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754:. Erikson's theory of development includes various psychosocial crises where each conflict builds off of the previous stages. The result of each conflict can have negative or positive impacts on a person's development, however, a negative outcome can be revisited and readdressed throughout the life span. On ego identity versus role confusion: ego identity enables each person to have a sense of individuality, or as Erikson would say, "Ego identity, then, in its subjective aspect, is the awareness of the fact that there is a self-sameness and continuity to the ego's synthesizing methods and a continuity of one's meaning for others". Role confusion, however, is, according to Barbara Engler, "the inability to conceive of oneself as a productive member of one's own society." This inability to conceive of oneself as a productive member is a great danger; it can occur during adolescence, when looking for an occupation.
1011:, a term used in the context of Erikson's work as it is applied to medicine, meaning "potencies". These virtues are also interpreted to be the same as "strengths", which are considered inherent in the individual life cycle and in the sequence of generations. Erikson's research suggests that each individual must learn how to hold both extremes of each specific life-stage challenge in tension with one another, not rejecting one end of the tension or the other. Only when both extremes in a life-stage challenge are understood and accepted as both required and useful, can the optimal virtue for that stage surface. Thus, 'trust' and 'mis-trust' must both be understood and accepted, in order for realistic 'hope' to emerge as a viable solution at the first stage. Similarly, 'integrity' and 'despair' must both be understood and embraced, in order for actionable 'wisdom' to emerge as a viable solution at the last stage.
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master, each also included a corresponding virtue, as mentioned above, which form a taxonomy for religious and ethical life. Erikson extends this construct by emphasizing that human individual and social life is characterized by ritualization, "an agreed-upon interplay between at least two persons who repeat it at meaningful intervals and in recurring contexts." Such ritualization involves careful attentiveness to what can be called ceremonial forms and details, higher symbolic meanings, active engagement of participants, and a feeling of absolute necessity. Each life cycle stage includes its own ritualization with a corresponding ritualism: numinous vs. idolism, judicious vs. legalism, dramatic vs. impersonation, formal vs. formalism, ideological vs. totalism, affiliative vs. elitism, generational vs. authoritism, and integral vs. dogmatism.
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the rest of their working life. Also during this time, a person may be raising their children. If they are a parent, then they are reevaluating their life roles. This is one way of contributing to society along with productivity at work and involvement in community activities and organizations. Individuals that exercise the concept of generativity believe in the next generation and seek to nurture them in creative ways through practices such as parenting, teaching, and mentoring. Having a sense of generativity can be considered significant for both the individual and the society, exemplifying their roles as effective parents, leaders for organizations, etc. If a person is not comfortable with the way their life is progressing, they're usually regretful about the decisions that they have made in the past and feels a sense of uselessness.
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seeking for their own unique identity. This is done by looking at personal beliefs, goals, and values. The morality of the individual is also explored and developed. Erikson believes that if the parents allow the child to explore, they will determine their own identity. If, however, the parents continually push them to conform to their views, the teen will face identity confusion. The teen is also looking towards the future in terms of employment, relationships, and families. Learning the roles they provide in society is essential since the teen begins to develop the desire to fit into society. Fidelity is characterized by the ability to commit to others and acceptance of others even with differences. Identity crisis is the result of role confusion and can cause the adolescent to try out different lifestyles.
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During his travels, he often sold or traded his sketches to people he met. Eventually, Erik realized he would never become a full-time artist and returned to
Karlsruhe and became an art teacher. During the time he worked at his teaching job, Erik was hired by an heiress to sketch and eventually tutor her children. Erik worked very well with these children and was eventually hired by many other families that were close to Anna and Sigmund Freud. This teaching extended into a small experimental school based in the house of Eva Rosenfeld.During this period, which lasted until he was twenty-five years old, he continued to contend with questions about his father and competing ideas of ethnic, religious, and national identity.
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make their own decisions. If allowed to make these decisions, the child will develop confidence in their ability to lead others. If the child is not allowed to make certain decisions, then a sense of guilt develops. Guilt in this stage is characterized by a sense of being a burden to others, and the child will therefore usually present themselves as a follower as they lack the confidence to do otherwise. Additionally, the child is asking many questions to build knowledge of the world. If the questions earn responses that are critical and condescending, the child will also develop feelings of guilt. Success in this stage leads to the virtue of purpose, which is the normal balance between the two extremes.
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relative to other children. Erikson places some emphasis on the teacher, who should ensure that children do not feel inferior. During this stage the child's friend group increases in importance in their life. Often during this stage the child will try to prove competency with things rewarded in society, and also develop satisfaction with their abilities. Encouraging the child increases feelings of adequacy and competency in ability to reach goals. Restriction from teachers or parents leads to doubt, questioning, and reluctance in abilities and therefore may not reach full capabilities. Competence, the virtue of this stage, is developed when a healthy balance between the two extremes is reached.
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the child doubting their efficacy. During this stage the child is usually trying to master toilet training. Additionally, the child discovers their talents or abilities, and it is important to ensure the child is able to explore those activities. Erikson states it is essential to allow the children freedom in exploration but also create an environment welcoming of failures. Therefore, the parent should not punish or reprimand the child for failing at the task. Shame and doubt occurs when the child feels incompetent in ability to complete tasks and survive. Will is achieved with success of this stage. Children successful in this stage will have "self-control without a loss of self-esteem."
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depends on the quality of the maternal relationship. The mother carries out and reflects her inner perceptions of trustworthiness, a sense of personal meaning, etc. on the child. An important part of this stage is providing stable and constant care of the infant. This helps the child develop trust that can transition into relationships other than parental. Additionally, children develop trust in others to support them. If successful in this, the baby develops a sense of trust, which "forms the basis in the child for a sense of identity." Failure to develop this trust will result in a feeling of fear and a sense that the world is inconsistent and unpredictable.
1054:. Both books attempt to show how childhood development and parental influence, social and cultural context, even political crises form a confluence with personal identity. These studies demonstrate how each influential person discovered mastery, both individually and socially, in what Erikson would call the historical moment. Individuals like Luther or Gandhi were what Erikson called a Homo Religiosus, individuals for whom the final life cycle challenge of integrity vs. despair is a lifelong crisis, and they become gifted innovators whose own psychological cure becomes an ideological breakthrough for their time.
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Ego-integrity means the acceptance of life in its fullness: the victories and the defeats, what was accomplished and what was not accomplished. Wisdom is the result of successfully accomplishing this final developmental task. Wisdom is defined as "informed and detached concern for life itself in the face of death itself." Having a guilty conscience about the past or failing to accomplish important goals will eventually lead to depression and hopelessness. Achieving the virtue of the stage involves the feeling of living a successful life.
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psychosis." Erikson's daughter wrote that her father's "real psychoanalytic identity" was not established until he "replaced his stepfather's surname with a name of his invention ." The decision to change his last name came about as he started his job at Yale, and the "Erikson" name was accepted by Erik's family when they became
American citizens. It is said his children enjoyed the fact they would not be called "Hamburger" any longer.
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723:, which emphasized the role of the ego as being more than a servant of the id. Although Erikson accepted Freud's theory, he did not focus on the parent-child relationship and gave more importance to the role of the ego, particularly the person's progression as self. According to Erikson, the environment in which a child lived was crucial to providing growth, adjustment, a source of self-awareness and identity. Erikson won a
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489:; while at grammar school, he was teased for being Jewish. At Das Humanistische Gymnasium his main interests were art, history, and languages, but he lacked a general interest in school and graduated without academic distinction. After graduation, instead of attending medical school as his stepfather had desired, he attended art school in
473:, Theodor Homburger. In 1908, Erik Salomonsen's name was changed to Erik Homburger, and in 1911 he was officially adopted by his stepfather. Karla and Theodor told Erik that Theodor was his real father, only revealing the truth to him in late childhood; he remained bitter about the deception all his life.
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Ego development earlier in life (middle adolescence) is a strong predictor of how well intimacy for romantic relationships will transpire in emerging adulthood. By successfully forming loving relationships with other people, individuals are able to experience love and intimacy. They also feel safety,
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This area coincides with the "latency" period of psychoanalysis and covers school age children before adolescence. Children compare their self worth to others around them. Friends can have a significant impact on the growth of the child. The child can recognize major disparities in personal abilities
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Uncertain about his vocation and his fit in society, Erik dropped out of school and began a lengthy period of roaming about
Germany and Italy as a wandering artist with his childhood friend Peter Blos and others. For children from prominent German families, taking a "wandering year" was not uncommon.
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This is the first stage of adult development. This development usually happens during young adulthood, which is between the ages of 18 and 40. This stage marks a transition from just thinking about ourselves to thinking about other people in the world. We are social creatures and as a result need to
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This stage covers preschool children from ages three to five. Does the child have the ability to do things on their own, such as dress themselves? Children in this stage are interacting with peers, and creating their own games and activities. Children in this stage practice independence and start to
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This stage covers the period of infancy, 0–1½ years old, which is the most fundamental stage of life, as this is the stage that all other ones build on. Whether the baby develops basic trust or basic mistrust is not merely a matter of nurture. It is multi-faceted and has strong social components. It
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The second stage of adulthood happens between the ages of 40 and 65. During this time people are normally settled in their lives and know what is important to them. A person is either making progress in their career or treading lightly in their career and unsure if this is what they want to do for
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This stage covers early childhood around 1½–3 years old and introduces the concept of autonomy vs. shame and doubt. The child begins to discover the beginnings of their independence, and parents must facilitate the child's sense of doing basic tasks "all by themselves." Discouragement can lead to
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Erikson's psychology of religion begins with an acknowledgement of how religious tradition can have an interplay with a child's basic sense of trust or mistrust. With regard to
Erikson's theory of personality as expressed in his eight stages of the life cycle, each with their different tasks to
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This section deals with adolescence, meaning those between twelve and eighteen years old. This occurs when we start to question ourselves and ask questions relevant to who we are and what we want to accomplish. Who am I, how do I fit in? Where am I going in life? The adolescent is exploring and
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seems to have been one of
Erikson's greatest concerns in his own life as well as being central to his theoretical work. As an older adult, he wrote about his adolescent "identity confusion" in his European days. "My identity confusion", he wrote, " the borderline between neurosis and adolescent
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This stage affects the age group of 65 and on. During this time an individual has reached the last chapter in their life and retirement is approaching or has already taken place. Individuals in this stage must learn to accept the course of their life or they will look back on it with despair.
