237:
1705:. However, slanted é may rarely be heard regionally. Slanted ó is still present, but may sporadically with o on occasion due to Slovak influence. Slanted á has generally merged with o, but can rarely be heard regionally. o resulting from old slanted á does not undergo labialization. Due to Slovak influence, this o may also be replaced by a, especially in morphological endings due to analogy.
2861:
2151:
od XVIII w. 'mieszkaniec gór', dial. też gorał (gorol) 'ts.'. Por. cz. horal 'ts.', sic. hora/ 'ts.'. Od góry mn (zob. góra), z przyr. -al (co do budowy por. np. brzydal). Do języka liter, przejęte z gwar płd. (może z gwary podhalańskiej), gdzie prawdopodobnie jest zapożyczeniem ze słowackiego bądź z
1635:
Northern Slovak dialects have deeply influenced Goral dialects, but the direction of influence is one-way, as Goral has not affected Slovak dialects. This effect has become stronger in recent years, with many Goral dialects borrowing even more from Slovak. Soft labials and soft velars depalatalize in
1717:
A decomposition or denasalisation of nasal vowels. Decomposition usually occurs when a nasal is before a consonant. Word-final -ę denasalises, and word-final -ą decomposes to -om. Regionally, total denasalisation in all positions occurs. The resulting denasalised vowel can have either a more Polish
1732:
The alternation of g||ch, common in Polish, is only marginally present here, and often ch weakens to h, as does g. Final -ch usually strengthens to -k or regionally -f, especially in morphological endings. This change happens less frequently in stems, and some dialects restore original -ch due to
1626:
explaining the many similarities in lexicon and partially phonology. This promoted settlement from the 13th to 17th century by Lesser Polish peasants, Germans and notably for the region migrating Vlachs (Rusyns and
Slovaks) motivated by the lack of serfdom (similarly to Ukraine). The mix of these
321:
Due to their isolation, Goral dialects have many influences from Slovak, diverging significantly from the Polish literary standard and other dialects. The resulting system is also quite resilient to effects from
Standard Polish, showing a more stable, unique system when compared to other Polish
1546:
distinguishing masculine personal, masculine animal, and masculine inanimate nouns is also levelled, whereby the plurals of masculine personal nouns are replaced with the plurals of masculine animal nouns, but the masculine virile plural forms of past tense verbs replace non-virile forms:
2010:
usually consider themselves more
Silesian and are more likely to call it Silesian. The Łącko and northern Piwniczna dialects have been under very heavy Lach influence, with some even claiming that there are only a few traits of Goral left in the dialects.
1621:
and later Poland in the Middle Ages but was at the time very sparsely populated, with the possible exceptions of the
Dunajec and Poprad valleys where the locals spoke a Lechitic dialect related to the Muszyna dialect and similar to
1739:
The preservation of the so-called
Podhale archaism: after etymological cz, ż, sz (now c, z, s) as well as after etymological cy, zy, sy, i is retained, which is the original pronunciation, and i is also preserved after
851:
There is a tendency to reduce the number of phonemes in the phonological system of Goral, usually by raised the historic slanted vowels, by merging certain consonants, and by simplifying many consonant clusters.
2230:
1736:
A fricative pronunciation of rz as /r̝/ can be heard regionally here. Elsewhere, it either merges with ż, sz, as in Polish (but notably does not undergo masuration), or hardens to r as in Slovak.
2006:
The dialects spoken by
Silesian Gorals are considered closer Silesian but are referred to as Goral by Silesian Gorals in Poland, due to them feeling more Goral than Silesian. Silesian Gorals in
1016:
Preserved in most dialects, but merges with /ɔ/ in Liptov, Horelica na
Kysuciach, and the Stará Ľubovňa District, with /u/ in Babia Góra or replaces Polish nasals in the Pogórze Goral dialects
2178:
1501:
in some regions, but often -m is preferred by the younger generation. Most dialects form the first person present/future plural of verbs with -me, also the result of Slovak influence.
