2269:
2673:
566:
58:
692:
3460:
629:
503:
545:
671:
608:
33:
268:
482:
1429:
Bailey, E.P. 1993. Introduction of foxes to
Alaskan islands - history, effects on avifauna, and eradication. Fish and Wildlife Series Resource Publication 193. United States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington,
3542:
945:(perhaps the largest auklet colony in the world) experienced almost complete breeding failure in 2001 and 2002 because of rat predation and disturbance and has been the focus of researchers at
835:
likely winter near to breeding colonies and many were reported by Aleuts to winter in the general area. Auklets from the northern Bering Sea must move further south because of
1407:
Byrd, G.V., Renner, H.M. and Renner, M. 2005. Distribution patterns and population trends of breeding seabirds in the
Aleutian Islands. Fisheries Oceanography 14:139-159.
1439:
U.S. Fish & Wildlife
Service. 2007. Restoring wildlife habitat on Rat Island. Environmental Assessment, Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge, Anchorage AK. 141pp
1112:
Warheit, Kenneth I. (October 1992). "A review of the fossil seabirds from the
Tertiary of the North Pacific: plate tectonics, paleoceanography and faunal change".
1420:
to oceanic islands and their effects on island avifaunas. In Moors, P.J. (eds.). 1985. Conservation of Island Birds. ICBP Technical
Publication No. 3, Cambridge.
1102:
Stejneger, L. 1885. Results of ornithological explorations in the
Commander Islands and in Kamtschatka. Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 29.
399:
2565:
1363:
Jones, I.L.; Hunter, F.M.; Robertson, G.J.; Williams, J.C.; Byrd, G.V. (2007). "Covariation among demographic and climate parameters in
Whiskered Auklets
2812:
1992:
2852:
2320:
1895:
1696:
2748:
1642:
1394:
3306:
3057:
2524:
2395:
2044:
1755:
3628:
3264:
3178:
3047:
3037:
2585:
1932:
1653:
1631:
1205:
Jones, I.L., 1992. Colony attendance of Least
Auklets at St. Paul Island, Alaska: implications for population monitoring. Condor 94, 93–100.
3408:
3344:
2738:
2718:
2575:
2418:
2130:
1982:
1765:
3418:
3275:
3027:
3436:
2885:
2832:
2623:
2206:
1716:
129:
2548:
2510:
2371:
1529:
3576:
2268:
3602:
859:), auricular plumes (all four species), and crested and whiskered auklets have a tangerine-scented odour which may function in
3723:
1028:
3607:
870:
auklets lay one white egg in a natural crevice and incubate for 25–36 days, after which, a semi-precocial chick emerges and
946:
1084:
Storer, R.W. 1960. Evolution of the diving birds. Proceedings of the
International Ornithological Congress 12: 694–707.
251:. The relationships between the four true auklets remains unclear. Auklets are threatened by invasive species such as
3667:
3633:
1320:
Ydenberg, R.C. (1989). "Growth-mortality trade-offs and the evolution of juvenile life histories in the
Alcidae".
3568:
1475:
1450:
1046:"Phylogenetic relationships within the Alcidae (Charadriiformes: Aves) inferred using total molecular evidence"
3685:
3615:
1522:
2672:
3527:
965:
383:(8–13 million years ago) and the four extant species likely diverged rapidly about 5 million years ago.
3532:
3659:
3672:
403:
1230:
Murie, O.J. 1959. Fauna of the Aleutian Islands and Alaska Peninsula. North American Fauna 61:1-364.
1515:
57:
3459:
3646:
1507:
3480:
1157:"Phylogeny and evolution of the auks (subfamily Alcinae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences"
3641:
1388:
715:
652:
589:
526:
3713:
1329:
1249:
1121:
1062:
1045:
878:
are highly variable, and range from less than 100 individuals to over 1 million, although
8:
931:
875:
801:
761:
423:
415:
333:
did not enter into widespread use until the 1960s. Initially, the auklets were placed in
1333:
1253:
1125:
1480:
1345:
1265:
1137:
809:
552:
312:
292:
183:
52:
851:
are more dispersed). All have some form of facial ornamentation such as large crests (
3550:
1380:
1240:
Jones, I.L.; Hunter, F.M. (1993). "Mutual sexual selection in a monogamous seabird".