1077:. Their daughter, Sue, "an integrative psychotherapist and psychoanalyst", described her father as plagued by "lifelong feelings of personal inadequacy". He thought that by combining resources with his wife, he could "achieve the recognition" that might produce a feeling of adequacy.
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450:. She was married to Jewish stockbroker Valdemar Isidor Salomonsen but had been estranged from him for several months at the time Erik was conceived. Little is known about Erik's biological father except that he was a non-Jewish Dane. On discovering her pregnancy, Karla fled to
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care, and commitment in these relationships. Furthermore, if individuals are able to successfully resolve the crisis of intimacy versus isolation, they are able to achieve the virtue of love. Those who fail to form lasting relationships may feel isolated and alone.
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of education, which focused on child development and sexual stages. In 1933 he received his diploma from the Vienna
Psychoanalytic Institute. This and his Montessori diploma were to be Erikson's only earned credentials for his life's work.
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be with other people and form relationships with them. Dating, marriage, family and friendships are important during this stage in their life. This is due to the increase in the growth of intimate relationships with others.
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tribe. Erikson discovered differences between the children of the Sioux and Yurok tribes. This marked the beginning of
Erikson's life passion of showing the importance of events in childhood and how society affects them.
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Erik was a tall, blond, blue-eyed boy who was raised in the Jewish religion. Due to these mixed identities, he was a target of bigotry by both Jewish and gentile children. At temple school, his peers teased him for being
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Haggbloom, Steven J.; Warnick, Renee; Warnick, Jason E.; Jones, Vinessa K.; Yarbrough, Gary L.; Russell, Tenea M.; Borecky, Chris M.; McGahhey, Reagan; Powell, John L. III; Beavers, Jamie; Monte, Emmanuelle (2002).
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The
Erikson life-stages, in order of the eight stages in which they may be acquired, are listed below, as well as the "virtues" that Erikson has attached to these stages, (these virtues are underlined).
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When
Erikson was twenty-five, his friend Peter Blos invited him to Vienna to tutor art at the small Burlingham-Rosenfeld School for children whose affluent parents were undergoing psychoanalysis by
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Erikson continued to deepen his interest in areas beyond psychoanalysis and to explore connections between psychology and anthropology. He made important contacts with anthropologists such as
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Weiner, M. B. (1979). "Caring for the
Elderly. Psychological Aging: Aspects of Normal Personality and Development in Old Age. Part II. Erik Erikson: Resolutions of Psychosocial Tasks".
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1023:, and historical movements. Erik Erikson gave such a strong contribution that his work was well received by students of religion and spurred various secondary literature.
513:. Anna noticed Erikson's sensitivity to children at the school and encouraged him to study psychoanalysis at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute, where prominent analysts
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Schnell, R. L. (1980). "Contributions to Psychohistory: IV. Individual Experience in Historiography and Psychoanalysis: Significance of Erik Erikson and Robert Coles".
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In 1939 he left Yale, and the Eriksons moved to California, where Erik had been invited to join a team engaged in a longitudinal study of child development for the
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and Psychological Clinic. This was while he was establishing a singular reputation as a clinician. In 1936, Erikson left Harvard and joined the staff at
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Goethals, George W. (1976). "The Evolution of Sexual and Genital Intimacy: A Comparison of the Views of Erik H. Erikson and Harry Stack Sullivan".
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550:, a Canadian dancer and artist whom Erikson had met at a dress ball. During their marriage, Erikson converted to Christianity. In 1933, with
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were among those who supervised his theoretical studies. He specialized in child analysis and underwent a training analysis with Anna Freud.
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608:. Erikson said his theory of the development of thought derived from his social and cultural studies. In 1938, he left Yale to study the
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He returned to Harvard in the 1960s as a professor of human development and remained there until his retirement in 1970. In 1973 the
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Strozier, Charles B. (1976). "Disciplined Subjectivity and the Psychohistorian: A Critical Look at the Work of Erik H. Erikson".
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Erikson died on 12 May 1994 in Harwich, Massachusetts. He is buried in the First Congregational Church Cemetery in Harwich.
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Slater, Charles L. (2003). "Generativity versus stagnation: An elaboration of Erikson's adult stage of human development".
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Hurrell, Kristen; Stack, Margaret (2020), "Initiative Versus Guilt", in Zeigler-Hill, Virgil; Shackelford, Todd K. (eds.),
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In Erikson's discussion of development, he rarely mentioned a stage of development by age. In fact he referred to it as a
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2331:"Does Identity Precede Intimacy? Testing Erikson's Theory on Romantic Development in Emerging Adults of the 21st Century"
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Vogel-Scibilia, Suzanne E.; McNulty, Kathryn Cohan; Baxter, Beth; Miller, Steve; Dine, Max; Frese, Frederick J. (2009).
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636:'s Institute of Child Welfare. In addition, in San Francisco, he opened a private practice in child psychoanalysis.
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which has led to further investigation into a period of development between adolescence and young adulthood called
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While in California he was able to make his second study of American Indian children when he joined anthropologist
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because of residence requirements, the family left for the United States, where citizenship would not be an issue.
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Olsen, Rodney D.; Friedman, Lawrence J. (December 2000). "Identity's Architect: A Biography of Erik H. Erikson".
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Perhaps Erikson's best-known contributions to the psychology of religion were his book length psychobiographies,
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Rotenberg, Ken J. (1 December 1995). "The Socialisation of Trust: Parents' and Children's Interpersonal Trust".
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462:. She fled due to conceiving Erik out of wedlock, and the identity of Erik's birth father was never made clear.
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Kemph, John P. (1969). "Erik H. Erikson. Identity, youth and crisis. New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1968".
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Psychoanalytic writers have always engaged in nonclinical interpretation of cultural phenomena such as art,
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Van De Water, Donna A.; McAdams, Dan P. (1989). "Generativity and Erikson's "belief in the species"".
676:, became Erikson's patient and friend. During this time he also served as a visiting professor at the
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threat to Austria, the family left an impoverished Vienna with their two young sons and emigrated to
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survey, published in 2002, ranked Erikson as the 12th most eminent psychologist of the 20th century.
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Carney, J. E. (1993). "'Is It Really So Terrible Her?': Karl Menninger's Pursuit of Erik Erikson".
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Andersen, D. C. (1993). "Beyond Rumor and Reductionism: A Textual Dialogue with Erik H. Erikson".
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Hoffman, L. E. (1993). "Erikson on Hitler: The Origins of 'Hitler's Imagery and German Youth'".
3073:(2000). "Emerging Adulthood: A Theory of Development from the Late Teens Through the Twenties".
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A Psychology of Ultimate Concern: Erik H. Erikson's Contribution to the Psychology of Religion
3915:. Dialogues with notable contributors to personality theory. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co.
3340:"Eric Berne's Development of Ego State Theory: Where Did It All Begin and Who Influenced Him?"
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2192:"Psychosocial Aspects of Erickson Model on Toileting Behavior For Toddler Ages: Case Study"
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Insight and responsibility: lectures on the ethical implications of psychoanalytic insight
2272:"[PDF] Erik Erikson | Psychosocial Stages - Simply Psychology - Free Download PDF"
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656:, for which he is best known, Erikson left the University of California when California's
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Doctors Serving People: Restoring Humanism to Medicine through Student Community Service
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Capps, Donald (1 September 2004). "The Decades of Life: Relocating Erikson's Stages".
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2546:"The Relation of Ego Integrity and Despair to Personality Traits and Mental Health"
2510:
2467:
2432:
2350:
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2203:
2118:
2085:"Basic Trust & Mistrust: Erik Erikson's Theory - Video & Lesson Transcript"
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2006:
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1195:"A Way of Looking at Things – Selected Papers from 1930 to 1980, Erik H. Erikson"
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1066:(née Sarah Lucretia Serson) in 1930 and they remained together until his death.
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Paranjpe, Anand C. (2005). "Erikson, Erik Homburger". In Shook, John R. (ed.).
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3831:
3766:
3726:
3713:
Coles, Robert; Fitzpatrick, J. J. (1976). "The Writings of Erik H. Erikson".
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3631:
3599:
3551:
3399:
Erikson on Development in Adulthood: New Insights from the Unpublished Papers
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2018:
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supervised his initial treatment of an adult. Simultaneously he studied the
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3876:
3839:
3639:
2887:
2544:
Westerhof, Gerben J.; Bohlmeijer, Ernst T.; McAdams, Dan P. (1 May 2017).
2355:
1353:"Erik Erikson, 91, Psychoanalyst Who Reshaped Views of Human Growth, Dies"
6793:
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6311:
6236:
5983:
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4438:
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4220:
4071:
4055:
3986:
3949:
3894:. Vol. 2. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Gale Group. pp. 406–412.