1669:
Also as in Polish, an ablaut of the Proto-Slavic front vowels *ě, e, ę 'a ʼo ʼǫ and depalitalisation of the syllabic sonorants *r̥', ľ̥ to r̥, l̥ before t, d, n, r, ł, (l), s, z:
1603:
2450:
2809:
1933:
1948:
1992:
1938:
1666:. This feature is one of the defining sound changes evincing the Lechitic origin of Goral, and not Slovak. A few Slovak forms are present via borrowing.
1953:
998:
Preserved in most dialects, but may merge in Liptov, Pohorelá, Horelica na
Kysuciach, and the Stará Ľubovňa District, where it approaches phonetically
1943:
2186:
1997:
1987:
271:. Its vocabulary was significantly influenced by many languages like Slovak, Rusyn, Hungarian, Romanian and German, being common vocabulary of the
2862:"Gwara podhalańska jako tworzywo literackie : próba charakterystyki na przykładzie twórczości Jana Gutta-Mostowego i Anieli Gut-Stapińskiej"
108:
1471:
The first person present/future singular of verbs is most commonly formed across the whole region with -m as a result of Slovak influence:
2850:
2141:
334:
Goral orthography is fairly unstandardized and may vary significantly dialect-to-dialect, most notably in the writing of the
1908:
In most dialects, é is as y or e word-finally and á is often written as o. Labialization of ô is often not written as well.
2837:
2378:
1407:
1391:
1383:
1295:
1281:
1217:
2427:
1660:
As in Polish and Polish dialects, Proto-Slavic *TorT, TolT developed into TroT, TloT (as opposed to Slovak TraT, TlaT):
2458:
2817:
2764:
2739:
2214:
1339:
1325:
1251:
1366:
1274:
923:
2790:
2201:
947:
1288:
1210:
901:
1504:
Many dialects, namely Kysuce, Spisz, and parts of Orawa, level both mobile-e declensions as well as ablaut:
1318:
972:
933:
956:
894:
264:
175:
2092:
Unrecognised languages of Poland? The case of nonstandard dialects struggling to protect their identity
1733:
Slovak influence. As a result of Slovak influence, the phoneme h may contrast with ch in some dialects.
1607:
1400:
1332:
1244:
1203:
1135:
1128:
2759:. Warszawa: Towarzystwo Naukowe Warszawskie. Instytut Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk. p. 121.
1678:
Many vowel alternations are levelled due to morphological analogy as well as Polish-Slovak influence:
1571:. A similar process of levelling occurs in eastern Slovak dialects, as well as most Polish dialects.
1302:
1066:
69:
2886:
1598:
Goral has a rich literary tradition reaching back to the 19th century with notable authors such as
908:
1623:
1237:
1169:
1162:
1146:
980:
145:
1456:
often becomes /ʂ/ (after voiceless consonants) or /ʐ/ (after voiced consonants) in many dialects
150:
1617:
The history of Goral stretches back to the XIII century. The area was initially fully part of
1376:
1357:
1096:
1089:
276:
160:
1599:
1180:
1105:
272:
73:
8:
1468:
There is a strong tendency to level the multiple inherited declension patterns in Goral.
1261:
1188:
1060:
1431:
Typically merged with /t͡s d͡z s z/ due
Masuration, or is the result from a loss of /r̝/
1055:
260:
165:
1982:
1543:
2846:
2760:
2755:
Zbigniew Greń (2000). "Zależności między typami poczucia regionalnego i etnicznego".
2735:
2210:
2137:
2090:
1311:
1228:
1155:
1071:
284:
280:
2209:(in Polish). Nowy Targ: Podhalańska Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa w Nowym Targu.
1962:
335:
2701:
1050:
1045:
155:
1726:
1627:
languages and a unique history compared to the rest of Poland gave rise to Goral.
860:
A few vowel systems may occur throughout Goral, with one being the most dominant.
86:
82:
1972:
1349:
1083:
1076:
916:
701:
348:
323:
170:
137:
294:
was first used in reference to the ethnolect by Pavol Jozef Šafárik in his book
941:
204:
2386:
2106:
2880:
2435:
1977:
1967:
1267:
1194:
1121:
876:
2734:(in Polish). Translated by Maria Matejowa Torbiarz. Pallottinum. 2002–2005.