1188:
1183:
1156:
1141:
1067:
1024:
765:
757:
678:
320:
190:
3718:
3555:
3518:
3188:
3068:
2821:
2728:
2486:
2180:
1621:
1470:
1376:
1337:
1300:
1269:
1257:
1178:
1168:
1129:
1057:
852:
832:
805:
773:
40:
1484:
1285:"Natural variation in the sexually selected feather ornaments of Crested Auklets (
3708:
3161:
2479:
2310:
2224:
1597:
1582:
1539:
848:
356:
303:
tribe Aethinii. Molecular work has not yet resolved the relationship between the
109:
3620:
3563:
3376:
2361:
2347:
2244:
1943:
883:
856:
793:
789:
615:
489:
275:
shown in blue. Modified from Friesen et al. 1996. Mol. Biol. Evol. 13, 359–367.
240:
204:
197:
163:
146:
1133:
3702:
3503:
2901:
2876:
2861:
2436:
2340:
2213:
2189:
2059:
785:
769:
753:
745:
284:
244:
232:
1305:
1284:
1173:
3385:
3327:
3313:
3209:
3195:
2976:
2912:
2641:
2630:
2500:
2463:
2445:
2406:
2233:
2087:
2076:
2052:
1952:
1779:
1731:
903:
879:
308:
155:
1192:
1071:
3589:
3512:
3282:
3254:
3223:
3216:
3123:
3107:
3080:
3011:
2969:
2946:
2777:
2690:
2531:
2096:
2023:
2003:
1838:
1786:
1685:
1498:
860:
565:
1221:, foxes, humans and how to right a wrong. Marine Ornithology 31:175-180.
823:
rate of up to 33% in least and crested auklets when both mates survive.
691:
442:
breeding auklets can be difficult because they nest in hidden crevices.
3581:
3396:
3358:
3240:
3154:
2991:
2928:
2921:
2784:
2657:
2599:
2592:
2452:
2425:
2385:
2378:
2354:
2253:
2196:
2137:
2120:
2113:
2103:
2032:
1906:
1772:
1706:
1664:
1570:
1349:
1217:
Williams, J.C., Byrd, G.V. and Konyukhov, N.B. 2003. Whiskered Auklets
927:
911:
797:
387:
386:
There are one or two fossil species which lived in the area of today's
288:
252:
236:
922:
Because they nest in crevices, auklets are vulnerable to predation by
3426:
3289:
3116:
2794:
2517:
2331:
2286:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2012:
1963:
1871:
1818:
1798:
1261:
907:
886:
tend to nest in greater density than parakeet and whiskered auklets.
819:, at both the colony and crevice level, although there can be a high
628:
544:
502:
335:
300:
69:
3594:
3474:
1341:
3497:
3351:
3320:
3296:
3233:
3168:
3089:
2962:
2606:
2493:
2066:
1915:
1675:
1558:
874:
after 25–35 days. Age at first breeding is estimated at 3–5 years.
836:
816:
670:
607:
259:) because of their high degree of coloniality and crevice-nesting.
248:
228:
89:
894:
The auklets are mainly planktivores, eating a variety of calanoid
267:
32:
3680:
3138:
3096:
2955:
2841:
2759:
2702:
2650:
2472:
1972:
1741:
1576:
1537:
1283:
Jones, I.L.; Hunter, F.M.; Robertson, G.J.; Fraser, G.S. (2004).
895:
820:
391:
380:
372:
316:
3443:
3334:
3000:
2768:
2613:
2555:
2538:
1922:
1552:
942:
871:
777:
481:
439:
368:
79:
847:
Auklets are typically very social and nest in dense colonies (
410:
tentatively placed in this genus. From the Pliocene there are
315:, which is, in turn, a sister group to the Fraterculine auks (
3654:
3247:
3202:
3147:
1564:
1449:
Major, H.L.; Jones, I.L.; Byrd, G.V.; Williams, J.C. (2006).