3822:
3656:
Encounter with Erikson: Historical Interpretation and Religious Biography
1623:
1074:
685:
589:, where he worked at the Institute of Social Relations and taught at the
522:
616:
on their reservation. After his studies in South Dakota, he traveled to
6486:
6401:
6296:
5605:
5440:
5236:
5093:
4984:
4822:
3745:(1973). "Freud, Erikson, and the Historian: A Bibliographical Survey".
3607:
3441:. Vol. 2. Bristol, England: Thoemmes Continuum. pp. 734–737.
1675:
798: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
704:
617:
563:
510:
470:
443:
351:
199:
3007:
2300:. Joan M. Erikson (Extended version ed.). New York: W.W. Norton.
1995:"The Recovery Process Utilizing Erikson's Stages of Human Development"
573:
In the United States, Erikson became the first child psychoanalyst in
6683:
6446:
6381:
6366:
6096:
5640:
5425:
5329:
4702:
466:
409:
64:
7101:
4531:
3591:
1659:
773:
6172:
5845:
5354:
5349:
5309:
2685:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B
1020:
932:
3227:
In the Shadow of Fame: A Memoir by the Daughter of Erik H. Erikson
4247:
Wurgaft, Lewis D. (1976). "Erik Erikson: From Luther to Gandhi".
1992:
1452:
465:
Following Erik's birth, Karla trained to be a nurse and moved to
455:
447:
413:
5791:
3928:
Fitzpatrick, J. J. (1976). "Erik H. Erikson and Psychohistory".
3122:
Erik Erikson and the American Psyche: Ego, Ethics, and Evolution
2607:
Erik Erikson's Verbal Portraits: Luther, Gandhi, Einstein, Jesus
1775:
5024:
3255:(5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
2235:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 2257–2259,
979:
574:
555:
490:
439:
39:
2190:
Wijoyo, Eriyono Budi; Mustikasari, Mustikasari (23 May 2020).
458:
where Erik was born on 15 June 1902 and was given the surname
7043:
4791:
4026:(1974). "India and the Unconscious: Erik Erikson on Gandhi".
2809:
2683:
Erikson, Erik H. (1966). "Ontogeny of Ritualization in Man".
916:
621:
609:
3008:
Erikson, Erik H.; Joan M. Erikson; Helen Q. Kivnick (1986).
2586:
1436:. Sweet Briar, Virginia: Sweet Briar College. Archived from
1402:
5369:
3185:(9th ed.). Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing.
3162:(8th ed.). Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing.
2944:
Toys and reasons: stages in the ritualization of experience
1606:"Joan Erikson Is Dead at 95; Shaped Thought on Life Cycles"
1491:
1481:
1479:
1137:
Toys and Reasons: Stages in the Ritualization of Experience
947:
929:
559:
421:
4192:. Madison, Connecticut: International Universities Press.
2543:
1197:
ed. by S. Schlein, W. W. Norton & Co, New York, (1995)
1002:
Erikson's stages of psychosocial development § Ninth Stage
913:
874:
703:, the United States' highest honor for achievement in the
438:
Erikson's mother, Karla Abrahamsen, came from a prominent
3566:
1856:
1062:
Erikson married Canadian-born American dancer and artist
719:
Erikson is credited with being one of the originators of
500:
408:
Despite lacking a university degree, Erikson served as a
6618:
Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback
3493:
Erik H. Erikson: Explorer of Identity and the Life Cycle
3292:"The 100 Most Eminent Psychologists of the 20th Century"
1476:
1301:
1277:
1007:
Favorable outcomes of each stage are sometimes known as
7226:
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
4612:
Dynamic-maturational model of attachment and adaptation
4190:
Ideas and Identities: The Life and Work of Erik Erikson
3855:
Eagle, Morris (1997). "Contributions of Erik Erikson".
3143:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
1857:
Bynum-Grant, Daminga; Travis-Dinkins, Margaret (2010).
1289:
1229:
1227:
1104:
Young Man Luther: A Study in Psychoanalysis and History
1032:
Young Man Luther: A Study in Psychoanalysis and History
976:
963:
6859:
Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–45
3576:
Gandhi's Truth: On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence
3274:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
2635:
Psychology of Religion: Classic and Contemporary Views
2388:
Dimensions of Human Behavior: The Changing Life Course
2233:
Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences
1935:
Gandhi's Truth: on the Origins of Militant Nonviolence
1414:
1124:
Gandhi's Truth: On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence
714:
6985:
4180:
3959:
The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis
2637:. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 369–398.
2609:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 106.
2390:. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. p. 290.
2065:
2056:(2nd ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
1763:. Shippensburg, Pennsylvania: Shippensburg University
1520:
1518:
1239:
3884:
Elms, Alan C. (2008). "Erikson, Erik Homburger". In
3272:
Identity's Architect: A Biography of Erik H. Erikson
3206:. Jefferson Lectures in the Humanities. New York: W.
2328:
1702:"Erik Erikson | American psychoanalyst | Britannica"
1552:
1503:
1224:
643:
on a field trip to Northern California to study the
493:, much to the liking of his mother and her friends.
393:; 15 June 1902 – 12 May 1994) was an American child
7216:
Harvard University Department of Psychology faculty
4354:
3574:(1971). "Gandhi: A Psychoanalytic View". Review of
2422:
1812:
1719:
1682:
900:
6623:Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies
4059:
3693:
3646:
3465:
2404:
2329:Beyers, Wim; Seiffge-Krenke, Inge (2 March 2010).
1949:
1515:
1464:
944:
4062:Erik H. Erikson: The Power and Limits of a Vision
2189:
1861:. New York: McGraw Hill Professional. p. 8.
7112:
6613:Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy
3712:
3618:(1997). "The Legacy of Erik Hamburger Erikson".
3288:
3042:
2941:
1408:
668:, a prominent psychiatric treatment facility in
664:. From 1951 to 1960 he worked and taught at the
6628:Association for Behavior Analysis International
4515:Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development
3795:"Erik Erikson: Critical Times, Critical Theory"
3224:
2974:
2845:(Norton pbk. ed.). New York: W.W. Norton.
2815:
2753:"Show Me a Hero and I Will Write You a Tragedy"
2750:
2111:International Journal of Behavioral Development
1575:. Cambridge: Harvard University. Archived from
1458:
16:American psychoanalyst and essayist (1902-1994)
7261:Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction winners
4232:. Buckingham, England: Open University Press.
4230:Erik Erikson: His Life, Work, and Significance
3614:
3439:The Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers
2592:
1596:
1594:
1328:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University
1154:
887:
6669:
5807:
4807:
4547:
4340:
4316:
3415:
3243:
1645:
1633:
1307:
4028:The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis
3509:
3495:. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan.
3045:Identity and the life cycle: selected papers
2230:
1497:
1322:"Howard Gardner: 'A Blessing of Influences'"
1189:Identity and the Life Cycle. Selected Papers
764:Erikson's stages of psychosocial development
554:in Germany, the burning of Freud's books in
3927:
1591:
6676:
6662:
5814:
5800:
4814:
4800:
4554:
4540:
4347:
4333:
3337:
2730:. New York: W. W. Norton. pp. 32–33.
1283:
1167:W. Norton & Company (published 1998).
581:, the Judge Baker Guidance Center, and at
38:
7251:Naturalized citizens of the United States
6769:The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture
3821:
3424:. La Mirada, California: Biola University
3138:
3086:
2829:Scribner's Encyclopedia of American Lives
2759:. No. 10. Interviewed by Boag, Zan.
2561:
2385:
2354:
2207:
2108:
2026:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1295:
1151:(with J. M. Erikson and H. Kivnick, 1986)
1014:
858:Learn how and when to remove this message
19:For other people with similar names, see
4227:
4151:
4078:(1993). "Erik H. Erikson as a Teacher".
3956:
3537:
3436:
3416:Osmer, Richard; Bridgers, Lynn (2018) .
3269:
1781:
1420:
757:
469:, Germany. In 1905 she married a Jewish
4246:
4106:
3993:
3741:
3696:Erik H. Erikson: The Growth of His Work
3486:
3463:
3422:Christian Educators of the 20th Century
3199:
3119:
2908:
2840:
2725:
2682:
2657:
2295:
2049:
1932:
1901:
1859:Schaum's Outline of Psychiatric Nursing
1818:
1570:
1558:
1485:
1319:
1245:
1233:
7246:People from Stockbridge, Massachusetts
7201:German people of Danish-Jewish descent
7113:
6633:European Association for Psychotherapy
4206:
4070:
4054:
4022:
3891:New Dictionary of Scientific Biography
3802:Child Psychiatry and Human Development
3789:
3662:
3176:
3157:
3069:
2911:Life history and the historical moment
2789:
2662:. New York: W. W. Norton. p. 64.
2457:
2410:
2170:
2071:
2059:
1955:
1755:
1629:
1600:
1340:
1257:
1131:Life History and the Historical Moment
501:Psychoanalytic experience and training
401:of human beings. He coined the phrase
7186:Converts to Christianity from Judaism
6727:Anti-intellectualism in American Life
6685:Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction
6657:
5795:
4795:
4561:
4535:
4521:Evolutionary developmental psychology
4328:
4315:
3908:
3854:
3700:. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
3691:
3401:. New York: Oxford University Press.
3396:
3183:Personality Theories: An Introduction
3160:Personality Theories: An Introduction
2873:
2632:
2628:
2626:
2604:
2550:The Journals of Gerontology: Series B
2500:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
1928:
1926:
1830:
1725:
1688:
1573:"Stephen Schlein Erik Erikson Papers"
1524:
1509:
1470:
697:National Endowment for the Humanities
412:at prominent institutions, including
7161:American developmental psychologists
7050:
4275:
3883:
3658:. Missoula, Montana: Scholars Press.
