1861:...But these are small things; I will pass on to matters greater in themselves, yet seeming smaller because they are more usual. I say naught of the vast height of your churches, their immoderate length, their superfluous breadth, the costly polishings, the curious carvings and paintings which attract the worshipper's gaze and hinder his attention.... But in the cloister, under the eyes of the Brethern who read there, what profit is there in those ridiculous monsters, in the marvellous and deformed comeliness, that comely deformity? To what purpose are those unclean apes, those fierce lions, those monstrous centaurs, those half-men, those striped tigers, those fighting knights, those hunters winding their horns? Many bodies are there seen under one head, or again, many heads to a single body. Here is a four-footed beast with a serpent's tail; there, a fish with a beast's head. Here again the forepart of a horse trails half a goat behind it, or a horned beast bears the hinder quarters of a horse. In short, so many and so marvellous are the varieties of divers shapes on every hand, that we are more tempted to read in the marble than in our books, and to spend the whole day in wondering at these things rather than in meditating the law of God. For God's sake, if men are not ashamed of these follies, why at least do they not shrink from the expense?
1035:
1570:
1615:
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core of obedient Irish monks and the aid of both
English and Irish secular powers, he was able to envisage the reconstruction of the Cistercian province in Ireland. Stephen dissolved the Mellifont filiation altogether, and subjected 15 monasteries to houses outside Ireland. In breadth and depth, his instructions constituted a radical reform programme: "They were intended to put an end to abuses, restore the full observance of the Cistercian way of life, safeguard monastic properties, initiate a regime of benign paternalism to train a new generation of religious, isolate trouble-makers and institute an effective visitation system." The arrangement lasted almost half a century, and in 1274, the filiation of Mellifont was reconstituted.
579:
2030:, most of the technological advances in Europe were made in the monasteries. According to the medievalist Jean Gimpel, their high level of industrial technology facilitated the diffusion of new techniques: "Every monastery had a model factory, often as large as the church and only several feet away, and waterpower drove the machinery of the various industries located on its floor." Waterpower was used for crushing wheat, sieving flour, fulling cloth and tanning â a "level of technological achievement could have been observed in practically all" of the Cistercian monasteries. The English science historian
1736:
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2002:. As the great farmers of those days, many of the improvements in the various farming operations were introduced and propagated by them, and this is where the importance of their extension in northern Europe is to be estimated. They developed an organised system for selling their farm produce, cattle and horses, and notably contributed to the commercial progress of the countries of western Europe. To the wool and cloth trade, which was especially fostered by the Cistercians, England was largely indebted for the beginnings of her commercial prosperity.
5071:
1979:
1431:, but their efforts proved fruitless. One such reformer, Abbot John Troy of Mellifont, despaired of finding any solution to the ruin of the order. According to his detailed report to the General Chapter, the monks of only two monasteries, Dublin and Mellifont, kept the rule and wore the habit. He identified the causes of this decline as ceaseless wars, a lack of leadership, and the control of many of the monasteries by secular dynasties who appointed their own relatives to leadership positions.
785:
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1537:(commendatory) abbot of CĂźteaux, thinking he would protect them from the threatened reform. In this they were disappointed, for he threw himself wholly on the side of reform. So great, however, was the resistance, and so serious the disturbances that ensued, that the attempt to reform CĂźteaux itself and the general body of the houses had again to be abandoned, and only local projects of reform could be carried out.
2236:
693:
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1639:, a "monument of applied theology". Although St. Bernard saw much of church decoration as a distraction from piety, and the builders of the Cistercian monasteries had to adopt a style that observed the numerous rules inspired by his austere aesthetics, the order itself was receptive to the technical improvements of Gothic principles of construction and played an important role in its spread across Europe.
1145:
of peasants and vassals. On more than one occasion, the Order of
Calatrava brought to the field a force of 1200 to 2000 knights â considerable in medieval terms. Over time, as the Reconquista neared completion, the canonical bond between Calatrava and Morimond relaxed more and more, and the knights of the order became virtually secularized, finally undergoing dissolution in the 18thâ19th centuries.
435:
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609:). Although this was revised on several occasions to meet contemporary needs, from the outset it emphasised a simple life of work, love, prayer and self-denial. The Cistercians initially regarded themselves as regular Benedictines, albeit the "perfect", reformed ones, but they soon came to distinguish themselves from the monks of unreformed Benedictine communities by wearing white
2148:, his vocation to the order, by deciding "to choose the narrowest gate and steepest path to the Kingdom of Heaven at Citeaux demonstrates the purity of his vocation". His piety and asceticism "qualified him to act as the conscience of Christendom, constantly chastising the rich and powerful and championing the pure and weak." He rebuked the moderate and conciliatory Abbot
1849:. However, as Bernard of Clairvaux, who had a personal violent hostility to imagery, increased in influence in the order, painting and decoration gradually diminished in Cistercian manuscripts, and they were finally banned altogether in the order, probably from the revised rules approved in 1154. Any wall paintings that may have existed were presumably destroyed.
1253:. By this time, another ten abbeys had been founded by Irishmen since the invasion, bringing the total number of Cistercian houses in Ireland to 31. This was almost half the number of those in England, but it was about thrice the number in each of Scotland and Wales. Most of these monasteries enjoyed either noble, episcopal or royal patronage. In 1269, the
375:, who were the first three abbots. Bernard of Clairvaux helped launch a new era when he entered the monastery in the early 1110s with 30 companions. By the end of the 12th century, the order had spread throughout what is today France, Germany, England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Scandinavia, Poland and other parts of Europe.
540:
distance away from the original site. Alberic discontinued the use of
Benedictine black garments in the abbey and clothed the monks in white habits of undyed wool. He returned the community to the original Benedictine ideal of manual work and prayer, dedicated to the ideal of charity and self sustenance. Alberic also forged an alliance with the
679:. Attendance was compulsory. The Abbot of CĂźteaux presided over the chapter. He had a predominant influence and the power of enforcing everywhere exact conformity to CĂźteaux in all details of the exterior life observance, chant, and customs. The principle was that CĂźteaux should always be the model to which all the other houses had to conform.
382:'s time; at various points they went beyond it in austerity. The most striking feature of the reform was the return to manual labour, especially agricultural work in the fields, a special characteristic of Cistercian life. The Cistercians also made major contributions to culture and technology in medieval Europe:
2164:. He perceived the attraction of evil not simply as lying in the obvious lure of wealth and worldly power, but in the "subtler and ultimately more pernicious attraction of false ideas". He was quick to recognise heretical ideas, and in 1141 and 1145 respectively, he accused the celebrated scholastic theologian
1783:
In the purity of architectural style, the beauty of materials and the care with which the Alcobaça
Monastery was built, Portugal possesses one of the most outstanding and best preserved examples of Early Gothic. Poblet Monastery, one of the largest in Spain, is considered similarly impressive for its
1779:
The abbeys of France and
England are fine examples of Romanesque and Gothic architecture. The architecture of Fontenay has been described as "an excellent illustration of the ideal of self-sufficiency" practised by the earliest Cistercian communities. The abbeys of 12th century England were stark and
1642:
This new
Cistercian architecture embodied the ideals of the order, and was in theory at least utilitarian and without superfluous ornament. The same "rational, integrated scheme" was used across Europe to meet the largely homogeneous needs of the order. Various buildings, including the chapter-house
711:
By 1111 the ranks had grown sufficiently at CĂźteaux, and
Stephen sent a group of 12 monks to start a "daughter house", a new community dedicated to the same ideals of the strict observance of Saint Benedict. The Cistercians were officially formed in 1112. The "daughter house" was built in Chalon sur
2217:
A 2016 study suggested that "English counties that were more exposed to
Cistercian monasteries experienced faster productivity growth from the 13th century onwards" and that this influence lasts beyond the dissolution of the monasteries in the 1530s. It has been maintained that this was because the
1497:
and the only medieval blast furnace so far identified in Great
Britain, was one of the most efficient blast furnaces of its time. Slag from contemporary furnaces contained a substantial concentration of iron, whereas the slag of Laskill was low in iron content, and is believed to have produced cast
1434:
In the 15th century, various popes endeavoured to promote reforms. All these efforts at a reform of the great body of the order proved unavailing; but local reforms, producing various semi-independent offshoots and congregations, were successfully carried out in many parts in the course of the 15th
1305:
Relaxations were gradually introduced into
Cistercian life with regard to diet and to simplicity of life, and also in regard to the sources of income, rents and tolls being admitted and benefices incorporated, as was done among Benedictines and other comparable orders. The farming operations tended
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in Burgundy. By the end of the 13th century, the knights had become a major autonomous power within the Castilian state, subject only to Morimond and the pope. They had abundant resources of men and wealth, lands and castles scattered along the borders of Castile, and feudal lordship over thousands
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The remaining monks of CĂźteaux elected Alberic as their abbot, under whose leadership the abbey would find its grounding. Robert had been the idealist of the order, and Alberic was their builder. Upon assuming the role of abbot, Alberic moved the site of the fledgling community near a brook a short
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functional communication at work or in community discussion, spiritual exchange with one's superiors or spiritual adviser on different aspects of one's personal life, and spontaneous conversation on special occasions. These forms of communication are integrated into the discipline of maintaining a
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showed an ambition for the colossal, with vast amounts of stone being quarried, and the same was true of the Cistercian projects. Foigny Abbey was 98 metres (322 ft) long, and Vaucelles Abbey was 132 metres (433 ft) long. Monastic buildings came to be constructed entirely of stone, right
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with elements of Burgundinian architecture (rib vaults and pointed arches respectively), creating the new style of Gothic architecture. This new "architecture of light" was intended to raise the observer "from the material to the immaterial" â it was, according to the 20th-century French historian
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in Paris in 1244. He found his life threatened as a result of the Irish visitations: his representatives were attacked and his party harassed, while the three key houses of Mellifont, Suir and Maigue had been fortified by monks to hold out against him. However, with the help of his assistants, the
1280:
By the end of the 13th century, the Cistercian houses numbered 500. In this period, the monks performed pastoral tasks in and outside of the monastery and began preaching and teaching, even though their movement originally forbade schools and parishes. At the order's height in the 15th century, it
1997:
According to one modern Cistercian, "enterprise and entrepreneurial spirit" have always been a part of the order's identity, and the Cistercians "were catalysts for development of a market economy" in 12th-century Europe. It was as agriculturists and horse and cattle breeders that the Cistercians
1424:
By the 15th century, however, of all the orders in Ireland, the Cistercians had most comprehensively fallen on evil days. The General Chapter lost virtually all its power to enforce its will in Ireland, and the strength of the order which derived from this uniformity declined. In 1496, there were
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It often happened that the number of lay brothers became excessive and out of proportion to the resources of the monasteries, there being sometimes as many as 200, or even 300, in a single abbey. On the other hand, in some countries, the system of lay brothers in course of time worked itself out;
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The quality of Cistercian architecture from the 1120s onwards is related directly to the Order's technological inventiveness. They placed importance on metal, both the extraction of the ore and its subsequent processing. At the abbey of Fontenay the forge is not outside, as one might expect, but
1025:
By 1152, there were 54 Cistercian monasteries in England, few of which had been founded directly from the Continent. Overall, there were 333 Cistercian abbeys in Europe, so many that a halt was put to this expansion. Nearly half of these houses had been founded, directly or indirectly, from
2011:
canonical office, but having their own fixed round of prayer and religious exercises. They were never ordained, and never held any office of superiority. It was by this system of lay brothers that the Cistercians were able to play their distinctive part in the progress of European civilisation.
