623:
vocal sequence that is linked with a specific visual display. Between individuals, the calls differ in duration and frequency. Calls are primarily performed in males, but can also be seen in females. The call is particularly strong in widowed females. These calls stay stable from year to year, and individuals' specific calls are associated with the maintenance of long-term social bonds between pair mates and between neighbors. This suggests that trumpet calls can be used for both short-term and long-term individual recognition. Recognition of neighboring individuals' calls is advantageous because it minimizes energy expenditure on aggressive displays, and prevents conflict between neighbors and trusted individuals (the "dear enemy phenomenon").
492:
591:
408:
86:
208:
61:
372:
652:
42:
531:
Crested auklets are unique in their use of optical, vocal, and olfactory signals in mating. Their communicative behavior is more complex and diversified than that of closely related species. There are three general evolutionary mechanisms proposed to address the origin of the elaborate display traits
631:
Crested auklets have a distinctive citrus-like plumage odor. The scent is released when there is ruffling of feathers on the nape and upper back of the individual from threat, trumpeting, or billing displays. The cloud of scent released encourages the ruff sniff display. A ruff sniff display is when
499:
The crested auklet breeding season begins mid-May and ends mid-August. Their nesting sites are within the rocky crevices of North
Pacific coast. They breed in dense colonies of up to one million birds. Because of this, nesting sites are in close proximity, with as little as 0.3 meters between nests.
379:
The crested auklet can measure 18–27 cm (7.1–10.6 in) in length, 34–50 cm (13–20 in) in wingspan and weigh 195–330 g (6.9–11.6 oz). They have a reddish-orange and yellow tipped bill, yellowish white irises, and white auricular plumes from their eyes to their ears. Their
511:
Crested auklets are highly social during the breeding season, before pair formation, and after pair formation. Within a breeding year, however, crested auklets are monogamous, with only 10% of the population having extra-pair copulations. Partners continue to self-advertise to other birds when they
383:
Crested auklets are known for their forehead crests, which is made of black forward-curving feathers. These forehead crests are highly variable, and can have between two and twenty three narrow forward curving feathers. The average auklet has 12 crest feathers, which are of variable length, between
391:
The crested auklet is recognized primarily by two characteristics during the breeding season. The first is its crest, a group of bristle feathers located on top of its head above its eyes. The second is a social odor that the auklets produce during the breeding season, described as smelling like
622:
is "defined as pair courtship with mutual cackling vocal display." It is a crucial part of successful pair formation and becomes harmonious once male and female partners are well acquainted. Trumpet calls are one of the most common advertising calls. The call represents a complex but stereotyped
598:
Asserted dominance, with regards to claimed display area, has been correlated with crest length in both males and females. The existence of these showy monomorphic traits is indicative of intense sexual selection for both sexes. Large-crested adults of both sexes receive higher levels of sexual
609:
or evidence of condition dependence. From studies, it seems to be a survival-neutral ornament. Some studies, however, offer up a functional purpose for these ornaments. One study suggests a link between habitat complexity and facial feathering, where tactile facial elongation helps individuals
512:
are not incubating. While some of this advertising behavior can be linked to extra-pair mating, it is suggested that continuation of the behavior allows birds to find pairs for the next breeding season. Only 45.5% of birds remain with the same partner in the subsequent breeding season.
543:
explains flamboyant traits in males as resulting from a genetic linkage between ornamental traits and a mating preference for such ornaments. Under this model, mating preferences could be spread by arbitrary or even deleterious traits that carry no benefits to fitness, besides sexual
452:
Crested auklets primarily forage in deep waters, however sometimes in areas closer to the shore, but always in large flocks. Little is known about the winter diets, however, it is suggested that they feed on a variety of marine invertebrates. Crested auklets are
677:
population is estimated at 2.9 million birds. However, an accurate assessment of the number of birds is difficult, since those on the surface of the colony and in the nearby sea form only a small proportion of the variable and poorly understood population.
632:
birds fully insert their half open bill into the other's plumage. This display occurs in the absence of obvious aggression and is important for pair formation. For both sexes, a strong odor attracts more individuals, which then do a ruff sniff display.
380:
bodies, wings, and tails are primarily dark sooty grey, while their legs and feet are grey and claws black. The males and females are very similar, although the females have slightly smaller and less curved bills, additionally slightly smaller crests.
