2430:
6935:
6955:
7055:
2404:
7035:
2326:
5345:
1379:
525:
8954:
7275:
544:
5354:
6995:
564:
48:
6490:
6975:
6005:
1351:
2538:
1330:
7075:
7015:
13086:
12287:
8707:
6895:
942:
13103:
10854:
6915:
12519:
5334:
2921:
1302:
13081:
5187:), imperatives, an infinitive, present participle, present gerund and past participle. Perfective verbs have a simple future tense (formed like the present tense of imperfective verbs), past tense, subjunctive/conditional, imperatives, infinitive, present gerund and past participle. Conjugated verb forms agree with their subject in terms of person, number, and (in the case of past tense and subjunctive/conditional forms) gender.
5672:
1395:
8715:
5325:
1670:
10128:
1412:) appear relatively slight. Most of the middle aged and young speak vernaculars close to standard Polish, while the traditional dialects are preserved among older people in rural areas. First-language speakers of Polish have no trouble understanding each other, and non-native speakers may have difficulty recognizing the regional and
450:
2481:
pattern in Polish is penultimate stress – in a word of more than one syllable, the next-to-last syllable is stressed. Alternating preceding syllables carry secondary stress, e.g. in a four-syllable word, where the primary stress is on the third syllable, there will be secondary stress on the first.
2730:
retains its usual stress (first syllable) in spite of the attachment of the clitic. Reanalysis of the endings as inflections when attached to verbs causes the different colloquial stress patterns. These stress patterns are considered part of a "usable" norm of standard Polish - in contrast to the
2628:) have regular stress on the penultimate syllables. Loanwords generally become nativized to have penultimate stress. In psycholinguistic experiments, speakers of Polish have been demonstrated to be sensitive to the distinction between regular penultimate and exceptional antepenultimate stress.
1675:
1674:
1671:
1268:, resulting in the present-day Polish-speaking communities in Lithuania, Belarus, and Ukraine, although many Poles were expelled from those areas to areas within Poland's new borders. To the east of Poland, the most significant Polish minority lives in a long strip along either side of the
1676:
885:
Polish began to emerge as a distinct language around the 10th century, the process largely triggered by the establishment and development of the Polish state. At the time, it was a collection of dialect groups with some mutual features, but much regional variation was present.
1032:
was established in 1661. Starting in the 1520s, large numbers of books in the Polish language were published, contributing to increased homogeneity of grammar and orthography. The writing system achieved its overall form in the 16th century, which is also regarded as the
1484:
Many linguistic sources categorize
Silesian as a regional language separate from Polish, while some consider Silesian to be a dialect of Polish. Many Silesians consider themselves a separate ethnicity and have been advocating for the recognition of Silesian as a
1673:
2431:
5775:
5699:
from the sizable German population in Polish cities during medieval times. German words found in the Polish language are often connected with trade, the building industry, civic rights and city life. Some words were assimilated verbatim, for example
1659:
1047:
notes that "Polish is the oldest, non-ecclesiastical, written Slavic language with a continuous tradition of literacy and official use, which has lasted unbroken from the 16th century to this day." Polish evolved into the main
1472:
Kashubian contains a number of features not found elsewhere in Poland, e.g. nine distinct oral vowels (vs. the six of standard Polish) and (in the northern dialects) phonemic word stress, an archaic feature preserved from
1335:
Geographical distribution of the Polish language (green) and other
Central and Eastern European languages and dialects. A large Polish-speaking diaspora remains in the countries located east of Poland that were once the
1636:), whose families left Poland just after World War II, retain a number of minor features of Polish vocabulary as spoken in the first half of the 20th century that now sound archaic to contemporary visitors from Poland.
5910:
In addition, Turkish and Tatar have exerted influence upon the vocabulary of war, names of oriental costumes etc. Russian borrowings began to make their way into Polish from the second half of the 19th century on.
526:
9674:
1661:
8050:
7151:
5942:), which is not native to Polish but common in English, for example, is also sometimes used. When borrowing English words, Polish often changes their spelling. For example, Latin suffix '-tio' corresponds to
2405:
7409:
545:
8708:"Various Languages Spoken (147), Age Groups (17A) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census – 20% Sample Data"
2393:. Polish can have word-initial and word-medial clusters of up to four consonants, whereas word-final clusters can have up to five consonants. Examples of such clusters can be found in words such as
12583:
7612:
4301:
Voiced consonant letters frequently come to represent voiceless sounds (as shown in the tables); this occurs at the end of words and in certain clusters, due to the neutralization mentioned in the
1672:
565:
49:
9443:
5287:
have a complex system of inflection and agreement. Zero and cardinal numbers higher than five (except for those ending with the digit 2, 3 or 4 but not ending with 12, 13 or 14) govern the
10150:
2333:(in black) are in broad transcription, whereas positional allophones (in red and green) are in narrow transcription. Allophones with red dots appear in palatal contexts. The central vowel
1095:
The process of standardization began in the 14th century and solidified in the 16th century during the Middle Polish era. Standard Polish was based on various dialectal features, with the
12851:
5778:", it became a shelter for persecuted and expelled European Jewish communities and the home to the world's largest Jewish community of the time. As a result, many Polish words come from
5205:("become") with the passive participle. There is also an impersonal construction where the active verb is used (in third person singular) with no subject, but with the reflexive pronoun
11981:
5499:
The Latin language, for a very long time the only official language of the Polish state, has had a great influence on Polish. Many Polish words were direct borrowings or calques (e.g.
9841:
7762:
7383:
8220:
1188:, 0.25% of the US population, and 6% of the Polish-American population. The largest concentrations of Polish speakers reported in the census (over 50%) were found in three states:
12578:
12354:
9074:
7491:
13007:
12887:
9599:
5445:
Polish has, over the centuries, borrowed a number of words from other languages. When borrowing, pronunciation was adapted to Polish phonemes and spelling was altered to match
5109:: masculine, feminine and neuter. The masculine gender is also divided into subgenders: animate vs inanimate in the singular, human vs nonhuman in the plural. There are seven
12603:
1660:
1945:
that took place in Polish. The full set of consonants, together with their most common spellings, can be presented as follows (although other phonological analyses exist):
9268:
7969:
1249:
9297:
7930:
7128:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
7113:
Wszyscy ludzie rodzą się wolni i równi pod względem swej godności i swych praw. Są oni obdarzeni rozumem i sumieniem i powinni postępować wobec innych w duchu braterstwa.
2734:
Some common word combinations are stressed as if they were a single word. This applies in particular to many combinations of preposition plus a personal pronoun, such as
12588:
12499:
1169:
regions and in areas along the
Lithuanian border. There are significant numbers of Polish speakers among Polish emigrants and their descendants in many other countries.
12041:
8031:
9572:
8377:
6304:
Quite a few culinary loanwords exist in German and in other languages, some of which describe distinctive features of Polish cuisine. These include German and
English
6168:. The Polish influence on Ukrainian is particularly marked on western Ukrainian dialects in western Ukraine, which for centuries was under Polish cultural domination.
5525:(especially from the 19th century and earlier). During the 12th and 13th centuries, Mongolian words were brought to the Polish language during wars with the armies of
7174:
12861:
12687:
12856:
7405:
1360:. Polish is not a majority language of any nation outside of Poland, though areas that speak and are majority Polish are present in some neighboring countries.
1281:
1184:, 667,414 Americans of age five years and over reported Polish as the language spoken at home, which is about 1.4% of people who speak languages other than
1103:, Standard Polish became the most widely spoken variant of Polish across the country, and most dialects stopped being the form of Polish spoken in villages.
12067:
6557:) who established poetic patterns that would become integral to the Polish literary language and laid foundations for the modern Polish grammar. During the
12625:
5604:
supplanted Latin as an important source of words. Some French borrowings also date from the
Napoleonic era, when the Poles were enthusiastic supporters of
1531:
1288:, the 1947 migration of Ukrainian minorities in the Recovered Territories in the west of the country, contributed to the country's linguistic homogeneity.
7604:
1504:
According to the last official census in Poland in 2011, over half a million people declared
Silesian as their native language. Many sociolinguists (e.g.
7367:
6467:
merchants and because the tree was believed to have come from Polish Ducal
Prussia. However, it can be argued that the word is actually derived from the
12036:
10226:
9872:
8902:"Ekspertyza naukowa dr Tomasza Wicherkiewicza", Language Policy and the Laboratory for Research on Minority, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, 2008
8685:
1644:
ideas of language intervention and usage uniformity, along with normatively-oriented notions of language "correctness" (unusual by
Western standards).
13021:
12806:
9621:
2792:. The Polish alphabet was one of three major forms of Latin-based orthography developed for Western and some South Slavic languages, the others being
13167:
8990:"Dz.U. 2012 poz. 309: Rozporządzenie Ministra Administracji i Cyfryzacji z dnia 14 lutego 2012 r. w sprawie państwowego rejestru nazw geograficznych"
5569:, the niece of the Holy Roman emperor Maximilian, who introduced Italian cuisine to Poland, especially vegetables. Hence, words from Italian include
2566:) ('physics') is stressed on the first syllable. This may lead to a rare phenomenon of minimal pairs differing only in stress placement, for example
6934:
1149:
was part of Poland from 1922 until 1939. Polish is found elsewhere in southeastern
Lithuania. In Ukraine, it is most common in the western parts of
11736:
10316:
1010:
The medieval recorder of this phrase, the
Cistercian monk Peter of the Henryków monastery, noted that "Hoc est in polonico" ("This is in Polish").
9965:
9435:
8133:
13014:
9325:
7551:
1014:
7461:
675:, while removing three (x, q, v). Those three letters are at times included in an extended 35-letter alphabet. The traditional set comprises 23
13157:
8604:
8575:
8268:
8170:
1535:
10301:
6954:
12766:
10699:
9096:
5914:
Polish has also received an intensive number of English loanwords, particularly after World War II. Recent loanwords come primarily from the
1277:
9833:
7991:
12727:
7746:
7379:
4841:, when followed by plosives and affricates, represent an oral vowel followed by a nasal consonant, rather than a nasal vowel. For example,
2917:) and phonemes (for exceptions see below). The letters of the alphabet and their normal phonemic values are listed in the following table.
1112:
9935:
12504:
8652:
8235:
9542:
9050:
7483:
7431:
7054:
5181:
etc., this in turn being used to form the compound future of other verbs), subjunctive/conditional (formed with the detachable particle
10890:
8192:
8989:
10365:
10199:
9409:
7837:
Language planning in the post-communist era: the struggles for language control in the new order in Eastern Europe, Eurasia and China
2274:
1320:
1253:
1402:
The inhabitants of different regions of Poland still speak Polish somewhat differently, although the differences between modern-day
12745:
11833:
11106:
8912:
5129:, "Polish (language)"), the noun may come first; the rule of thumb is that generic descriptive adjectives normally precede (e.g.
9256:
7953:
7684:
7581:
7034:
5716:(cord). As a result of being neighbors with Germany, Polish has many German expressions which have become literally translated (
2819:
Historically, Poland's once diverse and multi-ethnic population utilized many forms of scripture to write Polish. For instance,
11731:
9291:
7926:
7139:
6529:
5999:
2360:
consonant pairs in certain environments, at the end of words (where devoicing occurs) and in certain consonant clusters (where
2541:
A formal-tone informative sign in Polish, with a composition of vowels and consonants and a mixture of long, medium and short
1825:, which formerly represented lengthened /ɔː/ in older forms of the language, is now vestigial and instead corresponds to /u/.
1561:. The Gorals ("Highlanders") take great pride in their culture and the dialect. It exhibits some cultural influences from the
12892:
10088:
10057:
10030:
9775:
9536:
9367:
9165:
9104:
8878:
8794:
8751:
8517:
8423:
8320:
8127:
8086:
8044:
7963:
7844:
7103:
6857:
6567:
10218:
9810:
9781:
9564:
9373:
9242:
8800:
8385:
7858:
7723:
7651:
4808:
The reverse case, where the consonant remains unpalatalized but is followed by a palatalized consonant, is written by using
6171:
There are a substantial number of Polish words which officially became part of Yiddish, once the main language of European
6118:("little tail") — the word describing a diacritic hook-sign added below some letters in various alphabets. The common
9495:
8294:
1481:. However, it was described by some linguists as lacking most of the linguistic and social determinants of language-hood.
12433:
8967:
7521:
4633:
4569:
4413:
4329:
4313:
4267:
4130:
4027:
3873:
3839:
3811:
3778:
3418:
3346:
3214:
2316:
2300:
2293:
2208:
2194:
2130:
489:
594:
around the world. In 2024, there were over 39.7 million Polish native speakers. It ranks as the sixth most-spoken among
12562:
12344:
11591:
5771:
2828:
1808:
1793:
1081:
1512:) assume that extralinguistic criteria decide whether a lect is an independent language or a dialect: speakers of the
999:), written around 1280. The book is exhibited in the Archdiocesal Museum in Wrocław, and as of 2015 has been added to
11609:
10692:
10176:
10107:
9024:
8477:
8448:
8336:
8014:
7902:
7815:
7756:
7717:
7645:
7296:
6579:
3752:
3746:
1714:
9905:
9731:
5235:("people were seen"). As in other Slavic languages, there are also subjectless sentences formed using such words as
12598:
12491:
12381:
10255:
8890:
6039:
6012:
languages which are near-identical due to the large Jewish minority that once inhabited Poland. One example is the
5169:, often occurring in pairs. Imperfective verbs have a present tense, past tense, compound future tense (except for
4665:
4601:
4337:
4321:
4291:
4122:
4061:
3865:
3803:
2252:
2238:
2164:
1617:
Some city dwellers, especially the less affluent population, had their own distinctive dialects – for example, the
1069:
10328:
5223:
appears in the accusative). A similar sentence type in the past tense uses the passive participle with the ending
1516:
or/and political decisions, and this is dynamic (i.e. it changes over time). Also, research organizations such as
1319:), that became part of Poland after World War II. The territory shown in grey was lost to the Soviet Union, which
13137:
10964:
10907:
10496:
10476:
9465:
5472:
Depending on the historical period, borrowing has proceeded from various languages. Notable influences have been
3647:
3445:
2187:
1206:(which has a large number of branches in all of these areas) offers services available in Polish at all of their
595:
479:
10288:
1129:
constitute large minorities in areas which were once administered or occupied by Poland, notably in neighboring
13162:
12897:
10883:
10491:
10486:
10481:
10260:
10190:
8361:
6974:
4418:. The exceptions to the above rule are certain loanwords from Latin, Italian, French, Russian or English—where
3393:
3321:
1884:
1790:
1728:
1264:-speaking. Some Poles remained in the previously Polish-ruled territories in the east that were annexed by the
1057:
1056:
in the 15th century. The history of Polish as a language of state governance begins in the 16th century in the
6753:
13147:
13132:
11895:
10424:
10358:
10223:
9864:
5783:
5284:
4251:
4216:
4173:
4045:
3934:
2201:
2123:
1942:
1863:
1038:
1029:
1025:
1004:
746:
but differs in terms of pronunciation and general grammar. Additionally, Polish was profoundly influenced by
374:
8677:
8350:
Grammars and Dictionaries of the Slavic Languages from the Middle Ages up to 1850: An Annotated Bibliography
8291:"FIDES Digital Library – Liber fundationis claustri Sancte Marie Virginis in Henrichow = Księga henrykowska"
392:
13142:
12871:
12428:
11826:
11726:
10857:
10839:
10685:
10466:
10446:
9629:
6553:
5521:). Apart from dozens of loanwords, its influence can also be seen in a number of verbatim Latin phrases in
4697:
4345:
4233:
3639:
3010:
2349:
2231:
1909:
1096:
770:), which contributed to a large number of loanwords and similar grammatical structures. Extensive usage of
210:
200:
175:
7205:
6814:
5010:
4753:
2625:
2615:
2605:
2581:
2572:
2563:
2531:
2522:
2513:
2492:
2460:
2342:
13152:
12031:
11928:
11721:
11349:
10916:
10585:
10570:
7784:
7074:
6994:
6694:
6038:
The Polish language has influenced others. Particular influences appear in other Slavic languages and in
5088:
3606:
3074:
2366:
1893:
1856:
1805:
1756:
1700:
1053:
342:
185:
8646:"Table 8. Detailed List of Languages Spoken at Home for the Population 5 Years and Over : By State"
1237:: There are 242,885 speakers of Polish according to the 2006 census, with a particular concentration in
13054:
12455:
12026:
11756:
11194:
9957:
8830:
8331:
Bogdan Walczak: Zarys dziejów języka polskiego. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 1999,
8231:
8117:
8110:
7484:"Reservations and Declarations for Treaty No.148 – European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages"
7320:
7014:
6410:, thus making it a "double plural". A similar situation happened with the Polish loanword from English
5016:
4951:
4800:
4754:
4747:
4739:
4731:
4208:
4190:
4165:
4147:
4104:
4087:
3926:
3675:
3614:
3187:
3162:
3109:
2985:
2309:
2245:
2157:
2116:
2041:
1742:
1606:
region), in Belarus (particularly the northwest), and in the northeast of Poland continue to speak the
1089:
352:
12077:
9653:"Kilka uwag o socjolekcie przestępczym polszczyzny przedwojennego Lwowa, "Socjolingwistyka" XXX, 2016"
9108:
7543:
7514:"Law of Ukraine "On Principles of State Language Policy" (Current version — Revision from 01.02.2014)"
6914:
4307:
section above. Occasionally also voiceless consonant letters can represent voiced sounds in clusters.
2800:, the last of these being a 19th-century invention trying to make a compromise between the first two.
1587:
In the northern and western (formerly German) regions where Poles from the territories annexed by the
13048:
12682:
12593:
12103:
11976:
11513:
10876:
7453:
7145:
6703:
6402:
in a closed syllable, like here in singular), yet it is commonly used with the English plural ending
5014:
4969:
4949:
4931:
4929:
4798:
4745:
4737:
4729:
4695:
4663:
4631:
4599:
4567:
4411:
4343:
4335:
4327:
4319:
4311:
4289:
4265:
4249:
4231:
4214:
4206:
4188:
4171:
4163:
4145:
4128:
4120:
4102:
4085:
4077:
4059:
4043:
4025:
4011:
4009:
3960:
3932:
3924:
3899:
3871:
3863:
3837:
3809:
3801:
3776:
3744:
3719:
3673:
3645:
3637:
3612:
3604:
3557:
3529:
3503:
3495:
3468:
3443:
3416:
3391:
3371:
3344:
3319:
3292:
3266:
3258:
3212:
3185:
3160:
3133:
3107:
3099:
3072:
3035:
3008:
2983:
2334:
2215:
1974:
1768:
1754:
1740:
1726:
1712:
1698:
1181:
12057:
10213:
8953:
8260:
7342:"Dialekt śląski" author: Feliks Pluta, publication: Wczoraj, Dzisiaj, Jutro. – 1996, no 1/4, pp 5–19
7274:
6151:, particularly in the fields of abstract and technical terminology; for example, the Ukrainian word
5517:
in the 16th to 18th centuries (and it continued to be extensively taught at secondary schools until
5362:
Poland was once a multi-ethnic nation with many minorities that contributed to the Polish language.
2389:
Polish permits complex consonant clusters, which historically often arose from the disappearance of
1591:
resettled after World War II, the older generation speaks a dialect of Polish characteristic of the
1420:, often termed as "correct Polish", is spoken or at least understood throughout the entire country.
