381:
California Energy
Commission, Air Quality Management District, and Los Angeles Regional Technology Alliance for different variations of the same Dyna-Cam engine. About 40 prototype engines were built by the Herrmann Group and another 25 built by the Dyna-Cam Group since they acquired the engine and opened their shop. A new patent was granted to Dennis Palmer and Edward Palmer, first in 1985 and then several more around 2000 to Dennis Palmer. In 2003 the assets of the Dyna-Cam Engine Corporation were acquired by Aero-Marine Corporation, who changed their name to
321:; it was a 7-litre, 9-cylinder, wobble-plate type engine. It was originally conceived as a power unit for buses, possibly because its compact format would allow it to be installed beneath the vehicle's floor. The engine had a single rotary valve to control induction and exhaust. Several variants were used in Bristol buses during the late 1930s, the engine going through several versions from RR1 to RR4, which had a power output of 145 hp at 2900 rpm. Development was halted in 1936 following a change of management at the Bristol company.
80:
axial engine, and the sinuous cam surface acts as the face of the pistons. In other respect this form follows the normal cycles of internal combustion but with burning gas directly imparting a force on the cam surface, translated into a rotational force by timing one or more detonations. This design eliminates the multiple reciprocal pistons, ball joints and swash plate of a conventional 'barrel' engine but crucially depends on effective sealing provided by sliding and rotating surfaces.
23:
262:. The A-4 had much smaller frontal area than water-cooled engines of comparable power output, and thereby offered better streamlining possibilities. It was rated at 425 hp (317 kW), and weighed only 749 pounds (340 kg), thus giving a power/weight ratio of better than 1:2, a considerable design achievement at the time.
412:
design, Duke engine loses less energy between the power strokes. Current prototypes of Duke's engines claim to match characteristics of conventional internal combustion engines but with fewer parts and 30% lighter. This goes in the direction of developing a more efficient engine. During development the Duke has been tested at
380:
airplane. The engine was flown for about 700 hours from 1987 through 1991. Their longest-life engine ran for nearly 4000 hours before overhaul. Dyna-Cam opened a research and development facility about 1993 and won many various awards from NASA, the United States Navy, the United States Marine Corps,
333:
wobble-plate engine of 1947. This 6-cylinder engine was designed by John Wooler, better known as a motorcycle engine designer, for aircraft use. It was similar to the
Bristol axial engine but had two wobble-plates, driven by 12 opposed pistons in 6 cylinders. The engine is often incorrectly referred
95:
of the engine while running. In a swashplate engine the piston rods stay parallel with the shaft, and piston side-forces that cause excessive wear can be eliminated almost completely. The small-end bearing of a traditional connecting rod, one of the most problematic bearings in a traditional engine,
79:
cam surfaces. Vanes mounted parallel to a shaft mounted inside a cylindrical 'barrel' that are free to slide up and down ride the sinuous cam, the segments formed by rotor, stator walls and vanes constituting combustion chambers. In effect these spaces serving the same purpose as the cylinders of an
99:
While axial engines are challenging to make practicable at typical engine operating speeds some cam engines have been tested that offer extremely compact size (approximating to a six-inch (150mm) cube) yet producing approximately forty horsepower at c 7000 rpm, useful for light aerial applications.
425:
A classical, Spanish built design, parallel pistons working in opposition, sine-wave swashplate, in 2023 with two versions, a car sized, with liquid cooling, as prototype, and an air cooled four cylinder, 125 cc, 22 HP, 4.5 kg unit, aimed at drones and big aeromodels, in pre-production stage.
371:
in 1916. They sold the rights to Karl
Herrmann, Studebaker's head of engineering, who developed the concept over many years, eventually taking out US patent 2237989 in 1941. It has 6 double-ended pistons working in 6 cylinders, and its 12 combustion chambers are fired every revolution of the drive
416:
in the United
Kingdom and in the United States; test results show that it has multi-fuel capabilities. The Duke engine's benefits of lightness and compactness should render this design ideal for motorcycles engines; and these benefits might make the powerplant suitable for light aircraft as well.
