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such lists ranging across multiple domains from some elements within the DSM-IV criteria to entirely non-specific behavior such as developmental lags, destructive behavior, refusal to make eye contact, cruelty to animals and siblings, lack of cause and effect thinking, preoccupation with fire, blood and gore, poor peer relationships, stealing, lying, lack of a conscience, persistent nonsense questions or incessant chatter, poor impulse control, abnormal speech patterns, fighting for control over everything, and hoarding or gorging on food. Some checklists suggest that among infants, "prefers dad to mom" or "wants to hold the bottle as soon as possible" are indicative of attachment problems. The APSAC Taskforce expresses concern that "high rates of
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to interpret messages of calm or alarm from face or voice. At about eight months, infants typically begin to respond with fear to unfamiliar or startling situations, and to look to the faces of familiar caregivers for information that either justifies or soothes their fear. This developmental combination of social skills and the emergence of fear reactions results in attachment behavior such as proximity-seeking, if a familiar, sensitive, responsive, and cooperative adult is available. Further developments in attachment, such as negotiation of separation in the toddler and preschool period, depend on factors such as the caregiver's interaction style and ability to understand the child's emotional communications.
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explain attachment disorder. Experiences of abuse are associated with the development of disorganised attachment, in which the child prefers a familiar caregiver, but responds to that person in an unpredictable and somewhat bizarre way. Within official classifications, attachment disorganization is a risk factor but not in itself an attachment disorder. Further, although attachment disorders tend to occur in the context of some institutions, repeated changes of primary caregiver, or extremely neglectful identifiable primary caregivers who show persistent disregard for the child's basic attachment needs, not all children raised in these conditions develop an attachment disorder.
473:. All such approaches for infants and younger children concentrate on increasing the responsiveness and sensitivity of the caregiver, or if that is not possible, changing the caregiver. Such approaches include 'Watch, wait and wonder,' manipulation of sensitive responsiveness, modified 'Interaction Guidance,'. 'Preschool Parent Psychotherapy,'. Circle of Security', Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up (ABC), the New Orleans Intervention, and Parent-Child psychotherapy. Other known treatment methods include Developmental, Individual-difference, Relationship-based therapy (DIR) (also referred to as
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of attachment behavior. The disinhibited form shows "indiscriminate sociability ... excessive familiarity with relative strangers" (DSM-IV-TR) and therefore a lack of 'specificity', the second basic element of attachment behavior. The ICD-10 descriptions are comparable. 'Disinhibited' and 'inhibited' are not opposites in terms of attachment disorder and can co-exist in the same child. The inhibited form has a greater tendency to ameliorate with an appropriate caregiver whilst the disinhibited form is more enduring.
298:
that seem to imply fearfulness of the person who is being sought. Disorganized attachment has been considered a major risk factor for child psychopathology, as it appears to interfere with regulation or tolerance of negative emotions and may thus foster aggressive behavior. Disorganized patterns of attachment have the strongest links to concurrent and subsequent psychopathology, and considerable research has demonstrated both within-the-child and environmental correlates of disorganized attachment.
322:
fearfulness such as the maintenance of distance from adults, or the seeking of proximity to all adults. These symptoms accord with the DSM criteria for reactive attachment disorder. Either of these behavior patterns may create a developmental trajectory leading ever farther from typical attachment processes such as the development of an internal working model of social relationships that facilitates both the giving and the receiving of care from others.
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cannot afford not to show interest in any person as they may be potential attachment figures. Faced with a swift succession of carers the child may have no opportunity to form a selective attachment until the possible biologically determined sensitive period for developing stranger-wariness has passed. It is thought this process may lead to the disinhibited form.
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Professional
Society on the Abuse of Children (APSAC), which was largely critical of attachment therapy, although these practices continue. In 2007, ATTACh, an organisation originally set up by attachment therapists, formally adopted a White Paper stating its unequivocal opposition to coercive practices in therapy and parenting.
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primary attachment figure, a seriously unhealthy attachment relationship with a primary caregiver, or a disrupted attachment relationship. Although there are no studies examining diagnostic accuracy, concern is expressed as to the potential for over-diagnosis based on broad checklists and 'snapshots'. This form of
223:(see below) of three categories of attachment disorder, namely "no discriminated attachment figure", "secure base distortions" and "disrupted attachment disorder". These classifications consider a disorder a variation that requires treatment rather than an individual difference within the normal range.
453:
While RAD is likely to occur following neglectful and abusive childcare, there should be no automatic diagnosis on this basis alone as children can form stable attachments and social relationships despite marked abuse and neglect. Abuse can occur alongside the required factors but on its own does not
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play a role in emotional development. Theory of Mind is the ability to know that the experience of knowledge and intention lies behind human actions such as facial expressions. Although it is reported that very young infants have different responses to humans than to non-human objects, Theory of Mind
297:
A small group of toddlers show a distressing way of reuniting after a separation. Called a disorganized/disoriented style, this reunion pattern can involve looking dazed or frightened, freezing in place, backing toward the caregiver or approaching with head sharply averted, or showing other behaviors
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The majority of 1-year-old children can tolerate brief separations from familiar caregivers and are quickly comforted when the caregivers return. These children also use familiar people as a "secure base" and return to them periodically when exploring a new situation. Such children are said to have a
251:
Boris and Zeanah also describe a condition they term "secure base distortion". In this situation, the child has a preferred familiar caregiver, but the relationship is such that the child cannot use the adult for safety while gradually exploring the environment. Such children may endanger themselves,
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Main, M. and
Solomon, J. (1990). Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized/disoriented during the Ainsworth Strange Situation. In M. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti and E. Cummings (eds) Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research and intervention, (pp. 121–160). Chicago: University of
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The inhibited form is described as "a failure to initiate or respond ... to most social interactions, as manifest by excessively inhibited responses" and such infants do not seek and accept comfort at times of threat, alarm or distress, thus failing to maintain 'proximity', an essential element
349:, have been attributed to the absence of the mental functions that underlie Theory of Mind. It is possible that the congenital absence of this ability, or the lack of experiences with caregivers who communicate in a predictable fashion, could underlie the development of reactive attachment disorder.
