Albanian nationalism

756:

societal reform movement that turned into a geopolitical one in response to the events of 1878, reacting against both the policies of Ottoman rule and those of rival Balkan nationalisms. Competing with neighbours for contested areas forced Albanians to make their case for nationhood and seek support from European powers. Some scholars disagree with the view that Albanian nationalism emerged in 1878 or argue that the paradigm of setting a specific start date is wrong, but those events are widely considered a pivotal moment that led to the politicization of the Albanian national movement and the emergence of myths being generated that became part of the mythology of Albanian nationalism that is expressed in contemporary times within Albanian collective culture and memory. That historical context also made the Albanian national movement defensive in outlook as nationalists sought national affirmation and to counter what they viewed as the erosion of national sentiments and language. By the 19th century Albanians were divided into three religious groups. Catholic Albanians had some Albanian ethno-linguistic expression in schooling and church due to Austro-Hungarian protection and Italian clerical patronage. Orthodox Albanians under the Patriarchate of Constantinople had liturgy and schooling in Greek and toward the late Ottoman period mainly identified with Greek national aspirations. Muslim Albanians during this period formed around 70% of the overall Balkan Albanian population in the Ottoman Empire with an estimated population of more than a million.

1850:

nationalists in generalised terms as "Slavs" and view them without historic territorial rights within an expanded Albanian state. In Kosovo, the additional Dardanian-Illyrian theory also exists that claims contemporary Kosovar Albanians as direct descendants of Dardanians, a subgroup of the Illyrian people who inhabited the area in antiquity. The Dardanians are viewed by Kosovar Albanians as having been Catholics and interpreted as making Albanians historically part of Western civilisation in opposition to the Slavs who are alleged to have taken Catholic churches and converted them into Orthodox ones. The myth has impacted the struggle for Kosovan self-determination from the Serbs in that an independent Kosovo is viewed separate from Albania and as a recovery and recreation of the ancient Dardanian kingdom. Albanian unification has however been interpreted by Kosovar Albanians in the context of reuniting ancient Dardanians into a larger Illyrian whole or modern Albanians of Kosovo into a Greater Albania. The myth has also served to justify expulsion and dispossession of the perceived enemy understood as either temporary or hostile occupiers. A strong link exists in Kosovo for Albanians between nationalist politics and archaeology. Kosovar Albanian archaeologists continue to attempt through archeological excavations and their interpretations to connect Kosovar Albanians with the local ancient Dardanian and Illyrian populations.

2770:, Volume 44, pp. 185-228. pp. 194-195: "The initial or Phase A consists in the intellectual interest and scholarly inquiry of an awareness of the linguistic, cultural and social attributes of the particular ethnic group. No clear national demands (for independence) exists in this stage. The second period or Phase B concerns the patriotic activities of elites to “awaken” national consciousness among the ethnic group or the period of patriotic agitation. The final stage or Phase C denotes the transformation of nationalists movements from a narrow one restricted with political and intellectual circles into a mass movement. In the Albanian case as we will see below, we can argue that Phase A, generally speaking covers the period from the beginning of the Reforms of Tanzimat or the publication of first the Albanian alphabet in 1844 as a symbolic date, until the collapse of the League of Prizren (1881) or the publication of Sami Frashëri‟s nationalist Manifest in 1899, while Phase B intensifies after the crushing of the League of Prizren by the Sublime Porte and especially after the Greek-Ottoman crisis in 1897. It continues even after the declaration of independence, because of the fragile or gelatinous state structure. The spread of nationalism to masses or the Phase C starts only with the establishment of a proper state structure and political stability after 1920." 1165:. Developing a strong Albanian national consciousness and sentiment overrode other concerns such as annexing areas with an Albanian population like Kosovo. Kosovar Albanian nationalism has been defined through its clash with Serbian nationalism where both view Kosovo as the birthplace of their cultural and national identities. Ottoman rule ended in 1912 during the Balkan Wars with Kosovo and North Macedonia becoming part of Serbia. During this time Serb forces in Kosovo engaged in killings and forced migration of Albanians while the national building aims of the Serbian state were to assimilate some and remove most Albanians by replacing them with Serbian settlers. The Serb state believed that Albanians had no sense of nationhood while Albanian nationalism was viewed as the result of Austro-Hungarian and Italian intrigue. These events fostered feelings of Albanian victimisation and defeatism, grudges against the Serbs and Great Powers who had agreed to that state of affairs which ran alongside Albanian nationalism. Kosovar Albanian nationalism drew upon and became embedded in popular culture such as village customs within a corpus of rich historical myths, distinctive folk music referring to harvests along with marriage and clan based law. 1757:

Euro-Atlantic integration. Themes and concepts of history from the Zog and later Hoxha era have still continued to be modified and adopted within a post communist environment to fit contemporary Albania's aspirations regarding Europe. Trends from Albanian nationalist historiography composed by scholars during and of the communist era onward linger on that interpret Ottoman rule as being the "yoke" period, akin to other Balkan historiographies. The legacy of understanding history through such dichotomies has remained for a majority of Albanians which for example they view Skanderbeg and the anti-Ottoman forces as "good" while the Ottomans are "bad". The Albanian government depicts Skanderbeg as a leader of the Albanian resistance to the Ottomans and creator of an Albanian centralised state without emphasizing his Christian background. Figures from the Muslim community such as state founder Ismail Qemali is revered by the government and viewed by Albanians as a defender of the nation though their religious background has been sidelined. The figure of Saint

1378:

Albania, non-Albanians had to attend Albanian schools that taught a curricula containing nationalism alongside fascism and were made to adopt Albanian forms for their names and surnames. The same nationalist sentiments among Albanians which welcomed the addition of Kosovo and its Albanians within an enlarged state also worked against the Italians as foreign occupation became increasingly rejected. Apart from verbal opposition, other responses to the Italian presence eventually emerged as armed insurrection through the Albanian communist party. Italian authorities had misjudged the growth of an Albanian national consciousness during the Zog years with the assumption that Albanian nationalism was weak or could be directed by the Italians. Regional divisions became heightened when resistance groups with differing agendas emerged in the north and south of Albania which slowed the growth of nationalism. In 1943, Italian control became replaced with German rule and the fiction of an independent Albania was maintained.

