German Empire - Knowledge

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weak, the parties were fragmented, and there was a high level of mutual distrust. The Nazis built on the illiberal, anti-pluralist elements of Weimar's political culture. The Junker elites (the large landowners in the east) and senior civil servants used their great power and influence well into the twentieth century to frustrate any movement toward democracy. They played an especially negative role in the crisis of 1930–1933. Bismarck's emphasis on military force amplified the voice of the officer corps, which combined advanced modernisation of military technology with reactionary politics. The rising upper-middle-class elites, in the business, financial and professional worlds, tended to accept the values of the old traditional elites. The German Empire was for Hans-Ulrich Wehler a strange mixture of highly successful capitalist industrialisation and socio-economic modernisation on the one hand, and of surviving pre-industrial institutions, power relations and traditional cultures on the other. Wehler argues that it produced a high degree of internal tension, which led on the one hand to the suppression of socialists, Catholics and reformers, and on the other hand to a highly aggressive foreign policy. For these reasons

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were without a priest. In the face of systematic defiance, the Bismarck government increased the penalties and its attacks, and were challenged in 1875 when a papal encyclical declared the whole ecclesiastical legislation of Prussia was invalid, and threatened to excommunicate any Catholic who obeyed. There was no violence, but the Catholics mobilized their support, set up numerous civic organizations, raised money to pay fines, and rallied behind their church and the Centre Party. The "Old Catholic Church", which rejected the First Vatican Council, attracted only a few thousand members. Bismarck, a devout pietistic Protestant, realized his Kulturkampf was backfiring when secular and socialist elements used the opportunity to attack all religion. In the long run, the most significant result was the mobilization of the Catholic voters, and their insistence on protecting their religious identity. In the elections of 1874, the Centre party doubled its popular vote, and became the second-largest party in the national parliament—and remained a powerful force for the next 60 years, so that after Bismarck it became difficult to form a government without their support.

4443: 4596: 4572: 4468: 4450: 4505: 4486: 4482: 4475: 4432: 4435: 3736:. However, the evolution of weapons over the last century heavily favored defense over offense, especially thanks to the machine gun, so that it took proportionally more offensive force to overcome a defensive position. This resulted in the German lines on the offense contracting to keep up the offensive timetable while correspondingly the French lines were extending. In addition, some German units that were originally slotted for the German far-right were transferred to the Eastern Front in reaction to Russia mobilizing far faster than anticipated. The combined effect had the German right flank sweeping down in front of Paris instead of behind it exposing the German Right flank to the extending French lines and attack from strategic French reserves stationed in Paris. Attacking the exposed German right flank, the 4507: 4060: 4460: 4356: 4580: 1694: 4484: 4490: 4570: 4891: 1305:

1815, the now united Germany became predominantly urban. The success of German industrialization manifested itself in two ways in the early 20th century; German factories were often larger and more modern than many of their British and French counterparts, but the preindustrial sector was more backward. The success of the German Empire in the natural sciences, especially in physics and chemistry, was such that one-third of all Nobel Prizes went to German inventors and researchers. During its 47 years of existence, the German Empire became an industrial, technological, and scientific power in Europe, and by 1913, Germany was the largest economy in continental Europe and the third-largest in the world. Germany also became a

5356: 2454:(League of Three Emperors), in 1881. During this period, individuals within the German military were advocating a preemptive strike against Russia, but Bismarck knew that such ideas were foolhardy. He once wrote that "the most brilliant victories would not avail against the Russian nation, because of its climate, its desert, and its frugality, and having but one frontier to defend", and because it would leave Germany with another bitter, resentful neighbor. Despite this, another alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy would be signed in 1882, preying on the fears of the German and Austro-Hungarian militaries of the untrustworthiness of Russia itself. This alliance, named the 6411: 4548: 5387: 1019: 4779: 1757: 5038: 5010: 4982: 4576: 3705: 1622: 4588: 4467: 5101: 1511: 5125: 5850: 77: 6454: 6468: 5953: 6435: 5316: 4605: 3772: 6512: 4716: 3810:. Verdun had been one of the last cities to hold out against the German Army in 1870, and Falkenhayn predicted that as a matter of national pride the French would do anything to ensure that it was not taken. He expected that he could take strong defensive positions in the hills overlooking Verdun on the east bank of the river Meuse to threaten the city and the French would launch desperate attacks against these positions. He predicted that French losses would be greater than those of the Germans and that continued French commitment of troops to Verdun would "bleed the French Army white." In February 1916, the 1033: 5892: 2779: 63: 4849: 4828: 4800: 6009: 2709:. By 1880, Germany had 9,400 locomotives pulling 43,000 passengers and 30,000 tons of freight, and forged ahead of France. The total length of German railroad tracks expanded from 21,000 km (13,000 mi) in 1871 to 63,000 km (39,000 mi) by 1913, establishing the largest rail network in the world after the United States. The German rail network was followed by Austria-Hungary (43,280 km; 26,890 mi), France (40,770 km; 25,330 mi), the United Kingdom (32,623 km; 20,271 mi), Italy (18,873 km; 11,727 mi) and Spain (15,088 km; 9,375 mi). 5836: 5925: 5981: 5967: 3225: 5191: 5170: 6034: 5995: 5911: 5864: 1005: 977: 4494: 5939: 3405: 5878: 5149: 4744: 4417: 13394: 3040: 4436: 5286: 6482: 7350: 5399: 3133: 1072: 225: 6072:

by bit, through internal migration, religious blending was more and more common. In eastern territories, confession was almost uniquely perceived to be connected to one's ethnicity and the equation "Protestant = German, Catholic = Polish" was held to be valid. In areas affected by immigration in the Ruhr area and Westphalia, as well as in some large cities, religious landscape changed substantially. This was especially true in largely Catholic areas of Westphalia, which changed through Protestant immigration from the eastern provinces.

6423: 1100: 4527: 4660: 4445: 3828: 991: 2501: 5526: 4688: 2587: 4954: 4438: 5415: 5080: 4472: 1058: 6792: 5212: 3240:. The threat of the SPD to the German monarchy and industrialists caused the state both to crack down on the party's supporters and to implement its own programme of social reform to soothe discontent. Germany's large industries provided significant social welfare programmes and good care to their employees, as long as they were not identified as socialists or trade-union members. The larger industrial firms provided pensions, sickness benefits and even housing to their employees. 1869: 1086: 4933: 4870: 4489: 4403:

proclaimed, Bismarck implemented a convention in which his sovereign would only send and receive envoys to and from other German states as the King of Prussia, while envoys from Berlin sent to foreign nations always received credentials from the monarch in his capacity as German Emperor. In this way, the Prussian foreign ministry was largely tasked with managing relations with the other German states while the Imperial foreign ministry managed Germany's external relations.

3052: 3373: 5368: 4006:, the Germans expected to unfreeze the battlefield and win a decisive victory before the army of the United States, which had now entered the war on the side of the Allies, arrived in strength. In what was known as the "kaiserschlacht", Germany converged their troops and delivered multiple blows that pushed back the allies. However, the repeated German offensives in the spring of 1918 all failed, as the Allies fell back and regrouped and the Germans lacked the 3965: 3068: 211: 4039:

blockade. The winter of 1916–1917 was known as the "turnip winter", because the people had to survive on a vegetable more commonly reserved for livestock, as a substitute for potatoes and meat, which were increasingly scarce. Thousands of soup kitchens were opened to feed the hungry, who grumbled that the farmers were keeping the food for themselves. Even the army had to cut the soldiers' rations. The morale of both civilians and soldiers continued to sink.

201: 4463: 3188: 2956: 5270: 7280: 2330: 5254: 241: 4439: 3299: 6673:). The catastrophic German politics between 1914 and 1945 are interpreted in terms of a delayed modernisation of its political structures. At the core of Wehler's interpretation is his treatment of "the middle class" and "revolution", each of which was instrumental in shaping the 20th century. Wehler's examination of Nazi rule is shaped by his concept of "charismatic domination", which focuses heavily on Hitler. 4474: 2899: 4566: 2344: 6544:, the Empire's colonial efforts and its vigorous, competitive industrial prowess all gained it the dislike and envy of other nations. The German Empire enacted a number of progressive reforms, such as Europe's first social welfare system and freedom of press. There was also a modern system for electing the federal parliament, the Reichstag, in which every adult man had one vote. This enabled the 4423: 2625:

after those of Britain, thus making more efficient use of its capital and avoiding legacy methods in its leap to the envelope of technology. Germany invested more heavily than the British in research, especially in chemistry, ICE engines and electricity. Germany's dominance in physics and chemistry was such that one-third of all Nobel Prizes went to German inventors and researchers. The German

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was self-sufficient in meeting the demands of railroad construction, and the railways were a major impetus for the growth of the new steel industry. German unification in 1870 stimulated consolidation, nationalisation into state-owned companies, and further rapid growth. Unlike the situation in France, the goal was support of industrialisation, and so heavy lines crisscrossed the

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with the United States, which opposed German attempts at colonial expansion in both the Caribbean and the Pacific. Native insurrections in German territories received prominent coverage in other countries, especially in Britain; the established powers had dealt with such uprisings decades earlier, often brutally, and had secured firm control of their colonies by then. The

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premodern society battled an emerging capitalist, bourgeois, modernising society. Recognising the importance of modernising forces in industry and the economy and in the cultural realm, Wehler argues that reactionary traditionalism dominated the political hierarchy of power in Germany, as well as social mentalities and in class relations (

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the heart of Europe so powerful and yet so restless that her neighbors on each side had no choice but either to become her vassals or to stand together for protection....They used their central position to create fear in all sides, in order to gain their diplomatic ends. And then they complained that on all sides they had been encircled.

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separate public schools where their religion was taught. There was little interaction or intermarriage. On the whole, the Protestants had a higher social status, and the Catholics were more likely to be peasant farmers or unskilled or semiskilled industrial workers. In 1870, the Catholics formed their own political party, the

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emperor wanted to be the master in his own house and had many sycophants telling him that Frederick the Great would not have been great with a Bismarck at his side. A key difference between Wilhelm II and Bismarck was their approaches to handling political crises, especially in 1889, when German coal miners went on strike in

9592: 4579: 4395:). Relations between the Imperial centre and the Empire's components were somewhat fluid and were developed on an ongoing basis. The extent to which the German Emperor could, for example, intervene on occasions of disputed or unclear succession was much debated on occasion—for example in the inheritance crisis in 1835:

completely different franchises. Universal suffrage was significantly diluted by gross over-representation of rural areas from the 1890s onward. By the turn of the century, the urban-rural population balance was completely reversed from 1871; more than two-thirds of the empire's people lived in cities and towns.

10136: 3389:, was an untested power and had only been active there for two years. Seven western nations, including the United States, and Japan mounted a joint relief force to rescue westerners caught up in the rebellion. During the departure ceremonies for the German contingent, Wilhelm II urged them to behave like the 4015:

4.5 million men on the western front and 4,000 tanks for the Hundred Days Offensive, the Americans arriving at the rate of 10,000 a day, Germany's allies facing collapse and the German Empire's manpower exhausted, it was only a matter of time before multiple Allied offensives destroyed the German army.

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state board which weeded out intransigent Catholics. Another provision gave the government a veto power over most church activities. A second law abolished the jurisdiction of the Vatican over the Catholic Church in Prussia; its authority was transferred to a government body controlled by Protestants.

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of social history, places the origins of Germany's path to disaster in the 1860s–1870s, when economic modernisation took place, but political modernisation did not happen and the old Prussian rural elite remained in firm control of the army, diplomacy and the civil service. Traditional, aristocratic,

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Towards the end of the war, conditions deteriorated rapidly on the home front, with severe food shortages reported in all urban areas. The causes included the transfer of many farmers and food workers into the military, combined with the overburdened railway system, shortages of coal, and the British

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Berlin was deeply suspicious of a supposed conspiracy of its enemies: that year-by-year in the early 20th century it was systematically encircled by enemies. There was a growing fear that the supposed enemy coalition of Russia, France and Britain was getting stronger militarily every year, especially

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Technological progress during German industrialisation occurred in four waves: the railway wave (1877–1886), the dye wave (1887–1896), the chemical wave (1897–1902), and the wave of electrical engineering (1903–1918). Since Germany industrialised later than Britain, it was able to model its factories

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Meanwhile, the chancellor remained wary of any foreign policy developments that looked even remotely warlike. In 1886, he moved to stop an attempted sale of horses to France because they might be used for cavalry and also ordered an investigation into large Russian purchases of medicine from a German

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responsible only to him. The emperor was given extensive powers by the constitution. He alone appointed and dismissed the chancellor (so in practice, the emperor ruled the empire through the chancellor), was supreme commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and final arbiter of all foreign affairs, and

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After 1850, the states of Germany had rapidly become industrialized, with particular strengths in coal, iron (and later steel), chemicals, and railways. In 1871, Germany had a population of 41 million people; by 1913, this had increased to 68 million. A heavily rural collection of states in

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has had a turbulent history. 19th-century scholars who emphasised a separate German path to modernity saw it as a positive factor that differentiated Germany from the "western path" typified by Great Britain. They stressed the strong bureaucratic state, reforms initiated by Bismarck and other strong

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hardly changed. Still, there were almost entirely Catholic areas (Lower and Upper Bavaria, northern Westphalia, Upper Silesia, etc.) and almost entirely Protestant areas (Schleswig-Holstein, Pomerania, Saxony, etc.). Confessional prejudices, especially towards mixed marriages, were still common. Bit

4521: 3924:. Thus Germany had at last achieved its long-wanted dominance of "Mitteleuropa" (Central Europe) and could now focus fully on defeating the Allies on the Western Front. In practice, however, the forces that were needed to garrison and secure the new territories were a drain on the German war effort. 3568:

The encirclement, such as it was, was of Germany's own making. She had encircled herself by alienating France over Alsace-Lorraine, Russia by her support of Austria-Hungary's anti—Slav policy in the Balkans, England by building her rival fleet. She had created with Austria-Hungary a military bloc in

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be sent in to crush the strike, but Wilhelm II rejected this authoritarian measure, responding "I do not wish to stain my reign with the blood of my subjects." Instead of condoning repression, Wilhelm had the government negotiate with a delegation from the coal miners, which brought the strike to an

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produced several hundred different dyes, along with the five smaller firms. Imperial Germany built up the world's largest chemical industry, the production of German chemical industry was 60% higher than that of the United States. In 1913, these eight firms produced almost 90% of the world supply of

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with Austria-Hungary in 1879. The Dual Aliance was a defensive alliance that was established against Russia, and by association France, in the event alliance did not work out with the state. However, an alliance with Russia would come not long after the signing of the Dual Alliance with Austria, the

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or "special path" (or "exceptionalism") as the root of Nazism and the German catastrophe in the 20th century. According to the historiography by Kocka (1988), the process of nation-building from above had very grievous long-term implications. In terms of parliamentary democracy, Parliament was kept

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shaped the positive memory of the Empire, especially among Germans who distrusted and despised the Weimar Republic. Conservatives, liberals, socialists, nationalists, Catholics and Protestants all had their own interpretations, which led to a fractious political and social climate in Germany in the

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cities and one imperial territory. The free cities had a republican form of government on the state level, even though the Empire at large was constituted as a monarchy, and so were most of the states. Prussia was the largest of the constituent states, covering two-thirds of the empire's territory.

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began, with the French positions under constant shelling and poison gas attack and taking large casualties under the assault of overwhelmingly large German forces. However, Falkenhayn's prediction of a greater ratio of French killed proved to be wrong as both sides took heavy casualties. Falkenhayn

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Claims that German communities in South America acted as extensions of the German Empire were ubiquituous by 1900 but it has never been proved that these communities acted in such way to any significant degree. German political, cultural and scientific influence was particularly intense in Chile in

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had tried "to convince the Kaiser that the future of the German empire abroad lay in the Middle East" and not in Africa; with a grand Middle-Eastern empire, Germany could afford to allow Britain the unhindered completion of the Cape-to-Cairo railway that Rhodes favoured. Britain initially supported

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Bismarck had originally dismissed the agitation for colonies with contempt; he favoured a Eurocentric foreign policy, as the treaty arrangements made during his tenure in office show. As a latecomer to colonization, Germany repeatedly came into conflict with the established colonial powers and also

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Bismarck's efforts also initiated the levelling of the enormous differences between the German states, which had been independent in their evolution for centuries, especially with legislation. The completely different legal histories and judicial systems posed enormous complications, especially for

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The Kulturkampf launched by Bismarck 1871–1880 affected Prussia; although there were similar movements in Baden and Hesse, the rest of Germany was not affected. According to the new imperial constitution, the states were in charge of religious and educational affairs; they funded the Protestant and

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in 1815. Territories were not necessarily contiguous—many existed in several parts, as a result of historical acquisitions, or, in several cases, divisions of the ruling families. Some of the initially existing states, in particular Hanover, were abolished and annexed by Prussia as a result of the

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On the advice of the chancellor, the emperor appointed the ministers and – at least formally – all other imperial officers. All acts of the emperor except for military directives required the countersignature of the chancellor (Article XVII). The emperor was also responsible for signing bills into

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was able to set guidelines and make organisational changes within the executive branch, act as supreme arbitrator in administrative disputes between states, and serve as constitutional court for states that did not have a constitutional court (Article LXXVI). It was composed of representatives who

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Artists began experimental art in opposition to Kaiser Wilhelm's support for traditional art, to which Wilhelm responded "art which transgresses the laws and limits laid down by me can no longer be called art". It was largely thanks to Wilhelm's influence that most printed material in Germany used

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Bismarck's paternalistic programs won the support of German industry because its goals were to win the support of the working classes for the Empire and reduce the outflow of immigrants to America, where wages were higher but welfare did not exist. Bismarck further won the support of both industry

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Nearly all German bishops, clergy, and laymen rejected the legality of the new laws, and were defiant in the face of heavier and heavier penalties and imprisonments imposed by Bismarck's government. By 1876, all the Prussian bishops were imprisoned or in exile, and a third of the Catholic parishes

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Much more serious were the May laws of 1873. One made the appointment of any priest dependent on his attendance at a German university, as opposed to the seminaries that the Catholics typically used. Furthermore, all candidates for the ministry had to pass an examination in German culture before a

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Prussia in 1871 included 16,000,000 Protestants, both Reformed and Lutheran, and 8,000,000 Catholics. Most people were generally segregated into their own religious worlds, living in rural districts or city neighbourhoods that were overwhelmingly of the same religion, and sending their children to

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Lacking a technological base at first, the Germans imported their engineering and hardware from Britain but quickly learned the skills needed to operate and expand the railways. In many cities, the new railway shops were the centers of technological awareness and training, so that by 1850, Germany

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which weighted votes based on the amount of taxes paid, all but assuring a conservative majority. The king and (with two exceptions) the prime minister of Prussia were also the emperor and chancellor of the empire – meaning that the same rulers had to seek majorities from legislatures elected from

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The other states retained their own governments but had only limited aspects of sovereignty. For example, both postage stamps and currency were issued for the empire as a whole. Coins through one mark were also minted in the name of the empire, while higher-valued pieces were issued by the states.

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With Bismarck's departure, Wilhelm II became the dominant ruler of Germany. Unlike his grandfather, Wilhelm I, who had been largely content to leave government affairs to the chancellor, Wilhelm II wanted to be fully informed and actively involved in running Germany, not an ornamental figurehead,

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Bismarck announced there would be no more territorial additions to Germany in Europe, and his diplomacy after 1871 was focused on stabilizing the European system and preventing any wars. He succeeded, and only after his departure from office in 1890 did the diplomatic tensions start rising again.

157: 2803:, which generally supported unification and most of Bismarck's policies. However, Bismarck distrusted parliamentary democracy in general and opposition parties in particular, especially when the Centre Party showed signs of gaining support among dissident elements such as the Polish Catholics in 2610:. By 1902, the factory alone became "A great city with its own streets, its own police force, fire department and traffic laws. There are 150 kilometers of rail, 60 different factory buildings, 8,500 machine tools, seven electrical stations, 140 kilometers of underground cable, and 46 overhead." 2485:

Many consider Bismarck's foreign policy as a coherent system and partly responsible for the preservation of Europe's stability. It was also marked by the need to balance circumspect defensiveness and the desire to be free from the constraints of its position as a major European power. Bismarck's

2392:. Less preoccupied with continental power politics following unification in 1871, Germany's semi-parliamentary government carried out a relatively smooth economic and political revolution from above that pushed them along the way towards becoming the world's leading industrial power of the time. 1829:

Although authoritarian in many respects, the empire had some democratic features. Besides universal manhood suffrage, it permitted the development of political parties. Bismarck intended to create a constitutional façade that would mask the continuation of authoritarian policies. However, in the

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Bismarck and most of his contemporaries were conservative-minded and focused their foreign policy attention on Germany's neighboring states. In 1914, 60% of German foreign investment was in Europe, as opposed to just 5% of British investment. Most of the money went to developing nations such as

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concludes that he "remained undisputed world champion at the game of multilateral diplomatic chess for almost twenty years after 1871, himself exclusively, and successfully, to maintaining peace between the powers". This was a departure from his adventurous foreign policy for Prussia, where he

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granting social rights to enhance the integration of a hierarchical society, to forge a bond between workers and the state so as to strengthen the latter, to maintain traditional relations of authority between social and status groups, and to provide a countervailing power against the modernist

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While Prussian aristocrats challenged the demands of a united German state, in the 1890s several organizations were set up to challenge the authoritarian conservative Prussian militarism which was being imposed on the country. Educators opposed to the German state-run schools, which emphasized

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wanted to reassert his ruling prerogatives at a time when other monarchs in Europe were being transformed into constitutional figureheads. This decision led the ambitious Kaiser into conflict with Bismarck. The old chancellor had hoped to guide Wilhelm as he had guided his grandfather, but the

2568:, which were also its main economic rivals. Throughout its existence, it experienced economic growth and modernization led by heavy industry. In 1871, it had a largely rural population of 41 million, while by 1913, this had increased to a predominantly urban population of 68 million. 1479:(around US$ 269 billion or €240 billion in 2019, or roughly US$ 32 billion in 1921), as well as limiting the army to 100,000 men and disallowing conscription, armored vehicles, submarines, aircraft, and more than six battleships. The consequential economic devastation, later exacerbated by the 6693:

led Germany to the disaster of 1933–1945. The special circumstances of German historical structures and experiences, were interpreted as preconditions that, while not directly causing National Socialism, did hamper the development of a liberal democracy and facilitate the rise of fascism. The

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concept. This meant that Austria-Hungary, a multi-ethnic Empire with a considerable German-speaking population, would remain outside of the German nation state. Bismarck's policy was to pursue a solution diplomatically. The effective alliance between Germany and Austria played a major role in

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marked his period in the office. Despite his hatred of liberalism and socialism – he called liberals and socialists "enemies of the Reich" – social programs introduced by Bismarck included old-age pensions, accident insurance, medical care and unemployment insurance, all aspects of the modern

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Unusually for a federation or a nation-state, the German states maintained limited autonomy over foreign affairs and continued to exchange ambassadors and other diplomats (both with each other and directly with foreign nations) for the Empire's entire existence. Shortly after the Empire was

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in 1915 promised it the frontier districts of Austria and also colonial concessions. Germany did acquire a second ally in 1914 when the Ottoman Empire entered the war on its side, but in the long run, supporting the Ottoman war effort only drained away German resources from the main fronts.

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Industrialisation progressed dynamically in Germany, and German manufacturers began to capture domestic markets from British imports, and also to compete with British industry abroad, particularly in the U.S. The German textile and metal industries had by 1870 surpassed those of Britain in

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and were less willing to continue fighting. The war effort sparked civil unrest in Germany, while the troops, who had been constantly in the field without relief, grew exhausted and lost all hope of victory. In the summer of 1918, the British Army was at its peak strength with as many as

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One of the effects of the unification policies was the gradually increasing tendency to eliminate the use of non-German languages in public life, schools and academic settings with the intent of pressuring the non-German population to abandon their national identity in what was called

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and some had their own armies, the military forces of the smaller ones were put under Prussian control. Those of the larger states, such as the Kingdoms of Bavaria and Saxony, were coordinated along Prussian principles and would, in wartime, be controlled by the federal government.

9562: 3013:). In 1873 the constitution was amended to allow the Empire to replace the various and greatly differing Civil Codes of the states (If they existed at all; for example, parts of Germany formerly occupied by Napoleon's France had adopted the French Civil Code, while in Prussia the 4514: 2486:

successors did not pursue his foreign policy legacy. For instance, Kaiser Wilhelm II, who dismissed the chancellor in 1890, let the treaty with Russia lapse in favor of Germany's alliance with Austria, which finally led to a stronger coalition-building between Russia and France.

1391:("world politics") – a bellicose new course that ultimately contributed to the outbreak of World War I. Bismarck's successors were incapable of maintaining their predecessor's complex, shifting, and overlapping alliances which had kept Germany from being diplomatically isolated. 4433: 158: 149: 4620: 154: 153: 159: 152: 151: 150: 161: 1798:

The evolution of the German Empire is somewhat in line with parallel developments in Italy, which became a united nation-state a decade earlier. Some key elements of the German Empire's authoritarian political structure were also the basis for conservative modernization in

4590: 4589: 4454: 160: 156: 4622: 4551: 4540: 4471: 4502: 2688:(1914–1918), German industry switched to war production. The heaviest demands were on coal and steel for artillery and shell production, and on chemicals for the synthesis of materials that were subject to import restrictions and for chemical weapons and war supplies. 3724:, sweeping down to encircle and crush both Paris and the French forces along the Franco-German border in a quick victory. After defeating France, Germany would turn to attack Russia. The plan required violating the official neutrality of Belgium and Luxembourg, which 10100: 4437: 4461: 4452: 3273:. Hindenburg took over the role of commander–in–chief from the Kaiser, while Ludendorff became de facto general chief of staff. By 1916, Germany was effectively a military dictatorship run by Hindenburg and Ludendorff, with the Kaiser reduced to a mere figurehead. 4573: 2640:

Germany overtook British steel production in 1893 and pig iron production in 1903. The German steel and pig iron production continued its rapid expansion: Between 1911 and 1913, the German steel and pig iron output reached one quarter of total global production.

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in 1908 further soured relations with Russia. Berlin missed the opportunity to secure an alliance with Britain in the 1890s when it was involved in colonial rivalries with France, and he alienated British statesmen further by openly supporting the Boers in the

3321:"), causing the German Empire to vie with other European powers for remaining "unclaimed" territories. With the encouragement or at least the acquiescence of Britain, which at this stage saw Germany as a counterweight to her old rival France, Germany acquired 4481: 4512: 4428: 147: 4506: 4440: 2839:

Bismarck built on a tradition of welfare programs in Prussia and Saxony that began as early as in the 1840s. In the 1880s he introduced old-age pensions, accident insurance, medical care and unemployment insurance that formed the basis of the modern

6704:", the history of the bourgeoisie, and comparisons with the West. After 1990, increased attention to cultural dimensions and to comparative and relational history moved German historiography to different topics, with much less attention paid to the 4456: 2395:

Bismarck's "revolutionary conservatism" was a conservative state-building strategy designed to make ordinary Germans—not just the Junker elite—more loyal to the throne and empire. According to Kees van Kersbergen and Barbara Vis, his strategy was:

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In the 1860s, Russia removed privileges for German emigrants and placed pressure on German immigrants to assimilate. The majority of German emigrants left Russia after the turn of the century. Some of these ethnic Germans immigrated to Germany.

1297:. While Prussia was one of four kingdoms in the realm, it contained about two-thirds of the Empire's population and territory, and Prussian dominance was also constitutionally established, since the King of Prussia was also the German Emperor ( 186: 3861:

and the German and Austro-Hungarian armies thereafter steadily advanced eastward. The Germans benefited from political instability in Russia and its population's desire to end the war. In 1917 the German government allowed Russia's communist

3213:

military education, set up their own independent liberal schools, which encouraged individuality and freedom. However nearly all the schools in Imperial Germany had a very high standard and kept abreast with modern developments in knowledge.

4110:. Units of the German Navy refused to set sail for a last, large-scale operation in a war which they saw as good as lost, initiating the uprising. On 3 November, the revolt spread to other cities and states of the country, in many of which 3560:, it was after the set-back in Morocco in 1905 that the fear of encirclement began to be a potent factor in German politics." Few outside observers agreed with the notion of Germany as a victim of deliberate encirclement. English historian 2947:, where a series of anti-Polish measures was enforced. Numerous anti-Polish laws had no great effect especially in the province of Posen where the German-speaking population dropped from 42.8% in 1871 to 38.1% in 1905, despite all efforts. 3436:. In 1904, the Herero and the Nama revolted against the colonists in Southwest Africa, killing farm families, their laborers and servants. In response to the attacks, troops were dispatched to quell the uprising which then resulted in the 2872:. In the popular mind, Jews became a symbol of capitalism and wealth. On the other hand, the constitution and legal system protected the rights of Jews as German citizens. Antisemitic parties were formed but soon collapsed. But after the 2405:

Bismarck created the modern welfare state in Germany in the 1880s and enacted universal male suffrage in 1871. He became a great hero to German conservatives, who erected many monuments to his memory and tried to emulate his policies.

6624:

in 1886. The enormous growth of industrial production and industrial potential also led to a rapid urbanisation of Germany, which turned the Germans into a nation of city dwellers. More than 5 million people left Germany for the

4592: 4591: 4465: 3679:

Germany began the war by targeting its chief rival, France. Germany saw the French Republic as its principal danger on the European continent as it could mobilize much faster than Russia and bordered Germany's industrial core in the

4545: 1395:

was marked by increased oppression of Polish people and various factors influencing the Emperor's decisions, which were often perceived as contradictory or unpredictable by the public. In 1879, the German Empire consolidated the

4577: 4561: 4515: 4448: 1686:. However, the original constituencies drawn in 1871 were never redrawn to reflect the growth of urban areas. As a result, by the time of the great expansion of German cities in the 1890s and 1900s, rural areas were grossly 4510: 2644:

German factories were larger and more modern than their British and French counterparts. By 1913, the German electricity production was higher than the combined electricity production of Britain, France, Italy and Sweden.

4498: 4469: 3209:, which liberalized trade and so reduced unemployment, were supported by the Kaiser and most Germans except for Prussian landowners, who feared loss of land and power and launched several campaigns against the reforms. 4441: 2665:

dyestuffs and sold about 80% of their production abroad. The three major firms had also integrated upstream into the production of essential raw materials and they began to expand into other areas of chemistry such as

2621:

organisation and technical efficiency and superseded British manufacturers in the domestic market. Germany became the dominant economic power on the continent and was the second-largest exporting nation after Britain.

4586: 4584: 4583: 4582: 2819:

Catholic schools. In July 1871 Bismarck abolished the Catholic section of the Prussian Ministry of ecclesiastical and educational affairs, depriving Catholics of their voice at the highest level. The system of strict

4578: 4148:, Austria-Hungary falling apart from multiple ethnic tensions, its other allies out of the war and pressure from the German high command, the Kaiser and all German ruling kings, dukes, and princes abdicated, and 7351: 4480: 4434: 4587: 4585: 4581: 4459: 3171:(2004) notes, Bismarckian foreign policy "was too sedate for the reckless Kaiser". Wilhelm became internationally notorious for his aggressive stance on foreign policy and his strategic blunders (such as the 4571: 4553: 4476: 4473: 146: 4425: 2633:), being significantly concentrated, was able to make more efficient use of capital. Germany was not weighted down with an expensive worldwide empire that needed defense. Following Germany's annexation of 1606:

of 1870 overwhelmed the remaining opposition to a unified Germany (aside from Austria) in the four states south of the Main, and during November 1870, they joined the North German Confederation by treaty.

3874:

into Russia. Germany believed that if Lenin could create further political unrest, Russia would no longer be able to continue its war with Germany, allowing the German Army to focus on the Western Front.

10529: 4599: 4446: 4444: 4442: 2811:, led by the liberal intellectuals who formed a vital part of Bismarck's coalition. They saw the Catholic Church as a powerful force of reaction and anti-modernity, especially after the proclamation of 4595: 4594: 4455: 4449: 7372: 6972: 1767:

Although nominally a federal empire and league of equals, in practice, the empire was dominated by the largest and most powerful state, Prussia. It stretched across the northern two-thirds of the new

1753:

had the power to pass, amend, or reject bills and to initiate legislation. However, as mentioned above, in practice, the real power was vested in the emperor, who exercised it through his chancellor.