2010:
was introduced on a large scale. The duties of the lay brothers, recruited from the peasantry, consisted in carrying out the various fieldworks and plying all sorts of useful trades. They formed a body of men who lived alongside of the choir monks, but separate from them, not taking part in the
956:(1161). Malachy's intensive pastoral activity was highly successful: "Barbarous laws disappeared, Roman laws were introduced: everywhere ecclesiastical customs were received and the contrary rejected... In short all things were so changed that the word of the Lord may be applied to this people:
1806:". The Transitional Gothic style of its church had a major influence in the spread of Gothic architecture over much of northern and central Europe, and the abbey's elaborate network of drains, irrigation canals and reservoirs has since been recognised as having "exceptional" cultural interest.
780:
The first Cistercian house to be established in Britain, a monastery at Waverley Abbey, Surrey, was founded by William Gifford, Bishop of Winchester in 1128. It was colonised with 12 monks and an abbot from Aumone in France. By 1187 there were 70 monks and 120 lay brothers in residence.
2099:
inside the monastic enclosure: metalworking was thus part of the activity of the monks and not of the lay brothers. This spirit accounted for the progress that appeared in spheres other than building, and particularly in agriculture. It is probable that this experiment spread rapidly;
638:
elsewhere. Stephen handed over the west wing of CĂźteaux to a large group of lay brethren to cultivate the farms. These lay brothers were bound by vows of chastity and obedience to their abbot, but were otherwise permitted to follow a form of Cistercian life that was less demanding.
1378:
In Germany the Cistercians were instrumental in the spread of Christianity east of the Elbe. They developed grants of territories of 180,000 acres where they would drain land, build monasteries and plan villages. Many towns near Berlin owe their origins to this order, including
1412:
who had no father, no mother, nor even a family tree", is revealing of his character. Benedict was shy of personal power and was devoted exclusively to restoring the authority of the Church. As a Cistercian, he had a notable theological background and, unlike his predecessor
2090:, and knowledge of their technological advances was transmitted by the order. Iron ore deposits were often donated to the monks along with forges to extract the iron, and within time surpluses were being offered for sale. The Cistercians became the leading iron producers in
1589:
has made an important contribution to European civilisation. Architecturally speaking, the Cistercian monasteries and churches, owing to their pure style, may be counted among the most beautiful relics of the Middle Ages. Cistercian foundations were primarily constructed in
2470:
Many Cistercian monasteries make produce goods such as cheese, bread and other foodstuffs. In the United States, many Cistercian monasteries support themselves through agriculture, forestry and rental of farmland. The Cistercian Abbey of Our Lady of Spring Bank, in
1780:
undecorated â a dramatic contrast with the elaborate churches of the wealthier Benedictine houses â yet to quote Warren Hollister, "even now the simple beauty of Cistercian ruins such as Fountains and Rievaulx, set in the wilderness of Yorkshire, is deeply moving".
1333:
In Ireland, the information on the Cistercian Order after the Anglo-Norman invasion gives a rather gloomy impression. Absenteeism among Irish abbots at the General Chapter became a persistent and much criticised problem in the 13th century, and escalated into the
2457:, five or six years after entering the monastery, candidates promise "conversion" â fidelity to monastic life, which includes an atmosphere of silence. Cistercian monks and nuns have a reputation of being silent, which has led to the public idea that they take a
1120:
were convincing, and the arrangement was approved by the General Chapter at CĂźteaux and successive popes; the Knights of Calatrava were given a definitive rule in 1187, modeled upon the Cistercian rule for lay brothers, which included the evangelical counsels of
1718:
in Yorkshire that the oldest recorded example of architectural tracing is found. Tracings were architectural drawings incised and painted in stone, to a depth of 2â3 mm, showing architectural detail to scale. The first tracing in Byland illustrates a west
1346:
that had arisen there, but in 1217 the abbot refused their admission and had lay brothers bar the abbey gates. There was also trouble at Jerpoint, and alarmingly, the abbots of Baltinglass, Killenny, Kilbeggan and Bective supported the actions of the "revolt".
1081:. The original church was replaced by the present construction from 1178. The abbey's church was consecrated in 1223. Two further building phases followed in order to complete the nave, leading to the final consecration of the medieval church building in 1252.
1297:
For a hundred years, until the first quarter of the 13th century, the Cistercians supplanted Cluny as the most powerful order and the chief religious influence in western Europe. But then in turn their influence began to wane, as the initiative passed to the
670:
The Cistercians maintained the independence of individual houses: each abbey had its own abbot, elected by its own monks, and its own property and finances administered without outside interference. Yet on the other hand, all the abbeys were subjected to the
2556:
in England, and in Wales since 2017. This is a dispersed and uncloistered order of single, celibate, and married men officially recognized by the Church of England. The Order enjoys an ecumenical link with the Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance.
889:, who desired a return to the austere Rule of St Benedict. After many struggles and great hardships, St Bernard agreed to send a monk from Clairvaux to instruct them, and in the end they prospered. Already by 1152, Fountains had many offshoots, including
1026:
Clairvaux, so great was St Bernard's influence and prestige. He later came popularly to be regarded as the founder of the Cistercians, who have often been called Bernardines. Bernard died in 1153, one month after his pupil Eugene III.
1555:
In 1892, the Trappists left the Cistercians and founded a new order, named the Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance. The Cistercians that remained within the original order thus came to be known as the "Common Observance".
1502:'s Dissolution in the late 1530s, and the type of blast furnace pioneered there did not spread outside Rievaulx. Some historians believe that the suppression of the English monasteries may have stamped out an industrial revolution.
1425:
efforts to establish a strong national congregation to assume this role in Ireland, but monks of the English and Irish "nations" found themselves unable to cooperate for the good of the order. The General Chapter appointed special
908:, visited Clairvaux, becoming a personal friend of Abbot Bernard and an admirer of Cistercian life. He left four of his companions to be trained as Cistercians, and returned to Ireland to introduce Cistercian monasticism there.
655:), which was the defining guide on how the reform was to be lived. This document governed the relations between the various houses of the Cistercian order, and exercised a great influence also upon the future course of western
630:. As to grants of land, the order would normally accept only undeveloped land, which the monks then developed by their own labour. For this they developed over time a very large component of uneducated lay brothers known as
1945:
Furthermore, many Cistercian abbey churches housed the tombs of royal or noble patrons, and these were often as elaborately carved and painted as in other churches. Notable dynastic burial places were Alcobaça for the
1526:, which spread widely in France and Italy, in the latter country under the name of Improved Bernardines. The French congregation of Sept-Fontaines (1654) also deserves mention. In 1663 de Rancé reformed La Trappe (see
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1285:
thus in England by the close of the 14th century it had shrunk to relatively small proportions, and in the 15th century the regimen of the English Cistercian houses tended to approximate more and more to that of the
446:(Municipal Library, Dijon). CĂźteaux, c. 1125. At this period Cistercian illumination was the most advanced in France, but within 25 years it was abandoned altogether under the influence of Bernard of Clairvaux.
1929:
in County Clare is similarly distinguished by high-quality carvings, several of which "demonstrate precociously naturalistic renderings of plants". By the Baroque period, decoration could be very elaborate, as at
30:
This article is about the religious order also sometimes known as the Cistercians of the Common Observance. For the order founded in La Trappe Abbey and also known as the Cistercians of the Strict Observance, see
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1713:
The Cistercians "made it a point of honour to recruit the best stonecutters", and as early as 1133, St. Bernard was hiring workers to help the monks erect new buildings at Clairvaux. It is from the 12th century
2461:. This has actually never been the case, although silence is an implicit part of an outlook shared by Cistercian and Benedictine monasteries. In a Cistercian monastery, there are three reasons for speaking:
2005:
Farming operations on so extensive a scale could not be carried out by the monks alone, whose choir and religious duties took up a considerable portion of their time; and so from the beginning the system of
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1723:, while the second depicts the central part of that same window. Later, an illustration from the latter half of the 16th century would show monks working alongside other craftsmen in the construction of
1552:, and the revolutions of the 18th century almost wholly destroyed the Cistercians. But some survived, and from the beginning of the last half of the 19th century there was a considerable recovery.
777:. At the time, it was the 38th Cistercian monastery founded but, due to the dissolution down the centuries of the earlier 37 abbeys, it is today the oldest surviving Cistercian house in the world.
1306:
to produce a commercial spirit; wealth and splendour characterized the monasteries, and the choir monks abandoned manual labour. Two important papal bulls tried to introduce reforms: Clement IV's
1391:
was the first brick-built monastery in the area. By this time, however, "the Cistercian order as a whole had experienced a gradual decline and its central organisation was noticeably weakened."
723:
arrived at CĂźteaux with 35 of his relatives and friends to join the monastery. A supremely eloquent, strong-willed mystic, Bernard was to become the most admired churchman of his age. In 1115,
1018:, the two Savigniac houses of Erenagh and St Mary's became Cistercian. It was in the latter case that medieval Dublin acquired a Cistercian monastery in the very unusual suburban location of
1683:
down to the most humble of buildings. In the 12th and 13th centuries, Cistercian barns consisted of a stone exterior, divided into nave and aisles either by wooden posts or by stone piers.
1498:
iron with efficiency similar to a modern blast furnace. The monks may have been on the verge of building dedicated furnaces for the production of cast iron, but the furnace did not survive
221:
5557:
659:. From one point of view, it may be regarded as a compromise between the primitive Benedictine system, in which each abbey was autonomous and isolated, and the complete centralization of
2094:, from the mid-13th century to the 17th century, also using the phosphate-rich slag from their furnaces as an agricultural fertiliser. As the historian Alain Erlande-Brandenburg writes:
3288:
Jamroziak, Emilia (2024). "Cistercians and the Care of Souls from the Twelfth to the Early Sixteenth Century". In Ćnuki, Toshio; Melville, Gert; Akae, YĆ«ichi; Takeda, Kazuhisa (eds.).
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in 1125; at the period of their widest extension there are said to have been 900 monasteries, and the communities were very large. In addition to being devoted to contemplation, the
401:. Over the centuries, however, education and scholarship came to dominate the life of many monasteries. A reform movement seeking a simpler lifestyle began in 17th-century France at
2475:, from 2001 to 2011 supported itself with a group called "Laser Monks", which provided laser toner and ink jet cartridges, as well as items such as gourmet coffees and all-natural
1395:
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The keynote of Cistercian life was a return to literal observance of the Benedictine Rule. The reform-minded monks tried to live monastic life as they thought it had been in
1698:, who later became abbot there; Geoffrey d'Aignay, sent to Fountains Abbey in 1133; and Robert, sent to Mellifont Abbey in 1142. On one occasion the Abbot of La Trinité at
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991:. Eugene was an Italian of humble background, who had first been drawn to monasticism at Clairvaux by the magnetism of Bernard. At the time of his election, he was
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The order was fortunate that Stephen was an abbot of extraordinary gifts, and he framed the original version of the Cistercian "Constitution" or regulations: the
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735:, and began clearing the ground and building a church and dwelling. The abbey soon attracted zealous young men. At this point, CĂźteaux had four daughter houses:
4398:
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1450:
1370:, and a future Abbot of Clairvaux (to be appointed in 1243), Stephen was one of the outstanding figures in 13th-century Cistercian history, having founded the
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for the pleasant life of the Benedictine monks of Cluny. Besides his piety, Bernard was an outstanding intellectual, which he demonstrated in his sermons on
2525:
had extraordinary privileges. Numerous reforms took place among the nuns. One of the best known of Cistercian women's communities was probably the Abbey of
746:
After Saint Bernard's entry, the Cistercian order began a notable epoch of international expansion. As his fame grew, the Cistercian movement grew with it.