389:
valves and ignition, ceramic cylinder liners with no piston rings, and a variety of other advanced features. It has little similarity to the original
Herrmann and Dyna-Cam engines, since the Dyna-Cam engine used conventional valves, piston rings, accessories, had no unproven ceramic materials and
402:
United
Kingdom company Covaxe Limited (known as FairDiesel Limited up until 2017) is designing two-stroke Diesel opposed piston barrel engines that use non-sinusoidal cams, for industrial applications and aviation use. Their engine designs range from a 2-cylinder, 80 mm bore to 32-cylinder,
46:
with pistons arranged around an output shaft with their axes parallel to the shaft. Barrel refers to the cylindrical shape of the cylinder group (result of the pistons being spaced evenly around the central crankshaft and aligned parallel to the crankshaft axis) whilst the Z-crank alludes to the
411:
New
Zealand company Duke Engines started in 1993 has created several different engines and installed one in a car in 1999. The engine runs a 5-cylinder, 3 litre, 4-stroke internal combustion engine platform with its unique axial arrangement, which is in its third generation. Due to a valveless
216:
obtained patents for his swashplate engine design. Its unique feature was the means of transferring the load from the pistons to the swashplate, achieved using tilting slipper pads sliding on a film of oil. Another innovation by
Michell was his mathematical analysis of the mechanical design,
62:
to translate the piston motion to rotation. A wobble plate is similar to a swashplate, in that the pistons press down on the plate in sequence, imparting a lateral moment that is translated into rotary motion. This motion can be simulated by placing a compact disc on a
434:
The
Cylindrical Energy Module (CEM) is a sine-wave swashplate engine that can also be used as a standalone pump, powered by an external source. The rotating swashplate rotor assembly is moved back and forth with the help of piston drive pins, which follow a stationary
100:
The attraction of lightweight and mechanically simple (far fewer major moving parts, in the form of a rotor plus twelve axial vanes forming twenty-four combustion chambers) engines, even with a finite working life, have obvious application for small unmanned aircraft.
125:. A four-stroke, air-cooled unit, it had seven cylinders and a variable compression ratio, altered by changing the wobble-plate angle and hence the length of piston stroke. It was called a "rotary engine", because the entire engine rotated apart from the end casings.
191:
but was withdrawn before the flight. Hansen introduced an all-aluminum version of this design in 1922, but it is not clear if they produced it in any quantity. Much improved versions were introduced by Statax's German division in 1929, producing 42 hp in a new
152:
The engine was claimed to be able to run at 150 to 1,500 rpm. At the normal speed of 1,000 rpm, it reportedly developed 50 hp. It weighed 230 pounds (100 kg) and it was 28 inches (710 mm) long by 19 inches (480 mm) in diameter.
375:
In 1961, at the age of 80, Herrmann sold the rights to one of his employees, Edward Palmer, who set up the Dyna-Cam Engine Corp. along with son Dennis. Edward's son Dennis and daughter Pat then helped get the engine installed in a
220:
In 1920 Michell established the
Crankless Engines Company in Fitzroy (Australia), and produced working prototypes of pumps, compressors, car engines and aero engines, all based on the same basic design.
238:
The largest Michell crankless engine was the XB-4070, a diesel aircraft engine built for the United States Navy. Consisting of 18 pistons, it was rated at 2000 horsepower and weighed 2150 pounds.
114:
382:
385:. Axial Vector then totally re-designed the cam engine. Axial Vector's new engine, like many of the others on this list, suffers from the "put in everything" problem, including
1096:
988:
235:
A number of companies obtained a manufacturing license for Michell's design. The most successful of these was the British company Waller and Son, who produced gas boosters.