1132: 185: 4511: 2746:

After achieving formal unification in 1871, Bismarck devoted much of his attention to the cause of national unity. He opposed Catholic civil rights and emancipation, especially the influence of the

3728:

had guaranteed by treaty. However, the Germans had calculated that Britain would enter the war regardless of whether they had formal justification to do so. At first the attack was successful: the

2436:

favored strength and expansion, punctuating this by saying, "The great questions of the age are not settled by speeches and majority votes – this was the error of 1848–49 – but by iron and blood."

4575: 3850:

eventually proved to be a great success. Despite initial setbacks due to the unexpectedly rapid mobilisation of the Russian army, which resulted in a Russian invasion of East Prussia and Austrian

3806:

decided to exploit the defensive advantages that had shown themselves in the 1915 Allied offensives by attempting to goad France into attacking strong defensive positions near the ancient city of

9541: 148: 4574: 4363:

Before unification, German territory (excluding Austria and Switzerland) was made up of 27 constituent states. These states consisted of kingdoms, grand duchies, duchies, principalities, free

10170: 4550: 4549: 4509: 3369:(after 1908) became self-sufficient and profitable; all the others required subsidies from the Berlin treasury for building infrastructure, school systems, hospitals and other institutions. 4501: 4466: 2512:

Germans had dreamed of colonial imperialism since 1848. Although Bismarck had little interest in acquiring overseas possessions, most Germans were enthusiastic, and by 1884 he had acquired

187: 8024: 3247:, Wilhelm II maintained good relations with the Roman Catholic Church and concentrated on opposing socialism. This policy failed when the Social Democrats won a third of the votes in the 1370:

ones. As a colonial state, it sometimes clashed with the interests of other European powers, especially the British Empire. During its colonial expansion, the German Empire committed the

4464: 4462: 4569: 3317:", like Britain, which he constantly wished to emulate or rival. With German traders and merchants already active worldwide, he encouraged colonial efforts in Africa and the Pacific (" 4563: 2848:

and skilled workers by his high tariff policies, which protected profits and wages from American competition, although they alienated the liberal intellectuals who wanted free trade.

4618: 4555: 4554: 4544: 4504: 4479: 3201:

Under Wilhelm II, Germany no longer had long-ruling strong chancellors like Bismarck. The new chancellors had difficulty in performing their roles, especially the additional role as

4607: 4493: 4470: 3898:, the Bolshevik government gave Germany and the Ottoman Empire enormous territorial and economic concessions in exchange for an end to war on the Eastern Front. All of present-day 8172: 3440:. In total, some 65,000 Herero (80% of the total Herero population), and 10,000 Nama (50% of the total Nama population) perished. The commander of the punitive expedition, General 12639: 10237:(2003) is the fourth volume of his monumental history of German society. None of the series has yet been translated into English. A partial summary appears in Hans-Ulrich Wehler, 7971: 6075:

Politically, the confessional division of Germany had considerable consequences. In Catholic areas, the Centre Party had a big electorate. On the other hand, Social Democrats and

4613: 12654: 8228: 4568: 4567: 12838: 9948: 6046: 4621: 4557: 4508: 4503: 15356: 6422: 4533: 4513: 4426: 10952:

Berghahn, Volker Rolf. "Structure and Agency in Wilhelmine Germany: The history of the German Empire, Past, present and Future", in Annika Mombauer and Wilhelm Deist, eds.

7604: 3590:

and building a navy to rival Britain's. By 1911, Wilhelm had completely picked apart the careful power balance established by Bismarck and Britain turned to France in the

3521:

but soon abandoned any such designs given that far-flung bases in northern South America would be very vulnerable. Germany attempted to promote Chile, a country that was

3021:

of 1794 was still in effect). In 1881, a first commission was established to produce a common Civil Code for all of the Empire, an enormous effort that would produce the

3998:

The defeat of Russia in 1917 enabled Germany to transfer hundreds of thousands of troops from the Eastern to the Western Front, giving it a numerical advantage over the

6410: 2924:". These policies often had the reverse effect of stimulating resistance, usually in the form of homeschooling and tighter unity in the minority groups, especially the 4111: 6589:

from 1909 was a milestone in classic modern architecture and an outstanding example of emerging functionalism. The social, economic, and scientific successes of this

4547: 4546: 4543: 4542: 4541: 4248:) was a legislative body elected by universal male suffrage that effectively served as parliament. It had the right to propose bills and, with the concurrence of the 3485:, threatening Britain's naval supremacy in the Indian Ocean. Accordingly, they asked to have construction halted, to which Germany and the Ottoman Empire acquiesced. 12736: 4530: 4518: 2983: 9987: 6079:

usually received hardly any votes in the Catholic areas of the Ruhr. This began to change with the secularization arising in the last decades of the German Empire.

12373: 11544: 15146: 12815: 3664:, which Austria-Hungary blamed for the assassination. This unconditional support for Austria-Hungary was called a "blank cheque" by historians, including German 3513:– as a buffer to protect its interest from the growing influence of the United States. Policymakers in Germany analysed the possibility of establishing bases in 4606: 4600: 4598: 1309:, building the longest railway network of Europe, the world's strongest army, and a fast-growing industrial base. Starting very small in 1871, in a decade, the 17837: 12843: 11357: 9640:'A Barometer of National Confidence': a British Assessment of the Role of Insecurity in the Formulation of German Military Policy before the First World War." 6683:

leaders, the Prussian service ethos, the high culture of philosophy and music, and Germany's pioneering of a social welfare state. In the 1950s, historians in

4431: 3886:

government came to power under the leadership of Lenin. Facing political opposition, he decided to end Russia's campaign against Germany, Austria-Hungary, the

2458:, would exist up until 1915, when Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary. Despite Germany, and especially Austria's, lack of faith in the Russian alliance, the 4612: 4611: 4488: 13273: 13031: 12758: 12450: 11415: 4531: 3088:

as the new emperor. Frederick was a liberal and an admirer of the British constitution, while his links to Britain strengthened further with his marriage to

2972: 8881: 7493:

Seyler, Gustav A.:Die Wappen der deutschen Landesfürsten. Reprograf. Nachdr. von Siebmacher's Wappenbuch 1. Bd., 1. Abt. 2. – 5. Teil (Nürnberg 1909 – 1929)

13138: 4537: 4483: 3525:, into a regional counterweight to the United States. Germany and Britain managed through Chile to have Ecuador deny the United States a naval base in the 2375: 10974: 3577:" that Bismarck had negotiated with Tsarist Russia to lapse. It allowed Russia to make a new alliance with France. Germany was left with no firm ally but 17842: 13046: 12801: 10020: 8290: 4616: 4614: 4604: 4601: 4254:, approve the state budget annually and the military budget for periods of seven years until 1893, then after that for five years. All laws required the 4051:

arrived in Germany with returning troops. Around 287,000 people died of Spanish flu in Germany between 1918 and 1920 with 50,000 deaths in Berlin alone.

3895: 3156:

end without violence. The fractious relationship ended in March 1890, after Wilhelm II and Bismarck quarrelled, and the chancellor resigned days later.

13563: 9530: 1775:. With the exception of 1872–1873 and 1892–1894, the chancellor was always simultaneously the prime minister of Prussia. With 17 out of 58 votes in the 522: 13041: 12731: 12682: 12597: 1745:

to call for new elections. Officially, the chancellor was a one-man cabinet and was responsible for the conduct of all state affairs; in practice, the

9621: 4609: 4608: 3468:

was begun in 1900, although by 1914 it was still 500 km (310 mi) short of its destination in Baghdad. In an interview with Wilhelm in 1899,

3393:

invaders of continental Europe – an unfortunate remark that would later be resurrected by British propagandists to paint Germans as barbarians during

1830:

process, he created a system with a serious flaw. There was a significant disparity between the Prussian and German electoral systems. Prussia used a

12885: 8259: 5386: 4532: 4497: 4496: 4495: 1749:(top bureaucratic officials in charge of such fields as finance, war, foreign affairs, etc.) functioned much like ministers in other monarchies. The 10167: 8538:

Frankel, Richard (2003). "From the Beer Halls to the Halls of Power: The Cult of Bismarck and the Legitimization of a New German Right, 1898–1945".

7718: 9436: 8001: 2968:

in 1861 (which was adapted for the Empire and, with great modifications, is still in effect today), there was little similarity in laws otherwise.

8320: 6536:

Under Bismarck, a united German state had finally been achieved, but it remained a Prussian-dominated state and did not include German Austria as

4617: 4603: 4602: 4560: 2602:

For 30 years, Germany struggled against Britain to be Europe's leading industrial power. Representative of Germany's industry was the steel giant

1594:

and its allies on one side and Prussia and its allies on the other. The war resulted in the partial replacement of the Confederation in 1867 by a

566: 15523: 15366: 12726: 12091: 7504:

History of the Flag of the United States of America: With a Chronicle of the Symbols, Standards, Banners, and Flags of Ancient and Modern Nations

7235: 7209: 7153: 7069: 7030: 2254: 1650: 8016: 3692:

to Germany in 1871. The German high command knew that France would muster its forces to go into Alsace-Lorraine. Aside from the very unofficial

9152: 7779: 4088: 16626: 11522: 9833: 5425:

About 92% of the population spoke German as their first language. The only minority language with a significant number of speakers (5.4%) was

4619: 4610: 4559: 4558: 4477: 4047:

The population of Germany was already suffering from outbreaks of disease due to malnutrition due to Allied blockade preventing food imports.

15728: 11584: 4535: 4500: 4259: 76: 8079: 8047:

Deutsches Verfassungsrecht 1806–1918. Eine Dokumentensammlung nebst Einführungen. 1. Band: Gesamtdeutschland, Anhaltische Staaten und Baden.

6453: 6434: 14194: 14022: 13937: 13676: 12786: 12716: 12355: 11574: 11485: 9538:

Ideas viajeras y sus objetos. El intercambio científico entre Alemania y América austral. Madrid–Frankfurt am Main: Iberoamericana–Vervuert

7239: 6788:

In addition to present-day Germany, large parts of what comprised the German Empire now belong to several other modern European countries.

2932: 1335: 6467: 12810: 11708: 11162: 10101:""The Unspoilt Nature of German Ethnicity": Immigration and Integration of "Ethnic Germans" in the German Empire and the Weimar Republic" 9118:, Spring 1979, Vol. 53 Issue 1, pp. 40–64; Ivo N. Lambi, "The Protectionist Interests of the German Iron and Steel Industry, 1873–1879", 8164: 3039: 1314: 10781:

Rich, Norman. "The Question of National Interest in Imperial German Foreign Policy: Bismarck, William II, and the Road to World War I."

10306: 7979: 2459: 17797: 17787: 11385: 9567: 9490:

Fischer, Ferenc (1 January 2008). "La expansión (1885–1918) del modelo militar alemán y su pervivencia (1919–1933) en América Latina".

6050: 5398: 4096: 3029:(BGB), possibly one of the most impressive legal works in the world; it was eventually put into effect on 1 January 1900. All of these 3016: 2470:, ambassador to France, who reported back that the French were not seeking a revanchist war and were desperate for peace at all costs. 8202: 4536: 3385:

in China, which the Chinese government eventually sponsored, began in the Shandong province, in part because Germany, as colonizer at

2564:

By 1900, Germany became the largest economy in continental Europe and the third-largest in the world behind the United States and the

13266: 11715: 7829:. World Book, Inc., 2003. p. 572. States that Deutsches Reich translates as "German Realm" and was a former official name of Germany. 5355: 4529: 2482:, but it also collided with British and Russian geopolitical interests. Conflict over the Baghdad Railway was resolved in June 1914. 10829: 10061: 9940: 9889: 8664:

Fitzpatrick, Matthew (2007). "A Fall from Grace? National Unity and the Search for Naval Power and Colonial Possessions 1848–1884".

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and the Imperial Government, led the lawmaking process and countersigned all acts of the emperor (except for military directives).

4171:. Those opposed, including disaffected veterans, joined a diverse set of paramilitary and underground political groups such as the 2368: 13036: 10317:

Modern Germany; her political and economic problems, her foreign and domestic policy, her ambitions, and the causes of her success

4287:. The chancellor, in consultation with the emperor, determined the government's broad policy guidelines and presented them to the 17762: 16195: 14409: 12968: 12806: 12793: 12750: 12659: 12385: 12194: 12101: 12003: 11761: 11408: 11110: 7596: 4156: 3282: 2415: 1927: 9563:"Material Connections: German Schools, Things, and Soft Power in Argentina and Chile from the 1880s through the Interwar Period" 3537:, and the prestige of Germany and German things in Chile remained high after the war but did not recover to its pre-war levels. 2720: 13681: 13160: 13150: 13018: 9036:

Lamberti, Marjorie (2001). "Religious conflicts and German national identity in Prussia, 1866–1914". In Philip G. Dwyer (ed.).

3258:

During World War I, the Kaiser increasingly devolved his powers to the leaders of the German High Command, particularly future

3221:

instead of the Roman type used in the rest of Western Europe. At the same time, a new generation of cultural creators emerged.

2577: 1672:, adopted by the Reichstag on 14 April 1871 and proclaimed by the Emperor on 16 April, was substantially based upon Bismarck's 11100: 11055:

Berlin Under the New Empire: Its Institutions, Inhabitants, Industry, Monuments, Museums, Social Life, Manners, and Amusements

9764: 6795:

German territories lost in both World Wars are shown in black, while present-day Germany is marked dark grey on this 1914 map.

2431:

Bismarck's post-1871 foreign policy was conservative and sought to preserve the balance of power in Europe. British historian

1818:

One factor in the social anatomy of these governments was the retention of a very substantial share in political power by the

1771:

and contained three-fifths of the country's population. The imperial crown was hereditary in the ruling house of Prussia, the

17579: 16961: 15488: 14461: 14016: 13332: 12932: 12866: 12703: 12582: 12255: 11281: 11137: 10904: 10404: 9295: 9257: 9227: 9007: 8980: 8522: 8495: 8112: 7954: 7690: 7582:

Ochsmann, Almut. "100 Jahre deutsche Nationalhymne: Überlegungen zu Eine vaterländische Ouvertüre op. 140." Mitteilungen der

7457: 7182: 7107: 6608:" laid the foundation of Germany's status as one of the world's leading economic powers. The iron and coal industries of the 4528: 4526: 4524: 4355: 3616: 2532:, Samoa) led to frictions with the UK, Russia, Japan, and the US. The largest colonial enterprises were in Africa, where the 2462:

would be first signed in 1887, and renewed up until 1890, when the Bismarckian system collapsed upon Bismarck's resignation.

2308: 2239: 2172: 14426: 7893: 7745: 3573:

Wilhelm II, under pressure from his new advisors after Bismarck left, committed a fatal error when he decided to allow the "

17817: 15795: 13646: 13259: 13107: 12527: 11319: 11073: 10235:

Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte: Vom Beginn des Ersten Weltkrieges bis zur Gründung der Beiden Deutschen Staaten 1914–1949

8997: 2617:. German workers enjoyed health, accident and maternity benefits, canteens, changing rooms, and a national pension scheme. 17485: 6481: 4565: 4283:

of the Empire – he was not a ruler. He appointed the chancellor, usually the person able to command the confidence of the

4059: 4027:" meant that supplies had to be redirected towards the armed forces and, with German commerce being stopped by the Allied 17802: 15642: 15625: 15458: 14914: 13535: 13425: 13420: 12878: 11837: 11342: 10873: 9975: 5891: 5218: 4855: 4834: 4564: 3649: 2361: 2135: 1903: 1545:

were crushed after the relations between the educated, well-off middle-class liberals and the urban artisans broke down;

1440: 13092: 10494:

The German Empire between Two Wars; a Study of the Political and Social Development of the Nation between 1871 and 1914.

3672:– was that this "blank cheque" licensed Austro-Hungarian aggression regardless of the diplomatic consequences, and thus 1483:, as well as humiliation and outrage experienced by the German population are considered leading factors in the rise of 17832: 17631: 16631: 15533: 15498: 15443: 14919: 13077: 12367: 11776: 11534: 10393: 9740: 8648: 8623: 8595: 7313: 6545: 4350: 4160: 4107: 4084: 4064: 3684:. Unlike Britain and Russia, the French entered the war mainly for revenge against Germany, in particular for France's 3233: 2755: 2274: 2068: 1923: 1468: 1161: 746: 4035:

were controlled, then rationing was introduced. During the war about 750,000 German civilians died from malnutrition.

1693: 1203:

came into force on 16 April, changing the name of the federal state to the German Empire and introducing the title of

16275: 15982: 15886: 15723: 14184: 12952: 12646: 12462: 11741: 11212: 10998: 10931: 10848: 10768: 10681: 10622: 10605: 10511: 10373: 9206: 8891: 8861: 8808:

From Old Regime to Industrial State: A History of German Industrialization from the Eighteenth Century to World War I

7540: 7318: 4525: 4523: 4522: 4517: 4516: 4223: 4188: 4083:

Many Germans wanted an end to the war and increasing numbers began to associate with the political left, such as the

3550: 2559: 1669: 1616: 1531: 1328:

was marked by relative liberalism at its start, but in time grew more conservative. Broad reforms, the anti-Catholic

1200: 1172: 705: 267: 10715:

Reagin, Nancy (2001). "The Imagined Hausfrau: National Identity, Domesticity, and Colonialism in Imperial Germany".

7923: 17792: 14729: 13520: 12204: 12139: 11177: 10789: 10348: 6783: 6552:

to play considerable roles in the empire's political life despite the continued hostility of Prussian aristocrats.

6500: 5155: 1918: 1713: 62: 13393: 8458: 7625:

Nipperdey, Thomas, "Deutsche Geschichte 1866–1918: Zweiter Band: Machtstaat vor der Demokratie" (1995), p. 98–108.

5849: 4114:

were established. Meanwhile, Hindenburg and the senior generals lost confidence in the Kaiser and his government.

3361:). Islands were gained in the Pacific through purchase and treaties and also a 99-year lease for the territory of 1969: 17827: 17257: 15848: 15448: 14127: 13671: 13203: 13008: 12988: 12775: 12711: 12534: 12403: 11314: 11234: 11172: 9648: 8129: 7308: 4092: 2080: 1945: 1791: 1471:

with the abdication of Wilhelm II, which left the post-war federal republic to govern a devastated populace. The

16419: 11875: 8735:

Dedering, Tilman (1993). "The German-Herero war of 1904: Revisionism of Genocide or Imaginary Historiography?".

6008: 5952: 4226:(Article VII Nr. 1) and, because all laws required its consent, could effectively veto any bill coming from the 3428:. Herero and Nama tribal lands were used for a variety of exploitative goals (much as the British did before in 15831: 15647: 15331: 14706: 14209: 13359: 13003: 12998: 12993: 12983: 12677: 11329: 11304: 11202: 10971: 9531:"El debate sobre "el embrujamiento alemán" y el papel de la ciencia alemana hacia fines del siglo XIX en Chile" 8282: 5488: 1949: 1908: 1831: 1654: 1452: 82: 20: 10569:

Hewitson, Mark. "Germany and France before the First World War: a reassessment of Wilhelmine foreign policy."

10012: 5924: 3602:. When war came, Italy saw more benefit in an alliance with Britain, France, and Russia, which, in the secret 3051: 1826:, resulting from the absence of a revolutionary breakthrough by the peasants in combination with urban areas. 1716:, proposing a toast to the new emperor. At centre (in white): Otto von Bismarck, first Chancellor of Germany, 17695: 16125: 15901: 15763: 15667: 15566: 14543: 12978: 12973: 12937: 12871: 12763: 12609: 12199: 12051: 11589: 11517: 11448: 11217: 11187: 11182: 10897:

The Devil's Handwriting: Precoloniality and the German Colonial State in Qingdao, Samoa, and Southwest Africa

6555:

The era of the German Empire is well remembered in Germany as one of great cultural and intellectual vigour.

6040: 5994: 4520: 4519: 4164: 3627: 3386: 3362: 3085: 3071: 2998: 2474:

Russia that lacked the capital or technical knowledge to industrialize on their own. The construction of the

1709: 1367: 1228: 775: 591: 499: 5980: 5835: 3819:, and with no success in sight, the German Army pulled out of Verdun in December 1916 and the battle ended. 3556:

Russia. The longer Berlin waited the less likely it would prevail in a war. According to American historian

2782:

Tensions between Germany and the Catholic Church hierarchy as depicted in a chess game between Bismarck and

2388:

Bismarck's domestic policies played an important role in forging the authoritarian political culture of the

1559:

hegemony throughout the German states; to do so meant unification of the German states and the exclusion of

17690: 17574: 16145: 15873: 15743: 15247: 15197: 14179: 14167: 13686: 12927: 12554: 12494: 12391: 12296: 12066: 11852: 11556: 11395: 11294: 9618: 8342: 7243: 7205: 5966: 5910: 3248: 3105: 2988: 2581: 2450: 1941: 1717: 1590:

ended as a result of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 between the constituent Confederation entities of the

451: 8819:

Jochen Streb, et al. "Technological and geographical knowledge spillover in the German empire 1877–1918",

8251: 5863: 3956:

to gain his forces supplies and to pick up more Askari recruits. His force was still active at war's end.

17700: 16737: 15940: 15853: 15305: 15060: 14974: 14869: 14784: 14701: 14199: 14071: 13926: 13512: 13282: 13165: 12602: 12587: 12445: 12397: 12169: 11720: 11594: 11507: 11502: 11271: 11259: 11254: 9432: 9114:

Elaine Glovka Spencer, "Rules of the Ruhr: Leadership and Authority in German Big Business Before 1914",

7293: 6751: 6076: 5938: 5131: 4344: 3847: 3843: 3832: 3729: 3669: 3437: 3152: 2553: 2541: 1961: 1913: 1898: 1893: 1848: 1756: 1464: 1444: 1436: 1425: 1371: 1260: 1212: 1079: 229: 13337: 11781: 10458:

Bismarck and state socialism; an exposition of the social and economic legislation of Germany since 1870

6700:

paradigm has provided the impetus for at least three strands of research in German historiography: the "

5877: 5367: 1455:

in early 1917 contributed to bringing the United States into the war. In October 1918, after the failed

17812: 15863: 15775: 15753: 15672: 15657: 15473: 15453: 15295: 15207: 15122: 14711: 14609: 13504: 13145: 13102: 12379: 12144: 12129: 12031: 11900: 11468: 11380: 11337: 8312: 7702: 7133: 6570: 5107: 3796: 3079: 2865: 2478:, financed by German banks, was designed to eventually connect Germany with the Ottoman Empire and the 2475: 2140: 2110: 1883: 1630: 1621: 1595: 1196: 982: 627: 14899: 11087: 10191:

Jürgen Kocka (January 1988). "German History before Hitler: The Debate about the German 'Sonderweg'".

7714: 3024: 1583:

in 1870–1871 sparked a growing pan-German ideal and contributed to the formation of the German state.

17782: 17777: 17772: 17767: 17757: 17658: 16806: 16370: 16115: 15300: 15177: 14864: 14799: 14789: 14774: 14109: 14056: 13966: 13530: 13087: 12855: 12439: 12427: 12189: 12174: 11895: 11786: 11480: 11458: 11207: 11197: 11130: 11020:

Reagin, Nancy R. "Recent Work on German National Identity: Regional? Imperial? Gendered? Imaginary?"

10991:

Wilhelminism and Its Legacies: German Modernities, Imperialism, and the Meanings of Reform, 1890–1930

10636:

The Price of Exclusion: Ethnicity, National Identity, and the Decline of German Liberalism, 1898–1933

10499: 9145: 8883:

An Economic History of Twentieth-Century Europe: Economic Regimes from Laissez-Faire to Globalization

6896: 6653: 5197: 4539: 4538: 4241: 4207: 4141: 4137: 3745: 3704: 3665: 3657: 3522: 3202: 1957: 1953: 1888: 1726: 1678: 1673: 1638: 1510: 1208: 665: 653: 487: 68: 14999: 13383: 12041: 7863:. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014; Cornelius Torp and Sven Oliver Müller, eds., 4750: 3712:

Germany did not want to risk lengthy battles along the Franco-German border and instead adopted the

1730:, the federal council of deputies from the 27 states. Executive power was vested in the emperor, or 1248: 1010: 17616: 17591: 17441: 17100: 17095: 16092: 16054: 15891: 15662: 14619: 14599: 14564: 14517: 14471: 13823: 13639: 13430: 13328: 13324: 13062: 12549: 12539: 12468: 12421: 12409: 12349: 12164: 12159: 12081: 11490: 11463: 11167: 10489: 9829: 9825: 7464:, Masurian in the south of East Prussia, Kashubian in the north of West Prussia and Sorbian in the 7344: 4876: 3851: 3322: 3160:

although most Germans found his claims of divine right to rule amusing. Wilhelm allowed politician

3089: 2977: 2773: 1965: 1567:, from the subsequent German Empire. He envisioned a conservative, Prussian-dominated Germany. The 1555:, which appealed to peasants as well as the aristocracy, took its place. Bismarck sought to extend 760: 10310:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 804–828 and more to page 901. 8356: 4262:, the Reich chancellor, through a change to Article XV, became dependent on the confidence of the 3771: 3175:), which pushed the German Empire into growing political isolation and eventually helped to cause 3115:, which had been diagnosed in 1887. He died on the 99th day of his rule, on 15 June 1888. His son 3100:

of the Reich and an increase of parliament's influence on the political process. The dismissal of

2467: 17807: 17683: 17564: 17105: 17058: 17001: 16700: 16644: 16392: 16228: 16102: 16082: 16059: 16039: 15999: 15962: 15911: 15785: 15748: 15518: 15240: 14497: 14189: 14172: 14162: 14137: 13981: 13707: 13312: 13133: 13125: 13067: 12827: 12522: 12285: 12119: 12114: 12046: 11905: 11890: 11885: 11865: 11746: 11623: 10424: 10366:

The Peculiarities of German History: Bourgeois Society and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Germany

9064:

The failure of Bismarck's Kulturkampf: Catholicism and state power in imperial Germany, 1871–1887

8207: 8075: 7449: 7303: 6487: 6473: 6459: 6428:

Distribution of Protestants, Catholics and Jews in Imperial Germany (Meyers Konversationslexikon)

4200: 3937: 3836: 3792: 3603: 3232:

From the 1890s onwards, the most effective opposition to the monarchy came from the newly formed

2232: 1933: 1456: 1448: 1413: 133: 19:

This article is about the German nation-state existing from 1871 until 1918. For other uses, see

12086: 5476:

was spoken throughout northern Germany and, though linguistically as distinct from High German (

2778: 17822: 17705: 17606: 17601: 17289: 17237: 17157: 17090: 16994: 16979: 16872: 16639: 16593: 16434: 16321: 16029: 16004: 15967: 15826: 15758: 15587: 15478: 15468: 15217: 15132: 14979: 14691: 14624: 14492: 14441: 14373: 14273: 14263: 14061: 13996: 13803: 13732: 13595: 13525: 13367: 12900: 12624: 12559: 12415: 12149: 12076: 12026: 12011: 11993: 11966: 11880: 11847: 11512: 11473: 11453: 11264: 11157: 10989:

Eley, Geoff; Retallack, James (2004), "Introduction", in Eley, Geoff; Retallack, James (eds.),

10291: 9499: 8588:

German Diplomatic Relations 1871–1945: The Wilhelmstrasse And the Formulation Of Foreign Policy

8346: 7437: 7129: 6549: 6389: 5869: 5713: 5496: 5481: 5453: 5176: 4145: 3788: 3582: 3420:

Upon acquiring Southwest Africa, German settlers were encouraged to cultivate land held by the

3293: 2841: 2800: 2505: 2495: 2455: 2098: 1992: 1535: 1505: 1460: 1405: 1347: 1157: 1117: 692: 246: 9730: 8721:(1977) focuses on political and economic history; Michael Perraudin and Jürgen Zimmerer, eds. 8512: 8151:

The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000

8102: 6983:), an uninhabited hill and some nearby slivers of land, annexed by the Netherlands after WWII 5292: 1443:

caused severe shortages of food and supplements. However, Imperial Germany had success on the

17636: 17596: 17409: 17284: 16348: 16338: 16297: 16268: 16190: 16009: 15994: 15957: 15202: 15182: 15162: 15025: 14989: 14944: 14889: 14681: 14676: 14451: 14398: 14223: 14132: 14101: 14041: 13991: 13773: 13763: 13499: 13468: 12890: 12544: 12433: 12209: 12179: 12109: 12056: 11978: 11946: 11920: 11870: 11801: 11703: 11656: 11440: 11309: 11192: 11105: 9287: 9277: 8485: 6832: 6033: 5507: 5086: 5016: 4396: 4121: 3999: 3953: 3855: 3784: 3546: 3224: 3172: 2982:

was introduced; in 1877, common court procedures were established in the court system by the

2902: 2731: 2295: 1937: 1772: 1737: 1556: 1325: 1232: 1216: 457: 17524: 14353: 8408: 7801: 7006:(excluding towns of Taps, Hejle and Vejstrup), and the towns of Hviding, Roager and Spandet 6511: 579: 17729: 17559: 17529: 17404: 17335: 17306: 17225: 16559: 16397: 16387: 15972: 15916: 15800: 15738: 15733: 15703: 15635: 15613: 15561: 15463: 15187: 15106: 15070: 15020: 14879: 14804: 14589: 14466: 14258: 14033: 14011: 14006: 13971: 13913: 13435: 13415: 13410: 13341: 13240: 13155: 11842: 11816: 11766: 11123: 8795:

The Origin of the Welfare State in England and Germany, 1850–1914: Social Policies Compared

7678: 7441: 7413: 7125: 7003: 6993: 6858: 6760: 6729: 6504: 6393: 4897: 4806: 4785: 4315: 4311: 4197: 4003: 3858: 3803: 3409: 3404: 3259: 3101: 2965: 2936: 2873: 2444: 2290: 2118: 2105: 1997: 1705: 1662: 1587: 1568: 1519: 1472: 1397: 1346:

Late in Bismarck's chancellorship and in spite of his earlier personal opposition, Germany

1324:

From 1871 to 1890, Otto von Bismarck's tenure as the first and to this day longest-serving

1310: 1252: 1240: 1176: 1038: 1024: 448: 17509: 13251: 11791: 10452:(1908), 503 pages, covers 1871–1906 with focus on social and economic history and colonies 3791:) with huge casualties. A series of allied offensives in 1915 against German positions in 3526: 3518: 3108:, on 8 June was a sign of the expected direction and a blow to Bismarck's administration. 8: 17421: 17301: 17267: 17169: 16989: 16984: 16796: 16515: 16451: 16326: 16311: 16155: 16049: 16024: 16019: 15896: 15841: 15780: 15686: 15417: 15351: 15212: 15157: 14994: 14984: 14969: 14959: 14924: 14854: 14769: 14739: 14686: 14403: 14157: 14152: 14051: 14046: 13813: 13768: 13727: 13632: 13579: 13363: 13320: 13222: 12361: 12225: 12184: 12061: 12021: 12016: 11961: 11644: 11638: 11539: 10826: 10178: 10065: 9881: 8371: 7461: 7425: 7166: 6582: 6068: 6000: 5785: 5624: 5492: 5322: 4176: 4153: 4129: 4117: 4068: 3685: 3401:. On two occasions, a French-German conflict over the fate of Morocco seemed inevitable. 3263: 3008: 2812: 2440: 1603: 1580: 1576: 1542: 1355: 1354:. Claiming much of the leftover territory that was not yet conquered by Europeans in the 1294: 1256: 1093: 910: 789: 356: 340: 17137: 17127: 15513: 13175: 11111:

Dissemination of the main foreign mother tongues in the German Reich 1913 (map, 300 dpi)

11054: 10709:

Jewish Responses to Anti-Semitism in Germany, 1870–1914: A Study in the History of Ideas

10466: 10316: 8350: 1779:, Berlin needed only a few votes from the smaller states to exercise effective control. 17534: 17514: 17497: 17448: 17313: 17122: 17073: 17006: 16924: 16865: 16860: 16855: 16811: 16781: 16673: 16571: 16439: 16414: 16221: 16214: 16069: 16034: 15921: 15906: 15836: 15814: 15790: 15718: 15652: 15582: 15493: 15412: 15381: 15290: 15267: 15111: 14934: 14929: 14894: 14874: 14849: 14844: 14839: 14834: 14829: 14814: 14809: 14754: 14661: 14507: 14378: 14268: 14248: 14204: 14147: 14142: 14119: 14086: 14076: 14066: 13948: 13458: 13355: 13302: 13297: 13182: 13097: 12456: 12320: 12302: 12267: 12231: 12071: 12036: 11988: 11973: 11860: 11811: 11650: 11609: 11289: 10919: 10820: 10748: 10732: 10612: 10581: 10559: 10296: 10216: 10208: 10128: 9584: 8941:

Carsten Burhop, "Pharmaceutical Research in Wilhelmine Germany: the Case of E. Merck",

8766: 8555: 8283:"The National Archives Learning Curve | The Great War | Why was it hard to make peace?" 8134: 7850:

being translated into English as "German Realm", up to and including the Weimar period.