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Insecure attachment styles in toddlers involve unusual reunions after separation from a familiar person. The children may snub the returning caregiver, or may go to the person but then resist being picked up. They may reunite with the caregiver, but then persistently cling to the caregiver, and fail
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reaction to such a loss is parallel to the grief reaction of an older person, with progressive changes from protest (crying and searching) to despair, sadness, and withdrawal from communication or play, and finally detachment from the original relationship and recovery of social and play activities.
255:
The third type of disorder discussed by Boris and Zeanah is termed "disrupted attachment". This type of problem, which is not covered under other approaches to disordered attachment, results from an abrupt separation or loss of a familiar caregiver to whom attachment has developed. The young child's
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is the use of extensive lists of "symptoms" that include many behaviours that are likely to be a consequence of neglect or abuse, but are not related to attachment, or to any clinical disorder at all. Such lists have been described as "wildly inclusive". The APSAC Taskforce (2006) gives examples of
485:
Some of these approaches, such as that suggested by Dozier, consider the attachment status of the adult caregiver to play an important role in the development of the emotional connection between adult and child. This includes foster parents, as children with poor attachment experiences often do not
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With insensitive or unresponsive caregivers, or frequent changes, an infant may have few experiences that encourage proximity seeking to a familiar person. An infant who experiences fear but who cannot find comforting information in an adult's face and voice may develop atypical ways of coping with
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Typical attachment development begins with unlearned infant reactions to social signals from caregivers. The ability to send and receive social communications through facial expressions, gestures and voice develops with social experience by seven to nine months. This makes it possible for an infant
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Smaller numbers of children show less positive development at age 12 months. Their less desirable attachment styles may be predictors of poor later social development. Although these children's behavior at 12 months is not a serious problem, they appear to be on developmental trajectories that will
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and
Leiberman, have recognized the limitations of the DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 criteria and proposed broader diagnostic criteria. There is as yet no official consensus on these criteria. The APSAC Taskforce recognised in its recommendations that "attachment problems extending beyond RAD, are a real and
508:
In the absence of officially recognized diagnostic criteria, and beyond the ambit of the discourse on a broader set of criteria discussed above, the term "attachment disorder" has been increasingly used by clinicians to refer to a broader set of children whose behavior may be affected by lack of a
489:
Treatment for reactive attachment disorder for children usually involves a mix of therapy, counseling, and parenting education. These must be designed to make sure the child has a safe environment to live in and to develop positive interactions with caregivers and improves their relationships with
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or "DAI" developed by Smyke and Zeanah, (1999). This is a semi-structured interview designed to be administered by clinicians to caregivers. It covers 12 items, namely having a discriminated, preferred adult, seeking comfort when distressed, responding to comfort when offered, social and emotional
247:
Boris and Zeanah use the term "disorder of attachment" to indicate a situation in which a young child has no preferred adult caregiver. Such children may be indiscriminately sociable and approach all adults, whether familiar or not; alternatively, they may be emotionally withdrawn and fail to seek
123:
in the face of threat, for the purpose of survival. Although an attachment is a "tie", it is not synonymous with love and affection, despite their often going together; a healthy attachment is considered an important foundation of all subsequent relationships. Infants become attached to adults who
212:
Discussion of the disorganized attachment style sometimes includes it under the rubric of attachment disorders because disorganized attachment is seen as the beginning of a developmental trajectory that takes a person ever further from the normal range, culminating in actual disorders of thought,
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in 2003 to 2005. After the associated publicity, some advocates of attachment therapy began to alter views and practices to be less potentially dangerous to children. This change may have been hastened by the publication of a Task Force Report on the subject in 2006, commissioned by the
American
329:
Alternatively, the two variations of RAD may develop from the same inability to develop "stranger-wariness" due to inadequate care. Appropriate fear responses may only be able to develop after an infant has first begun to form a selective attachment. An infant who is not in a position to do this
239:
Boris and Zeanah (1999), have offered an approach to attachment disorders that considers cases where children have had no opportunity to form an attachment, those where there is a distorted relationship, and those where an existing attachment has been abruptly disrupted. This would significantly
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Medication can be used to treat similar conditions, like depression, anxiety, or hyperactivity, but there is no quick fix for reactive attachment disorder. A pediatrician may recommend a treatment plan, such as a mix of family therapy, individual psychological counseling, play therapy, special
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develops relatively gradually and possibly results from predictable interactions with adults. However, some ability of this kind must be in place before mutual communication through gaze or other gesture can occur, as it does by seven to nine months. Some neurodevelopmental disorders, such as
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In the inhibited form infants behave as if their attachment system has been "switched off". However the innate capacity for attachment behavior cannot be lost. This may explain why children diagnosed with the inhibited form of RAD from institutions almost invariably go on to show formation of
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Main, M. and
Solomon, J. (1986). Discovery of an insecure disorganized/disoriented attachment pattern: procedures, findings and implications for the classification of behavior. In T. Braxelton and M.Yogman (eds) Affective development in infancy, (pp. 95–124). Norwood, NJ: Ablex
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is a condition requiring treatment as opposed to risk factors for subsequent disorders. There is a lack of consensus about the precise meaning of the term "attachment disorder", but there is general agreement that such disorders arise only after early adverse caregiving experiences.
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reciprocity, emotional regulation, checking back after venturing away from the care giver, reticence with unfamiliar adults, willingness to go off with relative strangers, self endangering behavior, excessive clinging, vigilance/hypercompliance and role reversal.
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with the infant, and who remain consistent caregivers for some time. Parental responses lead to the development of patterns of attachment which in turn lead to "internal working models" that guide one's feelings, thoughts, and expectations in later relationships.
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and parental control. These therapies concentrate on changing the child rather than the caregiver. An estimated six children have died as a consequence of the more coercive forms of such treatments and the application of the accompanying parenting techniques.
168:. This can occur in institutions, with repeated changes of caregiver, or from extremely neglectful primary caregivers who show persistent disregard for a child's basic attachment needs after the age of 6 months. Current official classifications of
136:. Basic trust is a broader concept than attachment in that it extends beyond the infant-caregiver relationship to "the wider social network of trustable and caring others" and "links confidence about the past with faith about the future".