396:. This odor originates from tiny wick feathers, located in a small patch of skin between the shoulder blades. In winter plumage, their bills are smaller and dull yellow. They lack accessory plates and their crest and auricular plumes are reduced.
273:
The species is known for its sexual ornaments, found in both males and females. These include colorful plumage with a forehead crest, a striking scent recalling citrus fruit, and a loud trumpet call, all of which appear to have evolved through
278:. The total population is around 6 million, almost half in North America. It is in general considered to be of least concern, though the Alaskan population faces additional threats from predation and oil spills.
605:
While there is variation in displays across populations, crested auklet crests and plume ornaments are consistent in expression within an individual over time. Furthermore, there is little
558:, where mating preference focuses on ornamental traits that reflect the health or viability of the individual expressing them. These good genes convey genetic benefits to the offspring.
399:
Juveniles are similar to winter adults, but without auricular and crest plumes. Their bills are smaller, and colored a dull brownish yellow. Juveniles take 33 days to reach adult size.
599:
interest and displays from the opposite sex compared to those with smaller crests. Crested auklets with larger crests are more likely to obtain mates and to form pair bonds earlier.
1278:
Klenova, Anna V.; Victor A. Zubakin; Elena V. Zubakina (December 2011). "Inter- and intra-season stability of vocal individual signatures in a social seabird, the crested auklet".
572:: The third proposed mechanism is sexual selection for sensory exploitation, which results in mating preferences that arise due to natural selection for inherent sensory biases.
515:
Both sexes invest highly in parental care; parents share equally in incubating the single egg and raising the chick. Since both sexes are ornamented, crested auklets align with
602:
Based on divorce rate and mortality, more than half of individuals find a new mate each year. Female crest length is the primary factor of male mate switching between years.
435:
during the late spring and summer. Their habitats consist of slopes, boulder fields, lava flows, and sea cliffs. They are often found with other auklet species such as the
566:, where he suggests that individuals’ ornamental traits are indicators of good fitness, because they reflect the individual's success in spite of these traits as handicaps.
439:. On a daily basis, crested auklets circle 500 meters above the sea and the breeding colonies. This circling is triggered by disturbances and predators posing a threat.
415:
Crested auklets are found throughout the northern
Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea. They are particularly prevalent during the non-breeding winter months along the
500:
Even so, there is a high degree of territoriality, and adults show a high degree of site fidelity within a year. Because mating occurs at sea and males have no
610:
navigate complex underground crevices. The high density of crested auklet nesting sites can be expected to impose selective pressures on sensory mechanisms.
1447:
Klenova, Anna V.; Victor A. Zubakin; Elena V. Zubakina (2011). "Vocal and
Optical Indicators of Individual Quality in a Social Seabird, the Crested Auklet (
1050:
Jones, Ian L.; Fiona M. Hunter (1999). "Experimental evidence for a mutual inter- and intrasexual selection favouring a crested auklet ornament".
635:
Odor secretions increase during the breeding season, highlighting its association with courtship and mate selection. The scent may also act as an
1895:
666:
1960:
2109:
388:
plumes and a bright orange bill with curved accessory plates. Like forehead crests, these features vary widely within auklet populations.
785:
Spicilegia zoologica : quibus novae imprimis et obscurae animalium species iconibus, descriptionibus atque commentariis illustrantur
685:
population. There has been high predation by rats which have escaped from fishing vessels in the harbor. The auklets' main predators are
2139:
2079:
1859:
483:. Crested auklets dive from the surface of the water to catch their food. This behavior has been described as underwater "flight".
1197:
1908:
1637:
1417:
Jones, Ian L.; Fiona M. Hunter (25 September 1997). "Heterospecific mating preferences for a feather ornament in least auklets".
2129:
1986:
1401:
1104:
Zubakin, V.A.; I.A. Volodin; A.V. Klenova; E.V. Zubakina; E.V. Volodina; E.N. Lapshina (2010). "Behavior of
Crested Auklets (
983:
946:
1913:
1629:
1807:
17:
709:
and collisions with light sources pose additional risks. In Alaska, there is some subsistence hunting of the species.
1616:
1602:
1588:
1574:
254:. The species feeds by diving in deep waters, eating krill and a variety of small marine animals. It nests in dense
2134:
2025:
1838:
1965:
1851:
1820:
878:"Phylogenetic relationships within the Alcidae (Charadriiformes: Aves) inferred using total molecular evidence"
1947:
1489:
Seneviratne, Sampath S.; Ian L. Jones (2010). "Origin and maintenance of mechanosensory feather ornaments".