3776:, p. 183."Nineteenth-century Albanianism was not by any means a separatist project based on the desire to break with the Ottoman Empire and to create a nationstate. In its essence Albanian nationalism was a reaction to the gradual disintegration of the Ottoman Empire and a response to the threats posed by Christian and Balkan national movements to a population that was predominantly Muslim. In this sense, its main goal was to gather all ‘Albanian’ vilayet's into an autonomous province inside the Ottoman Empire. In fact, given its focus on the defence of the language, history and culture of a population spread across various regions and states, from Italy to the Balkans, it was not associated with any specific type of polity, but rather with the protection of its rights within the existing states. This was due to the fact that, culturally, early Albanian nationalists belonged to a world in which they were at home, though poised between different languages, cultures, and at times even states." 3071:, pp. 173–174. "Writers like Angelo Masci (1758– 1821), Emanuele Bidera (1784– 1858), De Rada's mentor and teacher, Demetrio Camarda (1821–82), Giuseppe Crispi (1781–1859) and Vincenzo Dorsa (1823–85) were thus among the first to entertain the prospect of an autonomous Albanian nationality, collecting local folklore, turning their ancient Albanian dialect into a written language at a time when Albanian still lacked a written form, and building a national pantheon, which included Philip and Alexander the Great of Macedonia, King Pyrrhus of Epirus (fourth century BC) and Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg (1405–68). They did so under the influence of works by Western scholars on Albania, and, more importantly, in the context of the cultural revival associated with the rise of southern Italian patriotism. Calabria and Sicily, where the main Albanian diaspora was settled, were the theatre of major social and political changes in the first decades of the nineteenth century." 1902:(Slavs) that also carries pejorative connotations. Albanian nationalists view Macedonians as being without historic territorial rights over areas in Macedonia that would become part of a Greater Albania and lay claim to half of the territory of the republic. In the political sphere Albanian parties maintain secular and nationalistic platforms while supporting the secular framework of the state with an insistence on protecting Islam and the culture of Muslim constituents along with control and interference of Muslim institutions. Unlike Albania and Kosovo, national identity and Islam are traditionally linked and stronger among Albanians from Macedonia. The status of Albanians being a minority in Macedonia and that most are Muslims have blended national and religious identity in opposition to the Orthodox Slavic Macedonian majority. Some Muslim Albanian establishment figures in Macedonia hold that view that being a good Muslim is synonymous with being Albanian. 1691:

some underground cells initiating conflict which in all was a reaction to Serbian government policies and repression. From the late 1980s onward Islam within the scope of Albanian identity was downplayed by many Kosovar Albanian intellectual and political figures while Christianity was promoted as a Western marker of "European identity". Post-communism, Kosovo Albanians alongside Albanians in Macedonia became the main force steering Albanian nationalism, while Islam did not become a main focal point in articulating Albanian political nationalism. Islam was not a significant factor in the recent political mobilization of Kosovar Albanian Muslims who joined with Catholic Albanians during their struggle against the Serbs. During these years Rugova as elected president by Albanians promoted an Albanian identity that stressed their Europeanness and antiquity, in particular one based on ancient Dardania. With the Kosovo issue sidelined at the

1129:

the formation of Albanian nationalism which resembled Western European nationalisms. The Albanian language instead of religion became the primary focus of promoting national unity. Albanian National Awakening figures during the late Ottoman period generated vernacular literature in Albanian. Often those works were poems which contained nationalist aspirations and political themes which in part secured support for the Albanian nationalist cause when transformed into narrative songs that spread among the male population of Albanian speaking villagers in the Balkans. Nation building efforts gained momentum after 1900 among the Catholic population by the clergy and members such as craftsmen and traders of the Bektashi and Orthodox community in the south. With a de-emphasis of Islam, the Albanian nationalist movement gained the strong support of two Adriatic sea powers Austria-Hungary and Italy who were concerned about

1602:

Illyrian-Albanian continuity alongside the precedence of that population in Kosovo and North Macedonia over Serbs and Macedonians. Kosovar Albanian historians also focused on the Second World War partisan struggle and the Albanian contribution to the liberation of Yugoslavia as being proportionate to other nationalities. These arguments were used to justify Albanian claims toward a right to Kosovo and for the Albanian desire to elevate Kosovo as a seventh republic of the Yugoslav federation. Education in Albanian became a source of Albanian nationalism and was confined to Albanian-language texts being inaccessible to non-Albanians while school text books were to some extent nationalistic. Albanian historiography in Albanian-language texts were viewed by critics in Yugoslavia as a root cause of the "indoctrination of the youth" in nationalism.

3508:, p. 176. "De Rada's contribution to the formulation of a theory about the historical origins of the Albanian nation reflected both his concern to emphasize the close association between Italy and Albanian nationalism, and his preoccupation with the distinctiveness of the Albanian nationality as against the Greek. The Italo-Albanians identified the origins of the Albanian nation in the Pelasgian or Pellazg people (otherwise known as Pelasgi in Risorgimento literature), whose history could be traced back to 2000 BC, and whose territories covered parts of Greece, Albania itself, and, further to the west, Italy and Sicily; they stressed the sheer antiquity of the Albanian language, deeming it to be the oldest in the region, even older than Greek, in order to justify their claims to political and cultural emancipation." 1906: 1726:, a KLA commander and surrounding Yugoslav troops in 1998 resulted in the massacre of most Jashari family members. The event became a rallying myth for KLA recruitment regarding armed resistance to Serb forces. By 1999 international interest in Kosovo eventuated into war resulting in NATO intervention against Milosević, ethnic cleansing of thousands of Albanians driving them into neighbouring countries with the cessation of conflict marking the withdrawal of Yugoslav forces. Many people from non-Albanian communities such as the Serbs and Romani fled Kosovo fearing revenge attacks by armed people and returning refugees while others were pressured by the KLA and armed gangs to leave. Post conflict Kosovo was placed under an international United Nations framework with the 1425: 1070:. Apart from Greek nationalism being viewed as a threat to Albanian nationalism, emphasising an antiquity of the Albanian nation served new political contexts and functions during the 1880s. It also arose from the Albanian need to counter Slavic national movements seeking independence from the Ottomans through a Balkan federation. In time the Pelasgian theory was replaced with the Illyrian theory regarding Albanian origins and descent due it being more convincing and supported by a number of scholars, The Illyrian theory became an important pillar of Albanian nationalism due to its consideration as evidence of Albanian continuity in territories such as Kosovo and the south of Albania contested with the Serbs and Greeks. 1443:

people. Albanian society was still traditionally divided between four religious communities. In the Albanian census of 1945, Muslims (Sunni and Bektashi) were 72% of the population, 17.2% were Orthodox and 10% Catholic. The support base of the communist party was small and the need to sideline the Kosovo issue resulted in Hoxha resorting to extreme albeit non-traditional (non irredentist) form of state-nationalism to remain in power and to turn Albania into a Stalinist state. Hoxha implemented widespread education reform aimed at eradicating illiteracy and education which became used to impart the regime's communist ideology and nationalism. In Albania nationalism during communism had as its basis the ideology of

