212:
200:
407:
There was no Proto-Lechitic language, but rather
Lechitic languages are a group of dialects with many shared features. The central and eastern territories came under the control of the Piasts, which created a political, cultural (especially religious) unit, which caused the Pomeranians and Polabians
787:
450:
west and central ĺ̥ l̥ > oł > åu̯; Pĺ̥T (before a non-back hard consonant_ in the northeast > ‘el, in the south > ‘il; after TČKP and Pĺ̥T in the northeast ĺ̥ l̥ > oł
453:ŕ̥T, r̥ > ar (and then in Polabian > or); ŕ̥T́ > ir (Polabian) > er >ar, or > (Polish) ir, iř > er, eř (which hardens before labials and ch)
179:
and several other languages and dialects that were once spoken in the area that is now Poland and eastern
Germany. It is one of the branches of the larger
683:
1673:
827:
408:
to have weaker contact, as the
Pomeranians were absorbed into the state by Mieszko I and began integrating with the Eastern Lechites.
233:, used by approximately 38 million native speakers in Poland and several million elsewhere. Polish is considered to have several
1043:
376:
Creation of the nominative masculine/neuter singular ending/active preterite participle ending -a (reka, nesa instead of reky, nesy
391:
Use of the compound adjectival genitive and dative masculine/neuter singular endings -ego and -emu through analogy with jego, jemu
1668:
691:
1528:
1546:
901:
844:
820:
436:
In circumflex and post-accented syllables (i.e. under falling intonation) *tolt > tòlᵒt or ‘tolòt > talt
1663:
680:
1758:
1658:
1286:
853:
102:
620:
is applied both to the languages of this group and to Slavic peoples speaking these languages (known as
1693:
1131:
184:
665:
1450:
813:
1490:
1551:
1468:
1396:
1187:
1144:
860:
625:
44:
433:
In accented and preaccented syllables (i.e. under rising intonation): tórᵒt > tᵒrot > trot
1388:
1321:
1316:
1281:
1240:
1011:
447:
Development of sonants (voiced consonants) into complex groups of a vowel and a consonant r, l
312:
238:
95:
49:
647:
1581:
1535:
1460:
1438:
1353:
1342:
1150:
1122:
1101:
912:
867:
763:
242:
180:
172:
59:
798:
1597:
1091:
1061:
1020:
940:
8:
1698:
1607:
1406:
1373:
1274:
1264:
1233:
1033:
920:
883:
872:
300:
280:
276:
131:
119:
204:
1269:
1181:
1028:
994:
989:
984:
949:
286:
234:
127:
1683:
150:
1718:
1708:
1569:
1485:
1423:
1326:
1308:
1291:
1248:
1222:
1168:
1163:
1086:
1051:
970:
893:
308:
252:
188:
110:
89:
1070:
1703:
1639:
1443:
1157:
1108:
1096:
1081:
960:
955:
836:
477:
246:
54:
211:
1723:
1521:
1480:
1473:
1227:
1217:
1192:
1175:
965:
933:
888:
878:
687:
294:
264:
230:
176:
85:
39:
1738:
1713:
1506:
1428:
1418:
1361:
1139:
1076:
979:
268:
220:
1752:
1688:
1678:
1378:
1254:
999:
925:
263:. The different varieties of Silesian are often considered to be dialects of
260:
1296:
106:
1625:
1612:
289:, used today by over 110,000 people (2011 census) in the eastern part of
1366:
199:
1562:
1541:
1433:
624:). The term is related to the name of the legendary Polish forefather
1587:
1413:
1401:
290:
144:
632:
by which Poland was formerly sometimes known. For more details, see
207:, containing what is claimed to be the first written Polish sentence
1632:
1556:
1514:
805:
788:
File:Jerozolëma, kòscel Pater noster, "Òjcze nasz" pò kaszëbskù.JPG
681:
Narodowy Spis
Powszechny Ludności i Mieszkań 2011. Raport z wyników
634:
621:
1619:
1575:
256:
362:
in the nominative/accusative plural and genitive singular (duš́ě
216:
629:
328:
Common West Slavic features that are also present in
Lechitic:
315:
language formerly spoken by Slavic peoples in areas around the
32:
373:
replacement of the instrumental singular ending -omъ with -ъmъ
764:"Endangered Languages Project – Upper Silesian – Ôjcze nasz"
388:
Replacement of č́ьto with co via the genitive singular č́ьso
255:, used today by over 530,000 people (2011 census) in Polish
316:
355:
epenthetic l only in initial position after soft labials
271:, and are sometimes seen as forming a distinct language;
183:
subgroup; the other branches of this subgroup are the
799:
Das polabische
Vaterunser / "Our Father" in Polabian
134:
123:
113:
98:
415:Labiovelarization of *telt (but compare Polabian
1750:
219:in 2005 – banner showing the Kashubian name of
668:, Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved July 2008
319:river in what is now the northeast of Germany.