938:
899:
781:
407:
327:
221:
1362:
1155:
Moum, T.; Johansen, S.; Erikstad, K.E.; Piatt, J.F. (1996).
926:, and have been extirpated from some islands that contained
3365:
2801:
863:
or species recognition, although this requires more study.
749:
99:
1476:
10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[681:ateoin]2.0.co;2
1416:
Atkinson, I.A.E. 1985. The spread of commensal species of
1282:
1154:
923:
225:
119:
1499:"Auklets and Norway rats at Sirius Point, Kiska Island"
1093:
Linnaeus, C., 1758. Systema Naturae, 10th ed. Stockholm
1448:
3432:
3414:
3404:
3340:
3302:
3271:
3260:
3229:
3184:
3174:
3063:
3053:
3043:
3033:
3023:
2943:
2790:
2744:
2734:
2724:
2714:
2619:
2581:
2571:
2561:
2544:
2506:
2414:
2391:
2367:
2316:
2306:
2202:
2126:
2109:
2072:
2040:
1988:
1978:
1928:
1891:
1752:
1728:
1712:
1702:
1692:
1681:
1671:
1659:
1649:
1638:
1627:
1617:
1161:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA
831:
The Winter distribution of auklets is poorly known.
1451:"Assessing the effects of introduced Norway rats (
1455:) on survival and productivity of Least Auklets (
1043:
930:introduced for farming. Eradication of rats from
3700:
625:Aleutian Islands and on some islands off Siberia
1044:Friesen, V.L.; Baker, A.J.; Piatt, J.F (1996).
339:, but later reorganized into genera including:
271:Current accepted taxonomy of the Alcidae with
1608:
1523:
1233:
1393:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 (
1239:
1213:
1211:
1018:
917:
1530:
1516:
1276:
31:
1474:
1401:
1304:
1199:
1182:
1172:
1061:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
262:
1410:
1319:
1313:
1208:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
839:surrounding colonies during the winter.
266:
1433:
1111:
1087:
3701:
1423:
1037:
826:
3479:
3478:
2688:
2284:
1869:
1595:
1511:
1224:
1063:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025595
1023:. New York: Oxford University Press.
983:
473:IUCN status and estimated population
418:of San Diego County, California, and
3686:6A016865-63E9-46FB-BE4D-01303823AE6B
3660:5E6BC9C9-15C4-580C-3758-89CE4D684D17
3569:71b8cad7-44aa-4a24-ab1e-205cd21730f9
914:. Winter diet has not been studied.
1596:
1289:) does not predict future survival"
947:Memorial University of Newfoundland
562:northern Pacific and the Bering Sea
355:is still occasionally used for the
287:and adjacent waters, mainly in the
13:
1019:Gaston, A.J.; Jones, I.L. (1998).
958:
937:The large colony at Sirius Point,
736:
375:(15 million years ago). The first
14:
3735:
972:. The Trust for Avian Systematics
744:auklets are endemic to the North
426:of San Diego County, California.
3458:
2671:
2267:
1381:10.1111/j.2007.0908-8857.03895.x
934:was completed in 2008 and 2009.
796:and north to the islands of the
748:and Sea of Okhotsk with notable
690:
669:
627:
606:
564:
543:
501:
480:
362:
56:
1491:
1442:
1356:
1050:Molecular Biology and Evolution
731:
464:Scientific name and subspecies
1148:
1105:
1096:
1078:
1:
2285:
1870:
952:
688:Alaska, Kamchatka and Siberia
3724:Taxa named by Blasius Merrem
772:, large colonies are in the
307:auklets, but the group is a
7:
842:
379:fossils date from the late
10:
3740:
434:There are four species of
429:
3487:
3455:
3395:
3375:
3137:
3106:
3079:
3019:
3010:
2990:
2942:
2911:
2884:
2875:
2851:
2831:
2811:
2767:
2758:
2710:
2701:
2697:
2684:
2669:
2640:
2462:
2435:
2405:
2330:
2297:
2293:
2280:
2265:
2243:
2223:
2179:
2086:
2031:
2022:
2002:
1962:
1942:
1905:
1882:
1878:
1865:
1837:
1817:
1797:
1751:
1727:
1604:
1591:
1547:
1134:10.1017/S0094837300010976
815:Auklets have a high site
666:
603:
540:
477:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
367:The first undisputed auk
179:
174:
161:
154:
53:Scientific classification
51:
39:
30:
23:
2689:
1542:and their extinct allies
1369:Journal of Avian Biology
918:Threats and conservation
598:5,000,000 - 10,000,000
224:of four small (85–300g)
1174:10.1073/pnas.91.17.7912
889:
724:1,000,000 - 2,000,000
297:Ptychoramphus aleuticus
1383:(inactive 2024-05-12).