2869:
Językoznawstwo : Współczesne badania, problemy i analizy językoznawcze
211:
1483:). These forms can also be reinforced via levelling of paradigms such as
888:
871:
236:
2266:
2264:
2007:
1722:
964:
881:
748:
467:
2845:(in Slovak). Preszów: Vydavateľstvo Prešovskej univerzity v Prešove.
2179:"Gwara góralska niejedno ma imię. Najlepiej zachowała się na Podhalu"
1879:
1618:
256:
224:
2657:
2633:
2609:
2585:
2573:
2561:
2537:
2513:
2465:
2349:
2347:
2332:
2322:
2320:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2276:
2261:
2071:
2030:
Atlas rozmanitosti
Slovenska: Gorali a Rusíni na Strednom Slovensku
1729:
and even hardening ś ź ć to s z c is also present in some dialects.
78:
54:
2041:
2039:
2525:
2501:
2489:
2477:
2408:
2344:
2317:
2305:
2288:
2249:
2231:"Nasza Pisownia Podhalańka – Zwięzłe Przedstawienie Zasad Zapisu"
1115:
98:
94:
90:
2158:
2113:
2051:
1750:
A common vocabulary different from other Lesser Polish dialects.
2072:"Góralski i śląski - mikrojęzyki literackie in statu nascendi?"
2036:
1744:
268:
118:
65:
1699:
A raising of old slanted é to y, even after soft consonants:
1495:
without the g||z alternation are also present. Forms such as
1789:
Niek sié spełniyło Twôja wólo na ziymi, tak jakô i w niebié;
1489:, however, this is not a uniform process, and forms such as
2359:
2681:
2152:
czeskiego. — Od tego góralka; góralski -> góralszczyzna
2136:(in Polish). Kraków: Wydawnictwo literackie. p. 175.
2839:
Goralské nárečia z pohľadu súčasnej slovenskej jazykovedy
2621:
2597:
2549:
2203:
Edukacja regionalna na Podtatrzu : Ścieżki i manowce
1614:, a news site written in Goral and about Goral affairs.
1611:
326:; however, this is only one of the many Goral dialects.
240:
A map based on isoglosses within the Goral dialect group
2669:
2645:
2000:(not to be confused with the Slovakian Liptov dialect)
2028:
Ravasz, Ábel; Kovács, Ľuboš; Zamišková, Anna (2023).
2027:
839:
used after sibilants to show a lack of palatalization
2076:
Slavic Literary Microlanguages and Language Contacts
2070:
Artur Czesak (2006). A. Dulichenko; J. Dunn (eds.).
1656:
Many features indicate a Lechitic origin for Goral:
2835:
2663:
2639:
2615:
2591:
2579:
2567:
2543:
2531:
2519:
2507:
2495:
2483:
2471:
2414:
2353:
2338:
2326:
2311:
2299:
2282:
2270:
2255:
2237:. Gwara Góralsko Skolnego Podholo. January 18, 2017
2164:
2119:
2057:
2045:
1007:
Preserved in Pohorelá, otherwise merges with y or i
2878:
2706:Rocznik Naukowo-Dydaktyczny. Prace Językoznawcze
2704:[The Goral-Lach dialectal borderlands].
1574:In southern Spiš, many feminine nouns ending in
1447:May be hardened towards due to Slovak influence
298:, and the term derives from the Slavic word for
1795:tak jakô my darujemy tym, cô nom przewiniyli;
1718:or Slovak realisation depending on the region.
314:) and the noun-forming suffix denoting people
2754:
2199:
1902:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
2176:
2069:
1886:as we forgive those who trespass against us.
1841:
1822:Chleba naszego powszedniego daj nam dzisiaj.
1810:
1781:
1709:
1700:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1670:
1661:
1643:
1637:
1585:
1579:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
793:
746:
699:
584:
465:
346:
309:
303:
38:
32:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
2399:
2107:"Gorali z Hladovky a Suchej Hory - Gorali"
1418:
2807:
2448:
1849:buď vôľa tvoja ako v nebi, tak i na zemi.