139:
current was then taken to a fixed electrode on the front bearing case, from which the sparks would jump to the spark plugs in the cylinder heads as they passed within
121:
In 1911 the Macomber Rotary Engine Company of Los Angeles marketed one of the first axial internal-combustion engines, manufactured by the Avis Engine Company of
950:
1194:
310:
72:
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of Spain for designing, building, and flying Spain's first airplane. He developed a barrel engine for aircraft use which was later produced by the
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698:
184:
694:
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system based on a rotating cylinder head, a design that never entered production on any engine. It was later developed further for use in the
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258:
acceptance tests. However, it never entered production, reportedly due to limited funds and the Air Corps' growing emphasis on air-cooled
680:
91:, both types having cylinders at right angles to the shaft. As a result, it is a very compact, cylindrical engine, allowing variation in
1187:
1132:
862:
1027:
204:
acquired the patent rights for the US, Canada, and Japan, and planned a 5-cylinder of 100 hp and a 9-cylinder of 350 hp.
83:
The key advantage of the axial design is that the cylinders are arranged in parallel around the output/crank shaft in contrast to
282:
1180:
298:
67:
at its centre and pressing down at progressive places around its circumference. The difference is that while a wobble plate
172:, Switzerland introduced a swashplate engine design. Only a single prototype was produced, which is currently held in the
180:; a 3-cylinder of 10 hp, a 5-cylinder of 40 hp, a 7-cylinder of 80 hp, and a 10-cylinder of 100 hp.
488:
666:
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including the mass and motion of the components, so that his engines were in perfect dynamic balance at all speeds.
563:
297:
by Stephen duPont, son of the president of the Indian Motorcycle Company, who had been one of Alfaro's students at
539:
334:
to as a swashplate engine. A single example is preserved in the Aeroplane Gallery of the Science Museum, London.
176:. In 1914 the company moved to London to become the Statax Engine Company and planned on introducing a series of
731:
480:
417:(There is little data on whether the Duke engine is smooth; the mainshaft has a large counterweight attached).
476:
that requires no oxygen supply and can propel the torpedo at up to 65 knots (120 km/h) (74.56 mph).
1398:
1325:
255:
1221:
1114:
McLanahan, J. Craig (1998-09-28). "Barrel aircraft engines - Historical anomaly or stymied innovation?".
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shaft. The pistons drive a sine-shaped cam, as opposed to a swashplate or wobble-plate, hence its name.
1734:
1056:
447:
A United States company Devize Motors is currently developing a new engine utilizing opposed pistons.
149:
inch (1.6 mm) from it. According to Macomber's literature, it was "guaranteed not to overheat".
1475:
1315:
702:
270:
1097:"Introducing Devize Engines "Barrell" Engine: Supercharged, Opposed Piston, 4 Cylinder, 2 Stroke!"
989:"Introducing Devize Engines "Barrell" Engine: Supercharged, Opposed Piston, 4 Cylinder, 2 Stroke!"
630:
26:
A 1920s experimental Almen A-4 axial engine (18-cylinder watercooled, 317 kW and 340 kg)
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1075:
318:
314:
246:
Experimental barrel engines for aircraft use were built and tested by American John O. Almen of
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173:
117:
Swashplate animation. Note that the swashplate is fastened to the shaft, so it rotates with it.
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A 1911 Spanish pilot and MIT aeroengineer and his 1938 aeroengine, upgraded for today
515:
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92:
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flew an aircraft powered by a Macomber engine in May 1911, the "Walsh Silver Dart".