821:
400:Tendency for establishing a non-mobile accent
394:Temporal adverbs ending in -dy instead of -da
512:Chleba naszego powszedniego daj nam dzisiaj.
747:
732:
717:
702:
441:Softening of consonants before front vowels
828:
814:
458:Hardening of consonants before r̥ < ŕ̥T
293:. Sometimes it is considered a dialect of
283:, of which the only remaining variety is:
676:
674:
570:jak i më òdpùszcziwómë naszim winowajcóm.
397:Creation of the conjunction of intent aby
593:Nôßi wißedanneisna Stgeiba doy nâm dâns,
539:Chlyb nŏsz kŏżdodziynny dej nōm dzisiŏk.
516:jako i my odpuszczamy naszym winowajcom.
382:(ti̯, di̯ >) t́̄, d́̄; kt́ > ć, ʒ́
379:õrt-, õlt- > rot-, lot- (rola, radło)
311:, extinct since the mid-18th century, a
210:
198:
566:Chleba najégò pòwszednégò dôj nóm dzysô
430:Replacement of *tort, tolt, tert, telt
1751:
1669:Slavic liquid metathesis and pleophony
671:
543:jako a my ôdpuszczōmy naszym winnikōm.
480:in several of the Lechitic languages:
809:
385:Extension of the pronoun tъ > tъnъ
835:
692:Central Statistical Office of Poland
597:kak moy wittedoyime nôßem Grêsmarim,
342:sk, zɡ > š́č́, ž́ǯ́ in front of ě
601:tay löſoáy nôs wit wißókak Chaudak.
583:Nôße Wader, ta toy giß wa Nebisgáy,
13:
529:Fatrze nŏsz, kery jeżeś we niebie,
411:Common Lechitic features include:
14:
1770:
591:kok wa Nebisgáy, tôk kak no Sime,
537:jako we niebie, tak tyż na ziymi.
502:Ojcze nasz, któryś jest w niebie,
366:) and accusatieve plural of kon’ě
303:, extinct since the 20th century.
16:Subgroup of West Slavic languages
572:A nie dopùscë na nas pòkùszeniô,
564:jakno w niebie tak téż na zemi.
560:niech przińdze Twòje królestwò,
556:Òjcze nasz, jaczi jes w niebie,
1529:Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin
792:
781:
756:
741:
726:
711:
696:
659:
471:
1:
599:Ni bringoy nôs ka Warſikónye,
545:A niy wōdź nŏs na pokuszyniy,
531:bydź poświyncōne miano Twoje.
518:I nie wódź nas na pokuszenie,
510:jako w niebie tak i na ziemi.
461:*ěT > ‘a (Lechitic ablaut)
403:Tendency to raise long vowels
173:West Slavic language subgroup
1664:Slavic second palatalization
611:
595:un wittedoy nâm nôße Ggrêch,
558:niech sã swiãcy Twòje miono,
352:χ́ > š́ after i, ь, ę, ŕ̥
226:The Lechitic languages are:
194:
7:
1659:Slavic first palatalization
768:www.endangeredlanguages.com
641:
323:
10:
1775:
585:Sjungta woarda tügí Geima,
1732:
1649:
1596:
1505:
1459:
1451:Slavic dialects of Greece
1387:
1352:
1341:
1307:
1205:
1130:
1121:
1060:
1042:
1019:
1010:
911:
843:
419:and Kashubian/Slovincian
143:
78:
40:Linguistic classification
38:
26:
21:
653:
574:ale nas zbawi òde złégò.