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and the
Evergreen model. In general these therapies are aimed at adopted or fostered children with a view to creating attachment in them to their new caregivers. Critics maintain these therapies are not based on an accepted version of
1932:
Dozier, M., Lindheim, O. and
Ackerman, J., P. 'Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-Up: An intervention targeting empirically identified needs of foster infants'. In Berlin, L.J., Ziv, Y., Amaya-Jackson, L. and Greenberg, M.T. (eds)
76:, abrupt separation from caregivers between three months and three years of age, frequent change or excessive numbers of caregivers, or lack of caregiver responsiveness to child communicative efforts resulting in a lack of basic
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Schechter, D.S., Willheim, E. (2009). Disturbances of attachment and parental psychopathology in early childhood. Infant and Early
Childhood Mental Health Issue. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinics of North America, 18(3),
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Schechter DS, Willheim E (2009). Disturbances of attachment and parental psychopathology in early childhood. Infant and Early
Childhood Mental Health Issue. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinics of North America, 18(3),
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diagnoses are virtually certain" and that "posting these types of lists on web sites that also serve as marketing tools may lead many parents or others to conclude inaccurately that their children have attachment disorders".
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Waters, E. and Deane, K (1985). Defining and assessing individual differences in attachment relationships: Q-methodology and the organization of behavior in infancy and early childhood. In I. Bretherton and E. Waters (Eds)
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end in poor social skills and relationships. Because attachment styles may serve as predictors of later development, it may be appropriate to think of certain attachment styles as part of the range of attachment disorders.
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also describes
Reactive Attachment Disorder of Infancy or Early Childhood. It divides this into two subtypes, Inhibited Type and Disinhibited Type, both known as RAD. The two classifications are similar and both include:
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Cooper, G., Hoffman, K., Powell, B. and Marvin, R. (2007). The Circle of Security Intervention; differential diagnosis and differential treatment. In Berlin, L.J., Ziv, Y., Amaya-Jackson, L. and Greenberg, M.T. (eds.)
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attachment behavior to good carers. However children with the inhibited form as a consequence of neglect and frequent changes of caregiver continue to show the inhibited form for far longer when placed in families.
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Atypical development of fearfulness, with a constitutional tendency either to excessive or inadequate fear reactions, might be necessary before an infant is vulnerable to the effects of poor attachment experiences.
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van den Boom D (1994). "The influence of temperament and mothering on attachment and exploration: an experimental manipulation of sensitive responsiveness among lower-class mothers with irritable infants".
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There are a variety of mainstream prevention programs and treatment approaches for attachment disorder, attachment problems and moods or behaviors considered to be potential problems within the context of
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to return to their previous play. These children are more likely to have later social problems with peers and teachers, but some of them spontaneously develop better ways of interacting with other people.
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Toth S.; Maughan A.; Manly J.; Spagnola M.; Cicchetti D. (2002). "The relative efficacy of two in altering maltreated preschool children's representational models: implications for attachment theory".
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Larrieu, J.A., & Zeanah, C.H. (2004). Treating infant-parent relationships in the context of maltreatment: An integrated, systems approach. In A.Saner, S. McDonagh, & K. Roesenblaum (eds.)
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behavior, or mood. Early intervention for disorganized attachment, or other problematic styles, is directed toward changing the trajectory of development to provide a better outcome later in life.
2198:
Prior, V., Glaser, D. Understanding Attachment and Attachment Disorders: Theory, Evidence and Practice (2006). Child and Adolescent Mental Health Series. Jessica Kingsley Publishers London
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Zeanah, C., H. and Smyke, A., T. "Building Attachment Relationships Following Maltreatment and Severe Deprivation" In Berlin, L., J., Ziv, Y., Amaya-Jackson, L. and Greenberg, M., T.
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Cohen N., Muir E., Lojkasek M., Muir R., Parker C., Barwick M., Brown M. (1999). "Watch, wait and wonder: testing the effectiveness of a new approach to mother-infant psychotherapy".
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comfort from anyone. This type of attachment problem is parallel to reactive attachment disorder as defined in DSM and ICD in its inhibited and disinhibited forms as described above.
513:, including diagnosis and accompanying parenting techniques, is scientifically unvalidated and is not considered part of mainstream psychology or, despite its name, to be based on
209:. Some of these styles are more problematic than others, and, although they are not disorders in the clinical sense, are sometimes discussed under the term 'attachment disorder'.
793:
Van Ijzendoorn MH, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ (2006). "DRD4 7-repeat polymorphism moderates the association between maternal unresolved loss or trauma and infant disorganization".
541:. These therapies have little or no evidence base and vary from talking or play therapies to more extreme forms of physical and coercive techniques, of which the best known are
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extend the definition beyond the ICD-10 and DSM-IV-TR definitions because those definitions are limited to situations where the child has no attachment or no attachment to a
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O'Hara, Leeanne; Smith, Emily R.; Barlow, Jane; Livingstone, Nuala; Herath, Nadeeja Ins; Wei, Yinghui; Spreckelsen, Thees Frerich; Macdonald, Geraldine (29 November 2019).
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There is also a considerable variety of treatments for alleged attachment disorders diagnosed on the controversial alternative basis outlined above, popularly known as
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Smyke, A. and Zeanah, C. (1999). Disturbances of Attachment Interview. Available on the Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry website at
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Chaffin M, Hanson R, Saunders BE, et al. (2006). "Report of the APSAC task force on attachment therapy, reactive attachment disorder, and attachment problems".
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Ziv Y (2005). "Attachment-Based Intervention programs: Implications for Attachment Theory and Research". In Berlin LJ, Ziv Y, Amaya-Jackson L, Greenberg MT (eds.).
371:), the separation and reunion procedure and the Preschool Assessment of Attachment ("PAA"), the Observational Record of the Caregiving Environment ("ORCE") and the
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Bretherton, I. and Munholland, K., A. (1999). Internal Working Models in Attachment Relationships: A Construct Revisited. In Cassidy, J. and Shaver, P., R. (eds.)
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and disorganized attachment (not RAD) associated with problems of parenting. Another author has compared atypical social behavior in genetic conditions such as
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Benoit D.; Madigan S.; Lecce S.; Shea B.; Goldberg S. (2001). "Atypical maternal behaviour toward feeding disordered infants before and after intervention".
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Marshall, P.J.; Fox, N.A. (2005). "Relationship between behavioral reactivity at 4 months and attachment classification at 14 months in a selected sample".
80:. A problematic history of social relationships occurring after about age three may be distressing to a child, but does not result in attachment disorder.
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Practice Parameter for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents with Reactive Attachment Disorder of Infancy and Early Childhood
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and secure base distortion (see above) which is characterized by child recklessness, separation anxiety, hypervigilance, and role-reversal.