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offered his help. Lay brothers were to be employed as "soldiers of the Cross" to defend Calatrava. The initial successes of the new order in the Spanish
979:
Meanwhile, the Cistercian influence more than kept pace with the material expansion. St. Bernard had become mentor to popes and kings, and in 1145, King
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had the desired effect: when he finished his sermon, so many men were ready to take the Cross that Bernard had to cut his habit into strips of cloth.
1686:
The Cistercians acquired a reputation in the difficult task of administering the building sites for abbeys and cathedrals. St. Bernard's own brother,
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The nuns have also followed the division into different orders as seen among the monks. Those who follow the Trappist reforms of De Rancé are called
2409:
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2330:
796:, which was sited in a remote river valley, and depended largely on its agricultural and pastoral activities for survival. Other abbeys, such as at
675:, the constitutional body which exercised vigilance over the order. Made up of all the abbots, the General Chapter met annually in mid-September at
5726:
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in 1142. In the late 13th century and early 14th century, the Cistercian order played an essential role in the politics and diplomacy of the late
5574:
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were allowed, and later some painting and decoration crept back in. Bernard's outburst in a letter against the fantastical decorative motifs in
1533:
In the 17th century another great effort at a general reform was made, promoted by the pope and the king of France; the general chapter elected
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On 26 January 1108, Alberic died and was soon succeeded by Stephen Harding, the man responsible for carrying the order into its crucial phase.
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became among the most hallowed names in the history of religion in medieval Wales. Their austere discipline seemed to echo the ideals of the
4387:"Emules puis sujettes de l'ordre cistercien. Les cisterciennes de Castille et d'ailleurs face au Chapitre Général aux XIIe et XIIIe siÚcles"
4310:"Emules puis sujettes de l'ordre cistercien. Les cisterciennes de Castille et d'ailleurs face au Chapitre Général aux XIIe et XIIIe siÚcles"
1647:, and were sometimes linked to the transept of the church itself by a night stair. Usually Cistercian churches were cruciform, with a short
528:. During the first year, the monks set about constructing lodging areas and farming the lands of CĂźteaux, making use of a nearby chapel for
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R. W. Vernon, G. McDonnell and A. Schmidt, 'An integrated geophysical and analytical appraisal of early iron-working: three case studies'
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and scrupulous with his appointments. He promulgated a series of regulations to restore the primitive spirit of the Cistercian Order.
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The fortified Maulbronn Abbey in Germany is considered "the most complete and best-preserved medieval monastic complex north of the
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From its solid base, the order spread all over western Europe: into Germany, Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, Croatia, Italy, Sicily,
1034:
409:. The Trappists were eventually consolidated in 1892 into a new order called the Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance (
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2193:, a Cistercian was also one of the few scholars of the Middle Ages to question the existence of the military orders during the
792:
Thirteen Cistercian monasteries, all in remote locations, were founded in Wales between 1131 and 1226. The first of these was
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4543:
4522:
4486:
4419:
4173:
Nunziata, Luca; Rocco, Lorenzo (20 January 2016). "A tale of minorities: evidence on religious ethics and entrepreneurship".
4082:
3361:
3297:
2962:
1404:
In 1335, the French cardinal Jacques Fournier, a former Cistercian monk and the son of a miller, was elected and consecrated
905:
621:" life. Cistercian abbeys also refused to admit boy recruits, a practice later adopted by many of older Benedictine houses.
5519:
5359:
5306:
5013:
1614:
560:
443:
5472:
4062:
5746:
5140:
1101:
5852:
5774:
5757:
5450:
5129:
4846:
4783:
4727:
4507:
4257:
3977:
3262:
2044:
1047:
5658:
5637:
5551:
5318:
5212:
5200:
5176:
4965:
2266:
Before the French Revolution the Abbot of Citeaux was automatically supreme head of the order. The first abbot was
1122:
3356:. Initiation into the monastic tradition / Thomas Merton. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press. p. 217.
578:
5494:
5423:
5341:
5223:
5146:
4995:
4911:
4156:"The Protestant Ethic and Entrepreneurship: Evidence from Religious Minorities from the Former Holy Roman Empire"
2031:
1845:, during the first decades of the 12th century, playing an important part in the development of the image of the
1841:
The mother house of the order, CĂźteaux, had developed the most advanced style of painting in France, at least in
1489:
saw the confiscation of church land throughout the country, which was disastrous for the Cistercians in England.
1274:
984:
4828:
2838:
624:
Stephen acquired land for the abbey to develop to ensure its survival and ethic, the first land acquisition was
5417:
5394:
5134:
5070:
2582:
1890:
1523:
1486:
1444:
2521:
in earlier times of the Order did agricultural work in the fields. In Spain and France a number of Cistercian
2067:
for monasteries established in remote valleys. In Spain, one of the earliest surviving Cistercian houses, the
1100:. Membership of the Cistercian Order had included a large number of men from knightly families, and when King
5509:
2480:
1710:, for the building of a cathedral; after the project was completed, John refused to return to his monastery.
1545:
1314:
1821:
is one of the most valuable examples of Polish Romanesque architecture. The largest Cistercian complex, the
564:
5625:
5596:
5580:
5488:
5477:
5377:
5258:
3024:
2209:. In the course of the 12th and 13th centuries, many further Cistercian authors wrote on spiritual topics.
340:(choir robe) worn by the Cistercians over their habits, as opposed to the black cowl worn by Benedictines.
2352:
1217:
in the 1170s, the English improved the standing of the Cistercian Order in Ireland with nine foundations:
5731:
5619:
5585:
5534:
3810:
3774:
3740:
3706:
3675:
1773:
363:
in 1098, with the goal of following more closely the Rule of Saint Benedict. The best known of them were
4706:
The "Things of Greater Importance": Bernard of Clairvaux's Apologia and the Medieval Attitude Toward Art
3528:
Union And Division: The Proceedings of the Three Trappist Congregations at their General Chapter in 1892
1724:
647:
The outlines of the Cistercian reform were adumbrated by Alberic, but it received its final form in the
5529:
5504:
5434:
5388:
5335:
5300:
5270:
5217:
4411:
2035:
1970:
from 13th and 14th century Ireland: the sarcophagal tomb of Conchobar na Siudaine Ua Briain (d. 1268).
1214:
390:; and the Cistercians were the main force of technological diffusion in fields such as agriculture and
17:
2530:
2034:
examines the impact of Cistercian waterpower, derived from Roman watermill technology such as that of
5842:
5768:
5679:
5429:
5264:
5111:
4553:
2607:
1648:
1371:
417:), abbreviated as OCSO. The Cistercians who remained within the Order of Cistercians are called the
5663:
5545:
5540:
5462:
5312:
5241:
5042:
4495:
3968:
3854:
2279:
1889:, two examples being found in Ireland: Archaeological evidence indicates the presence of murals in
1599:
1105:
1089:
886:
724:
301:
144:
4563:
2415:
1925:
in the nave, with carefully defined eyes, an elaborate crown and long curly hair. The east end of
1761:
5524:
5276:
5007:
4917:
4379:
3914:
2587:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1286:
1195:
1125:; specific rules of silence; abstinence on four days a week; the recitation of a fixed number of
999:
968:
383:
1659:
that was divided roughly in the middle by a screen to separate the monks from the lay brothers.
5631:
5382:
5194:
4442:
4105:
4104:
Andersen, Thomas Barnebeck; Bentzen, Jeanet; Dalgaard, Carl-Johan; Sharp, Paul (1 March 2016).
2954:
2454:
2174:
1922:
1842:
1822:
1541:
317:
1990:
1510:
1321:
5741:
5674:
5347:
5235:
5229:
5088:
4818:
4399:
Les religieuses de Castille. Patronage aristocratique et ordre cistercien, XIIe-XIIIe siĂšcles
4319:
Les religieuses de Castille. Patronage aristocratique et ordre cistercien, XIIe-XIIIe siĂšcles
2668:
2526:
2437:
2283:
2219:
2027:
1707:
1695:
1499:
1482:
1463:
937:
451:
391:
387:
169:
2946:
2278:. Later the order was made subject to commendatory abbots, non-monks, who included Cardinal
1931:
1879:
1078:
1062:
478:
368:
124:
5847:
5837:
5188:
4977:
4697:
Rudolph, Conrad, "The 'Principal Founders' and the Early Artistic Legislation of CĂźteaux",
2553:
2426:
2141:
2091:
1985:
1914:
1830:
1791:
1627:
1603:
1363:
1359:
1254:
1207:
1112:, which had been recovered from the Moors a decade before, the Cistercian Abbot Raymond of
801:
720:
587:
474:
397:
Many abbeys traditionally supported themselves through agriculture, vineyards, and brewing
321:
210:
112:
2258:
1735:
8:
5030:
4882:
4680:
3496:
2577:
2502:
2392:
2381:
2149:
2100:
2055:
2049:
2019:
1875:
1746:
1631:
1595:
1478:
1367:
1074:
1057:
980:
868:
813:
774:
727:
gave a tract of wild, afforested land known as a refuge for robbers, forty miles east of
592:
214:
3352:
Merton, Thomas; Grimes, William R.; Merton, Thomas (2019). O'Connell, Patrick F. (ed.).
3290:
Pastoral care and monasticism in Latin christianity and Japanese buddhism (ca. 800-1650)
1951:
5816:
5642:
5094:
5024:
4739:
4620:
4475:
4198:
4136:
2859:
2561:
2514:
1672:
1534:
1133:; and to wear, as their full dress, the Cistercian white mantle with the scarlet cross
1109:
1097:
1093:
1051:
925:
852:
848:
809:
750:
583:
379:
355:
in eastern France. It was here that a group of Benedictine monks from the monastery of
69:
43:
2348:
2240:
1329:, the centre of medieval Irish Cistercian monasticism and of the "Mellifont rebellion"
816:, and the emphasis on pastoral farming fit well into the Welsh stock-rearing economy.
205:
5514:
5439:
5400:
5152:
4779:
4761:
4743:
4723:
4684:
4654:
4624:
4601:
4567:
4539:
4518:
4503:
4482:
4415:
4287:
4190:
4140:
4128:
4078:
3983:
3973:
3357:
3293:
2958:
2947:
2864:
2472:
2267:
2169:
1955:
1947:
1753:
1703:
1549:
1405:
1398:
1270:
1085:
1039:
992:
548:
541:
466:
458:
364:
224:
116:
4202:
713:
489:, a young monk from England. Stephen had experienced the monastic traditions of the
5720:
5482:
5445:
Congregation of the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary
4258:"Cistercian Order of the Strict Observance (Trappists): Frequently Asked Questions"
4182:
4120:
4070:
3263:"Cistercian Order of the Strict Observance (Trappists): Frequently Asked Questions"
2430:
2271:
1966:. Corcomroe in Ireland contains one of only two surviving examples of Gaelic royal
1959:
1765:
1679:
1515:
1226:
1162:
1070:
972:
953:
945:
929:
890:
871:, and completed in less than ten years. Another important offshoot of Rievaulx was
766:
758:
245:
4155:
2218:
Order's lifestyle and supposed pursuit of wealth were early manifestations of the
1818:
1622:
In the mid-12th century, one of the leading churchmen of his day, the Benedictine
987:, entered Clairvaux. That same year, Bernard saw one of his monks elected pope as
757:
called upon the Cistercians to develop his recently acquired March which bordered
532:. In Robert's absence from Molesme, however, the abbey had gone into decline, and
360:
134:
5714:
5282:
4983:
4841:
4835:
4713:
Violence and Daily Life: Reading, Art, and Polemics in the CĂźteaux Moralia in Job
4074:
3510:
2510:
2492:
2441:
2190:
2172:
of heresy. He was also charged with the task of promulgating Pope Eugene's bull,
2145:
2080:
1963:
1926:
1902:
1769:
1757:
1739:
1362:, on a well-documented visitation to reform the Irish houses. A graduate of both
1326:
1299:
1179:
1003:
988:
941:
909:
882:
805:
754:
732:
672:
601:
486:
439:
402:
372:
232:
181:
120:
5020:
Monastic Family of Bethlehem, of the Assumption of the Virgin and of Saint Bruno
4851:
2692:
1978:
5804:
5457:
Congregation of the Franciscan Hospitaller Sisters of the Immaculate Conception
4905:
4261:
3266:
2458:
2359:
2251:
2179:
1854:
1691:
1494:
1459:
1258:
1250:
1246:
1218:
1183:
1141:
1011:
933:
836:
740:
736:
701:
697:
664:
529:
494:
410:
285:
4186:
3910:"Good Works: Monks build multimillion-dollar business and give the money away"
2466:
general atmosphere of silence, which is an important help to continual prayer.