1791:Chlyba nasegô posedniygô dej nom dzisiok;
1531:The comparative is generally formed with
2859:
2732:Nowy Testament : Biblia Tysiąclecia
2702:"Pogranicze gwarowe Góralsko-Lachowskie"
2687:
2675:
2651:
2627:
2603:
2555:
2451:"Gwara, ciekawostki gwarowe w regionach"
2365:
2095:(in Polish). Polish Academy of Sciences.
1826:jako i my odpuszczamy naszym winowajcom.
1434:
235:
1636:some villages due to Slovak influence:
2879:
2810:"Gwara Górali Sądeckich (gwara łącka)"
2757:Śląsk Cieszyński. Dziedzictwo językowe
2434:(in Polish). 1999–2024. Archived from
2134:Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego
2088:
2021:
1725:is present, except in a few dialects.
1593:
1450:
53:
2699:
2402:Uwagi o pochodzeniu gwary muszyńskiej
2131:
1743:The preservation of the first person
322:dialects. It is often equated to the
2871:(in Polish). Muzeum Historii Polski.
1855:ako aj my odpúšťame svojim vinníkom,
1797:I nié dej, côby my sié dali pôkusie,
1721:As in other Lesser Poland dialects,
1630:
275:region. Some consider Goral to be a
130:50,307 in Slovakia (2023 study)
2836:Dudášová-Kriššáková, Júlia (2016).
2788:4:00: „ miyndzy nami gorolami ” w:
1025:Now rare, generally merged with /ɔ/
13:
1926:Carpathian-Podgórze Goral dialects
1851:Chlieb náš každodenný daj nám dnes
1708:Frequent labialization of o to ô:
1651:
1553:. Similarly, the feminine form of
27:Highlander Polish, Highland Polish
14:
2898:
2385:(in Polish). 2011. Archived from
1812:Ojcze nasz, któryś jest w niebie,
1406:
1399:
1390:
1382:
1365:
1356:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1179:
1168:
1161:
1145:
1134:
1127:
1104:
1095:
1088:
1019:
1010:
1001:
992:
979:
971:
955:
946:
932:
922:
907:
900:
893:
833:
1888:And lead us not into temptation,
1843:Otče náš, ktorý si na nebesiach,
329:
263:group, more specifically of the
2828:
2801:
2782:
2773:
2748:
2724:
2693:
2442:
2420:
2393:
2371:
2223:
2193:
2170:
1787:Niek przýdzié Twôjé królôwanié;
1544:complex gender system of Polish
2125:
2099:
2082:
2063:
1884:and forgive us our trespasses,
1681:niese, niesym; niesies; niesie
1:
2379:"Podhalańskie "słowo pisane""
2014:
1876:on earth, as it is in heaven.
1868:Our Father who art in heaven,
1828:I nie wódź nas na pokuszenie,
1820:jako w niebie tak i na ziemi.
1610:. Other sites exist, such as
1032:
2177:Artur Białek (12 May 2024).
1785:niek sié świynci imié Twôjé;
1578:are extended with mobile e:
846:
795:Phonetic realizations in IPA
586:Phonetic realizations in IPA
7:
2816:(in Polish). Archived from
2457:(in Polish). Archived from
2400:Bednarczuk, Leszek (2001).
2200:Anna Mlekodaj, ed. (2004).
2185:(in Polish). Archived from
1920:Dialects of Goral include:
1915:
1793:I ôdpuść nom nase przewiny,
1783:Ôjce nas, côś jes w niebié;
265:Lesser Poland dialect group
10:
2903:
2860:Makowska, Justyna (2012).
1857:a neuveď nás do pokušenia,
1757:
1608:Kazimierz Przerwa Tetmajer
1463:
1890:but deliver us from evil.
1859:ale zbav nás zlého. Amen.