406:), and an undescribed
276:
263:Taxonomy and evolution
3642:Paleobiology Database
1306:10.1093/beheco/arh018
270:
3564:Fauna Europaea (new)
970:aviansystematics.org
371:are from the middle
299:) they comprise the
1334:1989Ecol...70.1494Y
1254:1993Natur.362..238J
1126:1992Pbio...18..401W
827:Winter distribution
802:St. Lawrence Island
661:100,000 - 250,000
457:
424:San Mateo Formation
422:N. A. Smith, 2013 (
416:San Mateo Formation
414:N. A. Smith, 2013 (
400:Monterrey Formation
291:region. Along with
283:occurs only in the
2813:Synthliboramphini
1293:Behavioral Ecology
1287:Aethia cristatella
810:St. Matthew Island
766:Chukota Peninsulas
621:(Gmelin, JF, 1789)
553:Aethia cristatella
499:Alaska and Siberia
445:
277:
243:and among some of
184:Aethia cristatella
3696:
3695:
3481:Taxon identifiers
3472:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3453:
3452:
3133:
3132:
2986:
2985:
2938:
2937:
2871:
2870:
2680:
2679:
2667:
2666:
2276:
2275:
2263:
2262:
2175:
2174:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1453:Rattus norvegicus
1248:(6417): 238–239.
1167:(17): 7912–7916.
1030:978-0-19-854032-8
1021:The Auks: Alcidae
833:Whiskered auklets
758:Commander Islands
729:
728:
685:
679:Aethia psittacula
622:
604:Whiskered auklet
559:
496:
470:Size and ecology
455:
321:rhinoceros auklet
257:Rattus norvegicus
247:'s most abundant
213:
212:
191:Aethia psittacula
150:
3731:
3689:
3688:
3676:
3675:
3663:
3662:
3650:
3649:
3637:
3636:
3624:
3623:
3621:NHMSYS0020929962
3611:
3610:
3598:
3597:
3585:
3584:
3572:
3571:
3559:
3558:
3546:
3545:
3536:
3535:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3476:
3475:
3463:
3462:
3434:
3416:
3406:
3342:
3304:
3273:
3262:
3231:
3186:
3176:
3065:
3055:
3045:
3035:
3025:
3017:
3016:
2945:
2882:
2881:
2822:Synthliboramphus
2792:
2765:
2764:
2746:
2736:
2729:Hydrotherikornis
2726:
2716:
2708:
2707:
2699:
2698:
2686:
2685:
2675:
2621:
2583:
2573:
2563:
2546:
2508:
2416:
2393:
2369:
2318:
2308:
2295:
2294:
2282:
2281:
2271:
2204:
2181:Recurvirostridae
2128:
2111:
2074:
2042:
2029:
2028:
1990:
1980:
1930:
1893:
1880:
1879:
1867:
1866:
1754:
1730:
1714:
1704:
1694:
1683:
1673:
1661:
1651:
1640:
1629:
1622:Charadriisimilis
1619:
1606:
1605:
1593:
1592:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1478:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1392:
1384:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1328:(5): 1494–1506.