5831:
5365:
5036:
4814:
4597:
4450:
4437:
4332:
4194:
4132:
3515:
History of the British iron and steel industry from c. 450 BC to AD 1775
3201:
3073:
2924:
2775:
2765:
2663:
2479:. Additionally, the Cistercian monks of Our Lady of Dallas monastery run the
2205:
in the mid-12th century and denounced the use of force to convert members of
2165:
2161:
1898:
1886:
1846:
1467:
1380:
1351:
1266:
1262:
1202:, Prague. The first abbey in the present day Romania was founded on 1179, at
1007:
917:
901:
872:
864:
856:
839:
was founded from Clairvaux in 1131, on a small, isolated property donated by
824:
793:
533:
462:
356:
5648:
Sisters of Charity of Saints Bartolomea Capitanio and Vincenza Gerosa (SCCG)
4647:
4459:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 393â395.
3987:
1153:
784:
5371:
5288:
5099:
5059:
4935:
4929:
4824:
EUCist News, a blog about current Cistercian research in English and German
4771:
4533:
2565:
2541:
2370:
2363:
2153:
2007:
1870:
1814:
1715:
1636:
1573:
The "pure", unadorned style of Cistercian architecture at the 12th century
1455:
1388:
1234:
1199:
1187:
1149:
1126:
921:
913:
876:
840:
762:
626:
313:
74:
4225:
2690:
1157:
851:. By 1143, three hundred monks had entered Rievaulx, including the famous
5800:
5607:
5353:
4989:
4953:
4472:
2385:
1999:
1906:
1826:
1720:
1623:
1409:
1308:
1203:
1117:
949:
894:
797:
705:
660:
556:
490:
220:
213:, one of the most influential early Cistercians, seen here depicted in a
3969:
The Ciphers of the Monks: a forgotten number-notation of the Middle Ages
3509:
An agreement (immediately after that) concerning the 'smythes' with the
2620:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 3rd ed., 1992.
2129:
1140:
Calatrava was not subject to CĂźteaux, but to Fitero's mother-house, the
5164:
5123:
5105:
4947:
4941:
4124:
2497:
2419:
2122:
2087:
2076:
2075:, is a good example of such early hydraulic engineering, using a large
1998:
exercised their chief influence on the progress of civilisation in the
1690:, is known to have supervised the construction of many abbeys, such as
1598:
during the Middle Ages; although later abbeys were also constructed in
1257:
joined the order and established a Cistercian house at the foot of the
1222:
1191:
555:) as well as stones with which they built their church. The church was
521:
325:
39:
2059:
The Cistercians helped facilitate the spread of waterwheel technology.
2014:
1699:
963:
676:
509:
5780:
5053:
3805:
3769:
3735:
3702:"Studley Royal Park including the Ruins of Fountains Abbey (No. 372)"
3701:
3670:
2534:
2157:
2117:
2064:
1918:
1833:
and the second largest Christian architectural complex in the world.
1667:
1414:
1355:
1238:
1084:
As a consequence of the wars between the Christians and Moors on the
1019:
832:
719:
In the year of 1112, a charismatic young Burgundinian nobleman named
656:
634:. In some cases, the Order accepted developed land and relocated the
552:
501:
406:
32:
5558:
Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Mother of God
3409:
2247:
1973:
5811:
4900:
4061:
Elder, E. Rozanne (22 November 2012), Birkedal Bruun, Mette (ed.),
2476:
2198:
2194:
1850:
1795:
1652:
1651:
to meet the liturgical needs of the brethren, small chapels in the
1644:
1527:
1418:
1171:
860:
844:
769:
an area of land just north of what is today the provincial capital
228:
4823:
4582:
The Medieval Machine: The Industrial Revolution of the Middle Ages
4436:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
434:
5252:
4286:. The Cistercian Abbey of Our Lady of Spring Bank. Archived from
2774:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2501:
Prioress of the Cistercian abbey of Saint Mary of Rieunette near
2134:
1939:
1935:
1910:
1894:
1810:
1618:
Cistercian architecture was applied based on rational principles.
1490:
1471:
1339:
1242:
819:
595:. Saint Bernard is depicted in the white cowl of the Cistercians.
470:
2768:
Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 21 January 2020
2235:
2063:
The Cistercian order was innovative in developing techniques of
1787:
1394:
998:
A considerable reinforcement to the Order was the merger of the
5700:
Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary
3815:
3779:
3745:
3711:
3680:
3494:
David Derbyshire, 'Henry "Stamped Out Industrial Revolution"',
2931:
pp. xxxvâxxxviii, prefixed to English trans. Of Montalembert's
2691:
OCist.Hu â A Ciszterci Rend Zirci ApĂĄtsĂĄga (31 December 2002).
2522:
2072:
2052:, which could express numbers from 0 to 9999 in a single sign.
1967:
1743:
1687:
1384:
1230:
1167:
1130:
1113:
1015:
728:
614:
482:
4805:
4357:
2560:
There are also Cistercians of the Lutheran church residing in
1784:
austerity, majesty, and the fortified royal residence within.
692:
269:
4215:
Die Templer â Ein Einblick und Ăberblick Door Dr Meinolf Rode
2206:
2048:
TV series, called "Faith in Numbers". The order used its own
2039:
1643:
to the east and the dormitories above, were grouped around a
1249:
in Wales, and at least in its earliest years, its monks were
618:
610:
524:), given to them expressly for the purpose of founding their
505:
454:
352:
4512:
4103:
4069:(1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 199â217,
3903:
3901:
3899:
3006:
731:, to the order. Bernard led twelve other monks to found the
473:
communities had abandoned the rigours and simplicity of the
263:
1803:
1656:
1277:, who died a Cistercian monk and was buried there in 1224.
885:
was founded in 1132 by discontented Benedictine monks from
770:
635:
545:
337:
305:
156:
4333:"Trappist | Definition, Monks, History, Beer, & Facts"
1338:, a "rebellion" by the abbeys of the Mellifont filiation.
1318:. The General Chapter continued to battle against abuses.
500:
On 21 March 1098, Robert's small group acquired a plot of
266:
3929:
3896:
3007:"Welt-Ă€ltestes Zisterzienserkloster Stift Rein seit 1129"
2898:
2896:
2894:
2518:
2140:
By far the most influential of the early Cistercians was
1006:. Thirteen English abbeys, of which the most famous were
398:
320:, as well as the contributions of the highly-influential
309:
251:
4760:. University College Dublin Press; 2nd Rev. ed. (1998).
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2079:
for power and an elaborate water circulation system for
192:
38:"White Monks" redirects here. For the White Friars, see
4806:
Website on Cistercian Order, Architecture and History (
4798:
2766:
Gildas, Marie. "Cistercians." The Catholic Encyclopedia
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2197:. The English Cistercian Abbot Isaac of l'Etoile, near
696:
The spread of Cistercians from their original sites in
4473:
Clarke, Howard B.; Dent, Sarah; Johnson, Ruth (2002).
1451:
List of monasteries dissolved by Henry VIII of England
1408:. The maxim attributed to him, "the pope must be like
4517:(Hardback, illustrated ed.). Four Courts Press.
4405:
2871:
1342:
were appointed to reform Mellifont on account of the
1148:
The first Cistercian abbey in Bohemia was founded in
855:. It was from Rievaulx that a foundation was made at
272:
257:
248:
5603:
Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary
4736:
The Art of Gothic: Architecture, Sculpture, Painting
4316:, t. 52, fasc. 1â2, 2001, p. 27â60. Ghislain Baury,
2623:
859:, which became the earliest Cistercian monastery in
260:
5325:
Missionaries of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary
4972:
Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary
4552:
2222:, which has also been associated with city growth.
1190:. The order also played the main role in the early
254:
5564:Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary
4776:How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization
4653:. translated by Paul McCusker. Seven Locks Press.
4646:
4474:
3972:. Stuttgart: F. Steiner. pp. 16, 29, 34, 41.
3351:
1917:, and the abbey also contains a fine example of a
1885:Some Cistercian abbeys did contain later medieval
1166:. This chronicle was written by Otto and Peter of
386:is considered one of the most beautiful styles of
5710:Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary
4881:
4402:, Rennes, Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2012.
4322:, Rennes, Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2012.
4154:Nunziata, Luca; Rocco, Lorenzo (1 January 2014).
1974:Commercial enterprise and technological diffusion
336:, in reference to the colour of the "cuculla" or
5829:
5727:Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods
5614:Poor Clare Missionaries of the Blessed Sacrament
4720:The Cistercians: Monks and Monasteries in Europe
4596:, edited by Lacey Baldwin Smith (6th ed.).
4463:
3639:
3637:
2201:, preached against the "new monstrosity" of the
1292:
1160:and early Luxembourg state, as reflected in the
1022:, with its own private harbour called The Pill.
958:Which before was not my people, now is my people
667:was the only true superior in the entire Order.
536:, a former Cluniac monk, ordered him to return.
442:(right) presenting a model of his church to the
5575:Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus
4515:Lordship in Medieval Ireland: Image and reality
4408:The Cambridge Companion to the Cistercian Order
4106:"Pre-Reformation Roots of the Protestant Ethic"
4067:The Cambridge Companion to the Cistercian Order
3653:
3651:
3649:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3602:
3600:
3530:. In: Analecta Cisterciensia 56 (2006) 334â384.
3199:
3071:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2795:
2793:
2483:, a Catholic school for boys in Irving, Texas.
2262:Mauro-Giuseppe Lepori, Abbot General since 2010
2086:The Cistercians are known to have been skilled
1662:
1261:in 1272. Similarly, the Irish-establishment of
351:the Latin name for the locale of CĂźteaux, near
5468:Daughters of Mary of the Immaculate Conception
3058:
3056:
3054:
1809:In Poland, the former Cistercian monastery of
4867:
4513:Doran, Linda; Lyttleton, James, eds. (2008).
4172:
4153:
3634:
3402:
3400:
3320:
3318:
3292:. Vita regularis Abhandlungen. MĂŒnster: LIT.
1194:of Bohemia; one of the outstanding pieces of
827:, mother house of the Cistercians in Scotland
469:with around 20 supporters, who felt that the
4614:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4246:
3907:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3764:
3762:
3730:
3728:
3665:
3663:
3646:
3618:
3597:
3195:
3193:
2811:
2790:
2661:
1522:In the 16th century had arisen the reformed
682:
5690:Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary
5591:Oblate Sisters of the Virgin Mary of Fatima
5207:Franciscan Missionaries of the Eternal Word
4733:
4701:3, Cistercian Studies Series 89 (1987) 1â45
4566:' series. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd.