3654:; Bradford, M. Gerald, eds. (1977).
3447:10.1093/acref/9780199754663.001.0001
3047:. International Universities Press.
2913:(First ed.). New York: Norton.
1911:. New York: National Book Foundation
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1320:Ireland, Corydon (17 October 2013).
796:adding citations to reliable sources
767:
650:In 1950, after publishing the book,
7141:20th-century American psychologists
5918:Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
4755:Attachment-based therapy (children)
4280:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Rodopi.
3747:Canadian Review of American Studies
3124:. Lanham, Maryland: Jason Aronson.
2790:Leiter, Robert (29 November 1999).
2196:Jurnal Ilmiah Keperawatan Indonesia
715:Theories of development and the ego
339:Theory on psychological development
13:
7136:20th-century American male writers
6638:Society for Psychotherapy Research
5866:Transference focused psychotherapy
4765:Dyadic developmental psychotherapy
3530:
3014:(1st ed.). New York: Norton.
2979:(1st ed.). New York: Norton.
2728:The Life Cycle Completed: A Review
2623:
2515:10.1023/B:PASP.0000039322.53775.2b
2425:Journal of Research in Personality
2145:
1923:
1833:"Byways of Our National Character"
1046:, for which he remarkably won the
660:required professors there to sign
418:University of California, Berkeley
399:theory on psychosocial development
265:University of California, Berkeley
14:
7282:
7221:Jewish American social scientists
7166:American people of Danish descent
5923:Rational emotive behavior therapy
5896:Functional analytic psychotherapy
5891:Acceptance and commitment therapy
5821:
4296:
3270:Friedman, Lawrence Jacob (2000).
1371:
1163:(extended ed.). New York: W.
688:at Arsenal Nursery School of the
7266:University of Pittsburgh faculty
7151:20th-century German male writers
7093:
7076:
7059:
7031:
7019:
7007:
6995:
6926:
6699:The Making of the President 1960
5023:
4377:Cognitive development of infants
3930:Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic
3510:Young-Bruehl, Elisabeth (1989).
3472:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
1069:The Eriksons had four children:
1057:
879:, Basic trust vs. basic mistrust
772:
733:category Philosophy and Religion
707:. Erikson's lecture was titled
541:
6643:World Council for Psychotherapy
4443:Theory of cognitive development
4356:Human psychological development
3253:Personality and Personal Growth
3036:
3001:
2968:
2935:
2902:
2867:
2834:
2821:
2783:
2744:
2719:
2676:
2651:
2598:
2537:
2494:
2451:
2416:
2379:
2322:
2289:
2264:
2224:
2183:
2102:
2077:
2043:
1999:Community Mental Health Journal
1986:
1961:
1889:. New York: Columbia University
1875:
1850:
1824:
1787:
1749:
1731:
1694:
1648:The Journal of American History
1639:
1571:Schlein, Stephen, ed. (2009) .
1564:
1530:
1426:
1083:
783:needs additional citations for
134:
7211:Harvard Medical School faculty
7181:Austen Riggs Center physicians
4821:
4760:Attachment-based psychotherapy
4453:Cultural-historical psychology
4303:Works by or about Erik Erikson
3580:The American Historical Review
3347:Transactional Analysis Journal
3062:
2792:"The Corrosive Nature of Fame"
2335:Journal of Adolescent Research
1313:
1251:
1182:
1088:
991:
579:Massachusetts General Hospital
21:Eric Erickson (disambiguation)
1:
7146:20th-century American writers
5856:Mentalization-based treatment
5119:Industrial and organizational
4617:Fathers as attachment figures
4513: (b. 1950), and others (
3468:Erik Erikson: An Introduction
3225:Erikson Bloland, Sue (2005).
3139:Eckenfels, Edward J. (2008).
2751:Erikson Bloland, Sue (2015).
2386:Hutchison, Elizabeth (2007).
2241:10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_597
1909:"National Book Awards – 1970"
1831:Stade, George (19 May 1976).
1213:
968:, Generativity vs. stagnation
936:, Identity vs. role confusion
690:Western Psychiatric Institute
433:
5913:Dialectical behavior therapy
5903:Cognitive behavioral therapy
5360:Human factors and ergonomics
4781:History of attachment theory
4668:Patricia McKinsey Crittenden
4637:Reactive attachment disorder
3296:Review of General Psychology
3203:Dimensions of a New Identity
3011:Vital involvement in old age
2460:Journal of Adult Development
2437:10.1016/0092-6566(89)90013-5
1218:
1149:Vital Involvement in Old Age
709:Dimensions of a New Identity
552:Adolf Hitler's rise to power
427:Review of General Psychology
7:
7241:National Book Award winners
5943:Emotionally focused therapy
4493:Stages of moral development
4209:The Journal of Nursing Care
3971:10.1521/jaap.1.1976.4.4.529
2660:Identity and the Life Cycle
1201:
983:, Ego integrity vs. despair
10:
7287:
7131:20th-century American Jews
6214:Systematic desensitization
6143:Practitioner–scholar model
5886:Clinical behavior analysis
4402:Positive adult development
4387:Positive youth development
3912:Dialogue with Erik Erikson
3909:Evans, Richard I. (1967).
3514:. New York: Summit Books.
3397:Hoare, Carol Hren (2002).
3359:10.1177/036215371004000310
3229:. New York: Viking Press.
3097:10.1037/0003-066x.55.5.469
2593:Erikson & Erikson 1997
2123:10.1177/016502549501800408
1973:psychology.fas.harvard.edu
1799:psychology.fas.harvard.edu
1117:Identity: Youth and Crisis
1111:Insight and Responsibility
761:
670:Stockbridge, Massachusetts
18:
7256:Psychologists of religion
6935:
6924:
6789:The Story of Civilization
6692:
6605:
6329:
6287:
6224:
6158:
6151:
6110:
6069:
6037:
5976:
5933:
5874:
5836:
5829:
5746:
5683:
5390:
5300:
5212:
5049:Applied behavior analysis
5032:
5021:
4857:
4829:
4773:
4747:
4721:
4645:
4569:
4483:Ecological systems theory
4415:
4362:
4322:
4317:Links to related articles
4121:10.2466/pr0.1980.46.2.591
3464:Stevens, Richard (1983).
3308:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139
3210:W. Norton & Company.
3200:Erikson, Erik H. (1974).
3043:Erikson, Erik H. (1959).
2942:Erikson, Erik H. (1978).
2909:Erikson, Erik H. (1975).
2841:Erikson, Erik H. (1994).
2726:Erikson, Erik H. (1982).
2658:Erikson, Erik H. (1980).
2296:Erikson, Erik H. (1997).
2050:Erikson, Erik H. (1963).
2011:10.1007/s10597-009-9189-4
1933:Erikson, Erik H. (1969).
1761:"Erik Erikson, 1902–1994"
1634:Fadiman & Frager 2002
1308:Osmer & Bridgers 2018
699:selected Erikson for the
380:
344:
334:
293:
283:
252:
231:
223:
218:
187:
182:
178:
155:
144:
119:
102:
79:
46:
37:
30:
7176:Analysands of Anna Freud
6755:Wandering Through Winter
6225:Other individual therapy
4463:Psychosocial development
4433:Psychosexual development
4364:Developmental psychology
4154:The Psychohistory Review
4080:The Psychohistory Review
3996:The Psychohistory Review
3715:The Psychohistory Review
3665:The Psychohistory Review
3616:Brenman-Gibson, Margaret
3540:The Psychohistory Review
3338:Heathcoate, Ann (2010).
3158:Engler, Barbara (2008).
3120:Burston, Daniel (2007).
2975:Erik H. Erikson (1978).
2633:Wulff, David M. (1991).
2347:10.1177/0743558410361370
2298:The life cycle completed
1784:, pp. 253, 261–262.
1161:The Life Cycle Completed
951:, Intimacy vs. isolation
921:Industry vs. inferiority
678:University of Pittsburgh
630:University of California
546:In 1930 Erikson married
325:The Life Cycle Completed
270:University of Pittsburgh
239:Developmental psychology
7171:American psychoanalysts
6911:Pilgrim at Tinker Creek
6817:The Armies of the Night
6783:Rousseau and Revolution
6247:Cognitive restructuring
5968:Person-centered therapy
5325:Behavioral neuroscience
4889:Behavioral neuroscience
4632:Object relations theory
4066:. New York: Free Press.
3814:10.1023/A:1025188901554
3570:; Fisher, Margaret W.;
2472:10.1023/a:1020790820868
2209:10.31000/jiki.v3i1.1485
1602:Thomas, Robert McG. Jr.
7271:Writers from Frankfurt
6178:Contingency management
6057:Transtheoretical model
6047:Eclectic psychotherapy
6024:Transactional analysis
5375:Psychology of religion
5315:Behavioral engineering
5252:Human subject research
4908:Cognitive neuroscience
4874:Affective neuroscience
4587:Attachment in children
4228:Welchman, Kit (2000).
4182:Wallerstein, Robert S.
3759:10.3138/CRAS-004-01-04
3692:Coles, Robert (1970).
3071:Arnett, Jeffrey Jensen
2705:10.1098/rstb.1966.0019
2605:Capps, Donald (2014).
1883:"1970 Pulitzer Prizes"
1258:McLeod, Saul (2017) .