1228: 1699:, more militant and younger voices disillusioned with Rugova's pacifism dominated like the Kosovo Liberation Army (founded 1992) that began attacks against Serbian forces. The KLA had emerged from the LPRK as many of its members belonged to the political movement. As its founding goal was to unite Albanian inhabited lands in the Balkans into a Greater Albania, the ideological underpinnings of the KLA were overwhelmingly that of Albanian nationalism stressing Albanian culture, ethnicity and nation. Post-independence, a referendum was held in Albanian majority western North Macedonia for autonomy and binational state federalisation of which some Albanian politicians from Tetovo and Struga declared the 836:, Muslim Albanians became torn between loyalties to the Ottoman state and the emerging Albanian nationalist movement. Islam, the Sultan and the Ottoman Empire were traditionally seen as synonymous in belonging to the wider Muslim community. The Albanian nationalist movement advocated self-determination and strived to achieve socio-political recognition of Albanians as a separate people and language within the state. Albanian nationalism was a movement that began among Albanian intellectuals without popular demand from the wider Albanian population. Geopolitical events pushed Albanian nationalists, many Muslim, to distance themselves from the Ottomans, Islam and the then emerging pan-Islamic 740: 1120:

nationalists, those who wanted to safeguard Albanian autonomy under an Ottoman state and an Albania divided along sectarian lines with an independent Catholic Albania envisaged mainly by Catholics. The emerging Albanian nationalist elite promoted the use of Albanian as a medium of political and intellectual expression. Albanian nationalism overall was a reaction to the gradual breakup of the Ottoman Empire and a response to Balkan and Christian national movements that posed a threat to an Albanian population that was mainly Muslim. Efforts were devoted to including vilayets with an Albanian population into a larger unitary Albanian autonomous province within the Ottoman state.

2091:

to advance the cause of Great Albania. During the Kosovo crisis (1999) Albania was divided between two positions. The first being an Albanian nationalism motivating Albania to aid and provide refuge for Kosovar Albanian refugees while being a conduit for arming Kosovar Albanians and the second that the country was unable to provide those resources, aid and asylum. Greater Albania remains mainly in the sphere of political rhetoric and overall Balkan Albanians view EU integration as the solution to combat crime, weak governance, civil society and bringing different Albanian populations together. In the 2000s onward polling data on

1049:. For Italo-Albanians, the origins of the Albanians lay with the Pelasgians, an obscure ancient people that lived during antiquity in parts of Greece and Albania. To validate Albanian claims for cultural and political emancipation, Italo-Albanians maintained that Albanian was the oldest language in the region, even older than Greek. The theory of Pelasgian origins was used by the Greeks to attract and incorporate Albanians into the Greek national project through references to common Pelasgian descent. The Pelasgian theory was welcomed by some Albanian intellectuals who had received Greek schooling. For Orthodox Albanians such as 1861:. This was put down to fears that not doing so would result in Albanian nationalism possibly making the situation difficult and worse for the international community in Kosovo had conflict eventuated. Albanian nationalism is viewed in the Balkans as having furthered events in Kosovo which has caused concerns about the phenomenon of nationalism and generated fears among Serbs, Croats, Macedonians, Romanians and Bulgarians. The ending of the Kosovo war resulted in the emergence of offshoot guerilla groups and political organisations from the KLA continuing various violent struggles. In the Preševo valley the 1683: 1192:. Another factor that reinforced nationalistic sentiments among the population was the return of 20–30,000 Orthodox Albanian emigrants mainly to the Korçë region who had attained Albanian nationalist sentiments abroad. The experience of World War I, concerns over being partitioned and loss of power made the Muslim Albanian population support Albanian nationalism and the territorial integrity of Albania. An understanding also emerged between most Sunni and Bektashi Albanians that religious differences needed to be sidelined for national cohesiveness. During the First World War occupation by 3523:, p. 7. "These theories were of particular importance in southern Albania, whose territory was disputed between Albanian and Greek nationalisms.... On the Greek side, the Pelasgic theory was at first used to facilitate the incorporation of all Albanians (and other inhabitants of the Balkans) into the Greek national projects as common descendants of the Pelasgians; this theory was at first welcome by some Greek educated Albanian intellectuals (Sigalas 1999: 62-85). On the Albanian side, it supported the claim of priority and ownership of Albanians on the territories they inhabited" 1813:, whose works have revitalised 19th century ideas about Albanian descent from ancient Pelasgians (shared with the Greeks) and being a European "white race" originating from them alongside many Greek words having an Albanian etymology. In Albania the Pelasgian theory has been used by Albanians in Albania and Albanian immigrants in Greece as a tool to rehabilitate themselves as an ancient and autochthonous population in the Balkans to "prove" the precedence of Albanians over Greeks. The revival of the alternative Pelasgian theory has occurred within the context of post-communist 3562:, p. 80. "The myth of ethnic homogeneity and cultural purity, however, dictated otherwise... That Albanian writers felt the need to argue in this way was easily understandable at a time when Greek propagandists were claiming that the Albanians were not a proper people at all, that their language was just a mish mash of other languages and that any member of the Greek Orthodox Church was 'really' a Greek. At the same time, Slav publicists were insisting either that the Albanians of Kosova were 'really' Slavs, or that they were 'Turks' who could be 'sent back' to Turkey." 1585: 1416:

nationalists viewed their inclusion within Yugoslavia as an occupation. In Thesprotia, northwestern Greece communal discord between Muslims and Christians dating to the interwar period escalated into conflict during the war. Italian and later German forces made promises of territorial unification with Albania to local Muslim Albanian Chams who supported the Axis powers and some collaborated outright in operations violently targeting local Greeks and Greek identifying Orthodox Albanian speakers that in resulted in their expulsion (1944–1945) by EDES forces into Albania.