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1262:10.1038/362238a0
1237:
1231:
1228:
1222:
1215:
1206:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1186:
1176:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1065:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1016:
981:
980:
978:
977:
962:
849:Parakeet auklets
806:Pribilof Islands
774:Aleutian Islands
752:colonies in the
719:
694:
683:
673:
667:Parakeet auklet
656:
631:
620:
610:
593:
568:
557:
547:
530:
505:
494:
484:
458:
453:
444:
396:Aethia rossmoori
390:during the Late
164:Alca cristatella
145:
61:
60:
41:Whiskered auklet
35:
21:
20:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3684:
3679:
3671:
3666:
3658:
3653:
3645:
3640:
3632:
3627:
3619:
3614:
3606:
3601:
3593:
3588:
3580:
3575:
3567:
3562:
3554:
3549:
3541:
3539:
3531:
3526:
3517:
3516:
3511:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3483:
3473:
3464:
3457:
3449:
3391:
3371:
3162:Chroicocephalus
3129:
3102:
3075:
3006:
2982:
2934:
2907:
2867:
2847:
2827:
2807:
2754:
2693:
2676:
2663:
2636:
2458:
2431:
2401:
2326:
2289:
2272:
2259:
2239:
2225:Ibidorhynchidae
2219:
2171:
2082:
2018:
1998:
1958:
1938:
1901:
1874:
1853:
1833:
1813:
1793:
1747:
1723:
1600:
1598:Charadriiformes
1587:
1583:Charadriiformes
1543:
1536:
1506:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1424:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1386:
1385:
1361:
1357:
1342:10.2307/1938208
1318:
1314:
1281:
1277:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1216:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1153:
1149:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1017:
984:
975:
973:
964:
963:
959:
955:
920:
892:
884:crested auklets
857:crested auklets
845:
829:
739:
737:Breeding season
734:
723:
717:
708:
707:
702:
701:
689:
682:
660:
654:
645:
644:
639:
638:
626:
619:
597:
591:
582:
581:
576:
575:
563:
556:
541:Crested auklet
534:
528:
519:
518:
513:
512:
500:
493:
456:– four species
432:
365:
357:parakeet auklet
313:Cassin's auklet
293:Cassin's auklet
265:
170:
167:
144:
110:Charadriiformes
55:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3737:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3677:
3664:
3651:
3638:
3625:
3612:
3599:
3586:
3573:
3560:
3547:
3537:
3524:
3509:
3493:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3440:
3430:
3423:
3412:
3401:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3381:
3379:
3377:Stercorariidae
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3269:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3182:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3143:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3120:
3112:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3093:
3085:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3061:
3051:
3041:
3031:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2996:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2951:
2949:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2925:
2917:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2898:
2890:
2888:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2857:
2855:
2853:Brachyramphini
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2837:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2817:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2798:
2788:
2781:
2773:
2771:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2742:
2732:
2722:
2711:
2705:
2695:
2694:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2654:
2646:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2627:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2579:
2569:
2559:
2552:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2514:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2468:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2449:
2441:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2422:
2411:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2348:Hydrophasianus
2344:
2336:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2321:Scolopacimilis
2314:
2303:
2301:
2299:incertae sedis
2291:
2290:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2249:
2247:
2245:Haematopodidae
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2229:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2210:
2200:
2193:
2185:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2124:
2117:
2107:
2100:
2092:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2037:
2035:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2008:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1986:
1976:
1968:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1948:
1946:
1944:Pluvianellidae
1940:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1926:
1919:
1911:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1896:Cherevychnavis
1888:
1886:
1884:incertae sedis
1876:
1875:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1843:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1823:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1803:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1761:
1759:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1737:
1735:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1710:
1700:
1697:Sarjeantopodus
1690:
1679:
1669:
1657:
1647:
1636:
1625:
1614:
1612:
1610:incertae sedis
1602:
1601:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1535:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1512:
1505:
1504:
1490:
1469:(3): 681–694.
1457:Aethia pusilla
1441:
1432:
1422:
1409:
1400:
1375:(4): 450–461.
1365:Aethia pygmaea
1355:
1312:
1299:(2): 332–337.
1275:
1232:
1223:
1219:Aethia pygmaea
1207:
1198:
1147:
1120:(4): 401–424.
1104:
1095:
1086:
1077:
1056:(2): 359–367.