13127:
11553:
10351:
10298:
10158:
10154:
10138:
9321:
2019, 'The new Polish Cyrillic in independent Belarus', Colloquia Humanistica, vol. 8, pp. 79–112.
6894:
6846:
4971:
3531:
3470:
3268:
3135:
2361:
2048:
1870:
1770:
1061:
607:
433:
9264:
5938:(from 'corruption', but sense restricted to 'bribery') etc. Concatenation of parts of words (e.g.
5003:
In occasional words, letters that normally form a digraph are pronounced separately. For example,
2608:, 'university') has irregular stress on the third (or antepenultimate) syllable, but the genitive
13042:
12985:
12692:
11819:
11614:
11531:
11459:
11250:
11207:
10923:
10456:
6708:
6558:
5740:
4079:
3721:
3505:
3101:
2657:
2336:
2267:
2150:
2075:
2059:
1641:
579:
347:
243:
106:
10310:
12376:
11451:
11384:
11379:
11344:
11303:
11074:
10615:
10610:
10605:
10503:
9927:
8873:"Silesia and Central European Nationalisms", 2007. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press
6980:
6865:
6729:
5253:("whether") at the start, although it's often omitted in casual speech. Negation uses the word
5047:
There are certain clusters where a written consonant would not be pronounced. For example, the
4530:
3977:
3561:
2914:
2694:). These irregular stress patterns are explained by the fact that these endings are detachable
2259:
1629:. However, these city dialects are now mostly extinct due to assimilation with standard Polish.
1427:
1423:
Polish has traditionally been described as consisting of three to five main regional dialects:
1341:
1203:
296:
190:
111:
11996:
11966:
8645:
8111:"Chapter 8: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as a Political Space: Its Unity and Complexity"
6790:
2495:, palatalization of the preceding consonant, or both depending on analysis). Also the letters
949:
is the earliest document to include a sentence written entirely in what can be interpreted as
12668:
11644:
11598:
11523:
11501:
11416:
11405:
11213:
11185:
11164:
10975:
10930:
10538:
9526:
8076:
7894:
7179:
6771:
6644:
6591:
6539:
6307:
5562:
5123:
most commonly precede the noun, although in certain cases, especially in fixed phrases (like
5120:
4526:
3973:
3901:
3294:
3260:
2928:
in Polish, 1599 print. The letters á and é were subsequently abolished, but survive in Czech.
2910:
2637:, etc. These endings are not counted in determining the position of the stress; for example,
2381:
falls on the second-to-last syllable of a polysyllabic word), although there are exceptions.
2287:
2082:
1997:
1513:
1478:
1433:
1308:
1257:
571:
439:
121:
12437:
10250:
8184:
7886:
7040:
6873:
1569:
1180:
number more than 11 million but most of them cannot speak Polish fluently. According to the
12470:
12093:
12062:
11948:
11660:
11154:
11124:
11083:
11003:
10819:
10575:
10543:
10322:
10009:
8997:
7406:"Nyelvi sokszínűség az EU-ban – hivatalos regionális és kisebbségi nyelvek a tagállamokban"
6810:
6650:
5890:
3497:
2478:
2378:
2093:
2013:
1509:
1019:
720:
250:
10558:
10196:
9401:
9130:
Rubach, Jerzy (28 November 1996). "Nonsyllabic Analysis of Voice Assimilation in Polish".
6625:
6533:(15th century). The most influential Renaissance-era literary figures in Poland were poet
5265:
is still added before the verb even if the sentence also contains other negatives such as
5044:
consonant, however, some speakers might pronounce the combination as two separate sounds.
839:. Because of the emigration from Poland during different time periods, most notably after
8:
12552:
12488:
12349:
11991:
11885:
11867:
11761:
11670:
11469:
11436:
11337:
11327:
11296:
11096:
10983:
10946:
10935:
10708:
10640:
10146:
7810:(in Polish). Warszawa (Warsaw): wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. pp. 56, 57.
7157:
7000:
6869:
6630:
6573:
5244:
3962:
2174:
2101:
2004:
1968:
1930:
1486:
1378:
1337:
1312:
950:
931:
923:
915:
894:
region, united a few culturally and linguistically related tribes from the basins of the
887:
771:
603:
12423:
11911:
10620:
6838:
6638:
is regarded by some scholars as the "Fourth Bard". Important positivist writers include
6615:
6042: — due to their proximity and shared borders. Examples of loanwords include German
5501:
5344:
1534:
recognized the Silesian language. In July 2007, the Silesian language was recognized by
1398:
The Polish alphabet contains 32 letters. Q, V and X are not used in the Polish language.
962:
946:
12738:
12460:
12327:
12016:
12006:
11889:
11881:
11872:
11856:
11332:
11269:
11244:
11091:
11057:
11052:
11047:
11012:
10803:
10757:
10727:
10441:
10419:
10208:
9713:
9220:
9193:
9139:
8920:
8598:
8569:
8164:
7314:
7234:
7169:
7163:
6960:
6861:
6724:
6655:
6517:
6148:
6119:
5862:
5774:
created in 1569, Poland was the most tolerant country of Jews in Europe. Known as the "
5665:
5489:
5446:
5292:
5106:
2801:
2771:
2553:
2449:
2325:
2020:
1963:
1577:
1462:
1450:
1373:
927:
902:
before eventually accepting baptism in 966. With Christianity, Poland also adopted the
763:
724:
599:
575:
195:
126:
12243:
11746:
10528:
10513:
9245:, Dominika Oliver, Martine Grice, Institute of Phonetics, Saarland University, Germany
6802:
6743:
6713:
906:, which made it possible to write down Polish, which until then had existed only as a
425:
12956:
12951:
12465:
12359:
12011:
11922:
11917:
11905:
11900:
11781:
11771:
11632:
11548:
11486:
11389:
11371:
11354:
11311:
11285:
11231:
11226:
11149:
11114:
11033:
10956:
10793:
10553:
10523:
10436:
10385:
10338:
10103:
10084:
10053:
10036:
10026:
10005:
9771:
9717:
9532:
9363:
9225:
9066:
8916:
8874:
8823:
8790:
8747:
8627:
8513:
8473:
8444:
8419:
8357:
8353:
8332:
8316:
8123:
8082:
8040:
8010:
7959:
7908:
7898:
7887:
7850:
7840:
7811:
7752:
7713:
7676:
7641:
7573:
7302:
7292:
7060:
6830:
6779:
6775:
6689:
6660:
6658:(author of numerous historical novels the most internationally acclaimed of which is
6620:
6484:
5882:
5522:
5096:
5092:
5080:
2925:
2813:
2797:
2793:
2353:
2224:
2141:
2068:
1979:
1934:
1819:). Unlike Czech or Slovak, Polish does not retain phonemic vowel length — the letter
1517:
1446:
1417:
1285:
1034:
919:
880:
775:
751:
712:
205:
11971:
11133:
10645:
10533:
485:
13106:
12990:
12902:
12707:
12607:
12398:
12371:
12337:
12098:
11766:
11702:
11506:
11220:
11171:
11159:
11144:
11023:
11018:
10899:
10451:
10402:
9992:
9705:
9664:
9318:
9215:
9205:
7833:"The Polish Language Act: Legislating a Complicated Linguistic-Political Landscape"
7351:"Fenomen śląskiej gwary" author: Jan Miodek publication: Śląsk. – 1996, no 5, pp 52
6806:
6794:
6675:
6665:
6464:
6092:
6009:
5915:
5684:
5493:
5481:
5429:
5375:
5353:
5166:
2840:
2809:
1958:
1953:
1653:
1505:
1494:
1439:
1234:
1215:
1211:
1194:
1185:
1177:
1044:
807:. In addition to being the official language of Poland, Polish is also spoken as a
755:
716:
590:
and serves as the official language of the country, as well as the language of the
116:
12152:
8315:
Barbara i Adam Podgórscy: Słownik gwar śląskich. Katowice: Wydawnictwo KOS, 2008,
7020:
6798:
6639:
5770:
From the founding of the Kingdom of Poland in 1025 through the early years of the
2556:, have the stress on the antepenultimate (third-from-last) syllable. For example,
2491:
normally does not represent a vowel when it precedes another vowel (it represents
2463:
is restricted to positions adjacent to a vowel. It also cannot precede the letter
1118:
12936:
12931:
12866:
12697:
12403:
12332:
12125:
12120:
12115:
12021:
11786:
11584:
11543:
11536:
11290:
11255:
11238:
11028:
10996:
10951:
10941:
10798:
10772:
10762:
10752:
10655:
10635:
10600:
10580:
10407:
10305:
10292:
10230:
10203:
9804:
9765:
9357:
9329:
8784:
8767:
7832:
7707:
7635:
6940:
6920:
6850:
6834:
6822:
6748:
6718:
6599:
6562:
6534:
5696:
5601:
5485:
5411:
5393:
5278:
5113:: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, locative and vocative.
4921:
4873:
4855:
3386:
3380:
3050:
3044:
2844:
2836:
2832:
2805:
2781:
1991:
1984:
1261:
1248:
The geographical distribution of the Polish language was greatly affected by the
1065:
907:
808:
767:
759:
739:
614:
591:
558:
538:
519:
231:
180:
98:
86:
69:
42:
12215:
10625:
10334:
9834:"How Much Polish Is There in Yiddish (and How Much Yiddish Is There in Polish)?"
9194:"Stress 'deafness' in a language with fixed word stress: an ERP study on Polish"
8009:(in Polish). Warszawa (Warsaw): Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. pp. 31, 46.
7518:
Document 5029-17, Article 7: Regional or minority languages Ukraine, Paragraph 2
7152:
A Translation Guide to 19th-Century Polish-Language Civil-Registration Documents
6489:
5743:
in the 17th century brought many new words, some of them still in use, such as:
5496:(17th century). Currently, English words are the most common imports to Polish.
5449:. In addition, word endings are liberally applied to almost any word to produce
5135:, "beautiful flower") while categorizing adjectives often follow the noun (e.g.
1929:
system shows more complexity: its characteristic features include the series of
13059:
12926:
12557:
12180:
12157:
12001:
11986:
11801:
11776:
11569:
11491:
11481:
11424:
11202:
11139:
11042:
10777:
10767:
10595:
10590:
10563:
10548:
10518:
10508:
10471:
10461:
10431:
10412:
10241:
8861:
7080:
6877:
6635:
6140:
6049:
5923:
5688:
5541:
5477:
5302:
5110:
5074:
2775:
2680:'we did' should be prescriptively stressed on the second syllable, although in
2420:
1640:
Polish linguistics has been characterized by a strong strive towards promoting
1618:
1554:
1162:
1142:
1122:
1073:
972:
903:
891:
864:
816:
804:
800:
743:
672:
306:
275:
221:
81:
9696:
Dziubalska-Kołaczyk, Katarzyna; Walczak, Bogdan (28 November 2018). "Polish".
9503:
8975:
8290:
7854:
7513:
6900:
6544:
5041:
4523:
The following table shows the correspondence between the sounds and spelling:
2537:
1689:
Polish has six oral vowels (seven oral vowels in written form), which are all
1541:
Some additional characteristic but less widespread regional dialects include:
727:. Contemporary Polish developed in the 1700s as the successor to the medieval
723:(with only a few exceptions) and the only in its group having an abundance of
13121:
12946:
12715:
12366:
11877:
11751:
11741:
11441:
11317:
11062:
10988:
10660:
10650:
10630:
10395:
10076:
10040:
9669:
9210:
9070:
8941:
8631:
7306:
6818:
6758:
6739:
6610:
6004:
5787:
5725:
5661:
5288:
5190:
2667:
2442:
2357:
2180:
2107:
2034:
1838:
1633:
1581:
1527:
1474:
1454:
1350:
1173:
1126:
868:
795:
779:
732:
160:
12210:
9192:
Domahs, Ulrike; Knaus, Johannes; Orzechowska, Paula; Wiese, Richard (2012).
7912:
5668:, with the Polish suffix -ów attached to refer to the founder of the town).
5461:, as well as adding the appropriate endings for cases of nouns, adjectives,
5059:("apple") might be omitted in ordinary speech, leading to the pronunciation
4776:
otherwise. Most Polish speakers, however, do not consider palatalization of
2660:, the same applies to the first and second person plural past tense endings
1121:
European countries; nearly 97% of Poland's citizens declare Polish as their
12813:
12268:
12220:
11359:
9709:
9229:
8039:(in Polish). Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. p. 20.
6826:
6786:
6767:
6763:
6734:
6699:
6548:
5733:
5526:
5518:
5466:
2857:
2820:
2785:
2424:
1938:
1588:
1498:
1329:
1265:
1207:
1158:
1154:
1100:
1077:
935:
840:
684:
583:
12286:
10276:
9020:
7262:
2507:
sometimes represent only semivowels when they follow another vowel, as in
1060:. Over the later centuries, Polish served as the official language in the
409:
12447:
12393:
12388:
12072:
11688:
11675:
9897:
9739:
7955:
Tendencje rozwojowe współczesnych zapożyczeń angielskich w języku polskim
6842:
6680:
6670:
6604:
6595:
6584:
6523:
6512:
6495:
6197:
6013:
5582:
5566:
5544:, an important influence during the 10th and 14th–15th centuries include
5367:
5150:
5146:
3373:
3037:
1850:
1833:
1694:
1690:
1150:
13085:
12195:
11429:
10050:
Najnowsze dzieje języka polskiego. Rozwój polszczyzny w latach 1918-2018
8845:
Zasady Pisowni Języka Śląskiego - Written Rules of the Silesian Language
7994:. Nakł. N. Kamieńskiego i Spólki. 27 July 1844 – via Google Books.
7709:
Setting Signs for Europe; Why Diacritics Matter for European Integration
5657:
1546:
1294:
Geographic language distribution maps of Poland from pre-WWII to present
979:), contains the earliest known sentence written in the Polish language:
941:
12772:
12759:
12225:
11625:
11604:
11496:
10390:
9322:
9289:
9143:
8946:
7267:
7184:
6685:
6500:
6468:
6129:
5907:(knife) of Greek origin, considered then unknown to the outside world.
5760:
5462:
5084:
4758:, except that these can only occur before vowels, so the spellings are
2591:
2374:
2330:
1901:
1843:
1522:
1403:
1199:
911:
787:
728:
676:
155:
12792:
12518:
10677:
10251:
A Concise Polish Grammar, by Ronald F. Feldstein (110-page 600-KB pdf)
9473:
7605:"Despite Brexit, English Remains The EU's Most Spoken Language By Far"
7291:. Jolanta Tambor (eds.); Aldona Skudrzykowa. Katowice: "Śląsk". 2002.
6565:, known as "the Prince of Poets", wrote the first Polish novel called
6504:
2590:'musician'. When additional syllables are added to such words through
1387:
449:
13066:
12827:
12752:
12263:
11650:
11476:
11464:
10325:
Online dictionary with English-Polish and Polish-English translations
10265:
10080:
8469:
8415:
6357:
6260:
6136:
6053:
5649:
5600:
In the 18th century, with the rising prominence of France in Europe,
5458:
5333:
5116:
4877:(the nasal assimilates to the following consonant). When followed by
2920:
2789:
2542:
1926:
1878:
1599:
1458:
1413:
1269:
1145:, by 26% of the population, according to the 2001 census results, as
1130:
1049:
860:
848:
843:, millions of Polish speakers can also be found in countries such as
832:
719:. It is one of very few languages in the world possessing continuous
700:
418:
402:
384:
366:
316:
65:
12852:
Evangelical Church in Berlin, Brandenburg and Silesian Upper Lusatia
12820:
10285:
10280:
9652:
9595:
9436:"Czy Bona Sforza naprawdę sprowadziła do Polski kapustę i kalafior?"
6345:
5652:). Some place names have also been adapted from French, such as the
5291:
rather than the nominative or accusative. Special forms of numbers (
4805:, yet a palatalization of the previous consonant is always assumed.
1573:
1316:
12784:
12258:
12253:
12205:
11695:
11619:
11577:
10868:
10157:
external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
9351:
9349:
9347:
9345:
9343:
9341:
9339:
9337:
5896:
5886:
5605:
5514:
2549:
2453:
1614:, "speaking with a Ruthenian drawl") and is easily distinguishable.
1558:
1242:
1189:
820:
497:
326:
13080:
10343:
7380:"Polish made official language in Brazilian town founded by Poles"
5671:
2631:
Another class of exceptions is verbs with the conditional endings
1394:
1221:
According to the 2011 census there are now over 500,000 people in
1141:. Polish is the most widely-used minority language in Lithuania's
12674:
12248:
12235:
12190:
12110:
11842:
11811:
11682:
11638:
10256:
Oscar Swan's Electronic Polish-English, English-Polish dictionary
9809:. Ohio State University, Department of Linguistics. p. 165.
9502:(fourth ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. 2000. Archived from
8741:
8510:
The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe
8122:. Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido University. pp. 137–153.
6856:
Five people writing in the Polish language have been awarded the
6511:
The Polish language started to be used in literature in the Late
6460:
6448:
6337:
6281:
6147:. The Polish language exerted significant lexical influence upon
6144:
5779:
5729:
5721:
5717:
5676:
5488:(17th–19th centuries), German (13–15th and 18th–20th centuries),
5421:
4797:
if followed by another vowel in the same word usually represents
2906:
2824:
2028:
1626:
1603:
1301:
1273:
1238:
1222:
1161:
it is used by the significant Polish minority, especially in the
1146:
1138:
1134:
957:, meaning "let me grind, and you have a rest" highlighted in red.
895:
828:
824:
812:
783:
510:
493:
331:
321:
311:
12185:
10235:
9334:
8545:
Walczak, Bogdan (1994). "Geneza polskiego języka literackiego".
6463:") and was a generic term for commodities brought to England by
6366:
concerned, the original Polish word is already in plural (sing.
5513:
was known to a larger or smaller degree by most of the numerous
5324:
1442:, spoken throughout the central and eastern parts of the country
977:
Liber fundationis claustri Sanctae Mariae Virginis in Heinrichau
610:, and various forms of formalities when addressing individuals.
12799:
12778:
10072:
10022:
9999:
8782:
8441:
Eastern European Journalism: Before, During and After Communism
7792:
6439:
6239:
6124:
6113:
5861:
in southern Poland, have quite a number of words borrowed from
5858:
5708:(roof); others are pronounced similarly, but differ in writing
5653:
5574:
5142:
5031:
2887:
2695:
2595:
1632:
Many Poles living in emigrant communities (for example, in the
1562:
1466:
1357:
1230:
1166:
1000:
856:
852:
844:
836:
706:
680:
587:
470: Significant minority of Polish speakers outside of Poland
301:
270:
61:
12834:
12162:
9865:"What Are Paczki and Why Is Everyone Freaking Out About Them?"
7992:"Rok ... pod względem oświaty, przemysłu i wypadków czasowych"
7454:"MINELRES – Minority related national legislation – Lithuania"
7432:
Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
5736:) have noticeably more German loanwords than other varieties.
2525:'science, the act of learning', for example, nor in nativized
12721:
12200:
9565:"A Virtual Visit to the Museum of the History of Polish Jews"
6587:, a Polish nobleman, Egyptologist, linguist, and adventurer.