1015:Psychology of religion
905:, Initiative vs. guilt
583:Harvard Medical School
577:and held positions at
387:Erik Homburger Erikson
7236:Jewish psychoanalysts
7206:German psychoanalysts
6128:Common factors theory
6092:Residential treatment
5751:Wiktionary definition
5287:Self-report inventory
5282:Quantitative research
4748:Clinical applications
4597:Attachment and health
4249:Psychoanalytic Review
4109:Psychological Reports
3857:Psychoanalytic Review
3620:Psychoanalytic Review
3075:American Psychologist
2888:10.1002/bs.3830140209
2563:10.1093/geronb/gbv062
2171:McLeod, Saul (2017).
2053:Childhood and Society
1409:Haggbloom et al. 2002
1096:Childhood and Society
758:Theory of personality
746:prolonged adolescence
680:where he worked with
653:Childhood and Society
302:Childhood and Society
6746:Howard Mumford Jones
6557:Lorna Smith Benjamin
6392:Harry Stack Sullivan
6317:Sensitivity training
6118:Clinical formulation
5277:Qualitative research
5232:Behavior epigenetics
4729:Attachment parenting
4627:Maternal deprivation
4582:Attachment in adults
4276:Zock, Hetty (2004).
3578:by Erikson, Erik H.
2816:Erikson Bloland 2005
1459:Erikson Bloland 2005
892:, Autonomy vs. shame
792:improve this article
7231:Jewish philosophers
7156:American Christians
6897:The Denial of Death
6741:O Strange New World
6289:Group psychotherapy
6200:Counterconditioning
6077:Brief psychotherapy
5948:Existential therapy
5756:Wiktionary category
5320:Behavioral genetics
5292:Statistical surveys
5149:Occupational health
4884:Behavioral genetics
4602:Attachment measures
4592:Attachment disorder
4505: (1943–2020),
4491: (1927–1987) (
4481: (1917–2005) (
4471: (1907–1990) (
4461: (1902–1994) (
4451: (1896–1934) (
4441: (1896–1980) (
4431: (1856–1939) (
2796:Jewish World Review
2697:1966RSPTB.251..337E
2503:Pastoral Psychology
1887:The Pulitzer Prizes
1540:. Erikson Institute
1145:(edited book, 1978)
1052:National Book Award
729:National Book Award
666:Austen Riggs Center
566:. Unable to regain
476:The development of
183:Academic background
169:National Book Award
6883:Children of Crisis
6878:Frances FitzGerald
6864:Barbara W. Tuchman
6807:So Human an Animal
6732:Richard Hofstadter
6718:Barbara W. Tuchman
6713:The Guns of August
6417:Milton H. Erickson
6252:Emotion regulation
6232:Autogenic training
6123:Clinical pluralism
6052:Multimodal therapy
5851:Analytical therapy
5728:Schools of thought
5631:Richard E. Nisbett
5511:Donald T. Campbell
5189:Sport and exercise
4734:Attachment therapy
4713:Nikolaas Tinbergen
3743:Crunden, Robert M.
3568:Bondurant, Joan V.
2876:Behavioral Science
2771:on 20 October 2017
1837:The New York Times
1706:www.britannica.com
1610:The New York Times
1461:, pp. 62, 64.
1357:The New York Times
1155:Erikson, Erik H.;
1044:Mohandas K. Gandhi
751:emerging adulthood
568:Danish citizenship
558:and the potential
275:Harvard University
7196:German Christians
6983:
6982:
6977:
6976:
6886:vols. 2 and 3 by
6774:David Brion Davis
6651:
6650:
6577:William R. Miller
6562:Marsha M. Linehan
6532:Jean Baker Miller
6492:Salvador Minuchin
6372:Ludwig Binswanger
6325:
6324:
6160:Behaviour therapy
6087:Online counseling
6065:
6064:
6004:Narrative therapy
5908:Cognitive therapy
5789:
5788:
5766:Wikimedia Commons
5693:Counseling topics
5656:Ronald C. Kessler
5646:Shelley E. Taylor
5571:Lawrence Kohlberg
5546:Stanley Schachter
5345:Consumer behavior
5227:Archival research
4995:Psycholinguistics
4879:Affective science
4789:
4788:
4646:Notable theorists
4607:Attachment theory
4563:Attachment theory
4529:
4528:
4509: (b. 1946),
4501: (b. 1939),
4473:Attachment theory
4397:Adult development
4382:Child development
4287:978-90-5183-180-1
4239:978-0-335-20157-0
4199:978-0-8236-2445-4
3901:978-0-684-31322-1
3791:Douvan, Elizabeth
3572:Sutherland, J. D.
3502:978-1-4039-9986-3
3479:978-0-312-25812-2
3456:978-1-84371-037-0
3408:978-0-19-513175-8
3281:978-0-674-00437-5
3262:978-0-13-040961-4
3236:978-0-670-03374-4
3217:978-0-393-00923-1
3192:978-1-285-08880-8
3169:978-0-547-14834-2
3150:978-0-8135-4315-4
3131:978-0-7657-0495-5
2977:Adulthood: essays
2616:978-1-4422-4151-0
2397:978-1-4129-4126-6
2250:978-3-319-24612-3
2177:Simply Psychology
1868:978-0-07-162364-3
1757:Boeree, C. George
1604:(8 August 1997).
1538:"Erik H. Erikson"
1498:Young-Bruehl 1989
1434:"Erik H. Erikson"
1264:Simply Psychology
1208:Erikson Institute
1174:978-0-393-34743-2
868:
867:
860:
842:
701:Jefferson Lecture
548:Joan Mowat Serson
535:Montessori method
452:Frankfurt am Main
384:
383:
7278:
7106:
7098:
7097:
7096:
7089:
7081:
7080:
7079:
7072:
7064:
7063:
7062:
7052:
7036:
7035:
7034:
7024:
7023:
7022:
7012:
7011:
7010:
7000:
6999:
6998:
6991:
6970:
6961:
6952:
6943:
6930:
6919:
6905:
6891:
6873:Fire in the Lake
6867:
6853:
6839:
6825:
6801:
6777:
6763:
6749:
6735:
6721:
6707:
6678:
6671:
6664:
6655:
6654:
6567:Vittorio Guidano
6537:Otto F. Kernberg
6407:Donald Winnicott
6264:Free association
6209:Exposure therapy
6188:Stimulus control
6168:Aversion therapy
6156:
6155:
6019:Systemic therapy
5994:Feminist therapy
5846:Adlerian therapy
5834:
5833:
5816:
5809:
5802:
5793:
5792:
5723:Research methods
5666:Richard Davidson
5661:Joseph E. LeDoux
5536:George A. Miller
5526:David McClelland
5521:Herbert A. Simon
5421:Edward Thorndike
5242:Content analysis
5027:
5000:Psychophysiology
4816:
4809:
4802:
4793:
4792:
4739:Candace Newmaker
4658:William E. Blatz
4577:Affectional bond
4556:
4549:
4542:
4533:
4532:
4349:
4342:
4335:
4326:
4325:
4313:
4312:
4307:Internet Archive
4291:
4272:
4243:
4224:
4203:
4177:
4148:
4103:
4075:
4067:
4065:
4051:
4019:
3990:
3953:
3924:
3905:
3886:Koertge, Noretta
3880:
3851:
3825:
3799:
3786:
3738:
3709:
3699:
3688:
3659:
3652:Capps, Walter H.
3643:
3611:
3586:(4): 1104–1115.
3563:
3525:
3506:
3490:
3483:
3471:
3460:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3412:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3384:on 2 August 2016
3383:
3377:. Archived from
3353:(3–4): 254–260.
3344:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3285:
3266:
3240:
3221:
3209:
3196:
3180:
3173:
3154:
3135:
3116:
3090:
3057:
3056:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2838:
2832:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2767:. Archived from
2748:
2742:
2741:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2691:(772): 337–349.
2680:
2674:
2673:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2630:
2621:
2620:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2565:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2358:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2211:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2168:
2143:
2142:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2030:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1930:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1643:
1637:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1598:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1579:on 12 March 2014
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1388:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1349:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1178:
1166:
1157:Erikson, Joan M.
863:
856:
852:
849:
843:
841:
800:
776:
768:
310:Young Man Luther
284:Notable students
138:
136:
86:
60:
58:
42:
28:
27:
7286:
7285:
7281:
7280:
7279:
7277:
7276:
7275:
7111:
7110:
7109:
7099:
7094:
7092:
7082:
7077:
7075:
7065:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7051:sister projects
7048:at Knowledge's
7042:
7032:
7030:
7020:
7018:
7008:
7006:
6996:
6994:
6986:
6984:
6979:
6978:
6973:
6964:
6955:
6946:
6939:
6931:
6922:
6908:
6894:
6870:
6856:
6842:
6828:
6804:
6780:
6766:
6760:Edwin Way Teale
6752:
6738:
6724:
6710:
6696:
6688:
6682:
6652:
6647:
6601:
6582:Steven C. Hayes
6512:Paul Watzlawick
6497:Paul Watzlawick
6452:Virginia Axline
6362:Sándor Ferenczi
6321:
6302:Couples therapy
6283:
6257:Affect labeling
6220:
6205:Desensitization
6147:
6133:Discontinuation
6106:
6061:
6033:
6014:Reality therapy
5972:
5958:Gestalt therapy
5929:
5877:
5870:
5825:
5820:
5790:
5785:
5742:
5718:Psychotherapies
5679:
5636:Martin Seligman
5601:Daniel Kahneman
5541:Richard Lazarus
5491:Raymond Cattell
5395:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5296:
5208:
5035:
5028:
5019:
4980:Neuropsychology
4860:
4853:
4825:
4820:
4790:
4785:
4769:
4743:
4717:
4641:
4565:
4560:
4530:
4525:
4422:
4418:
4411:
4358:
4353:
4318:
4299:
4294:
4288:
4240:
4200:
4188:, eds. (1998).