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van den Boom DC (1995). "Do first-year intervention effects endure? Follow-up during toddlerhood of a sample of Dutch irritable infants".
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argues that the sense of trust in oneself and others is the foundation of human development" and with a balance of mistrust produces
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Dozier M, Stovall KC, Albus KE, Bates B (2001). "Attachment for infants in foster care: the role of caregiver state of mind".
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may cling to the adult, may be excessively compliant, or may show role reversals in which they care for or punish the adult.
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Growing pains of attachment theory and research: Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development
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secure attachment style, and characteristically continue to develop well both cognitively and emotionally.
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appropriate concern for professionals working with children", and set out recommendations for assessment.
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the disturbance is not accounted for solely by developmental delay and does not meet the criteria for
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The Circle of Security project: Attachment-based intervention with caregiver – pre-school child dyads
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elicit appropriate caregiver responses from their attachment behaviors despite 'normative' care.
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517:, with which it is considered incompatible. It has been described as potentially abusive and a
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1126:"Video feedback for parental sensitivity and attachment security in children under five years"
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The Guilford press. Duke series in Child Development and Public Policy. pp 178 – 194. (2005)
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Recognised assessment methods of attachment styles, difficulties or disorders include the
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markedly disturbed and developmentally inappropriate social relatedness in most contexts,
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Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nov; 44:1206–1219
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1448:. Duke series in child development and public policy. Guilford Press. pp. xvii.
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refer to the various types of attachment arising from early care experiences, called
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The Guilford Press. Duke series in Child Development and Public Policy. pp 127–151.
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2128:"Characteristics of infant child care: Factors contributing to positive caregiving"
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and Erica Willheim have shown a relationship between maternal violence-related
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Interdisciplinary Council on Developmental & Learning Disorders. (2007).
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Interdisciplinary Council on Developmental & Learning Disorders. (2007).
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and injury in addition to neglect. This is somewhat controversial, being a
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Boris NW (2003). "Attachment, aggression and holding: a cautionary tale".
835:
Zeanah CH (2007). "Reactive Attachment Disorder". In Narrow WE, First MB
446:
and because abuse in and of itself does not lead to attachment disorder .
60:
arising from unavailability of normal socializing care and attention from
3941:
3478:
3209:
2940:
2690:
2210:
2102:
Understanding Attachment: Parenting, child care and emotional development
1851:
10.1002/(sici)1097-0355(199924)20:4<429::aid-imhj5>3.0.co;2-q
1778:
1750:
622:
435:
73:
2337:
Van Ijzendoorn M, Bakermans-Kranenburg (2003). "Similar and different".
1882:
Enhancing Early Attachments; Theory, research, intervention, and policy.
982:
854:
3795:
3488:
3393:
3094:
2819:
2814:
2610:
2447:
Enhancing Early Attachments; Theory, research, intervention, and policy
2321:
2284:
2088:
Attachment therapy on trial: The torture and death of Candace Newmaker.
1935:
Enhancing Early Attachments; Theory, research, intervention, and policy
1707:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0355(199921)20:1<1::AID-IMHJ1>3.0.CO;2-V
1581:
Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation.
1552:
912:
Attachment Therapy on Trial: The Torture and Death of Candace Newmaker.
108:
2336:
2015:
1685:
1446:
Enhancing Early Attachments: Theory, Research, Intervention and Policy
1421:
Enhancing Early Attachments. Theory, Research, Intervention and Policy
3981:
3748:
3680:
3498:
2957:
2695:
2620:
563:
406:
180:
are largely based on this understanding of the nature of attachment.
173:
3810:
2527:
A Secure Base: Parent-Child Attachment and Healthy Human Development
2313:
2276:
2224:
2127:
1762:
1579:
Ainsworth. Mary D., Blehar, M., Waters, E., &b Wall, S. (1978).
3483:
3153:
3120:
3046:
2498:
Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications
2386:"Attachment relationship experiences and childhood psychopathology"
1786:
Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research and Clinical Applications.
112:
53:
2090:
Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.
1669:
792:
698:. 5th ed. Australia: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2010. 168. Print.
510:
152:
69:
1123:
521:
intervention that has resulted in tragic outcomes for children.
68:. Such a failure would result from unusual early experiences of
3201:
3016:
904:
895:
394:
346:
177:
1612:
Bakermans-Kranenburg M.; van IJzendoorn M.; Juffer F. (2003).
990:
Affect Regulation, Mentalization, and the Development of Self.
3638:
2979:
434:
ICD-10 includes in its diagnosis psychological and physical
160:
indicates the absence of either or both the main aspects of
3152:
1998:
Levy KN, Meehan KB, Weber M, Reynoso J, Clarkin JF (2005).
497:
430:
implicit lack of identifiable, preferred attachment figure.
141:
934:
678:. 12th ed. Stamford: Cengage Learning, 2015. 177. Print.
1045:
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
3891:
Dynamic-maturational model of attachment and adaptation
3425:
860:
306:
One study has reported a connection between a specific
1997:
841:
Gender and age consideration in psychiatric diagnosis.
2570:
1799:
1692:
1254:
1252:
966:
964:
481:, although DIR is primarily directed to treatment of
83:
2125:
2114:Marvin, R., Cooper, G., Hoffman, K. and Powell, B.
2053:(2nd ed.) (p. 432). New York: Guilford Press.
1595:
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
1369:
558:. The theoretical base is broadly a combination of
115:. In relation to infants, it primarily consists of
2588:
2383:
2161:
1375:
1249:
961:
843:Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
566:, accompanied by parenting methods that emphasise
524:A common feature of this form of diagnosis within
4106:Adoption, fostering, orphan care and displacement
988:Fonagy P, Gergely G, Jurist EL, Target M (2006).
940:
676:Development through Life: A Psychosocial Approach
494:education services and parenting skills classes.
4072:
2997:
1895:
375:("AQ-sort"). More recent research also uses the
2299:
2086:Mercer, J., Sarner, L., & Rosa, L. (2003).
771:VanIJzendoorn & Bakermans-Kranenburg (2003)
270:
3770:
2472:Lanham, MD: Aronson/Rowman & Littlefield.
2261:
1898:"Quality of attachment in the preschool years"
1114:(2003) A meta-analysis of early interventions.