7398: 7298: 7231: 7026: 7016: 6659: 6515: 6401: 5930: 5761: 5637: 5441: 5430: 4960: 4694: 4666: 4380: 4379:

sovereign from the mid-1600s onward. Others were created as sovereign states after the

4326: 4307: 4076: 4011: 3933: 3574: 3346: 3193: 3030: 2869: 2085: 2045: 2017: 1857: 1784: 1683: 1523: 1476: 1284: 1244: 1236: 996: 615: 360: 170: 9273: 7057: 7047: 5480:) as from Dutch and English, was considered "German", hence also its name. Danish and 3132: 2717:

The creation of the Empire under Prussian leadership was a victory for the concept of

1065: 17643: 17539: 17475: 17470: 17399: 17296: 17011: 16939: 16934: 16776: 16705: 16688: 16683: 16678: 16478: 16429: 16175: 16150: 16097: 16044: 15858: 15630: 15422: 15137: 15127: 15090: 14964: 14949: 14824: 14794: 14764: 14759: 14734: 14671: 14666: 14656: 14527: 14476: 14363: 14358: 14081: 13717: 13702: 13378: 13347: 13215: 13209: 13170: 13072: 12905: 12488: 12343: 12326: 12134: 11956: 11936: 11771: 11756: 11686: 11674: 11375: 11352: 11299: 10994: 10927: 10900: 10844: 10764: 10740: 10692: 10677: 10618: 10601: 10507: 10457: 10441: 10402:

Germany and the great powers, 1866–1914: A study in public opinion and foreign policy

10385: 10369: 10340:

Berghahn, Volker Rolf. "German Colonialism and Imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler".

10220: 10132: 10120: 9736: 9615:

Germany and the great powers, 1866–1914: A study in public opinion and foreign policy

9588: 9291: 9253: 9223: 9202: 9003: 8976: 8887: 8857: 8644: 8619: 8591: 8518: 8491: 8412: 8220: 8212: 8108: 7995: 7950: 7771: 7749: 7686: 7661: 7536: 7469: 7417: 7402: 7394: 7087: 6701: 6656:

and his students emphasised Germany's primary guilt for causing the First World War.

5944: 5916: 5901: 5650: 5598: 5514: 5434: 4722: 4372: 4364: 4010:

needed to consolidate their gains. Meanwhile, soldiers had become radicalised by the

3693: 3661: 3587: 3441: 3413: 3306: 3302: 3164:

to tutor him in European economics and industrial and financial realities in Europe.

2944: 2670: 2513: 2050: 1973: 1546: 1378: 1224: 941: 718: 541: 396: 348: 344: 10752: 10674:

Imperial Germany 1867–1918: Politics, Culture, and Society in an Authoritarian State

10504:

From Kaiserreich to Third Reich: Elements of Continuity in German History, 1871–1945

6936: 3894:

to redirect Bolshevik energy to eliminating internal dissent. In March 1918, by the

2439:

Bismarck's chief concern was that France would plot revenge after its defeat in the

17492: 17279: 17274: 17230: 17217: 17147: 17115: 17110: 16974: 16969: 16951: 16912: 16845: 16828: 16769: 16759: 16754: 16695: 16651: 16621: 16581: 16564: 16547: 16510: 16261: 16237: 16185: 16180: 16170: 16165: 16160: 15987: 15952: 15926: 15598: 15402: 15371: 15326: 15321: 15153: 15117: 15035: 14859: 14629: 14574: 14537: 14512: 14502: 14436: 14388: 14318: 14313: 14308: 14303: 14298: 14288: 14283: 13976: 13722: 12273: 12243: 12237: 12154: 11983: 11951: 11941: 11680: 11604: 11599: 11527: 11347: 11247: 11025: 10890: 10724: 10669: 10573:

115.462 (2000): 570–606; argues Germany had a growing sense of military superiority

10551: 10200: 10112: 9756: 9576: 9183:

School Strikes in Prussian Poland, 1901–1907: The Struggle over Bilingual Education

8744: 8700: 8673: 8547: 7873:

Absolute Destruction: Military Culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany

7653: 6663: 6574: 5986: 5972: 5748: 5419: 4882: 4194: 4007: 3816: 3811: 3756:

resulted in a long-held stalemate between the German Army and the Allies in dug-in

3673: 3595: 3591: 3514: 3314: 3270: 3161: 3112: 3096:. With his ascent to the throne, many hoped that Frederick's reign would lead to a 2808: 2701:

and other industrial districts and provided good connections to the major ports of

2678: 2529: 2425: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1701: 1687: 1480: 1409: 1287: 1164:

in 1918, when the German Reich changed its form of government from a monarchy to a

935: 445: 364: 11045: 10448: 10401: 8402: 4296:), negotiating peace, making treaties, and calling and adjourning sessions of the 3732:

swept down from Belgium and Luxembourg and advanced on Paris, at the nearby river

3696:, the Germans never stated a clear list of goals that they wanted out of the war. 3084:

On 9 March 1888, Wilhelm I died shortly before his 91st birthday, leaving his son

17710: 17678: 17551: 17519: 17502: 17458: 17453: 17431: 17426: 17384: 17377: 17352: 17212: 17207: 17048: 16929: 16823: 16818: 16786: 16611: 16601: 16495: 16488: 16483: 16468: 16424: 16306: 16292: 16140: 16135: 16130: 16077: 15503: 15030: 14779: 14749: 14744: 14604: 14594: 14559: 14549: 14532: 14368: 14323: 14238: 13956: 13931: 13778: 13453: 13082: 12922: 12261: 11821: 11796: 11495: 11403: 11242: 11077: 10978: 10833: 10793: 10536: 10475: 10408: 10352: 10174: 9652: 9625: 8847: 7885: 7390: 7103: 6976: 6823: 6626: 6566: 6054: 5958: 5883: 5841: 5611: 5574: 5525: 5445: 5426: 4939: 4387:

Each component of the German Empire sent representatives to the Federal Council (

4168: 4149: 4133: 4072: 3827: 3753: 3748:, resulting in the German Army retreating to defensive positions along the river 3717: 3713: 3689: 3653: 3578: 3561: 3557: 3474: 3465: 3382: 3318: 3206: 2940: 2913: 2868:, it had been religiously motivated, but by the 19th century, it was a factor in 2820: 2634: 2586: 2525: 2182: 1800: 1746: 1676:. The political system remained the same. The empire had a parliament called the 1658: 1642: 1591: 1564: 1527: 1432: 1401: 1359: 1165: 1051: 675: 603: 553: 414: 332: 328: 302: 224: 43: 17132: 11069: 6716:

thesis, they have not provided a generally accepted alternative interpretation.

5414: 4371:

Several of these states had gained sovereignty following the dissolution of the

4031:, German civilians were forced to live in increasingly meagre conditions. First 3636:

Map of the world showing the participants in World War I. Those fighting on the

17653: 17648: 17611: 17586: 17569: 17480: 17465: 17436: 17394: 17242: 17202: 17197: 17152: 17078: 17038: 17028: 17018: 16833: 16712: 16606: 16473: 16355: 16242: 16120: 16107: 15770: 15528: 15172: 14954: 14939: 14904: 14644: 14639: 14522: 14456: 14328: 13986: 13961: 13866: 13783: 13737: 13553: 13481: 13473: 13463: 13351: 12915: 12895: 12566: 12279: 12124: 11915: 11806: 11662: 11566: 11549: 11029: 10914: 10798: 10697: 10204: 9917: 9325: 9194: 8853: 7433: 7406: 7285: 7034: 7021: 6597:, or founding epoch, have sometimes led the Wilhelmine era to be regarded as a 5897: 5855: 5700: 5687: 5663: 5500: 5456:, were located in the north and northwest of the empire, near the borders with 5449: 5260: 5044: 4988: 4270: 4144:

on 3 November 1918. So, in November 1918, with internal revolution, the Allies

4125: 4028: 3887: 3867: 3800: 3757: 3725: 3641: 3637: 3457: 3168: 3097: 3093: 2791: 2565: 2348: 2334: 2075: 1812: 1634: 1417: 1363: 1204: 468: 116: 10736: 10116: 10050:] (in German) (3 ed.). Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer Verlag. p. 1003. 9970: 9968: 9966: 9580: 8999:

The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe: Volume 2, 1870 to the Present

8748: 6592: 1633:

Reichstag renamed the Confederation the "German Empire" and gave the title of

17751: 17734: 17621: 17416: 17389: 17362: 17340: 17085: 17068: 17053: 16897: 16850: 16838: 16764: 16656: 16530: 16525: 16500: 16382: 14584: 14579: 14001: 13859: 13818: 13798: 13026: 12314: 12308: 11751: 11668: 10629:

A constitutional history of Germany in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries

10542:

Hayes, Carlton J. H. (1917), "The History of German Socialism Reconsidered",

10470:(1914); 507 pages, describes the workings of local government and bureaucracy 10301: 10124: 8677: 8416: 8224: 8216: 7665: 7429: 7091: 6877: 6617: 6586: 5203: 4319: 4280: 3984: 3944:, Lettow-Vorbeck launched multiple guerrilla raids against British forces in 3749: 3733: 3494: 3461: 3421: 3148: 2964:

national trade. While a common trade code had already been introduced by the

2925: 2921: 2906: 2893: 2614: 2500: 2432: 1804: 1760: 1340: 1192: 916: 904: 435: 282: 269: 17162: 17142: 14348: 10390:

From Bismarck to the World War: A History of German Foreign Policy 1870–1914

10048:

German Constitutional History since 1789. Volume III: Bismarck and the Reich

9869:

The German Revolution of 1918: A Study of German Socialism in War and Revolt

8704: 8070: 8068: 7715:"German Empire: administrative subdivision and municipalities, 1900 to 1910" 7657: 6912: 6791: 6578: 4216:) held sovereignty over the Empire and served as its highest authority. The 3936:, a guerrilla campaign was waged by the colonial army leader there, General 2823:

was applied only in Catholic areas; the Protestant schools were left alone.

17626: 17367: 17357: 17323: 17252: 17247: 17174: 16964: 16946: 16907: 16902: 16882: 16877: 16749: 16742: 16732: 16727: 16722: 16616: 16554: 16535: 16520: 16456: 15868: 15543: 15538: 15508: 15407: 15361: 14909: 14431: 14393: 14293: 13876: 13611: 13602: 13491: 13371: 13316: 12476: 11910: 10982: 10880:

Gold and Iron: Bismarck, Bleichroder, and the Building of the German Empire

10744: 9963: 9283: 8849:

The Challenges of Globalization: Economy and Politics in Germany, 1860–1914

7644:

Haardt, Oliver F. R. (2016). "The Kaiser in the Federal State, 1871–1918".

7557: 7453: 7421: 7222: 7115: 7083: 7065: 6908: 6767: 6744: 6736: 6684: 6561: 6062: 4973: 4132:

on 30 October 1918. Between 24 October and 3 November 1918, Italy defeated

3741: 3482: 3469: 3398: 3366: 2881: 2877: 2857: 2815:

in 1870, and the tightening control of the Vatican over the local bishops.

2783: 2751: 2674: 2517: 2479: 2271: 2267: 2202: 2192: 2153: 2040: 1819: 1599: 1488: 1484: 1392: 1280: 1188: 1153: 930: 924: 352: 100: 10044:

Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789. Band III: Bismarck und das Reich

8487:

Comparative Welfare State Politics: Development, Opportunities, and Reform

8352:

A Manual of the History of the Political System of Europe and its Colonies

7149: 7111: 6904: 5161: 1868: 1704:(1877), depicting the proclamation of Emperor William I (18 January 1871, 17345: 17330: 17179: 16892: 16801: 16791: 16717: 16365: 16360: 15878: 15592: 15427: 15376: 15141: 14650: 14446: 14338: 14333: 14253: 13844: 13828: 13402: 12687: 12592: 12290: 11725: 11146: 10889:(2011), a recent scholarly biography; emphasis on Bismarck's personality 10586: 8198: 8065: 7915: 7201: 6965: 6958: 6953: 6556: 5461: 4861: 4048: 4032: 3969: 3871: 3799:

resulted in huge allied casualties and little territorial change. German

3737: 3534: 3425: 3394: 3244: 3218: 3176: 3111:

By the time of his accession, however, Frederick had developed incurable

2767: 2685: 2533: 2055: 1551: 1421: 1387: 1351: 1330: 1306: 1272: 733: 679: 400: 216: 11049:(1908) 275 pp; popular description of social life in villages and cities 10786: 10345: 9691:

The spirit of British policy and the myth of the encirclement of Germany

8252:"Germany's World War I Debt Was So Crushing It Took 92 Years to Pay Off" 7634:

Röhl, John C. G. "Kaiser Wilhelm II: A Concise Life" (2014), p. 172–173.

7072:

by the Soviet authorities; now part of independent Lithuania since 1990

6620:

especially contributed to that process. The first motorcar was built by

5513:

A few (0.5%) spoke French, the vast majority of these in the Reichsland

3964: 3067: 1239:-led North German Confederation and its southern German allies, such as 210: 17372: 17189: 17063: 17023: 16956: 16087: 15708: 14696: 14634: 14553: 13793: 13758: 13545: 10563: 10328: 10325:

Modern Germany: society, economy, and politics in the twentieth century

10087: 9925: 8559: 8138: 7775: 6598: 6541: 6537: 6526: 6519: 5473: 5469: 5335: 5182: 3721: 3453: 3372: 3205:

assigned to them in the German Constitution. The reforms of Chancellor

3143: 3136: 3116: 2661: 2125: 1807:

and the preservation of an authoritarian political structure under the

1653:) and the title Emperor came into effect on 1 January 1871. During the 1382: 1318: 1290: 511: 421: 390: 324: 10643:

The Downfall of the Anti-Semitic Political Parties in Imperial Germany

10212: 9645: 9514:

The danger of dreams: German and American imperialism in Latin America

9133:

The Downfall of the Anti-Semitic Political Parties in Imperial Germany

2637:

in 1871, it absorbed parts of what had been France's industrial base.

1708:). From left, on the podium (in black): Crown Prince Frederick (later 17262: 17033: 16917: 16887: 16668: 16542: 16333: 15698: 15346: 15055: 15045: 14614: 13921: 13808: 12482: 12249: 10882:(1979) Bismarck worked closely with this leading banker and financier 10015:[Law Amending the Imperial Constitution of 28 October 1918]. 9911: 9909: 9907: 7865:

Imperial Germany Revisited: Continuing Debates & New Perspectives

7193: 7061: 7052: 7029:, on the Czech–Polish border in Silesia, whose German population was 6846: 6646: 6638: 6621: 5057: 5001: 4819: 4791: 4756: 4172: 4024: 3907: 3883: 3863: 3681: 3510: 3477:; but by 1911 British statesmen came to fear it might be extended to 3187: 2648:

By 1900, the German chemical industry dominated the world market for

641: 404: 215:

The German Empire and its occupied territories in the final stage of

200: 10650:

Antisemitism: A historical encyclopedia of prejudice and persecution

10555: 10335:

Imperial Germany, 1871–1914: Economy, Society, Culture, and Politics

8921:

German History and Global Enterprise: BASF: The History of a Company

8551: 7558:""Max Schneckenburger (1819–1849)–der Dichter der "Wacht am Rhein "" 7145: 7141: 7099: 5418:

Percentage of linguistic minorities of the German Empire in 1900 by

3074:

was emperor for only 99 days (9 March – 15 June 1888)

2955: 1447:; it occupied a large amount of territory to its east following the 16663: 16446: 16404: 16343: 15232: 15192: 15075: 15065: 14884: 14383: 13655: 12742: 11015:

Imperial Germany Revisited: Continuing Debates and New Perspectives

10728: 8959:

Great Train Race: Railways and the Franco-German Rivalry, 1815–1914

8946: 6940: 6932: 6864: 6838: 6643:

Many historians have emphasized the central importance of a German

6613: 4840: 3949: 3912: 3891: 3765: 3506: 3433: 3429: 3365:

in northeast China. But of these German colonies only Togoland and

3358: 3338: 3334: 2861: 2747: 2516:. By the 1890s, German colonial expansion in Asia and the Pacific ( 1463:, allies Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire had collapsed, and 1268: 1264: 9976:"Das Deutsche Kaiserreich 1871–1918: Der föderative Nationalstaat" 9904: 7137: 7095: 2420: 240: 16576: 16505: 16461: 16316: 15977: 15397: 15341: 15263: 15085: 15040: 15015: 14569: 14278: 13896: 13849: 13788: 13712: 13666: 13558: 10954:

The Kaiser: New Research on Wilhelm II's Role in Imperial Germany

10664:

The Kaiser: New Research on Wilhelm II's Role in Imperial Germany

10657:

The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe: 1850–1914

10524:

Haardt, Oliver FR. "The Kaiser in the Federal State, 1871–1918."

10013:"Gesetz zur Abänderung der Reichsverfassung vom 28. Oktober 1918" 8763:

The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe: 1850–1914

8185:

Einst hatten die Deutschen das drittgrößte Kolonialreich ...

7465: 7410: 7197: 7178: 7170: 6998: 6920: 6892: 6882: 6397: 5485: 5465: 5457: 5276: 5231: 5092: 4735: 3921: 3917: 3899: 3502: 3498: 3354: 3330: 3326: 3298: 3237: 2804: 2702: 2537: 2521: 2220: 2022: 1572: 1560: 430: 336: 16377: 10591:

Blood and Iron: The Rise and Fall of the German Empire 1871–1918

9978:[The German Empire 1871–1918: The Federal Nation State] 9103:

Origins of the Authoritarian Welfare State in Prussia, 1815–1870

7516:

Fischer, Michael; Senkel, Christian (2010). Klaus Tanner (ed.).

16409: 16284: 15167: 15080: 14343: 14243: 13886: 13742: 13308: 10870:

The Kaiser's Voters: Electors and Elections in Imperial Germany

10803:

The Sword and the Scepter; the Problem of Militarism in Germany

9943:[The Federal Council in the Constitution and Reality]. 8779:

The fossil monarchies: the collapse of the old order, 1905–1922

8127:

Alfred Vagts, "Land and Sea Power in the Second German Reich."

7187: 7174: 7120: 6928: 6924: 6916: 6852: 5029: 4945: 4910: 4707: 4679: 4275: 3941: 3903: 3807: 3761: 3350: 2898: 2706: 2626: 1823: 1732: 1220: 1184: 368: 261: 11115: 10295: 4318:(Article LIII); when exercising his military authority he had 3779:

German attempts to break through failed at the two battles of

2613:

Under Bismarck, Germany was a world innovator in building the

17043: 15357:

Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples

15336: 13624: 13445: 12910: 8203:"Germany Confronts the Forgotten Story of Its Other Genocide" 7445: 6888: 6573:

a year later for his Roman history. Painters like the groups

6416:

Distribution of Protestants and Catholics in Imperial Germany

5140: 3945: 3780: 3648:

Following the assassination of the Austro-Hungarian Archduke

3640:'s side (at one point or another) are depicted in green, the 3478: 2657: 2607: 2603: 2595: 2591: 1276: 1180: 10858:(2011), 862 pp; 35 essays by specialists; Germany since 1760 10359:

The Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germany, 1780–1918

9787:

Colonel von Lettow-Vorbeck and Germany's East African Empire

3432:), including farming, ranching, and mining for minerals and 2754:, and working-class radicalism, represented by the emerging 1783:

However, these larger gold and silver issues were virtually

15050: 13891: 13881: 13871: 13854: 13281: 9916: 7842:. J Whitaker & Sons, 1990. Pp. 765. Refers to the term 6900: 6609: 5429:(a figure that rises to over 6% when including the related 5116: 4103: 3879: 3342: 2698: 2666: 2653: 1808: 1385:'s refusal to recall him to office, the empire embarked on 16253: 10702:

The Great Naval Race: Anglo-German Naval Rivalry 1900–1914

9800:

The First World War: Germany and Austria–Hungary 1914–1918

8017:"Vom Kaiserreich zur Republik 1918/19 – Weimarer Republik" 7683:

The Nemesis of Power The German Army in Politics 1918–1945

3932:

Germany quickly lost almost all its colonies. However, in

3744:

put up a strong resistance to the defense of Paris at the

1657:

on 18 January 1871, William was proclaimed Emperor in the

11088:

Administrative subdivision and census results (1900/1910)

10438:

Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947

9090:

Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947

7871:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008; Isabel V. Hull, 7802:"Cornell University Library Making of America Collection" 7518:

Reichsgründung 1871: Ereignis, Beschreibung, Inszenierung

5517:

where francophones formed 11.6% of the total population.

4359:

Coats of arms and flags of the constituent states in 1900

4237:

were appointed by and reported to the state governments.

3632: 3390: 3033:

are, albeit with many amendments, still in effect today.

2649: 2466:

chemical works. Bismarck stubbornly refused to listen to

11106:

Dissemination of the German Language 1913 (map, 300 dpi)

10966:

Dickinson, Edward Ross. "The German Empire: an Empire?"

8725:(2010) focuses on cultural impact in Africa and Germany. 8691:

Ciarlo, David (2008). "Globalizing German Colonialism".

8060:

The Economic Development of France and Germany 1815–1914

2959:

Crime; convicts in relation to the population, 1882–1886

2578:

Economic history of Germany § Industrial Revolution

1424:

arrived, Italy left the alliance and the Ottoman Empire

1235:, the head of government. As these events occurred, the 10841:

Escape into War? The Foreign Policy of Imperial Germany

9704:

British history in the 19th century and after 1782–1919

9044: 8641:

Russian Foreign Policy: Interests, Vectors, and Sectors

7908: 4391:) and, via single-member districts, the Imperial Diet ( 8995: 7181:, southern East Prussia, central and eastern parts of 4292:

law, declaring war (which required the consent of the

3882:

was ousted from the Russian throne, and in November a

3660:

full support for Austro-Hungarian plans to invade the

3460:. Under Wilhelm II, with the financial backing of the 2931:

The Germanisation policies were targeted particularly

9451: 8165:"Diese deutschen Wörter kennt man noch in der Südsee" 7468:

regions of Prussia (Brandenburg and Silesia) and the

7460:. Czech was spoken predominantly in the south of the 7192:

Northern and western parts of the country, including

5534:

Native languages of the citizens of the German Empire

3501:

and viewed the countries of northern South America –

10290: 10157:"The Hitler Legacy: The Nazi Cult in Diaspora" p. 64 9824: 8886:. Cambridge University Press, New York. p. 28. 7275: 6540:

nationalists had desired. The influence of Prussian

6400:

also lived under German colonial rule, primarily in

3716:, a military strategy designed to cripple France by 3594:. Germany's only other ally besides Austria was the 3493:

In South America, Germany's primary interest was in

10250: 9400: 9375: 9335: 9250:

The Second Reich: Kaiser Wilhelm II and his Germany

8789: 8787: 8511:Moore, Robert Laurence; Vaudagna, Maurizio (2003). 6581:made a significant contribution to modern art. The 6518:of the German Empire used since 1903. In 1956, the 4222:was a legislative body that possessed the right of 10614:The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 1860–1914 10294:; Lake, Philip; Atkinson, Charles Francis (1911). 7746:"Population statistics of the German Empire, 1871" 5491:and Dutch in the western border areas of Prussia ( 4152:was abolished. On 9 November, the Social Democrat 3910:was given over to the German occupation authority 8076:"Germany article of Encyclopedia Britannia, Link" 7533:Heil Dir im Siegerkranz: die Hymnen der Deutschen 7261: Denotes territories lost in both World Wars 5404:Detailed map in 1893 with cities and larger towns 3668:. Subsequent interpretation – for example at the 2860:was endemic in Germany during the period. Before 1763:, the main residence of the House of Hohenzollern 1724:The legislation also required the consent of the 1475:imposed post-war reparation costs of 132 billion 1435:in the autumn of 1914 failed, and the war on the 17749: 10062:"Fremdsprachige Minderheiten im Deutschen Reich" 8996:Broadberry, Stephen; O'Rourke, Kevin H. (2010). 8784: 7947:A History of Modern Germany: 1800 to the Present 7867:. Oxford: Berghahn, 2011; James Retallack, ed., 7242:and continued as a part of Russia following the 6083:Religious confessions in the German Empire 1880 4106:, in northern Germany, saw the beginning of the 3674:Germany bore responsibility for starting the war 3045:Different legal systems in Germany prior to 1900 2943:even where they made up the majority, as in the 2807:. A powerful intellectual force of the time was 12092:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 10961:Imperial Germany: A Historiographical Companion 10267: 9732:German Anglophobia and the Great War, 1914–1918 9352: 9350: 9146:"Everyday Antisemitism in Pre-War Nazi Germany" 8834:The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe 7409:were located in the east; Polish mainly in the 7234:exclave on the Baltic, from which Germans were 4419: 4095:into the war in April 1917 tipped the long-run 3456:after him sought closer economic ties with the 824:540,857.54 km (208,826.26 sq mi) 10827:"Lecture Notes, Germany and Europe, 1871–1945" 10276:. 15th edition, vol. 14, Leipzig 1933, p. 741. 9941:"Der Bundesrat in Verfassung und Wirklichkeit" 9728: 9524: 9522: 9485: 9483: 9481: 9479: 8875: 8873: 8609: 8607: 8461:[The Prussian Three-Class Franchise]. 8440: 8438: 8162: 7267: Denotes territories lost in World War II 6396:in addition to Christianity. Over two million 5484:were spoken predominantly in the north of the 4091:(USPD), which demanded an end to the war. The 3243:Having learned from the failure of Bismarck's 1598:, comprising the 22 states north of the river 17838:States and territories disestablished in 1918 16269: 15248: 13640: 13267: 11131: 11013:Müller, Sven Oliver, and Cornelius Torp, ed. 10836:(2008), a brief textbook by a leading scholar 10805:. (4 vol University of Miami Press 1969–1973) 10431:Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914–1918 9856:Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914–1918 9556: 9554: 9330:The Entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II, 1888–1918 9309: 9307: 9243: 9241: 9239: 8639:Gvosdev, Nikolas; Marsh, Christopher (2013). 8510: 8483: 7861:Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914–1918 7515: 7255: Denotes territories lost in World War I 4146:advancing toward Germany on the Western Front 3062: 2369: 1467:had surrendered. The empire collapsed in the 17726:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 13609: 13600: 10856:The Oxford Handbook of Modern German History 10190: 9368:Geoffrey Cocks and Konrad H. Jarausch, eds. 9347: 8970: 8945:. Volume: 83. Issue: 3. 2009. pp. 475ff. in 8643:. Thousand Oaks, CA: CQ Press. p. 241. 8638: 8632: 8000:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7844: 7764: 7357: 6856: 6844: 6836: 6724:The Empire of Germany had two armed forces: 6711: 6705: 6695: 6688: 6677: 6668: 6644: 6590: 6524: 5327: 5304: 5242: 5223: 5068: 5049: 5021: 4993: 4965: 4921: 4902: 4811: 4767: 4727: 4699: 4671: 4648: 4330: 4297: 4249: 4231: 4217: 4211: 3022: 3014: 3006: 2996: 2994: 2718: 2237: 2123: 1698:Die Proklamation des Deutschen Kaiserreiches 1649:of the Confederation. The new constitution ( 1187:, where the south German states, except for 943: 922: 914: 902: 168: 131: 98: 35: 15367:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16) 12575: 9757:"Schlieffen Plan | German military history" 9519: 9476: 9222:. Cambridge University Press. p. 214. 8870: 8832:Stephen Broadberry, and Kevin H. O'Rourke. 8663: 8604: 8484:Kersbergen, Kees van; Vis, Barbara (2013). 8435: 8196: 6963: 6710:. While some historians have abandoned the 4140:, which forced Austria-Hungary to sign the 814:1,750,000 km (680,000 sq mi) 109: 17843:States and territories established in 1871 16276: 16262: 15255: 15241: 13647: 13633: 13274: 13260: 11138: 11124: 10251:Helmut Walser Smith (May 2008). "When the 9568:Comparative Studies in Society and History 9551: 9304: 9236: 9002:. Cambridge University Press. p. 80. 8407:. Cincinnati: Jennings & Pye. p. 8369: 7740: 7738: 7736: 7506:, 2nd ed, p. 102; A. Williams and co, 1880 7440:) with 13.8% of the population and in the 6676:The historiographical concept of a German 5529:Demographics of pre-WW1 European countries 3676:, or at least provoking a wider conflict. 2884:, antisemitism in Germany would increase. 2376: 2362: 239: 223: 209: 199: 11101:German Reich map of states 1913 (300 dpi) 10662:Mombauer, Annika and Wilhelm Deist, eds. 10417:Wilhelm II: Prince and Emperor, 1859–1900 10344:, vol. 40, no. 1 (2017) pp. 147–162 9813:The defeat of imperial Germany, 1917–1918 8517:. Cornell University Press. p. 226. 8423: 8249: 7875:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005. 6392:, millions of subjects practiced various 6067:Generally, religious demographics of the 5510:(6.28%) were spoken chiefly in the east. 5392:Election constituencies for the Reichstag 3846:was a stalemate for the German Army, the 3644:in orange, and neutral countries in grey. 3581:, and her support for action in annexing 3127: 2856:As it was throughout Europe at the time, 12374:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 10899:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 10467:Municipal life and government in Germany 10421:Wilhelm II: Emperor and Exile, 1900–1941 9528: 9516:(U of North Carolina Press, 1999), p. 67 9420:Wilhelm II: Emperor and Exile, 1900–1941 9220:Cambridge Illustrated History of Germany 9122:, March 1962, Vol. 22 Issue 1, pp. 59–70 9050: 9035: 8908:The Emergence of the German Dye Industry 8823:, May 2006, Vol. 59 Issue 2, pp. 347–373 8734: 8723:German Colonialism and National Identity 8107:. Oxford University Press. p. 517. 8100: 7970:Toyka-Seid, Gerd Schneider, Christiane. 7555: 6790: 6510: 6460:Greater Imperial coat of arms of Germany 6440:Distribution of Jews in Imperial Germany 6032: 5524: 5413: 4354: 4167:on 11 November. It was succeeded by the 4058: 3963: 3826: 3770: 3703: 3631: 3403: 3371: 3297: 3223: 3186: 3131: 3066: 2954: 2935:of the empire, gained by Prussia in the 2897: 2777: 2585: 2499: 2419: 1755: 1692: 1651:Constitution of the German Confederation 1620: 1602:. The patriotic fervor generated by the 1509: 1358:, it managed to build the third-largest 204: 17550: 12751:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 11070:Ravenstein's Atlas of the German Empire 10956:(2003) pp. 281–293, historiography 10810:Faust's Metropolis: A History of Berlin 10761:Germany in the Age of Kaiser Wilhelm II 10691:(1996) dense coverage of chief topics; 10440:(2006), the standard scholarly survey; 9489: 9457: 9272: 9217: 9199:Zweihundert Jahre deutsche Polenpolitik 8806:Richard H. Tilly and Michael Kopsidis, 8537: 8094: 7972:"Reichsgründung/ Deutsches Reich | bpb" 7944: 7733: 7707: 6522:was re-introduced as the symbol of the 6488:Lesser Imperial coat of arms of Germany 6474:Middle Imperial coat of arms of Germany 4306:(Articles XI and XII). The emperor was 4042: 3313:Wilhelm II wanted Germany to have her " 2933:against the significant Polish minority 17750: 13682:List of current non-sovereign monarchs 11008:Contesting the German Empire 1871–1918 10817:A Social History of Germany, 1648–1914 10598:Imperial Culture in Germany, 1871–1918 10578:A History of Modern Germany: 1840–1945 10479:(1894); politics and parties, Volume 2 10412:(1938); written for advanced students. 10098: 9938: 9547:from the original on 21 December 2018. 9395:Imperial Culture in Germany, 1871–1918 9077:A History of Modern Germany: 1840–1945 8879: 8810:. (University of Chicago Press, 2020). 8719:The Rulers of German Africa, 1884–1914 8690: 8616:A History of Modern Germany Since 1815 8613: 8382:from the original on 17 September 2021 8341: 8323:from the original on 17 September 2021 8317:The National WWII Museum | New Orleans 8262:from the original on 17 September 2021 8197:Steinhauser, Gabriele (28 July 2017). 8027:from the original on 17 September 2021 7969: 7896:from the original on 17 September 2021 7794: 7643: 7607:from the original on 20 September 2022 7584:Internationalen Max-Reger-Gesellschaft 7530: 5520: 4260:constitutional reforms of October 1918 3835:at the time of the cease-fire and the 1336:systematic repression of Polish people 140:("Hail to Thee in the Victor's Crown") 16257: 15236: 13912: 13628: 13255: 12704:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 12047:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 11119: 10041: 10023:from the original on 15 November 2022 9984:Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung 9693:(London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1931). 9560: 9406: 9381: 9356: 9341: 9313: 9247: 8585: 8459:"Das Preußische Dreiklassenwahlrecht" 8456: 8293:from the original on 14 December 2017 8014: 7782:from the original on 25 December 2018 7721:from the original on 26 December 2018 7703:Statement of Abdication of Wilhelm II 7343: 6943:region on the Belgian–German border) 6777: 4338: 3617:History of Germany during World War I 1433:German plans to capture Paris quickly 15262: 13108:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 10812:(1998), 1139 pages, pp. 188–233 10380:Prussian Poland in the German Empire 9892:from the original on 27 January 2023 9836:from the original on 2 November 2000 9168:Timothy Baycroft and Mark Hewitson, 8845: 8444: 8429: 8400: 8280: 8175:from the original on 19 October 2017 8163:Matthias Heine (17 September 2012). 8082:from the original on 24 January 2022 8015:Sturm, Reinhard (23 December 2011). 7859:See, for example, Roger Chickering, 6508:aftermath of the empire's collapse. 4054: 4002:. By retraining the soldiers in new 3993: Occupied territory (1914–1918) 1514:Chancellor Otto von Bismarck in 1890 13037:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 11838:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 10911:Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman 10364:Blackbourn, David, and Geoff Eley. 9595:from the original on 7 January 2019 9506: 9170:What is a nation?: Europe 1789–1914 8737:Journal of Southern African Studies 8590:. New York: iUniverse. p. 33. 8049:Springer, Berlin 2006, pp. 231, 246 7827:The World Book dictionary, Volume 1 7556:von ADELHEID, K. L. A. I. B. E. R. 4099:even more in favour of the Allies. 4089:Independent Social Democratic Party 3854:, the badly organised and supplied 3708:German troops being mobilized, 1914 3357:, and the mainland part of current 3283:International relations (1814–1919) 3197:in the 1890s / early 1900s 3182: 2606:, whose first factory was built in 2571: 2416:International relations (1814–1919) 2401:forces of liberalism and socialism. 13: 13677:List of current sovereign monarchs 11777:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 10985:, with guide to recent scholarship 10938:German Women for Empire, 1884–1945 10283: 10139:from the original on 11 March 2023 9993:from the original on 30 April 2023 9951:from the original on 30 April 2023 9767:from the original on 2 August 2019 9735:. Cambridge UP. pp. 176–178. 9439:from the original on 8 August 2018 9038:Modern Prussian History: 1830–1947 8618:. London: Continuum. p. 170. 8231:from the original on 1 August 2017 7926:from the original on 13 April 2023 7314:Spa Conference (29 September 1918) 6051:Evangelical Church of the Redeemer 5827: 4415: 4351:List of historic states of Germany 3376:Flag of the German colonial empire 3276: 3234:Social Democratic Party of Germany 3057:Fields of law in the German Empire 3005:) and code of criminal procedure ( 1790:While the states issued their own 1526:on 8 June 1815 as a result of the 1522:had been created by an act of the 1116:Area and population not including 16:1871–1918 empire in Central Europe 14: 17854: 17798:20th century in Germany by period 17788:1918 disestablishments in Germany 11063: 10689:Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck 10655:Milward, Alan S. and S. B. Saul. 9919:Constitution of the German Empire 9830:"1914–18: Lebensmittelversorgung" 9185:(Columbia University Press, 1981) 9158:from the original on 12 May 2004. 8761:Alan S. Milward, and S. B. Saul, 8457:Peter, Jelena (1 February 2000). 7916:"Reich, German political concept" 7432:). Small islands also existed in 7319:Spa Conferences (First World War) 7208:, from all of which Germans were 7068:in 1939, from which Germans were 7031:partially deported following WWII 6532:, the modern German armed forces. 6503:and the penalties imposed by the 4189:Constitution of the German Empire 3551:Diplomatic history of World War I 3540: 3122: 3017:Allgemeines Preußisches Landrecht 2821:government supervision of schools 2560:Urbanization in the German Empire 2409: 1617:Proclamation of the German Empire 1259:. The German Empire consisted of 14195:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 13392: 12140:Second Battle of the Piave River 11762:Russian invasion of East Prussia 10963:(1996); 18 essays by specialists 10519:German Foreign Policy, 1871–1914 10244: 10227: 10184: 10160: 10151: 10092: 10080: 10054: 10035: 10005: 9932: 9874: 9861: 9848: 9818: 9805: 9792: 9779: 9749: 9722: 9709: 9696: 9683: 9670: 9657: 9630: 9607: 8250:Blakemore, Erin (27 June 2019). 7685:. London: Macmillan. pp. 13–14. 7535:. Oldenburg, Hamburg: Stalling. 7382: 7278: 6784:Territorial evolution of Germany 6604:In the field of economics, the " 6501:aftermath of the First World War 6480: 6466: 6452: 6433: 6421: 6409: 6037:Emperor Wilhelm II, who was the 6007: 5993: 5979: 5965: 5951: 5937: 5923: 5909: 5890: 5876: 5862: 5848: 5834: 5397: 5385: 5366: 5354: 5314: 5284: 5268: 5252: 5210: 5189: 5168: 5147: 5123: 5099: 5078: 5036: 5008: 4980: 4952: 4931: 4889: 4868: 4847: 4826: 4798: 4777: 4742: 4714: 4686: 4658: 4406: 4159:. The new government led by the 3977: Home Territory (1871–1918) 3822: 3699: 3564:expressed the British viewpoint: 3488: 3236:(SPD), whose radicals advocated 3050: 3038: 2887: 2864:'s decrees ended the ghettos in 2834: 2741: 2712: 2342: 2328: 1867: 1098: 1084: 1070: 1056: 1031: 1017: 1003: 989: 975: 183: 144: 75: 61: 15459:German revolutions of 1848–1849 15428:Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation) 13672:Imperial, royal and noble ranks 13204:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 12404:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 11145: 10449:The Evolution of Modern Germany 10193:Journal of Contemporary History 9986:(in German). 2016. p. 10. 9678:German foreign policy 1871–1914 9463: 9425: 9412: 9387: 9362: 9319: 9266: 9211: 9188: 9175: 9162: 9138: 9125: 9108: 9095: 9082: 9069: 9056: 9029: 9016: 8989: 8964: 8951: 8935: 8926: 8913: 8900: 8839: 8826: 8813: 8800: 8771: 8755: 8728: 8711: 8684: 8657: 8579: 8566: 8531: 8504: 8477: 8450: 8404:European Constitutional History 8394: 8363: 8335: 8305: 8274: 8243: 8190: 8156: 8143: 8130:The Journal of Military History 8121: 8052: 8039: 8008: 7963: 7938: 7878: 7853: 7832: 7819: 7806:collections.library.cornell.edu 7696: 7672: 7637: 7365: 7336: 7309:List of German monarchs in 1918 6445: 5409: 4182: 4112:workers' and soldiers' councils 3972:, shortly before its collapse: 3870:to travel through Germany from 3598:, but it remained an ally only 3408:Hoisting of the German flag at 3228:Berlin in the late 19th century 2851: 2136:German revolutions of 1848–1849 1838: 1712:), his father the emperor, and 567:C. zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst 17763:1871 establishments in Germany 15444:Early modern period, 1500–1800 15332:List of early Germanic peoples 13654: 13027:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 12886:Deportations from East Prussia 12683:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 11058:(2 vol. London, 1879) Volume 2 11024:(2004) v 37, pp. 273–289 10645:(Yale University Press, 1975). 10484:Bismarck and the German Empire 9945:Orte der Demokratie Geschichte 9540:(in Spanish). pp. 29–40. 8514:The American Century in Europe 8355:. London: H. G. Bohn. p. 7628: 7619: 7589: 7576: 7549: 7524: 7509: 7496: 7487: 7037:until its dissolution in 1992 6049:after the inauguration of the 6019: 5563:German and a foreign language 5489:province of Schleswig-Holstein 4108:German Revolution of 1918–1919 3610: 3447: 3287: 2761: 1453:unrestricted submarine warfare 21:German Empire (disambiguation) 1: 15567:History of Germany since 1990 12938:Ukrainian Canadian internment 9939:Haardt, Oliver F. R. (2020). 9888:(in German). 4 January 2019. 9370:German Professions, 1800–1950 9135:(Yale University Press, 1975) 8463:Deutsches Historisches Museum 8343:Heeren, Arnold Hermann Ludwig 7772:"German constitution of 1871" 7389:The Slavic speakers included 7356:; today often referred to as 7324: 6041:Evangelical Church of Prussia 5374: 5347: 4018: 3927: 3656:, the Kaiser offered Emperor 3628:German entry into World War I 3523:heavily influenced by Germany 3151:. Bismarck demanded that the 2540:in 1906–1907 resulted in the 2508:and its protectorates in 1914 1787:and had limited circulation. 1610: 1499: 1229:Minister President of Prussia 13687:List of monarchy referendums 13093:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 12392:Estonian War of Independence 12067:Southern Palestine offensive 10924:The German Empire, 1871–1918 10496:New York: Macmillan Company. 10239:The German Empire, 1871–1918 10042:Huber, Ernst Rudolf (1988). 9279:The German Empire: 1870–1918 8574:The Age of Empire: 1875–1914 8490:. Cambridge UP. p. 38. 7531:Hansen, Hans Jürgen (1978). 7244:collapse of the Soviet Union 7094:, parts of the districts of 6632: 4258:approval to pass. After the 4102:The end of October 1918, in 3938:Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck 2730:Germany's decision to enter 2582:Industrialization in Germany 1718:Helmuth von Moltke the Elder 1530:, after being alluded to in 1451:. The German declaration of 1426:formally allied with Germany 1255:, were still engaged in the 452:semi-constitutional monarchy 7: 17818:Former monarchies of Europe 16283: 13283:States of the German Empire 13047:USA against Austria-Hungary 12446:Turkish War of Independence 12398:Latvian War of Independence 12130:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 11721:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 10064:(in German). Archived from 9702:George Macaulay Trevelyan, 9252:. McGraw-Hill. p. 60. 9120:Journal of Economic History 8932:Chandler (1990) pp. 474–475 8923:(2004) covers 1865 to 2000; 8717:L. Gann and Peter Duignan, 8287:www.nationalarchives.gov.uk 7978:(in German). Archived from 7748:(in German). Archived from 7520:. Münster: Bachmann Verlag. 7294:Economic history of Germany 7271: 7152:(the German population was 7134:Greater Poland Voivodeships 6752:Imperial German Air Service 6719: 6028: 4345:States of the German Empire 4163:called for and received an 4087:(SPD) and the more radical 3940:. Using Germans and native 3775:German Army positions, 1914 3670:Versailles Peace Conference 3517:and showed interest in the 3438:Herero and Namaqua Genocide 2993:, code of civil procedure ( 2939:. Poles were treated as an 2725:(Smaller Germany) over the 2691: 2554:Economic history of Germany 2542:Herero and Namaqua genocide 2489: 1372:Herero and Namaqua genocide 1080:Territory of the Saar Basin 230:States of the German Empire 10: 17859: 17803:Former countries in Europe 15474:North German Confederation 15454:Confederation of the Rhine 13130:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 12678:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 12145:Second Battle of the Marne 12032:Second battle of the Aisne 11901:Second Battle of Champagne 11742:German invasion of Belgium 11030:10.1163/156916104323121483 10863:The German Colonial Empire 10854:Smith, Helmut Walser, ed. 10776:Imperial Germany 1871–1918 10544:American Historical Review 10205:10.1177/002200948802300101 9024:Europe reshaped, 1848–1878 8973:Imperial Germany 1850–1918 7869:Imperial Germany 1871–1918 6863:(northeastern part of the 6781: 6636: 6571:Nobel prize for literature 6060: 4348: 4342: 4186: 4124:on 29 September 1918. The 3625: 3621: 3614: 3544: 3291: 3280: 3106:Prussian interior minister 3104:, the highly conservative 3080:Year of the Three Emperors 3077: 3063:Year of the three emperors 2891: 2866:Confederation of the Rhine 2771: 2765: 2575: 2557: 2551: 2547: 2493: 2413: 2141:North German Confederation 2111:Confederation of the Rhine 1720:, Prussian Chief of Staff. 1631:North German Confederation 1614: 1596:North German Confederation 1503: 1494: 1412:in 1882. It also retained 1223:remained its capital, and 1197:North German Confederation 1175:on 18 January 1871 at the 983:North German Confederation 179:("The Watch on the Rhine") 18: 17833:Modern history of Germany 17719: 17671: 17188: 16592: 16291: 16208: 16068: 15948: 15939: 15822: 15813: 15694: 15685: 15621: 15612: 15575: 15554: 15436: 15390: 15314: 15283: 15274: 15099: 15008: 14722: 14485: 14419: 14231: 14222: 14118: 14100: 14032: 13947: 13905: 13837: 13751: 13695: 13662: 13588: 13572: 13544: 13531:Schwarzburg-Sondershausen 13490: 13444: 13401: 13390: 13290: 13236: 13195: 13116: 13055: 13017: 12961: 12950: 12911:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 12854: 12826: 12774: 12696: 12670: 12622: 12515: 12508: 12440:Irish War of Independence 12336: 12218: 12190:Armistice of Villa Giusti 12175:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 12100: 12002: 11929: 11830: 11787:First Battle of the Marne 11734: 11696: 11631: 11622: 11565: 11439: 11428: 11394: 11366: 11328: 11280: 11233: 11226: 11153: 11043:Dawson, William Harbutt. 10895:Steinmetz, George (2007) 10717:Journal of Modern History 10580:(1969), pp. 173–532 10571:English Historical Review 10535:20 September 2022 at the 10473:Dawson, William Harbutt. 10464:Dawson, William Harbutt. 10455:Dawson, William Harbutt. 10446:Dawson, William Harbutt. 10407:17 September 2021 at the 10117:10.1080/00905990600841959 9886:deutsche-schutzgebiete.de 9642:English Historical Review 9624:20 September 2018 at the 9581:10.1017/S0010417517000159 9529:Sanhueza, Carlos (2011). 9201:. suhrkamp 1978, p. 144; 8971:Feuchtwanger, Ed (2002). 8749:10.1080/03057079308708348 8104:War in Human Civilization 7949:. John Wiley & Sons. 7840:Whitaker's almanack, 1991 7452:) (5.5%) and in parts of 7220: 7165: 7081: 7046: 7015: 6992: 6980: 6964: 6952: 6876: 6857: 6845: 6837: 6822: 6812: 6809: 6806: 6801: 6629:during the 19th century. 6494: 6102: 6099: 6096: 6093: 6090: 6087: 5299: 5290: 5274: 5258: 5239:Free and Hanseatic Cities 5237: 5198:Schwarzburg-Sondershausen 5063: 4916: 4762: 4643: 4635: 4266:rather than the emperor. 4142:Armistice of Villa Giusti 4138:battle of Vittorio Veneto 3968:The German Empire during 3746:First Battle of the Marne 3203:Prime Minister of Prussia 2424:A postage stamp from the 1832:three-class voting system 1674:North German Constitution 1629:On 10 December 1870, the 1377:After the resignation of 1279:(six before 1876), seven 1114: 954: 890: 886: 873: 860: 847: 843: 833: 828: 818: 808: 803: 799: 786: 771: 756: 743: 730: 715: 702: 689: 685: 671: 659: 647: 637: 633: 621: 609: 597: 585: 573: 559: 547: 535: 531: 521: 517: 505: 493: 481: 477: 467: 441: 429: 377: 308: 298: 254: 238: 205:The German Empire in 1914 196: 125: 93: 57: 52: 30: 15626:Administrative divisions 13824:Self-proclaimed monarchy 13338:Lauenburg and Bütow Land 13063:Constantinople Agreement 12356:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 12219:Co-belligerent conflicts 12195:Second Romanian campaign 12165:Third Transjordan attack 11876:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 11782:Battle of Grand Couronné 11022:Central European History 10970:Issue 66, (Autumn 2008) 10968:History Workshop Journal 10792:19 November 2021 at the 10783:Naval War College Review 9826:German Historical Museum 9719:(1978) pp. 302–338, 350. 9651:12 November 2021 at the 9644:117.471 (2002): 333–55. 9561:Penny, H. Glenn (2017). 9433:"Wilhelm II (1859–1941)" 9218:Kitchen, Martin (2000). 8880:Berend, T. Ivan (2016). 8846:Torp, Cornelius (2014). 8678:10.1177/0266355406075719 8313:"How Did Hitler Happen?" 8281:Archives, The National. 7945:Kitchen, Martin (2011). 6390:overseas colonial empire 6039:Supreme Governor of the 5798:Other foreign languages 5023:Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha 3495:Argentina, Brazil, Chile 2774:Pope Pius IX and Germany 2652:. The three major firms 1736:, who was assisted by a 1469:November 1918 Revolution 1439:became a stalemate. The 1431:In the First World War, 1422:the great crisis of 1914 1152:, was the period of the 17793:19th century in Germany 14092:Vatican City (Holy See) 13126:Modus vivendi of Acroma 13078:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 12386:Greater Poland Uprising 12286:National Protection War 12170:Meuse–Argonne offensive 12120:German spring offensive 12115:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 11891:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 11866:Second Battle of Artois 11747:Battle of the Frontiers 10959:Chickering, Roger, ed. 10652:(2 vol Abc-clio, 2005). 10476:Germany and the Germans 10333:Berghahn, Volker Rolf. 10323:Berghahn, Volker Rolf. 10307:Encyclopædia Britannica 10292:Ashworth, Philip Arthur 10173:6 February 2018 at the 10099:Oltmer, Jochen (2006). 9761:Encyclopedia Britannica 9729:Matthew Stibbe (2006). 9471:Ruanda-Urundi 1884–1919 9116:Business History Review 8943:Business History Review 8821:Economic History Review 8586:Young, William (2006). 8347:Talboys, David Alphonso 8208:The Wall Street Journal 7345:[ˌdɔʏtʃəsˈʁaɪç] 7304:List of German monarchs 7236:deported following WWII 7210:deported following WWII 7154:deported following WWII 7070:deported following WWII 6057:, 31 October 1898) 4904:Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach 4201:constitutional monarchy 4161:German Social Democrats 4085:Social Democratic Party 3959: 3896:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 3837:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 3323:German Southwest Africa 3025:Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch 2984:courts constitution act 2788:Between Berlin and Rome 2756:Social Democratic Party 1741:could also disband the 1684:universal male suffrage 1682:, which was elected by 1449:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1362:at the time, after the 1140:), also referred to as 592:T. von Bethmann Hollweg 299:Official languages 134:Heil dir im Siegerkranz 17828:Military dictatorships 15887:Science and technology 15588:History of Brandenburg 15479:Unification of Germany 15469:Frankfurt Constitution 14374:Islands of Refreshment 13804:Legitimacy (political) 13610: 13601: 13596:German colonial empire 13526:Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 13151:Paris Peace Conference 13139:Ukraine–Central Powers 12933:Massacres of Albanians 12901:Late Ottoman genocides 12708:Bulgarian occupations 12416:Third Anglo-Afghan War 12380:Hungarian–Romanian War 12205:Naval Victory Bulletin 12200:Armistice with Germany 12150:Hundred Days Offensive 12077:Battle of La Malmaison 12027:Second battle of Arras 11994:Battle of Transylvania 11848:Second Battle of Ypres 11716:Sarajevo assassination 11605:South African Republic 11092:gemeindeverzeichnis.de 10659:(1977) pp. 17–70. 