5919:
5621:
5593:) plus "arancio" (orange). A later word of Italian origin is
5510:
5473:
5403:
2698:
rather than true verbal inflections: for example, instead of
1622:
1607:
1592:
1226:
747:
9429:
9427:
5885:
as a result of historical contacts with Hungarian-dominated
5660:("joli bord" = beautiful riverside), as well as the town of
1520:
and resources for the academic field of linguistics such as
1250:
territorial changes of Poland immediately after World War II
12172:
12144:
9355:
9191:
8491:
8489:
6172:
5993:
5590:
5546:
5454:
5450:
5385:
5162:
5102:
4988:. In several cases it determines the meaning, for example:
4368:
are used; when not followed by a vowel the diacritic forms
2681:
1490:
1013:
The earliest treatise on Polish orthography was written by
899:
10311:
A taste of the linguistic diversity of contemporary Poland
10270:
9695:
8410:
Stone, Gerald (2009). "Polish". In Comrie, Bernard (ed.).
8075:
Marácz, László; Rosello, Mireille, eds. (1 January 2012).
6785:
Other notable writers and poets from Poland active during
6342:(Polish dumplings) has spread internationally, as well as
5247:(both direct and indirect) are formed by placing the word
5211:
present to indicate a general, unspecified subject (as in
3910:
3849:
3823:
3402:
3357:
3198:
3119:
3021:
2994:
2909:—there is a consistent correspondence between letters (or
1814:
1799:
1784:
1260:" in the west and north, which had previously been mostly
1028:
book in Polish appeared in either 1508 or 1513, while the
496:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
10245:
9424:
9243:
Phonetics and Phonology of lexical stress in Polish verbs
8889:(en: "Languages of the world and their classification"),
7929:. Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego. 27 July 2000.
6594:, the most celebrated national poets, referred to as the
6218:
6176:
5141:, "black coal"). Most short adjectives and their derived
4919:
is at the end of the word it is often pronounced as just
2390:
1202:(74,663). Enough people in these areas speak Polish that
738:
Among the major languages, it is most closely related to
9500:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
8526:
8486:
7806:
Długosz-Kurczabowa, Krystyna; Dubisz, Stanisław (2006).
7805:
7289:
Gwara Śląska – świadectwo kultury, narzędzie komunikacji
6175:. These include basic items, objects or terms such as a
2762:('because of me'), all stressed on the bolded syllable.
2485:
Each vowel represents one syllable, although the letter
1610:
dialect, which sounds "slushed" (in Polish described as
12862:
Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland
10004:. translated and adapted by Stanisław Kryński. Warsaw:
8119:
Regions in Central and Eastern Europe: Past and Present
7333:"Słownik gwar Śląskich". Opole, Bogusław Wyderka (eds.)
5295:) are used with certain classes of noun, which include
5119:
agree with nouns in terms of gender, case, and number.
12857:
Silesian Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession
9759:
9757:
8972:
MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships
8218:
5687:. Turkish loanwords are common as Poland bordered the
5153:
by inflection (the superlative is formed by prefixing
2646:('I would do') is stressed on the first syllable, and
782:
and expressions were directly borrowed from German or
10329:'Polszczyzna' & the Revolutionary Feminine Suffix
9173:
9164:
harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFRubachBooij1985 (
7705:
5889:
and Wallachian herders who travelled north along the
3946:
3885:
3787:
3762:
3730:
3705:
3684:
3659:
3623:
3590:
3569:
3542:
3515:
3481:
3454:
3429:
3330:
3305:
3278:
3244:
3223:
3171:
3146:
3085:
3058:
2969:
2788:
but includes certain additional letters formed using
2448:
Unlike languages such as Czech, Polish does not have
1576:
and to some extent in the whole region of the former
930:, are extinct. The precursor to modern Polish is the
9018:
5193:-type constructions can be made using the auxiliary
5040:
Doubled letters are usually pronounced as a single,
2598:, the stress normally becomes regular. For example,
1229:
who consider Polish to be their "main" language. In
799:, important both diplomatically and academically in
464: Polish used together alongside other languages
9754:
8744:
Teaching the Mother Tongue in a Multilingual Europe
8618:Wronicz, Jadwiga. "Status gwary w języku polskim".
7368:
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
6742:. The prominent interbellum period authors include
2850:The diacritics used in the Polish alphabet are the
2329:Polish oral vowels depicted on a vowel chart. Main
1489:. The law recognizing it as such was passed by the
8822:
7175:University of Łódź School of Polish for Foreigners
6459:, sounded like "spruce" in English (transl. "from
2516:('author'), mostly in loanwords (so not in native
934:. Ultimately, Polish descends from the unattested
10236:University of Pittsburgh: Polish Language Website
10141:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines
9770:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 132.
8219:Dziubalska-Kołaczyk, Katarzyna; Walczak, Bogdan.
1356:Knowledge of the Polish language within parts of
1311:" (in pink) were parts of Germany, including the
13119:
10273:with example sentences from translation memories
10224:King's College London: Polish Language Resources
9290:Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego (2006).
8864:and Greville G. Corbett. Routledge. Pp. 754–756.
8463:
8116:. In Hayashi, Tadayuki; Fukuda, Hiroshi (eds.).
7951:
7830:
7748:W gaju słów, czyli, Polszczyzna znana i nieznana
7706:Kappenberg, Bernard; Schlobinski, Peter (2015).
7633:
7434:(Treaty 157). Council of Europe. 1 February 1995
6428:), yet it has obtained the Polish plural ending
5241:("it is possible") together with an infinitive.
4791:Except in the cases mentioned above, the letter
1497:in April 2024, but has been vetoed by President
10191:The Polish Language: A Cheatsheet for Beginners
9994:Mówimy po polsku. A beginner's course of Polish
9802:
8742:Witold Tulasiewicz, Anthony Adams, ed. (2005).
6577:. Another significant work form this period is
6351:
6157:
6152:
5259:, before the verb or other item being negated;
4362:are used; before other vowels the combinations
1595:that includes a longer pronunciation of vowels.
1553:) occurs in the mountainous area bordering the
987:; the corresponding sentence in modern Polish:
10197:Podręczniki języka polskiego dla obcokrajowców
9763:
8466:A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change
7785:"WALS Online – Chapter Fixed Stress Locations"
7363:
7361:
7359:
7357:
11827:
10884:
10693:
10359:
10319:9000 most useful words for learners of Polish
10277:Polish Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words
10219:Polish Pronunciation Audio and Grammar Charts
9892:
9890:
9395:
9393:
9391:
9254:
9048:
8996:(in Polish). 14 February 2012. Archived from
8074:
8029:
7744:
7671:
7669:
7574:"What are the top 200 most spoken languages?"
6296:
6291:
6275:
6270:
6254:
6249:
6233:
6228:
6212:
6207:
6191:
6186:
6095:
6023:
6017:
1384:Statuta synodalia Episcoporum Wratislaviensis
7880:
7878:
7876:
7111:
6429:
6411:
6397:
6391:
6385:
6379:
6373:
6367:
6361:
6350:(Polish donuts) and kiełbasa (sausage, e.g.
6343:
6335:
6329:
6319:
6313:
6305:
6285:
6264:
6243:
6222:
6201:
6180:
6163:
6111:
6105:
6086:
6080:
6074:
6068:
6062:
6043:
6029:
6008:There are numerous words in both Polish and
5933:
5927:
5306:
5296:
5272:
5266:
5260:
5254:
5248:
5236:
5230:
5224:
5218:
5212:
5206:
5200:
5194:
5182:
5176:
5170:
5154:
5136:
5130:
5124:
5060:
5054:
5048:
5029:
5022:
5004:
4995:
4989:
4983:
4977:
4963:
4957:
4943:
4937:
4914:
4908:
4902:
4896:
4890:
4884:
4878:
4866:
4860:
4848:
4842:
4836:
4830:
4821:
4815:
4809:
4792:
4783:
4777:
4771:
4765:
4759:
4718:
4711:
4704:
4686:
4679:
4672:
4654:
4647:
4640:
4622:
4615:
4608:
4590:
4583:
4576:
4557:
4515:
4509:
4503:
4497:
4491:
4485:
4479:
4473:
4467:
4461:
4455:
4449:
4443:
4437:
4431:
4425:
4419:
4405:
4399:
4393:
4387:
4381:
4375:
4369:
4363:
4357:
4351:
4282:
4258:
4242:
4224:
4199:
4181:
4156:
4138:
4113:
4095:
4070:
4052:
4036:
4018:
4002:
3953:
3944:
3917:
3908:
3892:
3883:
3856:
3847:
3830:
3821:
3794:
3785:
3769:
3760:
3737:
3728:
3712:
3703:
3691:
3682:
3666:
3657:
3630:
3621:
3597:
3588:
3576:
3567:
3549:
3540:
3522:
3513:
3488:
3479:
3461:
3452:
3436:
3427:
3409:
3400:
3364:
3355:
3337:
3328:
3312:
3303:
3285:
3276:
3251:
3242:
3230:
3221:
3205:
3196:
3178:
3169:
3153:
3144:
3126:
3117:
3092:
3083:
3065:
3056:
3028:
3019:
3001:
2992:
2976:
2967:
2893:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2851:
2753:
2744:
2735:
2725:
2712:
2711:('whom did you see?') it is possible to say
2699:
2685:
2671:
2661:
2656:('we would do') on the second. According to
2647:
2638:
2632:
2619:
2609:
2599:
2585:
2576:
2567:
2557:
2526:
2517:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2486:
2464:
2434:W Szczebrzeszynie chrząszcz brzmi w trzcinie
1820:
1812:
1797:
1789:as separate letters). The nasal vowels are /
1782:
1776:
1762:
1748:
1734:
1720:
1706:
1621:, still spoken by some of the population of
1477:times and not found anywhere else among the
1407:
1113:Geographical distribution of Polish speakers
1072:, and as the administrative language in the
966:
704:
694:
688:
666:
660:
654:
648:
642:
636:
630:
624:
618:
551:
532:
29:
9160:
8347:
8214:
8212:
8210:
8078:Multilingual Europe, Multilingual Europeans
7952:Mańczak-Wohlfeld, Elżbieta (27 July 1995).
7354:
6702:produced such renowned literary figures as
6056:
2827:inhabiting the eastern parts of the former
1665:Spoken Polish in a neutral informative tone
1532:Ministry of Administration and Digitization
11834:
11820:
10891:
10877:
10700:
10686:
10366:
10352:
9887:
9596:"Wpływ języków żydowskich na język polski"
9388:
8603:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
8574:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
8169:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
7831:Stroińska, Magda; Andrews, Ernest (2018).
7666:
7566:
2902:are used only in foreign words and names.
1106:
910:. The closest relatives of Polish are the
448:
10177:Learn how and when to remove this message
9668:
9219:
9209:
8532:
8507:
8495:
8405:
8403:
7873:
7839:. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 243.
7712:. Columbia University Press. p. 44.
7634:Wierzbicka, Anna; Winter, Werner (2020).
7203:Also considered a separate language, see
6507:. Adam Mickiewicz's signature is visible.
4310:The spelling rule for the palatal sounds
2666:, although this rule is often ignored in
2397:('absolute' or 'heartless', 'ruthless'),
2384:
1538:, and was attributed an ISO code of szl.
1278:flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)
1117:Poland is one of the most linguistically
13168:Slavic languages written in Latin script
10066:
10016:
9862:
9296:(in Polish). Vol. 86. p. 228.
9179:
9156:
9044:
9042:
8913:"ISO documentation of Silesian language"
8783:George L. Campbell, Gareth King (2012).
8464:Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (1998).
8261:"The Book of Henryków on UNESCO's list!"
8207:
8004:
6488:
6406:in Canada and United States of America,
6143:word for "mop" or "rag", became part of
6003:
5994:Loanwords from Polish in other languages
5670:
2919:
2684:it is commonly stressed on the third as
2536:
2324:
1668:
1657:
1508:, Agnieszka Pianka, Alfred F. Majewicz,
1393:
1377:
940:
671:) to the letters of the basic 26-letter
10707:
9958:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"
9928:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"
9898:"spruce – Origin and meaning of spruce"
9831:
9698:Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire
9524:
9433:
9063:Language contact in East–Central Europe
8737:
8735:
8733:
8544:
8438:
7520:. Zakon2.rada.gov.ua. 1 February 2014.
7197:
5087:, although the dominant arrangement is
1461:respectively, are thought of as either
1084:'s influence gave Polish the status of
997:Come, let me grind, and you take a rest
993:Pozwól, że ja będę mełł, a ty odpocznij
490:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
13120:
11732:Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony
10047:
9593:
9575:from the original on 25 September 2018
9129:
8856:Robert A. Rothstein (1994). "Polish".
8772:. Instytut Zachodni. 1989. p. 26.
8700:
8400:
8108:
7972:from the original on 27 September 2023
7933:from the original on 27 September 2023
7893:. Bloomington, Ind.: Slavica. p.
7808:Gramatyka historyczna języka polskiego
7464:from the original on 18 September 2018
7206:Silesian language#Dialect vs. language
6420:being already plural in the original (
6000:List of English words of Polish origin
5597:(from Italian "autostrada", highway).
989:Daj, niech ja pomielę, a ty odpoczywaj
12646:
12534:
12302:
11946:
11854:
11815:
10872:
10681:
10347:
9990:
9908:from the original on 28 November 2018
9875:from the original on 28 November 2018
9844:from the original on 28 November 2018
9531:. Central European University Press.
9446:from the original on 28 November 2018
9412:from the original on 28 November 2018
9399:
9105:University of California, Los Angeles
9039:
8982:
8588:
8559:
8409:
8378:"The history of literature in Krakow"
8154:
8136:from the original on 25 February 2020
7524:from the original on 14 February 2014
7258:
7256:
7254:
7121:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
7104:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
6568:The Adventures of Mr. Nicholas Wisdom
6437:It is believed that the English word
5589:, a portmanteau from Italian "pomo" (
4920:
4872:
4854:
3385:
3379:
3049:
3043:
2839:is used to a certain extent today by
2816:blend the Polish and the Czech ones.
1725:and also transcribed as /ɘ/ or /ɪ/),
1584:), with noticeable German influences.
1565:shepherds in the 14th–17th centuries.
1254:Polish population transfers (1944–46)
890:, ruler of the Polans tribe from the
598:. Polish is subdivided into regional
557:
537:
518:
443:(varieties: 53-AAA-cca to 53-AAA-ccu)
41:
10898:
10121:
10097:
9938:from the original on 20 January 2022
9863:Peterson, Lucas (27 February 2017).
9832:Gliński, Mikołaj (7 December 2015).
9356:István Fodor, Claude Hagège (1983).
9323:https://doi.org/10.11649/ch.2019.006
9027:from the original on 11 October 2007
8730:
8688:from the original on 7 November 2017
8658:from the original on 17 January 2010
8056:from the original on 21 January 2021
7884:
7751:(in Polish). Ex Libris. p. 29.
7494:from the original on 8 December 2015
7386:from the original on 31 January 2023
7211:
6447:, the Polish name for the region of
6318:(a kind of fresh cheese) and German
5277:("nothing"), effectively creating a
2370:in the article on Polish phonology.
1680:A Polish speaker, recorded in Poland
1382:The oldest printed text in Polish –
790:of Polish which is in everyday use.
12434:Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis
10373:
9362:. Vol. 1. Buske. p. 324.
9359:Language Reform: History and Future
8905:
8786:Compendium of the World's Languages
8617:
8512:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 138.
8195:from the original on 16 August 2014
8185:"Polish Language History and Facts"
7861:from the original on 26 August 2019
7602:
6530:Master Polikarp's Dialog with Death
6292:
6271:
6250:
6229:
6208:
6187:
6018:
5683:, a word directly derived from the
5175:"to be", which has a simple future
4928:Depending on the word, the phoneme
2419:('disobedience'). A popular Polish
1436:, spoken in the south and southeast
13:
12584:Legnicko-Głogowski Okręg Miedziowy
12563:Katowice-Ostrava metropolitan area
11841:
10299:Polish English wordlist, 600 terms
9984:
9968:from the original on 16 March 2021
9813:from the original on 27 April 2024
9784:from the original on 27 April 2024
9545:from the original on 27 April 2024
9376:from the original on 27 April 2024
9271:from the original on 24 April 2019
9077:from the original on 11 March 2020
8803:from the original on 27 April 2024
7554:from the original on 20 April 2012
7412:from the original on 9 August 2018
7251:
5974:(connotations). Also, the digraph
5786:population that existed until the
5695:Many words were borrowed from the
5165:are of imperfective or perfective
2892:("little tail") under the letters
2847:, especially for religious texts.
1469:, depending on the criteria used.
985:Daj, uć ja pobrusza, a ti pocziwaj
786:and subsequently adopted into the
14:
13179:
12893:Moravian–Silesian Football League
10337:, a way to write Polish with the
10214:Basic Polish Phrases Audio Course
10117:
10052:. Warsaw: Dom Wydawniczy Elipsa.
9677:from the original on 28 July 2020
9602:from the original on 28 July 2020
9525:Haumann, Heiko (1 January 2002).
9434:Janicki, Kamil (7 October 2014).
9400:Knara, Izabela (6 October 2017).
9300:from the original on 7 April 2023
8994:Internetowy System Aktów Prawnych
8549:(in Polish) (3). Warsaw: IBL PAN.
8305:– via digital.fides.org.pl.
8297:from the original on 15 July 2020
7745:Foland-Kugler, Magdalena (2006).
7687:from the original on 31 July 2020
7677:"Q, V, X – Poradnia językowa PWN"
7584:from the original on 18 June 2023
6580:The Manuscript Found in Saragossa
6162:(country) is derived from Polish
6028:), borrowed directly from Polish
5790:. Borrowed Yiddish words include
5314:
5217:"vodka is being drunk"—note that
5095:, and subject pronouns are often
4410:("holy") all represent the sound
2315:
2308:
2299:
2292:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2092:
2081:
2074:
2058:
2047:
2040:
2012:
2003:
1996:
1908:
1892:
1883:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1041:in the 19th century and in 1936.
458: Majority of Polish speakers
13102:
13101:
13084:
13079:
12517:
12285:
10853:
10852:
10261:English-Polish Online Dictionary
10126:
10100:A Grammar of Contemporary Polish
8952:
8271:from the original on 8 June 2023
7889:A grammar of contemporary Polish
7765:from the original on 17 May 2023
7726:from the original on 17 May 2023
7654:from the original on 17 May 2023
7615:from the original on 7 June 2023
7273:
7073:
7053:
7033:
7013:
6993:
6973:
6953:
6933:
6913:
6893:
5838:(slang for girl, pejoratively),
5480:(10th and 14th–15th centuries),
5352:
5343:
5332:
5323:
4350:is as follows: before the vowel
1941:palatalizations and two further
1349:
1328:
1300:
1070:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
981:Day, ut ia pobrusa, a ti poziwai
955:Day, ut ia pobrusa, a ty poziwai
926:varieties). All of them, except
10497:Southern Greater Polish dialect
10477:Northern Greater Polish dialect
10266:Basic English-Polish Dictionary
10069:Polish: A Comprehensive Grammar
9950:
9920:
9856:
9825:
9796:
9724:
9689:
9650:
9644:
9614:
9587:
9557:
9528:A History of East European Jews
9518:
9488:
9458:
9402:"Zapożyczenia w języku polskim"
9312:
9283:
9248:
9236:
9185:
9150:
9123:
9089:
9012:
8960:
8935:
8896:
8883:
8867:
8850:
8837:
8815:
8776:
8760:
8670:
8638:
8611:
8582:
8553:
8538:
8501:
8457:
8432:
8370:
8341:
8325:
8309:
8283:
8253:
8234:. pp. 1, 5. Archived from
8177:
8148:
8102:
8068:
8030:Prokop-Janiec, Eugenia (2013).