568:i òdpùscë nóm naje winë,
547:nale zbŏw nŏs ôde złygo.
533:Przińdź krōlestwo Twoje,
514:I odpuść nam nasze winy,
506:przyjdź królestwo Twoje,
332:χ́ > š́ in front of ě
541:A ôdpuś nōm nasze winy,
520:ale nas zbaw ode złego.
562:niech mdze Twòja wòlô
223:
215:Kashubian jamboree in
208:
185:Czech–Slovak languages
1582:Taimyr Pidgin Russian
504:święć się imię Twoje,
476:The following is the
214:
202:
748:Karol Dejna (1973).
733:Karol Dejna (1973).
718:Karol Dejna (1973).
703:Karol Dejna (1973).
589:tia Willia ſchinyôt,
259:and by some more in
1608:Pan-Slavic language
1407:Burgenland Croatian
1287:Marcho-Magdeburgian
884:Old Church Slavonic
648:Lech, Čech, and Rus
103:Marcho-Magdeburgian
1759:Lechitic languages
1694:Illič-Svityč's law
1674:Monophthongization
1182:Camaldolese Slovak
995:Canadian Ukrainian
861:Up to Proto-Slavic
854:Proto-Balto-Slavic
686:2012-12-21 at the
666:Lekhitic languages
444:Velarization of ŕ̥
281:Slavic Pomeranians
224:
209:
1746:
1745:
1739:extinct languages
1570:Solombala English
1501:
1500:
1424:Prekmurje Slovene
1337:
1336:
1117:
1116:
971:Doukhobor Russian
894:Glagolitic script
752:. pp. 65–81.
722:. pp. 64–65.
707:. pp. 59–60.
609:
608:
189:Sorbian languages
157:
156:
122:/Middle Lechitic
1766:
1640:Slavonic-Serbian
1491:Cieszyn Silesian
1362:Carpathian Rusyn
1350:
1349:
1128:
1127:
1017:
1016:
902:Modern languages
837:Slavic languages
830:
823:
816:
807:
806:
801:
796:
790:
785:
779:
778:
776:
774:
760:
754:
753:
750:Dialekty polskie
745:
739:
738:
735:Dialekty polskie
730:
724:
723:
720:Dialekty polskie
715:
709:
708:
705:Dialekty polskie
700:
694:
678:
669:
663:
535:bydź wola Twoja,
483:
482:
249:, among others;
205:Book of Henryków
153:
136:
125:
115:
109:) (evolved into
100:
19:
18:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1728:
1651:
1645:
1599:
1592:
1522:Bohemian Romani
1507:Mixed languages
1497:
1474:Pannonian Rusyn
1455:
1397:Banat Bulgarian
1383:
1345:
1333:
1303:
1201:
1193:Pannonian Rusyn
1113:
1056:
1038:
1006:
966:Alaskan Russian
941:Old Novgorodian
934:Old East Slavic
907:
889:Cyrillic script
879:Church Slavonic
839:
834:
804:
797:
793:
786:
782:
772:
770:
762:
761:
757:
746:
742:
731:
727:
716:
712:
701:
697:
688:Wayback Machine
679:
672:
664:
660:
656:
644:
614:
605:
602:
600:
598:
596:
594:
592:
590:
588:
586:
584:
578:
575:
573:
571:
569:
567:
565:
563:
561:
559:
557:
551:
548:
546:
544:
542:
540:
538:
536:
534:
532:
530:
524:
521:
519:
517:
515:
513:
511:
509:
508:bądź wola Twoja
507:
505:
503:
489:Upper Silesian
474:
370:(instead of -ę)
369:
365:
361:
349:
345:
339:
335:
326:
197:
149:
84:East Lechitic (
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1772:
1762:
1761:
1744:
1743:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1719:Van Wijk's law
1716:
1714:Ruki sound law
1711:
1709:Pedersen's law
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1655:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1604:
1602:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1578:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1554:
1552:Romano-Serbian
1549:
1544:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1517:
1511:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1483:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1469:Eastern Slovak
1465:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1399:
1393:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1358:
1356:
1347:
1343:Microlanguages
1339:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1319:
1313:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1237:
1230:
1225:
1214:East Lechitic
1211:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1188:Eastern Slovak
1185:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1169:White Croatian
1166:
1161:
1154:
1147:
1145:Biblical Czech
1136:
1134:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1077:Serbo-Croatian
1074:
1066:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1025:
1023:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1002:
997:
992:
982:
977:
976:
975:
974:
973:
968:
953:
946:
945:
944:
930:
929:
928:
917:
915:
909:
908:
906:
905:
898:
897:
896:
891:
886:
876:
864:
857:
849:
847:
841:
840:
833:
832:
825:
818:
810:
803:
802:
791:
780:
755:
740:
725:
710:
695:
670:
657:
655:
652:
651:
650:
643:
640:
613:
610:
607:
606:
587:tia Rîk komma,
581:
579:
554:
552:
527:
525:
500:
497:
496:
493:
490:
487:
473:
470:
469:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
455:
454:
451:
445:
442:
439:
438:
437:
434:
428:
405:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
367:
363:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
343:
340:
337:
333:
325:
322:
321:
320:
306:
305:
304:
298:
274:
273:
272:
239:Greater Polish
221:Kartuzy County
196:
193:
175:consisting of
155:
154:
147:
141:
140:
139:
138:
126:(evolved into
117:
93:
80:
76:
75:
74:
73:
72:
71:
70:
69:
68:
67:
42:
36:
35:
30:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1771:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1704:Meillet's law
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1520:20th century
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1439:Slavomolisano
1437:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1379:West Polesian
1377:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1322:Lower Sorbian
1320:
1318:
1317:Upper Sorbian
1315:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1282:West Lechitic
1280:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1241:Middle Polish
1238:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1102:Slavomolisano
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1071:Alpine Slavic
1068:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1001:
1000:Simple speech
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
987:
986:
983:
981:
978:
972:
969:
967:
964:
963:
962:
959:
958:
957:
954:
952:
951:
947:
943:
942:
938:
937:
936:
935:
931:
927:
926:Simple speech
924:
923:
922:
919:
918:
916:
914:
910:
904:
903:
899:
895:
892:
890:
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882:
881:
880:
877:
874:
870:
869:
865:
863:
862:
858:
856:
855:
851:
850:
848:
846:
842:
838:
831:
826:
824:
819:
817:
812:
811:
808:
800:
795:
789:
784:
769:
765:
759:
751:
744:
737:. p. 65.