1550:hlopi robili, baby robili
1375:
1348:
1260:
1187:
1114:
1082:
1042:
855:
222:
217:
201:
134:
124:
114:
104:
70:Lesser Poland Voivodeship
61:
55:[ˈɡorɔlskɔˈɡvara]
46:
31:
26:
21:
2791:"Soužití Čechů a Poláků"
2664:Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016
2640:Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016
2616:Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016
2592:Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016
2580:Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016
2568:Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016
2544:Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016
2532:Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016
2520:Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016
2508:Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016
2496:Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016
2484:Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016
2472:Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016
2415:Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016
2354:Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016
2339:Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016
2327:Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016
2312:Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016
2300:Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016
2283:Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016
2271:Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016
2256:Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016
2165:Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016
2120:Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016
2058:Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016
2046:Dudášová-Kriššáková 2016
2032:(in Slovak). p. 27.
1824:I odpuść nam nasze winy,
1816:przyjdź królestwo Twoje,
1799:ba nos uchowoj ôde złegô
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
2797:(in Czech). 2010-04-30.
2700:Wajda, Ludwika (1976).
2132:Boryś, Wiesław (2008).
2089:Mętrak, Maciej (2017).
1853:a odpusť nám naše viny,
1687:niosę; niesiesz; niesie
296:Slowanské starožitnosti
283:and to a lesser extent
1847:príď kráľovstvo tvoje,
1842:
1830:ale nas zbaw od złego.
1811:
1782:
1710:
1701:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1671:
1662:
1644:
1638:
1604:Andrzej Stopka Nazimek
1586:
1580:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1474:bedem/bedym, idem/idym
1473:
310:
304:
241:
39:
33:
1878:Give us this day our
1870:hallowed be thy name.
1845:posväť sa meno tvoje,
1814:święć się imię Twoje,
1693:nesiem; nesieš; nesie
239:
51:Slavic pronunciation:
16:West Slavic ethnolect
2795:www.ceskatelevize.cz
2078:(in Polish). Kraków.
74:Silesian Voivodeship
2368:, pp. 100–101.
2183:national-geographic
1594:History and culture
1039:
865:
696:
343:
2820:on August 6, 2024.
2808:Józef Kąś (2018).
2690:, pp. 99–100.
2449:Józef Kąś (2018).
2189:on August 6, 2024.
1934:Babia Góra dialect
1037:
863:
694:
341:
242:
2852:978-80-555-1714-8
2666:, pp. 52–53.
2642:, pp. 50–52.
2630:, pp. 96–97.
2618:, pp. 48–50.
2606:, pp. 98–99.
2594:, pp. 45–46.
2582:, pp. 44–45.
2570:, pp. 46–48.
2558:, pp. 97–98.
2546:, pp. 43–44.
2522:, pp. 42–43.
2474:, pp. 37–38.
2461:on July 20, 2024.
2438:on June 18, 2021.
2341:, pp. 72–73.
2285:, pp. 63–69.
2273:, pp. 60–62.
2143:978-83-08-04191-8
1993:Ochotnica dialect
1954:Piwniczna dialect
1939:Kliszczak dialect
1898:
1897:
1874:thy will be done,
1872:Thy kingdom come,
1684:(Standard Polish
1631:Slovak influences
1584:(Standard Polish
1559:is replaced with
1522:(Standard Polish
1510:(Standard Polish
1477:(Standard Polish
1414:
1413:
1038:Goral consonants
988:
987:
829:
828:
692:
691:
234:
233:
2894:
2872:
2866:
2856:
2844:
2822:
2821:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2424:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2389:on May 18, 2024.