8023:
7998:
7984:
7945:
7919:
7824:
7799:
7777:
7738:
7699:
7627:
7596:
7536:
7506:
7476:
7446:
7424:
7408:(in Hungarian). 16 March 2016.
6885:Notable Polish language authors
5612:(from French "écran", screen),
4484:. In other loanwords the vowel
2878:(superior dot) over the letter
2808:uses a Czech-based system, and
2445:a beetle buzzes in the reed').
1545:The distinctive dialect of the
1406:varieties and standard Polish (
596:languages of the European Union
12345:Silesian Voivodeship (1920–39)
11592:Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin
10492:Eastern Greater Polish dialect
10487:Central Greater Polish dialect
10482:Western Greater Polish dialect
10295:—List of Online Polish Courses
9261:Konferencje i dyskusje naukowe
8746:. A&C Black. p. 166.
7398:
7372:
7345:
7336:
7327:
7281:
7096:
6559:Age of Enlightenment in Poland
6416:("potato chips")—from English
5772:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
4303:
2905:Polish orthography is largely
2829:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
2812:follows the Croatian one; the
2765:
2341:is an unstressed allophone of
1082:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1:
13158:Subject–verb–object languages
13008:Schlesien Unvergessene Heimat
11947:
11896:1921 Upper Silesia plebiscite
10271:Big English-Polish Dictionary
9103:. UCLA Phonetics Laboratory,
9019:Magosic, Paul Robert (2005).
7244:
6478:
6475:, meaning literally Prussia.
5857:The mountain dialects of the
5810:(slang for very tasty food),
4457:Saint-Simon i saint-simoniści
1920:
580:Indo-European language family
12872:Pentecostal Church in Poland
12303:
11982:Obniżenie Milicko-Głogowskie
11727:Slavic second palatalization
10840:Bilingual communes in Poland
10447:Greater Poland dialect group
10102:. Bloomington, IN: Slavica.
9051:"Special issue book reviews"
8891:Polish Scientific Publishers
8443:. Hampton Press. p. 7.
8348:Stankiewicz, Edward (1984).
7835:. In Andrews, Ernest (ed.).
7221:(or in the Polish spelling:
6515:. Notable works include the
5741:contacts with Ottoman Turkey
4728:Similar principles apply to
2856:(graphically similar to the
2804:uses a Polish-based system,
1647:
1530:and others, for example the
1097:Greater Poland dialect group
586:. It is primarily spoken in
7:
12647:
12535:
12032:Silesian-Moravian Foothills
11855:
11722:Slavic first palatalization
10586:Masovian Borderland dialect
10571:Lesser Poland dialect group
10025:: Oxford University Press.
9902:Online Etymology Dictionary
9065:). Mouton Publishers: 193.
9049:Miklós Kontra, ed. (2000).
8843:Henryk Jaroszewicz (2022).
8412:The World's Major Languages
8033:Pogranicze Polsko-żydowskie
7133:
6754:Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz
6695:The Morality of Mrs. Dulska
6297:
6276:
6255:
6234:
6213:
6192:
6158:
6128:comes from the dialectical
6024:
5954:. Examples of this include
5946:. To make the word plural,
5616:("abat-jour", lamp shade),
5027:("freeze") and in the name
4374:are used. For example, the
1625:on the eastern bank of the
1487:regional language in Poland
1367:
1099:serving as the base. After
1037:of Polish literature". The
793:Historically, Polish was a
10:
13184:
13055:Silesian Autonomy Movement
12698:Silesian Museum (Katowice)
12027:Silesian-Lusatian Lowlands
10048:Dubisz, Stanisław (2020).
9767:Languages and Their Status
8831:Cambridge University Press
8564:. Wrocław. pp. 16–17.
8508:Kamusella, Tomasz (2009).
8382:krakowcityofliterature.com
8232:Adam Mickiewicz University
7640:. De Gruyter. p. 57.
7233:) in Polish means only an
6482:
5997:
5794:(an unruly boy or child),
5529:and his descendants, e.g.
5492:(15th–16th centuries) and
5072:
5068:
4871:("rainbow") is pronounced
2866:and through the letter in
2769:
2472:
2364:occurs). For details, see
1651:
1371:
1235:Polish Canadian population
1110:
1090:Central and Eastern Europe
878:
874:
731:(10th–16th centuries) and
613:The traditional 32-letter
353:Polish Academy of Sciences
13097:
13077:
13049:Landsmannschaft Schlesien
13035:
12999:
12981:
12974:
12922:
12915:
12880:
12844:
12706:
12664:
12657:
12653:
12642:
12618:
12594:Upper Silesian Coal Basin
12589:Lower Silesian Coal Basin
12579:Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy
12571:
12545:
12541:
12530:
12515:
12487:
12446:
12419:
12412:
12320:
12313:
12309:
12298:
12283:
12234:
12171:
12143:
12136:
12104:Moravian-Silesian Beskids
12086:
12050:
11977:Lower Silesian Wilderness
11959:
11955:
11942:
11863:
11850:
11795:
11712:
11659:
11568:
11522:
11514:Slavic dialects of Greece
11450:
11415:
11404:
11370:
11268:
11193:
11184:
11123:
11105:
11082:
11073:
10974:
10906:
10848:
10832:
10812:
10786:
10745:
10738:
10715:
10381:
10017:Gussmann, Edmund (2007).
9440:CiekawostkiHistoryczne.pl
9161:Rubach & Booij (1985)
8098:– via Google Books.
7980:– via Google Books.
7941:– via Google Books.
7637:Cross-Cultural Pragmatics
7146:Adam Mickiewicz Institute
6858:Nobel Prize in Literature
6815:Krzysztof Kamil Baczyński
6153:
5918:, mainly those that have
5561:In 1518, the Polish king
2286:
2266:
2173:
2100:
2027:
1990:
1950:
1684:
1233:, there is a significant
1182:2000 United States Census
715:language which has seven
520:[ˈjɛ̃zɘkˈpɔlskʲi]
476:
447:
432:
416:
400:
382:
364:
359:
341:
284:
263:Official language in
261:
256:
240:
218:
169:
148:
95:
75:
57:
37:
28:
23:
12500:Lower Silesian and Opole
12429:Moravian–Silesian Region
10067:Sadowska, Iwona (2012).
9803:Brian D. Joseph (1999).
9670:10.17651/SOCJOLING.30.11
9211:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00439
8439:Aumente, Jerome (1999).
8109:Koyama, Satoshi (2007).
8005:Brzezina, Maria (1986).
7190:
7142:(words of Polish origin)
6139:," a Polish, Slovak and
5842:(slang for bankruptcy),
5751:("şişlik" shish kebab),
5640:("fauteuil", armchair),
4788:as creating new sounds.
4451:do re mi fa sol la si do
2658:prescriptive authorities
2618:) and derived adjective
2552:, particularly from the
1937:that resulted from four
1416:differences. The modern
1256:. Poles settled in the "
1062:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1039:orthography was modified
983:(in modern orthography:
831:as well as in southeast
735:(16th–18th centuries).
699:) defined by a reversed
84:: 40 million (2021)
12693:Silesian Museum (Opava)
12078:Slezská Harta Reservoir
10467:Chełmno-Dobrzyń dialect
10457:Bory Tucholskie dialect
10317:KELLY Project word list
10098:Swan, Oscar E. (2002).
10019:The Phonology of Polish
9764:Timothy Shopen (1987).
9626:polskiwdwunastce.edu.pl
9594:Martinovic, Katarzyna.
9198:Frontiers in Psychology
9170:for further discussion.
9101:UCLA Phonetics Lab data
8228:repozytorium.amu.edu.pl
8159:. Wrocław. p. 235.
7885:Swan, Oscar E. (2002).
7548:Encyclopædia Britannica
6698:). The period known as
6554:The Lives of the Saints
5899:includes such words as
5850:(slang for money), and
5767:("divan" carpet), etc.
5628:("meuble", furniture),
5484:(16th–17th centuries),
5476:(10th–18th centuries),
5105:belong to one of three
2731:"model" ("high") norm.
2584:– genitive singular of
1282:expulsion of Ukrainians
1276:border. Meanwhile, the
1107:Geographic distribution
1030:oldest Polish newspaper
1024:around 1470. The first
348:Polish Language Council
13138:Languages of Lithuania
12898:National football team
12058:Jezioro Goczałkowickie
12042:Zielona Góra Acclivity
10616:Eastern Lublin dialect
10611:Western Lublin dialect
10606:Eastern Krakow dialect
10504:Masovian dialect group
9991:Bisko, Wacław (1966).
9806:Historical Linguistics
9710:10.3406/rbph.2010.7805
8858:The Slavonic Languages
8769:Polish Western Affairs
8593:. Wrocław. p. 18.
7319:: CS1 maint: others (
7112:
6634:). Poet and dramatist
6508:
6430:
6412:
6398:
6392:
6386:
6380:
6374:
6368:
6362:
6352:
6344:
6336:
6330:
6320:
6314:
6306:
6286:
6265:
6244:
6223:
6202:
6181:
6164:
6112:
6106:
6096:
6087:
6081:
6079:(weatherfish); German
6075:
6069:
6063:
6057:
6044:
6035:
6030:
5934:
5928:
5830:(slang for oddments),
5814:(slang for business),
5806:(slang for clothing),
5782:, spoken by the large
5692:
5679:in Polish is called a
5636:("valise", suitcase),
5465:, double-diminutives,
5307:
5297:
5273:
5267:
5261:
5255:
5249:
5237:
5231:
5225:
5219:
5213:
5207:
5201:
5195:
5183:
5177:
5171:
5155:
5137:
5131:
5125:
5121:Attributive adjectives
5061:
5055:
5049:
5030:
5023:
5005:
4996:
4990:
4984:
4978:
4964:
4958:
4944:
4938:
4915:
4909:
4907:is pronounced as just
4903:
4897:
4891:
4885:
4879:
4867:
4861:
4853:("oak") is pronounced
4849:
4843:
4837:
4831:
4822:
4816:
4810:
4793:
4784:
4778:
4772:
4766:
4760:
4719:
4712:
4705:
4687:
4680:
4673:
4655:
4648:
4641:
4623:
4616:
4609:
4591:
4584:
4577:
4558:
4516:
4510:
4504:
4498:
4492:
4486:
4480:
4474:
4468:
4462:
4456:
4450:
4444:
4438:
4432:
4426:
4420:
4406:
4400:
4394:
4388:
4382:
4376:
4370:
4364:
4358:
4352:
4283:
4259:
4243:
4225:
4200:
4182:
4157:
4139:
4114:
4096:
4071:
4053:
4037:
4019:
4003:
3954:
3945:
3918:
3909:
3893:
3884:
3857:
3848:
3831:
3822:
3795:
3786:
3770:
3761:
3738:
3729:
3713:
3704:
3692:
3683:
3667:
3658:
3631:
3622:
3598:
3589:
3577:
3568:
3550:
3541:
3523:
3514:
3489:
3480:
3462:
3453:
3437:
3428:
3410:
3401:
3365:
3356:
3338:
3329:
3313:
3304:
3286:
3277:
3252:
3243:
3231:
3222:
3206:
3197:
3179:
3170:
3154:
3145:
3127:
3118:
3093:
3084:
3066:
3057:
3029:
3020:
3002:
2993:
2977:
2968:
2929:
2894:
2886:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2852:
2754:
2745:
2736:
2726:
2713:
2700:
2686:
2672:
2662:
2648:
2639:
2633:
2620:
2610:
2600:
2586:
2577:
2568:
2558:
2545:
2527:
2518:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2487:
2465:
2385:Consonant distribution
2373:Most Polish words are
2346:
1821:
1813:
1798:
1783:
1777:
1763:
1749:
1735:
1721:
1707:
1697:. The oral vowels are
1681:
1666:
1408:
1399:
1391:
1342:Second Polish Republic
1241:(91,810 speakers) and
1204:PNC Financial Services
976:
967:
958:
713:synthetic and fusional
705:
695:
689:
667:
661:
655:
649:
643:
637:
631:
625:
619:
552:
539:[pɔlˈʂt͡ʂɘzna]
533:
514:
478:This article contains
297:Bosnia and Herzegovina
30:
13163:West Slavic languages
12867:Roman Catholic Church
12688:Upper Silesian Museum
11645:Taimyr Pidgin Russian
10539:Near Mazovian dialect
10281:Swadesh-list appendix
9622:"Historia zapożyczeń"
9470:www.visit.zyrardow.pl
9328:27 April 2024 at the
9265:Rada Języka Polskiego
8589:Dejna, Karol (1973).
8560:Dejna, Karol (1973).
8155:Dejna, Karol (1973).
8081:. BRILL. p. 25.
7180:West Slavic languages
6521:(13th/14th century),
6492:
6334:(cucumber). The word
6007:
5834:(slang for lunatic),
5802:(slang for teacher),
5776:paradise for the Jews
5747:("yar" deep valley),
5674:
5644:("plage", beach) and
5632:("bagage", luggage),
5159:to the comparative).
5083:with relatively free
4554:Single letter/Digraph
4542:Single letter/Digraph
4386:("grey-haired"), the
2923:
2540:
2367:Voicing and devoicing
2328:
1679:
1664:
1602:(particularly in the
1501:in late May of 2024.
1479:West Slavic languages
1397:
1381:
1309:Recovered Territories
1258:Recovered Territories
944:
602:and maintains strict
13148:Languages of Ukraine
13133:Languages of Belarus
12888:Football Association
12063:Jezioro Otmuchowskie
10820:Polish Sign Language
10544:Far Mazovian dialect
10209:Basic Polish Phrases
10147:improve this article
9466:"Historia Żyrardowa"
9111:on 20 September 2017
9021:"The Rusyn Question"
8825:The Slavic Languages
7544:"Lekhitic languages"
6704:Stanisław Wyspiański
5091:(SVO). There are no
4546:before a consonant)
2831:wrote Polish in the
2798:Croatian orthography
2401:('blade of grass'),
1510:Tomasz Wicherkiewicz
1430:, spoken in the west
1080:. The growth of the
774:has also shaped the
772:nonstandard dialects
617:has nine additions (
572:West Slavic language
251:Sign Language System
211:Southern Borderlands
201:Northern Borderlands
89:: 2.1 million (2021)
16:West Slavic language
13143:Languages of Poland
12553:Katowice urban area
12461:Lubusz Voivodeships
11997:Przedgórze Sudeckie
11967:Jelenia Góra valley
11671:Pan-Slavic language
11470:Burgenland Croatian
11350:Marcho-Magdeburgian
10947:Old Church Slavonic
10709:Languages of Poland
10641:Podegrodzie dialect
10159:footnote references
9632:on 28 November 2018
9476:on 28 November 2018
9255:Andrzej Markowski.
8847:. Silesia Progress
7795:on 7 December 2015.
7158:BABEL Speech Corpus
6847:Ryszard Kapuściński
6791:Aleksander Kamiński
6631:The Undivine Comedy
6574:Fables and Parables
6527:(15th century) and
6455:because in Polish,
5926:roots, for example
5818:(slang for apron),
5608:. Examples include
5581:from "cavolfiore" (
5563:Sigismund I the Old
5293:collective numerals
5089:subject–verb–object
5079:Polish is a highly
4398:("sulfur") and the
4365:si, zi, ci, dzi, ni
2860:) over the letters
2626:/uɲivɛrsɨˈtɛt͡skʲi/
2554:classical languages
2456:is always a vowel.
2452:– the nucleus of a
2450:syllabic consonants
2345:in certain contexts
1608:Eastern Borderlands
1386:printed in 1475 in
1338:Eastern Borderlands
1321:expelled many Poles
1313:Free City of Danzig
1005:Memory of the World
932:Old Polish language
918:Lechitic dialects (
823:, western parts of
286:Recognised minority
13153:Lechitic languages
13000:Unofficial anthems
12017:Silesian Przesieka
12007:Silesian Foothills
11757:Illič-Svityč's law
11737:Monophthongization
11245:Camaldolese Slovak
11058:Canadian Ukrainian
10924:Up to Proto-Slavic
10917:Proto-Balto-Slavic
10739:Minority languages
10323:Dictionaries24.com
10304:2013-10-08 at the
10291:2021-02-25 at the
10279:from Wiktionary's
10229:2014-12-05 at the
10202:2021-10-23 at the
9159::8), deferring to
9132:Linguistic Inquiry
8241:on 2 February 2023
8189:Today Translations
7550:. 8 January 2015.
7235:integrated circuit
7225:; in the plural –
7217:However, the word
7170:Lechitic languages
7164:Holy Cross Sermons
6874:Wisława Szymborska
6862:Henryk Sienkiewicz
6725:The Spring to Come
6656:Henryk Sienkiewicz
6518:Holy Cross Sermons
6509:
6493:The manuscript of
6036:
5970:(conurbation) and
5822:(slang for scam),
5798:(slang for mess),
5693:
5447:Polish orthography
5428:(colloquial) from
5303:exclusively plural
4556:(before the vowel
4356:the plain letters
3997:Phonemic value(s)
3989:Phonemic value(s)
2930:
2772:Polish orthography
2546:
2347:
1935:palatal consonants
1682:
1667:
1612:zaciąganie z ruska
1578:Prussian Partition
1467:distinct languages
1409:język ogólnopolski
1400:
1392:
1374:Dialects of Polish
995:; and in English:
968:Księga henrykowska
959:
764:Germanic languages
725:palatal consonants
721:penultimate stress
559:[ˈpɔlskʲi]
196:New mixed dialects
43:[ˈpɔlskʲi]
13115:
13114:
13093:
13092:
13075:
13074:
13031:
13030:
12970:
12969:
12911:
12910:
12638:
12637:
12634:
12633:
12608:Rybnik Coal Areas
12599:Industrial Region
12526:
12525:
12513:
12512:
12483:
12482:
12479:
12478:
12294:
12293:
12281:
12280:
12277:
12276:
12012:Silesian Lowlands
11938:
11937:
11923:Battle of Leuthen
11918:Battle of Legnica
11906:Treaty of Teschen
11901:Treaty of Dresden
11809:
11808:
11802:extinct languages
11633:Solombala English
11564:
11563:
11487:Prekmurje Slovene
11400:
11399:
11180:
11179:
11034:Doukhobor Russian
10957:Glagolitic script
10866:
10865:
10828:
10827:
10716:Official language
10675:
10674:
10559:Białystok dialect
10554:Podlachia dialect
10524:Masurian dialects
10339:Glagolitic script
10242:A Touch of Polish
10187:
10186:
10179:
10090:978-0-415-47541-9
10059:978-83-8017-348-4
10032:978-0-19-926747-7
10006:Wiedza Powszechna
9777:978-0-8122-1249-5
9732:"Polish Language"
9538:978-963-9241-26-8
9369:978-3-87118-572-4
8950:(25th ed., 2022)
8923:on 3 October 2012
8917:SIL International
8879:978-1-55753-371-5
8796:978-1-136-25846-6
8753:978-0-8264-7027-0
8712:Statistics Canada
8678:"PNC ATM Banking"
8519:978-0-230-55070-4
8425:978-0-415-35339-7
8354:Mouton Publishers
8321:978-83-60528-54-9
8129:978-4-938637-43-9
8088:978-94-012-0803-1
8046:978-83-233-3507-8
8007:Polszczyzna Żydów
7965:978-83-7052-347-3
7846:978-3-319-70926-0
7488:Council of Europe
7271:(27th ed., 2024)
7119:Article 1 of the
7101:Article 1 of the
7088:
7068:
7048:
7028:
7008:
6988:
6968:
6948:
6928:
6908:
6866:Władysław Reymont
6831:Andrzej Sapkowski
6780:Zuzanna Ginczanka
6776:Witold Gombrowicz
6730:Władysław Reymont
6690:Gabriela Zapolska
6626:Zygmunt Krasiński
6485:Polish literature
6443:was derived from
5573:from "pomodoro" (
5537:(a line or row).