1036:
1029:
982:
956:
954:
951:
919:
916:
891:
888:
844:
841:
828:
825:
794:Gulf of Alaska
738:
735:
733:
730:
727:
726:
718: LC
713:
695:
686:
684:(Pallas, 1769)
675:
664:
663:
655: LC
650:
632:
623:
616:Aethia pygmaea
612:
601:
600:
592: LC
587:
569:
560:
558:(Pallas, 1769)
549:
538:
537:
529: LC
524:
506:
497:
495:(Pallas, 1811)
490:Aethia pusilla
486:
475:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
431:
428:
420:Aethia storeri
412:Aethia barnesi
398:Howard, 1968 (
364:
361:
264:
261:
241:Sea of Okhotsk
211:
210:
209:
208:
205:Aethia pygmaea
201:
198:Aethia pusilla
194:
187:
177:
176:
172:
171:
168:
159:
158:
152:
151:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
49:
48:
45:Aethia pygmaea
37:
36:
28:
27:
16:Genus of birds
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3736:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3687:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3534:
3529:
3525:
3520:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3499:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3477:
3461:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3070:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2941:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2902:Ptychoramphus
2899:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2877:Fraterculinae
2874:
2864:
2863:
2862:Brachyramphus
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2749:Pseudocepphus
2743:
2741:
2740:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2674:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2437:Rostratulidae
2434:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2341:Actophilornis
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2279:
2270:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2214:Recurvirostra
2211:
2209:
2208:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2190:Cladorhynchus
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2060:Hoploxypterus
2057:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1718:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1643:Fluviatitavis
1637:
1634:
1633:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1541:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1500:
1494:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1445:
1436:
1426:
1419:
1413:
1404:
1396:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1236:
1227:
1220:
1214:
1212:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1099:
1090:
1081:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1032:
1026:
1022:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
971:
967:
961:
957:
950:
948:
944:
940:
935:
933:
929:
925:
915:
913:
909:
905:
904:invertebrates
901:
897:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
840:
838:
834:
824:
822:
818:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
786:Semisopochnoi
783:
779:
775:
771:
770:North America
767:
763:
759:
755:
754:Kuril Islands
751:
747:
746:Pacific Ocean
743:
725:
721:
720:
714:
711:
705:
699:
696:
693:
687:
681:
680:
676:
674:
672:
665:
662:
658:
657:
651:
648:
642:
636:
633:
630:
624:
618:
617:
613:
611:
609:
602:
599:
595:
594:
588:
585:
579:
573:
570:
567:
561:
555:
554:
550:
548:
546:
539:
536:
535:20,000,000+
532:
531:
525:
522:
516:
510:
507:
504:
498:
492:
491:
487:
485:
483:
478:Least auklet
476:
459:
451:
450:
443:
441:
437:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
404:Orange County
401:
397:
393:
389:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
363:Fossil record
360:
358:
354:
353:Cyclorhynchus
350:
349:Cyclorhynchus
346:
342:
338:
337:
332:
329:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
285:North Pacific
282:
274:
269:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
245:North America
242:
238:
234:
233:Pacific Ocean
231:to the North
230:
227:
223:
219:
218:
207:
206:
202:
200:
199:
195:
193:
192:
188:
186:
185:
181:
180:
178:
173:
166:
165:
160:
157:
153:
148:
143:
142:
138:
135:
134:
131:
128:
125:
124:
121:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
104:
101:
98:
95:
94:
91:
88:
85:
84:
81:
78:
75:
74:
71:
68:
65:
64:
59:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
3488:
3442:
3435:
3425:
3417:
3407:
3386:Stercorarius
3384:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3314:Rhodostethia
3312:
3307:Pseudosterna
3305:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3263:
3253:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3222:
3215:
3210:Hydrocoloeus
3208:
3201:
3196:Gelochelidon
3194:
3187:
3177:
3167:
3160:
3153:
3146:
3122:
3115:
3095:
3088:
3067:
3058:Paractiornis
3056:
3046:
3036:
3026:
2999:
2977:Praemancalla
2975:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2927:
2920:
2913:Fraterculini
2900:
2894:
2893:
2860:
2840:
2820:
2800:
2793:
2783:
2776:
2747:
2737:
2727:
2717:
2656:
2649:
2642:Thinocoridae
2629:
2622:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2574:
2564:
2554:
2547:
2537:
2530:
2525:Limnocryptes
2523:
2516:
2509:
2501:Coenocorypha
2499:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2464:Scolopacidae
2451:
2446:Nycticryphes
2444:
2424:
2417:
2407:Pedionomidae
2396:Nupharanassa
2394:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2319:
2309:
2298:
2252:
2234:Ibidorhyncha
2232:
2212:
2205:
2195:
2188:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2119:
2112:
2102:
2095:
2088:Charadriinae
2075:
2065:
2058:
2053:Erythrogonys
2051:
2045:Dolicopterus
2043:
2011:
1991:
1981:
1971:
1953:Pluvianellus
1951:
1931:
1921:
1914:
1894:
1883:
1785:
1780:Palaeotringa
1778:
1771:
1764:
1756:Graculavidae
1740:
1732:Laornithidae
1715:
1705:
1695:
1684:
1674:
1663:
1652:
1641:
1630:
1620:
1609:
1569:Infraclass:
1493:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1435:
1425:
1417:
1412:
1403:
1389:cite journal
1372:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1278:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1226:
1218:
1201:
1164:
1160:
1150:
1117:
1114:Paleobiology
1113:
1107:
1098:
1089:
1080:
1053:
1049:
1039:
1020:
974:. Retrieved
969:
960:
939:Kiska Island
936:
928:Arctic foxes
921:
893:
876:Colony sizes
867:
865:
846:
830:
814:
760:, along the
741:
740:
732:Distribution
722:
716:
709:
703:
697:
677:
668:
659:
653:
646:
640:
634:
614:
605:
596:
590:
583:
577:
571:
551:
542:
533:
527:
520:
514:
508:
488:
479:
461:Common name
454:Merrem, 1788
448:
447:
435:
433:
419:
411:
395:
385:
376:
366:
352:
348:
344:
341:Simorhynchus
340:
334:
330:
325:
309:sister group
304:
301:monophyletic
296:
280:
278:
272:
256:
216:
215:
214:
203:
196:
189:
182:
169:Pallas, 1769
162:
156:Type species
140:
139:
44:
24:
18:
3714:Bird genera
3590:iNaturalist
3513:Wikispecies
3283:Onychoprion
3265:Limicolavis
3255:Leucophaeus
3224:Ichthyaetus
3217:Hydroprogne
3179:Feducciavis
3124:Rhinoptilus
3108:Glareolinae
3081:Glareolinae
3048:Mioglareola
3038:Boutersemia
3012:Glareolidae
2970:Miomancalla
2947:Mancallinae
2586:Parvelorius
2532:Limnodromus
2097:Anarhynchus
2024:Pluvianidae
2004:Pluvianidae
1933:Genucrassum
1848:See below ↓
1828:See below ↓
1808:See below ↓
1787:Telmatornis
1686:Palintropus
1654:Jiliniornis
1632:Eupterornis
912:ctenophores
900:euphausiids
861:mate choice
253:Norway rats
3703:Categories
3409:Cerestenia