4531:
4260:. Ocso.org. 8 December 2003. Archived from
3265:. Ocso.org. 8 December 2003. Archived from
3051:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2547:
1678:The building projects of the Church in the
1426:
1245:. This last abbey was founded in 1225 from
1002:with the Cistercians, at the insistence of
415:Ordo Cisterciensis Strictioris Observantiae
58:
5295:Comboni Missionaries of the Heart of Jesus
4874:
4860:
4842:Center for Cistercian and Monastic Studies
4699:Studies in Cistercian Art and Architecture
4639:A History of the Church in the Middle Ages
4047:
4045:
3565:
3563:
3513:in 1541 refers to blooms. H. R. Schubert,
3427:
3418:
3397:
3315:
3248:
3246:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3065:
2929:Sketch of Monastic Constitutional History,
2069:Real Monasterio de Nuestra Senora de Rueda
1874:The highly elaborate 14th-century tomb of
1014:, thus adopted the Cistercian formula. In
613:instead of black, previously reserved for
477:. Chief among Robert's followers included
4587:
4559:The Cathedral Builders of the Middle Ages
4393:, t. 52, fasc. 1â2, 2001, pp. 27â60.
4243:
4026:
4024:
3793:
3759:
3725:
3694:
3660:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3287:
3190:
3102:
3100:
2980:
2724:"Stephen Harding, St. | Encyclopedia.com"
2513:; the first community was founded in the
2121:Liturgical celebration in the Cistercian
1982:Cistercians at work in a detail from the
1934:in Portugal, which has carved and gilded
1609:
1575:Royal Monastery of Santa MarĂa de Veruela
1438:
5764:Society of the Helpers of the Holy Souls
5752:Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart
5171:Congregation of Saint ThérÚse of Lisieux
4677:Medieval Ireland: the enduring tradition
4669:Faust's Metropolis â A History of Berlin
4500:The Pictorial arts of the West, 800â1200
4382:, Oxford, 2010) v. 1, pp. 157â158.
4376:The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages
4162:. University Library of Munich, Germany.
4003:
3671:"Cistercian Abbey of Fontenay (No. 165)"
3526:Alcuin Schachenmayr and Polycarp Zakar:
3490:
3488:
3306:
3255:
2642:
2496:
2257:
2246:
2234:
2128:
2116:
2054:
2013:
1977:
1869:
1786:
1734:
1666:
1613:
1568:
1509:
1505:
1454:
1393:
1320:
1178:, "Royal Hall"), founded in 1292 by the
1056:
1033:
962:
818:
783:
761:on the south. He granted monks from the
691:
577:
433:
219:
204:
5705:Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary
4674:
4644:
4042:
4033:
3994:
3887:
3806:"Maulbronn Monastery Complex (No. 546)"
3560:
3454:
3436:
3243:
3181:
3145:
3118:
3042:
2375:Territorial Abbey of Wettingen-Mehrerau
1694:in the Rhineland. Others were Raoul at
916:in 1142 and from it daughter houses of
551:concerning the donation of a vineyard (
14:
5830:
5653:Sisters of Christian Doctrine of Nancy
5620:Religious of the Sacred Heart of Jesus
5570:Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart
5500:Handmaids of the Sacred Heart of Jesus
4477:Dublinia: The Story of Medieval Dublin
4441:
4021:
3941:
3935:
3572:
3370:
3327:
3225:
3097:
3088:
2944:
2908:
2902:
2636:
1350:In 1228, the General Chapter sent the
1054:, Norway, Sweden, Spain and Portugal.
993:Abbot of Saints Vincenzo and Anastasio
5159:Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament
4855:
4060:
3500:(21 June 2002); cited by Woods, p 37.
3485:
2707:
2552:Since 2010 there is also a branch of
2178:, and his eloquence in preaching the
1901:. The murals in Abbeyknockmoy depict
642:
485:from the nearby forest of Colan, and
332:, after Saint Bernard himself, or as
5695:Sisters of the Immaculate Conception
5685:Sisters of the Holy Family-Louisiana
5520:Little Sisters Disciples of the Lamb
5515:Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary
5307:Missionaries of St. Francis de Sales
5247:Marians of the Immaculate Conception
5130:Canons Regular of Saint John Cantius
5014:Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo
4590:The Making of England, 55 BC to 1399
4535:Alan Sorrell: Early Wales Re-created
4466:A Folk Geography of Cistercian U.S.A
4374:"Art and Architecture: Cistercian",
3965:
2949:Drink: A Cultural History of Alcohol
2431:Royal Abbey of Santa Maria de Poblet
1077:(Afonso, I), founded the Cistercian
573:
419:Cistercians of the Common Observance
5473:Daughters of the Holy Heart of Mary
4847:European route of Cistercian abbeys
4406:Bruun, Mette Birkedal, ed. (2013).
3200:Charles Moeller (1 November 1908).
1772:in Germany are today recognised as
1302:, in Ireland, Wales and elsewhere.
24:
5747:The Sisters of St. Joseph of Peace
5372:Rogationists of the Heart of Jesus
5069:
4391:CĂźteaux: Commentarii cistercienses
4314:CĂźteaux: Commentarii cistercienses
4009:Gimpel, p 68; cited by Woods, p 35
3072:Michael Barrett (1 October 1911).
2953:. New York: Gotham Books. p.
2664:"Cistercians in the British Isles"
2486:
1893:, and traces still survive in the
1655:for private prayer, and an aisled
1029:
687:
25:
5864:
5775:Servants of the Blessed Sacrament
5451:Carmelite Sisters of Saint Teresa
4790:
4722:. The Herbert Press, LTD (1995).
4679:(Revised, illustrated ed.).
4226:"Order of Cistercians (O. Cist.)"
3736:"Monastery of Alcobaça (No. 505)"
2837:. Users.skynet.be. Archived from
2230:
975:merged with the Cistercian Order.
5810:
5659:Sisters of the Cross and Passion
5638:Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament
5319:Missionaries of the Sacred Heart
5201:Franciscan Friars of the Renewal
4966:Congregation of Our Lady of Sion
4738:. photography by Achim Bednorz.
4649:The Popes: Histories and Secrets
4429:
4350:
4325:
4302:
4276:
4218:
4209:
4166:
4147:
4097:
3811:UNESCO World Heritage Sites list
3775:UNESCO World Heritage Sites list
3741:UNESCO World Heritage Sites list
3707:UNESCO World Heritage Sites list
3676:UNESCO World Heritage Sites list
3517:(Routledge, London 1957), 395â7.
3004:
2769:
2448:
1702:loaned a monk named John to the
1215:Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland
1123:poverty, chastity, and obedience
1088:, the Cistercians established a
244:
68:
5758:Sisters of St. Paul of Chartres
5495:Handmaids of the Heart of Jesus
5342:Oblates of St. Francis de Sales
5147:Congregatio Discipulorum Domini
4996:Institute of the Incarnate Word
4358:"Anglican Order of Cistercians"
4054:
4018:Erlande-Brandenburg, pp 116â117
4012:
3959:
3950:
3878:
3869:
3847:
3838:
3829:
3609:
3588:
3551:
3542:
3533:
3520:
3503:
3472:
3463:
3445:
3388:
3379:
3345:
3336:
3281:
3234:
3216:
3172:
3163:
3154:
3136:
3109:
3017:
2998:
2989:
2971:
2938:
2917:
2853:
2827:
2802:
2781:
2759:
2302:65. 1825â1826: Giuseppe Fontana
2103:cannot be understood otherwise.
1829:, Poland), is a masterpiece of
1564:
1544:, the ecclesiastical policy of
1275:Cathal Crobhdearg Ua Conchobair
867:, it was built in 1136 by King
227:Cistercian monks standing in a
5418:Adorers of the Blood of Christ
5395:Sons of the Most Holy Redeemer
4758:The Church in Medieval Ireland
4588:Hollister, C. Warren (1992) .
3908:Rob Baedeker (24 March 2008).
2750:
2741:
2716:
2684:
2614:
2600:
2583:List of Cistercian monasteries
2225:
2212:
2042:in the fourth of his ten-part
1524:Congregation of the Feuillants
1487:Dissolution of the Monasteries
1445:Dissolution of the Monasteries
1281:would have nearly 750 houses.
1206:, and the second on 1204, the
788:Tintern Abbey, founded in 1131
497:before joining Molesme Abbey.
154:Piazza del Tempio di Diana, 14
13:
1:
5510:Holy Spirit Adoration Sisters
5118:Brothers of Our Lady of Mercy
4883:Catholic religious institutes
4368:
3947:Gimpel, p 67. Cited by Woods.
3202:"Military Order of Calatrava"
2481:Cistercian Preparatory School
2144:. According to the historian
1315:Fulgens sicut stella matutina
1293:Decline and attempted reforms
1065:, founded in Portugal in 1153
429:
5669:Sisters of the Good Shepherd
5626:Religious of the Virgin Mary
5597:Order of Our Lady of Charity
5581:Oblate Sisters of Providence
5478:Faithful Companions of Jesus
5259:Society of Mary (Marianists)
5074:Coat of arms of Vatican City
4538:. National Museum of Wales.
4075:10.1017/cco9780511735899.019
3770:"Poblet Monastery (No. 518)"
3606:Erlande-Brandenburg, p 32â34
2509:There are a large number of
2243:, a monk of Hohenfurth Abbey
1663:Engineering and construction
1559:
932:(1147â1148), Baltinglass in
563:on 16 November 1106, by the
96:; 926 years ago
42:. For the White Canons, see
7:
5732:Sisters of the Sacred Heart
5586:Oblates of Jesus the Priest
5535:Living the Gospel Community
4671:, Harper and Collins (1998)
4617:The Encyclopedia of Ireland
3354:Medieval Cistercian history
3025:"History of Waverley Abbey"
2571:
2112:
1915:three living and three dead
1813:is an important example of
1774:UNESCO World Heritage Sites
1516:Lilienfeld Cistercian Abbey
312:that branched off from the
10:
5869:
5530:Little Sisters of the Poor
5435:Basilian Chouerite Sisters
5389:Servants of Jesus and Mary
5336:Oblates of the Virgin Mary
5330:Oblates of Mary Immaculate
5301:Missionaries of La Salette
5271:Society of the Divine Word
5253:Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
5141:Christian Brothers (Irish)
4615:Lalor, Brian, ed. (2003).
4584:New York, Penguin, (1976)
4554:Erlande-Brandenburg, Alain
4412:Cambridge University Press
4175:Journal of Economic Growth
4063:"Early Cistercian writers"
3643:Erlande-Brandenburg, p 101
3005:Rein, Zisterzienserstift.
2533:, and associated with the
2490:
2254:, Abbot General, 1900â1920
2036:Barbegal aqueduct and mill
1579:
1448:
1442:
743:, La Ferté and Clairvaux.
565:Bishop of Chalon sur SaĂŽne
544:, working out a deal with
424:
405:, and became known as the
290:(Sacer) Ordo Cisterciensis
60:(Sacer) Ordo Cisterciensis
37:
29:
5795:
5769:Sisters of Social Service
5680:Sisters of the Holy Cross
5430:Basilian Aleppian Sisters
5410:
5265:Society of Mary (Marists)
5081:
5067:
4889:
4734:Toman, Rolf, ed. (2007).
4675:Richter, Michael (2005).
4645:Rendina, Claudio (2002).
4468:. Guadalupe Translations.
4464:Cawley, Martinus (1988).