427:requires a history of significant neglect, and
226:
219:and colleagues proposed an alternative set of
3826:
2556:
1987:(pp. 243–264). New York: Guilford Press
1985:Treating parent-infant relationship problems
1954:
1437:
779:
777:
132:A fundamental aspect of attachment is called
2529:. London: Routledge; New York: Basic Books.
1871:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1499:2006, p. 79–80. The APSAC Taskforce Report.
1130:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
829:
231:Many leading attachment theorists, such as
3833:
3819:
3460:Other specified feeding or eating disorder
2727:
2563:
2549:
2391:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
774:
674:Newman, Barbara M., and Philip R. Newman.
1443:
1157:
574:Two of the best-known cases are those of
399:Reactive Attachment Disorder of Childhood
3723:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
3319:Depersonalization-derealization disorder
1713:
1538:
694:Kail, Robert V., and John C. Cavanaugh.
670:
668:
498:Pseudoscientific diagnoses and treatment
4091:Mental disorders diagnosed in childhood
1026:Main & Solomon (1990), pp. 121-160.
662:Bretherton & Munholland (1999) p 89
598:Disinhibited social engagement disorder
4073:
2384:Zeanah CH, Keyes A, Settles L (2003).
608:Complex post-traumatic stress disorder
301:
3840:
3814:
3769:
3637:
3572:
3424:
3151:
2996:
2906:
2726:
2587:
2544:
2496:Cassidy, J; Shaver, P (eds.) (1999).
2449:The Guilford Press, 2005 pps 195-216
1418:
1017:Main & Solomon (1986), pp.95-124.
910:Mercer J, Sarner L and Rosa L (2003)
665:
44:is a broad term intended to describe
2907:
1074:Prior & Glaser 2006, p. 220-221.
642:Attachment Theory and Psychoanalysis
377:Disturbances of Attachment Interview
4034:Attachment-based therapy (children)
3426:Physiological and physical behavior
2486:. Philadelphia: Brunner-Routledge.
1601:.(PDF). Boris, N. & Zeanah, C.
1412:
696:Human Development: A Life-span View
464:Attachment-based therapy (children)
314:with behaviors symptomatic of RAD.
13:
4044:Dyadic developmental psychotherapy
3372:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
2766:Emotional and behavioral disorders
2462:
2339:Attachment & Human Development
2132:Early Childhood Research Quarterly
2120:Attachment & Human Development
1788:.pp. 89–111. Guilford Press
1468:Prior & Glaser (2006) p186-187
1092:Prior & Glaser (2006), p. 231.
1083:Prior & Glaser (2006) p218-219
644:. Other Professional, 2010. Print.
14:
4117:
3552:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
1957:Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am
1757:(vol. 1), New York: Basic Books.
483:pervasive developmental disorders
383:
337:Additionally, the development of
2852:X-linked intellectual disability
2513:Handbook of Infant Mental Health
2378:50, Serial No. 209 (1–2), 41–65
2051:Handbook of infant mental health
1546:"ATTACh White paper on coercion"
899:American Psychiatric Association
419:Pervasive Developmental Disorder
124:are sensitive and responsive in
2681:Intermittent explosive disorder
2606:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
2434:from the original on 2021-11-10
2227:Development and Psychopathology
2150:from the original on 2020-01-13
2038:from the original on 2012-09-28
1902:Development and Psychopathology
1755:Attachment, Attachment and Loss
1658:from the original on 2007-02-06
1529:
1520:
1511:
1502:
1489:
1486:Prior & Glaser (2006) p 262
1480:
1471:
1462:
1360:
1351:
1305:
1292:
1283:
1274:
1265:
1240:
1231:
1218:
1205:
1196:
1187:
1174:
1117:
1104:
1095:
1086:
1077:
1068:
1059:
1050:
1038:
1029:
1020:
1011:
1002:
973:
943:Infant Behavior and Development
925:
889:
765:
756:
746:
737:
725:Prior & Glaser (2006) p 223
4039:Attachment-based psychotherapy
3324:Dissociative identity disorder
2589:Adult personality and behavior
2484:The Search for the Secure Base
2470:Treating Attachment Pathology.
2122:Vol 4 No 1 April 2002 107–124.
1551:. ATTACh. 2007. Archived from
1526:Mercer, Sarner & Rosa 2003
1142:10.1002/14651858.CD012348.pub2
728:
719:
710:
701:
688:
656:
647:
634:
1:
3896:Fathers as attachment figures
2144:10.1016/S0885-2006(96)90009-5
1969:10.1016/S1056-4993(18)30246-3
1583:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
1572:
265:posttraumatic stress disorder
4060:History of attachment theory
3947:Patricia McKinsey Crittenden
3916:Reactive attachment disorder
3728:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
3265:Generalized anxiety disorder
2998:Neurological and symptomatic
2643:Sexual relationship disorder
2515:. New York: Guilford Press.
2500:. New York: Guilford Press.
2351:10.1080/14616730310001593938
2176:10.1080/14616730310001593974
2126:Health Child, Human (1996).
1839:Infant Mental Health Journal
1728:10.1080/14616730310001593947
1695:Infant Mental Health Journal
1673:Infant Mental Health Journal
1390:10.1080/14616730310001593974
1280:Larrieu & Zeannah (2004)
955:10.1016/j.infbeh.2005.06.002
593:Reactive attachment disorder
457:
424:onset before 5 years of age,
390:Reactive attachment disorder
352:
271:Problems of attachment style
158:Reactive attachment disorder
7:
3504:REM sleep behavior disorder
2973:Seasonal affective disorder
2771:Separation anxiety disorder
1633:10.1037/0033-2909.129.2.195
1357:Chaffin et al., (2006) p 81
1271:Larrieu & Zeanah (1998)
586:
365:Strange Situation procedure
227:Boris and Zeanah's typology
16:Broad psychiatric condition
10:
4122:
3771:Symptoms and uncategorized
2872:developmental disabilities
2638:Sexual maturation disorder
1508:Chaffin et al. (2006) p 79
1366:Chaffin et al. (2006) p 82
1289:Zeannah & Smyke (2005)
743:Boris & Zeannah (1999)
501:
461:
387:
356:
274:
93:
62:primary caregiving figures
4052:
4026:
4000:
3924:
3848:
3776:
3765:
3741:
3733:Simple-type schizophrenia
3710:
3702:Schizophreniform disorder
3679:
3658:
3654:
3633:
3586:
3568:
3537:
3514:
3468:
3435:
3431:
3420:
3342:
3309:
3257:
3200:
3191:
3172:
3168:
3147:
3113:
3080:Mild cognitive impairment
3065:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
3045:
3007:
3003:
2992:
2963:Major depressive disorder
2916:
2902:
2868:Psychological development
2867:
2842:
2739:
2735:
2722:
2651:
2598:
2594:
2583:
2511:Zeanah, CH (ed.) (1993).