2375:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2235:www.facebook.com
2227:
2221:
2220:
2208:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2154:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2034:
2033:
2025:
1909:
1906:
1861:
1834:
1803:
1762:
1761:
1713:
1704:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1674:
1665:
1647:
1641:
1589:
1583:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1457:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1432:
1429:
1410:
1403:
1394:
1386:
1369:
1360:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1231:
1220:
1213:
1206:
1197:
1183:
1172:
1165:
1158:
1149:
1138:
1131:
1124:
1108:
1099:
1092:
1040:
1036:
1026:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1005:
999:
996:
983:
975:
959:
950:
936:
926:
911:
904:
897:
866:
862:
840:
837:
697:
693:
344:
340:
313:
307:
247:, rarely called
227:
207:
140:
57:
52:
42:
36:
19:
18:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2887:Polish dialects
2877:
2876:
2875:
2864:
2853:
2842:
2831:
2826:
2825:
2806:
2802:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2715:
2713:
2698:
2694:
2686:
2682:
2674:
2670:
2662:
2658:
2650:
2646:
2638:
2634:
2626:
2622:
2614:
2610:
2602:
2598:
2590:
2586:
2578:
2574:
2566:
2562:
2554:
2550:
2542:
2538:
2530:
2526:
2518:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2494:
2490:
2482:
2478:
2470:
2466:
2447:
2443:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2413:
2409:
2398:
2394:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2364:
2360:
2352:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2325:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2298:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2269:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2240:
2238:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2175:
2171:
2163:
2159:
2144:
2130:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2087:
2083:
2068:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2044:
2037:
2026:
2022:
2017:
1983:Zagórze dialect
1973:Podhale dialect
1944:Pieniny dialect
1918:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1818:bądź wola Twoja
1817:
1815:
1813:
1805:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1760:
1753:Initial accent.
1654:
1652:Common features
1645:ciebie, slodkie
1633:
1600:Władysław Orkan
1596:
1507:zymb > zymba
1466:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1435:
1430:
1419:
1310:
1266:
1227:
1193:
1154:
1120:
1070:
1054:
1035:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1002:
997:
993:
858:
849:
844:
843:
838:
834:
749:Minuscule forms
711:capital letters
702:Majuscule forms
468:Minuscule forms
358:capital letters
349:Majuscule forms
332:
324:Podhale dialect
253:Highland Polish
223:
208:
203:
197:
141:
138:Language family
136:
127:
126:Native speakers
77:
50:
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2900:
2890:
2889:
2874:
2873:
2857:
2851:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2814:etnozagroda.pl
2800:
2781:
2772:
2765:
2747:
2740:
2723:
2692:
2680:
2678:, pp. 99.
2668:
2656:
2654:, pp. 97.
2644:
2632:
2620:
2608:
2596:
2584:
2572:
2560:
2548:
2536:
2534:, pp. 43.
2524:
2512:
2510:, pp. 42.
2500:
2498:, pp. 58.
2488:
2486:, pp. 38.
2476:
2464:
2455:etnozagroda.pl
2441:
2419:
2417:, pp. 40.
2407:
2392:
2370:
2358:
2356:, pp. 73.
2343:
2331:
2329:, pp. 72.
2316:
2314:, pp. 71.
2304:
2302:, pp. 70.
2287:
2275:
2260:
2258:, pp. 50.
2248:
2222:
2215:
2192:
2169:
2167:, pp. 36.
2157:
2142:
2124:
2122:, pp. 18.
2112:
2098:
2081:
2062:
2060:, pp. 74.
2050:
2035:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2004:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1998:Liptov dialect
1995:
1990:
1988:Kysuce dialect
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1963:Żywiec dialect
1959:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1928:
1927:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1866:
1864:
1839:
1837:
1808:
1806:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1719:
1715:
1706:
1697:
1676:
1672:wiara, wierzýć
1667:
1653:
1650:
1632:
1629:
1624:Eastern Slovak
1595:
1592:
1486:móc > mozym
1465:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1449:
1433:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1395:
1388:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1363:
1361:
1354:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1248:
1241:
1234:
1232:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1198:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1166:
1159:
1151:
1150:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1102:
1100:
1093:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1063:
1058:
1048:
1043:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1018:
1009:
1000:
990:
989:
986:
985:
976:
969:
967:
961:
960:
953:
951:
944:
938:
937:
930:
928:
919:
913:
912:
905:
898:
891:
885:
884:
879:
874:
869:
857:
854:
848:
845:
842:
841:
831:
830:
827:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
798:
797:
791:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
762:
761:
744:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
715:
714:
690:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
589:
588:
582:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
481:
480:
463:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
362:
361:
331:
328:
267:spoken by the
232:
231:
228:
220:
219:
218:Language codes
215:
214:
209:
205:Writing system
202:
199:
198:
196:
195:
194:
193:
192:
191:
190:
189:
188:
187:
186:
185:
184:
183:
144:
142:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
63:
62:Native to
59:
58:
48:
44:
43:
40:góralsko gwara
34:górolsko gwara
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2899:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2870:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2841:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2796:
2792:
2785:
2776:
2768:
2766:83-86619-09-0
2762:
2758:
2751:
2743:
2741:83-7014-440-3
2737:
2733:
2727:
2711:
2708:(in Polish).