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413:
386:
132:
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actually flew in an aircraft and also powered a 20-foot (6.1 m) "Eliminator"
183:
It appears only the 40 hp design was ever produced, which was installed in a
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289:. It was a perfect example of the "put in everything" design, as it included a
1668:
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359:
The Dyna-Cam engine originally came from a design by the Blazer brothers, two
342:
Some small barrel engines were produced by the H.L.F. Trebert Engine Works of
1728:
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1248:
1207:
859:"Axial Vector Engine Corporation Announces Resolution of Dyna-Cam Litigation"
259:
201:
177:
84:
951:"Duke Axial Prototype: The Ultimate Motorcycle Engine Design? | UP TO SPEED"
254:(18 cylinders, two groups of nine each horizontally-opposed) had passed its
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Aircraft Piston Engines: From the Manly Baltzer to the Continental Tiara
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905:"Duke Engines' incredibly compact, lightweight valveless axial engine"
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The Naval Institute Guide to World Naval Weapons Systems, 1997–1998
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391:
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A 1911 Spanish Pilot and MIT Aeroengineer and his 1938 Aeroengine
457:
247:
122:
651:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
274:
929:
484:
1202:
22:
479:
Other applications include pneumatic and hydraulic motors,
228:
worked for the Crankless Engine Company before his time at
883:
464:
is powered by a 500 hp swashplate engine geared to a
250:
in the early 1920s, and by the mid-1920s the water-cooled
1116:
World Aviation Congress & Exposition, September 1998
329:
Perhaps the most refined of the designs was the British
460:, where the cylindrical shape is desirable. The modern
1138:. Aircraft Engine Historical Society. Archived from
71:, a swash-plate rotates. An alternative design, the
884:"Two-Stroke Diesel Engines for Broad Application"
861:. Axial Vector Engine Corporation. July 6, 2006.
1726:
1030:. Off-Highway Engineering Online. Archived from
1118:. Warrendale, Pennsylvania: SAE International.
699:National Museum of the United States Air Force
1188:
1028:"Technical Innovations Honda's CVTs for ATVs"
439:cam track that encircles the rotor assembly.
930:"A four stroke "axial" reciprocating engine"
645:"Michell, Anthony George Maldon (1870–1959)"
503:, Stirling Thermal Motors' STM 4-120 engine.
429:
1055:. Visteon Corporation. 2008. Archived from
1195:
1181:
574:
1113:
1001:
835:
771:
681:"SPECO XB-4070-2 Diesel 9 Barrel Engine"
661:
135:directly driven from the cam gears. The
112:
21:
779:. Mechanical Engineering Publications.
746:
1727:
1130:
1069:
1006:. Naval Institute Press. p. 694.
456:The most well-known application is in
283:Indian Motocycle Manufacturing Company
75:, replaces the plate with one or more
1176:
799:
622:
319:Bristol Tramways and Carriage Company
299:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
595:
695:"Fact Sheets > Almen A-4 Barrel"
667:"Axial Internal-Combustion Engines"
540:"Axial Internal Combustion Engines"
367:automotive industry who worked for
54:, an axial engine can use either a
13:
649:Australian Dictionary of Biography
265:
14:
1751:
1157:
1070:Urieli, Dr. Israel (2007-12-02).
1053:"Variable Swashplate Compressors"
337:
313:of the mid-1930s was designed by
1072:"Stirling Engine Configurations"
534:
442:
241:
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865:from the original on 2008-03-02
851:
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383:Axial Vector Engine Corporation
836:Herrmann, Karl L. (Apr 1941).
687:
673:
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637:
616:
556:
544:The Museum of Retro Technology
528:
499:use a swashplate arrangement,
349:
273:was a Spanish aviator who was
1:
1133:"The Almen A-4 Barrel Engine"
1107:
975:"Our Technology – INNengine"
626:Airplane Engine Encyclopedia
420:
256:United States Army Air Corps
19:Type of reciprocating engine
16:Type of reciprocating engine
7:
825:H.L.F. Trebert Engine Works
800:Smith, Herschel H. (1981).
629:. Otterbein Press. p.
509:
468:propulsor. It is fueled by
354:
200:. Greenwood and Raymond of
128:Ignition was supplied by a
108:
10:
1756:
886:. FairDiesel Limited. 2006
838:"US Patent number 2237989"
623:Angle, Glenn Dale (1921).
304:
207:
103:
1677:
1624:
1532:
1484:
1416:
1407:
1369:
1214:
1002:Friedman, Norman (1997).
481:hydrostatic transmissions
430:Cylindrical Energy Module
397:
324:
163:
47:shape of the crankshaft.
747:Stephen, duPont (2006).