2239:10.1017/S095457940200411X
1914:10.1017/s0954579400000110
1896:Crittenden P. M. (1992).
931:Mercer (2006), pp. 64–70.
807:10.1080/14616730601048159
603:Adult Attachment Disorder
29:
24:
4096:Stress-related disorders
3781:Impulse-control disorder
3697:Schizoaffective disorder
3692:Brief reactive psychosis
3389:Mass psychogenic illness
3352:Body dysmorphic disorder
3131:Post-concussion syndrome
2741:Emotional and behavioral
2104:. Westport, CT: Praeger
1814:10.1177/1077559505283699
1348:, 'HelpGuide.org', 2011.
628:
3911:Object relations theory
3718:Childhood schizophrenia
3070:Frontotemporal dementia
3027:High-functioning autism
2844:Intellectual disability
2412:10.1196/annals.1301.003
1065:Smyke and Zeanah (1999)
1056:Waters and Deane (1985)
875:10.1111/1467-8624.00360
716:Levy K.N. et al. (2005)
618:Emotional dysregulation
205:, (all organized), and
3866:Attachment in children
3235:Specific social phobia
3126:Organic brain syndrome
2968:Melancholic depression
2729:Childhood and learning
1621:Psychological Bulletin
1101:AACAP (2005) p. 17-18.
914:Westport, CT: Praeger
762:Mercer, J (2006) p 107
281:Attachment in children
100:Attachment in children
4027:Clinical applications
3876:Attachment and health
3791:Psychomotor agitation
3581:and substance-related
3524:Postpartum depression
3404:Somatization disorder
3290:Acute stress reaction
3055:AIDS dementia complex
1535:Chaffin et al. (2006)
4008:Attachment parenting
3906:Maternal deprivation
3861:Attachment in adults
3786:Klüver–Bucy syndrome
3616:Substance dependence
3529:Postpartum psychosis
3075:Huntington's disease
2857:Lujan–Fryns syndrome
2706:Personality disorder
2468:Mills, Jon. (2005).
1950:Dir/floortime model.
1753:2nd edition (1999).
1246:Cooper et al. (2005)
1237:Marvin et al. (2002)
1110:BakermansKranenburg
783:Zeanah et al. (2003)
58:social relationships
3881:Attachment measures
3871:Attachment disorder
3666:Delusional disorder
3611:Stimulant psychosis
3601:Physical dependence
3455:Rumination syndrome
3357:Conversion disorder
3334:Psychogenic amnesia
3184:with depressed mood
3182:Adjustment disorder
3085:Parkinson's disease
3060:Alzheimer's disease
2953:Atypical depression
2789:Social functioning
2664:Munchausen syndrome
2659:Factitious disorder
2404:2003NYASA1008...22Z
1477:Chaffin (2006) p 82
1313:Dir/floortime model
1202:van den Boom (1995)
1193:van den Boom (1994)
970:Prior and Glaser p.
734:Chaffin (2006) p 86
653:Bowlby (1970) p 181
613:Dead mother complex
359:Attachment measures
302:Possible mechanisms
244:attachment figure.
126:social interactions
89:attachment disorder
42:Attachment disorder
25:Attachment disorder
4013:Attachment therapy
3992:Nikolaas Tinbergen
3685:schizophrenia-like
3329:Dissociative fugue
2778:Movement disorders
2525:Bowlby, J (1988).
2482:Holmes, J (2001).
1318:2008-02-25 at the
539:attachment therapy
526:attachment therapy
504:Attachment therapy
199:anxious-ambivalent
113:ethological theory
4101:Human development
4086:Anxiety disorders
4081:Attachment theory
4068:
4067:
3925:Notable theorists
3886:Attachment theory
3842:Attachment theory
3808:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3629:
3628:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3305:
3304:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3100:Vascular dementia
3022:Asperger syndrome
2988:
2987:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2832:Tourette syndrome
2718:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2265:Child Development
2100:Mercer, J (2006)
2016:10.1159/000084813
1686:10.1002/imhj.1022
1455:978-1-59385-470-6
1430:978-1-59385-470-6
1035:Crittenden (1992)
1008:Ainsworth (1978),
992:Other Press (NY)
707:AACAP 2005, p1208
556:attachment theory
515:attachment theory
479:Stanley Greenspan
471:attachment theory
373:Attachment Q-sort
312:Williams syndrome
277:Attachment theory
166:attachment figure
164:to an identified
162:proximity seeking
121:attachment figure
117:proximity seeking
105:Attachment theory
96:Attachment theory
39:
38:
19:Medical condition
4113:
4018:Candace Newmaker
3937:William E. Blatz
3856:Affectional bond
3835:
3828:
3821:
3812:
3811:
3767:
3766:
3656:
3655:
3635:
3634:
3570:
3569:
3445:Anorexia nervosa
3433:
3432:
3422:
3421:
3399:Psychogenic pain
3367:Globus pharyngis
3215:Childhood phobia
3198:
3197:
3170:
3169:
3149:
3148:
3005:
3004:
2994:
2993:
2904:
2903:
2803:Selective mutism
2754:Conduct disorder
2737:
2736:
2724:
2723:
2701:Trichotillomania
2676:Gender dysphoria
2671:Fear of intimacy
2628:Sexual anhedonia
2596:
2595:
2585:
2584:
2572:Mental disorders
2565:
2558:
2551:
2542:
2541:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2370:
2333:
2296:
2271:(6): 1457–1477.
2258:
2195:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2046:
2044:
2043:
1980:
1929:
1924:. Archived from
1876:
1870:
1862:
1833:
1747:
1710:
1689:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1657:
1618:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1557:
1550:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1500:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1469:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1335:. Archived from
1329:
1323:
1309:
1303:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1256:
1247:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1229:
1222:
1216:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1185:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1161:
1136:(11): CD012348.
1121:
1115:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1018:
1015:
1009:
1006:
1000:
986:
980:
979:Mercer (2006) p.