2124:
1705:
1696:
1755:
1760:
491:
846:
757:
2030:
1734:
799:
Jobling, J.A. (2018). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.).
85:
1939:
2017:
299:
2004:
1004:
Jones, Ian L.; Fiona M. Hunter (March 1993). "Mutual sexual selection in a monogamous seabird".
1900:
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788:(in Latin). Vol. 1. Berolini : Prostant apud Gottl. August. Lange. fasc. 5 p. 18.
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1235:
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1108:, Charadriiformes, Alcidae) in the Breeding Season: Visual and Acoustic Displays".
1059:
1033:
1021:
889:
752:
656:
640:
416:
328:
275:
1502:
1238:"Natural variation in the sexually selected feather ornaments of crested auklets (
576:
occur that result in a display trait which exploits the pre-existing sensory bias.
2114:
1973:
1825:
1773:
826:
619:
590:
137:
1952:
830:
783:
1846:
1833:
1681:
1157:
835:. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 357.
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of the crested auklet. Within the genus. it is most closely related to the
263:
1236:
Jones, Ian L.; Fiona M. Hunter; Gregory J. Robertson; Gail Fraser (2004).
903:
523:, which predicts that with biparental care, mutual choosiness will arise.
427:. They travel to breeding locations on the islands and shorelines of the
2012:
1934:
1882:
1690:
1542:
1525:
1446:
1277:
505:
323:
in 1788. The genus includes four auklet species. There are no recognised
255:
207:
2084:
2038:
1978:
1864:
690:
636:
432:
324:
251:
651:
371:
1313:
Amundsen, Trond (April 1, 2000). "Why are female birds ornamented?".
1025:
706:
659:
573:
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of crested auklets, and of showy mating signals by males in general:
501:
393:
356:
352:
306:
97:
41:
1887:
1652:
673:. The global population exceeds 8.2 million individuals, while the
2064:
1799:
1675:
1173:
969:
476:
471:
466:
424:
117:
1729:
1526:"Intraspecific and interspecific chemosignals in birds: a review"
917:
698:
618:
Crested auklets have a wide variety of single and complex calls.
508:
is mutual, but females do have final choice on breeding partner.
462:
348:
336:
247:
1991:
682:
480:
360:
344:
340:
315:
157:
107:
1794:
1392:
Davies; Krebs; West; Nicholas B.; John R.; Stuart A. (2012).
458:
686:
127:
1391:
999:
997:
995:
1595:
Handbook of the Birds of the World: Hoatzin to Auks Vol 3
970:
del Hoyo, Elliot; Sargatal; Josep; Andrew; Jordi (1996).
504:, males must hover over females for a successful mating.
258:
of up to 1 million individuals in the Bering Sea and the
147:
1045:
1043:
1488:
992:
339:
consists of many species of shorebirds including other
1396:. West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 192–202.
732:
262:. It often breeds in mixed-species colonies with the
250:, distributed throughout the northern Pacific and the
1040:
313:"crested" or "plumed". It is now placed in the genus
1442:
1440:
1416:
1049:
1003:
941:by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992),
1207:. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Archived from
971:
758:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22694915A131877037.en
697:. They have also been reported in the stomachs of
1437:
875:
2101:
876:Friesen, V.L.; Baker, A.J.; Piatt, J.F (1996).
1484:
1482:
667:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1569:, (6th edition) National Geographic Society.