5523:Polish literature
5081:fusional language
4773:ki, gi, (c)hi, li
4726:
4725:
4551:(before a vowel)
4430:is pronounced as
4299:
4298:
3994:(before a vowel)
3970:
3969:
2926:Jakub Wujek Bible
2814:Sorbian languages
2794:Czech orthography
2784:derives from the
2668:colloquial speech
2634:-by, -bym, -byśmy
2423:(from a verse by
2323:
2322:
1918:
1917:
1677:
1662:
1570:Poznański dialect
1518:SIL International
1286:Operation Vistula
1280:, as well as the
1058:Kingdom of Poland
1052:of the nobles in
881:History of Polish
776:standard language
752:Romance languages
717:grammatical cases
504:
503:
486:rendering support
482:phonetic symbols.
343:Regulated by
91:Total: 43 million
13175:
13105:
13104:
13088:
13083:
13060:Marsz Autōnōmije
12979:
12978:
12940:
12939:(Lower Silesian)
12937:Silesian German
12920:
12919:
12903:Silesian Stadium
12733:
12683:Regional costume
12662:
12661:
12655:
12654:
12644:
12643:
12543:
12542:
12532:
12531:
12521:
12424:Jeseník District
12417:
12416:
12399:Austrian Silesia
12372:Silesia Province
12318:
12317:
12311:
12310:
12300:
12299:
12289:
12141:
12140:
12099:Silesian Beskids
12068:Jezioro Sławskie
11957:
11956:
11944:
11943:
11912:Book of Henryków
11852:
11851:
11836:
11829:
11822:
11813:
11812:
11703:Slavonic-Serbian
11554:Cieszyn Silesian
11425:Carpathian Rusyn
11413:
11412:
11191:
11190:
11080:
11079:
10965:Modern languages
10900:Slavic languages
10893:
10886:
10879:
10870:
10869:
10856:
10855:
10743:
10742:
10702:
10695:
10688:
10679:
10678:
10621:Przemyśl dialect
10452:Kociewie dialect
10368:
10361:
10354:
10345:
10344:
10182:
10175:
10171:
10168:
10162:
10130:
10129:
10122:
10113:
10094:
10063:
10044:
10013:
10003:
9978:
9977:
9975:
9973:
9954:
9948:
9947:
9945:
9943:
9924:
9918:
9917:
9915:
9913:
9894:
9885:
9884:
9882:
9880:
9860:
9854:
9853:
9851:
9849:
9829:
9823:
9822:
9820:
9818:
9800:
9794:
9793:
9791:
9789:
9761:
9752:
9751:
9749:
9747:
9742:on 24 April 2019
9738:. Archived from
9728:
9722:
9721:
9693:
9687:
9686:
9684:
9682:
9672:
9657:Socjolingwistyka
9648:
9642:
9641:
9639:
9637:
9628:. Archived from
9618:
9612:
9611:
9609:
9607:
9591:
9585:
9584:
9582:
9580:
9561:
9555:
9554:
9552:
9550:
9522:
9516:
9515:
9513:
9511:
9492:
9486:
9485:
9483:
9481:
9472:. Archived from
9462:
9456:
9455:
9453:
9451:
9431:
9422:
9421:
9419:
9417:
9397:
9386:
9385:
9383:
9381:
9353:
9332:
9316:
9310:
9309:
9307:
9305:
9287:
9281:
9280:
9278:
9276:
9257:"Norma wzorcowa"
9252:
9246:
9240:
9234:
9233:
9223:
9213:
9189:
9183:
9177:
9171:
9169:
9154:
9148:
9147:
9127:
9121:
9120:
9118:
9116:
9107:. Archived from
9093:
9087:
9086:
9084:
9082:
9046:
9037:
9036:
9034:
9032:
9016:
9010:
9009:
9007:
9005:
9000:on 29 April 2015
8986:
8980:
8979:
8974:. Archived from
8964:
8958:
8957:
8956:
8939:
8933:
8932:
8930:
8928:
8919:. Archived from
8909:
8903:
8900:
8894:
8887:
8881:
8871:
8865:
8854:
8848:
8841:
8835:
8834:
8828:
8819:
8813:
8812:
8810:
8808:
8780:
8774:
8773:
8764:
8758:
8757:
8739:
8728:
8727:
8725:
8723:
8714:. Archived from
8704:
8698:
8697:
8695:
8693:
8674:
8668:
8667:
8665:
8663:
8657:
8650:
8642:
8636:
8635:
8620:Socjolingwistyka
8615:
8609:
8608:
8602:
8594:
8591:Dialekty polskie
8586:
8580:
8579:
8573:
8565:
8562:Dialekty polskie
8557:
8551:
8550:
8542:
8536:
8530:
8524:
8523:
8505:
8499:
8493:
8484:
8483:
8461:
8455:
8454:
8436:
8430:
8429:
8414:(2nd ed.).
8407:
8398:
8397:
8395:
8393:
8384:. Archived from
8374:
8368:
8367:
8345:
8339:
8329:
8323:
8313:
8307:
8306:
8304:
8302:
8287:
8281:
8280:
8278:
8276:
8257:
8251:
8250:
8248:
8246:
8240:
8225:
8216:
8205:
8204:
8202:
8200:
8191:. 20 June 2014.
8181:
8175:
8174:
8168:
8160:
8157:Dialekty polskie
8152:
8146:
8145:
8143:
8141:
8115:
8106:
8100:
8099:
8097:
8095:
8072:
8066:
8065:
8063:
8061:
8055:
8038:
8027:
8021:
8020:
8002:
7996:
7995:
7988:
7982:
7981:
7979:
7977:
7949:
7943:
7942:
7940:
7938:
7923:
7917:
7916:
7892:
7882:
7871:
7870:
7868:
7866:
7828:
7822:
7821:
7803:
7797:
7796:
7791:. Archived from
7781:
7775:
7774:
7772:
7770:
7742:
7736:
7735:
7733:
7731:
7703:
7697:
7696:
7694:
7692:
7673:
7664:
7663:
7661:
7659:
7631:
7625:
7624:
7622:
7620:
7600:
7594:
7593:
7591:
7589:
7570:
7564:
7563:
7561:
7559:
7540:
7534:
7533:
7531:
7529:
7510:
7504:
7503:
7501:
7499:
7480:
7474:
7473:
7471:
7469:
7450:
7444:
7443:
7441:
7439:
7428:
7422:
7421:
7419:
7417:
7402:
7396:
7395:
7393:
7391:
7376:
7370:
7365:
7352:
7349:
7343:
7340:
7334:
7331:
7325:
7324:
7318:
7310:
7285:
7279:
7278:
7277:
7260:
7238:
7215:
7209:
7201:
7115:
7086:
7077:
7066:
7057:
7046:
7037:
7026:
7017:
7006:
6997:
6986:
6977:
6966:
6957:
6946:
6937:
6926:
6917:
6906:
6897:
6839:Dorota Masłowska
6807:Tadeusz Borowski
6795:Zbigniew Herbert
6772:Bolesław Leśmian
6676:Eliza Orzeszkowa
6666:Maria Konopnicka
6616:Juliusz Słowacki
6433:
6415:
6401:
6395:
6389:
6384:, plural ending
6383:
6377:
6371:
6365:
6355:
6349:
6341:
6333:
6323:
6317:
6311:
6300:
6295:
6294:
6289:
6279:
6274:
6273:
6268:
6258:
6253:
6252:
6247:
6237:
6232:
6231:
6226:
6216:
6211:
6210:
6205:
6195:
6190:
6189:
6184:
6167:
6161:
6156:
6155:
6117:
6109:
6099:
6090:
6084:
6078:
6072:
6066:
6060:
6047:
6033:
6027:
6021:
6020:
6010:Yiddish (Jewish)
5958:(inauguration),
5937:
5931:
5916:English language
5755:("fincan" cup),
5720:). The regional
5685:Turkish language
5356:
5347:
5336:
5327:
5310:
5300:
5285:Cardinal numbers
5276:
5270:
5264:
5258:
5252:
5245:Yes–no questions
5240:
5234:
5228:
5222:
5216:
5210:
5204:
5198:
5186:
5180:
5174:
5158:
5140:
5134:
5128:
5064:
5058:
5052:
5035:
5026:
5021:, in words like
5020:
5012:
5008:
4999:
4993:
4987:
4981:
4975:
4967:
4961:
4955:
4947:
4941:
4935:
4924:
4918:
4912:
4906:
4900:
4894:
4888:
4882:
4876:
4870:
4864:
4858:
4852:
4846:
4840:
4834:
4825:
4819:
4813:
4804:
4796:
4787:
4781:
4775:
4769:
4763:
4757:
4751:
4743:
4735:
4722:
4715:
4708:
4701:
4690:
4683:
4676:
4669:
4658:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4626:
4619:
4612:
4605:
4594:
4587:
4580:
4573:
4561:
4549:Digraph/Trigraph
4536:
4535:
4519:
4513:
4507:
4501:
4495:
4489:
4483:
4477:
4471:
4465:
4459:
4453:
4447:
4441:
4435:
4429:
4423:
4417:
4409:
4403:
4397:
4391:
4385:
4379:
4373:
4367:
4361:
4355:
4349:
4341:
4333:
4325:
4317:
4295:
4286:
4271:
4262:
4255:
4246:
4237:
4228:
4220:
4212:
4203:
4194:
4185:
4177:
4169:
4160:
4151:
4142:
4134:
4126:
4117:
4108:
4099:
4091:
4083:
4074:
4065:
4056:
4049:
4040:
4031:
4022:
4015:
4006:
3992:Digraph/trigraph
3983:
3982:
3966:
3957:
3950:
3938:
3930:
3921:
3914:
3905:
3896:
3889:
3877:
3869:
3860:
3853:
3843:
3834:
3827:
3815:
3807:
3798:
3791:
3782:
3773:
3766:
3750:
3741:
3734:
3725:
3716:
3709:
3695:
3688:
3679:
3670:
3663:
3651:
3643:
3634:
3627:
3618:
3610:
3601:
3594:
3580:
3573:
3553:
3546:
3535:
3526:
3519:
3509:
3501:
3492:
3485:
3474:
3465:
3458:
3449:
3440:
3433:
3422:
3413:
3406:
3397:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3368:
3361:
3350:
3341:
3334:
3325:
3316:
3309:
3298:
3289:
3282:
3272:
3264:
3255:
3248:
3234:
3227:
3218:
3209:
3202:
3191:
3182:
3175:
3166:
3157:
3150:
3139:
3130:
3123:
3113:
3105:
3096:
3089:
3078:
3069:
3062:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3032:
3025:
3014:
3005:
2998:
2989:
2980:
2973:
2932:
2931:
2897:
2891:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2855:
2761:
2751:
2742:
2729:
2723:
2710:
2693:
2679:
2665:
2655:
2645:
2636:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2603:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2565:
2561:
2533:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2490:
2477:The predominant
2468:
2462:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2344:
2340:
2319:
2312:
2303:
2296:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2144:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2110:
2096:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2062:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2016:
2007:
2000:
1948:
1947:
1912:
1896:
1887:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1818:
1803:
1788:
1780:
1774:
1766:
1760:
1752:
1746:
1738:
1732:
1724:
1718:
1710:
1704:
1678:
1663:
1654:Polish phonology
1598:Poles living in
1506:Tomasz Kamusella
1418:standard dialect
1411:
1390:by Kasper Elyan.
1353:
1332:
1304:
1197:
1178:Polish Americans
1054:Poland–Lithuania
1045:Tomasz Kamusella
1023:
970:
963:Book of Henryków
947:Book of Henryków
710:
698:
692:
683:, including two
670:
664:
658:
652:
646:
640:
634:
628:
622:
569:
568:
567:
561:
555:
549:
548:
547:
541:
536:
530:
529:
528:
522:
469:
463:
457:
452:
428:
412:
405:
396:
395:
387:
378:
377:
369:
288:language in
246:
224:
101:
53:
52:
51:
45:
33:
21:
20:
13183:
13182:
13178:
13177:
13176:
13174:
13173:
13172:
13128:Polish language
13118:
13117:
13116:
13111:
13089:
13071:
13027:
12995:
12966:
12938:
12907:
12876:
12840:
12729:
12702:
12649:
12630:
12614:
12604:Ostrava-Karviná
12567:
12537:
12522:
12509:
12475:
12442:
12408:
12404:Eastern Silesia
12305:
12290:
12273:
12230:
12167:
12132:
12082:
12046:
12022:Silesian Upland
11951:
11934:
11859:
11846:
11840:
11810:
11805:
11791:
11714:
11708:
11662:
11655:
11585:Bohemian Romani
11570:Mixed languages
11560:
11537:Pannonian Rusyn
11518:
11460:Banat Bulgarian
11446:
11408:
11396:
11366:
11264:
11256:Pannonian Rusyn
11176:
11119:
11101:
11069:
11029:Alaskan Russian
11004:Old Novgorodian
10997:Old East Slavic
10970:
10952:Cyrillic script
10942:Church Slavonic
10902:
10897:
10867:
10862:
10844:
10824:
10808:
10782:
10734:
10711:
10706:
10676:
10671:
10656:Podhale dialect
10636:Goral ethnolect
10601:Lasovia dialect
10581:Sieradz dialect
10576:Łęczyca dialect
10529:Suwałki dialect
10514:Ostróda dialect
10377:
10375:Polish language
10372:
10331:from Culture.pl
10313:from Culture.pl
10306:Wayback Machine
10293:Wayback Machine
10231:Wayback Machine
10204:Wayback Machine
10193:from Culture.pl
10183:
10172:
10166:
10163:
10144:
10135:This article's
10131:
10127:
10120:
10110:
10091:
10060:
10033:
9997:
9987:
9985:Further reading
9982:
9981:
9971:
9969:
9956:
9955:
9951:
9941:
9939:
9926:
9925:
9921:
9911:
9909:
9896:
9895:
9888:
9878:
9876:
9861:
9857:
9847:
9845:
9830:
9826:
9816:
9814:
9801:
9797:
9787:
9785:
9778:
9762:
9755:
9745:
9743:
9730:
9729:
9725:
9694:
9690:
9680:
9678:
9649:
9645:
9635:
9633:
9620:
9619:
9615:
9605:
9603:
9592:
9588:
9578:
9576:
9563:
9562:
9558:
9548:
9546:
9539:
9523:
9519:
9509:
9507:
9506:on 30 June 2008
9494:
9493:
9489:
9479:
9477:
9464:
9463:
9459:
9449:
9447:
9432:
9425:
9415:
9413:
9398:
9389:
9379:
9377:
9370:
9354:
9335:
9330:Wayback Machine
9317:
9313:
9303:
9301:
9288:
9284:
9274:
9272:
9253:
9249:
9241:
9237:
9190:
9186:
9180:Gussmann (2007)
9178:
9174:
9163:
9155:
9151:
9128:
9124:
9114:
9112:
9095:
9094:
9090:
9080:
9078:
9047:
9040:
9030:
9028:
9017:
9013:
9003:
9001:
8988:
8987:
8983:
8978:on 2 June 2013.
8966:
8965:
8961:
8951:
8940:
8936:
8926:
8924:
8911:
8910:
8906:
8901:
8897:
8893:, Warszawa 1989
8888:
8884:
8872:
8868:
8855:
8851:
8842:
8838:
8821:
8820:
8816:
8806:
8804:
8797:
8781:
8777:
8766:
8765:
8761:
8754:
8740:
8731:
8721:
8719:
8706:
8705:
8701:
8691:
8689:
8676:
8675:
8671:
8661:
8659:
8655:
8648:
8644:
8643:
8639:
8616:
8612:
8596:
8595:
8587:
8583:
8567:
8566:
8558:
8554:
8543:
8539:
8531:
8527:
8520:
8506:
8502:
8494:
8487:
8480:
8472:. p. 129.
8462:
8458:
8451:
8437:
8433:
8426:
8418:. p. 290.
8408:
8401:
8391:
8389:
8388:on 16 June 2019
8376:
8375:
8371:
8364:
8346:
8342:
8330:
8326:
8314:
8310:
8300:
8298:
8289:
8288:
8284:
8274:
8272:
8259:
8258:
8254:
8244:
8242:
8238:
8223:
8217:
8208:
8198:
8196:
8183:
8182:
8178:
8162:
8161:
8153:
8149:
8139:
8137:
8130:
8113:
8107:
8103:
8093:
8091:
8089:
8073:
8069:
8059:
8057:
8053:
8047:
8036:
8028:
8024:
8017:
8003:
7999:
7990:
7989:
7985:
7975:
7973:
7966:
7958:. Universitas.
7950:
7946:
7936:
7934:
7925:
7924:
7920:
7905:
7883:
7874:
7864:
7862:
7847:
7829:
7825:
7818:
7804:
7800:
7783:
7782:
7778:
7768:
7766:
7759:
7743:
7739:
7729:
7727:
7720:
7704:
7700:
7690:
7688:
7675:
7674:
7667:
7657:
7655:
7648:
7632:
7628:
7618:
7616:
7603:Keating, Dave.
7601:
7597:
7587:
7585:
7572:
7571:
7567:
7557:
7555:
7542:
7541:
7537:
7527:
7525:
7512:
7511:
7507:
7497:
7495:
7482:
7481:
7477:
7467:
7465:
7458:www.minelres.lv
7452:
7451:
7447:
7437:
7435:
7430:
7429:
7425:
7415:
7413:
7404:
7403:
7399:
7389:
7387:
7382:. August 2022.
7378:
7377:
7373:
7366:
7355:
7350:
7346:
7341:
7337:
7332:
7328:
7312:
7311:
7299:
7287:
7286:
7282:
7272:
7261:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7241:
7216:
7212:
7202:
7198:
7193:
7136:
7099:
7094:
7093:
7092:
7089:
7085:
7082:
7078:
7069:
7065:
7062:
7058:
7049:
7045:
7042:
7038:
7029:
7025:
7022:
7018:
7009:
7005:
7002:
6998:
6989:
6985:
6982:
6978:
6969:
6965:
6962:
6958:
6949:
6945:
6942:
6938:
6929:
6925:
6922:
6918:
6909:
6905:
6902:
6898:
6887:
6886:
6851:Andrzej Stasiuk
6835:Adam Zagajewski
6823:Marek Krajewski
6811:Sławomir Mrożek
6803:Zofia Nałkowska
6749:Nights and Days
6744:Maria Dąbrowska
6719:Homeless People
6714:Stefan Żeromski
6600:Adam Mickiewicz
6563:Ignacy Krasicki
6535:Jan Kochanowski
6487:
6481:
6002:
5996:
5962:(devastation),
5732:(Modern Polish
5697:German language
5664:(from the name
5443:
5442:
5441:
5440:
5439:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5349:
5348:
5339:
5338:
5337:
5329:
5328:
5317:
5279:double negative
5138:węgiel kamienny
5077:
5071:
4826:, "to eat up".