10627:Koch, Hannsjoachim W. 10528:34.4 (2016): 529–554. 9636:Matthew S. Seligmann, 9500:Uniwersytet Warszawski 9248:Kurtz, Harold (1970). 8975:. Routledge. Table 1. 8614:Tipton, Frank (2003). 7845: 7502:Preble, George Henry, 7377: 7358: 6803:When lost from Germany 6796: 6712: 6706: 6696: 6689: 6678: 6669: 6645: 6591: 6533: 6525: 6058: 5530: 5422: 5328: 5305: 5243: 5224: 5177:Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 5069: 5050: 5022: 4994: 4966: 4922: 4903: 4812: 4768: 4728: 4700: 4672: 4649: 4625: 4360: 4331: 4298: 4250: 4232: 4224:legislative initiative 4218: 4212: 4179:, and the Communists. 4080: 3995: 3839: 3776: 3709: 3645: 3583:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3571: 3417: 3377: 3310: 3294:German colonial empire 3268:Generalquartiermeister 3229: 3198: 3140: 3128:Bismarck's resignation 3075: 3023: 3015: 3007: 2997: 2995: 2960: 2950: 2916: 2842:European welfare state 2795: 2719: 2675:agricultural chemicals 2599: 2509: 2506:German colonial empire 2496:German colonial empire 2476:Berlin–Baghdad railway 2456:Triple Alliance (1882) 2428: 2403: 2238: 2124: 1993:Linear Pottery culture 1764: 1721: 1626: 1563:'s main German rival, 1515: 1506:Unification of Germany 1414:strong diplomatic ties 1313:became second only to 1295:one imperial territory 1158:unification of Germany 1137: 944: 923: 915: 903: 247:German colonial empire 169: 132: 110: 99: 36: 17696:Medieval great powers 15524:Flight and expulsions 14185:Saint Kitts and Nevis 13774:Criticism of monarchy 13764:Abolition of monarchy 13161:Treaty of St. Germain 13134:Russia–Central Powers 13088:Sykes–Picot Agreement 12916:Pontic Greek genocide 12891:Destruction of Kalisz 12867:Eastern Mediterranean 12428:Polish–Lithuanian War 12210:Armistice of Belgrade 12180:Armistice of Salonica 12110:Operation Faustschlag 12057:Third Battle of Oituz 11979:Baranovichi offensive 11947:Lake Naroch offensive 11921:Battle of Robat Karim 11896:Vistula–Bug offensive 11871:Battles of the Isonzo 11802:First Battle of Ypres 10885:Steinberg, Jonathan. 10832:24 March 2012 at the 10648:Levy, Richard S. ed. 10399:Carroll, E. Malcolm. 10351:7 August 2020 at the 10342:German Studies Review 10257:German Studies Review 10168:A New Surge of Growth 9689:Hermann Kantorowicz, 9617:(1938) pp 485ff, 830. 8705:10.1093/gerhis/ghn007 8540:German Studies Review 8401:Case, Nelson (1902). 7679:Wheeler-Bennett, John 7658:10.1093/gerhis/ghw117 7359:Deutsches Kaiserreich 7238:. Transferred to the 6794: 6514: 6061:Further information: 6036: 5528: 5508:West Slavic languages 5417: 5244:Freie und Hansestädte 5017:Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 4624: 4358: 4157:proclaimed a republic 4122:Armistice of Salonica 4075:for Germany from the 4062: 3967: 3954:Portuguese Mozambique 3830: 3774: 3707: 3635: 3566: 3547:Causes of World War I 3407: 3375: 3301: 3281:Further information: 3227: 3190: 3135: 3070: 2958: 2903:Prussian deportations 2901: 2781: 2589: 2552:Further information: 2503: 2468:Georg Herbert Münster 2423: 2414:Further information: 2398: 1919:Territorial evolution 1773:House of Hohenzollern 1759: 1696: 1624: 1513: 1441:Allied naval blockade 1217:House of Hohenzollern 458:military dictatorship 309:Common languages 283:52.51861°N 13.37611°E 17706:European colonialism 17691:Ancient great powers 16196:World Heritage Sites 15874:German states by GDP 15464:German Confederation 14017:United Arab Emirates 13573:Imperial Territories 13426:Mecklenburg-Strelitz 13421:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 13342:Starostwo of Draheim 13156:Treaty of Versailles 12872:Mount Lebanon famine 12787:in the United States 12755:Russian occupations 12469:Turkish–Armenian War 12410:Polish–Ukrainian War 12350:Ukrainian–Soviet War 12297:Central Asian Revolt 12087:Armistice of Focșani 11817:Battle of Sarikamish 11767:Battle of Tannenberg 11163:Military engagements 11006:Jefferies, Matthew. 10785:(1973) 26#1: 28–41. 10490:Fife, Robert Herndon 10436:Clark, Christopher. 10105:Nationalities Papers 9613:E. Malcolm Carroll, 8919:Werner Abelshauser, 7774:(in German). German 7064:in 1923, retaken by 7004:South Jutland County 6761:Imperial German Navy 6730:Imperial German Army 6559:published his novel 6505:Treaty of Versailles 6394:indigenous religions 5373:Population density ( 5301:Imperial Territories 4898:Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 4856:Mecklenburg-Strelitz 4835:Mecklenburg-Schwerin 4314:(Article LXIII) and 4043:Spanish Flu Pandemic 4004:infiltration tactics 3804:Erich von Falkenhayn 3102:Robert von Puttkamer 2937:partitions of Poland 2880:'s rise to power in 2874:Treaty of Versailles 2445:Dual Alliance (1879) 2255:Expulsion of Germans 2221:Contemporary Germany 2119:German Confederation 1714:Frederick I of Baden 1706:Palace of Versailles 1663:Palace of Versailles 1588:German Confederation 1569:Second Schleswig War 1520:German Confederation 1473:Treaty of Versailles 1459:, the German armies 1263:, each with its own 1177:Palace of Versailles 1118:colonial possessions 761:Abdication of Kaiser 17701:Modern great powers 15832:Automobile industry 15418:Carolingian dynasty 15352:History of the Huns 15213:Trinidad and Tobago 15100:Commonwealth realms 14985:United Baltic Duchy 14128:Antigua and Barbuda 14120:Commonwealth realms 13814:Order of succession 13536:Waldeck and Pyrmont 13223:They shall not pass 13146:Treaty of Bucharest 13103:Treaty of Bucharest 13042:USA against Germany 13019:Declarations of war 12723:German occupations 12636:British casualties 12495:Soviet–Georgian War 12422:Egyptian Revolution 12362:Armeno-Georgian War 12226:Somaliland campaign 12185:Armistice of Mudros 12062:Battle of Caporetto 12052:Battle of Mărășești 12022:Zimmermann telegram 12017:February Revolution 11962:Battle of the Somme 11886:Bug-Narew Offensive 11861:Battle of Gallipoli 11853:Sinking of the RMS 11645:Scramble for Africa 11639:Franco-Prussian War 11295:Sinai and Palestine 11076:6 June 2013 at the 10977:12 May 2020 at the 10920:Wehler, Hans-Ulrich 10868:Sperber, Jonathan. 10861:Smith, Woodruff D. 10839:Schollgen, Gregor. 10808:Richie, Alexandra. 10687:Nipperdey, Thomas. 10600:. (Palgrave, 2003) 10596:Jefferies, Mattew. 10429:Chickering, Roger. 10357:Blackbourn, David. 10274:Der Große Brockhaus 10179:Library of Congress 9680:(1976) pp. 121–138. 9393:Matthew Jefferies, 9181:John J. Kulczycki, 9088:Christopher Clark, 9079:(1969), pp. 258–260 9040:. pp. 169–187. 8372:"Otto von Bismarck" 7586:3.42 (2022): 18–23. 7330:Informational notes 6583:AEG turbine factory 6084: 6069:early modern period 5537: 5521:1900 census results 5225:Waldeck und Pyrmont 5219:Waldeck and Pyrmont 4632: 4325:The chancellor was 4177:Organisation Consul 4154:Philipp Scheidemann 4130:Armistice of Mudros 4079:on 9 November 1918. 4069:Philipp Scheidemann 3878:In March 1917, the 3533:the decades before 3264:Paul von Hindenburg 3009:Strafprozessordnung 2999:Zivilprozessordnung 2912:, 1909 painting by 2910:(Polenausweisungen) 2813:papal infallibility 2441:Franco-Prussian War 2069:Early Modern period 2056:Eastward settlement 1785:commemorative coins 1670:German Constitution 1604:Franco-Prussian War 1581:Franco-Prussian War 1577:Austro-Prussian War 1543:Revolutions of 1848 1356:Scramble for Africa 1267:, four constituent 1257:Franco-Prussian War 1162:November Revolution 911:South German gulden 790:Weimar Constitution 279: / 15902:Telecommunications 15583:History of Prussia 15499:Revolution of 1918 15494:War guilt question 15413:Carolingian Empire 15382:Sack of Rome (410) 15291:History of Germany 13360:Schleswig-Holstein 13183:Treaty of Lausanne 13098:Paris Economy Pact 13032:UK against Germany 12962:Entry into the war 12928:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 12647:Ottoman casualties 12457:Franco-Turkish War 12337:Post-War conflicts 12321:Russian Revolution 12303:Invasion of Darfur 12268:Kelantan rebellion 12256:Kurdish rebellions 12232:Mexican Revolution 12072:October Revolution 12037:Kerensky offensive 12012:Capture of Baghdad 11989:Monastir offensive 11974:Brusilov offensive 11812:Battle of Kolubara 11651:Russo-Japanese War 11052:Vizetelly, Henry. 10993:, Berghahn Books, 10936:Wildenthal, Lora. 10774:Retallack, James. 10759:Retallack, James. 10386:Brandenburg, Erich 10314:Barker, J. Ellis. 10068:on 6 February 2010 9854:Roger Chickering, 9798:Holger H. Herwig, 9092:(2006) pp. 568–576 9022:J.A.S. Grenville, 8432:, pp. 139–140 7982:on 26 October 2020 7562:SCHRIFTEN DER BAAR 7299:Kingdom of Germany 7232:Kaliningrad Oblast 7206:Warmia and Masuria 6994:Northern Schleswig 6935:(all are parts of 6797: 6778:Territorial legacy 6662:, a leader of the 6660:Hans-Ulrich Wehler 6534: 6402:German East Africa 6082: 6059: 6043:'s older Provinces 5536:(1 December 1900) 5533: 5531: 5442:Germanic languages 5423: 5361:Administrative map 4631: 4626: 4381:Congress of Vienna 4361: 4339:Constituent states 4327:head of government 4308:commander-in-chief 4081: 4077:Reichstag building 4012:Russian Revolution 3996: 3952:. He also invaded 3934:German East Africa 3840: 3777: 3710: 3646: 3575:Reinsurance Treaty 3418: 3378: 3347:German East Africa 3311: 3230: 3199: 3141: 3092:, eldest child of 3076: 2971:In 1871, a common 2961: 2917: 2870:German nationalism 2796: 2600: 2510: 2460:Reinsurance Treaty 2429: 2349:History portal 2335:Germany portal 2086:Kingdom of Prussia 2046:Kingdom of Germany 2018:Barbarian kingdoms 1765: 1722: 1627: 1524:Congress of Vienna 1516: 1404:, followed by the 1160:in 1871 until the 678: • 661:• Lower house 649:• Upper house 616:Georg von Hertling 580:Bernhard von Bülow 288:52.51861; 13.37611 171:Die Wacht am Rhein 17813:Former monarchies 17745: 17744: 17667: 17666: 17632:Polish–Lithuanian 16807:Gurjara-Pratihara 16251: 16250: 16204: 16203: 15935: 15934: 15849:Chemical Triangle 15809: 15808: 15796:Political parties 15744:Foreign relations 15681: 15680: 15608: 15607: 15519:Allied occupation 15423:Holy Roman Empire 15230: 15229: 15226: 15225: 14915:Piedmont-Sardinia 14667:Sip Song Chau Tai 14477:Thirteen Colonies 14218: 14217: 13622: 13621: 13249: 13248: 13232: 13231: 13216:The Golden Virgin 13210:Mutilated victory 13191: 13190: 13171:Treaty of Trianon 13166:Treaty of Neuilly 13073:Damascus Protocol 12946: 12945: 12906:Armenian genocide 12863:Allied blockades 12835:Belgian refugees 12618: 12617: 12528:Strategic bombing 12504: 12503: 12489:Franco-Syrian War 12463:Greco-Turkish War 12451:Anglo-Turkish War 12434:Polish–Soviet War 12368:German Revolution 12344:Russian Civil War 12327:Finnish Civil War 12160:Battle of Megiddo 12135:Battle of Goychay 12082:Battle of Cambrai 12042:Battle of Mărăști 11957:Battle of Jutland 11937:Erzurum offensive 11792:Siege of Przemyśl 11772:Siege of Tsingtao 11757:Battle of Galicia 11687:Second Balkan War 11675:Italo-Turkish War 11632:Pre-War conflicts 11618: 11617: 11508:Portuguese Empire 11424: 11423: 11386:German New Guinea 11368:Asian and Pacific 10905:978-0-2267-7241-7 10825:Scheck, Raffael. 10707:Ragins, Sanford. 10670:Mommsen, Wolfgang 10641:Levy, Richard S. 10634:Kurlander, Eric. 10378:Blanke, Richard. 10255:Debate Left Us". 10017:documentarchiv.de 9858:(2004) p. 141–142 9717:Germany 1866–1945 9665:Germany 1866–1945 9663:Gordon A. Craig, 9512:Mitchell, Nancy. 9492:Revista del CESLA 9297:978-0-679-64090-5 9259:978-0-07-035653-5 9229:978-0-521-79432-9 9131:Richard S. Levy, 9009:978-1-139-48951-5 8982:978-1-13462-072-2 8524:978-0-8014-4075-5 8497:978-1-107-65247-7 8211:. New York City. 8133:3.4 (1939): 210+ 8114:978-0-19-923663-3 8101:Azar Gat (2008). 8045:Michael Kotulla: 7956:978-1-44439-689-8 7838:Joseph Whitaker. 7825:World Book, Inc. 7778:. 16 March 2011. 7691:978-1-4039-1812-3 7470:Kingdom of Saxony 7249: 7248: 6887:The two towns of 6732:, which included 6702:long 19th century 6548:and the Catholic 6386: 6385: 6077:Free Trade Unions 5825: 5824: 5810:Imperial citizens 5651:Wendish (Sorbian) 5515:Elsass-Lothringen 5506:Polish and other 5345: 5344: 5341: 5340: 5329:Elsass-Lothringen 5135: 5111: 5051:Sachsen-Meiningen 4995:Sachsen-Altenburg 4373:Holy Roman Empire 4230:(Article V). The 4193:The Empire was a 4093:entry of the U.S. 4055:Revolt and demise 3694:Septemberprogramm 3662:Kingdom of Serbia 3588:South African War 3527:Galápagos Islands 3519:Galápagos Islands 3442:Lothar von Trotha 3414:German New Guinea 3307:Berlin Conference 3090:Princess Victoria 2945:Province of Posen 2671:photographic film 2629:system (known as 2514:German New Guinea 2386: 2385: 2317: 2316: 2211: 2210: 2051:Holy Roman Empire 1928:Holy Roman Empire 1747:State Secretaries 1625:Wilhelm I in 1884 1579:in 1866, and the 1547:Otto von Bismarck 1379:Otto von Bismarck 1225:Otto von Bismarck 1124: 1123: 1110: 1109: 1106: 1105: 1044: 1043: 747:German Revolution 719:Berlin Conference 611:• 1917–1918 587:• 1909–1917 575:• 1900–1909 561:• 1894–1900 549:• 1890–1894 542:Otto von Bismarck 537:• 1871–1890 507:• 1888–1918 483:• 1871–1888 397:United Protestant 188: 177: 162: 17850: 17783:1910s in Germany 17778:1900s in Germany 17773:1890s in Germany 17768:1880s in Germany 17758:1870s in Germany 17548: 17547: 17213:Austro-Hungarian 16913:Chagatai Khanate 16278: 16271: 16264: 16255: 16254: 16231: 16224: 16217: 16181:Prussian virtues 15946: 15945: 15854:Economic history 15820: 15819: 15714: 15692: 15691: 15643:Cities and towns 15619: 15618: 15599:Baden Revolution 15403:Treaty of Verdun 15372:Marcomannic Wars 15327:Migration Period 15322:Germanic peoples 15306:Military history 15281: 15280: 15257: 15250: 15243: 15234: 15233: 15154:Irish Free State 14920:Poland–Lithuania 14229: 14228: 14180:Papua New Guinea 13910: 13909: 13649: 13642: 13635: 13626: 13625: 13615: 13606: 13521:Schaumburg-Lippe 13516: 13508: 13478: 13396: 13375: 13345: 13276: 13269: 13262: 13253: 13252: 13176:Treaty of Sèvres 13068:Treaty of London 12959: 12958: 12737:Northeast France 12668: 12667: 12640:Parliamentarians 12573: 12572: 12535:Chemical weapons 12513: 12512: 12274:Senussi campaign 12244:Muscat rebellion 12238:Maritz rebellion 12155:Vardar offensive 11984:Battle of Romani 11952:Battle of Asiago 11942:Battle of Verdun 11906:Kosovo offensive 11681:First Balkan War 11629: 11628: 11528:Russian Republic 11437: 11436: 11231: 11230: 11173:Economic history 11140: 11133: 11126: 11117: 11116: 11096: 11003: 10926:. (Berg, 1985). 10887:Bismarck: A Life 10756: 10566: 10517:Geiss, Imanuel. 10461:(1890) 175 pages 10311: 10299: 10277: 10271: 10265: 10264: 10248: 10242: 10231: 10225: 10224: 10188: 10182: 10164: 10158: 10155: 10149: 10148: 10146: 10144: 10096: 10090: 10084: 10078: 10077: 10075: 10073: 10058: 10052: 10051: 10039: 10033: 10032: 10030: 10028: 10009: 10003: 10002: 10000: 9998: 9992: 9981: 9972: 9961: 9960: 9958: 9956: 9936: 9930: 9929: 9923: 9913: 9902: 9901: 9899: 9897: 9878: 9872: 9865: 9859: 9852: 9846: 9845: 9843: 9841: 9822: 9816: 9809: 9803: 9796: 9790: 9783: 9777: 9776: 9774: 9772: 9753: 9747: 9746: 9726: 9720: 9713: 9707: 9700: 9694: 9687: 9681: 9674: 9668: 9661: 9655: 9639: 9634: 9628: 9611: 9605: 9604: 9602: 9600: 9558: 9549: 9548: 9546: 9535: 9526: 9517: 9510: 9504: 9503: 9487: 9474: 9467: 9461: 9455: 9449: 9448: 9446: 9444: 9429: 9423: 9416: 9410: 9404: 9398: 9391: 9385: 9379: 9373: 9366: 9360: 9354: 9345: 9339: 9333: 9323: 9317: 9311: 9302: 9301: 9274:Stürmer, Michael 9270: 9264: 9263: 9245: 9234: 9233: 9215: 9209: 9192: 9186: 9179: 9173: 9166: 9160: 9159: 9157: 9150: 9142: 9136: 9129: 9123: 9112: 9106: 9099: 9093: 9086: 9080: 9073: 9067: 9062:Ronald J. Ross, 9060: 9054: 9048: 9042: 9041: 9033: 9027: 9020: 9014: 9013: 8993: 8987: 8986: 8968: 8962: 8957:Allan Mitchell, 8955: 8949: 8939: 8933: 8930: 8924: 8917: 8911: 8904: 8898: 8897: 8877: 8868: 8867: 8843: 8837: 8830: 8824: 8817: 8811: 8804: 8798: 8791: 8782: 8775: 8769: 8765:(1977) pp 17–70 8759: 8753: 8752: 8732: 8726: 8715: 8709: 8708: 8688: 8682: 8681: 8661: 8655: 8654: 8636: 8630: 8629: 8611: 8602: 8601: 8583: 8577: 8570: 8564: 8563: 8535: 8529: 8528: 8508: 8502: 8501: 8481: 8475: 8474: 8472: 8470: 8454: 8448: 8442: 8433: 8427: 8421: 8420: 8398: 8392: 8391: 8389: 8387: 8370:Kenneth Barkin. 8367: 8361: 8360: 8339: 8333: 8332: 8330: 8328: 8309: 8303: 8302: 8300: 8298: 8278: 8272: 8271: 8269: 8267: 8247: 8241: 8240: 8238: 8236: 8194: 8188: 8187: 8182: 8180: 8160: 8154: 8147: 8141: 8125: 8119: 8118: 8098: 8092: 8091: 8089: 8087: 8072: 8063: 8056: 8050: 8043: 8037: 8036: 8034: 8032: 8012: 8006: 8005: 7999: 7991: 7989: 7987: 7967: 7961: 7960: 7942: 7936: 7935: 7933: 7931: 7912: 7906: 7905: 7903: 7901: 7882: 7876: 7857: 7851: 7848: 7836: 7830: 7823: 7817: 7816: 7814: 7812: 7798: 7792: 7791: 7789: 7787: 7768: 7762: 7761: 7759: 7757: 7742: 7731: 7730: 7728: 7726: 7711: 7705: 7700: 7694: 7676: 7670: 7669: 7641: 7635: 7632: 7626: 7623: 7617: 7616: 7614: 7612: 7593: 7587: 7580: 7574: 7573: 7571: 7569: 7553: 7547: 7546: 7528: 7522: 7521: 7513: 7507: 7500: 7494: 7491: 7474: 7473: 7386: 7380: 7375: 7369: 7363: 7361: 7355: 7354: 7353: 7347: 7340: 7288: 7283: 7282: 7281: 7266: 7260: 7254: 7171:East Brandenburg 7017:Hultschin Region 6982: 6975: 6969: 6968: 6862: 6861: 6850: 6849: 6842: 6841: 6799: 6798: 6715: 6709: 6699: 6692: 6687:argued that the 6681: 6672: 6664:Bielefeld School 6650: 6596: 6575:Der Blaue Reiter 6546:Social Democrats 6530: 6484: 6470: 6456: 6437: 6425: 6413: 6097:Other Christian 6085: 6081: 6047:Augusta Victoria 6011: 5997: 5983: 5969: 5955: 5941: 5927: 5913: 5894: 5880: 5866: 5852: 5838: 5688:Moravian (Czech) 5538: 5532: 5401: 5389: 5379: 5376: 5370: 5358: 5331: 5318: 5317: 5308: 5288: 5287: 5272: 5271: 5256: 5255: 5246: 5227: 5214: 5213: 5193: 5192: 5172: 5171: 5156:Schaumburg-Lippe 5151: 5150: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5082: 5081: 5072: 5053: 5040: 5039: 5025: 5012: 5011: 4997: 4984: 4983: 4969: 4956: 4955: 4935: 4934: 4925: 4906: 4893: 4892: 4872: 4871: 4851: 4850: 4830: 4829: 4815: 4802: 4801: 4781: 4780: 4771: 4746: 4745: 4731: 4718: 4717: 4703: 4690: 4689: 4675: 4662: 4661: 4652: 4633: 4630: 4418: 4411: 4410: 4334: 4329:and chaired the 4310:of the Empire's 4301: 4253: 4235: 4221: 4215: 4097:balance of power 4023:The concept of " 3992: 3982: 3976: 3817:Erich Ludendorff 3815:was replaced by 3812:Battle of Verdun 3718:invading Belgium 3604:Treaty of London 3596:Kingdom of Italy 3592:Entente Cordiale 3515:Margarita Island 3315:place in the sun 3271:Erich Ludendorff 3262:, Field Marshal 3260:German president 3183:Domestic affairs 3162:Walther Rathenau 3119:became emperor. 3113:laryngeal cancer 3054: 3042: 3028: 3020: 3012: 3004: 3002: 2992: 2981: 2809:anti-Catholicism 2724: 2721:Kleindeutschland 2684:By the start of 2679:electrochemicals 2572:Industrial power 2530:Caroline Islands 2426:Caroline Islands 2378: 2371: 2364: 2351: 2347: 2346: 2345: 2337: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2243: 2226: 2225: 2159: 2158: 2129: 2013:Migration Period 2008:Germanic peoples 2003:Urnfield culture 1871: 1861: 1843: 1842: 1702:Anton von Werner 1688:over-represented 1481:Great Depression 1457:Spring Offensive 1299:Deutscher Kaiser 1201:new constitution 1142:Imperial Germany 1135: 1102: 1101: 1088: 1087: 1074: 1073: 1060: 1059: 1048: 1047: 1035: 1034: 1021: 1020: 1007: 1006: 993: 992: 979: 978: 972: 971: 956: 955: 947: 936:German gold mark 928: 920: 908: 782:11 November 1918 778: 763: 726: 725:15 November 1884 569: 393: 294: 293: 291: 290: 289: 284: 280: 277: 276: 275: 272: 257:and largest city 243: 232: 227: 220: 219:, September 1918 213: 206: 203: 190: 189: 175: 174: 164: 163: 137: 113: 104: 79: 65: 47: 39: 28: 27: 17858: 17857: 17853: 17852: 17851: 17849: 17848: 17847: 17748: 17747: 17746: 17741: 17730:American Empire 17715: 17711:African empires 17663: 17546: 17238:Central African 17184: 17002:Romano-Germanic 16588: 16322:Middle Assyrian 16295: 16287: 16282: 16252: 16247: 16234: 16227: 16220: 16213: 16200: 16064: 16015:Life expectancy 15931: 15805: 15776:Law enforcement 15712: 15677: 15604: 15571: 15550: 15534:Divided Germany 15504:Weimar Republic 15432: 15398:Frankish Empire 15386: 15310: 15276: 15270: 15261: 15231: 15222: 15147:princely states 15095: 15031:Kingdom of Fiji 15004: 14750:Austria-Hungary 14718: 14481: 14415: 14214: 14200:Solomon Islands 14114: 14096: 14028: 13943: 13901: 13833: 13779:Democratization 13747: 13691: 13658: 13653: 13623: 13618: 13584: 13580:Alsace–Lorraine 13568: 13540: 13514: 13506: 13486: 13476: 13440: 13436:Weimar-Eisenach 13416:Hesse-Darmstadt 13397: 13388: 13340:and the former 13336:(including the 13335: 13306: 13286: 13280: 13250: 13245: 13228: 13187: 13119: 13112: 13083:Treaty of Darin 13051: 13013: 12969:Austria-Hungary 12955: 12942: 12923:Rape of Belgium 12850: 12822: 12770: 12764:Western Armenia 12759:Eastern Galicia 12692: 12666: 12630: 12629:Civilian impact 12628: 12614: 12571: 12500: 12332: 12262:Ovambo Uprising 12214: 12096: 11998: 11925: 11843:Battle of Łomża 11826: 11822:Christmas truce 11797:Race to the Sea 11730: 11692: 11614: 11585:Austria-Hungary 11561: 11496:Empire of Japan 11433: 11431: 11420: 11404:U-boat campaign 11390: 11362: 11324: 11276: 11222: 11203:Popular culture 11149: 11144: 11094: 11082:library.wis.edu 11078:Wayback Machine 11066: 11061: 11046:Germany at Home 11037:Primary sources 11034: 11001: 10988: 10979:Wayback Machine 10943: 10909:Taylor, A.J.P. 10843:. (Berg, 1990) 10834:Wayback Machine 10799:Ritter, Gerhard 10794:Wayback Machine 10714: 10698:Padfield, Peter 10617:(2nd ed. 1988) 10611:Kennedy, Paul. 10576:Holborn, Hajo. 10556:10.2307/1837686 10541: 10537:Wayback Machine 10419:(1989); vol 2: 10409:Wayback Machine 10353:Wayback Machine 10297:"Germany" 10286: 10284:Further reading 10281: 10280: 10272: 10268: 10249: 10245: 10232: 10228: 10189: 10185: 10175:Wayback Machine 10165: 10161: 10156: 10152: 10142: 10140: 10097: 10093: 10085: 10081: 10071: 10069: 10060: 10059: 10055: 10040: 10036: 10026: 10024: 10011: 10010: 10006: 9996: 9994: 9990: 9979: 9974: 9973: 9964: 9954: 9952: 9937: 9933: 9915: 9914: 9905: 9895: 9893: 9880: 9879: 9875: 9866: 9862: 9853: 9849: 9839: 9837: 9823: 9819: 9810: 9806: 9797: 9793: 9784: 9780: 9770: 9768: 9755: 9754: 9750: 9743: 9727: 9723: 9714: 9710: 9701: 9697: 9688: 9684: 9676:Imanuel Geise, 9675: 9671: 9662: 9658: 9653:Wayback Machine 9637: 9635: 9631: 9626:Wayback Machine 9612: 9608: 9598: 9596: 9559: 9552: 9544: 9533: 9527: 9520: 9511: 9507: 9488: 9477: 9468: 9464: 9456: 9452: 9442: 9440: 9431: 9430: 9426: 9417: 9413: 9405: 9401: 9392: 9388: 9380: 9376: 9367: 9363: 9355: 9348: 9340: 9336: 9324: 9320: 9312: 9305: 9298: 9271: 9267: 9260: 9246: 9237: 9230: 9216: 9212: 9193: 9189: 9180: 9176: 9167: 9163: 9155: 9148: 9144: 9143: 9139: 9130: 9126: 9113: 9109: 9100: 9096: 9087: 9083: 9074: 9070: 9061: 9057: 9051:Lamberti (2001) 9049: 9045: 9034: 9030: 9021: 9017: 9010: 8994: 8990: 8983: 8969: 8965: 8956: 8952: 8940: 8936: 8931: 8927: 8918: 8914: 8905: 8901: 8894: 8878: 8871: 8864: 8844: 8840: 8831: 8827: 8818: 8814: 8805: 8801: 8793:E. P. Hennock, 8792: 8785: 8777:Edmond Taylor, 8776: 8772: 8760: 8756: 8733: 8729: 8716: 8712: 8689: 8685: 8662: 8658: 8651: 8637: 8633: 8626: 8612: 8605: 8598: 8584: 8580: 8576:(1987), p. 312. 8572:Eric Hobsbawm, 8571: 8567: 8552:10.2307/1432746 8536: 8532: 8525: 8509: 8505: 8498: 8482: 8478: 8468: 8466: 8455: 8451: 8443: 8436: 8428: 8424: 8399: 8395: 8385: 8383: 8368: 8364: 8340: 8336: 8326: 8324: 8311: 8310: 8306: 8296: 8294: 8279: 8275: 8265: 8263: 8248: 8244: 8234: 8232: 8195: 8191: 8178: 8176: 8161: 8157: 8148: 8144: 8126: 8122: 8115: 8099: 8095: 8085: 8083: 8074: 8073: 8066: 8058:J. H. Clapham, 8057: 8053: 8044: 8040: 8030: 8028: 8013: 8009: 7993: 7992: 7985: 7983: 7968: 7964: 7957: 7943: 7939: 7929: 7927: 7914: 7913: 7909: 7899: 7897: 7886:"German Empire" 7884: 7883: 7879: 7858: 7854: 7846:Deutsches Reich 7837: 7833: 7824: 7820: 7810: 7808: 7800: 7799: 7795: 7785: 7783: 7770: 7769: 7765: 7755: 7753: 7752:on 5 April 2007 7744: 7743: 7734: 7724: 7722: 7713: 7712: 7708: 7701: 7697: 7677: 7673: 7642: 7638: 7633: 7629: 7624: 7620: 7610: 7608: 7597:"German Empire" 7595: 7594: 7590: 7581: 7577: 7567: 7565: 7554: 7550: 7543: 7529: 7525: 7514: 7510: 7501: 7497: 7492: 7488: 7478: 7477: 7388: 7387: 7383: 7371: 7370: 7366: 7349: 7348: 7341: 7337: 7327: 7284: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7269: 7268: 7264: 7262: 7258: 7256: 7252: 7218: 7163: 7136:, the towns of 7079: 7078:Both World Wars 7058:Klaipėda Region 7048:Memel Territory 7044: 7043:Both World Wars 7013: 7012:Both World Wars 6990: 6971: 6950: 6874: 6873:Both World Wars 6824:Alsace-Lorraine 6820: 6819:Both World Wars 6804: 6786: 6780: 6722: 6641: 6635: 6567:Theodor Mommsen 6499:The defeat and 6497: 6490: 6485: 6476: 6471: 6462: 6457: 6448: 6441: 6438: 6429: 6426: 6417: 6414: 6315:Alsace-Lorraine 6065: 6055:Reformation Day 6031: 6022: 6015: 6012: 6003: 5998: 5989: 5984: 5975: 5970: 5961: 5956: 5947: 5942: 5933: 5928: 5919: 5914: 5905: 5895: 5886: 5881: 5872: 5867: 5858: 5853: 5844: 5839: 5830: 5828:Linguistic maps 5535: 5523: 5440:The non-German 5412: 5405: 5402: 5393: 5390: 5381: 5377: 5371: 5362: 5359: 5350: 5323:Alsace–Lorraine 5315: 5285: 5269: 5253: 5211: 5190: 5169: 5148: 5124: 5100: 5079: 5037: 5009: 4981: 4953: 4932: 4890: 4869: 4848: 4827: 4799: 4778: 4769:Großherzogtümer 4743: 4715: 4687: 4659: 4627: 4623: 4416: 4409: 4375:, and had been 4353: 4347: 4341: 4208:Federal Council 4191: 4185: 4169:Weimar Republic 4150:German nobility 4134:Austria-Hungary 4057: 4045: 4021: 3994: 3990: 3988: 3980: 3978: 3974: 3962: 3930: 3825: 3760:positions from 3754:Race to the Sea 3752:. A subsequent 3714:Schlieffen Plan 3702: 3690:Alsace-Lorraine 3654:Gavrilo Princip 3650:Franz Ferdinand 3630: 3624: 3619: 3613: 3579:Austria-Hungary 3562:G. M. Trevelyan 3558:Gordon A. Craig 3553: 3545:Main articles: 3543: 3491: 3475:Baghdad Railway 3466:Baghdad Railway 3450: 3319:new imperialism 3296: 3290: 3285: 3279: 3277:Foreign affairs 3207:Leo von Caprivi 3185: 3130: 3125: 3082: 3065: 3058: 3055: 3046: 3043: 2986: 2975: 2953: 2941:ethnic minority 2914:Wojciech Kossak 2896: 2890: 2854: 2837: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2744: 2727:Großdeutschland 2715: 2694: 2667:pharmaceuticals 2635:Alsace-Lorraine 2584: 2576:Main articles: 2574: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2536:in what is now 2498: 2492: 2418: 2412: 2382: 2343: 2341: 2340: 2329: 2327: 2326: 2319: 2318: 2300: 2279: 2246: 2223: 2213: 2212: 2183:Weimar Republic 2156: 2146: 2145: 2132: 2101: 2091: 2090: 2071: 2061: 2060: 2036: 2028: 2027: 2023:Frankish Empire 1998:Únětice culture 1988: 1980: 1979: 1924:Historic states 1879: 1859: 1852: 1841: 1659:Hall of Mirrors 1647:Bundespräsidium 1643:King of Prussia 1619: 1613: 1592:Austrian Empire 1536:Treaty of Paris 1528:Napoleonic Wars 1508: 1502: 1497: 1461:were in retreat 1406:Triple Alliance 1402:Austria-Hungary 1360:colonial empire 1348:became involved 1213:King of Prussia 1171:The empire was 1138:Deutsches Reich 1131: 1120: 1099: 1085: 1071: 1066:Memel Territory 1057: 1052:Weimar Republic 1032: 1018: 1004: 990: 976: 949: 940: 938: 934: 933: 900: 879: 866: 853: 836: 835:• Estimate 811: 792: 779: 774: 767:9 November 1918 764: 759: 752:3 November 1918 749: 736: 724: 721: 708: 698:18 January 1871 695: 676:New Imperialism 662: 650: 624: 612: 604:Georg Michaelis 600: 588: 576: 565: 562: 554:Leo von Caprivi 550: 538: 508: 496: 484: 460: 424: 419: 417: 412: 408: 394: 388: 387: 381: 373: 323: 317: 316: 287: 285: 281: 278: 273: 270: 268: 266: 265: 264: 258: 250: 234: 233: 228: 221: 214: 207: 192: 191: 184: 180: 178: 167: 166: 165: 145: 141: 139: 121:("God with us") 120: 107: 89: 88: 87: 85: 80: 72: 71: 66: 48: 41: 37:Deutsches Reich 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 17856: 17846: 17845: 17840: 17835: 17830: 17825: 17820: 17815: 17810: 17808:Former empires 17805: 17800: 17795: 17790: 17785: 17780: 17775: 17770: 17765: 17760: 17743: 17742: 17740: 17739: 17738: 17737: 17732: 17723: 17721: 17717: 17716: 17714: 17713: 17708: 17703: 17698: 17693: 17688: 17687: 17686: 17675: 17673: 17669: 17668: 17665: 17664: 17662: 17661: 17656: 17651: 17646: 17641: 17640: 17639: 17629: 17624: 17619: 17614: 17609: 17604: 17599: 17594: 17589: 17584: 17583: 17582: 17577: 17567: 17562: 17556: 17554: 17545: 17544: 17543: 17542: 17537: 17532: 17527: 17522: 17512: 17507: 17506: 17505: 17495: 17490: 17489: 17488: 17483: 17478: 17468: 