4186:Goldberger, Leo
4073:
3902:
3797:
3592:10.2307/1849243
3533:
3531:Further reading
3528:
3522:
3503:
3491: (2008).
3488:
3480:
3457:
3427:
3425:
3409:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3342:
3328:
3326:
3282:
3263:
3237:
3218:
3207:
3193:
3181: (2014).
3178:
3170:
3151:
3132:
3088:10.1.1.462.7685
3065:
3060:
3041:
3037:
3022:
3006:
3002:
2987:
2973:
2969:
2954:
2940:
2936:
2921:
2907:
2903:
2872:
2868:
2853:
2839:
2835:
2826:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2800:
2798:
2788:
2784:
2774:
2772:
2757:New Philosopher
2749:
2745:
2738:
2724:
2720:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2656:
2652:
2645:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2603:
2599:
2591:
2587:
2542:
2538:
2499:
2495:
2456:
2452:
2421:
2417:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2384:
2380:
2327:
2323:
2308:
2294:
2290:
2280:
2278:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2251:
2229:
2225:
2188:
2184:
2169:
2146:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2091:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2070:
2066:
2048:
2044:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1975:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1931:
1924:
1914:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1839:
1829:
1825:
1817:
1813:
1803:
1801:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1766:
1764:
1754:
1750:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1724:
1720:
1710:
1708:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1687:
1683:
1660:10.2307/2675414
1644:
1640:
1632:, p. 151;
1628:
1624:
1614:
1612:
1599:
1592:
1582:
1580:
1569:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1543:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1523:
1516:
1512:, pp. 8–9.
1508:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1484:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1441:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1390:
1389:
1372:
1362:
1360:
1359:. 13 March 1994
1351:
1350:
1341:
1331:
1329:
1326:Harvard Gazette
1318:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1284:Heathcoate 2010
1282:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1256:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1204:
1185:
1175:
1164:
1091:
1086:
1060:
1017:
994:
985:
970:
953:
938:
923:
907:
894:
881:
864:
853:
847:
844:
801:
799:
789:
777:
766:
760:
717:
674:Norman Rockwell
602:Gregory Bateson
587:Yale University
544:
515:August Aichhorn
503:
436:
403:identity crisis
391:Erik Salomonsen
376:
362:James W. Fowler
330:
288:Richard Sennett
279:
260:Yale University
248:
214:
174:
140:
137: 1930)
132:
128:
115:
98:
88:
84:
75:
62:
56:
54:
53:
52:
51:Erik Salomonsen
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7284:
7274:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7191:Ego psychology
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7108:
7107:
7090:
7088:from Wikiquote
7073:
7044:
7041:
7040:
7028:
7016:
7004:
6981:
6980:
6975:
6974:
6972:
6971:
6962:
6953:
6944:
6936:
6933:
6932:
6925:
6923:
6921:
6920:
6906:
6892:
6868:
6854:
6845:The Rising Sun
6840:
6831:Gandhi's Truth
6826:
6802:
6778:
6764:
6750:
6736:
6722:
6708:
6704:Theodore White
6693:
6690:
6689:
6681:
6680:
6673:
6666:
6658:
6649:
6648:
6646:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6609:
6607:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6552:Arnold Lazarus
6549:
6547:Irvin D. Yalom
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6522:Eugene Gendlin
6519:
6514:
6509:
6507:Ogden Lindsley
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6482:Virginia Satir
6479:
6474:
6472:James Bugental
6469:
6467:Silvano Arieti
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6337:Philippe Pinel
6333:
6331:
6327:
6326:
6323:
6322:
6320:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6307:Family therapy
6304:
6299:
6293:
6291:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6260:
6259:
6249:
6244:
6242:Clean language
6239:
6234:
6228:
6226:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6218:
6217:
6216:
6202:
6197:
6196:
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6190:
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6153:
6149:
6148:
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6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6114:
6112:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6104:
6102:Support groups
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6073:
6071:
6067:
6066:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6059:
6054:
6049:
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6035:
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6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5980:
5978:
5974:
5973:
5971:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5939:
5937:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5927:
5926:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5900:
5899:
5898:
5893:
5882:
5880:
5876:Cognitive and
5872:
5871:
5869:
5868:
5863:
5861:Psychoanalysis
5858:
5853:
5848:
5842:
5840:
5831:
5827:
5826:
5819:
5818:
5811:
5804:
5796:
5787:
5786:
5784:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5747:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5689:
5687:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5676:Roy Baumeister
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5611:Michael Posner
5608:
5603:
5598:
5596:Elliot Aronson
5593:
5591:Walter Mischel
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5556:Albert Bandura
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5531:Leon Festinger
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5501:Neal E. Miller
5498:
5496:Abraham Maslow
5493:
5488:
5483:
5481:Ernest Hilgard
5478:
5476:Donald O. Hebb
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5456:J. P. Guilford
5453:
5451:Gordon Allport
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5431:John B. Watson
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5396:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5383:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5306:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5222:Animal testing
5218:
5216:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5040:
5038:
5030:
5029:
5022:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4925:Cross-cultural
4922:
4917:
4916:
4915:
4905:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4865:
4863:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4819:
4818:
4811:
4804:
4796:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4725:
4723:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4653:Mary Ainsworth
4649:
4647:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4566:
4559:
4558:
4551:
4544:
4536:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4496:
4486:
4479:Bronfenbrenner
4476:
4466:
4456:
4446:
4436:
4425:
4423:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4368:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4352:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4329:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4310:
4309:
4298:
4297:External links
4295:
4293:
4292:
4286:
4273:
4255:(2): 209–233.
4244:
4238:
4225:
4204:
4198:
4178:
4149:
4115:(2): 591–612.
4104:
4086:(1): 101–117.
4068:
4052:
4034:(4): 519–529.
4020:
3991:
3965:(4): 529–544.
3954:
3936:(4): 295–314.
3925:
3906:
3900:
3881:
3863:(3): 337–347.
3852:
3787:
3739:
3710:
3689:
3671:(1): 119–153.
3660:
3644:
3626:(3): 329–335.
3612:
3564:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3520:
3507:
3501:
3484:
3478:
3461:
3455:
3434:
3418:"James Fowler"
3413:
3407:
3394:
3335:
3302:(2): 139–152.
3286:
3280:
3267:
3261:
3249:Frager, Robert
3245:Fadiman, James
3241:
3235:
3222:
3216:
3197:
3191:
3174:
3168:
3155:
3149:
3136:
3130:
3117:
3081:(5): 469–480.
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3035:
3020:
3000:
2985:
2967:
2952:
2934:
2919:
2901:
2882:(2): 154–159.
2866:
2851:
2833:
2820:
2818:, pp. 67.
2808:
2782:
2743:
2736:
2718:
2675:
2668:
2650:
2643:
2622:
2615:
2597:
2585:
2556:(3): 400–407.
2536:
2493:
2450:
2431:(4): 435–449.
2415:
2403:
2396:
2378:
2356:1854/LU-941691
2341:(3): 387–415.
2321:
2306:
2288:
2263:
2249:
2223:
2182:
2173:"Erik Erikson"
2144:
2117:(4): 713–726.
2101:
2076:
2074:, p. 143.
2064:
2062:, p. 142.
2042:
2005:(6): 405–414.
1985:
1969:"Erik Erikson"
1960:
1948:
1922:
1900:
1874:
1867:
1849:
1823:
1811:
1795:"Erik Erikson"
1786:
1774:
1748:
1743:New York Times
1730:
1718:
1693:
1681:
1638:
1636:, p. 208.
1622:
1590:
1563:
1551:
1529:
1514:
1502:
1500:, p. 178.
1490:
1475:
1463:
1451:
1440:on 15 May 2013
1425:
1413:
1401:
1392:"Erik Erikson"
1370:
1339:
1312:
1300:
1298:, p. vii.
1296:Eckenfels 2008
1288:
1286:, p. 257.
1276:
1260:"Erik Erikson"
1250:
1248:, p. 109.