2707:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2688:Makowska 2012
2684:
2677:
2676:Makowska 2012
2672:
2665:
2660:
2653:
2652:Makowska 2012
2648:
2641:
2636:
2629:
2628:Makowska 2012
2624:
2617:
2612:
2605:
2604:Makowska 2012
2600:
2593:
2588:
2581:
2576:
2569:
2564:
2557:
2556:Makowska 2012
2552:
2545:
2540:
2533:
2528:
2521:
2516:
2509:
2504:
2497:
2492:
2485:
2480:
2473:
2468:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2416:
2411:
2403:
2396:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2367:
2366:Makowska 2012
2362:
2355:
2350:
2348:
2340:
2335:
2328:
2323:
2321:
2313:
2308:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2284:
2279:
2272:
2267:
2265:
2257:
2252:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2218:
2216:83-921589-1-1
2212:
2205:
2204:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2161:
2153:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2116:
2108:
2102:
2094:
2093:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2054:
2048:, pp. 7.
2047:
2042:
2040:
2031:
2024:
2020:
2012:
2009:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1978:Spisz dialect
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1968:Orawa dialect
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1949:Łącko dialect
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1905:
1901:
1893:
1881:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1727:Jabłonkowanie
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1649:
1646:
1640:
1639:ciebe, slodke
1628:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1591:
1588:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1526:
1520:
1519:lyn > lynu
1514:
1513:ząb > zęba
1508:
1502:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1453:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1022:
1013:
1004:
995:
991:
982:
977:
974:
970:
968:
966:
963:
962:
958:
954:
952:
949:
945:
943:
940:
939:
935:
931:
929:
925:
920:
918:
915:
914:
910:
906:
903:
899:
896:
892:
890:
887:
886:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
867:
864:Goral vowels
861:
853:
836:
832:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
799:
796:
792:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
763:
759:
758:small letters
755:
752:(also called
751:
750:
745:
716:
712:
708:
705:(also called
704:
703:
698:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
590:
587:
583:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
482:
478:
477:small letters
474:
471:(also called
470:
469:
464:
363:
359:
355:
352:(also called
351:
350:
345:
339:
337:
330:Transcription
327:
325:
319:
317:
312:
306:
301:
297:
293:
288:
286:
282:
278:
277:microlanguage
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
238:
229:
226:
221:
216:
213:
210:
206:
200:
182:
179:
178:
177:
176:Lesser Polish
174:
173:
172:
169:
168:
167:
164:
163:
162:
159:
158:
157:
154:
153:
152:
149:
148:
147:
146:Indo-European
143:
139:
133:
129:
123:
120:
117:
113:
110:
107:
103:
100:
96:
92:
88:
87:Prešov Region
84:
83:Žilina Region
80:
75:
71:
67:
64:
60:
56:
49:
47:Pronunciation
45:
41:
35:
30:
25:
20:
2868:
2838:
2829:Bibliography
2818:the original
2813:
2803:
2794:
2784:
2779:J.w. s. 132.
2775:
2756:
2750:
2731:
2726:
2714:. Retrieved
2709:
2705:
2695:
2683:
2671:
2659:
2647:
2635:
2623:
2611:
2599:
2587:
2575:
2563:
2551:
2539:
2527:
2515:
2503:
2491:
2479:
2467:
2459:the original
2454:
2444:
2436:the original
2431:
2422:
2410:
2401:
2395:
2387:the original
2382:
2373:
2361:
2334:
2307:
2278:
2251:
2239:. Retrieved
2234:
2225:
2202:
2195:
2187:the original
2182:
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2160:
2148:
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2133:
2127:
2115:
2101:
2091:
2084:
2075:
2065:
2053:
2029:
2023:
2005:
1919:
1904:
1867:
1840:
1809:
1780:
1663:broda, głowa
1655:
1634:
1616:
1597:
1575:
1573:
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1536:
1532:
1530:
1525:len > lnu
1503:
1470:
1467:
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1003:
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835:
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279:, alongside
252:
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244:
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212:Latin script
180:
151:Balto-Slavic
1690:and Slovak
1535:instead of
1377:Approximant
161:West Slavic
109:Goral Lands
2428:"historia"
2015:References
1723:masuration
1033:Consonants
273:Carpathian
249:Highlander
2712:: 273–290
1747:as -k/-f.