17463: 17462: 17461: 17456: 17446: 17445: 17444: 17439: 17434: 17429: 17424: 17414: 17413: 17412: 17407: 17397: 17392: 17387: 17382: 17381: 17380: 17375: 17370: 17365: 17360: 17350: 17349: 17348: 17343: 17333: 17328: 17327: 17326: 17321: 17311: 17310: 17309: 17304: 17294: 17293: 17292: 17287: 17277: 17272: 17271: 17270: 17265: 17260: 17255: 17250: 17240: 17235: 17234: 17233: 17228: 17220: 17215: 17210: 17205: 17200: 17194: 17192: 17186: 17185: 17183: 17182: 17177: 17172: 17167: 17166: 17165: 17160: 17155: 17150: 17145: 17140: 17135: 17125: 17120: 17119: 17118: 17113: 17108: 17103: 17098: 17093: 17083: 17082: 17081: 17076: 17071: 17066: 17056: 17051: 17046: 17041: 17036: 17031: 17026: 17021: 17016: 17015: 17014: 17009: 16999: 16998: 16997: 16992: 16987: 16982: 16977: 16972: 16959: 16954: 16949: 16944: 16943: 16942: 16937: 16932: 16922: 16921: 16920: 16915: 16910: 16905: 16895: 16890: 16885: 16880: 16875: 16870: 16869: 16868: 16863: 16858: 16853: 16843: 16842: 16841: 16836: 16831: 16826: 16816: 16815: 16814: 16809: 16804: 16794: 16789: 16784: 16779: 16774: 16773: 16772: 16767: 16762: 16752: 16747: 16746: 16745: 16740: 16735: 16730: 16725: 16720: 16710: 16709: 16708: 16703: 16693: 16692: 16691: 16686: 16681: 16676: 16666: 16661: 16660: 16659: 16649: 16648: 16647: 16642: 16634: 16629: 16624: 16619: 16614: 16609: 16604: 16598: 16596: 16594:Post-classical 16590: 16589: 16587: 16586: 16585: 16584: 16574: 16569: 16568: 16567: 16562: 16552: 16551: 16550: 16540: 16539: 16538: 16533: 16528: 16523: 16518: 16513: 16503: 16498: 16493: 16492: 16491: 16486: 16481: 16476: 16466: 16465: 16464: 16459: 16449: 16444: 16443: 16442: 16437: 16432: 16427: 16422: 16412: 16407: 16402: 16401: 16400: 16395: 16393:Middle Kingdom 16390: 16380: 16375: 16374: 16373: 16368: 16363: 16353: 16352: 16351: 16349:Neo-Babylonian 16346: 16341: 16339:Old Babylonian 16331: 16330: 16329: 16324: 16314: 16309: 16303: 16301: 16289: 16288: 16281: 16280: 16273: 16266: 16258: 16249: 16248: 16246: 16245: 16240: 16233: 16232: 16225: 16218: 16210: 16209: 16206: 16205: 16202: 16201: 16199: 16198: 16193: 16188: 16183: 16178: 16173: 16168: 16163: 16158: 16153: 16148: 16143: 16138: 16133: 16128: 16123: 16118: 16113: 16112:Cultural icons 16110: 16105: 16100: 16095: 16090: 16085: 16080: 16074: 16072: 16066: 16065: 16063: 16062: 16057: 16052: 16047: 16042: 16037: 16032: 16027: 16022: 16017: 16012: 16007: 16002: 15997: 15992: 15991: 15990: 15985: 15975: 15970: 15965: 15960: 15955: 15949: 15943: 15937: 15936: 15933: 15932: 15930: 15929: 15924: 15919: 15914: 15909: 15904: 15899: 15894: 15892:Stock exchange 15889: 15884: 15876: 15871: 15866: 15861: 15856: 15851: 15846: 15845: 15844: 15834: 15829: 15823: 15817: 15811: 15810: 15807: 15806: 15804: 15803: 15798: 15793: 15788: 15783: 15778: 15773: 15768: 15767: 15766: 15761: 15756: 15746: 15741: 15736: 15731: 15726: 15721: 15716: 15706: 15701: 15695: 15689: 15683: 15682: 15679: 15678: 15676: 15675: 15670: 15665: 15660: 15655: 15650: 15645: 15640: 15639: 15638: 15633: 15622: 15616: 15610: 15609: 15606: 15605: 15603: 15602: 15596: 15590: 15585: 15579: 15577: 15573: 15572: 15570: 15569: 15564: 15558: 15556: 15552: 15551: 15549: 15548: 15547: 15546: 15541: 15531: 15529:Denazification 15526: 15521: 15516: 15511: 15506: 15501: 15496: 15491: 15486: 15481: 15476: 15471: 15466: 15461: 15456: 15451: 15446: 15440: 15438: 15434: 15433: 15431: 15430: 15425: 15420: 15415: 15410: 15405: 15400: 15394: 15392: 15388: 15387: 15385: 15384: 15379: 15374: 15369: 15364: 15359: 15354: 15349: 15344: 15339: 15334: 15329: 15324: 15318: 15316: 15312: 15311: 15309: 15308: 15303: 15301:Historiography 15298: 15293: 15287: 15285: 15278: 15272: 15271: 15260: 15259: 15252: 15245: 15237: 15228: 15227: 15224: 15223: 15221: 15220: 15215: 15210: 15205: 15200: 15195: 15190: 15185: 15180: 15175: 15170: 15165: 15160: 15151: 15135: 15130: 15125: 15120: 15115: 15109: 15103: 15101: 15097: 15096: 15094: 15093: 15088: 15083: 15078: 15073: 15068: 15063: 15058: 15053: 15048: 15043: 15038: 15033: 15028: 15023: 15018: 15012: 15010: 15006: 15005: 15003: 15002: 14997: 14992: 14987: 14982: 14977: 14972: 14967: 14962: 14957: 14952: 14947: 14942: 14937: 14932: 14927: 14922: 14917: 14912: 14907: 14905:Ottoman Empire 14902: 14897: 14892: 14887: 14882: 14877: 14872: 14867: 14865:Kartli-Kakheti 14862: 14857: 14852: 14847: 14842: 14837: 14832: 14827: 14822: 14817: 14812: 14807: 14802: 14797: 14792: 14787: 14782: 14777: 14772: 14767: 14762: 14757: 14752: 14747: 14742: 14737: 14732: 14726: 14724: 14720: 14719: 14717: 14716: 14704: 14699: 14694: 14689: 14684: 14679: 14674: 14669: 14664: 14659: 14654: 14647: 14642: 14637: 14632: 14627: 14622: 14617: 14612: 14607: 14602: 14597: 14592: 14587: 14582: 14577: 14572: 14567: 14562: 14557: 14547: 14540: 14535: 14530: 14525: 14520: 14515: 14510: 14505: 14500: 14495: 14489: 14487: 14483: 14482: 14480: 14479: 14474: 14469: 14464: 14459: 14454: 14449: 14444: 14439: 14434: 14429: 14423: 14421: 14417: 14416: 14414: 14413: 14406: 14401: 14396: 14391: 14386: 14381: 14376: 14371: 14366: 14361: 14356: 14351: 14346: 14341: 14336: 14331: 14326: 14321: 14316: 14311: 14306: 14301: 14296: 14291: 14286: 14281: 14276: 14274:Central Africa 14271: 14266: 14261: 14256: 14251: 14246: 14241: 14235: 14233: 14226: 14220: 14219: 14216: 14215: 14213: 14212: 14210:United Kingdom 14207: 14202: 14197: 14192: 14187: 14182: 14177: 14176: 14175: 14170: 14160: 14155: 14150: 14145: 14140: 14135: 14130: 14124: 14122: 14116: 14115: 14113: 14112: 14106: 14104: 14098: 14097: 14095: 14094: 14089: 14084: 14079: 14074: 14069: 14064: 14059: 14054: 14049: 14044: 14038: 14036: 14030: 14029: 14027: 14026: 14019: 14014: 14009: 14004: 13999: 13994: 13989: 13984: 13979: 13974: 13969: 13964: 13959: 13953: 13951: 13945: 13944: 13942: 13941: 13934: 13929: 13924: 13918: 13916: 13907: 13903: 13902: 13900: 13899: 13894: 13889: 13884: 13879: 13874: 13869: 13867:Prince regnant 13864: 13863: 13862: 13852: 13847: 13841: 13839: 13835: 13834: 13832: 13831: 13826: 13821: 13816: 13811: 13806: 13801: 13796: 13791: 13786: 13784:Decolonization 13781: 13776: 13771: 13766: 13761: 13755: 13753: 13749: 13748: 13746: 13745: 13740: 13738:Personal union 13735: 13730: 13725: 13720: 13715: 13710: 13708:Constitutional 13705: 13699: 13697: 13693: 13692: 13690: 13689: 13684: 13679: 13674: 13669: 13663: 13660: 13659: 13652: 13651: 13644: 13637: 13629: 13620: 13619: 13617: 13616: 13607: 13598: 13592: 13590: 13586: 13585: 13583: 13582: 13576: 13574: 13570: 13569: 13567: 13566: 13561: 13556: 13550: 13548: 13542: 13541: 13539: 13538: 13533: 13528: 13523: 13518: 13510: 13502: 13496: 13494: 13492:Principalities 13488: 13487: 13485: 13484: 13479: 13471: 13466: 13461: 13456: 13450: 13448: 13442: 13441: 13439: 13438: 13433: 13428: 13423: 13418: 13413: 13407: 13405: 13399: 13398: 13391: 13389: 13387: 13386: 13381: 13376: 13300: 13294: 13292: 13288: 13287: 13279: 13278: 13271: 13264: 13256: 13247: 13246: 13244: 13243: 13237: 13234: 13233: 13230: 13229: 13227: 13226: 13219: 13212: 13207: 13199: 13197: 13193: 13192: 13189: 13188: 13186: 13185: 13180: 13179: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13158: 13148: 13143: 13142: 13141: 13136: 13128: 13122: 13120: 13118:Peace treaties 13117: 13114: 13113: 13111: 13110: 13105: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13085: 13080: 13075: 13070: 13065: 13059: 13057: 13053: 13052: 13050: 13049: 13044: 13039: 13034: 13029: 13023: 13021: 13015: 13014: 13012: 13011: 13006: 13004:United Kingdom 13001: 12996: 12994:Ottoman Empire 12991: 12986: 12981: 12976: 12971: 12965: 12963: 12956: 12951: 12948: 12947: 12944: 12943: 12941: 12940: 12935: 12930: 12925: 12920: 12919: 12918: 12913: 12908: 12898: 12896:Sack of Dinant 12893: 12888: 12883: 12882: 12881: 12876: 12875: 12874: 12860: 12858: 12852: 12851: 12849: 12848: 12847: 12846: 12844:United Kingdom 12841: 12832: 12830: 12824: 12823: 12821: 12820: 12819: 12818: 12813: 12804: 12798:POW locations 12796: 12791: 12790: 12789: 12780: 12778: 12772: 12771: 12769: 12768: 12767: 12766: 12761: 12753: 12748: 12747: 12746: 12739: 12734: 12729: 12721: 12720: 12719: 12714: 12706: 12700: 12698: 12694: 12693: 12691: 12690: 12685: 12680: 12674: 12672: 12665: 12664: 12663: 12662: 12657: 12649: 12644: 12643: 12642: 12633: 12631: 12623: 12620: 12619: 12616: 12615: 12613: 12612: 12607: 12606: 12605: 12598:United Kingdom 12595: 12593:Ottoman Empire 12590: 12585: 12579: 12577: 12570: 12569: 12567:Trench warfare 12564: 12563: 12562: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12531: 12530: 12519: 12517: 12510: 12506: 12505: 12502: 12501: 12499: 12498: 12492: 12486: 12480: 12474: 12473: 12472: 12466: 12460: 12454: 12443: 12437: 12431: 12425: 12419: 12413: 12407: 12401: 12395: 12389: 12383: 12377: 12371: 12365: 12359: 12353: 12347: 12340: 12338: 12334: 12333: 12331: 12330: 12324: 12318: 12312: 12306: 12300: 12294: 12288: 12283: 12280:Volta-Bani War 12277: 12271: 12265: 12259: 12253: 12247: 12241: 12235: 12229: 12222: 12220: 12216: 12215: 12213: 12212: 12207: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12167: 12162: 12157: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12132: 12127: 12125:Zeebrugge Raid 12122: 12117: 12112: 12106: 12104: 12098: 12097: 12095: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12034: 12029: 12024: 12019: 12014: 12008: 12006: 12000: 11999: 11997: 11996: 11991: 11986: 11981: 11976: 11971: 11970: 11969: 11959: 11954: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11933: 11931: 11927: 11926: 11924: 11923: 11918: 11916:Battle of Loos 11913: 11908: 11903: 11898: 11893: 11888: 11883: 11878: 11873: 11868: 11863: 11858: 11850: 11845: 11840: 11834: 11832: 11828: 11827: 11825: 11824: 11819: 11814: 11809: 11807:Black Sea raid 11804: 11799: 11794: 11789: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11738: 11736: 11732: 11731: 11729: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11713: 11712: 11711: 11709:Historiography 11700: 11698: 11694: 11693: 11691: 11690: 11684: 11678: 11672: 11666: 11663:Bosnian Crisis 11660: 11657:Tangier Crisis 11654: 11648: 11642: 11635: 11633: 11626: 11620: 11619: 11616: 11615: 11613: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11590:Ottoman Empire 11587: 11582: 11577: 11571: 11569: 11567:Central Powers 11563: 11562: 11560: 11559: 11554: 11553: 11552: 11550:British Empire 11545:United Kingdom 11542: 11537: 11532: 11531: 11530: 11525: 11523:Russian Empire 11515: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11499: 11498: 11488: 11483: 11478: 11477: 11476: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11445: 11443: 11441:Entente Powers 11434: 11429: 11426: 11425: 11422: 11421: 11419: 11418: 11413: 11412: 11411: 11409:North Atlantic 11400: 11398: 11392: 11391: 11389: 11388: 11383: 11378: 11372: 11370: 11364: 11363: 11361: 11360: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11334: 11332: 11326: 11325: 11323: 11322: 11320:Central Arabia 11317: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11292: 11286: 11284: 11282:Middle Eastern 11278: 11277: 11275: 11274: 11269: 11268: 11267: 11257: 11252: 11251: 11250: 11239: 11237: 11228: 11224: 11223: 11221: 11220: 11215: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11195: 11190: 11185: 11183:Historiography 11180: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11160: 11154: 11151: 11150: 11143: 11142: 11135: 11128: 11120: 11114: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11085: 11065: 11064:External links 11062: 11060: 11059: 11050: 11040: 11033: 11032: 11018: 11011: 11004: 10999: 10986: 10964: 10957: 10949: 10946:Historiography 10942: 10941: 10934: 10917: 10907: 10893: 10883: 10878:Stern, Fritz. 10876: 10866: 10859: 10852: 10837: 10823: 10815:Sagarra, Eda. 10813: 10806: 10796: 10779: 10772: 10757: 10737:10.1086/319879 10729:10.1086/319879 10712: 10705: 10695: 10685: 10667: 10660: 10653: 10646: 10639: 10632: 10625: 10609: 10594: 10584: 10574: 10567: 10539: 10526:German History 10522: 10515: 10500:Fischer, Fritz 10497: 10487: 10480: 10471: 10462: 10453: 10444: 10434: 10433:(2nd ed. 2004) 10427: 10415:Cecil, Lamar. 10413: 10397: 10383: 10376: 10362: 10355: 10338: 10337:(2nd ed. 2005) 10331: 10321: 10312: 10302:Chisholm, Hugh 10287: 10285: 10282: 10279: 10278: 10266: 10243: 10226: 10183: 10159: 10150: 10111:(4): 429–446. 10091: 10079: 10053: 10034: 10004: 9962: 9931: 9903: 9873: 9860: 9847: 9817: 9811:Rod Paschall, 9804: 9791: 9778: 9748: 9742:978-0521027281 9741: 9721: 9708: 9706:(1937) p. 463. 9695: 9682: 9669: 9656: 9629: 9606: 9575:(3): 519–549. 9550: 9518: 9505: 9494:(in Spanish). 9475: 9462: 9450: 9424: 9422:(1996) ch 9–13 9411: 9399: 9386: 9374: 9361: 9346: 9334: 9326:Isabel V. Hull 9318: 9303: 9296: 9265: 9258: 9235: 9228: 9210: 9195:Martin Broszat 9187: 9174: 9161: 9137: 9124: 9107: 9101:Hermann Beck, 9094: 9081: 9075:Hajo Holborn, 9068: 9055: 9053:, p. 177. 9043: 9028: 9015: 9008: 8988: 8981: 8963: 8950: 8934: 8925: 8912: 8906:John J. Beer, 8899: 8892: 8869: 8862: 8856:. p. 63. 8854:Berghahn Books 8838: 8825: 8812: 8799: 8783: 8770: 8754: 8727: 8710: 8699:(2): 285–298. 8693:German History 8683: 8672:(2): 135–161. 8666:German History 8656: 8650:978-1452234847 8649: 8631: 8625:978-0826449092 8624: 8603: 8597:978-0595407064 8596: 8578: 8565: 8546:(3): 543–560. 8530: 8523: 8503: 8496: 8476: 8449: 8434: 8422: 8393: 8362: 8334: 8304: 8273: 8242: 8189: 8155: 8149:Paul Kennedy, 8142: 8120: 8113: 8093: 8064: 8051: 8038: 8007: 7962: 7955: 7937: 7920:britannica.com 7907: 7877: 7852: 7831: 7818: 7793: 7763: 7732: 7706: 7695: 7671: 7652:(4): 529–554. 7646:German History 7636: 7627: 7618: 7588: 7575: 7548: 7541: 7523: 7508: 7495: 7485: 7484: 7476: 7475: 7434:Recklinghausen 7381: 7364: 7334: 7333: 7326: 7323: 7322: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7290: 7289: 7286:Germany portal 7273: 7270: 7263: 7257: 7251: 7250: 7247: 7246: 7228: 7225: 7219: 7216: 7213: 7212: 7190: 7185: 7164: 7161: 7158: 7157: 7123: 7118: 7080: 7077: 7074: 7073: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7042: 7039: 7038: 7035:Czechoslovakia 7024: 7022:Czech Republic 7019: 7014: 7011: 7008: 7007: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6988: 6985: 6984: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6948: 6945: 6944: 6937:Liège Province 6897:municipalities 6885: 6880: 6875: 6872: 6869: 6868: 6829: 6826: 6821: 6818: 6815: 6814: 6811: 6808: 6805: 6802: 6782:Main article: 6779: 6776: 6775: 6774: 6773: 6772: 6757: 6756: 6755: 6749: 6745:Polizeitruppen 6741: 6721: 6718: 6670:Klassenhabitus 6637:Main article: 6634: 6631: 6496: 6493: 6492: 6491: 6486: 6479: 6477: 6472: 6465: 6463: 6458: 6451: 6447: 6444: 6443: 6442: 6439: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6408: 6384: 6383: 6380: 6377: 6374: 6371: 6368: 6365: 6362: 6359: 6356: 6353: 6347: 6346: 6343: 6340: 6337: 6334: 6331: 6328: 6325: 6322: 6319: 6316: 6312: 6311: 6308: 6305: 6302: 6299: 6296: 6293: 6290: 6287: 6284: 6281: 6277: 6276: 6273: 6270: 6267: 6264: 6261: 6258: 6255: 6252: 6249: 6246: 6242: 6241: 6238: 6235: 6232: 6229: 6226: 6223: 6220: 6217: 6214: 6211: 6207: 6206: 6203: 6200: 6197: 6194: 6191: 6188: 6185: 6182: 6179: 6176: 6172: 6171: 6168: 6165: 6162: 6159: 6156: 6153: 6150: 6147: 6144: 6141: 6137: 6136: 6133: 6130: 6127: 6124: 6121: 6118: 6115: 6112: 6109: 6105: 6104: 6101: 6098: 6095: 6092: 6089: 6053:in Jerusalem ( 6045:, and Empress 6030: 6027: 6021: 6018: 6017: 6016: 6013: 6006: 6004: 5999: 5992: 5990: 5985: 5978: 5976: 5971: 5964: 5962: 5957: 5950: 5948: 5943: 5936: 5934: 5929: 5922: 5920: 5915: 5908: 5906: 5896: 5889: 5887: 5882: 5875: 5873: 5868: 5861: 5859: 5854: 5847: 5845: 5840: 5833: 5829: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5806: 5805: 5802: 5799: 5795: 5794: 5791: 5788: 5782: 5781: 5778: 5775: 5771: 5770: 5767: 5764: 5758: 5757: 5754: 5751: 5745: 5744: 5741: 5738: 5734: 5733: 5730: 5727: 5723: 5722: 5719: 5716: 5710: 5709: 5706: 5703: 5697: 5696: 5693: 5690: 5684: 5683: 5680: 5677: 5673: 5672: 5669: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5656: 5653: 5647: 5646: 5643: 5640: 5634: 5633: 5630: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5617: 5614: 5608: 5607: 5604: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5591: 5588: 5584: 5583: 5580: 5577: 5571: 5570: 5567: 5564: 5560: 5559: 5556: 5553: 5549: 5548: 5545: 5542: 5522: 5519: 5501:Rhine Province 5411: 5408: 5407: 5406: 5403: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5384: 5382: 5372: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5353: 5349: 5346: 5343: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5333: 5319: 5311: 5310: 5297: 5296: 5289: 5281: 5280: 5273: 5265: 5264: 5257: 5249: 5248: 5235: 5234: 5229: 5215: 5207: 5206: 5201: 5194: 5186: 5185: 5180: 5173: 5165: 5164: 5159: 5152: 5144: 5143: 5138: 5128: 5120: 5119: 5114: 5104: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5083: 5075: 5074: 5065:Principalities 5061: 5060: 5055: 5045:Saxe-Meiningen 5041: 5033: 5032: 5027: 5013: 5005: 5004: 4999: 4989:Saxe-Altenburg 4985: 4977: 4976: 4971: 4957: 4949: 4948: 4943: 4936: 4928: 4927: 4914: 4913: 4908: 4894: 4886: 4885: 4880: 4873: 4865: 4864: 4859: 4852: 4844: 4843: 4838: 4831: 4823: 4822: 4817: 4803: 4795: 4794: 4789: 4782: 4774: 4773: 4760: 4759: 4754: 4747: 4739: 4738: 4733: 4719: 4711: 4710: 4705: 4691: 4683: 4682: 4677: 4663: 4655: 4654: 4641: 4640: 4637: 4628: 4414: 4408: 4405: 4343:Main article: 4340: 4337: 4187:Main article: 4184: 4181: 4126:Ottoman Empire 4071:proclaims the 4056: 4053: 4044: 4041: 4029:naval blockade 4020: 4017: 3989: 3979: 3973: 3961: 3958: 3929: 3926: 3888:Ottoman Empire 3868:Vladimir Lenin 3824: 3821: 3801:Chief of Staff 3758:trench warfare 3701: 3698: 3642:Central Powers 3626:Main article: 3623: 3620: 3612: 3609: 3542: 3541:Pre-war Europe 3539: 3490: 3487: 3458:Ottoman Empire 3449: 3446: 3331:German Kamerun 3292:Main article: 3289: 3286: 3278: 3275: 3249:1912 elections 3184: 3181: 3173:Tangier Crisis 3129: 3126: 3124: 3123:Wilhelmine era 3121: 3098:liberalization 3094:Queen Victoria 3078:Main article: 3064: 3061: 3060: 3059: 3056: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3037: 2952: 2949: 2892:Main article: 2889: 2886: 2853: 2850: 2836: 2833: 2792:Kladderadatsch 2766:Main article: 2763: 2760: 2743: 2740: 2714: 2711: 2693: 2690: 2650:synthetic dyes 2573: 2570: 2566:British Empire 2549: 2546: 2524:in China, the 2494:Main article: 2491: 2488: 2451:Dreikaiserbund 2411: 2410:Foreign policy 2408: 2384: 2383: 2381: 2380: 2373: 2366: 2358: 2355: 2354: 2353: 2352: 2338: 2321: 2320: 2315: 2314: 2311: 2309:Modern history 2305: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2298: 2293: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2277: 2264: 2261: 2260: 2257: 2251: 2250: 2249:1945–1949/1952 2247: 2245: 2244: 2235: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2209: 2208: 2205: 2199: 2198: 2195: 2189: 2188: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2165: 2157: 2152: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2144: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2131: 2130: 2121: 2115: 2113: 2108: 2102: 2097: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2089: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2072: 2067: 2066: 2063: 2062: 2059: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2026: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1989: 1986: 1985: 1982: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1931: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1889:Historiography 1886: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1864: 1863: 1854: 1853: 1846: 1840: 1837: 1813:Russian Empire 1801:Imperial Japan 1655:siege of Paris 1635:German Emperor 1615:Main article: 1612: 1609: 1504:Main article: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1418:Ottoman Empire 1281:principalities 1205:German Emperor 1122: 1121: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1096: 1090: 1089: 1082: 1076: 1075: 1068: 1062: 1061: 1054: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1036: 1028: 1027: 1022: 1014: 1013: 1008: 1000: 999: 994: 986: 985: 980: 968: 967: 962: 952: 951: 901: 895: 894: 892: 888: 887: 884: 883: 880: 874: 871: 870: 867: 861: 858: 857: 854: 848: 845: 844: 841: 840: 837: 834: 831: 830: 826: 825: 822: 816: 815: 812: 809: 806: 805: 801: 800: 797: 796: 795:11 August 1919 793: 787: 784: 783: 780: 772: 769: 768: 765: 757: 754: 753: 750: 744: 741: 740: 737: 731: 728: 727: 722: 716: 713: 712: 709: 703: 700: 699: 696: 690: 687: 686: 683: 682: 673: 672:Historical era 669: 668: 663: 660: 657: 656: 651: 648: 645: 644: 639: 635: 634: 631: 630: 625: 622: 619: 618: 613: 610: 607: 606: 601: 598: 595: 594: 589: 586: 583: 582: 577: 574: 571: 570: 563: 560: 557: 556: 551: 548: 545: 544: 539: 536: 533: 532: 529: 528: 525: 519: 518: 515: 514: 509: 506: 503: 502: 497: 494: 491: 490: 485: 482: 479: 478: 475: 474: 471: 465: 464: 463: 462: 443: 439: 438: 433: 427: 426: 415:Roman Catholic 382: 379: 375: 374: 372: 371: 314: 313: 312: 310: 306: 305: 300: 296: 295: 259: 256: 252: 251: 244: 236: 235: 222: 208: 198: 197: 194: 193: 182: 181: 143: 142: 123: 122: 91: 90: 81: 74: 73: 67: 60: 59: 58: 55: 54: 50: 49: 34: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17855: 17844: 17841: 17839: 17836: 17834: 17831: 17829: 17826: 17824: 17823:German Empire 17821: 17819: 17816: 17814: 17811: 17809: 17806: 17804: 17801: 17799: 17796: 17794: 17791: 17789: 17786: 17784: 17781: 17779: 17776: 17774: 17771: 17769: 17766: 17764: 17761: 17759: 17756: 17755: 17753: 17736: 17735:Soviet empire 17733: 17731: 17728: 17727: 17725: 17724: 17722: 17720:Miscellaneous 17718: 17712: 17709: 17707: 17704: 17702: 17699: 17697: 17694: 17692: 17689: 17685: 17682: 17681: 17680: 17677: 17676: 17674: 17670: 17660: 17657: 17655: 17652: 17650: 17647: 17645: 17642: 17638: 17635: 17634: 17633: 17630: 17628: 17625: 17623: 17620: 17618: 17615: 17613: 17610: 17608: 17605: 17603: 17600: 17598: 17595: 17593: 17590: 17588: 17585: 17581: 17578: 17576: 17573: 17572: 17571: 17568: 17566: 17563: 17561: 17558: 17557: 17555: 17553: 17549: 17541: 17538: 17536: 17533: 17531: 17528: 17526: 17523: 17521: 17518: 17517: 17516: 17513: 17511: 17508: 17504: 17501: 17500: 17499: 17496: 17494: 17491: 17487: 17484: 17482: 17479: 17477: 17474: 17473: 17472: 17469: 17467: 17464: 17460: 17457: 17455: 17452: 17451: 17450: 17447: 17443: 17440: 17438: 17435: 17433: 17430: 17428: 17425: 17423: 17420: 17419: 17418: 17415: 17411: 17408: 17406: 17403: 17402: 17401: 17398: 17396: 17393: 17391: 17388: 17386: 17383: 17379: 17376: 17374: 17371: 17369: 17366: 17364: 17361: 17359: 17356: 17355: 17354: 17351: 17347: 17344: 17342: 17339: 17338: 17337: 17334: 17332: 17329: 17325: 17322: 17320: 17319:German Empire 17317: 17316: 17315: 17312: 17308: 17305: 17303: 17300: 17299: 17298: 17295: 17291: 17288: 17286: 17283: 17282: 17281: 17278: 17276: 17273: 17269: 17266: 17264: 17261: 17259: 17256: 17254: 17251: 17249: 17246: 17245: 17244: 17241: 17239: 17236: 17232: 17229: 17227: 17224: 17223: 17221: 17219: 17216: 17214: 17211: 17209: 17206: 17204: 17201: 17199: 17196: 17195: 17193: 17191: 17187: 17181: 17178: 17176: 17173: 17171: 17168: 17164: 17161: 17159: 17156: 17154: 17151: 17149: 17146: 17144: 17141: 17139: 17136: 17134: 17131: 17130: 17129: 17126: 17124: 17121: 17117: 17114: 17112: 17109: 17107: 17104: 17102: 17099: 17097: 17094: 17092: 17089: 17088: 17087: 17084: 17080: 17077: 17075: 17072: 17070: 17067: 17065: 17062: 17061: 17060: 17059:Turco-Persian 17057: 17055: 17052: 17050: 17047: 17045: 17042: 17040: 17037: 17035: 17032: 17030: 17027: 17025: 17022: 17020: 17017: 17013: 17010: 17008: 17005: 17004: 17003: 17000: 16996: 16993: 16991: 16988: 16986: 16983: 16981: 16978: 16976: 16973: 16971: 16968: 16967: 16966: 16963: 16960: 16958: 16955: 16953: 16950: 16948: 16945: 16941: 16938: 16936: 16933: 16931: 16928: 16927: 16926: 16923: 16919: 16916: 16914: 16911: 16909: 16906: 16904: 16901: 16900: 16899: 16896: 16894: 16891: 16889: 16886: 16884: 16881: 16879: 16876: 16874: 16871: 16867: 16864: 16862: 16859: 16857: 16854: 16852: 16849: 16848: 16847: 16844: 16840: 16837: 16835: 16832: 16830: 16827: 16825: 16822: 16821: 16820: 16817: 16813: 16810: 16808: 16805: 16803: 16800: 16799: 16798: 16795: 16793: 16790: 16788: 16785: 16783: 16780: 16778: 16775: 16771: 16768: 16766: 16763: 16761: 16758: 16757: 16756: 16753: 16751: 16748: 16744: 16741: 16739: 16736: 16734: 16731: 16729: 16726: 16724: 16721: 16719: 16716: 16715: 16714: 16711: 16707: 16704: 16702: 16699: 16698: 16697: 16694: 16690: 16687: 16685: 16682: 16680: 16677: 16675: 16672: 16671: 16670: 16667: 16665: 16662: 16658: 16655: 16654: 16653: 16650: 16646: 16643: 16641: 16638: 16637: 16635: 16633: 16630: 16628: 16625: 16623: 16620: 16618: 16615: 16613: 16610: 16608: 16605: 16603: 16600: 16599: 16597: 16595: 16591: 16583: 16580: 16579: 16578: 16575: 16573: 16570: 16566: 16563: 16561: 16558: 16557: 16556: 16553: 16549: 16546: 16545: 16544: 16541: 16537: 16534: 16532: 16529: 16527: 16524: 16522: 16519: 16517: 16514: 16512: 16509: 16508: 16507: 16504: 16502: 16499: 16497: 16494: 16490: 16487: 16485: 16482: 16480: 16477: 16475: 16472: 16471: 16470: 16467: 16463: 16460: 16458: 16455: 16454: 16453: 16450: 16448: 16445: 16441: 16438: 16436: 16433: 16431: 16428: 16426: 16423: 16421: 16418: 16417: 16416: 16413: 16411: 16408: 16406: 16403: 16399: 16396: 16394: 16391: 16389: 16386: 16385: 16384: 16381: 16379: 16376: 16372: 16369: 16367: 16364: 16362: 16359: 16358: 16357: 16354: 16350: 16347: 16345: 16342: 16340: 16337: 16336: 16335: 16332: 16328: 16325: 16323: 16320: 16319: 16318: 16315: 16313: 16310: 16308: 16305: 16304: 16302: 16299: 16294: 16290: 16286: 16279: 16274: 16272: 16267: 16265: 16260: 16259: 16256: 16244: 16241: 16239: 16236: 16235: 16230: 16226: 16223: 16219: 16216: 16212: 16211: 16207: 16197: 16194: 16192: 16189: 16187: 16184: 16182: 16179: 16177: 16174: 16172: 16169: 16167: 16164: 16162: 16159: 16157: 16154: 16152: 16149: 16147: 16144: 16142: 16139: 16137: 16134: 16132: 16129: 16127: 16124: 16122: 16119: 16117: 16114: 16111: 16109: 16106: 16104: 16101: 16099: 16096: 16094: 16091: 16089: 16086: 16084: 16081: 16079: 16076: 16075: 16073: 16071: 16067: 16061: 16058: 16056: 16055:Social issues 16053: 16051: 16048: 16046: 16043: 16041: 16038: 16036: 16033: 16031: 16028: 16026: 16023: 16021: 16018: 16016: 16013: 16011: 16008: 16006: 16003: 16001: 15998: 15996: 15993: 15989: 15986: 15984: 15983:Ethnic groups 15981: 15980: 15979: 15976: 15974: 15971: 15969: 15966: 15964: 15961: 15959: 15956: 15954: 15951: 15950: 15947: 15944: 15942: 15938: 15928: 15925: 15923: 15920: 15918: 15915: 15913: 15910: 15908: 15905: 15903: 15900: 15898: 15895: 15893: 15890: 15888: 15885: 15883: 15881: 15877: 15875: 15872: 15870: 15867: 15865: 15862: 15860: 15857: 15855: 15852: 15850: 15847: 15843: 15840: 15839: 15838: 15835: 15833: 15830: 15828: 15825: 15824: 15821: 15818: 15816: 15812: 15802: 15799: 15797: 15794: 15792: 15789: 15787: 15784: 15782: 15779: 15777: 15774: 15772: 15769: 15765: 15762: 15760: 15757: 15755: 15752: 15751: 15750: 15747: 15745: 15742: 15740: 15737: 15735: 15732: 15730: 15727: 15725: 15722: 15720: 15717: 15715: 15711: 15707: 15705: 15702: 15700: 15697: 15696: 15693: 15690: 15688: 15684: 15674: 15671: 15669: 15666: 15664: 15661: 15659: 15656: 15654: 15651: 15649: 15646: 15644: 15641: 15637: 15634: 15632: 15629: 15628: 15627: 15624: 15623: 15620: 15617: 15615: 15611: 15600: 15597: 15594: 15591: 15589: 15586: 15584: 15581: 15580: 15578: 15574: 15568: 15565: 15563: 15562:Reunification 15560: 15559: 15557: 15553: 15545: 15542: 15540: 15537: 15536: 15535: 15532: 15530: 15527: 15525: 15522: 15520: 15517: 15515: 15512: 15510: 15507: 15505: 15502: 15500: 15497: 15495: 15492: 15490: 15487: 15485: 15484:German Empire 15482: 15480: 15477: 15475: 15472: 15470: 15467: 15465: 15462: 15460: 15457: 15455: 15452: 15450: 15447: 15445: 15442: 15441: 15439: 15435: 15429: 15426: 15424: 15421: 15419: 15416: 15414: 15411: 15409: 15406: 15404: 15401: 15399: 15396: 15395: 15393: 15389: 15383: 15380: 15378: 15375: 15373: 15370: 15368: 15365: 15363: 15360: 15358: 15355: 15353: 15350: 15348: 15345: 15343: 15340: 15338: 15335: 15333: 15330: 15328: 15325: 15323: 15320: 15319: 15317: 15313: 15307: 15304: 15302: 15299: 15297: 15294: 15292: 15289: 15288: 15286: 15282: 15279: 15273: 15269: 15265: 15258: 15253: 15251: 15246: 15244: 15239: 15238: 15235: 15219: 15216: 15214: 15211: 