736:
729:
721:
714:
706:
699:
693:
689:
685:
682:
677:
675:
667:
662:
658:
649:
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645:
639:
637:
636:
631:
628:and the name
627:
623:
619:
604:
580:
577:
553:
550:
526:
523:
499:
498:
494:
491:
488:
485:
484:
481:
479:
478:Lord's Prayer
466:
463:
460:
457:
452:
449:
448:
446:
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435:
432:
431:
429:
426:
422:
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390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
357:
354:
351:
341:
331:
330:
329:
318:
314:
313:West Lechitic
310:
307:
302:
299:
296:
292:
288:
285:
284:
282:
278:
275:
270:
266:
262:
261:Czech Silesia
258:
254:
251:
250:
248:
244:
243:Lesser Polish
240:
236:
232:
229:
228:
227:
222:
218:
213:
206:
201:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
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170:
166:
162:
152:
148:
146:
142:
133:
129:
121:
118:
112:
108:
104:
97:
96:West Lechitic
94:
91:
87:
83:
82:
81:
77:
66:
63:
62:
61:
58:
57:
56:
53:
52:
51:
48:
47:
46:
45:Indo-European
43:
41:
37:
34:
31:
25:
20:
1734:
1724:Winter's law
1684:Havlík's law
1638:
1631:
1624:
1580:
1568:
1561:
1536:Mednyj Aleut
1534:
1527:
1519:
1389:South Slavic
1346:and dialects
1253:
1239:
1232:
1206:
1180:
1156:
1151:Czechoslovak
1149:
1132:Czech-Slovak
1069:
1044:Transitional
1012:South Slavic
948:
939:
932:
900:
868:Proto-Slavic
866:
859:
852:
794:
783:
771:. Retrieved
767:
758:
749:
743:
734:
728:
719:
713:
704:
698:
661:
633:
617:
615:
582:
555:
528:
501:
475:
424:
420:
416:
410:
406:
327:
279:, spoken by
237:, including
225:
168:
164:
160:
158:
79:Subdivisions
64:
50:Balto-Slavic
29:distribution
1699:Ivšić's law
1626:Army Slavic
1613:Interslavic
1598:Constructed
1461:West Slavic
1354:East Slavic
1123:West Slavic
1092:Montenegrin
913:East Slavic
472:Sample text
181:West Slavic
60:West Slavic
1689:Hirt's law
1679:Dybo's law
1650:Historical
1563:Russenorsk
1542:Ponaschemu
1434:Shtokavian
1374:Podlachian
1275:Slovincian
1265:Pomeranian
1234:Old Polish
1034:Macedonian
921:Belarusian
492:Kashubian
464:*ęT > ǫ
301:Slovincian
277:Pomeranian
132:Slovincian
120:Pomeranian
101:(includes
27:Geographic
1737:indicate
1652:phonology
1600:languages
1588:Trasianka
1414:Kajkavian
1402:Chakavian
1327:Schleifer
1270:Kashubian
1052:Torlakian
1029:Bulgarian
985:Ukrainian
950:Ruthenian
616:The term
612:Etymology
495:Polabian
467:eT >’o
291:Pomerania
287:Kashubian
195:Languages
169:languages
145:Glottolog
128:Kashubian
1753:Category
1633:Iazychie
1557:Runglish
1515:Balachka
1486:Silesian
1444:Bunjevac
1292:Polabian
1249:Silesian
1228:dialects
1223:Masurian
1207:Lechitic
1164:Moravian
1087:Croatian
990:dialects
961:dialects
773:20 April
684:Archived
642:See also
635:Lechites
622:Lechites
618:Lechitic
324:Features
309:Polabian
253:Silesian
247:Masovian
235:dialects
187:and the
165:Lekhitic
161:Lechitic
151:lech1241
111:Polabian
90:Silesian
65:Lechitic
22:Lechitic
1735:Italics
1620:Lydnevi
1576:Surzhyk
1309:Sorbian
1158:Knaanic
1109:Slovene
1097:Serbian
1082:Bosnian
1062:Western
1021:Eastern
956:Russian
845:History
486:Polish
423:; also
257:Silesia
1547:Quelia
1429:Resian
1218:Polish
1176:Slovak
873:Accent
630:Lechia
603:Amen.
576:Amen.
549:Amyn.
522:Amen.
295:Polish
265:Polish
245:, and
231:Polish
177:Polish
171:are a
86:Polish
55:Slavic
33:Poland
1481:Goral
1419:Pomak
1367:Lemko
1140:Czech
980:Rusyn
654:Notes
425:czółn
421:młȯko
417:mlåkə
269:Czech
1297:Rani
1255:Lach
775:2021
626:Lech
317:Elbe
267:and
217:Łeba
203:The
163:(or
159:The
130:and
107:Rani
88:and
346:, i
336:, i
1755::
766:.
690:–
673:^
638:.
358:-ě
241:,
191:.
167:)
105:,
1741:.
875:)
871:(
829:e
822:t
815:v
777:.
427:)
368:3
364:3
360:3
348:2
344:2
338:2
334:2
297:;
137:)
135:†
124:†
116:)
114:†
99:†
92:)
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