:(1): 43–55.
1355:
1351:
1345:
1334:. Retrieved
1327:the original
1314:
1295:
1289:
1270:
1264:
1245:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1192:
1186:
1165:
1133:
1070:
1063:
1052:. Retrieved
1048:
1039:
1027:. Retrieved
1013:
1007:
1001:
968:
861:
853:
841:
831:
827:
807:
801:
785:
775:
773:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
725:
715:
712:
708:
704:
699:
683:G. c. aurata
682:
679:
674:
645:, including
640:
619:
603:
587:
571:
550:
547:Measurements
539:
531:
525:
516:G. c. aurata
515:
501:
491:
481:
475:
467:
461:
451:
425:
419:
411:
405:
393:
359:
340:
334:
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311:
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274:
273:
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267:
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232:
206:
204:
188:
187:
175:
57:
39:
18:
1530:iNaturalist
1424:Wikispecies
1220:(Biswas)".
1029:5 September
804:pied cuckoo
752:song thrush
690:Description
560:Length (mm)
508:, and into
452:G. c. melli
370:to eastern
339:in 1790 as
337:John Latham
46:, Thailand
38:Male, ssp.
1803:Categories
1621:Xeno-canto
1336:2008-02-13
1054:2021-09-05
980:References
864:aviculture
794:trees and
647:Bangladesh
566:Tail (mm)
557:Subspecies
388:Bangladesh
372:Bangladesh
322:earthworms
314:omnivorous
251:Bangladesh
1814:Geokichla
1772:Q26833751
1415:Q26833749
776:Geokichla
770:Behaviour
655:Sri Lanka
563:Head (mm)
456:Hong Kong
400:south to
384:Sri Lanka
368:Himalayas
349:Rasmussen
300:Geokichla
183:Species:
176:Geokichla
121:Kingdom:
115:Eukaryota
1786:10206763
1766:Wikidata
1693:11102951
1647:Wikidata
1561:22708375
1457:22708375
1452:BirdLife
1409:Wikidata
917:Thailand
898:Thailand
782:Breeding
760:babblers
510:Malaysia
438:Cambodia
430:Thailand
353:Anderton
331:Taxonomy
306:Zoothera
286:family.
262:cyanotus
224:Synonyms
165:Turdidae
161:Family:
135:Chordata
131:Phylum:
125:Animalia
111:Domain:
88:IUCN 3.1
56:Song of
40:innotata
1680:2490914
1653:Q599334
1613:1046626
1587:1743270
1522:6100882
1509:orhthr1
1483:orhthr1
1439:Avibase
1146:. ISBN.
870:Gallery
838:Feeding
788:conifer
756:bulbuls
624:155-165
608:150-158
592:165-170
576:162-168
442:Vietnam
420:cyanota
406:cyanota
376:winters
345:citrine
318:insects
282:in the
278:) is a
217:, 1790)
171:Genus:
151:Order:
141:Class:
86: (
1732:486367
1706:563783
1600:259360
1548:916868
1535:201215
1470:745561
1302:
1277:
1252:
1199:
1174:
1140:
850:Status
820:cuckoo
796:coffee
671:bamboo
630:68-79
614:65-78
598:74-79
582:76-81
520:Borneo
472:Hainan
402:Kerala
284:thrush
215:Latham
1745:75959
1688:IRMNG
1667:5D7NF
1504:eBird
1496:3FPZ8
1330:(PDF)
1323:(PDF)
955:India
936:India
792:mango
732:tchuk
722:Voice
667:ferns
651:India
627:44-48
611:43-45
595:42-46
579:46-48
416:India
398:India
380:India
364:India
42:, in
1781:GBIF
1727:NCBI
1701:ITIS
1675:GBIF
1582:NCBI
1556:IUCN
1543:ITIS
1517:GBIF
1465:BOLD
1300:ISBN
1275:ISBN
1250:ISBN
1197:ISBN
1172:ISBN
1138:ISBN
1031:2021
1014:2019
973:MHNT
810:, a
762:and
744:dzef
740:tsee
728:chuk
663:Java
653:and
536:Bali
434:Laos
386:and
351:and
303:and
293:and
280:bird
268:The
145:Aves
1714:NBN
1662:CoL
1569:NBN
1491:CoL
1478:BOW
1360:doi
1018:doi
742:or
730:or
661:to
1805::
1783::
1768::
1742::
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1690::
1677::
1664::
1649::
1623::
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1597::
1584::
1571::
1558::
1545::
1532::
1519::
1506::
1493::
1480::
1467::
1454::
1441::
1426::
1411::
1354:.
1234:^
1226:62
1224:.
1152:^
1080:^
1047:.
1012:.
1006:.
988:^
971:-
953:,
934:,
915:,
896:,
859:.
826:,
806:,
758:,
649:,
436:,
382:,
320:,
1366:.
1362::
1356:3
1339:.
1308:.
1283:.
1258:.
1205:.
1180:.
1057:.
1033:.
1020::
1004:"
1000:"
522:.
498:.
488:.
458:.
422:.
390:.
272:(
213:(
90:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