486:
319:that was introduced by the German naturalist
1347:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1479:
845:
402:
1273:
1271:
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1093:
1091:
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965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
206:
59:
40:
1567:Field Guide to the Birds of North America
1541:
1387:
1385:
1365:
1257:
1192:
1190:
1144:
974:Handbook of the Birds of the World Vol. 3
893:
756:
1523:
1517:
1312:
1306:
1231:
1229:
805:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
801:"Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology"
650:
589:
490:
406:
370:
1638:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1565:Alderfer, Jonathan; Dunn, Jon L (2011)
1266:
1086:
952:
798:
639:repellent. This scent is also found in
442:
384:8.1 and 58.5 millimetres. Auklets have
14:
2102:
1410:
1382:
1187:
869:
825:
778:
728:
726:
724:
722:
646:
626:
1657:
1656:
1394:An Introduction to Behavioral Ecology
1226:
1155:
895:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025595
857:. International Ornithologists' Union
819:
792:
1852:adcec11e-9e79-425b-9f55-051543712b60
1350:"The evolution of sexual preference"
2110:IUCN Red List least concern species
1242:) does not predict future survival"
910:
744:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
719:
585:
526:
246:) is a small seabird of the family
24:
932:
839:
655:Specimen covered in oil after the
613:
25:
2151:
1581:Seabirds, an Identification Guide
1315:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
1205:Alaska Seabird Information Series
1166:The Birds of North America Online
939:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
681:There is greater concern for the
461:, but they are also known to eat
2140:Taxa named by Peter Simon Pallas
1473:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2011.01880.x
832:Check-list of Birds of the World
580:
457:. Their diet consists mainly of
309:for "little crested" from Latin
294:in 1769 by the German zoologist
84:
1554:
1341:
882:Molecular Biology and Evolution
849:; Donsker, David, eds. (2019).
733:BirdLife International (2020).
772:
550:: The second mechanism is the
411:Crested auklets on a cliffside
366:
13:
1:
2130:Birds of the Aleutian Islands
1503:10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.12.010
1327:10.1016/S0169-5347(99)01800-5
851:"Noddies, gulls, terns, auks"
712:
286:The crested auklet was first
1611:, National Audubon Society.
7:
1622:
1607:Sibley, David Allen (2000)
855:World Bird List Version 9.2
281:
10:
2156:
920:. Tree of Life Web Project
521:parental investment theory
487:Breeding and parental care
423:and the Russian island of
2054:
1665:
1609:The Sibley Guide to Birds
1292:10.1007/s10211-011-0120-y
1130:10.1134/s1062359010080066
751:: e.T22694915A131877037.
669:, crested auklets are of
548:The good genes hypothesis
228:Simorhynchus cristatellus
221:
214:
205:
186:
179:
81:Scientific classification
79:
57:
48:
39:
34:
1559:
541:runaway sexual selection
403:Distribution and habitat
2135:Birds described in 1769
1593:del Hoyo, Josep (1996)
1579:Harrison, Peter (1983)
447:
1431:10.1093/beheco/9.2.187
1156:Jones, Ian L. (1993).
1064:10.1006/anbe.1998.1012
662:
595:
594:Illustration from 1913
496:
412:
376:
2000:Paleobiology Database
1524:Rajchard, J. (2007).
1348:Fisher, R.A. (1915).
1259:10.1093/beheco/arh018
654:
593:
539:: Fisher's theory of
494:
410:
374:
1847:Fauna Europaea (new)
1583:, Houghton Mifflin,
1543:10.17221/2000-VETMED
1530:Veterinarni Medicina
570:Sensory exploitation
443:Behavior and ecology
2125:Birds of the Arctic
1465:2011Ethol.117..356K
1354:The Eugenics Review
1122:2010BioBu..37..823Z
1018:1993Natur.362..238J
780:Pallas, Peter Simon
703:St. Lawrence Island
647:Conservation status
627:Olfactory ornaments
564:handicap hypothesis
172:A. cristatella
51:Conservation status
2044:Aethia-cristatella
1722:Aethia_cristatella
1697:Aethia cristatella
1667:Aethia cristatella
1646:Aethia cristatella
1632:Aethia cristatella
1449:Aethia cristatella
1419:Behavioral Ecology
1246:Behavioral Ecology
1240:Aethia cristatella
1160:Aethia cristatella
1106:Aethia cristatella
737:Aethia cristatella
663:
596:
556:handicap processes
497:
413:
377:
343:(not in the genus
296:Peter Simon Pallas
243:Aethia cristatella
190:Aethia cristatella
18:Aethia cristatella
2095:
2094:
1659:Taxon identifiers
1403:978-1-4051-1416-5
1158:"Crested Auklet (
1012:(6417): 238–239.
985:978-84-87334-20-7
978:. Lynx Edicions.