977:
971:
968:
959:
958:
938:
932:
929:
923:
908:
902:
893:
887:
886:
858:
852:
833:
827:
826:
790:
784:
781:
772:
769:
763:
760:
754:
750:
744:
741:
735:
732:
726:
723:
717:
714:
708:
705:
699:
692:
686:
672:
663:
660:
654:
651:
645:
638:
578:in 2001 and the
576:Candace Newmaker
519:pseudoscientific
261:Daniel Schechter
203:anxious-avoidant
186:attachment style
107:is primarily an
22:
21:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4048:
4022:
3996:
3920:
3844:
3839:
3809:
3800:
3772:
3753:
3737:
3706:
3684:
3675:
3650:
3625:
3582:
3579:substance abuse
3556:
3533:
3510:
3464:
3450:Bulimia nervosa
3427:
3408:
3384:Hypochondriasis
3379:False pregnancy
3362:Ganser syndrome
3344:Somatic symptom
3338:
3301:
3253:
3242:Specific phobia
3187:
3164:
3135:
3109:
3041:
3037:Savant syndrome
3009:Autism spectrum
2999:
2984:
2912:
2890:
2869:
2863:
2838:
2731:
2710:
2686:Dermatillomania
2647:
2633:Sexual anorexia
2590:
2579:
2569:
2465:
2463:Further reading
2460:
2437:
2435:
2314:10.2307/1131911
2308:(6): 1798–816.
2277:10.2307/1131277
2153:
2151:
2075:Chicago Press.
2041:
2039:
2004:Psychopathology
1864:
1863:
1765:; NLM 8412414.
1661:
1659:
1655:
1616:
1605:(Guideline at
1597:(AACAP)(2005).
1575:
1570:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1494:
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1476:
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1467:
1463:
1456:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1417:
1413:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1342:
1340:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1320:Wayback Machine
1310:
1306:
1302:(2000), p. 432.
1297:
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1257:
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987:
983:
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962:
939:
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926:
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905:
894:
890:
859:
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834:
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791:
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782:
775:
770:
766:
761:
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751:
747:
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729:
724:
720:
715:
711:
706:
702:
693:
689:
673:
666:
661:
657:
652:
648:
640:Fonagy, Peter.
639:
635:
631:
589:
543:holding therapy
506:
500:
466:
460:
392:
386:
361:
355:
304:
283:
275:Main articles:
273:
259:Most recently,
229:
102:
94:Main articles:
92:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4119:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3932:Mary Ainsworth
3928:
3926:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3845:
3838:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3815:
3806:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3763:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3688:
3686:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3662:
3660:
3652:
3651:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3606:Rebound effect
3603:
3598:
3593:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3566:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3547:Hypersexuality
3543:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3520:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3486:
3481:
3475:
3473:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3441:
3439:
3429:
3428:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3354:
3348:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3282:
3280:Panic disorder
3277:
3272:
3267:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3247:Claustrophobia
3239:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3230:Anthropophobia
3222:
3220:Social anxiety
3217:
3212:
3206:
3204:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3178:
3176:
3166:
3165:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3090:Pick's disease
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3051:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3011:
3001:
3000:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2877:
2875:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2848:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2733:
2732:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2608:
2602:
2600:
2592:
2591:
2581:
2580:
2576:Classification
2568:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2523:
2509:
2494:
2480:
2478:978-0765701305
2464:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2443:
2381:
2371:
2345:(3): 313–320.
2334:
2297:
2259:
2233:(4): 877–908.
2222:
2217:
2213:
2196:
2164:Attach Hum Dev
2159:
2138:(3): 269–306.
2123:
2112:
2098:
2084:
2072:
2061:
2047:
1995:
1981:
1952:
1946:
1930:
1928:on 2008-03-14.
1908:(2): 209–241.
1893:
1877:
1845:(4): 429–451.
1834:
1802:Child Maltreat
1797:
1782:
1748:
1716:Attach Hum Dev
1711:
1690:
1680:(6): 611–626.
1667:
1627:(2): 195–215.
1609:
1592:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1537:
1528:
1519:
1510:
1501:
1488:
1479:
1470:
1461:
1454:
1436:
1429:
1411:
1378:Attach Hum Dev
1368:
1359:
1350:
1324:
1304:
1291:
1282:
1273:
1264:
1248:
1239:
1230:
1217:
1204:
1195:
1186:
1173:
1116:
1103:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1067:
1058:
1049:
1037:
1028:
1019:
1010:
1001:
981:
972:
960:
949:(4): 492–502.
933:
924:
903:
888:
869:(5): 1467–77.
853:
828:
801:(4): 291–307.
795:Attach Hum Dev
785:
773:
764:
755:
745:
736:
727:
718:
709:
700:
687:
664:
655:
646:
632:
630:
627:
626:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
588:
585:
551:rage-reduction
531:false positive
502:Main article:
499:
496:
462:Main article:
459:
456:
432:
431:
428:
425:
422:
415:
388:Main article:
385:
384:Classification
382:
369:Mary Ainsworth
357:Main article:
354:
351:
339:Theory of Mind
308:genetic marker
303:
300:
272:
269:
228:
225:
91:
82:
37:
36:
33:
27:
26:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4118:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3977:Konrad Lorenz
3975:
3973:
3972:Melanie Klein
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3957:Sigmund Freud
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3901:Human bonding
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3836:
3831:
3829:
3824:
3822:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3775:
3768:
3764:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3711:Schizophrenia
3709:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3682:
3678:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3640:Schizophrenia
3636:
3632:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3591:Drug overdose
3589:
3588:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3539:Sexual desire
3536:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3467:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3423:
3419:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3225:Social phobia
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3160:-related and
3159:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2995:
2991:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2866:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2566:
2561:
2559:
2554:
2552:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2536:
2535:0-415-00640-6
2532:
2528:
2524:
2522:
2521:1-59385-171-5
2518:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2506:1-57230-087-6
2503:
2499:
2495:
2493:
2492:1-58391-152-9
2489:
2485:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2456:
2455:1-59385-470-6
2452:
2448:
2444:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2204:1-84310-245-5
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2170:(3): 223–44.
2169:
2165:
2160:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2111:
2110:0-275-98217-3
2107:
2103:
2099:
2097:
2096:0-275-97675-0
2093:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2081:0-226-30630-5
2078:
2073:
2071:
2070:0-89391-345-6
2067:
2062:
2060:
2059:1-59385-171-5
2056:
2052:
2048:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1993:1-59385-245-2
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1963:(2): 357–71.