4820:: for example,
4555:
4550:
4545:
4543:
4539:Phonemic value
3993:
3698:Only loanwords
3583:Only loanwords
3237:Only loanwords
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2845:Western Belarus
2841:Polish speakers
2837:Cyrillic script
2782:Polish alphabet
2778:
2770:Main articles:
2768:
2616:/uɲivɛrsɨˈtɛtu/
2475:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2415:('shock'), and
2406:
2403:
2402:
2387:
2352:occurs between
2223:
2179:
2140:
2106:
2067:
2033:
1978:
1962:
1943:palatalizations
1923:
1687:
1669:
1658:
1656:
1650:
1463:Polish dialects
1376:
1370:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1346:
1345:
1333:
1325:
1324:
1305:
1296:
1295:
1210:in addition to
1198:(111,740), and
1193:
1115:
1109:
1066:Congress Poland
1017:
908:spoken language
883:
877:
809:second language
778:; considerable
703:hook called an
615:Polish alphabet
604:T–V distinction
592:Polish diaspora
582:written in the
563:
562:
543:
542:
524:
523:
484:Without proper
472:
471:
467:
465:
461:
459:
455:
442:
424:
408:
401:
391:
390:
383:
373:
372:
365:
350:
337:
336:
289:
287:
280:
264:
257:Official status
247:
242:
236:
232:Polish alphabet
225:
220:
165:
151:
144:
102:
99:Language family
97:
90:
85:
78:
77:Native speakers
70:Western Belarus
47:
46:
17:
12:
11:
5:
13181:
13171:
13170:
13165:
13160:
13155:
13150:
13145:
13140:
13135:
13130:
13113:
13112:
13110:
13109:
13098:
13095:
13094:
13091:
13090:
13078:
13076:
13073:
13072:
13070:
13069:
13064:
13063:
13062:
13052:
13045:
13039:
13037:
13033:
13032:
13029:
13028:
13026:
13025:
13018:
13011:
13003:
13001:
12997:
12996:
12994:
12993:
12988:
12982:
12976:
12972:
12971:
12968:
12967:
12965:
12964:
12959:
12954:
12949:
12944:
12943:
12942:
12929:
12923:
12917:
12913:
12912:
12909:
12908:
12906:
12905:
12900:
12895:
12890:
12884:
12882:
12878:
12877:
12875:
12874:
12869:
12864:
12859:
12854:
12848:
12846:
12842:
12841:
12839:
12838:
12831:
12824:
12817:
12810:
12803:
12796:
12789:
12782:
12775:
12770:
12763:
12756:
12749:
12742:
12735:
12725:
12718:
12712:
12710:
12704:
12703:
12701:
12700:
12695:
12690:
12685:
12680:
12679:
12678:
12665:
12659:
12651:
12650:
12640:
12639:
12636:
12635:
12632:
12631:
12629:
12628:
12622:
12620:
12616:
12615:
12613:
12612:
12611:
12610:
12601:
12591:
12586:
12581:
12575:
12573:
12569:
12568:
12566:
12565:
12560:
12558:Metropolis GZM
12555:
12549:
12547:
12546:Socioeconomics
12539:
12538:
12528:
12527:
12524:
12523:
12516:
12514:
12511:
12510:
12508:
12507:
12502:
12496:
12494:
12492:constituencies
12485:
12484:
12481:
12480:
12477:
12476:
12474:
12473:
12468:
12463:
12458:
12456:Lower Silesian
12452:
12450:
12444:
12443:
12441:
12440:
12431:
12426:
12420:
12414:
12410:
12409:
12407:
12406:
12401:
12396:
12391:
12386:
12385:
12384:
12379:
12369:
12364:
12363:
12362:
12357:
12352:
12342:
12341:
12340:
12335:
12324:
12322:
12315:
12307:
12306:
12296:
12295:
12292:
12291:
12284:
12282:
12279:
12278:
12275:
12274:
12272:
12271:
12266:
12261:
12256:
12251:
12246:
12240:
12238:
12232:
12231:
12229:
12228:
12223:
12218:
12213:
12208:
12203:
12198:
12193:
12188:
12183:
12177:
12175:
12169:
12168:
12166:
12165:
12160:
12155:
12149:
12147:
12138:
12134:
12133:
12131:
12130:
12129:
12128:
12123:
12118:
12108:
12107:
12106:
12101:
12090:
12088:
12084:
12083:
12081:
12080:
12075:
12070:
12065:
12060:
12054:
12052:
12048:
12047:
12045:
12044:
12039:
12037:Wał Trzebnicki
12034:
12029:
12024:
12019:
12014:
12009:
12004:
12002:Silesian Walls
11999:
11994:
11992:Oświęcim Basin
11989:
11987:Ostrava Valley
11984:
11979:
11974:
11972:Kłodzko Valley
11969:
11963:
11961:
11953:
11952:
11940:
11939:
11936:
11935:
11933:
11932:
11925:
11920:
11915:
11908:
11903:
11898:
11893:
11875:
11870:
11864:
11861:
11860:
11848:
11847:
11839:
11838:
11831:
11824:
11816:
11807:
11806:
11796:
11793:
11792:
11790:
11789:
11784:
11782:Van Wijk's law
11779:
11777:Ruki sound law
11774:
11772:Pedersen's law
11769:
11764:
11759:
11754:
11749:
11744:
11739:
11734:
11729:
11724:
11718:
11716:
11710:
11709:
11707:
11706:
11699:
11692:
11685:
11680:
11679:
11678:
11667:
11665:
11657:
11656:
11654:
11653:
11648:
11641:
11636:
11629:
11622:
11617:
11615:Romano-Serbian
11612:
11607:
11602:
11595:
11588:
11580:
11574:
11572:
11566:
11565:
11562:
11561:
11559:
11558:
11557:
11556:
11546:
11541:
11540:
11539:
11532:Eastern Slovak
11528:
11526:
11520:
11519:
11517:
11516:
11511:
11510:
11509:
11504:
11494:
11489:
11484:
11479:
11474:
11473:
11472:
11462:
11456:
11454:
11448:
11447:
11445:
11444:
11439:
11434:
11433:
11432:
11421:
11419:
11410:
11406:Microlanguages
11402:
11401:
11398:
11397:
11395:
11394:
11393:
11392:
11382:
11376:
11374:
11368:
11367:
11365:
11364:
11363:
11362:
11357:
11352:
11342:
11341:
11340:
11335:
11325:
11324:
11323:
11322:
11321:
11309:
11308:
11307:
11300:
11293:
11288:
11277:East Lechitic
11274:
11272:
11266:
11265:
11263:
11262:
11261:
11260:
11259:
11258:
11251:Eastern Slovak
11248:
11236:
11235:
11234:
11232:White Croatian
11229:
11224:
11217:
11210:
11208:Biblical Czech
11199:
11197:
11188:
11182:
11181:
11178:
11177:
11175:
11174:
11169:
11168:
11167:
11162:
11157:
11152:
11147:
11140:Serbo-Croatian
11137:
11129:
11127:
11121:
11120:
11118:
11117:
11111:
11109:
11103:
11102:
11100:
11099:
11094:
11088:
11086:
11077:
11071:
11070:
11068:
11067:
11066:
11065:
11060:
11055:
11045:
11040:
11039:
11038:
11037:
11036:
11031:
11016:
11009:
11008:
11007:
10993:
10992:
10991:
10980:
10978:
10972:
10971:
10969:
10968:
10961:
10960:
10959:
10954:
10949:
10939:
10927:
10920:
10912:
10910:
10904:
10903:
10896:
10895:
10888:
10881:
10873:
10864:
10863:
10861:
10860:
10849:
10846:
10845:
10843:
10842:
10836:
10834:
10830:
10829:
10826:
10825:
10823:
10822:
10816:
10814:
10813:Sign languages
10810:
10809:
10807:
10806:
10801:
10796:
10790:
10788:
10784:
10783:
10781:
10780:
10775:
10770:
10765:
10760:
10755:
10749:
10747:
10740:
10736:
10735:
10733:
10732:
10731:
10730:
10719:
10717:
10713:
10712:
10705:
10704:
10697:
10690:
10682:
10673:
10672:
10670:
10669:
10668:
10667:
10666:
10665:
10664:
10663:
10658:
10653:
10648:
10646:Żywiec dialect
10643:
10633:
10628:
10623:
10618:
10613:
10608:
10603:
10598:
10596:Krakow dialect
10593:
10591:Kielce dialect
10588:
10583:
10578:
10568:
10567:
10566:
10564:Warsaw dialect
10561:
10556:
10551:
10549:Kurpie dialect
10546:
10541:
10536:
10534:Łowicz dialect
10531:
10526:
10521:
10519:Warmia dialect
10516:
10511:
10509:Lubawa dialect
10501:
10500:
10499:
10494:
10489:
10484:
10479:
10474:
10472:Kujawy dialect
10469:
10464:
10462:Krajna dialect
10459:
10454:
10439:
10434:
10429:
10428:
10427:
10417:
10416:
10415:
10405:
10400:
10399:
10398:
10393:
10382:
10379:
10378:
10371:
10370:
10363:
10356:
10348:
10342:
10341:
10332:
10326:
10320:
10314:
10308:
10296:
10283:
10274:
10268:
10263:
10258:
10253:
10248:
10238:
10233:
10221:
10216:
10211:
10206:
10194:
10185:
10184:
10139:external links
10134:
10132:
10125:
10119:
10118:External links
10116:
10115:
10114:
10108:
10095:
10089:
10064:
10058:
10045:
10031:
10014:
9986:
9983:
9980:
9979:
9962:United Nations
9949:
9919:
9886:
9855:
9824:
9795:
9776:
9753:
9723:
9704:(3): 817–840.
9688:
9643:
9613:
9586:
9556:
9537:
9517:
9487:
9457:
9423:
9387:
9368:
9333:
9311:
9282:
9247:
9235:
9184:
9172:
9157:Gussmann (2007
9149:
9122:
9088:
9038:
9011:
8981:
8959:
8934:
8904:
8895:
8882:
8866:
8862:Bernard Comrie
8849:
8836:
8814:
8795:
8775:
8759:
8752:
8729:
8718:on 27 May 2008
8699:
8669:
8651:. Census.gov.
8637:
8610:
8581:
8552:
8537:
8535:, p. 137.
8533:Kamusella 2009
8525:
8518:
8500:
8498:, p. 111.
8496:Kamusella 2009
8485:
8478:
8456:
8449:
8431:
8424:
8399:
8369:
8362:
8356:. p. 33.
8340:
8324:
8308:
8282:
8252:
8206:
8176:
8147:
8128:
8101:
8087:
8067:
8045:
8022:
8015:
7997:
7983:
7964:
7944:
7927:"Język polski"
7918:
7903:
7872:
7845:
7823:
7816:
7798:
7776:
7757:
7737:
7718:
7698:
7665:
7646:
7626:
7595:
7565:
7535:
7505:
7475:
7445:
7423:
7397:
7371:
7353:
7344:
7335:
7326:
7297:
7280:
7249:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7240:
7239:
7210:
7195:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7188:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7160:
7155:
7148:
7143:
7135:
7132:
7131:
7130:
7117:
7116:
7098:
7095:
7091:
7090:
7079:
7072:
7070:
7059:
7052:
7050:
7039:
7032:
7030:
7019:
7012:
7010:
6999:
6992:
6990:
6979:
6972:
6970:
6959:
6952:
6950:
6939:
6932:
6930:
6919:
6912:
6910:
6899:
6892:
6889:
6888:
6884:
6883:
6882:
6878:Olga Tokarczuk
6870:Czesław Miłosz
6789:and after are
6636:Cyprian Norwid
6483:Main article:
6480:
6477:
6100:, and English
5995:
5992:
5903:(to sleep) or
5897:Thieves' slang
5691:for centuries.
5689:Ottoman Empire
5648:("cauchemar",
5509:) from Latin.
5502:rzeczpospolita
5438:
5437:
5420:Bottom right:
5418:
5400:
5382:
5363:
5361:
5360:
5351:
5350:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5331:
5330:
5322:
5321:
5320:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5315:Borrowed words
5313:
5305:nouns such as
5301:("child") and
5232:widziano ludzi
5214:pije się wódkę
5075:Polish grammar
5073:Main article:
5070:
5067:
4994:("maybe") and
4948:, the phoneme
4724:
4723:
4716:
4709:
4702:
4692:
4691:
4684:
4677:
4670:
4660:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4638:
4628:
4627:
4620:
4613:
4606:
4596:
4595:
4588:
4581:
4574:
4564:
4563:
4552:
4547:
4540:
4511:synchronizacja
4490:is changed to
4371:ś, ź, ć, dź, ń
4359:s, z, c, dz, n
4297:
4296:
4287:
4280:
4277:
4273:
4272:
4263:
4256:
4247:
4239:
4238:
4229:
4222:
4204:
4196:
4195:
4186:
4179:
4161:
4153:
4152:
4143:
4136:
4118:
4110:
4109:
4100:
4093:
4075:
4067:
4066:
4057:
4050:
4041:
4033:
4032:
4023:
4016:
4007:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3990:
3987:
3972:The following
3968:
3967:
3958:
3951:
3941:
3940:
3922:
3915:
3906:
3897:
3890:
3880:
3879:
3861:
3854:
3845:
3835:
3828:
3818:
3817:
3799:
3792:
3783:
3774:
3767:
3757:
3756:
3742:
3735:
3726:
3717:
3710:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3689:
3680:
3671:
3664:
3654:
3653:
3635:
3628:
3619:
3602:
3595:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3574:
3565:
3554:
3547:
3537:
3536:
3527:
3520:
3511:
3493:
3486:
3476:
3475:
3466:
3459:
3450:
3441:
3434:
3424:
3423:
3414:
3407:
3398:
3369:
3362:
3352:
3351:
3342:
3335:
3326:
3317:
3310:
3300:
3299:
3290:
3283:
3274:
3256:
3249:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3228:
3219:
3210:
3203:
3193:
3192:
3183:
3176:
3167:
3158:
3151:
3141:
3140:
3131:
3124:
3115:
3097:
3090:
3080:
3079:
3070:
3063:
3054:
3033:
3026:
3016:
3015:
3006:
2999:
2990:
2981:
2974:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2898:. The letters
2835:alphabet. The
2776:Polish Braille
2767:
2764:
2606:/uɲiˈvɛrsɨtɛt/
2474:
2471:
2459:The consonant
2421:tongue-twister
2386:
2383:
2377:(that is, the
2350:Neutralization
2321:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2220:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2145:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2111:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2064:
2063:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1971:
1966:
1956:
1951:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1906:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1890:
1888:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1686:
1683:
1652:Main article:
1649:
1646:
1638:
1637:
1630:
1619:Warsaw dialect
1615:
1596:
1585:
1566:
1555:Czech Republic
1514:speech variety
1444:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1428:Greater Polish
1372:Main article:
1369:
1366:
1355:
1348:
1347:
1334:
1327:
1326:
1323:from the area.