1480:będę, idę
1268:voiceless
1262:Fricative
1195:voiceless
1189:Affricate
1122:voiceless
1061:Retroflex
917:Close-mid
847:Phonology
754:lowercase
707:uppercase
695:Digraphs
473:lowercase
354:uppercase
290:The term
257:ethnolect
225:ISO 639-3
115:Ethnicity
2881:Category
1916:Dialects
1774:English
1619:Vistulia
1612:hawok.pl
1568:dwa baby
1067:Alveolo-
1056:Alveolar
942:Open-mid
342:Letters
338:vowels.
300:mountain
285:Masurian
281:Silesian
261:Lechitic
255:, is an
166:Lechitic
79:Slovakia
2716:20 July
2432:z-ne.pl
2383:z-ne.pl
2241:16 July
2008:Zaolzie
1771:Slovak
1768:Polish
1758:Example
1464:Grammar
1116:Plosive
1072:palatal
877:Central
336:slanted
259:of the
99:Romania
95:Ukraine
91:Hungary
2849:
2763:
2738:
2213:
2140:
1892:Amen.
1882:bread,
1801:Jamyn.
1765:Goral
1745:aorist
1537:-ejszy
1492:mogymy
1312:voiced
1229:voiced
1156:voiced
1051:Dental
1046:Labial
856:Vowels
822:r̝~ʐ~ʂ
269:Gorals
171:Polish
156:Slavic
119:Gorals
105:Region
66:Poland
2865:(PDF)
2843:(PDF)
2207:(PDF)
2149:góral
1880:daily
1832:Amen.
1702:chlyb
1581:kerwi
1350:Trill
1084:Nasal
1077:Velar
889:Close
872:Front
292:Goral
245:Goral
181:Goral
22:Goral
2847:ISBN
2761:ISBN
2736:ISBN
2718:2024
2243:2024
2211:ISBN
2138:ISBN
1711:ôkno
1587:krwi
1556:dwie
1542:The
1498:bede
965:Open
882:Back
311:hora
305:góra
1740:rz.
1648:).
1606:or
1590:).
1562:dwa
1533:-sy
1528:).
1516:);
1252:d͡ʑ
1245:d͡ʐ
1238:d͡z
1218:t͡ɕ
1211:t͡ʂ
1204:t͡s
816:d͡ʐ
813:d͡ʑ
810:d͡z
807:t͡ʂ
789:sz
756:or
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709:or
622:x~ɦ
604:t͡ɕ
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774:dz
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768:ch
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733:DŻ
730:DŹ
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688:ʐ
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655:p
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1296:ɕ
1289:ʂ
1282:s
1275:f
1181:ɡ
1170:d
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1106:ɲ
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649:ɔ
646:ɲ
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625:i
619:g
616:f
610:ɛ
607:d
598:b
595:ɒ
592:a
577:ź
574:z
571:ý
568:y
565:w
562:u
559:t
556:ś
553:s
550:r
544:ó
541:o
538:ń
535:n
532:m
526:l
523:k
520:j
517:i
514:h
511:g
508:f
502:e
499:d
496:ć
493:c
490:b
487:á
484:a
458:Ź
455:Z
452:Ý
449:Y
446:W
443:U
440:T
437:Ś
434:S
428:P
425:Ó
422:O
419:Ń
416:N
410:Ł
407:L
404:K
401:J
398:I
395:H
392:G
386:É
383:E
380:D
377:Ć
374:C
371:B
368:Á
365:A
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