15209: 15206: 15204: 15201: 15199: 15196: 15194: 15191: 15189: 15186: 15184: 15181: 15179: 15176: 15174: 15171: 15169: 15166: 15164: 15161: 15159: 15155: 15152: 15149: 15148: 15143: 15139: 15136: 15134: 15131: 15129: 15126: 15124: 15121: 15119: 15116: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15104: 15102: 15098: 15092: 15089: 15087: 15084: 15082: 15079: 15077: 15074: 15072: 15069: 15067: 15064: 15062: 15059: 15057: 15054: 15052: 15049: 15047: 15044: 15042: 15039: 15037: 15034: 15032: 15029: 15027: 15026:Easter Island 15024: 15022: 15019: 15017: 15014: 15013: 15011: 15007: 15001: 14998: 14996: 14993: 14991: 14988: 14986: 14983: 14981: 14978: 14976: 14973: 14971: 14968: 14966: 14963: 14961: 14958: 14956: 14953: 14951: 14948: 14946: 14943: 14941: 14938: 14936: 14933: 14931: 14928: 14926: 14923: 14921: 14918: 14916: 14913: 14911: 14908: 14906: 14903: 14901: 14898: 14896: 14893: 14891: 14888: 14886: 14883: 14881: 14878: 14876: 14873: 14871: 14868: 14866: 14863: 14861: 14858: 14856: 14853: 14851: 14848: 14846: 14843: 14841: 14838: 14836: 14833: 14831: 14828: 14826: 14823: 14821: 14818: 14816: 14813: 14811: 14808: 14806: 14803: 14801: 14798: 14796: 14793: 14791: 14788: 14786: 14783: 14781: 14778: 14776: 14773: 14771: 14768: 14766: 14763: 14761: 14758: 14756: 14753: 14751: 14748: 14746: 14743: 14741: 14738: 14736: 14733: 14731: 14728: 14727: 14725: 14721: 14714: 14713: 14708: 14705: 14703: 14700: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14690: 14688: 14685: 14683: 14680: 14678: 14675: 14673: 14670: 14668: 14665: 14663: 14660: 14658: 14655: 14653: 14652: 14648: 14646: 14643: 14641: 14638: 14636: 14633: 14631: 14628: 14626: 14623: 14621: 14618: 14616: 14613: 14611: 14608: 14606: 14603: 14601: 14598: 14596: 14593: 14591: 14588: 14586: 14583: 14581: 14578: 14576: 14573: 14571: 14568: 14566: 14565:Jabal Shammar 14563: 14561: 14558: 14555: 14551: 14548: 14546: 14545: 14541: 14539: 14536: 14534: 14531: 14529: 14526: 14524: 14521: 14519: 14516: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14491: 14490: 14488: 14484: 14478: 14475: 14473: 14470: 14468: 14465: 14463: 14460: 14458: 14455: 14453: 14450: 14448: 14445: 14443: 14440: 14438: 14435: 14433: 14430: 14428: 14425: 14424: 14422: 14418: 14412: 14411: 14407: 14405: 14402: 14400: 14397: 14395: 14392: 14390: 14387: 14385: 14382: 14380: 14377: 14375: 14372: 14370: 14367: 14365: 14362: 14360: 14357: 14355: 14352: 14350: 14347: 14345: 14342: 14340: 14337: 14335: 14332: 14330: 14327: 14325: 14322: 14320: 14317: 14315: 14312: 14310: 14307: 14305: 14302: 14300: 14297: 14295: 14292: 14290: 14287: 14285: 14282: 14280: 14277: 14275: 14272: 14270: 14267: 14265: 14262: 14260: 14257: 14255: 14252: 14250: 14247: 14245: 14242: 14240: 14237: 14236: 14234: 14230: 14227: 14225: 14221: 14211: 14208: 14206: 14203: 14201: 14198: 14196: 14193: 14191: 14188: 14186: 14183: 14181: 14178: 14174: 14171: 14169: 14166: 14165: 14164: 14161: 14159: 14156: 14154: 14151: 14149: 14146: 14144: 14141: 14139: 14136: 14134: 14131: 14129: 14126: 14125: 14123: 14121: 14117: 14111: 14108: 14107: 14105: 14103: 14099: 14093: 14090: 14088: 14085: 14083: 14080: 14078: 14075: 14073: 14070: 14068: 14065: 14063: 14060: 14058: 14057:Liechtenstein 14055: 14053: 14050: 14048: 14045: 14043: 14040: 14039: 14037: 14035: 14031: 14025: 14024: 14020: 14018: 14015: 14013: 14010: 14008: 14005: 14003: 14000: 13998: 13995: 13993: 13990: 13988: 13985: 13983: 13980: 13978: 13975: 13973: 13970: 13968: 13965: 13963: 13960: 13958: 13955: 13954: 13952: 13950: 13946: 13940: 13939: 13935: 13933: 13930: 13928: 13925: 13923: 13920: 13919: 13917: 13915: 13911: 13908: 13904: 13898: 13895: 13893: 13890: 13888: 13885: 13883: 13880: 13878: 13875: 13873: 13870: 13868: 13865: 13861: 13860:Queen regnant 13858: 13857: 13856: 13853: 13851: 13848: 13846: 13843: 13842: 13840: 13836: 13830: 13827: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13819:Republicanism 13817: 13815: 13812: 13810: 13807: 13805: 13802: 13800: 13799:Head of state 13797: 13795: 13792: 13790: 13787: 13785: 13782: 13780: 13777: 13775: 13772: 13770: 13767: 13765: 13762: 13760: 13757: 13756: 13754: 13750: 13744: 13741: 13739: 13736: 13734: 13733:Non-sovereign 13731: 13729: 13726: 13724: 13721: 13719: 13716: 13714: 13711: 13709: 13706: 13704: 13701: 13700: 13698: 13694: 13688: 13685: 13683: 13680: 13678: 13675: 13673: 13670: 13668: 13665: 13664: 13661: 13657: 13650: 13645: 13643: 13638: 13636: 13631: 13630: 13627: 13614: 13613: 13608: 13605: 13604: 13599: 13597: 13594: 13593: 13591: 13587: 13581: 13578: 13577: 13575: 13571: 13565: 13562: 13560: 13557: 13555: 13552: 13551: 13549: 13547: 13543: 13537: 13534: 13532: 13529: 13527: 13524: 13522: 13519: 13517: 13511: 13509: 13507:(Junior Line) 13503: 13501: 13498: 13497: 13495: 13493: 13489: 13483: 13480: 13475: 13472: 13470: 13467: 13465: 13462: 13460: 13457: 13455: 13452: 13451: 13449: 13447: 13443: 13437: 13434: 13432: 13429: 13427: 13424: 13422: 13419: 13417: 13414: 13412: 13409: 13408: 13406: 13404: 13403:Grand Duchies 13400: 13395: 13385: 13382: 13380: 13377: 13373: 13369: 13365: 13361: 13357: 13353: 13349: 13343: 13339: 13334: 13330: 13326: 13322: 13318: 13314: 13310: 13304: 13301: 13299: 13296: 13295: 13293: 13289: 13284: 13277: 13272: 13270: 13265: 13263: 13258: 13257: 13254: 13242: 13239: 13238: 13235: 13225: 13224: 13220: 13218: 13217: 13213: 13211: 13208: 13206: 13205: 13201: 13200: 13198: 13194: 13184: 13181: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13153: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13140: 13137: 13135: 13132: 13131: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13123: 13121: 13115: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13101: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13084: 13081: 13079: 13076: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13061: 13060: 13058: 13054: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13038: 13035: 13033: 13030: 13028: 13025: 13024: 13022: 13020: 13016: 13010: 13009:United States 13007: 13005: 13002: 13000: 12997: 12995: 12992: 12990: 12987: 12985: 12982: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12972: 12970: 12967: 12966: 12964: 12960: 12957: 12954: 12949: 12939: 12936: 12934: 12931: 12929: 12926: 12924: 12921: 12917: 12914: 12912: 12909: 12907: 12904: 12903: 12902: 12899: 12897: 12894: 12892: 12889: 12887: 12884: 12880: 12877: 12873: 12870: 12869: 12868: 12865: 12864: 12862: 12861: 12859: 12857: 12853: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12836: 12834: 12833: 12831: 12829: 12825: 12817: 12814: 12812: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12800: 12799: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12788: 12785: 12784: 12782: 12781: 12779: 12777: 12773: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12757: 12756: 12754: 12752: 12749: 12745: 12744: 12740: 12738: 12735: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12724: 12722: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12709: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12701: 12699: 12695: 12689: 12686: 12684: 12681: 12679: 12676: 12675: 12673: 12669: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12652: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12641: 12638: 12637: 12635: 12634: 12632: 12626: 12621: 12611: 12610:United States 12608: 12604: 12601: 12600: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12580: 12578: 12574: 12568: 12565: 12561: 12560:Convoy system 12558: 12557: 12556: 12555:Naval warfare 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12529: 12526: 12525: 12524: 12521: 12520: 12518: 12514: 12511: 12507: 12496: 12493: 12490: 12487: 12484: 12481: 12478: 12475: 12470: 12467: 12464: 12461: 12458: 12455: 12452: 12449: 12448: 12447: 12444: 12441: 12438: 12435: 12432: 12429: 12426: 12423: 12420: 12417: 12414: 12411: 12408: 12405: 12402: 12399: 12396: 12393: 12390: 12387: 12384: 12381: 12378: 12375: 12372: 12369: 12366: 12363: 12360: 12357: 12354: 12351: 12348: 12345: 12342: 12341: 12339: 12335: 12328: 12325: 12322: 12319: 12316: 12315:Kaocen revolt 12313: 12310: 12309:Easter Rising 12307: 12304: 12301: 12298: 12295: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12281: 12278: 12275: 12272: 12269: 12266: 12263: 12260: 12257: 12254: 12251: 12248: 12245: 12242: 12239: 12236: 12233: 12230: 12227: 12224: 12223: 12221: 12217: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12107: 12105: 12103: 12099: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12070: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12015: 12013: 12010: 12009: 12007: 12005: 12001: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11968: 11965: 11964: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11934: 11932: 11928: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11881:Great Retreat 11879: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11859: 11857: 11856: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11835: 11833: 11829: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11752:Battle of Cer 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11739: 11737: 11733: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11710: 11707: 11706: 11705: 11702: 11701: 11699: 11695: 11688: 11685: 11682: 11679: 11676: 11673: 11670: 11669:Agadir Crisis 11667: 11664: 11661: 11658: 11655: 11652: 11649: 11646: 11643: 11640: 11637: 11636: 11634: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11621: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11572: 11570: 11568: 11564: 11558: 11557:United States 11555: 11551: 11548: 11547: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11520: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11497: 11494: 11493: 11492: 11489: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11475: 11474:French Empire 11472: 11471: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11446: 11444: 11442: 11438: 11435: 11427: 11417: 11416:Mediterranean 11414: 11410: 11407: 11406: 11405: 11402: 11401: 11399: 11397: 11396:Naval warfare 11393: 11387: 11384: 11382: 11379: 11377: 11374: 11373: 11371: 11369: 11365: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11335: 11333: 11331: 11327: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11287: 11285: 11283: 11279: 11273: 11272:Italian Front 11270: 11266: 11263: 11262: 11261: 11260:Eastern Front 11258: 11256: 11255:Western Front 11253: 11249: 11246: 11245: 11244: 11241: 11240: 11238: 11236: 11232: 11229: 11225: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11213:Puppet states 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11155: 11152: 11148: 11141: 11136: 11134: 11129: 11127: 11122: 11121: 11118: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11093: 11089: 11086: 11083: 11079: 11075: 11071: 11068: 11067: 11057: 11056: 11051: 11048: 11047: 11042: 11041: 11039: 11038: 11031: 11027: 11023: 11019: 11016: 11012: 11009: 11005: 11002: 11000:1-5718-1687-9 10996: 10992: 10987: 10984: 10980: 10976: 10973: 10969: 10965: 10962: 10958: 10955: 10951: 10950: 10948: 10947: 10939: 10935: 10933: 10932:0-9075-8222-2 10929: 10925: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10912: 10908: 10906: 10902: 10898: 10894: 10892: 10888: 10884: 10881: 10877: 10875: 10874:online review 10871: 10867: 10864: 10860: 10857: 10853: 10850: 10849:0-8549-6275-1 10846: 10842: 10838: 10835: 10831: 10828: 10824: 10822: 10818: 10814: 10811: 10807: 10804: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10791: 10788: 10784: 10780: 10777: 10773: 10770: 10769:0-3121-6031-3 10766: 10762: 10758: 10754: 10750: 10746: 10742: 10738: 10734: 10730: 10726: 10722: 10718: 10713: 10710: 10706: 10703: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10690: 10686: 10683: 10682:0-3406-4534-2 10679: 10675: 10671: 10668: 10665: 10661: 10658: 10654: 10651: 10647: 10644: 10640: 10637: 10633: 10630: 10626: 10624: 10623:1-5739-2301-X 10620: 10616: 10615: 10610: 10607: 10606:1-4039-0421-9 10603: 10599: 10595: 10592: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10579: 10575: 10572: 10568: 10565: 10561: 10557: 10553: 10550:(1): 62–101, 10549: 10545: 10540: 10538: 10534: 10531: 10527: 10523: 10520: 10516: 10513: 10512:0-04-943043-2 10509: 10505: 10501: 10498: 10495: 10491: 10488: 10485: 10482:Eyck, Erich. 10481: 10478: 10477: 10472: 10469: 10468: 10463: 10460: 10459: 10454: 10451: 10450: 10445: 10443: 10439: 10435: 10432: 10428: 10426: 10422: 10418: 10414: 10411: 10410: 10406: 10403: 10398: 10395: 10391: 10387: 10384: 10381: 10377: 10375: 10374:0-19-873058-6 10371: 10367: 10363: 10360: 10356: 10354: 10350: 10347: 10343: 10339: 10336: 10332: 10330: 10326: 10322: 10319: 10318: 10313: 10309: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10289: 10288: 10275: 10270: 10263:(2): 225–240. 10262: 10258: 10254: 10247: 10240: 10236: 10230: 10222: 10218: 10214: 10210: 10206: 10202: 10198: 10194: 10187: 10180: 10176: 10172: 10169: 10163: 10154: 10138: 10134: 10130: 10126: 10122: 10118: 10114: 10110: 10106: 10102: 10095: 10089: 10083: 10067: 10063: 10057: 10049: 10045: 10038: 10022: 10019:(in German). 10018: 10014: 10008: 9989: 9985: 9977: 9971: 9969: 9967: 9950: 9947:(in German). 9946: 9942: 9935: 9927: 9922: 9920: 9912: 9910: 9908: 9891: 9887: 9883: 9877: 9870: 9867:A. J. Ryder, 9864: 9857: 9851: 9835: 9832:(in German). 9831: 9827: 9821: 9814: 9808: 9801: 9795: 9788: 9782: 9766: 9762: 9758: 9752: 9744: 9738: 9734: 9733: 9725: 9718: 9712: 9705: 9699: 9692: 9686: 9679: 9673: 9667:(1978) p. 321 9666: 9660: 9654: 9650: 9647: 9643: 9633: 9627: 9623: 9620: 9616: 9610: 9594: 9590: 9586: 9582: 9578: 9574: 9570: 9569: 9564: 9557: 9555: 9543: 9539: 9532: 9525: 9523: 9515: 9509: 9501: 9497: 9493: 9486: 9484: 9482: 9480: 9472: 9466: 9460:, p. 91. 9459: 9454: 9438: 9434: 9428: 9421: 9418:Lamar Cecil, 9415: 9408: 9403: 9396: 9390: 9383: 9378: 9371: 9365: 9358: 9353: 9351: 9343: 9338: 9331: 9327: 9322: 9315: 9310: 9308: 9299: 9293: 9289: 9285: 9281: 9280: 9275: 9269: 9261: 9255: 9251: 9244: 9242: 9240: 9231: 9225: 9221: 9214: 9208: 9207:3-518-36574-6 9204: 9200: 9196: 9191: 9184: 9178: 9171: 9165: 9154: 9147: 9141: 9134: 9128: 9121: 9117: 9111: 9104: 9098: 9091: 9085: 9078: 9072: 9065: 9059: 9052: 9047: 9039: 9032: 9026:(2000) p. 342 9025: 9019: 9011: 9005: 9001: 9000: 8992: 8984: 8978: 8974: 8967: 8960: 8954: 8948: 8944: 8938: 8929: 8922: 8916: 8909: 8903: 8895: 8893:9781107136427 8889: 8885: 8884: 8876: 8874: 8865: 8863:9781782385035 8859: 8855: 8851: 8850: 8842: 8836:(2 vol. 2010) 8835: 8829: 8822: 8816: 8809: 8803: 8796: 8790: 8788: 8780: 8774: 8768: 8764: 8758: 8750: 8746: 8742: 8738: 8731: 8724: 8720: 8714: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8694: 8687: 8679: 8675: 8671: 8667: 8660: 8652: 8646: 8642: 8635: 8627: 8621: 8617: 8610: 8608: 8599: 8593: 8589: 8582: 8575: 8569: 8561: 8557: 8553: 8549: 8545: 8541: 8534: 8526: 8520: 8516: 8515: 8507: 8499: 8493: 8489: 8488: 8480: 8464: 8460: 8453: 8447:, p. 140 8446: 8441: 8439: 8431: 8426: 8418: 8414: 8410: 8406: 8405: 8397: 8381: 8377: 8373: 8366: 8358: 8354: 8353: 8348: 8344: 8338: 8322: 8318: 8314: 8308: 8292: 8288: 8284: 8277: 8261: 8257: 8253: 8246: 8230: 8226: 8222: 8218: 8214: 8210: 8209: 8204: 8200: 8193: 8186: 8174: 8171:(in German). 8170: 8166: 8159: 8152: 8146: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8131: 8124: 8116: 8110: 8106: 8105: 8097: 8081: 8077: 8071: 8069: 8061: 8055: 8048: 8042: 8026: 8023:(in German). 8022: 8018: 8011: 8003: 7997: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7966: 7958: 7952: 7948: 7941: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7911: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7881: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7862: 7856: 7849: 7847: 7841: 7835: 7828: 7822: 7807: 7803: 7797: 7781: 7777: 7773: 7767: 7751: 7747: 7741: 7739: 7737: 7720: 7717:(in German). 7716: 7710: 7704: 7699: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7675: 7667: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7640: 7631: 7622: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7592: 7585: 7579: 7564:. p. 165 7563: 7559: 7552: 7544: 7542:3-7979-1950-6 7538: 7534: 7527: 7519: 7512: 7505: 7499: 7490: 7486: 7483: 7482: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7430:Upper Silesia 7427: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7385: 7379: 7378:Zweites Reich 7374: 7368: 7360: 7352: 7346: 7339: 7335: 7332: 7331: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7291: 7287: 7276: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7215: 7214: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7160: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7092:Upper Silesia 7089: 7085: 7076: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7060:, annexed by 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7041: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7027:Hlučín Region 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7010: 7009: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6987: 6986: 6978: 6974: 6967: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6947: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6878:Eupen-Malmedy 6871: 6870: 6866: 6860: 6854: 6851:(both within 6848: 6840: 6834: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6817: 6816: 6800: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6770: 6769: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6758: 6753: 6750: 6747: 6746: 6742: 6739: 6738: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6727: 6726: 6725: 6717: 6714: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6691: 6686: 6680: 6674: 6671: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6655: 6654:Fritz Fischer 6649: 6648: 6640: 6630: 6628: 6627:United States 6623: 6619: 6618:Upper Silesia 6615: 6611: 6607: 6602: 6600: 6595: 6594: 6588: 6587:Peter Behrens 6585:in Berlin by 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6569:received the 6568: 6564: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6531: 6529: 6528: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6506: 6502: 6489: 6483: 6478: 6475: 6469: 6464: 6461: 6455: 6450: 6449: 6436: 6431: 6424: 6419: 6412: 6407: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6388:In Germany's 6381: 6378: 6375: 6372: 6369: 6366: 6363: 6360: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6348: 6344: 6341: 6338: 6335: 6332: 6329: 6326: 6323: 6320: 6317: 6314: 6313: 6309: 6306: 6303: 6300: 6297: 6294: 6291: 6288: 6285: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6274: 6271: 6268: 6265: 6262: 6259: 6256: 6253: 6250: 6247: 6244: 6243: 6239: 6236: 6233: 6230: 6227: 6224: 6221: 6218: 6215: 6212: 6209: 6208: 6204: 6201: 6198: 6195: 6192: 6189: 6186: 6183: 6180: 6177: 6174: 6173: 6169: 6166: 6163: 6160: 6157: 6154: 6151: 6148: 6145: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6134: 6131: 6128: 6125: 6122: 6119: 6116: 6113: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6086: 6080: 6078: 6073: 6070: 6064: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6042: 6035: 6026: 6010: 6005: 6002: 5996: 5991: 5988: 5982: 5977: 5974: 5968: 5963: 5960: 5954: 5949: 5946: 5940: 5935: 5932: 5926: 5921: 5918: 5912: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5893: 5888: 5885: 5879: 5874: 5871: 5865: 5860: 5857: 5851: 5846: 5843: 5837: 5832: 5831: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5807: 5803: 5800: 5797: 5796: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5783: 5779: 5776: 5773: 5772: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5746: 5742: 5739: 5736: 5735: 5731: 5728: 5725: 5724: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5711: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5698: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5681: 5678: 5675: 5674: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5635: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5596: 5592: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5572: 5568: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5557: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5546: 5543: 5540: 5539: 5527: 5518: 5516: 5511: 5509: 5504: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5444:(0.5%), like 5443: 5438: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5421: 5416: 5400: 5395: 5388: 5383: 5369: 5364: 5357: 5352: 5351: 5337: 5334: 5330: 5325: 5324: 5320: 5313: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5283: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5267: 5266: 5263: 5262: 5251: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5236: 5233: 5230: 5226: 5221: 5220: 5216: 5209: 5208: 5205: 5204:Sondershausen 5202: 5200: 5199: 5195: 5188: 5187: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5178: 5174: 5167: 5166: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5157: 5153: 5146: 5145: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5136: 5129: 5122: 5121: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5112: 5110:(Junior Line) 5105: 5098: 5097: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5084: 5077: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5062: 5059: 5056: 5052: 5047: 5046: 5042: 5035: 5034: 5031: 5028: 5024: 5019: 5018: 5014: 5007: 5006: 5003: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4990: 4986: 4979: 4978: 4975: 4972: 4968: 4963: 4962: 4958: 4951: 4950: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4941: 4937: 4930: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4915: 4912: 4909: 4905: 4900: 4899: 4895: 4888: 4887: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4867: 4866: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4857: 4853: 4846: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4836: 4832: 4825: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4814: 4809: 4808: 4804: 4797: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4764:Grand Duchies 4761: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4752: 4748: 4741: 4740: 4737: 4734: 4730: 4725: 4724: 4720: 4713: 4712: 4709: 4706: 4702: 4697: 4696: 4692: 4685: 4684: 4681: 4678: 4676:) as a whole 4674: 4669: 4668: 4664: 4657: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4629: 4413: 4412: 4407:Map and table 4404: 4400: 4398: 4397:Lippe-Detmold 4394: 4390: 4385: 4384:war of 1866. 4382: 4378: 4374: 4369: 4366: 4357: 4352: 4346: 4336: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4321: 4320:plenary power 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4281:head of state 4278: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4242:Imperial Diet 4238: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4220: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4198:parliamentary 4196: 4190: 4180: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4061: 4052: 4050: 4040: 4036: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4016: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3986: 3985:Puppet states 3971: 3966: 3957: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3925: 3923: 3919: 3916:, along with 3915: 3914: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3848:Eastern Front 3845: 3844:Western Front 3838: 3834: 3833:Eastern Front 3829: 3823:Eastern Front 3820: 3818: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3773: 3769: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3706: 3700:Western Front 3697: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3677: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3666:Fritz Fischer 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3643: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3618: 3608: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3570: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3552: 3548: 3538: 3536: 3530: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3489:South America 3486: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3462:Deutsche Bank 3459: 3455: 3452:Bismarck and 3445: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3374: 3370: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3295: 3284: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3226: 3222: 3220: 3214: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3196: 3195: 3189: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3165: 3163: 3157: 3154: 3150: 3149:Upper Silesia 3145: 3138: 3134: 3120: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3081: 3073: 3072:Frederick III 3069: 3053: 3048: 3041: 3036: 3035: 3034: 3032: 3031:codifications 3027: 3026: 3019: 3018: 3011: 3010: 3003: 3001: 3000: 2990: 2985: 2979: 2974: 2973:criminal code 2969: 2967: 2966:Confederation 2957: 2948: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2922:Germanisation 2915: 2911: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2894:Germanisation 2888:Germanisation 2885: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2849: 2845: 2843: 2835:Social reform 2832: 2828: 2824: 2822: 2816: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2769: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2742:Social issues 2739: 2735: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2722: 2713:Consolidation 2710: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2689: 2687: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2622: 2618: 2616: 2615:welfare state 2611: 2609: 2605: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2579: 2569: 2567: 2561: 2555: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2487: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2471: 2469: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2452: 2446: 2442: 2437: 2434: 2433:Eric Hobsbawm 2427: 2422: 2417: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2391: 2379: 2374: 2372: 2367: 2365: 2360: 2359: 2357: 2356: 2350: 2339: 2336: 2325: 2324: 2323: 2322: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2291:Reunification 2289: 2288: 2286: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2273: 2269: 2266: 2265: 2263: 2262: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2252: 2248: 2242: 2241: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2230: 2228: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2216: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2190: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2180: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2170: 2166: 2164: 2163:German Empire 2161: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2149: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2128: 2127: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2106:Mediatisation 2104: 2103: 2100: 2095: 2094: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2070: 2065: 2064: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2038: 2032: 2031: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1987:Early history 1984: 1983: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1865: 1862: 1856: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1844: 1836: 1833: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1816: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1805:Emperor Meiji 1802: 1796: 1793: 1788: 1786: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1762: 1761:Berlin Palace 1758: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1735: 1734: 1729: 1728: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1710:Frederick III 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1680: 1675: 1671: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1623: 1618: 1608: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1575:in 1864, the 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1553: 1549:'s pragmatic 1548: 1544: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1512: 1507: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1445:Eastern Front 1442: 1438: 1437:Western Front 1434: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1398:Dual Alliance 1394: 1390: 1389: 1384: 1381:in 1890, and 1380: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1342: 1341:welfare state 1337: 1333: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1273:grand duchies 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1195:, joined the 1194: 1193:Liechtenstein 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1128:German Empire 1119: 1113: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1040: 1037: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1002: 1001: 998: 995: 988: 987: 984: 981: 974: 973: 970: 969: 966: 963: 961: 958: 957: 953: 948: 946: 937: 932: 927: 926: 919: 918: 917:Bremen thaler 912: 907: 906: 905:Vereinsthaler 898: 893: 889: 885: 881: 878: 872: 868: 865: 859: 855: 852: 846: 842: 838: 832: 827: 823: 821: 817: 813: 807: 802: 798: 794: 791: 785: 781: 777: 770: 766: 762: 755: 751: 748: 742: 738: 735: 729: 723: 720: 714: 711:16 April 1871 710: 707: 701: 697: 694: 688: 684: 681: 677: 674: 670: 667: 664: 658: 655: 652: 646: 643: 640: 636: 632: 629: 628:Max von Baden 626: 620: 617: 614: 608: 605: 602: 596: 593: 590: 584: 581: 578: 572: 568: 564: 558: 555: 552: 546: 543: 540: 534: 530: 526: 524: 520: 516: 513: 510: 504: 501: 500:Friedrich III 498: 492: 489: 486: 480: 476: 472: 470: 466: 459: 455: 454: 453: 450: 449:parliamentary 447: 444: 440: 437: 434: 432: 428: 423: 416: 411: 406: 402: 398: 392: 386: 383: 376: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 319: 318: 311: 307: 304: 301: 297: 292: 263: 260: 253: 248: 242: 237: 231: 226: 218: 212: 202: 195: 173: 172: 138: 136: 135: 128: 124: 118: 114: 112: 111:Nobiscum Deus 105: 103: 102: 96: 92: 84: 78: 70: 64: 56: 51: 45: 38: 32:German Empire 29: 26: 22: 17486:Contemporary 17336:Indo-Persian 17324:Nazi Germany 17318: 17268:Contemporary 17170:Vijayanagara 17069:Great Seljuk 16980:Thessalonica 16908:Golden Horde 16548:Carthaginian 16327:Neo-Assyrian 16312:Neo-Sumerian 16229:Bibliography 16103:Coat of arms 16083:Architecture 16060:Trade unions 16040:Prostitution 16000:Homelessness 15963:Demographics 15912:Trade unions 15879: 15869:German model 15842:Central bank 15786:Conservatism 15749:Human rights 15734:Court system 15729:Constitution 15709: 15555:Contemporary 15544:West Germany 15539:East Germany 15514:World War II 15509:Nazi Germany 15483: 15449:18th-century 15408:East Francia 15362:Cimbrian War 15203:South Africa 15198:Sierra Leone 15145: 14975:Two Sicilies 14910:Papal States 14819: 14710: 14649: 14542: 14408: 14168:Cook Islands 14021: 14007:Saudi Arabia 13936: 13612:Mitteleuropa 13603:Mittelafrika 13515:(Elder Line) 13513:Reuss-Greiz 13477:(until 1876) 13469:Coburg-Gotha 13372:West Prussia 13329:Hohenzollern 13325:Hesse-Nassau 13317:East Prussia 13221: 13214: 13202: 12809: / 12741: 12576:Conscription 12540:Cryptography 12477:Iraqi Revolt 11911:Siege of Kut 11854: 11579: 11432:participants 11381:German Samoa 11315:South Arabia 11091: 11081: 11053: 11044: 11036: 11035: 11021: 11014: 11007: 10990: 10983:Project MUSE 10967: 10960: 10953: 10945: 10944: 10937: 10923: 10910: 10896: 10886: 10879: 10869: 10862: 10855: 10840: 10816: 10809: 10802: 10782: 10775: 10760: 10723:(1): 54–86. 