2968:, pp. 460–461. "In consequence of the Russian-Ottoman war, a violent expulsion of nearly the entire Muslim, predominantly Albanian-speaking, population was carried out in the sanjak of Niš and Toplica during the winter of 1877-1878 by the Serbian troops. This was one major factor encouraging further violence, but also contributing greatly to the formation of the League of Prizren. The league was created in an opposing reaction to the Treaty of San Stefano and the Congress of Berlin and is generally regarded as the beginning of the Albanian national movement. 1219: 2042:(AK). Anti-Greek sentiments expressed as conspiracy theories among Albanians are over perceived fears of hellenisation of Albanians through economic incentives creating a "time-bomb" by artificially raising Greek numbers alongside Greek irredentism toward Southern Albania. There are conspiracy theories in which the identification with Greek expansionist plans would classify them as potential enemies of the state. Some Albanians are in favour of Albania being more self-assertive and having a more ethnonationalist strategy toward the "Greek issue". 1108: 956: 1623:(LPRK) in Germany (1982). Unification of Albanians into one state was a demand viewed as separatism and irredentism in Yugoslavia which was banned. Kosovar Albanian nationalists were divided into groups with one that wanted to focus on the Albanian question as a whole and the other mainly focusing on Kosovo. Political dissent by Kosovar Albanians followed resulting in imprisonment and comprising the majority of political prisoners during the 1970s and 1980s. The high birthrate in Kosovo was viewed by Albanians as a way of achieving a 1161:

being annexed by Greece and Serbia. On the eve of independence the bulk of Albanians still adhered to pre-nationalist categories like religious affiliation, family or region. Both highlanders and peasants were unprepared for a modern nation state and it was used as an argument against Albanian statehood. With the alternative being partition of Balkan Albanian inhabited lands by neighbouring countries, overcoming a fragile national consciousness and multiple internal divisions was paramount for nationalists like state leader

3945:, p. 91. "Περιορίζοντας τις αρχικές του ισλαμιστικές εξάρσεις, το αλβανικό εθνικιστικό κίνημα εξασφάλισε την πολιτική προστασία των δύο ισχυρών δυνάμεων της Αδριατικής, της Ιταλίας και της Αυστρίας, που δήλωναν έτοιμες να κάνουν ό,τι μπορούσαν για να σώσουν τα Βαλκάνια από την απειλή του Πανσλαβισμού και από την αγγλογαλλική κηδεμονία που υποτίθεται ότι θα αντιπροσώπευε η επέκταση της Ελλάδας. Η διάδοση των αλβανικών ιδεών στο χριστιανικό πληθυσμό άρχισε να γίνεται ορατή και να ανησυχεί ιδιαίτερα την Ελλάδα." "." 1641: 1468:

those topics used as communist political propaganda that omitted mention of Pelasgians. Emphasising an autochthonous ethnogenesis for Albanians, Hoxha insisted on Albanian linguists and archaeologists to connect Albanian with the extinct Illyrian language. The emerging archeological scene funded and enforced by the communist government stressed that the ancestors of the Albanians ruled over a unified and large territory possessing a unique culture. Toward that endeavour Albanian archaeologists also claimed that

6968:, p. 208. "Many Albanians still consider Greece a religious, political and territorial threat and believe that Athens is hellenizing the Albanians by giving them economic privileges for defining themselves as ethnic Greeks... According to this view, true and false ethnic Greeks in Albania may even be a 'time bomb'... because the Greater Greece policy, according to Albanian conspiracy theories, is to legitimize an annexation of South Albania by artificially inflating the number of 'Greeks' in Albania... 1169: 3607:, p. 42. "But gradually, while the Albanian national movement matured, the romantic Pelasgian theory and others were replaced by the theory of Illyrian descent, which was more convincing because it was supported by a number of scholars. The Illyrian descent theory soon became one of the principal pillars of Albanian nationalism because of its importance as evidence of Albanian historical continuity in Kosovo, as well as in the south of Albania, i.e in the areas contested by Serbs or Greeks." 1617:(1971). Kosovar Albanian communists condemned the protests and supported Yugoslav unity while leading the campaign against Albanian nationalism and in that sense shared the view of other Yugoslav communists. The unification of Albanians in the Balkans into one state was also a feature of Kosovar Albanian nationalism and these views were confined to dissident and underground groups. Within the context of the 1981 protests these groups, many with left-wing political orientations united to form the 11705: 10969: 1447:. Nationalism became the basis for all of Hoxha's policies as the war created a "state of siege nationalism" imbued with the myth that Albanian military prowess defeated Axis forces which became a centrepiece of the regime within the context of education and culture. Other themes of Hoxha's nationalism included revering Skanderbeg, the League of Prizren meeting (1878), the Alphabet Congress (1908), Albanian independence (1912) and founding father Ismail Qemali, the Italian defeat during the 1327: 2105:

Kosovo Albanians wanted a union with Albania, with independence support being at high over being a part of Serbia. In 2009, one year after Kosovo declared independence, support for Kosovo-Albania unification increased to 77%. Today, Kosovo Albanians see Kosovo as the second Albanian state and unification thus being achieved, yet Albanian loyalty remains higher than loyalty to the new Kosovar/Kosovan state (primarily symbols), as seen with support for the use of the Flag of Albania.

40: 4110:, p. 337. "Most Muslims and Bektashis understood that religious differences had to be played down in the name of common ethnicity and that pan-Islamic ideas had to be rejected and fought, even if some so-called 'fanatical' (Sunni) Muslim leaders in Shkodër and elsewhere preferred solidarity with the rest of the Islamic world. Such an attitude was not conducive to Albanian independence to which the international situation was favourable in 1912 and even after World War I." 11548: 11127: 11041: 1831: 2995:, p. 40. "These scholars did not have access to many primary sources to be able to construct the notion of the Illyrian origin of the Albanians yet, and Greater Albania was not a priority. The goal of the day was to persuade the Ottoman officials that Albanians were a nation and they deserved some autonomy with the Empire. In fact, Albanian historians and politicians were very moderate compared to their peers in neighbouring countries. 3592:, p. 177. "In the political context of the 1880s, however, emphasis on the antiquity of the Albanian nation served new political purposes, since Greek nationalism was no longer the sole threat to Albanian nationalism. In fact, it was designed to counter also the Slavic national movements, several of which in the 1880s were planning to create a Balkan federation as a means to liberate themselves from the dominion of the Sublime Porte." 12003: 2860:, p. 174. "The political thinking of the Orthodox Albanians was divided into two categories. Those who lived in Albania were dominated by Greek influence. The majority of them- especially the notables-desired union with Greece. The Orthodox Christians in general had an intense hatred of Ottoman rule. Although this feeling was shared by their co-religionists who lived in the colonies abroad, their political thinking was different." 1360: 11886: 1649:

within cultural institutions and the media gained strength. Expressions of Albanian national identity were perceived as overwhelmingly anti-Yugoslav and increasingly anti-Serb. Within that context Albanian-language education was viewed as threatening Serbian borders and sovereignty and was identified with Albanian nationalism. By 1989 the degree of autonomy that Kosovo had attained within Yugoslavia was rescinded by Serbian leader