4284:"Our Business Philosophy"
4187:10.1007/s10887-015-9123-2
3657:Erlande-Brandenburg, p 78
3631:Erlande-Brandenburg, p 50
3615:Erlande-Brandenburg, p 28
2608:Oxford English Dictionary
2239:Cistercian Abbot General
2168:and the popular preacher
1752:The Cistercian abbeys of
1730:
1129:daily; to sleep in their
683:High and Late Middle Ages
328:. They are also known as
187:
175:
163:
150:
140:
130:
108:
90:
82:
67:
56:
5853:Catholic monastic orders
5737:Sisters of Saint Francis
5664:Sisters of the Destitute
5546:Marianites of Holy Cross
5541:Lovers of the Holy Cross
5463:Daughters of Divine Love
5313:Missionaries of the Poor
5242:Little Brothers of Jesus
5153:Immaculate Heart of Mary
5043:Society of the Atonement
2593:
2548:Non-Catholic Cistercians
2280:Giovanni Maria Gabrielli
302:Catholic religious order
145:Catholic religious order
57:
27:Catholic religious order
5742:Sisters of Saint Joseph
5525:Little Sisters of Jesus
5277:Society of Saint Edmund
5008:Missionaries of Charity
4456:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
4443:Butler, Edward Cuthbert
4380:Oxford University Press
3966:King, David A. (2001).
3915:San Francisco Chronicle
3857:. Employees.oneonta.edu
3204:. Catholic Encyclopedia
3076:. Catholic Encyclopedia
2588:Monastic sign languages
2531:Marie Angélique Arnauld
2187:De laude novae militiae
1843:illuminated manuscripts
1587:Cistercian architecture
1582:Cistercian architecture
1417:, he was a stranger to
1336:conspiratio Mellifontis
1196:Cistercian architecture
900:In the spring of 1140,
725:Count Hugh of Champagne
384:Cistercian architecture
5817:Catholicism portal
5632:Servants of St. Joseph
5195:Discalced Augustinians
5177:Conventual Franciscans
5075:
4912:Augustinian Recollects
2506:
2468:
2263:
2255:
2244:
2175:Quantum praedecessores
2137:
2126:
2110:
2060:
2023:
1994:
1882:
1868:
1836:
1799:
1749:
1675:
1671:Plan of the church of
1619:
1610:Theological principles
1577:
1542:Protestant Reformation
1519:
1474:
1439:Protestant Reformation
1427:
1401:
1372:College of St. Bernard
1330:
1163:Chronicon Aulae Regiae
1066:
1043:
976:
887:St. Mary's Abbey, York
843:, with the support of
828:
789:
708:
596:
447:
414:
318:Rule of Saint Benedict
289:
235:
217:
59:
5675:Sisters of Holy Cross
5378:Sacred Heart Brothers
5348:Order of Friars Minor
5236:Legionaries of Christ
5073:
4819:Catholic Encyclopedia
3875:Lalor, p 1, 716, 1050
3482:31(2) (1998), 72â5 79
3480:Historical Metallurgy
2945:Gately, Iain (2009).
2747:Tobin, pp 29, 33, 36.
2669:Catholic Encyclopedia
2535:Jansenist controversy
2529:, reformed by Mother
2500:
2463:
2438:Mauro-Giuseppe Lepori
2416:Ferenc PolikĂĄrp Zakar
2261:
2250:
2238:
2220:Protestant work ethic
2189:was in favour of the
2132:
2120:
2096:
2065:hydraulic engineering
2058:
2028:Industrial Revolution
2018:Numbers written with
2017:
1981:
1873:
1859:
1790:
1738:
1708:Hildebert de Lavardin
1696:Saint-Jouin-de-Marnes
1670:
1630:, united elements of
1617:
1572:
1513:
1506:After the Reformation
1458:
1443:Further information:
1397:
1324:
1060:
1037:
966:
944:(1148), Kilbeggan in
822:
787:
773:, where they founded
695:
581:
559:and dedicated to the
437:
392:hydraulic engineering
388:medieval architecture
371:and the English monk
223:
208:
170:Mauro-Giuseppe Lepori
5189:De La Salle Brothers
4978:Discalced Carmelites
4834:3 March 2016 at the
4681:Gill & Macmillan
4594:A History of England
4532:Dykes, D.W. (1980).
4264:on 17 September 2009
4113:The Economic Journal
3269:on 17 September 2009
2728:www.encyclopedia.com
2554:Anglican Cistercians
2427:Maurus Esteva Alsina
2270:and others included
2142:Bernard of Clairvaux
2133:Cistercian monks in
1986:Bernard of Clairvaux
1831:baroque architecture
1792:Vaux-de-Cernay Abbey
1435:and 16th centuries.
1360:Stephen of Lexington
1255:Archbishop of Cashel
1104:began looking for a
1038:Cistercian abbey in
906:Archbishop of Armagh
617:, who followed the "
475:Rule of St. Benedict
322:Bernard of Clairvaux
282:Order of Cistercians
211:Bernard of Clairvaux
113:Bernard of Clairvaux
52:Order of Cistercians
5031:Servants of Charity
4924:Basilian Chouerites
4667:Richie, Alexandra,
4502:, (1993), Yale UP,
4481:. Dublin: O'Brien.
3938:, pp. 393â394.
3497:The Daily Telegraph
2808:Hollister, p 209â10
2578:Cistercian numerals
2503:Carcassonne, France
2455:monastic profession
2393:Edmondus Bernardini
2382:Franciscus Janssens
2292:Raimondo Giovannini
2185:Although Bernard's
2150:Peter the Venerable
2101:Gothic architecture
2020:Cistercian numerals
1991:Jörg Breu the Elder
1876:Peter I of Portugal
1747:World Heritage Site
1632:Norman architecture
1596:Gothic architecture
1493:, an outstation of
1479:English Reformation
1312:and Benedict XII's
1075:D. Afonso Henriques
1069:In 1153, the first
869:David I of Scotland
593:Diogo de Contreiras
444:Blessed Virgin Mary
438:An illumination of
215:historiated initial
177:Parent organization
53:
5643:Sisters of Charity
5224:Holy Ghost Fathers
5095:Albertine Brothers
5076:
5025:Premonstratensians
4918:Basilian Aleppians
4740:Tandem Verlag GmbH
4637:Logan, F. Donald,
4621:Gill and Macmillan
4125:10.1111/ecoj.12367
4119:(604): 1756â1793.
3855:"Bernard's letter"
3074:"Abbey of Melrose"
2662:Herbert Thurston.
2562:Amelungsborn Abbey
2515:Diocese of Langres
2507:
2436:82. 2010âcurrent:
2404:Mattheus Quatember
2343:Gregorio Bartolini
2264:
2256:
2245:
2138:
2127:
2061:
2024:
1995:
1883:
1800:
1750:
1676:
1673:Abbaye de Fontenay
1620:
1578:
1520:
1475:
1402:
1331:
1098:Order of Calatrava
1079:Alcobaça Monastery
1067:
1063:Alcobaça Monastery
1052:Kingdom of Hungary
1044:
977:
926:Inislounaght Abbey
849:Archbishop of York
829:
790:
751:Leopold the Strong
733:Abbey of Clairvaux
709:
653:Charter of Charity
643:Charter of Charity
607:Charter of Charity
597:
448:
369:Alberic of CĂźteaux
280:), officially the
236:
231:and wearing their
218:
125:Alberic of CĂźteaux
77:of the Cistercians
51:
44:Premonstratensians
5825:
5824:
5552:Maryknoll Sisters
5489:Filippini Sisters
5401:Xaverian Brothers
5060:Trinitarian Order
4766:978-1-900621-10-6
4749:978-3-8331-4676-3
4711:Rudolph, Conrad,
4704:Rudolph, Conrad,
4690:978-0-7171-3293-5
4660:978-1-931643-13-9
4630:978-0-7171-3000-9
4607:978-0-669-24457-1
4573:978-0-500-30052-7
4545:978-0-7200-0228-7
4524:978-1-84682-041-0
4488:978-0-86278-785-1
4421:978-0-521-17184-7
4396:Baury, Ghislain,
4385:Baury, Ghislain,
4084:978-1-107-00131-2
3451:Watt, pp. 187â188
3363:978-0-87907-043-4
3299:978-3-643-15497-2
3011:www.stift-rein.at
2964:978-1-592-40464-3
2933:Monks of the West
2473:Sparta, Wisconsin
2397:Santa Croce Abbey
2268:Robert de Molesme
2170:Henry of Lausanne
1989:, illustrated by
1956:Dukes of Burgundy
1948:Kings of Portugal
1811:Pelplin Cathedral
1704:Bishop of Le Mans
1550:French Revolution
1462:, confiscated by
1406:Pope Benedict XII
1399:Pope Benedict XII
1142:Abbey of Morimond
1086:Iberian Peninsula
1048:Kingdom of Poland
969:houses affiliated
749:In 1129 Margrave
574:Cistercian reform
549:Odo I of Burgundy
542:Dukes of Burgundy
526:Novum Monasterium
459:Robert of Molesme
365:Robert of Molesme
292:, abbreviated as
203:
202:
117:Robert of Molesme
16:(Redirected from
5860:
5843:Cistercian Order
5815:
5814:
5721:Sisters of Mercy
5424:Apostolic Carmel
4876:
4869:
4862:
4853:
4852:
4802:
4801:
4799:Official website
4753:
4718:Tobin, Stephen.
4694:
4664:
4652:
4634:
4611:
4577:
4549:
4528:
4492:
4480:
4469:
4460:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4425:
4362:
4361:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4329:
4323:
4308:Ghislain Baury,
4306:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4254:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4222:
4216:
4213:
4207:
4206:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4110:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4058:
4052:
4049:
4040:
4037:
4031:
4028:
4019:
4016:
4010:
4007:
4001:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3963:
3957:
3954:
3948:
3945:
3939:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3905:
3894:
3891:
3885:
3882:
3876:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3851:
3845:
3844:Dodwell, 211â214
3842:
3836:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3802:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3766:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3732:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3667:
3658:
3655:
3644:
3641:
3632:
3629:
3616:
3613:
3607:
3604:
3595:
3592:
3586:
3583:
3570:
3567:
3558:
3555:
3549:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3531:
3524:
3518:
3507:
3501:
3492:
3483:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3461:
3458:
3452:
3449:
3443:
3440:
3434:
3431:
3425:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3395:
3392:
3386:
3383:
3377:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3349:
3343:
3340:
3334:
3331:
3325:
3322:
3313:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3259:
3253:
3250:
3241:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3223:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3197:
3188:
3185:
3179:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3161:
3160:Clarke, pp 42â43
3158:
3152:
3149:
3143:
3142:Read, pp 117â118
3140:
3134:
3131:
3116:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3095:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3069:
3063:
3060:
3049:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3029:English Heritage
3021:
3015:
3014:
3002:
2996:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2952:
2942:
2936:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2869:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2831:
2825:
2824:Hollister, p 210
2822:
2809:
2806:
2800:
2799:Hollister, p 209
2797:
2788:
2787:Tobin, pp 37â38.
2785:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2659:
2640:
2634:
2621:
2618:
2612:
2604:
2353:Hohenfurth Abbey
2307:Vescelaso Vasini
2272:Gilbert le Grand
2108:
2050:numbering system
1921:royal head on a
1866:
1823:Abbatia Lubensis
1680:High Middle Ages
1430:
1352:Abbot of Stanley
1300:mendicant orders
1271:King of Connacht
1170:, abbots of the
1092:of the order in
1071:King of Portugal
1000:Savigniac houses
973:Abbey of Savigny
954:County Roscommon
946:County Westmeath
930:County Tipperary
891:Newminster Abbey
716:on 13 May 1113.