1306:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1143:Vilnius County
1123:first language
1108:
1105:
1074:Russian Empire
904:Latin alphabet
892:Greater Poland
879:Main article:
876:
873:
865:United Kingdom
817:Czech Republic
805:Eastern Europe
780:colloquialisms
766:(most notably
711:. Polish is a
679:and 9 written
673:Latin alphabet
576:Lechitic group
502:
501:
488:, you may see
474:
473:
466:
460:
454:
453:
445:
444:
436:
430:
429:
422:
414:
413:
406:
398:
397:
388:
380:
379:
370:
362:
361:
360:Language codes
357:
356:
345:
339:
338:
335:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
307:Czech Republic
304:
299:
293:
292:
290:
285:
282:
281:
279:
278:
276:European Union
273:
267:
265:
262:
259:
258:
254:
253:
248:
241:
238:
237:
235:
234:
228:
226:
222:Writing system
219:
216:
215:
214:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
176:Greater Poland
171:
167:
166:
164:
163:
154:
152:
149:
146:
145:
143:
142:
141:
140:
139:
138:
137:
136:
135:
134:
105:
103:
96:
93:
92:
79:
76:
73:
72:
59:
58:Native to
55:
54:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13180:
13169:
13166:
13164:
13161:
13159:
13156:
13154:
13151:
13149:
13146:
13144:
13141:
13139:
13136:
13134:
13131:
13129:
13126:
13125:
13123:
13108:
13100:
13099:
13096:
13087:
13082:
13068:
13065:
13061:
13058:
13057:
13056:
13053:
13051:
13050:
13046:
13044:
13041:
13040:
13038:
13034:
13024:
13023:
13022:Slezská hymna
13019:
13017:
13016:
13015:Schlesierlied
13012:
13010:
13009:
13005:
13004:
13002:
12998:
12992:
12989:
12987:
12986:Coats of arms
12984:
12983:
12980:
12977:
12973:
12963:
12960:
12958:
12955:
12953:
12950:
12948:
12947:Lach dialects
12945:
12941:
12935:
12934:
12933:
12930:
12928:
12925:
12924:
12921:
12918:
12914:
12904:
12901:
12899:
12896:
12894:
12891:
12889:
12886:
12885:
12883:
12879:
12873:
12870:
12868:
12865:
12863:
12860:
12858:
12855:
12853:
12850:
12849:
12847:
12843:
12837:
12836:
12832:
12830:
12829:
12825:
12823:
12822:
12818:
12816:
12815:
12811:
12809:
12808:
12807:Modrŏ kapusta
12804:
12802:
12801:
12797:
12795:
12794:
12790:
12788:
12787:
12783:
12781:
12780:
12776:
12774:
12771:
12769:
12768:
12764:
12762:
12761:
12757:
12755:
12754:
12750:
12748:
12747:
12743:
12741:
12740:
12736:
12734:
12732:
12731:(ciapkapusta)
12726:
12724:
12723:
12719:
12717:
12716:Black noodles
12714:
12713:
12711:
12709:
12705:
12699:
12696:
12694:
12691:
12689:
12686:
12684:
12681:
12677:
12676:
12672:
12671:
12670:
12667:
12666:
12663:
12660:
12656:
12652:
12645:
12641:
12627:
12624:
12623:
12621:
12617:
12609:
12605:
12602:
12600:
12597:
12596:
12595:
12592:
12590:
12587:
12585:
12582:
12580:
12577:
12576:
12574:
12570:
12564:
12561:
12559:
12556:
12554:
12551:
12550:
12548:
12544:
12540:
12533:
12529:
12520:
12506:
12503:
12501:
12498:
12497:
12495:
12493:
12490:
12486:
12472:
12469:
12467:
12464:
12462:
12459:
12457:
12454:
12453:
12451:
12449:
12445:
12439:
12435:
12432:
12430:
12427:
12425:
12422:
12421:
12418:
12415:
12411:
12405:
12402:
12400:
12397:
12395:
12392:
12390:
12387:
12383:
12382:Lower Silesia
12380:
12378:
12377:Upper Silesia
12375:
12374:
12373:
12370:
12368:
12367:State country
12365:
12361:
12358:
12356:
12353:
12351:
12348:
12347:
12346:
12343:
12339:
12336:
12334:
12331:
12330:
12329:
12326:
12325:
12323:
12319:
12316:
12312:
12308:
12301:
12297:
12288:
12270:
12267:
12265:
12262:
12260:
12257:
12255:
12252:
12250:
12247:
12245:
12242:
12241:
12239:
12237:
12233:
12227:
12224:
12222:
12219:
12217:
12214:
12212:
12209:
12207:
12204:
12202:
12199:
12197:
12194:
12192:
12189:
12187:
12184:
12182:
12179:
12178:
12176:
12174:
12170:
12164:
12161:
12159:
12156:
12154:
12153:Divoká Orlice
12151:
12150:
12148:
12146:
12142:
12139:
12135:
12127:
12124:
12122:
12119:
12117:
12114:
12113:
12112:
12109:
12105:
12102:
12100:
12097:
12096:
12095:
12092:
12091:
12089:
12085:
12079:
12076:
12074:
12071:
12069:
12066:
12064:
12061:
12059:
12056:
12055:
12053:
12049:
12043:
12040:
12038:
12035:
12033:
12030:
12028:
12025:
12023:
12020:
12018:
12015:
12013:
12010:
12008:
12005:
12003:
12000:
11998:
11995:
11993:
11990:
11988:
11985:
11983:
11980:
11978:
11975:
11973:
11970:
11968:
11965:
11964:
11962:
11958:
11954:
11950:
11945:
11941:
11931:
11930:
11926:
11924:
11921:
11919:
11916:
11914:
11913:
11909:
11907:
11904:
11902:
11899:
11897:
11894:
11891:
11887:
11883:
11879:
11876:
11874:
11871:
11869:
11866:
11865:
11862:
11858:
11853:
11849:
11844:
11837:
11832:
11830:
11825:
11823:
11818:
11817:
11814:
11803:
11799:
11794:
11788:
11785:
11783:
11780:
11778:
11775:
11773:
11770:
11768:
11767:Meillet's law
11765:
11763:
11760:
11758:
11755:
11753:
11750:
11748:
11745:
11743:
11740:
11738:
11735:
11733:
11730:
11728:
11725:
11723:
11720:
11719:
11717:
11711:
11705:
11704:
11700:
11698:
11697:
11693:
11691:
11690:
11686:
11684:
11681:
11677:
11674:
11673:
11672:
11669:
11668:
11666:
11664:
11658:
11652:
11649:
11647:
11646:
11642:
11640:
11637:
11635:
11634:
11630:
11628:
11627:
11623:
11621:
11618:
11616:
11613:
11611:
11608:
11606:
11603:
11601:
11600:
11596:
11594:
11593:
11589:
11587:
11586:
11583:20th century
11581:
11579:
11576:
11575:
11573:
11571:
11567:
11555:
11552:
11551:
11550:
11547:
11545:
11542:
11538:
11535:
11534:
11533:
11530:
11529:
11527:
11525:
11521:
11515:
11512:
11508:
11505:
11503:
11502:Slavomolisano
11500:
11499:
11498:
11495:
11493:
11490:
11488:
11485:
11483:
11480:
11478:
11475:
11471:
11468:
11467:
11466:
11463:
11461:
11458:
11457:
11455:
11453:
11449:
11443:
11442:West Polesian
11440:
11438:
11435:
11431:
11428:
11427:
11426:
11423:
11422:
11420:
11418:
11414:
11411:
11407:
11403:
11391:
11388:
11387:
11386:
11385:Lower Sorbian
11383:
11381:
11380:Upper Sorbian
11378:
11377:
11375:
11373:
11369:
11361:
11358:
11356:
11353:
11351:
11348:
11347:
11346:
11345:West Lechitic
11343:
11339:
11336:
11334:
11331:
11330:
11329:
11326:
11320:
11319:
11315:
11314:
11313:
11310:
11306:
11305:
11304:Middle Polish
11301:
11299:
11298:
11294:
11292:
11289:
11287:
11284:
11283:
11282:
11279:
11278:
11276:
11275:
11273:
11271:
11267:
11257:
11254:
11253:
11252:
11249:
11247:
11246:
11242:
11241:
11240:
11237:
11233:
11230:
11228:
11225:
11223:
11222:
11218:
11216:
11215:
11211:
11209:
11206:
11205:
11204:
11201:
11200:
11198:
11196:
11192:
11189:
11187:
11183:
11173:
11170:
11166:
11165:Slavomolisano
11163:
11161:
11158:
11156:
11153:
11151:
11148:
11146:
11143:
11142:
11141:
11138:
11136:
11135:
11134:Alpine Slavic
11131:
11130:
11128:
11126:
11122:
11116:
11113:
11112:
11110:
11108:
11104:
11098:
11095:
11093:
11090:
11089:
11087:
11085:
11081:
11078:
11076:
11072:
11064:
11063:Simple speech
11061:
11059:
11056:
11054:
11051:
11050:
11049:
11046:
11044:
11041:
11035:
11032:
11030:
11027:
11026:
11025:
11022:
11021:
11020:
11017:
11015:
11014:
11010:
11006:
11005:
11001:
11000:
10999:
10998:
10994:
10990:
10989:Simple speech
10987:
10986:
10985:
10982:
10981:
10979:
10977:
10973:
10967:
10966:
10962:
10958:
10955:
10953:
10950:
10948:
10945:
10944:
10943:
10940:
10937:
10933:
10932:
10928:
10926:
10925:
10921:
10919:
10918:
10914:
10913:
10911:
10909:
10905:
10901:
10894:
10889:
10887:
10882:
10880:
10875:
10874:
10871:
10859:
10851:
10850:
10847:
10841:
10838:
10837:
10835:
10831:
10821:
10818:
10817:
10815:
10811:
10805:
10802:
10800:
10797:
10795:
10792:
10791:
10789:
10785:
10779:
10776:
10774:
10771:
10769:
10766:
10764:
10761:
10759:
10756:
10754:
10751:
10750:
10748:
10744:
10741:
10737:
10729:
10726:
10725:
10724:
10721:
10720:
10718:
10714:
10710:
10703:
10698:
10696:
10691:
10689:
10684:
10683:
10680:
10662:
10661:Spisz dialect
10659:
10657:
10654:
10652:
10651:Orawa dialect
10649:
10647:
10644:
10642:
10639:
10638:
10637:
10634:
10632:
10631:Biecz dialect
10629:
10627:
10624:
10622:
10619:
10617:
10614:
10612:
10609:
10607:
10604:
10602:
10599:
10597:
10594:
10592:
10589:
10587:
10584:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10574:
10573:
10572:
10569:
10565:
10562:
10560:
10557:
10555:
10552:
10550:
10547:
10545:
10542:
10540:
10537:
10535:
10532:
10530:
10527:
10525:
10522:
10520:
10517:
10515:
10512:
10510:
10507:
10506:
10505:
10502:
10498:
10495:
10493:
10490:
10488:
10485:
10483:
10480:
10478:
10475:
10473:
10470:
10468:
10465:
10463:
10460:
10458:
10455:
10453:
10450:
10449:
10448:
10445:
10444:
10443:
10440:
10438:
10435:
10433:
10430:
10426:
10423:
10422:
10421:
10418:
10414:
10411:
10410:
10409:
10406:
10404:
10401:
10397:
10396:Middle Polish
10394:
10392:
10389:
10388:
10387:
10384:
10383:
10380:
10376:
10369:
10364:
10362:
10357:
10355:
10350:
10349:
10346:
10340:
10336:
10333:
10330:
10327:
10324:
10321:
10318:
10315:
10312:
10309:
10307:
10303:
10300:
10297:
10294:
10290:
10287:
10284:
10282:
10278:
10275:
10272:
10269:
10267:
10264:
10262:
10259:
10257:
10254:
10252:
10249:
10247:
10243:
10239:
10237:
10234:
10232:
10228:
10225:
10222:
10220:
10217:
10215:
10212:
10210:
10207:
10205:
10201:
10198:
10195:
10192:
10189:
10188:
10181:
10178:
10170:
10160:
10156:
10155:inappropriate
10152:
10148:
10142:
10140:
10133:
10124:
10123:
10111:
10109:0-89357-296-9
10105:
10101:
10096:
10092:
10086:
10082:
10078:
10074:
10070:
10065:
10061:
10055:
10051:
10046:
10042:
10038:
10034:
10028:
10024:
10020:
10015:
10011:
10007:
10001:
9996:
9995:
9989:
9988:
9967:
9963:
9959:
9953:
9937:
9933:
9929:
9923:
9907:
9903:
9899:
9893:
9891:
9874:
9870:
9866:
9859:
9843:
9839:
9835:
9828:
9812:
9808:
9807:
9799:
9783:
9779:
9773:
9769:
9768:
9760:
9758:
9741:
9737:
9733:
9727:
9719:
9715:
9711:
9707:
9703:
9699:
9692:
9676:
9671:
9666:
9662:
9658:
9654:
9651:Rak, Maciej.
9647:
9631:
9627:
9623:
9617:
9601:
9597:
9590:
9574:
9570:
9566:
9560:
9544:
9540:
9534:
9530:
9529:
9521:
9505:
9501:
9497:
9491:
9475:
9471:
9467:
9461:
9445:
9442:(in Polish).
9441:
9437:
9430:
9428:
9411:
9408:(in Polish).
9407:
9403:
9396:
9394:
9392:
9375:
9371:
9365:
9361:
9360:
9352:
9350:
9348:
9346:
9344:
9342:
9340:
9338:
9331:
9327:
9324:
9320:
9315:
9299:
9295:
9294:
9286:
9270:
9266:
9262:
9258:
9251:
9244:
9239:
9231:
9227:
9222:
9217:
9212:
9207:
9203:
9199:
9195:
9188:
9181:
9176:
9167:
9162:
9158:
9153:
9145:
9141:
9138:(1): 69–110.
9137:
9133:
9126:
9110:
9106:
9102:
9098:
9092:
9076:
9072:
9068:
9064:
9060:
9056:
9052:
9045:
9043:
9026:
9022:
9015:
8999:
8995:
8991:
8985:
8977:
8973:
8969:
8963:
8955:
8949:
8948:
8943:
8938:
8922:
8918:
8914:
8908:
8899:
8892:
8886:
8880:
8876:
8870:
8863:
8859:
8853:
8846:
8840:
8832:
8827:
8826:
8818:
8802:
8798:
8792:
8789:. Routledge.
8788:
8787:
8779:
8771:
8770:
8763:
8755:
8749:
8745:
8738:
8736:
8734:
8717:
8713:
8709:
8703:
8687:
8683:
8679:
8673:
8654:
8647:
8641:
8633:
8629:
8625:
8622:(in Polish).
8621:
8614:
8606:
8600:
8592:
8585:
8577:
8571:
8563:
8556:
8548:
8547:Teksty Drugie
8541:
8534:
8529:
8521:
8515:
8511:
8504:
8497:
8492:
8490:
8481:
8479:0-415-16111-8
8475:
8471:
8467:
8460:
8452:
8450:1-57273-177-X
8446:
8442:
8435:
8427:
8421:
8417:
8413:
8406:
8404:
8387:
8383:
8379:
8373:
8365:
8359:
8355:
8351:
8344:
8338:
8337:83-229-1867-4
8334:
8328:
8322:
8318:
8312:
8296:
8292:
8286:
8270:
8266:
8262:
8256:
8237:
8233:
8229:
8222:
8215:
8213:
8211:
8194:
8190:
8186:
8180:
8172:
8166:
8158:
8151:
8135:
8131:
8125:
8121:
8120:
8112:
8105:
8090:
8084:
8080:
8079:
8071:
8052:
8048:
8042:
8035:
8034:
8026:
8018:
8016:83-01-06611-3
8012:
8008:
8001:
7993:
7987:
7971:
7967:
7961:
7957:
7956:
7948:
7932:
7928:
7922:
7914:
7910:
7906:
7904:0-89357-296-9
7900:
7896:
7891:
7890:
7881:
7879:
7877:
7860:
7856:
7852:
7848:
7842:
7838:
7834:
7827:
7819:
7817:83-235-0118-1
7813:
7809:
7802:
7794:
7790:
7786:
7780:
7764:
7760:
7758:9788389913876
7754:
7750:
7749:
7741:
7725:
7721:
7719:9783838267036
7715:
7711:
7710:
7702:
7686:
7682:
7678:
7672:
7670:
7653:
7649:
7647:9783112329764
7643:
7639:
7638:
7630:
7614:
7610:
7606:
7599:
7583:
7579:
7575:
7569:
7553:
7549:
7545:
7539:
7523:
7519:
7515:
7509:
7493:
7489:
7485:
7479:
7463:
7459:
7455:
7449:
7433:
7427:
7411:
7407:
7401:
7385:
7381:
7375:
7369:
7364:
7362:
7360:
7358:
7348:
7339:
7330:
7322:
7316:
7308:
7304:
7300:
7298:83-7164-314-4
7294:
7290:
7284:
7276:
7270:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7257:
7255:
7250:
7236:
7232:
7228:
7224:
7220:
7214:
7208:
7207:
7200:
7196:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7165:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7153:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7141:
7138:
7137:
7129:
7126:
7125:
7124:
7122:
7114:
7110:
7109:
7108:
7106:
7105:
7084:
7076:
7071:
7064:
7056:
7051:
7044:
7036:
7031:
7024:
7016:
7011:
7004:
6996:
6991:
6984:
6976:
6971:
6964:
6956:
6951:
6944:
6936:
6931:
6924:
6916:
6911:
6904:
6896:
6891:
6890:
6881:
6879:
6875:
6871:
6867:
6863:
6859:
6854:
6852:
6848:
6844:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6819:Julia Hartwig
6816:
6812:
6808:
6804:
6800:
6799:Stanisław Lem
6796:
6792:
6788:
6783:
6781:
6777:
6773:
6769:
6765:
6761:
6760:
6759:Insatiability
6755:
6751:
6750:
6745:
6741:
6740:Leopold Staff
6737:
6736:
6731:
6727:
6726:
6721:
6720:
6715:
6711:
6710:
6705:
6701:
6697:
6696:
6691:
6687:
6683:
6682:
6677:
6673:
6672:
6667:
6663:
6662:
6657:
6653:
6652:
6647:
6646:
6641:
6640:Bolesław Prus
6637:
6633:
6632:
6627:
6623:
6622:
6617:
6613:
6612:
6607:
6606:
6601:
6597:
6593:
6588:
6586:
6582:
6581:
6576:
6575:
6570:
6569:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6555:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6541:
6536:
6532:
6531:
6526:
6525:
6520:
6519:
6514:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6497:
6491:
6486:
6476:
6474:
6470:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6441:
6435:
6432:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6405:
6400:
6394:
6388:
6382:
6376:
6370:
6364:
6360:). As far as
6359:
6354:
6348:
6347:
6340:
6339:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6316:
6310:
6309:
6302:
6299:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6183:
6178:
6174:
6169:
6166:
6160:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6131:
6127:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6115:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6094:
6089:
6083:
6077:
6071:
6065:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6032:
6026:
6015:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5991:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5966:(reception),
5965:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5936:
5930:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5912:
5908:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5855:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5784:Polish Jewish
5781:
5777:
5773:
5768:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5737:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5726:Upper Silesia
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5698:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5673:
5669:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5598:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5559:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5503:
5497:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5470:
5468:
5467:augmentatives
5464:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5416:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5402:Bottom left:
5401:
5398:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5380:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5364:
5355:
5346:
5335:
5326:
5312:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5290:
5289:genitive case
5286:
5282:
5280:
5275:
5271:("never") or
5269:
5263:
5257:
5251:
5246:
5242:
5239:
5233:
5227:
5221:
5215:
5209:
5203:
5197:
5192:
5188:
5185:
5179:
5173:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5157:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5139:
5133:
5127:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5076:
5066:
5063:
5057:
5051:
5045:
5043:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5033:
5025:
5018:
5007:
5001:
4998:
4992:
4986:
4980:
4976:can be spelt
4973:
4966:
4960:
4956:can be spelt
4953:
4946:
4940:
4936:can be spelt
4933:
4926:
4923:
4917:
4911:
4905:
4899:
4893:
4889:(for example
4887:
4881:
4875:
4869:
4863:
4857:
4851:
4845:
4839:
4833:
4827:
4824:
4818:
4812:
4806:
4802:
4795:
4789:
4786:
4780:
4774:
4768:
4762:
4761:k, g, (c)h, l
4756:
4749:
4741:
4733:
4721:
4717:
4714:
4710:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4682:
4678:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4662:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4650:
4646:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4630:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4618:
4614:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4598:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4586:
4582:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4553:
4548:
4544:(in pausa or
4541:
4538:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4512:
4506:
4500:
4494:
4488:
4482:
4476:
4470:
4464:
4458:
4452:
4446:
4440:
4434:
4428:
4422:
4415:
4408:
4402:
4396:
4390:
4384:
4378:
4372:
4366:
4360:
4354:
4347:
4339:
4331:
4323:
4315:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4293:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4248:
4245:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4227:
4223:
4218:
4210:
4205:
4202:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4184:
4180:
4175:
4167:
4162:
4159:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4132:
4124:
4119:
4116:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4098:
4094:
4089:
4081:
4076:
4073:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4042:
4039:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4008:
4005:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3991:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3964:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3942:
3936:
3928:
3923:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3903:
3898:
3895:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3881:
3875:
3867:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3819:
3813:
3805:
3800:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3780:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3748:
3743:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3718:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3677:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3655:
3649:
3641:
3636:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3608:
3603:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3499:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3388:
3382:
3375:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3323:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3262:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3103:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3052:
3046:
3039:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2965:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2933:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2903:
2901:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2863:ć, ń, ó, ś, ź
2859:
2854:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2773:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2750:
2748:
2741:
2739:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2692:
2690:
2683:
2678:
2676:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2652:
2644:
2642:
2635:
2629:
2622:
2621:uniwersytecki
2612:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2579:
2570:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2520:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2470:
2467:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2444:
2443:Szczebrzeszyn
2437:
2435:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2409:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2338:
2332:
2327:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1696:
1692:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1635:
1634:United States
1631:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1582:Upper Silesia
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1528:Linguist List
1525:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1475:Common Slavic
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1455:Upper Silesia
1452:
1448:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1434:Lesser Polish
1432:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1396:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1359:
1352:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1208:cash machines
1205:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1174:United States
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1155:Volyn Oblasts
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1125:. Elsewhere,
1124:
1120:
1114:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1086:lingua franca
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1016:
1015:Jakub Parkosz
1011:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
969:
964:
956:
952:
948:
943:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
882:
872:
870:
869:United States
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
797:
796:lingua franca
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
736:
734:
733:Middle Polish
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
709:
708:
702:
697:
691:
686:
682:
678:
674:
669:
663:
657:
651:
645:
639:
633:
627:
621:
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
566:
560:
554:
546:
540:
535:
527:
521:
516:
512:
508:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
481:
475:
451:
446:
441:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
421:
420:
415:
411:
407:
404:
399:
394:
389:
386:
381:
376:
371:
368:
363:
358:
354:
349:
346:
344:
340:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
294:
291:
283:
277:
274:
272:
269:
268:
266:
260:
255:
252:
249:
245:
239:
233:
230:
229:
227:
223:
217:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
186:Lesser Poland
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
173:
172:
168:
162:
161:Middle Polish
159:
158:
157:
153:
147:
133:
130:
129:
128:
125:
124:
123:
120:
119:
118:
115:
114:
113:
110:
109:
108:
107:Indo-European
104:
100:
94:
88:
83:
80:
74:
71:
67:
63:
60:
56:
50:
44:
40:
38:Pronunciation
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
13047:
13043:Demographics
13036:Other topics
13020:
13013:
13006:
12961:
12833:
12826:
12819:
12814:Siymiyniotka
12812:
12805:
12798:
12791:
12785:
12777:
12765:
12758:
12751:
12744:
12737:
12730:
12720:
12673:
12669:Architecture
12606: /
12448:Voivodeships
12436: /
12314:Subdivisions
12216:Nysa Kłodzka
11927:
11910:
11797:
11787:Winter's law
11747:Havlík's law
11701:
11694:
11687:
11643:
11631:
11624:
11599:Mednyj Aleut
11597:
11590:
11582:
11452:South Slavic
11409:and dialects
11316:
11302:
11295:
11280:
11243:
11219:
11214:Czechoslovak
11212:
11195:Czech-Slovak
11132:
11107:Transitional
11075:South Slavic
11011:
11002:
10995:
10963:
10931:Proto-Slavic
10929:
10922:
10915:
10787:Unrecognized
10722:
10626:Lwów dialect
10374:
10286:Learn Polish
10173:
10164:
10149:by removing
10136:
10099:
10068:
10049:
10018:
9993:
9970:. Retrieved
9961:
9952:
9940:. Retrieved
9931:
9922:
9910:. Retrieved
9901:
9877:. Retrieved
9868:
9858:
9846:. Retrieved
9837:
9827:
9815:. Retrieved
9805:
9798:
9786:. Retrieved
9766:
9744:. Retrieved
9740:the original
9735:
9726:
9701:
9697:
9691:
9679:. Retrieved
9660:
9656:
9646:
9634:. Retrieved
9630:the original
9625:
9616:
9604:. Retrieved
9589:
9579:26 September
9577:. Retrieved
9568:
9559:
9549:26 September
9547:. Retrieved
9527:
9520:
9508:. Retrieved
9504:the original
9499:
9490:
9478:. Retrieved
9474:the original
9469:
9460:
9448:. Retrieved
9439:
9414:. Retrieved
9405:
9378:. Retrieved
9358:
9319:Kamusella, T
9314:
9302:. Retrieved
9293:Język polski
9292:
9285:
9273:. Retrieved
9260:
9250:
9238:
9201:
9197:
9187:
9182:, p. 9.