947:978-0-8493-4258-5
827:Peters, James Lee
665:According to the
607:sexual dimorphism
537:Runaway selection
234:
233:
74:
16:(Redirected from
2147:
2088:
2087:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2056:Alca cristatella
2047:
2046:
2034:
2033:
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1953:NHMSYS0020789008
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1491:Animal Behaviour
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1214:on 12 March 2013
1213:
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1198:"Crested Auklet"
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1142:
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1110:Biology Bulletin
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1052:Animal Behaviour
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657:MV Selendang Ayu
641:whiskered auklet
586:Visual ornaments
527:Sexual selection
502:copulatory organ
417:Aleutian Islands
329:whiskered auklet
300:specific epithet
292:Alca cristatella
276:sexual selection
224:Alca cristatella
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1974:Observation.org
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807:. Lynx Edicions
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773:
763:
761:
731:
720:
715:
649:
629:
616:
614:Vocal ornaments
588:
583:
529:
489:
450:
445:
405:
369:
284:
226:
201:
194:
188:
175:
138:Charadriiformes
83:
75:
64:
60:
53:
35:Crested auklet
28:
27:Species of bird
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2153:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2076:
2060:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2035:
2022:
2009:
1996:
1983:
1970:
1957:
1944:
1931:
1918:
1905:
1892:
1879:
1875:crested-auklet
1869:
1856:
1843:
1834:Fauna Europaea
1830:
1817:
1804:
1791:
1778:
1765:
1752:
1739:
1726:
1713:
1702:
1687:
1671:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1651:
1650:
1642:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1605:
1591:
1577:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1536:(9): 385–391.
1516:
1497:(3): 637–644.
1478:
1459:(4): 356–365.
1436:
1425:(2): 187–192.
1409:
1402:
1381:
1340:
1321:(4): 149–155.
1305:
1265:
1252:(2): 332–337.
1225:
1186:
1174:10.2173/bna.70
1143:
1116:(8): 823–835.
1085:
1058:(3): 521–528.
1039:
991:
984:
951:
931:
909:
888:(2): 359–367.
868:
838:
829:, ed. (1934).
818:
791:
771:
717:
716:
714:
711:
675:North American
648:
645:
628:
625:
615:
612:
587:
584:
582:
579:
578:
577:
567:
545:
528:
525:
517:Robert Trivers
488:
485:
449:
446:
444:
441:
429:Sea of Okhotsk
404:
401:
368:
365:
335:). The family
321:Blasius Merrem
283:
280:
260:Sea of Okhotsk
238:crested auklet
232:
231:
219:
218:
212:
211:
203:
202:
195:
184:
183:
177:
176:
169:
167:
163:
162:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
77:
76:
58:
55:
54:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2152:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2098:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1618:
1617:0-679-45122-6
1614:
1610:
1606:
1604:
1603:84-87334-20-2
1600:
1596:
1592:
1590:
1589:0-395-33253-2
1586:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1575:0-7922-6877-6
1572:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1483:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1441:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1405:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1386:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1360:(3): 184–92.
1359:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1241:
1232:
1230:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1193:
1191:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1044:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1000:
998:
996:
987:
981:
976:
975:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
948:
944:
940:
935:
919:
913:
905:
901:
896:
891:
887:
883:
879:
872:
856:
852:
848:
842:
834:
833:
828:
822:
806:
802:
795:
787:
786:
781:
775:
759:
754:
750:
746:
745:
740:
738:
729:
727:
725:
723:
718:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
695:common ravens
692:
688:
684:
679:
676:
672:
671:least concern
668:
661:
658:
653:
644:
642:
638:
633:
624:
621:
611:
608:
603:
600:
592:
581:Ornamentation
575:
571:
568:
565:
562:proposed the
561:
557:
553:
549:
546:
542:
538:
535:
534:
533:
524:
522:
518:
513:
509:
507:
503:
495:Chick in hand
493:
484:
482:
478:
474:
473:
468:
464:
460:
456:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
421:Kuril Islands
418:
409:
400:
397:
395:
389:
387:
381:
373:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
317:
312:
308:
304:
301:
297:
293:
289:
279:
277:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
244:
239:
230:
229:
225:
220:
217:
213:
209:
204:
199:
193:
191:
185:
182:
181:Binomial name
178:
174:
173:
168:
165:
164:
161:
160:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
87:
82:
78:
72:
67:
66:Least Concern
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2097:
2055:
1666:
1644:
1631:
1608:
1594:
1580:
1566:
1555:Bibliography
1533:
1529:
1519:
1494:
1490:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1393:
1357:
1353:
1343:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1283:
1279:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1216:. Retrieved
1209:the original
1204:
1177:. Retrieved
1165:
1159:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1055:
1051:
1009:
1005:
973:
938:
934:
922:. Retrieved
912:
885:
881:
871:
859:. Retrieved
854:
841:
831:
821:
809:. Retrieved
804:
794:
784:
774:
762:. Retrieved
748:
742:
736:
680:
664:
637:ectoparasite
634:
630:
617:
604:
601:
597:
569:
560:Amotz Zahavi
547:
536:
530:
514:
510:
498:
470:
455:planktivores
451:
437:least auklet
414:
398:
390:
382:
378:
332:
314:
310:
302:
291:
285:
272:
266:, a smaller
264:least auklet
242:
241:
237:
235:
227:
223:
222:
189:
187:
171:
170:
158:
29:
2013:SeaLifeBase
1935:NatureServe
1883:iNaturalist
1691:Wikispecies
1286:: 141–152.