279:
278:
275:
274:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
250:
233:religious habits
199:
196:
194:
104:
102:
97:
72:
62:
54:
50:
21:
5868:
5867:
5863:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5858:
5857:
5828:
5827:
5826:
5821:
5809:
5791:
5715:Sisters of Life
5406:
5360:Pauline Fathers
5283:Marist Brothers
5077:
5065:
5049:TOR Franciscans
4893:
4891:
4885:
4880:
4836:Wayback Machine
4829:Carta Caritatis
4797:
4796:
4793:
4750:
4691:
4661:
4631:
4608:
4574:
4546:
4525:
4489:
4430:
4428:
4422:
4371:
4366:
4365:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4341:
4339:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4307:
4303:
4293:
4291:
4282:
4281:
4277:
4267:
4265:
4256:
4255:
4244:
4234:
4232:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4214:
4210:
4171:
4167:
4152:
4148:
4108:
4102:
4098:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4059:
4055:
4050:
4043:
4038:
4034:
4029:
4022:
4017:
4013:
4008:
4004:
4000:Woods, pp 34â35
3999:
3995:
3980:
3964:
3960:
3955:
3951:
3946:
3942:
3934:
3930:
3920:
3918:
3906:
3897:
3892:
3888:
3883:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3860:
3858:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3843:
3839:
3834:
3830:
3820:
3818:
3804:
3803:
3794:
3784:
3782:
3768:
3767:
3760:
3750:
3748:
3734:
3733:
3726:
3716:
3714:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3685:
3683:
3669:
3668:
3661:
3656:
3647:
3642:
3635:
3630:
3619:
3614:
3610:
3605:
3598:
3593:
3589:
3584:
3573:
3568:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3547:
3543:
3538:
3534:
3525:
3521:
3511:Earl of Rutland
3508:
3504:
3493:
3486:
3477:
3473:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3437:
3433:Rendina, p. 375
3432:
3428:
3424:Rendina, p. 376
3423:
3419:
3414:
3410:
3406:Richter, p. 155
3405:
3398:
3393:
3389:
3385:Watt, pp. 56â57
3384:
3380:
3375:
3371:
3364:
3350:
3346:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3323:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3300:
3286:
3282:
3272:
3270:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3251:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3207:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3079:
3077:
3070:
3066:
3062:Roderick, p 164
3061:
3052:
3048:Dykes, pp 76â78
3047:
3043:
3033:
3031:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2943:
2939:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2901:
2872:
2858:
2854:
2844:
2842:
2841:on 3 March 2016
2833:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2770:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2732:
2730:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2696:
2689:
2685:
2675:
2673:
2672:. NewAdvent.org
2660:
2643:
2635:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2574:
2550:
2511:Cistercian nuns
2495:
2493:Cistercian nuns
2489:
2487:Cistercian nuns
2453:At the time of
2451:
2442:Hauterive Abbey
2425:81. 1995â2010:
2414:80. 1985â1995:
2410:Sighard Kleiner
2408:79. 1953â1985:
2402:78. 1950â1953:
2391:77. 1936â1950:
2380:76. 1927â1936:
2369:75. 1920â1927:
2358:74. 1900â1920:
2349:Leopold WackarĆŸ
2347:73. 1891â1900:
2341:72. 1880â1890:
2337:Theobald Cesari
2335:71. 1856â1880:
2329:70. 1853â1856:
2323:69. 1850â1853:
2317:68. 1845â1850:
2311:67. 1830â1845:
2305:66. 1826â1830:
2296:64. 1820â1825:
2290:63. 1814â1820:
2241:Leopold WackarĆŸ
2233:
2228:
2215:
2191:Knights Templar
2146:Piers Paul Read
2115:
2109:
2107:
2081:central heating
1976:
1964:Kings of Aragon
1927:Corcomroe Abbey
1903:Saint Sebastian
1867:
1865:
1839:
1740:Fountains Abbey
1733:
1665:
1612:
1584:
1567:
1562:
1508:
1466:along with its
1453:
1447:
1441:
1327:Mellifont Abbey
1325:The now-ruined
1295:
1269:was founded by
1208:CĂąrÈa Monastery
1180:King of Bohemia
1090:military branch
1032:
1030:Later expansion
989:Pope Eugene III
985:Henry of France
942:County Limerick
938:Monasteranenagh
912:was founded in
910:Mellifont Abbey
883:Fountains Abbey
690:
688:Spread: 1111â52
685:
673:General Chapter
649:Carta caritatis
645:
602:Carta Caritatis
576:
520:means reeds in
487:Stephen Harding
440:Stephen Harding
432:
427:
403:La Trappe Abbey
373:Stephen Harding
324:, known as the
316:and follow the
247:
243:
191:
182:Catholic Church
178:
166:
155:
121:Stephen Harding
100:
98:
95:
86:OCist or SOCist
78:
63:
47:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5866:
5856:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5819:
5807:
5805:Catholic laity
5796:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5789:
5784:
5778:
5772:
5766:
5761:
5755:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5718:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5629:
5623:
5617:
5611:
5605:
5600:
5594:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5572:
5567:
5561:
5555:
5549:
5543:
5538:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5505:Hijas de JesĂșs
5502:
5497:
5492:
5486:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5454:
5448:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5421:
5414:
5412:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5404:
5398:
5392:
5386:
5380:
5375:
5369:
5363:
5357:
5351:
5345:
5339:
5333:
5327:
5322:
5316:
5310:
5304:
5298:
5292:
5286:
5280:
5274:
5268:
5262:
5256:
5250:
5244:
5239:
5233:
5227:
5221:
5215:
5210:
5204:
5198:
5192:
5186:
5180:
5174:
5168:
5162:
5156:
5150:
5144:
5138:
5132:
5127:
5121:
5115:
5109:
5103:
5097:
5092:
5089:Adorno Fathers
5085:
5083:
5079:
5078:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5057:
5051:
5046:
5040:
5034:
5028:
5022:
5017:
5011:
5005:
4999:
4993:
4987:
4981:
4975:
4969:
4963:
4957:
4951:
4945:
4939:
4933:
4927:
4921:
4915:
4909:
4906:Assumptionists
4903:
4897:
4895:
4887:
4886:
4879:
4878:
4871:
4864:
4856:
4850:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4826:
4821:
4812:
4803:
4792:
4791:External links
4789:
4788:
4787:
4769:
4754:
4748:
4731:
4716:
4709:
4702:
4695:
4689:
4672:
4665:
4659:
4642:
4635:
4629:
4612:
4606:
4600:: D.C. Heath.
4592:. Volume I of
4585:
4580:Gimpel, Jean,
4578:
4572:
4550:
4544:
4529:
4523:
4510:
4493:
4487:
4470:
4461:
4451:Chisholm, Hugh
4426:
4420:
4403:
4394:
4383:
4370:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4349:
4324:
4301:
4290:on 31 May 2009
4275:
4242:
4217:
4208:
4181:(2): 189â224.
4165:
4146:
4096:
4083:
4053:
4041:
4032:
4020:
4011:
4002:
3993:
3978:
3958:
3949:
3940:
3928:
3895:
3886:
3877:
3868:
3846:
3837:
3828:
3792:
3758:
3724:
3693:
3659:
3645:
3633:
3617:
3608:
3596:
3594:Lalor, p 1, 38
3587:
3571:
3559:
3550:
3541:
3532:
3519:
3502:
3484:
3471:
3462:
3453:
3444:
3435:
3426:
3417:
3408:
3396:
3387:
3378:
3369:
3362:
3344:
3335:
3326:
3324:Richter, p 154
3314:
3305:
3298:
3280:
3254:
3242:
3233:
3224:
3222:Watt, pp 49â50
3215:
3189:
3180:
3171:
3162:
3153:
3144:
3135:
3117:
3115:Watt, pp 17â18
3108:
3096:
3087:
3064:
3050:
3041:
3016:
2997:
2988:
2986:Read, p 93, 95
2979:
2970:
2963:
2937:
2916:
2907:
2905:, p. 394.
2870:
2852:
2826:
2810:
2801:
2789:
2780:
2758:
2756:Read, pp 94â95
2749:
2740:
2715:
2706:
2683:
2641:
2639:, p. 393.
2622:
2613:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2573:
2570:
2549:
2546:
2491:Main article:
2488:
2485:
2459:vow of silence
2450:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2434:
2423:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2389:
2378:
2367:
2360:Amadeus de Bie
2356:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2331:Angelo Geniani
2327:
2321:
2319:Livio Fabretti
2315:
2313:Sixtus Benigni
2309:
2303:
2300:
2294:
2252:Amadeus de Bie
2232:
2231:Abbots General
2229:
2227:
2224:
2214:
2211:
2180:Second Crusade
2114:
2111:
2105:
1975:
1972:
1887:wall paintings
1863:
1855:Romanesque art
1838:
1835:
1732:
1729:
1692:Himmerod Abbey
1664:
1661:
1611:
1608:
1580:Main article:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1507:
1504:
1495:Rievaulx Abbey
1460:Rievaulx Abbey
1440:
1437:
1294:
1291:
1259:Rock of Cashel
1251:Welsh-speaking
1247:Whitland Abbey
1219:Dunbrody Abbey
1213:Following the
1174:abbey (Latin:
1108:to defend the
1106:military order
1031:
1028:
1012:Jervaulx Abbey
995:outside Rome.
934:County Wicklow
837:Rievaulx Abbey
802:Strata Florida
702:Central Europe
689:
686:
684:
681:
665:Abbot of Cluny
644:
641:
584:Saint Benedict
575:
572:
516:"Cistercium".