1238:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1192:
1184:
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1146:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1100:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1071:Kai T. Erikson
1059:
1056:
1048:Pulitzer Prize
1040:Gandhi's Truth
1016:
1013:
993:
990:
984:
975:
969:
962:
952:
943:
937:
928:
922:
912:
906:
899:
893:
886:
880:
873:
866:
865:
807:"Erik Erikson"
780:
778:
771:
762:Main article:
759:
756:
738:Gandhi's Truth
725:Pulitzer Prize
721:ego psychology
716:
713:
682:Benjamin Spock
641:Alfred Kroeber
591:medical school
543:
540:
531:Edward Bibring
527:Helene Deutsch
519:Heinz Hartmann
502:
499:
435:
432:
397:known for his
382:
381:
378:
377:
375:
374:
369:
367:Howard Gardner
364:
359:
354:
348:
346:
342:
341:
336:
332:
331:
329:
328:
322:
318:Gandhi's Truth
314:
306:
297:
295:
291:
290:
285:
281:
280:
278:
277:
272:
267:
262:
256:
254:
250:
249:
247:
246:
244:psychoanalysis
241:
235:
233:
232:Sub-discipline
229:
228:
225:
221:
220:
216:
215:
213:
212:
207:
202:
197:
191:
189:
185:
184:
180:
179:
176:
175:
173:
172:
166:
163:Pulitzer Prize
159:
157:
153:
152:
150:Kai T. Erikson
146:
142:
141:
130:
124:
123:
121:
117:
116:
114:
113:
110:
106:
104:
100:
99:
89:
87:(aged 91)
81:
77:
76:
63:
50:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7283:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7118:
7116:
7105:from Wikidata
7104:
7103:
7091:
7087:
7086:
7074:
7070:
7069:
7057:
7056:
7053:
7047:
7039:
7038:United States
7029:
7027:
7017:
7015:
7005:
7003:
6993:
6992:
6989:
6968:
6963:
6959:
6954:
6950:
6945:
6942:
6941:Complete list
6938:
6937:
6934:
6929:
6917:
6916:Annie Dillard
6913:
6912:
6907:
6903:
6902:Ernest Becker
6899:
6898:
6893:
6889:
6885:
6884:
6879:
6875:
6874:
6869:
6865:
6861:
6860:
6855:
6851:
6847:
6846:
6841:
6837:
6833:
6832:
6827:
6823:
6822:Norman Mailer
6819:
6818:
6813:
6809:
6808:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6791:
6790:
6786:, vol. 10 of
6785:
6784:
6779:
6775:
6771:
6770:
6765:
6761:
6757:
6756:
6751:
6747:
6743:
6742:
6737:
6733:
6729:
6728:
6723:
6719:
6715:
6714:
6709:
6705:
6701:
6700:
6695:
6694:
6691:
6686:
6679:
6674:
6672:
6667:
6665:
6660:
6659:
6656:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6610:
6608:
6604:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6592:Jeffrey Young
6590:
6588:
6587:Michael White
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6572:Les Greenberg
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6457:Carl Whitaker
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6437:Viktor Frankl
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6422:Jacques Lacan
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6412:Wilhelm Reich
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6377:Melanie Klein
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6347:Sigmund Freud
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6334:
6332:
6328:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6290:
6286:
6280:
6277:
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6255:
6254:
6253:
6250:
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6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6229:
6227:
6223:
6215:
6212:
6211:
6210:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6194:
6193:Token economy
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6180:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6161:
6157:
6154:
6150:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6109:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6074:
6072:
6068:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6040:
6036:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5999:Music therapy
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5989:Dance therapy
5987:
5985:
5982:
5981:
5979:
5975:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5936:
5932:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5904:
5901:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5879:
5873:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5839:
5838:Psychodynamic
5835:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5823:Psychotherapy
5817:
5812:
5810:
5805:
5803:
5798:
5797:
5794:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5745:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5713:Psychologists
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5703:Organizations
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5686:
5682:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5651:John Anderson
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5581:Ulric Neisser
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5566:Endel Tulving
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5551:Robert Zajonc
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5506:Jerome Bruner
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5471:B. F. Skinner
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5436:Clark L. Hull
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5416:Sigmund Freud
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5406:William James
5404:
5402:
5401:Wilhelm Wundt
5399:
5397:
5394:
5393:Psychologists
5389:
5381:
5380:Psychometrics
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5340:Consciousness
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5272:Psychophysics
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5214:Methodologies
5211:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5174:Psychotherapy
5172:
5170:
5169:Psychometrics
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5037:
5031:
5026:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4935:Developmental
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4856:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4828:
4824:
4817:
4812:
4810:
4805:
4803:
4798:
4797:
4794:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4746:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4720:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4698:Konrad Lorenz
4696:
4694:
4693:Melanie Klein
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4678:Sigmund Freud
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4622:Human bonding
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4557:
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4522:
4519:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4497:
4494:
4490:
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4484:
4480:
4477:
4474:
4470:
4467:
4464:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4450:
4447:
4444:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4417:Theorists and
4414:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4350:
4345:
4343:
4338:
4336:
4331:
4330:
4327:
4321:
4314:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4289:
4283:
4279:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4245:
4241:
4235:
4231:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4205:
4201:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4069:
4064:
4063:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4024:Masson, J. L.
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3907:
3903:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3824:
3823:2027.42/43955
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
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3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3698:
3697:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3648:Capps, Donald
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3536:
3535:
3523:
3521:9780333455265
3517:
3513:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3494:
3485:
3481:
3475:
3470:
3469:
3462:
3458:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3435:
3423:
3419:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3400:
3395:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3341:
3336:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3205:
3204:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3184:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3039:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3021:0-393-02359-1
3017:
3013:
3012:
3004:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2986:0-393-01165-8
2982:
2978:
2971:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2953:0-7145-2629-0
2949:
2945:
2938:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2920:0-393-01103-8
2916:
2912:
2905:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2852:0-393-31214-3
2848:
2844:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2824:
2817:
2812:
2797:
2793:
2786:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2739:
2737:0-393-30229-6
2733:
2729:
2722:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2679:
2671:
2669:0-393-00949-1
2665:
2661:
2654:
2646:
2644:0-471-50236-7
2640:
2636:
2629:
2627:
2618:
2612:
2608:
2601:
2595:, p. 61.
2594:
2589:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2407:
2399:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2307:0-393-03934-X
2303:
2299:
2292:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2105:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2073:
2068:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1957:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1927:
1910:
1904:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1870:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1815:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1783:
1782:Friedman 2000
1778:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1739:"On this Day"
1734:
1728:, p. 11.
1727:
1722:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1691:, p. 10.
1690:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1595:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1555:
1539:
1533:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1511:
1506:
1499:
1494:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1472:
1467:
1460:
1455:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1423:, p. 29.
1422:
1421:Friedman 2000
1417:
1410:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1309:
1304:
1297:
1292:
1285:
1280:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1242:
1236:, p. 93.
1235:
1230:
1228:
1223:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1176:
1170:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1058:Personal life
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1036:Martin Luther
1033:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1012:
1010:
1005:
1003:
999:
989:
982:
981:
974:
967:
961:
957:
950:
949:
942:
935:
934:
927:
920:
918:
911:
904:
898:
891:
885:
878:
872:
862:
859:
851:
840:
837:
833:
830:
826:
823:
819:
816:
812:
809: –
808:
804:
803:Find sources:
797:
793:
787:
786:
781:This section
779:
775:
770:
769:
765:
755:
753:
752:
747:
742:
740:
739:
734:
730:
726:
722:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
662:loyalty oaths
659:
655:
654:
648:
646:
642:
637:
635:
631:
626:
623:
620:to study the
619:
615:
611:
607:
606:Ruth Benedict
603:
599:
598:Margaret Mead
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
542:United States
539:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
509:'s daughter,
508:
507:Sigmund Freud
498:
494:
492:
488:
482:
479:
474:
472:
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
431:
429:
428:
423:
419:
415:
411:
406:
404:
400:
396:
395:psychoanalyst
392:
388:
379:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
349:
347:
343:
340:
337:
335:Notable ideas
333:
326:
323:
320:
319:
315:
312:
311:
307:
304:
303:
299:
298:
296:
294:Notable works
292:
289:
286:
282:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
257:
255:
251:
245:
242:
240:
237:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
219:Academic work
217:
211:
210:Margaret Mead
208:
206:
205:Sigmund Freud
203:
201:
198:
196:
195:Ruth Benedict
193:
192:
190:
186:
181:
177:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
158:
154:
151:
148:4, including
147:
143:
127:
122:
118:
111:
108:
107:
105:
101:
96:
95:Massachusetts
92:
82:
78:
74:
73:German Empire
70:
66:
49:
45:
41:
36:
29:
26:
22:
7100:
7083:
7071:from Commons
7066:
7046:Erik Erikson
7045:
6909:
6895:
6888:Robert Coles
6881:
6871:
6857:
6843:
6836:Erik Erikson
6835:
6829:
6815:
6805:
6798:Ariel Durant
6787:
6781:
6767:
6753:
6739:
6725:
6711:
6697:
6606:Associations
6597:Peter Fonagy
6542:Nathan Azrin
6517:Arthur Janov
6477:Joseph Wolpe
6462:Albert Ellis
6442:George Kelly
6427:Erik Erikson
6426:
6387:Karen Horney
6357:Alfred Adler
6352:Pierre Janet
6342:Josef Breuer
6274:Hypnotherapy
6009:Play therapy
5626:Larry Squire
5621:Bruce McEwen
5616:Amos Tversky
5586:Jerome Kagan
5576:Noam Chomsky
5516:Hans Eysenck
5486:Harry Harlow
5466:Erik Erikson
5465:
5365:Intelligence
5262:Neuroimaging
5005:Quantitative
4970:Mathematical
4965:Intelligence
4955:Experimental
4950:Evolutionary
4940:Differential
4849:Psychologist
4688:Jerome Kagan
4683:Harry Harlow
4673:Erik Erikson
4672:
4458:
4277:
4252:
4248:
4229:
4215:(5): 27–28.
4212:
4208:
4189:
4160:(3): 28–31.
4157:
4153:
4112:
4108:
4083:
4079:
4061:
4056:Roazen, Paul
4031:
4027:
4002:(1): 69–86.
3999:
3995:
3962:
3958:
3933:
3929:
3911:
3889:
3860:
3856:
3808:(1): 15–21.
3805:
3801:
3753:(1): 48–64.
3750:
3746:
3721:(3): 42–46.
3718:
3714:
3695:
3668:
3664:
3655:
3623:
3619:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3546:(1): 35–68.
3543:
3539:
3511:
3492:
3467:
3438:
3426:. Retrieved
3421:
3398:
3386:. Retrieved
3379:the original
3350:
3346:
3327:. Retrieved
3299:
3295:
3271:
3252:
3226:
3202:
3182:
3159:
3140:
3121:
3078:
3074:
3044:
3038:
3010:
3003:
2976:
2970:
2943:
2937:
2910:
2904:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2842:
2836:
2828:
2823:
2811:
2799:. Retrieved
2795:
2785:
2773:. Retrieved
2769:the original
2756:
2746:
2727:
2721:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2659:
2653:
2634:
2606:
2600:
2588:
2553:
2549:
2539:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2466:(1): 53–65.