1451:(1920) and Hoxha as creator of a new Albania. Hoxha created and generated a cultural environment that was dominated by doctrinal propaganda stressing nationalism in the areas of literature, geography, history, linguistics, ethnology and folklore so people in Albania would have a sense of their past. The effects among people were that it instilled isolationism, xenophobia, slavophobia, linguistic uniformity and ethnic compactness. 1887: 5268:, p. 196. "One by-product of the regime's anti-religious policy was its concern with the question of people's Muslim and Christian names. Parents were actively discouraged from giving their children names that had any religious association or connotation. From time to time official lists were published with pagan, so called Illyrian or freshly minted names considered appropriate for the new breed of revolutionary Albanians. 1257:, a broad civic form of nationalism that looked to highlight ethnonational identity over religious identities. In areas such as the Korçë region where Orthodox Albanians became affected by Albanian nationalism they moved away from Orthodox church influence and tended to lose their religious identity, while in areas were the Orthodox population was the majority they often retained their religious identity. The ascension of 2036:, while at PDIU gatherings made comments about ancient Greek deities and references to surrounding territories as being Albanian earning stern rebukes from Greece. Some similar views have also been voiced by members from Albania's political elite from time to time. Within the sphere of Albanian politics anti-Greek sentiments exist and have for instance been expressed by the nationalist movement turned political party the 6196:, pp. 230–231. "The huge interest in Mother Teresa of different political, nationalist and religious figures and groups in Albania, Kosova, Macedonia and elsewhere in the Balkans has all the signs of a calculated ‘business’. Mother Teresa is apparently being used by some circles in the region, after her death as much as when she was alive, to further their political, nationalistic and religious causes."; p.234. 4935:, p. 404. "Protochronism became an enormously popular idea in Romanian culture in the 1970s and 1980s... Protochronism, of course had been seen before, in the Soviet claims of the 1940s... Romania was essentially importing a version of high Stalinism: a politics of hierarchy and discipline was wedded to an economics of industrialization and an ideology of nationalism. It was joined in this strategy by Albania" 1310:

Yugoslav authorities in the 1930s replaced Albanian imams with ones that were hostile to Sufism from Bosnia weakening Albanian nationalism. Kosovar Albanians were viewed by Yugoslav authorities as an enemy within that could challenge the territorial integrity of the state. Albanians in Kosovo felt that Serbian and later Yugoslav rule constituted a foreign conquest. Confiscations of Albanian land and settlement of

1839:

irredentists promote Greater Albania through content like maps on websites. In post conflict Kosovo Rugova as first president in his drive toward emphasising aspects of statehood spent time researching and pursued an identity management project that centred on ancient Dardania and designed state symbols like the presidential flag for a future independent Kosovo. Some Kosovar Albanians have referred to Kosovo as

1573:. During this time nationalism for Kosovar Albanians became a conduit to alleviate the conditions of the time. In 1968 Yugoslav Serb officials warned about rising Albanian nationalism and by November unrest and demonstrations by thousands of Albanians followed calling for Kosovo to attain republic status, an independent Albanian-language university and some for unification with Albania. Tito rewrote the 1714: 1664:

asserted control of the education system, while educational opportunities for Albanians became limited as they were excluded from university and schools. This prompted Kosovar Albanians to establish a parallel education system where private homes served as schools. Albanian students became immersed in nationalist culture by learning an Albanian history of Kosovo and were no longer exposed to Yugoslav "

2046: 1096:. Due to the alphabet matter and other Young Turk policies, relations between Albanian elites and nationalists, many Muslim and Ottoman authorities broke down. Though at first Albanian nationalist clubs were not curtailed, the demands for political, cultural and linguistic rights eventually made the Ottomans adopt measures to repress Albanian nationalism which resulted in two Albanian revolts ( 1382:

lost credibility while the communist partisans appealed to growing Albanian nationalism. In a post-war setting this meant that groups such as Balli Kombëtar who had aligned with the Axis powers were unable to take power in Albania, while emerging leaders such as communist Enver Hoxha solidified his claim to that role by being a nationalist. Some Albanians in western North Macedonia joined the

4192:, p. 299. "The Muslim clergy heralded the superiority of national rather than religious identity by furthering education in Albanian, but, their engagement in this process implied the strengthening of the religious element in Albanian nationhood. This contrasted with the efforts of the nationalists, who tried to construct an Albanian national identity on a purely secular foundation. 1411:

Kosovar Albanians to join the resistance, a meeting in Bujan (1943–1944), northern Albania was convened between Balli Kombëtar members and Albanian communists that agreed to common struggle and maintenance of the newly expanded boundaries. The deal was opposed by Yugoslav partisans and later rescinded resulting in limited Kosovar Albanian recruits. Some Balli Kombëtar members such as

1275: 1142: 2672:, p. 14. "Betrachtet man die Gesamtheit der albanischen Nationalmythen, so ist offensichtlich, dass es fur Albaner mehr als nur den Skanderbeg-Mythos gibt und dass nicht nur auf diesem Mythos die albanische Identitat beruht. Es gibt noch weitere wichtige Mythenfiguren, doch diese beziehen sich auf Vorstellungen, abstrakte Konzepte und Kollektive, aber nicht auf Personen." 6363:, p. 12. "They state that the Pelasgians were spread all over Europe and the Mediterranean: according to those authors, all ancient civilisations in Europe (Greek, Roman, Etruscan, Celtic, etc.) stemmed from the Pelasgic civilisation. They were the first Europeans; their direct descendants, the Albanians, are thus the most ancient and most authentically European people." 1857:. Organised and spontaneous acts of violence and damage by Kosovar Albanians was directed at properties of the Serbs, their churches and the Romani leaving some dead and many displaced. International legal precedents based on territorial sovereignty overriding self-determination were brushed aside in the case of Kosovo when parts of the international community recognised the 1538:. In 1967 the communist regime declared Albania the only atheist and non-religious country in the world and banned all forms of religious practice in public. Within the space of several months the communist regime destroyed 2,169 religious buildings (mosques, churches and other monuments) while Muslim and Christian clergy were imprisoned, persecuted and in some cases killed. 4971:, p. 7. "Although Enver Hoxha himself supported the Pelasgic theory in his own writings (Cabanes 2004: 119), the directions he gave to Albanian archaeologists in the 1960s focused on the Illyrians and on the Illyrian-Albanian continuity. As a result, studies on the origin of Illyrians and Albanians published at that time do not even mention the Pelasgians." 3493:, p. 180. "We saw that Italo-Albanian scholars in general do not favour the Illyrian-Albanian continuity thesis. Why? Because Italo-Albanian culture has a strong Byzantine imprint. All the aforementioned scholars were followers of the Greek rite... For to them 'Illyrian' has strong overtones of 'Catholic,' and 'Catholic' in turn connotes 'Italianate'." 1262:

consciousness could grow. Under Zog regional affiliations and tribal loyalties were gradually replaced with a developing form of modern nationalism. During that time Zog attempted to instill a national consciousness through the scope of a teleological past based upon Illyrian descent, Skanderbeg's resistance to the Ottomans and the nationalist reawakening (