10720: 10716: 10711:(ISD, 1980). 10708: 10701: 10688: 10673: 10663: 10656: 10649: 10642: 10635: 10628: 10613: 10597: 10590: 10587:Hoyer, Katja 10577: 10570: 10547: 10543: 10525: 10518: 10503: 10493: 10483: 10474: 10465: 10456: 10447: 10437: 10430: 10425:vol 2 online 10420: 10416: 10400: 10389: 10379: 10365: 10358: 10341: 10334: 10324: 10315: 10305: 10273: 10269: 10260: 10256: 10252: 10246: 10238: 10234: 10229: 10196: 10192: 10186: 10162: 10153: 10141:. Retrieved 10108: 10104: 10094: 10082: 10070:. Retrieved 10066:the original 10056: 10047: 10043: 10037: 10025:. Retrieved 10016: 10007: 9995:. Retrieved 9983: 9953:. Retrieved 9944: 9934: 9924:– via 9918: 9894:. Retrieved 9885: 9876: 9868: 9863: 9855: 9850: 9838:. Retrieved 9820: 9812: 9807: 9799: 9794: 9786: 9785:Edwin Hoyt, 9781: 9769:. Retrieved 9760: 9751: 9731: 9724: 9716: 9711: 9703: 9698: 9690: 9685: 9677: 9672: 9664: 9659: 9641: 9632: 9614: 9609: 9597:. Retrieved 9572: 9566: 9537: 9513: 9508: 9495: 9491: 9470: 9465: 9458:Stürmer 2000 9453: 9441:. Retrieved 9427: 9419: 9414: 9402: 9394: 9389: 9377: 9369: 9364: 9337: 9332:(2004) p. 85 9329: 9321: 9284:Random House 9282:. New York: 9278: 9268: 9249: 9219: 9213: 9198: 9190: 9182: 9177: 9172:(2006) p 166 9169: 9164: 9140: 9132: 9127: 9119: 9115: 9110: 9102: 9097: 9089: 9084: 9076: 9071: 9063: 9058: 9046: 9037: 9031: 9023: 9018: 8998: 8991: 8972: 8966: 8958: 8953: 8942: 8937: 8928: 8920: 8915: 8907: 8902: 8882: 8848: 8841: 8833: 8828: 8820: 8815: 8807: 8802: 8794: 8781:(1967) p 206 8778: 8773: 8762: 8757: 8743:(1): 80–88. 8740: 8736: 8730: 8722: 8718: 8713: 8696: 8692: 8686: 8669: 8665: 8659: 8640: 8634: 8615: 8587: 8581: 8573: 8568: 8543: 8539: 8533: 8513: 8506: 8486: 8479: 8467:. Retrieved 8462: 8452: 8425: 8403: 8396: 8384:. Retrieved 8375: 8365: 8351: 8337: 8325:. Retrieved 8316: 8307: 8295:. Retrieved 8286: 8276: 8264:. Retrieved 8255: 8245: 8233:. Retrieved 8206: 8199:Tucker, Emma 8192: 8184: 8177:. Retrieved 8168: 8158: 8150: 8145: 8128: 8123: 8103: 8096: 8084:. Retrieved 8059: 8054: 8046: 8041: 8031:21 September 8029:. Retrieved 8020: 8010: 7986:21 September 7984:. 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Retrieved 7561: 7551: 7532: 7526: 7517: 7511: 7503: 7498: 7489: 7480: 7479: 7454:East Prussia 7422:West Prussia 7384: 7367: 7338: 7329: 7328: 7240:Russian SFSR 7223:East Prussia 7217:World War II 7162:World War II 7116:East Prussia 7090:, a part of 7084:West Prussia 7066:Nazi Germany 6949:World War II 6909:Burg-Reuland 6855:region) and 6787: 6768:Seebataillon 6766: 6743: 6737:Schutztruppe 6735: 6723: 6685:West Germany 6675: 6658: 6642: 6605: 6603: 6562:Buddenbrooks 6560: 6554: 6550:Centre Party 6535: 6523: 6498: 6446:Coat of arms 6387: 6350: 6074: 6066: 6063:Landeskirche 6038: 6023: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5512: 5505: 5477: 5439: 5437:languages). 5424: 5410:Demographics 5321: 5306:Reichsländer 5300: 5291: 5275: 5259: 5238: 5217: 5196: 5175: 5154: 5134:(Elder Line) 5132:Reuss-Greiz 5130: 5106: 5085: 5070:Fürstentümer 5064: 5043: 5015: 4987: 4974:Braunschweig 4967:Braunschweig 4959: 4938: 4917: 4896: 4875: 4854: 4833: 4805: 4784: 4763: 4749: 4721: 4693: 4665: 4644: 4401: 4392: 4388: 4386: 4376: 4370: 4362: 4324: 4303: 4293: 4288: 4284: 4274: 4268: 4263: 4255: 4245: 4239: 4227: 4205: 4192: 4183:Constitution 4116: 4101: 4082: 4046: 4037: 4022: 3997: 3931: 3911: 3877: 3856:Russian Army 3841: 3778: 3742:British Army 3711: 3678: 3658:Franz Joseph 3647: 3599: 3572: 3567: 3554: 3531: 3492: 3483:Persian Gulf 3470:Cecil Rhodes 3451: 3419: 3399:World War II 3383:Boxer Rising 3379: 3367:German Samoa 3312: 3267: 3257: 3252: 3242: 3231: 3215: 3211: 3200: 3192: 3166: 3158: 3142: 3110: 3083: 2970: 2962: 2930: 2918: 2909: 2878:Adolf Hitler 2858:antisemitism 2855: 2852:Antisemitism 2846: 2838: 2829: 2825: 2817: 2801:Centre Party 2797: 2787: 2784:Pope Pius IX 2752:Pope Pius IX 2745: 2736: 2726: 2716: 2695: 2683: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2630: 2623: 2619: 2612: 2601: 2563: 2518:Jiaozhou Bay 2511: 2484: 2480:Persian Gulf 2472: 2464: 2449: 2438: 2430: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2387: 2203:World War II 2193:Nazi Germany 2162: 2154:German Reich 2081:18th century 2076:Sectionalism 2041:East Francia 1839:Bismarck era 1828: 1820:landed elite 1817: 1797: 1789: 1781: 1776: 1768: 1766: 1750: 1742: 1731: 1725: 1723: 1697: 1677: 1667: 1646: 1628: 1585: 1557:Hohenzollern 1550: 1541:The liberal 1540: 1534:of the 1814 1517: 1485:Adolf Hitler 1430: 1386: 1376: 1345: 1329: 1323: 1303: 1298: 1170: 1154:German Reich 1149: 1146:Second Reich 1145: 1141: 1127: 1125: 965:Succeeded by 964: 959: 931:French franc 925:Hamburg mark 896: 876: 863: 850: 819: 810:• Total 739:28 July 1914 706:Constitution 623:• 1918 599:• 1917 495:• 1888 420:0.17% other 418:1.24% Jewish 409: 384: 353:Sinte Romani 320: 176:(unofficial) 130: 126: 108: 101:Gott mit uns 97: 95:Motto: 94: 83:Coat of arms 25: 17074:Khwarezmian 17007:Carolingian 16812:Rashtrakuta 16516:Shaishunaga 16415:Hellenistic 16398:New Kingdom 16388:Old Kingdom 16030:Pornography 16005:Immigration 15968:Drug policy 15880:Mittelstand 15827:Agriculture 15791:Nationalism 15764:Transgender 15648:Earthquakes 15595:, 1583-1588 15593:Cologne War 15489:World War I 15391:Middle Ages 15377:Gothic Wars 15142:British Raj 15114:(Sri Lanka) 15000:Württemberg 14712:South Yemen 14600:Maguindanao 14493:Afghanistan 14254:Barotseland 14190:Saint Lucia 14163:New Zealand 14072:Netherlands 13845:Chhatrapati 13829:Sovereignty 13769:Aristocracy 13546:City-states 13505:Reuss-Gera 13384:Württemberg 13313:Brandenburg 13305:as a whole 13285:(1871–1918) 12839:Netherlands 12816:Switzerland 12697:Occupations 12688:Spanish flu 12465:(1919–1922) 12459:(1918–1921) 12453:(1918–1923) 12442:(1919–1921) 12436:(1919–1921) 12430:(1919–1920) 12406:(1918–1920) 12400:(1918–1920) 12394:(1918–1920) 12376:(1918–1920) 12358:(1918–1920) 12352:(1917–1921) 12346:(1917–1921) 12293:(1916-1918) 12291:Arab Revolt 12282:(1915–1917) 12276:(1915–1917) 12264:(1914-1917) 12258:(1914–1917) 12252:(1914–1921) 12246:(1913–1920) 12234:(1910–1920) 12228:(1900–1920) 11726:July Crisis 11647:(1880–1914) 11310:Mesopotamia 11188:Home fronts 11147:World War I 11095:(in German) 10329:ACLS E-book 10199:(1): 3–16. 9882:"Bundesrat" 9599:13 December 8465:(in German) 8327:14 November 8297:14 November 8266:17 November 7568:9 September 7450:Brandenburg 7342:Pronounced 7202:Lubusz Land 6989:World War I 6966:Duivelsberg 6959:Netherlands 6833:departments 6593:Gründerzeit 6557:Thomas Mann 6245:Württemberg 6091:Protestant 6020:Immigration 5555:51,883,131 5547:Percentage 5478:Hochdeutsch 5462:Netherlands 5378: 1885 5108:Reuss-Gera 4923:Herzogtümer 4862:Neustrelitz 4751:Württemberg 4650:Königreiche 4256:Reichstag's 4128:signed the 4120:signed the 4049:Spanish flu 4033:food prices 3987:(1917–1918) 3970:World War I 3872:Switzerland 3738:French Army 3730:German Army 3611:World War I 3535:World War I 3448:Middle East 3395:World War I 3288:Colonialism 3245:Kulturkampf 3219:blackletter 3177:World War I 3153:German Army 2987: [ 2976: [ 2768:Kulturkampf 2762:Kulturkampf 2732:World War I 2686:World War I 2534:Herero Wars 2390:Kaiserreich 2173:World War I 2099:Unification 2035:Middle Ages 1970:Württemberg 1950:Family tree 1858:History of 1792:decorations 1668:The second 1552:Realpolitik 1393:This period 1388:Weltpolitik 1352:colonialism 1331:Kulturkampf 1307:great power 1249:Württemberg 1011:Württemberg 960:Preceded by 950:(1914–1918) 939:(1873–1914) 693:Unification 680:World War I 638:Legislature 461:(1916–1918) 425:0.07% other 410:Minorities: 321:Unofficial: 286: / 217:World War I 86:(1889–1918) 17752:Categories 17644:Portuguese 17525:Revival Le 17515:Vietnamese 17158:Later Tran 17128:Vietnamese 17024:Singhasari 17012:Holy Roman 16636:Bulgarian 16572:Satavahana 16543:Phoenician 16479:Achaemenid 16440:Indo-Greek 16420:Macedonian 16334:Babylonian 16191:Television 16176:Philosophy 16151:Literature 16010:Irreligion 15995:Healthcare 15958:Corruption 15724:Chancellor 15713:(military) 15710:Bundeswehr 15208:Tanganyika 15123:The Gambia 15051:Niuē-Fekai 14990:Yugoslavia 14890:Montenegro 14697:Upper Yafa 14692:Upper Asir 14329:Madagascar 14062:Luxembourg 13794:Government 13759:Abdication 13728:Hereditary 13656:Monarchies 13368:Westphalia 13056:Agreements 12856:War crimes 12732:Luxembourg 12625:Casualties 11503:Montenegro 11338:South West 11218:Technology 11208:Propaganda 11198:Opposition 10676:. (1995). 10506:. (1986). 10492:. (1916). 10088:Low German 10086:Including 10072:20 January 9926:Wikisource 9502:: 135–160. 9407:Kurtz 1970 9382:Kurtz 1970 9357:Kurtz 1970 9342:Kurtz 1970 9314:Kurtz 1970 9286:. p. 8469:19 January 8376:Britannica 8086:12 January 7890:Britannica 7776:Wikisource 7601:Britannica 7438:Westphalia 7325:References 7130:Pomeranian 7033:; part of 6913:Bütgenbach 6606:Kaiserzeit 6599:golden age 6579:Die Brücke 6542:militarism 6538:Pan-German 6527:Bundeswehr 6520:Iron Cross 6361:16,232,651 6355:28,331,152 6143:17,633,279 6014:non-German 6001:Lithuanian 5815:56,367,187 5786:Portuguese 5625:Lithuanian 5579:3,086,489 5499:, and the 5497:Westphalia 5474:Low German 5470:Luxembourg 5348:Other maps 5183:Rudolstadt 4349:See also: 4289:Reichstag. 4019:Home front 3842:While the 3722:Luxembourg 3615:See also: 3454:Wilhelm II 3144:Wilhelm II 3137:Wilhelm II 2905:of ethnic 2772:See also: 2558:See also: 2313:since 1990 2296:New states 2240:Ostgebiete 2233:Occupation 2126:Zollverein 1974:Mediatised 1884:Chronology 1738:chancellor 1611:Foundation 1500:Background 1477:gold marks 1383:Wilhelm II 1326:chancellor 1319:Royal Navy 1233:chancellor 1179:, outside 1148:or simply 945:Papiermark 897:Until 1873 882:64,925,993 869:56,367,178 856:41,058,792 839:70,000,000 829:Population 523:Chancellor 512:Wilhelm II 442:Government 431:Demonym(s) 391:Protestant 357:Lithuanian 341:Limburgish 325:Low German 274:13°22′34″E 17637:Couronian 17275:Ethiopian 17263:Manchukuo 17218:Brazilian 17064:Ghaznavid 17034:Srivijaya 16985:Trebizond 16970:Byzantine 16952:North Sea 16947:Norwegian 16935:Almoravid 16918:Ilkhanate 16888:Majapahit 16861:Muromachi 16770:Solomonic 16755:Ethiopian 16669:Caliphate 16602:Aragonese 16430:Ptolemaic 16146:Libraries 16126:Festivals 15973:Education 15917:Transport 15882:companies 15801:President 15739:Elections 15704:Bundesrat 15699:Bundestag 15668:Mountains 15636:Districts 15614:Geography 15347:Visigoths 15284:Overviews 15178:Mauritius 15071:Rarotonga 15056:Nuku Hiva 15046:Mangareva 15021:Bora Bora 14900:Neuchâtel 14870:Lithuania 14775:Catalonia 14662:Sri Lanka 14615:Manchukuo 14590:Kurdistan 14544:Indonesia 14467:Talamanca 14427:Araucanía 14410:and other 14389:Wassoulou 14133:Australia 13809:Oligarchy 13482:Meiningen 13474:Lauenburg 13464:Altenburg 13459:Brunswick 13431:Oldenburg 13352:Rhineland 13333:Pomerania 12953:Diplomacy 12660:Olympians 12583:Australia 12550:Logistics 12483:Vlora War 12412:(1918–19) 12388:(1918–19) 12382:(1918–19) 12370:(1918–19) 12317:(1916–17) 12299:(1916–17) 12250:Zaian War 12240:(1914–15) 11967:first day 11855:Lusitania 11683:(1912–13) 11677:(1911–12) 11665:(1908–09) 11659:(1905–06) 11641:(1870–71) 11430:Principal 11290:Gallipoli 11193:Memorials 11178:Geography 11168:Aftermath 10763:, (1996) 10253:Sonderweg 10221:159651458 10133:162220760 10125:0090-5992 9589:149372568 8445:Case 1902 8430:Case 1902 8417:608806061 8225:781541372 8217:0099-9660 7666:0266-3554 7481:Citations 7458:Pomerania 7414:provinces 7399:Kashubian 7373:‹See Tfd› 7221:Northern 7194:Pomerania 7183:Pomerania 7150:Działdowo 7108:Pomerania 7100:Lauenburg 7062:Lithuania 7053:Lithuania 6981:Wylerberg 6973:‹See Tfd› 6954:Wylerberg 6905:Büllingen 6847:Haut-Rhin 6713:Sonderweg 6707:Sonderweg 6697:Sonderweg 6690:Sonderweg 6679:Sonderweg 6647:Sonderweg 6639:Sonderweg 6633:Sonderweg 6622:Karl Benz 6565:in 1901. 6324:1,218,513 6248:1,364,580 6213:2,886,806 6184:3,748,253 6178:1,477,952 6149:9,206,283 6094:Catholic 5931:Kashubian 5762:Hungarian 5638:Kashubian 5541:language 5431:Kashubian 5336:Straßburg 5162:Bückeburg 5058:Meiningen 5002:Altenburg 4961:Brunswick 4883:Oldenburg 4877:Oldenburg 4820:Darmstadt 4792:Karlsruhe 4757:Stuttgart 4393:Reichstag 4389:Bundesrat 4365:Hanseatic 4332:Bundesrat 4304:Reichstag 4299:Bundesrat 4294:Bundesrat 4285:Reichstag 4264:Reichstag 4251:Bundesrat 4246:Reichstag 4233:Bundesrat 4228:Reichstag 4219:Bundesrat 4213:Bundesrat 4173:Freikorps 4165:armistice 4025:total war 3908:Lithuania 3884:Bolshevik 3864:Bolshevik 3797:Champagne 3682:Rhineland 3600:pro forma 3511:Venezuela 3416:, in 1884 3253:Reichstag 3194:Reichstag 3086:Frederick 2734:in 1914. 2594:works in 2282:1949–1990 2259:1944–1950 2207:1939–1945 2197:1933–1945 2187:1918–1933 2177:1914–1918 2167:1871–1918 1942:Empresses 1777:Bundesrat 1751:Reichstag 1743:Reichstag 1727:Bundesrat 1679:Reichstag 1639:William I 1532:Article 6 1339:European 1288:Hanseatic 1261:25 states 1231:, became 1215:from the 1209:Wilhelm I 1156:from the 1133:‹See Tfd› 776:Armistice 734:WWI began 666:Reichstag 654:Bundesrat 642:Bicameral 488:Wilhelm I 422:Christian 385:Majority: 378:Religion 361:Kashubian 271:52°31′7″N 53:1871–1918 17617:Japanese 17580:Scottish 17560:American 17552:Colonial 17481:Imperial 17449:Moroccan 17385:Japanese 17363:Afsharid 17222:Burmese 17208:Austrian 17163:Later Le 17138:Early Le 17123:Venetian 17049:Tiwanaku 16962:Hellenic 16925:Moroccan 16856:Kamakura 16846:Japanese 16829:Saffarid 16782:Georgian 16696:Chalukya 16674:Rashidun 16664:Calakmul 16632:Bruneian 16511:Haryanka 16489:Sasanian 16484:Parthian 16435:Bactrian 16425:Seleucid 16405:Goguryeo 16383:Egyptian 16317:Assyrian 16307:Akkadian 16298:Colonies 16238:Category 16156:Internet 16141:Language 16131:Folklore 16050:Religion 16025:Pensions 16020:Naturism 15897:Taxation 15781:Lobbying 15754:Intersex 15687:Politics 15296:Timeline 15275:General 15268:articles 15193:Rhodesia 15188:Pakistan 15107:Barbados 15076:Rimatara 15066:Rapa Iti 14995:Valencia 14970:Tavolara 14960:Scotland 14925:Portugal 14885:Moldavia 14770:Bulgaria 14765:Brittany 14740:Asturias 14620:Mongolia 14610:Maldives 14472:Trinidad 14462:Suriname 14420:Americas 14404:Zimbabwe 14399:Zanzibar 14384:Wituland 14359:Ngazidja 14354:Ndzuwani 14289:Ethiopia 14012:Thailand 13992:Malaysia 13972:Cambodia 13922:Eswatini 13718:Elective 13703:Absolute 13291:Kingdoms 13241:Category 12828:Refugees 12794:Italians 12783:Germans 12743:Ober Ost 12523:Aviation 11624:Timeline 11595:Bulgaria 11376:Tsingtao 11353:Togoland 11300:Caucasus 11235:European 11227:Theatres 11074:Archived 10975:Archived 10830:Archived 10790:Archived 10753:37192065 10745:18335627 10533:Archived 10405:Archived 10349:Archived 10233:Wehler, 10171:Archived 10143:11 March 10137:Archived 10027:29 April 10021:Archived 9997:29 April 9988:Archived 9955:29 April 9949:Archived 9896:29 April 9890:Archived 9834:Archived 9765:Archived 9649:Archived 9622:Archived 9593:Archived 9542:Archived 9473:, p. 163 9443:19 April 9437:Archived 9276:(2000). 9153:Archived 8947:ProQuest 8380:Archived 8345:(1873). 8321:Archived 8291:Archived 8260:Archived 8229:Archived 8179:18 April 8173:Archived 8169:Die Welt 8080:Archived 8025:Archived 7996:cite web 7930:13 April 7924:Archived 7900:11 April 7894:Archived 7811:16 April 7780:Archived 7756:25 April 7725:25 April 7719:Archived 7681:(1967). 7605:Archived 7466:Lusatian 7411:Prussian 7395:Masurian 7376:German: 7272:See also 7126:Silesian 7082:Most of 6941:Wallonia 6933:St. Vith 6895:and the 6867:region) 6865:Lorraine 6839:Bas-Rhin 6810:Country 6720:Military 6516:War flag 6029:Religion 5917:Masurian 5902:Moravian 5774:Spanish 5737:Russian 5726:English 5676:Italian 5642:100,213 5629:106,305 5616:141,061 5603:142,049 5599:Masurian 5590:211,679 5566:252,918 5486:Prussian 5435:Masurian 4841:Schwerin 4645:Kingdoms 4639:Capital 4377:de facto 4302:and the 4118:Bulgaria 4073:republic 4008:reserves 3950:Rhodesia 3928:Colonies 3913:Ober Ost 3892:Bulgaria 3859:faltered 3766:Flanders 3740:and the 3507:Colombia 3434:diamonds 3430:Rhodesia 3387:Jiaozhou 3363:Jiaozhou 3359:Tanzania 3349:(modern 3341:(modern 3339:Togoland 3335:Cameroon 3333:(modern 3325:(modern 3303:Bismarck 2862:Napoleon 2692:Railways 2631:Konzerne 2526:Marianas 2490:Colonies 2275:division 1934:Monarchs 1894:Military 1849:a series 1847:Part of 1571:against 1465:Bulgaria 1366:and the 1283:, three 1269:kingdoms 1265:nobility 1237:Prussian 1199:and the 1166:republic 1136:German: 891:Currency 456:Under a 405:Reformed 401:Lutheran 106:(German) 17684:largest 17679:Empires 17659:Swedish 17654:Spanish 17649:Russian 17612:Italian 17587:Chinese 17575:English 17570:British 17565:Belgian 17540:Vietnam 17530:Tay son 17476:Tsarist 17471:Russian 17466:Ottoman 17432:Dzungar 17427:Khoshut 17400:Mexican 17395:Maratha 17378:Pahlavi 17358:Safavid 17353:Iranian 17280:Haitian 17243:Chinese 17203:Ashanti 17175:Wagadou 17101:Eastern 17096:Western 17079:Timurid 17039:Tibetan 17029:Songhai 17019:Serbian 16940:Almohad 16930:Idrisid 16834:Samanid 16824:Tahirid 16819:Iranian 16797:Kannauj 16777:Genoese 16713:Chinese 16706:Eastern 16701:Western 16689:Fatimid 16684:Abbasid 16679:Umayyad 16652:Burmese 16612:Ayyubid 16607:Angevin 16577:Xianbei 16565:Eastern 16560:Western 16506:Magadha 16469:Iranian 16462:Xiongnu 16447:Hittite 16356:Chinese 16344:Kassite 16293:Ancient 16285:Empires 16215:Outline 16121:Fashion 16108:Cuisine 16070:Culture 16035:Poverty 15978:Germans 15941:Society 15922:Welfare 15907:Tourism 15864:Exports 15837:Banking 15815:Economy 15719:Cabinet 15658:Islands 15653:Geology 15576:Regions 15342:Teutons 15315:Ancient 15277:History 15264:Germany 15183:Nigeria 15158:Ireland 15086:Tahuata 15061:Raiatea 15041:Huahine 15016:Abemama 15009:Oceania 14980:Tuscany 14935:Romania 14930:Prussia 14895:Navarre 14875:Majorca 14855:Ireland 14850:Imereti 14845:Iceland 14840:Hungary 14835:Hanover 14830:Granada 14820:Germany 14815:Georgia 14810:Galicia 14800:Finland 14790:Corsica 14785:Cilicia 14755:Bavaria 14745:Austria 14730:Albania 14702:Vietnam 14645:Sarawak 14635:Qu'aiti 14570:Kathiri 14533:Dapitan 14508:Bukhara 14457:Miskito 14379:Tunisia 14369:Shilluk 14279:Dahomey 14269:Burundi 14259:Bagirmi 14239:Adamawa 14158:Jamaica 14153:Grenada 14138:Bahamas 14102:Oceania 14052:Denmark 14047:Belgium 14042:Andorra 13957:Bahrain 13932:Morocco 13927:Lesotho 13906:Current 13897:Pharaoh 13850:Emperor 13789:Dynasty 13743:Regency 13723:Federal 13713:Diarchy 13667:Monarch 13559:Hamburg 13446:Duchies 13364:Silesia 13321:Hanover 13303:Prussia 13298:Bavaria 12979:Germany 12879:Germany 12807:Germany 12727:Belgium 12712:Albania 12671:Disease 12651:Sports 12603:Ireland 12516:Warfare 12509:Aspects 11704:Origins 11697:Prelude 11600:Senussi 11580:Germany 11575:Leaders 11513:Romania 11454:Belgium 11449:Leaders 11348:Kamerun 11330:African 11265:Romania 11243:Balkans 11158:Outline 10913:(1967) 10872:(1997) 10819:(1977) 10638:(2007). 10631:(1984). 10564:1837686 10423:(1996) 10394:online 10392:(1927) 10368:(1984) 10327:(1987) 10304:(ed.). 9840:23 July 9715:Craig, 9469:Louis, 9435:. BBC. 9397:(2003). 8910:(1959). 8560:1432746 8386:23 July 8349:(ed.). 8256:HISTORY 8235:7 March 8201:(ed.). 8139:3038611 7786:2 April 7462:Silesia 7426:Silesia 7403:Sorbian 7227:Russia 7198:Silesia 7179:Masuria 7167:Silesia 6999:Denmark 6939:in the 6921:Lontzen 6893:Malmedy 6883:Belgium 6859:Moselle 6828:France 6813:Region 6398:Muslims 6373:561,612 6318:305,315 6289:993,109 6283:547,461 6254:590,290 6175:Bavaria 6161:363,790 6140:Prussia 6132:Number 6126:Number 6120:Number 6114:Number 6108:Number 6100:Jewish 5987:Italian 5973:Walloon 5945:Sorbian 5870:Frisian 5801:14,535 5749:Swedish 5729:20,217 5718:20,677 5714:Frisian 5705:43,016 5692:64,382 5679:65,930 5668:80,361 5655:93,032 5587:French 5552:German 5493:Hanover 5482:Frisian 5466:Belgium 5458:Denmark 5454:Frisian 5277:Hamburg 5232:Arolsen 5093:Detmold 4918:Duchies 4736:Dresden 4729:Sachsen 4695:Bavaria 4673:Preußen 4667:Prussia 4271:emperor 4195:federal 4136:in the 4067:leader 3942:Askaris 3922:Ukraine 3918:Belarus 3900:Estonia 3866:leader 3852:Galicia 3726:Britain 3638:Entente 3622:Origins 3503:Ecuador 3499:Uruguay 3481:on the 3355:Burundi 3327:Namibia 3305:at the 3251:to the 3238:Marxism 3139:in 1902 3117:Wilhelm 2882:Germany 2805:Silesia 2794:, 1875. 2748:Vatican 2703:Hamburg 2662:Hoechst 2548:Economy 2538:Namibia 2522:Tianjin 1962:Prussia 1958:Bavaria 1954:Austria 1909:Judaism 1899:Economy 1860:Germany 1824:Junkers 1811:in the 1661:at the 1573:Denmark 1565:Austria 1561:Prussia 1495:History 1420:. When 1416:to the 1364:British 1315:Britain 1277:duchies 1275:, five 1245:Bavaria 1189:Austria 1173:founded 1150:Germany 997:Bavaria 942:German 875:• 862:• 849:• 788:• 773:• 758:• 745:• 732:• 717:• 704:• 691:• 469:Emperor 446:Federal 413:35.89% 389:62.63% 365:Swahili 349:Sorbian 345:Frisian 337:Yiddish 255:Capital 249:in 1914 127:Anthem: 17622:Mongol 17607:German 17602:French 17592:Danish 17535:Dainam 17510:Tongan 17498:Somali 17493:Sokoto 17459:'Alawi 17437:Kalmyk 17417:Mongol 17410:Second 17390:Korean 17341:Mughal 17331:Indian 17314:German 17307:Second 17297:French 17290:Second 17226:Second 17198:Afghan 17190:Modern 17116:Kyrgyz 17111:Uighur 17106:Second 17086:Turkic 17054:Toltec 16990:Epirus 16975:Nicaea 16898:Mongol 16851:Yamato 16787:Huetar 16645:Second 16582:Rouran 16531:Shunga 16526:Maurya 16501:Kushan 16474:Median 16452:Hunnic 16410:Harsha 16243:Portal 16098:Cinema 16078:Anthem 16045:Racism 15859:Energy 15673:Rivers 15631:States 15601:, 1848 15437:Modern 15266: 15218:Uganda 15168:Malawi 15133:Guyana 15112:Ceylon 15091:Tahiti 15081:Rurutu 15036:Hawaii 14965:Serbia 14950:Saxony 14940:Russia 14825:Greece 14805:France 14795:Cyprus 14780:Crimea 14760:Bosnia 14735:Aragon 14723:Europe 14687:Taiwan 14657:Sikkim 14640:Ryukyu 14625:Najran 14523:Chehab 14503:Bengal 14452:Mexico 14437:Brazil 14364:Rwanda 14344:Maravi 14244:Ankole 14232:Africa 14224:Former 14205:Tuvalu 14148:Canada 14143:Belize 14087:Sweden 14077:Norway 14067:Monaco 14034:Europe 13987:Kuwait 13982:Jordan 13967:Brunei 13962:Bhutan 13914:Africa 13887:Sultan 13838:Titles 13752:Topics 13564:Lübeck 13554:Bremen 13454:Anhalt 13379:Saxony 13356:Saxony 13309:Berlin 12999:Russia 12974:France 12802:Canada 12717:Serbia 12588:Canada 12545:Horses 12497:(1921) 12491:(1920) 12485:(1920) 12479:(1920) 12471:(1920) 12424:(1919) 12418:(1919) 12364:(1918) 12329:(1918) 12323:(1917) 12311:(1916) 12305:(1916) 12270:(1915) 11689:(1913) 11671:(1911) 11653:(1905) 11610:Darfur 11535:Serbia 11518:Russia 11481:Greece 11469:France 11459:Brazil 11305:Persia 11248:Serbia 11017:(2011) 11010:(2008) 10997: 10972:online 10940:(2001) 10930: 10915:online 10903: 10891:online 10865:(1978) 10847: 10821:online 10787:online 10778:(2008) 10767: 10751: 10743: 10735: 10704:(2005) 10693:online 10680: 10666:(2003) 10621: 10604: 10593:(2021) 10582:online 10562: 10530:online 10521:(1979) 10510: 10486:(1964) 10442:online 10382:(1981) 10372: 10361:(1998) 10346:Online 10320:(1907) 10241:(1997) 10219: 10213:260865 10211: 10131: 10123: 9921: 9871:(2008) 9815:(1994) 9802:(1996) 9789:(1981) 9771:18 May 9739: 9646:online 9619:online 9587: 9372:(1990) 9294: 9256: 9226: 9205: 9105:(1995) 9066:(1998) 9006: 8979: 8961:(2000) 8890: 8860: 8797:(2007) 8767:online 8647: 8622: 8594: 8558: 8521: 8494: 8415: 8223: 8215: 8153:(1987) 8137: 8111: 8062:(1936) 8021:bpb.de 7976:bpb.de 7953: 7689: 7664: 7539: 7391:Polish 7265: 7259: 7253: 7188:Poland 7175:Warmia 7146:Słupsk 7142:Lębork 7121:Poland 7112:Soldau 6977:German 6929:Waimes 6925:Raeren 6917:Kelmis 6853:Alsace 6612:, the 6495:Legacy 6379:30,615 6367:78,031 6336:39,278 6301:27,278 6266:13,331 6219:74,333 6210:Saxony 6196:53,526 6167:23,534 6155:52,225 6103:Other 5959:French 5884:Polish 5842:Danish 5777:2,059 5766:8,158 5753:8,998 5740:9,617 5612:Danish 5575:Polish 5558:92.05 5544:Count 5468:, and 5460:, the 5446:Danish 5427:Polish 5293:Lübeck 5261:Bremen 5030:Coburg 4946:Dessau 4940:Anhalt 4911:Weimar 4813:Hessen 4723:Saxony 4708:Munich 4701:Bayern 4680:Berlin 4636:State 4279:) was 4276:Kaiser 4175:, the 4000:Allies 3991: 3983: 3981: 3975: 3904:Latvia 3808:Verdun 3793:Artois 3762:Alsace 3509:, and 3497:, and 3464:, the 3422:Herero 3351:Rwanda 3345:) and 3309:, 1884 2876:, and 2750:under 2707:Bremen 2627:cartel 2598:, 1890 2580:, and 2528:, the 1966:Saxony 1938:Queens 1878:Topics 1851:on the 1822:, the 1803:under 1733:Kaiser 1641:, the 1489:Nazism 1368:French 1293:, and 1291:cities 1271:, six 1251:, and 1221:Berlin 1185:France 1144:, the 1094:Danzig 527: 473: 436:German 380:(1880) 369:Arabic 333:Danish 329:Polish 303:German 262:Berlin 129: 44:German 40: 17672:Lists 17627:Omani 17597:Dutch 17503:Isaaq 17454:Saadi 17422:Oirat 17405:First 17373:Qajar 17302:First 17285:First 17258:China 17231:Third 17091:First 17044:Tikal 16995:Morea 16965:Roman 16883:Latin 16878:Khmer 16873:Kanem 16839:Buyid 16765:Zagwe 16760:Aksum 16750:Chola 16657:First 16640:First 16627:Bornu 16622:Benin 16617:Aztec 16555:Roman 16536:Gupta 16521:Nanda 16457:White 16222:Index 16186:Sport 16171:Names 16166:Music 16161:Media 16116:Dance 15988:Women 15953:Crime 15927:Women 15663:Lakes 15337:Goths 15173:Malta 15163:Kenya 15138:India 15128:Ghana 14955:Savoy 14945:Samos 14860:Italy 14707:Yemen 14682:Tibet 14677:Syria 14630:Nepal 14605:Mahra 14585:Kumul 14580:Korea 14575:Khiva 14554:Qajar 14538:Hejaz 14528:China 14513:Burma 14442:Haiti 14432:Aztec 14349:Mwali 14339:Maore 14319:Libya 14314:Kongo 14309:Kaffa 14304:Gumma 14299:Gomma 14294:Ghana 14284:Egypt 14264:Bornu 14249:Aussa 14110:Tonga 14082:Spain 14002:Qatar 13977:Japan 13589:Other 13500:Lippe 13411:Baden 13348:Posen 13196:Other 12989:Japan 12984:Italy 12811:camps 12655:Rugby 11491:Japan 11486:Italy 11464:China 11358:North 10749:S2CID 10733:JSTOR 10560:JSTOR 10300:. 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