2463:
2459:
2453:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2406:
2387:
2381:
2338:
2334:
2324:
2297:
2291:
2279:. Retrieved
2275:
2266:
2232:
2226:
2199:
2195:
2185:
2176:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2092:. Retrieved
2088:
2079:
2067:
2052:
2045:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1976:. Retrieved
1972:
1963:
1951:
1934:
1913:. Retrieved
1903:
1891:. Retrieved
1886:
1877:
1858:
1852:
1840:. Retrieved
1836:
1826:
1819:Erikson 1974
1814:
1802:. Retrieved
1798:
1789:
1777:
1765:. Retrieved
1751:
1742:
1733:
1721:
1709:. Retrieved
1705:
1696:
1684:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1625:
1613:. Retrieved
1609:
1581:. Retrieved
1577:the original
1566:
1561:, p. 8.
1559:Stevens 2008
1554:
1542:. Retrieved
1532:
1527:, p. 9.
1505:
1493:
1486:Stevens 1983
1473:, p. 8.
1466:
1454:
1442:. Retrieved
1438:the original
1428:
1416:
1404:
1396:Encyclopedia
1395:
1361:. Retrieved
1356:
1330:. Retrieved
1325:
1315:
1303:
1291:
1279:
1267:. Retrieved
1263:
1253:
1246:Stevens 2008
1241:
1234:Burston 2007
1194:
1188:
1160:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1102:
1094:
1084:Bibliography
1079:
1068:
1064:Joan Erikson
1061:
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1029:
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854:
848:January 2016
845:
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790:Please help
785:verification
782:
749:
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743:
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694:
658:Levering Act
651:
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638:
627:
614:South Dakota
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495:
483:
475:
471:pediatrician
464:
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437:
425:
407:
390:
386:
385:
372:James Marcia
357:Robert Coles
324:
316:
308:
300:
253:Institutions
85:(1994-05-12)
61:15 June 1902
32:Erik Erikson
25:
7126:1994 deaths
7121:1902 births
6850:John Toland
6687:(1962–1975)
6527:R. D. Laing
6502:Haim Ginott
6432:Carl Rogers
6397:Fritz Perls
6312:Psychodrama
6237:Biofeedback
6039:Integrative
5984:Art therapy
5963:Logotherapy
5698:Disciplines
5671:Susan Fiske
5561:Roger Brown
5461:Carl Rogers
5446:Jean Piaget
5411:Ivan Pavlov
5267:Observation
5247:Experiments
5194:Suicidology
5089:Educational
5044:Anomalistic
5015:Theoretical
4990:Personality
4920:Comparative
4903:Cognitivism
4894:Behaviorism
4722:Controversy
4663:John Bowlby
4392:Young adult
3063:Works cited
2509:(1): 3–32.
2411:Slater 2003
2072:Engler 2014
2060:Engler 2014
1978:27 November
1956:Arnett 2000
1654:(3): 1112.
1630:Engler 2008
1183:Collections
1089:Major works
1075:sociologist
998:Ninth Stage
992:Ninth stage
686:Fred Rogers
523:Paul Federn
126:Joan Serson
103:Citizenship
83:12 May 1994
7115:Categories
7085:Quotations
7014:Psychology
6812:René Dubos
6487:Aaron Beck
6402:Anna Freud
6297:Co-therapy
6152:Techniques
6082:Counseling
6070:Approaches
5935:Humanistic
5878:behavioral
5761:Wikisource
5606:Paul Ekman
5441:Kurt Lewin
5335:Competence
5257:Interviews
5237:Case study
5114:Humanistic
5094:Ergonomics
5079:Counseling
5054:Assessment
5036:psychology
4985:Perception
4945:Ecological
4861:psychology
4839:Philosophy
4823:Psychology
4708:René Spitz
3512:Anna Freud
3388:20 October
3329:20 October
3053:1016208029
2946:. Boyars.
2801:20 October
2775:20 October
2276:docuri.com
2202:(1): 1–9.
1937:. Norton.
1893:20 October
1842:19 October
1804:4 December
1726:Hoare 2002
1711:4 December
1689:Hoare 2002
1525:Hoare 2002
1510:Hoare 2002
1471:Hoare 2002
1363:19 October
1332:20 October
1269:20 October
1214:References
917:Competence
818:newspapers
705:humanities
618:California
564:Copenhagen
511:Anna Freud
460:Salomonsen
444:Copenhagen
442:family in
434:Early life
352:Eric Berne
345:Influenced
227:Psychology
224:Discipline
200:Anna Freud
188:Influences
57:1902-06-15
7002:Biography
6967:2001–2025
6958:1976–2000
6949:1962–1975
6447:Rollo May
6382:Otto Rank
6367:Carl Jung
6097:Self-help
5781:Wikibooks
5771:Wikiquote
5641:Ed Diener
5426:Carl Jung
5330:Cognition
5159:Political
5069:Community
4899:Cognitive
4703:Mary Main
4511:Demetriou
4372:Antenatal
4261:0033-2836
4166:0363-891X
4129:0033-2941
4092:0363-891X
4040:1745-8315
4008:0363-891X
3979:1546-0371
3942:0025-9284
3869:0033-2836
3832:1573-3327
3767:0007-7720
3727:0363-891X
3706:898775065
3677:0363-891X
3632:0033-2836
3600:0002-8762
3552:0363-891X
3428:27 August
3367:2329-5244
3324:145668721
3316:1939-1552
3105:1935-990X
3083:CiteSeerX
2962:315744364
2896:1099-1743
2765:2201-7151
2572:1079-5014
2531:144519449
2523:1573-6679
2488:140501567
2480:1068-0667
2445:0092-6566
2365:0743-5584
2259:241069450
2218:2580-3077
2139:145704944
2131:0165-0254
2089:study.com
2058:Cited in
2019:0010-3853
1943:868769096
1767:30 August
1759:(2006) .
1668:0021-8723
1615:30 August
1444:30 August
1219:Citations
1143:Adulthood
727:and a US
612:tribe in
467:Karlsruhe
410:professor
65:Frankfurt
6880: /
6814: /
6279:Modeling
6269:Homework
6173:Chaining
6111:Research
5953:Focusing
5776:Wikinews
5733:Timeline
5355:Feelings
5350:Emotions
5310:Behavior
5301:Concepts
5179:Religion
5164:Positive
5154:Pastoral
5139:Military
5104:Forensic
5099:Feminist
5084:Critical
5074:Consumer
5064:Coaching
5059:Clinical
5034:Applied
4930:Cultural
4869:Abnormal
4489:Kohlberg
4449:Vygotsky
4420:theories
4407:Maturity
4174:11615797
4145:35340912
4100:11623366
4058:(1976).
4016:11623369
3848:22049620
3793:(1997).
3783:35564701
3775:11634791
3735:11615801
3685:11623367
3560:11623368
3375:51749399
3251:(2002).
3113:10842426
3030:13821644
2861:31741383
2713:83998401
2580:26443014
2373:44281123
2316:35198742
2037:19533350
1583:11 March
1488:, ch. 1.
1202:See also
1159:(1997).
1050:and the
1021:religion
996:For the
933:Fidelity
634:Berkeley
478:identity
145:Children
109:American
7026:Germany
6988:Portals
6183:Shaping
6138:History
5830:Schools
5708:Outline
5204:Traffic
5199:Systems
5134:Medical
4960:Gestalt
4834:History
4503:Fischer
4499:Commons
4459:Erikson
4305:at the
4137:6992185
4048:4616017
3921:4930459
3888:(ed.).
3877:9279929
3840:9256525
3640:9279928
3608:1849243
2995:3414835
2929:1055523
2693:Bibcode
2281:18 June
2028:2791471
1915:8 March
1745:. 2010.
1676:2675414
1544:3 April
1398:. 2018.
1009:virtues
903:Purpose
832:scholar
456:Germany
448:Denmark
414:Harvard
139:
131:
91:Harwich
6918:(1975)
6904:(1974)
6890:(1973)
6866:(1972)
6852:(1971)
6838:(1970)
6824:(1969)
6800:(1968)
6776:(1967)
6762:(1966)
6748:(1965)
6734:(1964)
6720:(1963)
6706:(1962)
6330:People
5738:Topics
5184:School
5109:Health
5010:Social
4913:Social
4859:Basic
4844:Portal
4774:Others
4570:Theory
4469:Bowlby
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1191:(1959)
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1139:(1977)
1133:(1975)
1127:(1969)
1119:(1968)
1113:(1966)
1107:(1958)
1099:(1950)
1038:, and
980:Wisdom
834:
827:
820:
813:
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604:, and
575:Boston
556:Berlin
521:, and
491:Munich
487:Nordic
440:Jewish
420:, and
389:(born
327:(1987)
321:(1969)
313:(1958)
305:(1950)
171:(1970)
165:(1970)
156:Awards
120:Spouse
112:German
97:, U.S.
7068:Media
6792:, by
5977:Other
5685:Lists
5144:Music
5129:Media
5124:Legal
4975:Moral
4507:Kegan
4429:Freud
4141:S2CID
3844:S2CID
3798:(PDF)
3779:S2CID
3604:JSTOR
3382:(PDF)
3371:S2CID
3343:(PDF)
3320:S2CID
2709:S2CID
2527:S2CID
2484:S2CID
2369:S2CID
2255:S2CID
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1672:JSTOR
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1034:, on
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825:books
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622:Yurok
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