9175:
9152:
9135:
9131:
9125:
9113:. Retrieved
9109:the original
9100:
9091:
9079:. Retrieved
9062:
9058:
9054:
9029:. Retrieved
9014:
9002:. Retrieved
8998:the original
8993:
8984:
8976:the original
8971:
8962:
8945:
8937:
8925:. Retrieved
8921:the original
8907:
8898:
8885:
8869:
8860:, edited by
8857:
8852:
8844:
8839:
8824:
8817:
8805:. Retrieved
8785:
8778:
8768:
8762:
8743:
8722:21 September
8720:. Retrieved
8716:the original
8711:
8702:
8690:. Retrieved
8681:
8672:
8660:. Retrieved
8640:
8623:
8619:
8613:
8590:
8584:
8561:
8555:
8546:
8540:
8528:
8509:
8503:
8465:
8459:
8440:
8434:
8411:
8390:. Retrieved
8386:the original
8381:
8372:
8349:
8343:
8327:
8311:
8299:. Retrieved
8285:
8273:. Retrieved
8264:
8255:
8243:. Retrieved
8236:the original
8227:
8197:. Retrieved
8188:
8179:
8156:
8150:
8138:. Retrieved
8118:
8104:
8092:. Retrieved
8077:
8070:
8058:. Retrieved
8032:
8025:
8006:
8000:
7986:
7974:. Retrieved
7954:
7947:
7935:. Retrieved
7921:
7888:
7863:. Retrieved
7836:
7826:
7807:
7801:
7793:the original
7788:
7779:
7767:. Retrieved
7747:
7740:
7728:. Retrieved
7708:
7701:
7689:. Retrieved
7680:
7656:. Retrieved
7636:
7629:
7617:. Retrieved
7608:
7598:
7586:. Retrieved
7577:
7568:
7556:. Retrieved
7547:
7538:
7526:. Retrieved
7517:
7508:
7496:. Retrieved
7487:
7478:
7466:. Retrieved
7457:
7448:
7436:. Retrieved
7426:
7414:. Retrieved
7400:
7388:. Retrieved
7374:
7347:
7338:
7329:
7288:
7283:
7266:
7230:
7226:
7222:
7218:
7213:
7204:
7199:
7162:
7150:
7127:
7123:in English:
7120:
7118:
7102:
7100:
6855:
6827:Joanna Bator
6787:World War II
6784:
6768:Bruno Schulz
6764:Julian Tuwim
6757:
6747:
6735:The Peasants
6733:
6723:
6717:
6707:
6700:Young Poland
6693:
6679:
6669:
6659:
6649:
6643:
6629:
6619:
6609:
6603:
6592:Romantic Era
6589:
6578:
6572:
6566:
6552:
6549:Piotr Skarga
6538:
6528:
6522:
6516:
6510:
6494:
6472:
6456:
6452:
6451:. It became
6444:
6438:
6436:
6425:
6421:
6417:
6407:
6403:
6325:
6303:
6170:
6132:
6123:
6104:from Polish
6101:
6073:from Polish
6061:from Polish
6037:
5987:
5986:= quadrant;
5983:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5932:(computer),
5913:
5909:
5904:
5900:
5895:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5856:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5769:
5764:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5738:
5734:East Prussia
5713:
5709:
5705:
5704:(trade) and
5701:
5694:
5680:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5599:
5594:
5586:
5578:
5570:
5560:
5555:
5551:
5545:
5539:
5534:
5533:(spear) and
5530:
5527:Genghis Khan
5519:World War II
5506:
5500:
5498:
5471:
5444:
5433:
5425:
5414:
5407:
5396:
5389:
5378:
5371:
5283:
5243:
5189:
5161:
5151:superlatives
5147:comparatives
5132:piękny kwiat
5126:język polski
5115:
5101:
5078:
5053:in the word
5046:
5039:
5028:
5002:
4927:
4874:[ɛn]
4856:[ɔm]
4829:The letters
4828:
4807:
4790:
4727:
4525:
4522:
4309:
4302:
4300:
3971:
3387:[ɛm]
3381:[ɛn]
3051:[ɔm]
3045:[ɔn]
2904:
2899:
2858:acute accent
2849:
2821:Lipka Tatars
2818:
2786:Latin script
2779:
2756:
2746:
2743:('to her'),
2737:
2733:
2718:
2714:
2705:
2701:
2688:
2674:
2650:
2640:
2630:
2611:uniwersytetu
2575:'music' vs.
2547:
2534:'Matthew').
2484:
2476:
2458:
2447:
2433:
2425:Jan Brzechwa
2416:
2407:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2372:
2365:
2362:assimilation
2348:
1939:Proto-Slavic
1924:
1695:nasal vowels
1691:monophthongs
1688:
1642:prescriptive
1639:
1611:
1589:Soviet Union
1572:, spoken in
1550:
1540:
1521:
1503:
1499:Andrzej Duda
1483:
1471:
1453:, spoken in
1445:
1422:
1401:
1383:
1344:(1918–1939).
1247:
1220:
1171:
1159:West Belarus
1116:
1101:World War II
1094:
1085:
1078:Western Krai
1043:
1012:
1009:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
960:
954:
936:Proto-Slavic
884:
841:World War II
803:and part of
794:
792:
737:
685:nasal vowels
612:
584:Latin script
515:język polski
506:
505:
477:
440:53-AAA-b..-d
434:Linguasphere
417:
244:Signed forms
131:
112:Balto-Slavic
18:
12728:Panczkraut
12394:New Silesia
12389:Sudetenland
12355:politicians
11762:Ivšić's law
11689:Army Slavic
11676:Interslavic
11661:Constructed
11524:West Slavic
11417:East Slavic
11186:West Slavic
11155:Montenegrin
10976:East Slavic
9972:27 December
9942:27 December
9912:28 November
9879:28 November
9848:28 November
9817:13 November
9788:13 November
9746:28 November
9681:28 November
9636:28 November
9606:28 November
9480:28 November
9450:28 November
9416:28 November
9406:e-polish.eu
9081:6 September
9055:Multilingua
8807:13 November
8245:12 February
8094:28 November
7468:28 November
7438:28 November
7416:28 November
7107:in Polish:
7097:Sample text
7087:(born 1962)
7067:(born 1948)
7047:(1923–2012)
7027:(1921–2006)
7007:(1911–2004)
6987:(1867–1925)
6967:(1846–1916)
6963:Sienkiewicz
6947:(1798–1855)
6927:(1530–1584)
6923:Kochanowski
6907:(1505–1569)
6876:(1996) and
6843:Jerzy Pilch
6709:The Wedding
6681:Nad Niemnem
6605:Pan Tadeusz
6596:Three Bards
6585:Jan Potocki
6583:written by
6571:as well as
6545:Mikołaj Rej
6524:Bogurodzica
6513:Middle Ages
6496:Pan Tadeusz
6198:fishing rod
6014:fishing rod
5990:= quorum).
5956:inauguracja
5891:Carpathians
5656:borough of
5620:("requin",
5583:cauliflower
5567:Bona Sforza
5540:Words from
5507:res publica
5463:diminutives
5384:Top right:
5368:cauliflower
5009:represents
4922:[ɛ]
4814:instead of
2766:Orthography
2752:('on us'),
2717:goście zoba
2663:-śmy, -ście
2601:uniwersytet
2596:suffixation
2395:bezwzględny
2375:paroxytones
2288:Approximant
1925:The Polish
1811:/ (spelled
1796:/ (spelled
1580:(excluding
1192:(185,749),
1157:, while in
1119:homogeneous
1018: [
815:, northern
811:in eastern
762:as well as
578:within the
534:polszczyzna
492:instead of
150:Early forms
122:West Slavic
13122:Categories
12773:Kopalnioki
12760:Karminadle
12350:parliament
12211:Mała Panew
12094:Carpathian
11868:Offensives
11752:Hirt's law
11742:Dybo's law
11713:Historical
11626:Russenorsk
11605:Ponaschemu
11497:Shtokavian
11437:Podlachian
11338:Slovincian
11328:Pomeranian
11297:Old Polish
11097:Macedonian
10984:Belarusian
10799:Halcnovian
10746:Recognized
10437:Morphology
10391:Old Polish
10167:March 2015
9838:Culture.pl
9736:RealPoland
9569:Culture.pl
9496:"kielbasa"
9275:30 January
9031:30 January
8968:"Silesian"
8947:Ethnologue
8692:2 November
8392:8 February
8363:3110097788
8265:Wroclaw.pl
8060:18 January
7855:1022080518
7769:18 January
7730:18 January
7681:sjp.pwn.pl
7619:7 February
7578:Ethnologue
7498:3 December
7390:31 January
7268:Ethnologue
7245:References
7185:West Slavs
7043:Szymborska
6943:Mickiewicz
6686:Adam Asnyk
6501:Ossolineum
6479:Literature
6469:Old French
6324:, English
6185:, Yiddish
6130:Old Polish
6048:(border),
5998:See also:
5968:konurbacja
5960:dewastacja
5761:watermelon
5759:("karpuz"
5595:autostrada
5587:pomarańcza
5459:adjectives
5379:cavolfiore
5366:Top left:
5311:("door").
5117:Adjectives
5085:word order
5042:lengthened
4779:k, g, (c)h
4533:are used:
3980:are used:
2884:, and the
2790:diacritics
2592:inflection
2532:/maˈte.uʂ/
2417:krnąbrność
2331:allophones
1921:Consonants
1693:, and two
1523:Ethnologue
1404:vernacular
1200:New Jersey
1111:See also:
1035:Golden Age
951:Old Polish
938:language.
924:Pomeranian
916:Baltic Sea
788:vernacular
750:and other
729:Old Polish
677:consonants
608:honorifics
606:pronouns,
550:or simply
438:53-AAA-cc
156:Old Polish
13067:Silesians
12916:Languages
12828:Wodziōnka
12753:Hauskyjza
12264:Pszczynka
12087:Mountains
11949:Geography
11873:Uprisings
11800:indicate
11715:phonology
11663:languages
11651:Trasianka
11477:Kajkavian
11465:Chakavian
11390:Schleifer
11333:Kashubian
11115:Torlakian
11092:Bulgarian
11048:Ukrainian
11013:Ruthenian
10804:Wymysorys
10758:Kashubian
10403:Phonology
10335:Głagolicy
10151:excessive
10081:Routledge
10041:320907619
9932:ohchr.org
9718:240815177
9380:27 August
9071:1613-3684
8632:0208-6808
8599:cite book
8570:cite book
8470:Routledge
8416:Routledge
8165:cite book
7976:27 August
7937:27 August
7865:26 August
7789:wals.info
7588:25 August
7315:cite book
7307:830518005
7083:Tokarczuk
7063:Sapkowski
7021:Stanisław
6981:Władysław
6661:Quo Vadis
6621:Balladyna
6465:Hanseatic
6372:, plural
6358:Esperanto
6261:moustache
6177:bread bun
6149:Ukrainian
6141:Ruthenian
6085:, French
6067:; German
6054:Afrikaans
5972:konotacje
5940:auto-moto
5863:Hungarian
5854:(dodgy).
5846:(noise),
5832:myszygene
5826:(money),
5820:machlojka
5788:Holocaust
5753:filiżanka
5650:nightmare
5490:Hungarian
5000:("sea").
4531:trigraphs
4445:sinologia
4304:Phonology
3978:trigraphs
2962:value(s)
2947:value(s)
2915:trigraphs
2802:Kashubian
2582:/muˈzɨka/
2573:/ˈmuzɨka/
2564:/ˈfizɨka/
2550:loanwords
2543:syllables
2523:/naˈu.ka/
2358:voiceless
2181:voiceless
2175:Fricative
2108:voiceless
2102:Affricate
2035:voiceless
1969:Retroflex
1931:affricate
1927:consonant
1775:(spelled
1761:(spelled
1747:(spelled
1733:(spelled
1719:(spelled
1705:(spelled
1648:Phonology
1600:Lithuania
1459:Pomerania
1451:Kashubian
1270:Lithuania
1131:Lithuania
1050:sociolect
1007:" list.
965:(Polish:
928:Kashubian
888:Mieszko I
861:Australia
849:Argentina
833:Lithuania
701:diacritic
419:Glottolog
403:ISO 639-3
385:ISO 639-2
367:ISO 639-1
317:Lithuania
66:Lithuania
13107:Category
12957:Moravian
12952:Silesian
12845:Religion
12786:Krupniok
12572:Industry
12505:Silesian
12471:Silesian
12360:treasury
12304:Politics
12259:Przemsza
12254:Gostynia
12206:Liswarta
12196:Kłodnica
11696:Iazychie
11620:Runglish
11578:Balachka
11549:Silesian
11507:Bunjevac
11355:Polabian
11312:Silesian
11291:dialects
11286:Masurian
11270:Lechitic
11227:Moravian
11150:Croatian
11053:dialects
11024:dialects
10858:Category
10794:Silesian
10728:dialects
10442:Dialects
10420:Spelling
10408:Alphabet
10302:Archived
10289:Archived
10227:Archived
10200:Archived
10077:New York
9966:Archived
9936:Archived
9906:Archived
9873:Archived
9842:Archived
9811:Archived
9782:Archived
9675:Archived
9600:Archived
9573:Archived
9543:Archived
9444:Archived
9410:Archived
9374:Archived
9326:Archived
9304:20 April
9298:Archived
9269:Archived
9230:23125839
9115:26 April
9097:"Polish"
9075:Archived
9025:Archived
9004:31 March
8942:Silesian
8927:31 March
8801:Archived
8686:Archived
8662:31 March
8653:Archived
8301:18 April
8295:Archived
8269:Archived
8221:"Polish"
8199:31 March
8193:Archived
8134:Archived
8051:Archived
7970:Archived
7931:Archived
7913:50064627
7859:Archived
7763:Archived
7724:Archived
7691:20 April
7685:Archived
7658:21 March
7652:Archived
7613:Archived
7582:Archived
7580:. 2023.
7558:31 March
7552:Archived
7528:30 April
7522:Archived
7492:Archived
7462:Archived
7410:Archived
7384:Archived
7140:Polonism
7134:See also
6880:(2018).
6872:(1980),
6868:(1924),
6864:(1905),
6645:The Doll
6499:held at
6408:pierogis
6396:becomes
6280:) and a
6272:וואָנצעס
6179:(Polish
6120:Germanic
6088:zibeline
6070:Peitzker
5984:kwadrant
5978:becomes
5964:recepcja
5950:becomes
5935:korupcja
5929:komputer
5887:Slovakia
5883:Romanian
5749:szaszłyk
5722:dialects
5662:Żyrardów
5658:Żoliborz
5606:Napoleon
5579:kalafior
5565:married
5515:szlachta
5432:בעלפֿער
5372:kalafior
5370:(Polish
5229:, as in
5093:articles
5024:zamarzać
4898:przyjęły
4892:przyjęli
4527:Digraphs
4517:Syrakuzy
4475:Singapur
4469:Siergiej
4463:Sierioża
3986:Digraph
3974:digraphs
2960:Phonemic
2945:Phonemic
2911:digraphs
2907:phonemic
2682:practice
2514:/ˈawtɔr/
2454:syllable
1975:Alveolo-
1964:alveolar
1559:Slovakia
1551:Góralski
1447:Silesian
1440:Masovian
1368:Dialects
1243:Montreal
1195:New York
1190:Illinois
920:Polabian
867:and the
821:Slovakia
600:dialects
498:Help:IPA
426:poli1260
351:(of the
327:Slovakia
206:Silesian
191:Masovian
170:Dialects
127:Lechitic
12975:Symbols
12793:Makōwki
12708:Cuisine
12675:Familŏk
12658:Culture
12648:Society
12626:Tourism
12619:Tourism
12536:Economy
12438:Görlitz
12413:Current
12328:Duchies
12249:Brynica
12236:Vistula
12191:Kaczawa
12126:Western
12121:Central
12116:Eastern
12111:Sudetes
11929:more...
11857:History
11843:Silesia
11798:Italics
11683:Lydnevi
11639:Surzhyk
11372:Sorbian
11221:Knaanic
11172:Slovene
11160:Serbian
11145:Bosnian
11125:Western
11084:Eastern
11019:Russian
10908:History
10833:Related
10432:Grammar
10425:History
10413:Braille
10386:History
10145:Please
10137:use of
9663:: 133.
9221:3485581
9204:: 439.
9144:4178926
8833:. 1958.
7061:Andrzej
7041:Wisława
7001:Czesław
6983:Reymont
6901:Mikołaj
6651:Pharaoh
6598:, were
6590:In the
6540:Laments
6505:Wrocław
6461:Prussia
6449:Prussia
6381:pierog-
6378:; stem
6375:pierogi
6363:pierogi
6353:kolbaso
6338:pierogi
6326:gherkin
6298:penkher
6293:פּענכער
6287:pęcherz
6282:bladder
6277:vontses
6209:ווענטקע
6165:państwo
6159:panstvo
6154:панство
6145:Yiddish
6093:Swedish
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