504:just south of
495:Vallombrosians
431:
428:
426:
423:
201:
200:
189:
185:
184:
179:
176:
173:
172:
167:
164:
161:
160:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
110:
106:
105:
92:
88:
87:
84:
80:
79:
73:
65:
64:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5865:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5835:
5833:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5797:
5794:
5788:
5787:White Sisters
5785:
5782:
5779:
5776:
5773:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5759:
5756:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5722:
5719:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5633:
5630:
5627:
5624:
5621:
5618:
5615:
5612:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5598:
5595:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5565:
5562:
5559:
5556:
5553:
5550:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5490:
5487:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5458:
5455:
5452:
5449:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5425:
5422:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5409:
5402:
5399:
5396:
5393:
5390:
5387:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5373:
5370:
5367:
5366:Redemptorists
5364:
5361:
5358:
5355:
5352:
5349:
5346:
5343:
5340:
5337:
5334:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5320:
5317:
5314:
5311:
5308:
5305:
5302:
5299:
5296:
5293:
5290:
5287:
5284:
5281:
5278:
5275:
5272:
5269:
5266:
5263:
5260:
5257:
5254:
5251:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5237:
5234:
5231:
5228:
5225:
5222:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5208:
5205:
5202:
5199:
5196:
5193:
5190:
5187:
5184:
5181:
5178:
5175:
5172:
5169:
5166:
5163:
5160:
5157:
5154:
5151:
5148:
5145:
5142:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5125:
5122:
5119:
5116:
5113:
5110:
5107:
5104:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5080:
5072:
5061:
5058:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5044:
5041:
5038:
5037:Servite Order
5035:
5032:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5015:
5012:
5009:
5006:
5003:
5000:
4997:
4994:
4991:
4988:
4985:
4982:
4979:
4976:
4973:
4970:
4967:
4964:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4952:
4949:
4946:
4943:
4940:
4937:
4934:
4931:
4928:
4925:
4922:
4919:
4916:
4913:
4910:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4888:
4884:
4877:
4872:
4870:
4865:
4863:
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4772:Woods, Thomas
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4505:
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4494:
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4438:public domain
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3566:
3564:
3554:
3545:
3539:Toman, pp 8â9
3536:
3529:
3523:
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3499:
3498:
3491:
3489:
3481:
3475:
3466:
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3430:
3421:
3415:Richie, p. 21
3412:
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2983:
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2925:F. A. Gasquet
2920:
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2817:
2815:
2805:
2796:
2794:
2784:
2777:
2776:public domain
2767:
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2449:Monastic life
2443:
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2298:Sisto Benigni
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2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
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2171:
2167:
2166:Peter Abelard
2163:
2162:Song of Songs
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2131:
2124:
2123:Abbey of Acey
2119:
2104:
2102:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2088:metallurgists
2084:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2003:
2001:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1980:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1938:and walls of
1937:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1899:Abbeyknockmoy
1896:
1892:
1891:Tintern Abbey
1888:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1862:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1847:Tree of Jesse
1844:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1819:WÄ
chock Abbey
1816:
1812:
1807:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1768:in Spain and
1767:
1764:in Portugal,
1763:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1728:
1726:
1725:Schönau Abbey
1722:
1717:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1684:
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1674:
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1525:
1517:
1512:
1503:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1469:
1468:blast furnace
1465:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1446:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1381:Heiligengrabe
1376:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1345:
1344:multa enormia
1341:
1337:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1303:
1301:
1290:
1288:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1267:County Galway
1264:
1263:Abbeyknockmoy
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1204:Igris (Egres)
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
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1177:
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1169:
1165:
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1159:
1155:
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1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1127:Pater Nosters
1124:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1096:in 1157: the
1095:
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1087:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1036:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1008:Furness Abbey
1005:
1001:
996:
994:
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986:
982:
974:
970:
965:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
918:Bective Abbey
915:
911:
907:
903:
902:Saint Malachy
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
878:
874:
873:Revesby Abbey
870:
866:
865:Roxburghshire
863:. Located in
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
826:
825:Melrose Abbey
823:The ruins of
821:
817:
815:
814:Celtic saints
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
794:Tintern Abbey
786:
782:
778:
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772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
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637:
633:
629:
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622:
620:
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612:
608:
604:
603:
594:
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589:
588:Saint Bernard
585:
580:
571:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
547:
543:
537:
535:
534:Pope Urban II
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
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463:Molesme Abbey
460:
456:
453:
445:
441:
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416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
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374:
370:
366:
362:
361:CĂźteaux Abbey
358:
354:
350:
347:derives from
346:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
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216:
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186:
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174:
171:
168:
165:Abbot General
162:
158:
153:
149:
146:
143:
139:
136:
135:CĂźteaux Abbey
133:
129:
126:
122:
118:
114:
111:
107:
93:
89:
85:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
55:
49:
45:
41:
34:
19:
5801:Third orders
5289:Mechitarists
5100:Augustinians
5002:Mercedarians
4959:
4936:Bridgettines
4930:Benedictines
4807:
4775:
4757:
4756:Watt, John,
4735:
4719:
4712:
4705:
4698:
4676:
4668:
4648:
4638:
4616:
4593:
4589:
4581:
4564:New Horizons
4558:
4534:
4514:
4499:
4476:
4465:
4454:
4407:
4397:
4390:
4375:
4352:
4340:. Retrieved
4336:
4327:
4317:
4313:
4304:
4292:. Retrieved
4288:the original
4278:
4266:. Retrieved
4262:the original
4233:. Retrieved
4229:
4220:
4211:
4178:
4174:
4168:
4159:
4149:
4116:
4112:
4099:
4088:, retrieved
4066:
4056:
4051:Read, p. 180
4039:Read, p. 119
4035:
4014:
4005:
3996:
3967:
3961:
3952:
3943:
3931:
3919:. Retrieved
3913:
3889:
3884:Lalor, p 236
3880:
3871:
3859:. Retrieved
3849:
3840:
3835:Toman, p 289
3831:
3819:. Retrieved
3809:
3783:. Retrieved
3773:
3749:. Retrieved
3739:
3715:. Retrieved
3705:
3696:
3684:. Retrieved
3674:
3611:
3590:
3553:
3544:
3535:
3527:
3522:
3514:
3505:
3495:
3479:
3474:
3465:
3460:Watt, p. 188
3456:
3447:
3438:
3429:
3420:
3411:
3390:
3381:
3372:
3353:
3347:
3338:
3329:
3312:Lalor, p 200
3308:
3289:
3283:
3271:. Retrieved
3267:the original
3257:
3236:
3227:
3218:
3206:. Retrieved
3183:
3174:
3169:Logan, p 139
3165:
3156:
3151:Read, p. 117
3147:
3138:
3111:
3090:
3078:. Retrieved
3067:
3044:
3032:. Retrieved
3028:
3019:
3010:
3000:
2991:
2982:
2977:Tobin, pp 46
2973:
2948:
2940:
2932:
2928:
2919:
2910:
2865:Patrol. Lat.
2863:
2855:
2843:. Retrieved
2839:the original
2835:"Latin text"
2829:
2804:
2783:
2761:
2752:
2743:
2731:. Retrieved
2727:
2718:
2709:
2697:. Retrieved
2686:
2674:. Retrieved
2667:
2616:
2606:
2602:
2566:Loccum Abbey
2559:
2551:
2542:Trappistines
2539:
2508:
2469:
2464:
2452:
2371:Cassian Haid
2364:Bornem Abbey
2325:Tomaso Mossi
2282:, O. Cist.,
2265:
2216:
2203:nova militia
2202:
2186:
2184:
2173:
2139:
2097:
2085:
2062:
2043:
2025:
2008:lay brothers
2004:
1996:
1984:Life of St.
1983:
1944:
1884:
1860:
1840:
1815:Brick Gothic
1808:
1801:
1782:
1778:
1760:in England,
1751:
1716:Byland Abbey
1712:
1685:
1677:
1641:
1637:Georges Duby
1621:
1585:
1565:Architecture
1554:
1539:
1532:
1521:
1514:View of the
1476:
1433:
1428:reformatores
1423:
1410:Melchizedech
1403:
1389:Chorin Abbey
1377:
1349:
1343:
1335:
1332:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1296:
1283:
1279:
1237:, Abington,
1235:Duiske Abbey
1231:Comber Abbey
1212:
1200:Alt-neu Shul
1188:Wenceslas II
1175:
1161:
1147:
1139:
1135:fleurdelisée
1134:
1083:
1068:
1045:
1040:BĂ©lapĂĄtfalva
1024:
997:
983:'s brother,
978:
957:
922:County Meath
914:County Louth
899:
881:
877:Lincolnshire
841:Walter Espec
830:
810:Valle Crucis
791:
779:
763:Ebrach Abbey
748:
745:
718:
710:
669:
663:, where the
652:
648:
646:
631:
627:Clos Vougeot
625:
623:
606:
600:
598:
582:
569:
538:
525:
517:
513:
499:
449:
418:
396:
377:
348:
344:
342:
333:
329:
314:Benedictines
297:
293:
281:
239:
237:
151:Headquarters
83:Abbreviation
75:Coat of arms
48:
5848:Monasticism
5838:Cistercians
5608:Poor Clares
5354:Passionists
5213:Gabrielites
4990:Franciscans
4960:Cistercians
4954:Carthusians
4447:Cistercians
4235:17 December
4030:Read, p. 96
3956:Woods, p 33
3936:Butler 1911
3893:Doran, p 48
3569:Toman, p 10
3557:Toman, p 14
3469:Woods, p 37
3442:Watt, p 187
3394:Watt, p. 59
3376:Watt, p. 56
3342:Watt, p. 55
3333:Watt, p. 53
3252:Doran, p 53
3240:Watt, p 115
3187:Toman, p 98
3178:Read, p 126
3133:Read, p 118
3094:Watt, p. 20
2995:Read, p. 95
2903:Butler 1911
2868:clxvi. 1377
2733:21 November
2637:Butler 1911
2386:Achel Abbey
2226:Present day
2213:City growth
2045:Connections
2032:James Burke
2000:Middle Ages
1907:Crucifixion
1857:is famous:
1756:in France,
1721:rose window
1628:Saint-Denis
1624:Abbot Suger
1600:Renaissance
1477:During the
1309:Parvus fons
1287:Black Monks
1118:Reconquista
1102:Alfonso VII
950:Boyle Abbey
948:(1150) and
895:Meaux Abbey
893:(1137) and
706:Middle Ages
704:during the
591:(1542), by
561:Virgin Mary
557:consecrated
491:Camaldolese
481:, a former
452:Benedictine
450:In 1098, a
349:Cistercium,
334:White Monks
330:Bernardines
240:Cistercians
5832:Categories
5799:See also:
5440:Brigidines
5230:Josephites
5218:Holy Cross
5179:(OFM Conv)
5165:Claretians
5124:Camillians
5106:Barnabites
4984:Dominicans
4948:Carmelites
4942:Canossians
4369:References
4337:Britannica
4268:18 January
4160:Mpra Paper
3861:18 January
3816:unesco.org
3780:unesco.org
3746:unesco.org
3712:unesco.org
3681:unesco.org
3585:Lalor, p 1
3548:Toman, p 9
3273:18 January
3231:Watt, p 50
3208:18 January
3106:Watt, p 21
3080:18 January
2935:, ed. 1895
2914:Watt, p 52
2845:18 January
2713:Read, p 94
2695:. OCist.Hu
2527:Port-Royal
2477:dog treats
2420:Zirc Abbey
2077:waterwheel
2026:Until the
1919:sculptured
1895:presbytery
1851:Crucifixes
1649:presbytery
1592:Romanesque
1483:Henry VIII
1464:Henry VIII
1449:See also:
1227:Grey Abbey
1223:Inch Abbey
1192:Gothic art
1176:Aula Regia
1154:KutnĂĄ Hora
1061:The royal
1004:Eugene III
775:Rein Abbey
522:Old French
430:Foundation
345:Cistercian
326:Latin Rule
225:Vietnamese
131:Founded at
40:Carmelites
18:Cistercian
5781:Ursulines
5483:Felicians
5383:Salesians
5137:(OFM Cap)
5135:Capuchins
5112:Basilians
5054:Trappists
4445:(1911). "
4230:GCatholic
4195:1381-4338
4141:153784078
4133:1468-0297
2693:"History"
2284:Richelieu
2158:Free will
2125:in France
2092:Champagne
1770:Maulbronn
1758:Fountains
1653:transepts
1560:Influence
1546:Joseph II
1535:Richelieu
1528:Trappists
1415:John XXII
1356:Wiltshire
1239:Abbeylara
1158:PĆemyslid
1110:Calatrava
1042:, Hungary
1020:Oxmantown
981:Louis VII
971:with the
833:Yorkshire
712:SaĂŽne in
657:monachism
553:Meursault
502:marshland
421:(OCist).
407:Trappists
343:The term
300:), are a
91:Formation
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2113:Theology
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1962:for the
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1936:retables
1932:Alcobaça
1913:and the
1880:Alcobaça
1864:â
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1762:Alcobaça
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1645:cloister
1419:nepotism
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924:(1147),
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845:Thurstan
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737:Pontigny
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467:Burgundy
380:Benedict
359:founded
229:cloister
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1942:tiles.
1940:azulejo
1923:capital
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1198:is the
1094:Castile
857:Melrose
767:Bavaria
759:Austria
721:Bernard
698:Western
677:CĂźteaux
619:angelic
615:hermits
510:CĂźteaux
508:called
479:Alberic
471:Cluniac
461:, left
425:History
357:Molesme
188:Website
159:, Italy
109:Founder
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729:Troyes
611:tunics
514:Latin:
483:hermit
298:SOCist
195:.ocist
123:, and
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4199:S2CID
4137:S2CID
4109:(PDF)
2860:Migne
2594:Notes
2207:Islam
2154:Grace
2040:Arles
2038:near
1500:Henry
1368:Paris
1152:near
806:Conwy
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636:serfs
506:Dijon
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411:Latin
353:Dijon
306:monks
294:OCist
286:Latin
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5303:(MS)
5267:(SM)
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4890:Male
4780:ISBN
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4344:2023
4296:2009
4270:2010
4237:2021
4191:ISSN
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4079:ISBN
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3974:ISBN
3923:2009
3863:2010
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