1962:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1943:1-59385-470-6
1940:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1891:
1890:1-59385-470-6
1887:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1795:
1794:1-57230-087-6
1791:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1771:0-465-00543-8
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1668:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1589:0-89859-461-8
1586:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1558:on 2007-09-28
1554:
1547:
1541:
1532:
1523:
1514:
1505:
1498:
1492:
1483:
1474:
1465:
1457:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1432:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1384:(3): 223–44.
1383:
1379:
1372:
1363:
1354:
1339:on 2011-11-26
1338:
1334:
1328:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1308:
1301:
1295:
1286:
1277:
1268:
1261:
1255:
1253:
1243:
1234:
1227:
1221:
1214:
1208:
1199:
1190:
1183:
1177:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1107:
1098:
1089:
1080:
1071:
1062:
1053:
1046:
1041:
1032:
1023:
1014:
1005:
999:
998:1-892746-34-4
995:
991:
985:
976:
967:
965:
956:
952:
948:
944:
937:
928:
922:, pp. 98–103.
921:
920:0-275-97675-0
917:
913:
907:
900:
897:
892:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
857:
850:
849:0-89042-295-8
846:
842:
838:
832:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
789:
780:
778:
768:
759:
749:
740:
731:
722:
713:
704:
697:
691:
685:
684:9781285459967
681:
677:
671:
669:
659:
650:
643:
637:
633:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
590:
584:
581:
577:
572:
569:
565:
561:
557:
552:
548:
544:
540:
535:
532:
527:
522:
520:
516:
512:
505:
495:
491:
490:their peers.
487:
484:
480:
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3967:Jerome Kagan
3962:Harry Harlow
3952:Erik Erikson
3870:
3671:Folie Ă deux
3596:Intoxication
3577:substances,
3575:Psychoactive
3494:Night terror
3311:Dissociative
3275:Panic attack
2827:Tic disorder
2526:
2512:
2497:
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2436:. Retrieved
2398:(1): 22–30.
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2010:(2): 64–74.
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1926:the original
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1881:
1867:cite journal
1842:
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1808:(1): 76–89.
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1754:
1722:(3): 245–7.
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109:evolutionary
103:
88:
84:
41:
40:
4001:Controversy
3942:John Bowlby
3644:schizotypal
3479:Hypersomnia
3469:Nonorganic
3210:Agoraphobia
2941:Cyclothymia
2936:Bipolar NOS
2911:(affective)
2783:Stereotypic
2691:Kleptomania
623:John Bowlby
134:basic trust
4075:Categories
3987:René Spitz
3796:Stereotypy
3659:Delusional
3648:delusional
3621:Withdrawal
3489:Parasomnia
3394:Nosophobia
3174:Adjustment
3162:somatoform
3095:Sundowning
2948:Depression
2931:Bipolar II
2820:Stuttering
2815:Cluttering
2611:Paraphilia
2438:2021-11-10
2154:2019-07-01
2042:2008-01-03
1662:2007-12-18
1573:References
1562:2008-03-16
1517:Boris 2003
1343:2011-12-01
1298:Leiberman
560:regression
547:rebirthing
475:Floor Time
440:commission
397:describes
183:The words
85:Attachment
35:Psychiatry
3982:Mary Main
3749:Catatonia
3681:Psychosis
3516:Postnatal
3499:Nightmare
3105:Wandering
2958:Dysthymia
2926:Bipolar I
2881:Pervasive
2696:Pyromania
2621:Voyeurism
2616:Fetishism
2302:Child Dev
1922:143894461
1763:00-266879
1150:1469-493X
863:Child Dev
580:Gravelles
568:obedience
564:catharsis
458:Treatment
407:DSM-IV-TR
353:Diagnosis
242:specified
174:DSM-IV-TR
151:sense, a
66:childhood
64:in early
46:disorders
31:Specialty
3484:Insomnia
3154:Neurotic
3121:Delirium
3047:Dementia
2886:Specific
2432:Archived
2428:35714985
2420:14998869
2367:10644822
2359:12944229
2255:30792141
2247:12549708
2216:665–687.
2211:70663735
2192:21547653
2184:12944216
2148:Archived
2036:Archived
2032:10203453
2024:15802944
1859:18076792
1830:11443880
1822:16382093
1779:11442968
1751:Bowlby J
1744:33982546
1736:12944217
1653:Archived
1641:12696839
1495:Chaffin
1406:21547653
1398:12944216
1316:Archived
1168:31782528
883:11699682
823:27646011
815:17178609
753:665-687.
587:See also
444:omission
221:criteria
153:disorder
149:clinical
138:"Erikson
54:behavior
3193:Anxiety
3032:PDD-NOS
2921:Bipolar
2574: (
2400:Bibcode
2330:8556900
2322:1131911
2293:7982362
2285:1131277
1977:9894069
1773:(pbk).
1701:: 1–9.
1649:7504386
1258:Dozier
1211:Benoit
1159:6883766
839:(Eds.)
511:therapy
191:pattern
147:In the
70:neglect
4053:Others
3849:Theory
3437:Eating
3285:Stress
3202:Phobia
3158:stress
3017:Autism
2810:Speech
2599:Sexual
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2519:
2504:
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1180:Cohen
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1047:(1996)
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896:DSM-IV
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837:et al.
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395:ICD-10
347:autism
233:Zeanah
217:Zeanah
195:secure
178:ICD-10
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119:to an
56:, and
3742:Other
3471:sleep
3258:Other
3114:Other
2980:Mania
2652:Other
2457:(pbk)
2424:S2CID
2363:S2CID
2318:JSTOR
2281:JSTOR
2251:S2CID
2188:S2CID
2028:S2CID
1945:(pbk)
1918:S2CID
1855:S2CID
1826:S2CID
1740:S2CID
1656:(PDF)
1645:S2CID
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1549:(PDF)
1402:S2CID
1224:Toth
819:S2CID
629:Notes
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436:abuse
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3295:PTSD
2909:Mood
2749:ADHD
2531:ISBN
2517:ISBN
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2488:ISBN
2474:ISBN
2451:ISBN
2416:PMID
2396:1008
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2326:PMID
2289:PMID
2243:PMID
2207:OCLC
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