521:
271:Heraclio Alfaro Fournier
168:In 1913 Statax-Motor of
1164:Barrel Engine - Part 2
315:Charles Benjamin Redrup
1336:Single-acting cylinder
1269:Double-acting cylinder
1131:McCutcheon, Kimble D.
582:"Macomber aero engine"
564:"Reg Technologies Inc"
174:Science Museum, London
123:Allston, Massachusetts
118:
34:(sometimes known as a
27:
1204:Engine configurations
394:for over four years.
196:version known as the
187:for the British 1914
158:Charles Francis Walsh
116:
25:
1306:Oscillating cylinder
932:. Duke Engines. 2013
777:Some Unusual Engines
311:Bristol Axial Engine
277:at the age of 18 by
44:reciprocating engine
1399:Two-and four-stroke
1301:Intake over exhaust
1124:10.2514/6.1998-5597
605:. earlyaviators.com
344:Rochester, New York
248:Seattle, Washington
1099:. 30 January 2023.
991:. BangShift. 2023.
911:. 3 September 2014
603:"Charles F. Walsh"
495:pumps. Also, some
403:160 mm bore.
346:for marine usage.
119:
28:
1735:Engine technology
1722:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1418:Inline / straight
1316:Overhead camshaft
516:Axial piston pump
363:engineers in the
279:King Alfonso XIII
224:Engine designer
93:compression ratio
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1414:
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1409:Cylinder layouts
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1074:. Archived from
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773:Setright, L.J.K.
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726:. duPont. 2006.
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566:. Archived from
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497:Stirling engines
414:MAHLE Powertrain
295:Doman helicopter
156:Pioneer aviator
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804:. McGraw-Hill.
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462:Mark 48 torpedo
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266:Heraclio Alfaro
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214:Anthony Michell
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96:is eliminated.
73:Rand cam engine
42:) is a type of
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1158:External links
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1059:on 2008-07-18.
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751:. TEBA Group.
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570:on 2016-03-16.
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487:'s Hondamatic
477:
474:monopropellant
452:
449:
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356:
353:
351:
348:
339:
338:H.L.F. Trebert
336:
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306:
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267:
264:
260:radial engines
243:
240:
209:
206:
178:rotary engines
165:
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110:
107:
105:
102:
89:inline engines
40:Z-crank engine
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
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1372:
1371:Stroke cycles
1368:
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1168:December 1941
1167:
1162:
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1145:on 2008-08-20
1141:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1098:
1092:
1078:on 2003-06-20
1077:
1073:
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1058:
1054:
1048:
1034:on 2008-12-02
1033:
1029:
1023:
1015:
1013:1-55750-268-4
1009:
1005:
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984:
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839:
832:
826:
821:
813:
811:0-07-058472-9
807:
803:
796:
788:
786:0-85298-208-9
782:
778:
774:
768:
760:
758:0-9777134-0-7
754:
750:
743:
735:
729:
725:
719:
705:on 2008-06-13
704:
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696:
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682:
676:
668:
664:
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627:
619:
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584:. Pilotfriend
583:
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569:
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559:
545:
541:
537:
536:Self, Douglas
531:
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486:
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478:
475:
471:
467:
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459:
455:
454:
448:
443:Devize Motors
440:
438:
427:
418:
415:
404:
395:
393:
388:
387:piezoelectric
384:
379:
373:
370:
366:
362:
347:
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302:
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276:
272:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
242:John O. Almen
239:
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227:
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205:
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202:San Francisco
199:
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138:
134:
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97:
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90:
86:
81:
78:
74:
70:
66:
61:
57:
53:
48:
45:
41:
37:
36:barrel engine
33:
24:
1700:Split-single
1486:Flat / boxer
1346:Swing-piston
1226:
1165:
1147:. Retrieved
1140:the original
1115:
1091:
1080:. Retrieved
1076:the original
1065:
1057:the original
1047:
1036:. Retrieved
1032:the original
1022:
1003:
997:
983:
969:
958:. Retrieved
955:Motorcyclist
954:
945:
934:. Retrieved
924:
913:. Retrieved
909:newatlas.com
908:
899:
888:. Retrieved
878:
867:. Retrieved
853:
842:. Retrieved
831:
820:
801:
795:
776:
767:
748:
742:
723:
718:
707:. Retrieved
703:the original
689:
675:
663:Douglas Self
657:
648:
639:
625:
618:
607:. Retrieved
597:
586:. Retrieved
576:
568:the original
558:
547:. Retrieved
543:
530:
506:
500:
470:Otto fuel II
451:Applications
446:
433:
424:
410:
407:Duke Engines
401:
374:
358:
341:
328:
308:
291:sleeve valve
286:
269:
251:
245:
237:
234:
223:
219:
211:
197:
194:sleeve valve
189:Aerial Derby
185:Caudron G.II
182:
167:
155:
151:
137:high voltage
127:
120:
98:
82:
65:ball bearing
60:wobble plate
49:
39:
35:
32:axial engine
31:
29:
1389:Five-stroke
1384:Four-stroke
1341:Split cycle
1279:Free-piston
1222:Atmospheric
378:Piper Arrow
350:Present day
226:Phil Irving
1729:Categories
1394:Six-stroke
1379:Two-stroke
1296:Heron head
1254:Cam engine
1149:2008-06-29
1108:References
1082:2008-07-07
1038:2008-07-07
960:2016-10-07
936:2013-07-23
915:2016-10-07
890:2008-07-07
869:2008-07-04
844:2008-07-04
733:0977713407
709:2008-06-29
609:2008-07-04
588:2008-07-04
549:2011-05-01
437:sinusoidal
369:Studebaker
77:sinusoidal
56:swashplate
52:cam engine
458:torpedoes
421:INNengine
365:brass era
252:Almen A-4
1326:Pentroof
1274:Flathead
1264:Compound
1242:Rotative
863:Archived
775:(1975).
510:See also
483:such as
466:pump-jet
392:ski boat
361:American
355:Dyna-Cam
317:for the
275:knighted
212:In 1917
109:Macomber
1534:V / Vee
1351:Uniflow
1284:Stelzer
1259:Camless
1237:Cornish
305:Bristol
285:as the
208:Michell
144:⁄
133:magneto
104:History
69:nutates
1695:Radial
1685:Deltic
1331:Rotary
1249:Bourke
1166:Flight
1010:
840:. USPO
808:
783:
755:
730:
491:, and
398:Covaxe
331:Wooler
325:Wooler
287:Alfaro
170:Zürich
164:Statax
85:radial
1678:Other
1361:Wedge
1227:Axial
1143:(PDF)
1136:(PDF)
522:Notes
485:Honda
130:Bosch
58:or a
50:As a
1356:Watt
1291:Hemi
1232:Beam
1215:Type
1206:for
1008:ISBN
806:ISBN
781:ISBN
753:ISBN
728:ISBN
501:e.g.
472:, a
309:The
87:and
1669:W30
1664:W24
1659:W18
1654:W16
1649:W12
1616:V24
1611:V20
1606:V18
1601:V16
1596:V14
1591:V12
1586:V10
1574:VR6
1562:VR5
1524:F16
1519:F12
1514:F10
1476:I14
1471:I12
1120:doi
631:468
489:CVT
230:HRD
198:29B
38:or
30:An
1731::
1644:W8
1639:W6
1634:W3
1581:V8
1569:V6
1557:V5
1552:V4
1547:V3
1542:V2
1509:F8
1504:F6
1499:F4
1494:F2
1466:I9
1461:I8
1456:I7
1451:I6
1446:I5
1441:I4
1436:I3
1431:I2
1426:I1
953:.
907:.
697:.
665:.
647:.
542:.
538:.
301:.
232:.
146:16
1710:X
1705:U
1690:H
1626:W
1196:e
1189:t
1182:v
1152:.
1126:.
1122::
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1041:.
1016:.
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963:.
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893:.
872:.
847:.
814:.
789:.
761:.
736:.
712:.
683:.
669:.
633:.
612:.
591:.
552:.
142:1
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