1218:26 November
847:Gill, Frank
506:Mate choice
479:and larval
367:Description
303:cristatella
2104:Categories
2071:Q109578001
2039:Xeno-canto
1280:Acta Ethol
1179:2 February
924:22 January
713:References
707:Oil spills
701:caught on
691:Arctic fox
552:good genes
544:selection.
433:Bering Sea
394:tangerines
357:guillemots
353:razorbills
333:A. pygmaea
325:subspecies
252:Bering Sea
1649:- Avibase
1300:254166475
660:oil spill
574:Mutations
477:amphipods
469:(such as
467:pteropods
386:auricular
311:cristatus
307:Neo-Latin
288:described
166:Species:
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
2065:Wikidata
1940:2.101073
1927:22694915
1901:10586927
1748:22694915
1743:BirdLife
1682:Q1166020
1676:Wikidata
1623:Websites
1597:, Lynx.
1511:53182546
1453:Ethology
1376:21259607
1335:10717684
1080:25492100
1072:10196041
918:"Aethia"
782:(1769).
472:Limacina
463:copepods
431:and the
425:Sakhalin
282:Taxonomy
268:congener
256:colonies
216:Synonyms
144:Family:
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
2120:Auklets
2085:9180055
1865:2481295
1730:Avibase
1461:Bibcode
1367:2987134
1138:9709011
1118:Bibcode
1034:4254675
1014:Bibcode
904:8587501
861:24 June
764:3 March
699:halibut
683:Alaskan
620:Billing
349:puffins
341:auklets
337:Alcidae
248:Alcidae
200:, 1769)
154:Genus:
148:Alcidae
134:Order:
124:Class:
69: (
2115:Aethia
2031:344015
2005:372773
1992:344015
1914:177019
1872:GNAB:
1821:EURING
1813:100958
1800:creauk
1774:creauk
1710:creauk
1615:
1601:
1587:
1573:
1509:
1400:
1374:
1364:
1333:
1298:
1136:
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1070:
1032:
1006:Nature
982:
945:
902:
811:28 May
481:fishes
361:murres
359:, and
345:Aethia
316:Aethia
298:. The
198:Pallas
159:Aethia
2026:WoRMS
2018:74295
1966:28685
1896:IRMNG
1839:96983
1808:EUNIS
1795:eBird
1787:65CP2
1761:10154
1560:Books
1507:S2CID
1296:S2CID
1212:(PDF)
1201:(PDF)
1134:S2CID
1076:S2CID
1030:S2CID
687:gulls
459:krill
2080:GBIF
1987:OBIS
1961:NCBI
1922:IUCN
1909:ITIS
1888:4542
1860:GBIF
1826:6490
1756:BOLD
1613:ISBN
1599:ISBN
1585:ISBN
1571:ISBN
1451:)".
1398:ISBN
1372:PMID
1331:PMID
1220:2012
1181:2013
1068:PMID
980:ISBN
943:ISBN
926:2013
900:PMID
863:2019
813:2018
766:2022
749:2020
693:and
448:Diet
375:Pair
236:The
128:Aves
1979:955
1948:NBN
1782:CoL
1769:BOW
1717:ADW
1706:ABA
1538:doi
1499:doi
1469:doi
1457:117
1427:doi
1362:PMC
1323:doi
1288:doi
1254:doi
1170:doi
1126:doi
1060:doi
1022:doi
1010:362
890:doi
753:doi
554:or
519:'s
475:),
347:),
305:is
290:as
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