3397:Turnicidae
3359:Thalasseus
3345:Sternalara
3241:Larosterna
3155:Chlidonias
2992:Dromadidae
2929:Fratercula
2922:Cerorhinca
2739:Miocepphus
2719:Divisulcus
2658:Thinocorus
2600:Prosobonia
2593:Phalaropus
2576:Paractitis
2453:Rostratula
2426:Pedionomus
2419:Oligonomus
2386:Microparra
2379:Metopidius
2355:Irediparra
2254:Haematopus
2197:Himantopus
2138:Oreopholus
2131:Jilniornis
2121:Elseyornis
2114:Dorypaltus
2104:Charadrius
2033:Vanellinae
1983:Chionoides
1907:Burhinidae
1773:Graculavus
1766:Dakotornis
1707:Scandiavis
1665:Morsoravis
1571:Neognathae
1540:shorebirds
1538:Genera of
976:2023-07-26
953:References
932:Rat Island
902:and other
798:Bering Sea
388:California
289:Bering Sea
279:The genus
237:Bering Sea
3540:ButMoth:
3427:Ortyxelos
3419:Eocliffia
3290:Pagophila
3276:Limosavis
3117:Cursorius
3069:Precursor
3028:Becassius
2795:Pinguinus
2518:Gallinago
2487:Bartramia
2332:Jacanidae
2287:Scolopaci
2166:Thinornis
2159:Pluvialis
2152:Phegornis
2145:Peltohyas
2013:Pluvianus
1964:Chionidae
1872:Charadrii
1819:Scolopaci
1799:Charadrii
1551:Kingdom:
1142:130150919
966:"Alcidae"
908:jellyfish
853:Whiskered
792:) to the
762:Kamchatka
440:Censusing
76:Kingdom:
70:Eukaryota
3498:Wikidata
3437:Turnipax
3352:Sternula
3321:Rynchops
3297:Phaetusa
3234:Laricola
3169:Creagrus
3090:Glareola
2963:Mancalla
2886:Aethiini
2833:Cepphini
2624:Villetus
2607:Scolopax
2556:Numenius
2494:Calidris
2480:Arenaria
2207:Kashinia
2067:Vanellus
1916:Burhinus
1717:Volgavis
1676:Nahmavis
1559:Chordata
1557:Phylum:
1553:Animalia
906:such as
896:copepods
843:Breeding
837:pack ice
817:fidelity
345:Phaleris
249:seabirds
175:Species
130:Aethiini
116:Family:
90:Chordata
86:Phylum:
80:Animalia
66:Domain:
3719:Alcidae
3681:ZooBank
3582:2481292
3504:Q292956
3189:Gaviota
3139:Laridae
3097:Stiltia
2956:Alcodes
2842:Cepphus
2760:Alcinae
2703:Alcidae
2651:Attagis
2566:Nuntius
2549:Mirolia
2511:Elorius
2473:Actitis
2372:Janipes
2311:Hakawai
1973:Chionis
1742:Laornis
1581:Order:
1577:Neoaves
1575:Clade:
1563:Class:
1350:1938208
1330:Bibcode
1322:Ecology
1270:4254675
1250:Bibcode
1193:8058734
1122:Bibcode
1072:8587501
872:fledges
821:divorce
790:Gareloi
704:Habitat
641:Habitat
578:Habitat
515:Habitat
430:Species
392:Miocene
381:Miocene
373:Miocene
369:fossils
317:puffins
229:endemic
226:auklets
136:Genus:
126:Tribe:
120:Alcidae
106:Order:
96:Class:
3709:Aethia
3673:343585
3647:134696
3608:177018
3519:Aethia
3489:Aethia
3444:Turnix
3335:Sterna
3001:Dromas
2895:Aethia
2769:Alcini
2614:Tringa
2539:Limosa
2362:Jacana
2077:Viator
1993:Neilus
1923:Esacus
1485:684091
1483:
1418:Rattus
1348:
1268:
1242:Nature
1191:
1181:
1140:
1070:
1027:
943:Alaska
868:Aethia
778:Buldir
742:Aethia
467:Range
449:Aethia
446:Genus
436:Aethia
377:Aethia
331:Aethia
305:Aethia
281:Aethia
273:Aethia
217:Aethia
149:, 1788
147:Merrem
141:Aethia
25:Aethia
3668:WoRMS
3655:Plazi
3634:28684
3556:629MV
3543:609.0
3328:Rissa
3248:Larus
3203:Gygis
3148:Anous
2631:Xenus
1481:S2CID
1346:JSTOR
1266:S2CID
1184:44514
1138:S2CID
880:least
782:Kiska
768:. In
750:Asian
408:taxon
328:genus
222:genus
220:is a
3629:NCBI
3603:ITIS
3595:4541
3577:GBIF
3533:4521
3528:BOLD
3366:Xema
2802:Uria
2785:Alle
2778:Alca
2691:Lari
1839:Lari
1565:Aves
1395:link
1189:PMID
1068:PMID
1025:ISBN
924:rats
910:and
890:Diet
882:and
866:All
855:and
788:and
764:and
710:Diet
698:Size
647:Diet
635:Size
584:Diet
572:Size
521:Diet
509:Size
347:and
336:Alca
326:The
319:and
239:and
100:Aves
3616:NBN
3551:CoL
1471:doi
1467:123
1463:Auk
1430:DC.
1377:doi
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1301:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