1761:, an Albanian nun known for missionary activities in India has been used for nationalist purposes in Albania, Kosovo and Macedonia. Within Albania she is promoted inside and outside Albania by the political elite as an Albanian symbol of the West to enhance the country's international status regarding Euro-Atlantic aspirations and integration. 1547:

attain non religious names that were derived from Albanian mythological figures, geographical features and newly coined names. These names were often ascribed a supposedly "Illyrian" and pagan origin while given names associated with Islam or Christianity were strongly discouraged. Non-Albanian names were replaced which went alongside the

1124:

developed an anti clerical outlook. As Albanians lived in an Ottoman millet system that stressed religious identities over other forms of identification, the myth of religious indifference was formed during the National Awakening as a means to overcome internal religious divisions among Albanians. Promoted as civil religion of sorts,

4284:, pp. 6–7. "This degree of political stability, limited though it was, did much to create an environment necessary for the growth of an Albanian national consciousness. Zog significantly contributed to the process of replacing tribal loyalty and local and regional pride with a rudimentary form of modern state nationalism." 1801:, a prominent Albanian novelist, has reflected in his writings themes from nationalistic Albanian historiography about Albanian closeness to ancient Greeks based on Homeric ideals, claiming that the Albanians are more Greek than the Greeks themselves. He has initiated debates on Albanian identity, saying that Albanians are a 1926:

some in government, and by Kosovar Albanian society resulting in songs, literature, monuments, memorials with streets and buildings bearing his name across Kosovo. In the context of de-emphasising Islam, Kosovar Albanians have shown interest in and referred to Albanian Christian origins and heritage, in particular the

849:

national consciousness by uniting Albanians into a unitary linguistic and cultural nation. The Ottoman state briefly supported the league's claims viewing Albanian nationalism as possibly preventing further territorial losses to newly independent Balkan states. The geopolitical crisis generated the beginnings of the

1266:) of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The myth of Skanderbeg under Zog was used for nation building purposes and his helmet was adopted in national symbols. Generating mass nationalism was difficult during the interwar period as even in 1939, 80% of Albanians were still illiterate. Apart from using the title 2359:, p. 7. "by identifying with Pelasgians, Albanians could claim that they were present in their Balkan homeland not only before the "barbarian" invaders of late Roman times (such as the Slavs), not only before the Romans themselves, but also, even more importantly, before the Greeks‟ (Malcolm 2002: 76-77)." 979:"fatherland" and the unity of the Albanian nation. Albanian nationalists needed an episode from medieval history to centre Albanian nationalist mythology upon and chose Skanderbeg in the absence of a medieval kingdom or empire. From the 15th to the 19th century Skanderbeg's fame survived mainly in Western 2014:, a party to have passed the electoral threshold and enter parliament. These political parties, some of whom advocate for a Greater Albania have been mainly insignificant and remained at the margins of the Albanian political scene. Another nationalist party to have passed the electoral threshold is the 1846:

of Albanisation during this period. Those measures have been promoted by sectors of the Kosovar Albanian academic, political, literary and media elite that caused administrative and societal confusion with multiple toponyms being used resulting in sporadic acceptance by wider Kosovar Albanian society.

2090:

of Balkan areas populated by sizable amounts of Albanian Muslims to the country would lead to an increasing "Muslimization" of Albania. The ambiguity of Islam, its place and role among Balkan (Muslim) Albanians, especially in Albania and Kosovo has limited the ability of it becoming a major component

1925:

In post conflict Kosovo KLA fighters have been venerated by Kosovar Albanian society with the publishing of literature such as biographies, the erection of monuments and sponsoring of commemorative events. The exploits of Adem Jashari have been celebrated and turned into legend by former KLA members,

1648:

Repression of Albanian nationalism and Albanian nationalists by authorities in Belgrade strengthened the independence movement and focused international attention toward the plight of Kosovar Albanians. The recentralisation of Yugoslavia was promoted due to events in Kosovo, while Serbian nationalism

1513:

The communist regime through Albanian nationalism attempted to forge a national identity that transcended and eroded religious and other differences with the aim of forming a unitary Albanian identity. The communists promoted the idea that religious feeling, even in a historic context among Albanians

1410:

division to serve only in Kosovo with Kosovar Albanians as its main recruits and though mass desertions occurred, its members participated in operations against Serbian areas resulting in civilian deaths and pillage while the small Kosovan Jewish community was arrested and deported. An attempt to get

1381:

German occupational authorities instigated a policy of threatening the collaborationist government with military action, communist ascendancy or loss of autonomy and Kosovo to keep them in line. The Germans like the Italians misunderstood Albanian nationalism with; as a result, Albanian noncommunists

1091:

with Muslim, Catholic and Orthodox delegates in attendance agreed to adopt a Latin character-based Albanian alphabet and the move was considered an important step for Albanian unification. Opposition toward the Latin alphabet came from some Albanian Muslims and clerics who with the Ottoman government

755:

counterparts has its origins in a different historical context that did not emerge from an anti-Ottoman struggle and instead dates to the period of the Eastern Crisis (1878) and threat of territorial partition by Serbs and Greeks, while others hold views that Albanian nationalism emerged earlier as a

1690:

Kosovar Albanian national identity making unique claims to Kosovo became homogenised during the 1990s and included multiple factors that led to those developments. Of those were Albanian civil disobedience and popular resistance, the creation of a parallel society in opposition to the Serb state and

1065:

Albanian writers of the period felt that they had counter arguments that came from the Greek side and from Slavic circles. The Greeks claimed that Albanians did not constitute a people, their language was a mixture of different languages and that an Albanian member of the Orthodox church was "really

1040:

The Pelasgian theory was adopted among early Albanian publicists and used by Italo-Albanians, Orthodox and Muslim Albanians. Italo-Albanians being of the Greek rite and their culture having strong ecclesiastical Byzantine influence were not in favour of the Illyrian-Albanian continuity hypothesis as

987:(a barrier state) against "invading Turks". As a result of Skanderbeg's adaptation as a national hero, Albanians had to turn their back on the Ottoman empire. Skanderbeg's Christian identity was avoided and he was presented mainly as a defender of the nation. Albanian nationalist writers transformed 704:, relations with neighbours such as Serbia and growing assimilation in the diaspora, Albanian nationalism has become an important tool in promoting and protecting Albanian values, identity and interests. For example, Albanian nationalism has featured prominently in sport since Kosovo was admitted to 696:

and especially in the diaspora. It has come to serve as a force for unity, celebration and promotion of Albanian culture and identity. Furthermore, it has tried to serve as a political tool in securing pan-Albanian interests in the Balkan region and abroad, as seen with the high level of cooperation

668:

Contemporary Albanian nationalism, like other forms of ethnic nationalism, asserts that Albanians are a nation and promotes the cultural, social, political and linguistic unity of Albanians. This form of nationalism has featured heavily in Albanian society and politics since the 1990s and 2000s, due

2099:

However, Albanian nationalism remains popular, with Kosovar Albanians at present supporting the "two states, one nation" platform. This ensures a sustainable Kosovo state, outside of Serbian and foreign control, and a united internal and external front between Kosovo and Albania. Recently, Kosovo's

1845:

and Rugova at times supported those moves. To define Kosovo as an Albanian area, a toponyms commission (1999) led by Kosovar Albanian academics was established to determine new or alternative names for some settlements, streets, squares and organisations with Slavic origins that underwent a process

1769:

Within the sphere of Albanian politics, the Illyrians are officially regarded as the ancestors of the Albanians. The Illyrian theory continues to influence Albanian nationalism, scholarship, and archeologists as it is seen as providing some evidence of continuity of an Albanian presence in Kosovo,

1467:

ideology, which stressed the national superiority and continuity of Albanians from ancient peoples such as the Illyrians. Albanian archaeologists were directed by Hoxha (1960s onward) to follow a nationalist agenda that focused on Illyrians and Illyrian-Albanian continuity with studies published on

1377:

proper. The aim of these actions were to create a homogeneous Greater Albanian state. Italian authorities in Kosovo and Western North Macedonia allowed the use of Albanian in schools, university education and administration. In Kosovo, western North Macedonia and other newly attached territories to

1355:

organisation and the collaborationist government under the Italians which all as nationalists sought to preserve Greater Albania. While Italians expressed increased concerns about conceding authority to them. In time the Italian occupation became disliked by sections of the Albanian population such

1160:

The imminence of collapsing Ottoman rule through military defeat during the Balkan wars pushed Albanians represented by Ismail Qemali to declare independence (28 November 1912) in Vlorë from the Ottoman Empire. The main motivation for independence was to prevent Balkan Albanian inhabited lands from

918:

and others advocating for Albanian interests and self-determination. The Bektashi Sufi order of the late Ottoman period in Southern Albania also played a role during the Albanian National Awakening by cultivating and stimulating Albanian language and culture and was important in the construction of

2799:

Zhelyazkova, Antonina. "Albanian Identities". p. 24: "It is assumed that the beginning of the Albanian Revival was set by Naum Veqilharxhi's activity and his address to the Orthodox Albanians, which, along with his primer published in 1845, was the first programme document of the Albanian national

1961:

generating an ideology that attempts to break with the past and establish a democratic multicultural future. Albanian nationalism in Kosovo is secular while Islam is mainly subsumed within the parameters of national and cultural identity that entails at times dominant clan and familial identities.

1555:

of toponyms in areas where some Slavic minorities resided through official decree (1966) and of Slavic youth though not outright of the Macedonian community as a whole. The communist regime also pursued a nationalistic anti-Greek policy. Greeks in Albania were forced to Albanianise their names and

1546:

Within the context of anti-religion policies the communist regime ordered in 1975 mandatory name changes, in particular surnames for citizens in Albania that were deemed "inappropriate" or "offensive from a political, ideological and moral standpoint". The regime insisted that parents and children

1485:

were wholly Illyrian and that a majority of names belonging to the Greek deities stemmed from Illyrian words. Albanian publications and television programs (1960s onward) have taught Albanians to understand themselves as descendants of "Indo-European" Illyrian tribes inhabiting the western Balkans

1442:

Hoxha emerged as leader of Albania at the end of the war and was left with the task of reconstructing Albania from what foundations remained from the Zog years. Hoxha viewed as his goal the construction of a viable independent Albanian nation state based around a "monolithic unity" of the Albanian

1415:

became partisans with the view that Kosovo would become part of Albania. With the end of the war, some of those Kosovar Albanians felt betrayed by the return of Yugoslav rule and for several years Albanian nationalists in Kosovo resisted both the partisans and later the new Yugoslav army. Albanian

1196:

Albanian schools were opened in Kosovo that later were shut down during the interwar years by Yugoslav authorities while religious Islamic education was only permissible in Turkish. Secular education in Albanian within Kosovo, Macedonia and other areas in Yugoslavia with an Albanian population was

1128:

as an idea was developed by Albanian nationalists to downplay established religions such as Christianity and Islam among Albanians while a non-religious Albanian identity was stressed. Religion did not play a significant role as in other Balkan nationalisms or to mainly become a divisive factor in

1015:

In the 19th century Western academia imparted its influence on the emerging Albanian identity construction process by providing tools that were utilised and transformed in certain contexts and toward goals within a changing environment. This differed from the context from which Western authors had

1808:

Rejected by modern scholarship, during the late 1990s and early 2000s the Pelasgian theory has been revived through a series of translated foreign books published on Albania and other related topics and plays an important role in Albanian nationalism today. Among them are authors Robert D'Angély,

1721:

Conflict escalated from 1997 onward due to the Yugoslavian army retaliating with a crackdown in the region resulting in violence and population displacements. Myths of first settlement and Illyrian descent served to justify for Kosovar Albanians the independence struggle seen as one to eventually

1627:

by outnumbering local Serbs while communist politicians held the view that Albanian irredentists were attempting to rid Kosovo of Serbs. In the 1970s and 1980s, sentiments of Albanian nationalism had spread from Kosovo to North Macedonia worrying Macedonian communist authorities which resulted in

1564:

During the interwar period and after the Second World War, parts of Kosovar Albanian society lacking Albanian-language education such as those residing in villages were mainly illiterate, and folk music was the main driver of nationalism. The 1950s and 1960s were a period marked by repression and

1270:

Zog did not pursue irredentist policies such as toward Kosovo due to rivalries with Kosovar Albanian elites and an agreement recognizing Yugoslav sovereignty over Kosovo in return for support. Zog's efforts toward the development of Albanian nationalism made the task simpler for leaders that came

1078:

Unlike their Greek, Serbian and Bulgarian neighbours who had territorial ambitions, Albanians due to being mainly Muslim lacked a powerful European patron. This made many of them want to preserve the status quo and back Ottomanism. By the early 20th century, Albanian nationalism was advanced by a

869:

was not considered a priority. Compared with their Balkan counterparts, these Albanian politicians and historians were very moderate and mainly had the goal to attain socio-political recognition and autonomy for Albanians under Ottoman rule. Albanians involved in these activities were preoccupied

1838:

The Kosovo war (1999) generated enthusiasm for using the internet among Balkan Albanians and diaspora (Europe and North America) for information and communication between communities separated by borders and geography and cyberspace has increasingly become an ethno-political space where Albanian

1778:

burial patterns found in Albania during the Late Bronze Age as coincidental or non-existent. Though archaeological and linguistic evidence points that Illyrians had not a homogeneous ethnic entity, even today this is challenged in local scholarship. Greek and Roman figures from antiquity such as

1261:

as prime minister (1925) and later king (1929) during the interwar period was marked by limited though necessary political stability. Along with resistance by Zog to interwar Italian political and economic influence in Albania those factors contributed to an environment were an Albanian national

1187:

was occupied by foreign powers and they pursued policies which strengthened expressions of Albanian nationalism especially in Southern Albania. Italian and French authorities closed down Greek schools, expelled Greek clergy and pro-Greek notables while allowing Albanian education with the French

1123:

Albanian nationalists were mainly focused on defending rights that were sociocultural, historic and linguistic within existing countries without being connected to a particular polity. Unlike other Balkan nationalisms religion was seen as an obstacle and Albanian nationalism competed with it and

1053:

a common ancestry of both Albanians and Greeks through Pelasgian ancestors made both peoples the same and viewed Albanian as a conduit for Hellenisation. For Muslim Albanians like Sami Frashëri Albanians stemmed from the Pelasgians, an older population than Illyrians thereby predating the Greeks

2104:

in Kosovo has further cemented Albanian nationalism and pride within the country, as has a lack of EU integration which has pushed Kosovars to supporting a direct Kosovo-Albania unification to combat isolation, such as with visa liberalisation. Gallup surveys between 2008 and 2013 showed 73% of

1601:

that Albanians are descendants of ancient Illyrians making them the first population entitled to Kosovo and predating the arrival of Slavs, the ancestors of the Serbs. Scholarship by (patriotic) Kosovar Albanian historians (1970s-onward) revolved around researching and attempting to demonstrate

1556:

choose ones that did not have ethnic or religious connotations resulting in Greek families giving children different names so as to pass for Albanians in the wider population. Albanian nationalism in the 1980s became an important political factor within the scope of Hoxha's communist doctrines.

1756:

that has inhibited the construction of an Albanian civil society. Post-communist Albanian governments view the tenets of the Albanian National Awakening as being a guiding influence for Albania by placing the nation above sociopolitical and religious differences and steering the country toward

1663:

who began a period of pacifist resistance and the league created a parallel form of government and civil society while maintaining as its goal to achieve an independent Kosovo. The Kosovo education system became the place where Serbian and Albanian nationalisms played out their conflict. Serbs

1596:

that opened new avenues of national expression and awareness that came about when Yugoslavia conceded some cultural and political rights to Kosovar Albanians. The issue of Albanian nationalism in Yugoslavia during this time was left mainly for Kosovar Albanian communists to deal with and they

1309:

or fighting bands against the Yugoslav army. Supported by Italy who gave financial aid and Albania, the Kaçak movement was eventually suppressed by the Serbs during the late 1920s. The movement contributed to the development of an Albanian national consciousness in Kosovo and North Macedonia.

1209:

that emerged as underground centres for spreading and generating Albanian nationalism. Religious Muslim schools by the 1930s became viewed as a threat to the state and Yugoslav authorities replaced Albanian Muslim clergy with pro-Serbian Slavic Muslim clergy and teachers from Bosnia to prevent

1119:

Albanian nationalism during the late Ottoman era was not imbued with separatism that aimed to create an Albanian nation-state, though Albanian nationalists did envisage an independent Greater Albania. Albanian nationalists of the late Ottoman period were divided into three groups. Pan-Albanian

1036:

being closely related. This theory quickly attracted support in Albanian circles, as it established a claim of precedence over other Balkan nations, the Slavs and particularly the Greeks. In addition to generating a "historic right" to territory, this theory also established that ancient Greek

1897:

Post conflict, Albanians in Macedonia have placed new statues of Albanian historical figures like Skanderbeg in Skopje and named schools after such individuals while memorials have been erected for fallen KLA and NLA fighters. Albanian nationalists view Macedonian ethnicity as invented by the

1346:

pursued Albanian irredentism with the view that it would earn Italians support among Albanians while also coinciding with Italian war aims of Balkan conquest. The Italian annexation of Kosovo to Albania was considered a popular action by Albanians of both areas and initially Kosovar Albanians

848:

from the Toplica and Niš regions into Kosovo triggering the emergence of the League of Prizren (1878–1881) as a response to the Eastern crisis. The League of Prizren was created by a group of Albanian intellectuals to resist partition among neighbouring Balkan states and to assert an Albanian

1956:

has been a means for Kosovar Albanians to claim roots of being European and to sideline the historic conversion to Islam. Within the context of the Kosovo battle and nation building, some in government circles and wider Kosovo Albanian society have promoted a narrative of continuous Albanian

1849:

In Kosovo, Albanians view themselves as being the oldest nation in the Balkans and descendants of the ancient Illyrians with their self-determination struggle being interpreted as one of first settlers in the area fighting against the Slavic Serb "interlopers". Serbs are regarded by Albanian

978:

that later subjugated and cut the Albanians off from Western European civilisation. Skanderbeg subliminally presented Albanians as defending Europe from "Asiatic hordes" to western powers and allowed Albanians to develop the myth of Albanian resistance to foreign enemies that threatened the

712:. Since admission there have been debates questioning whether there is one ‘national team’ or two, whether Kosovo-born fans should remain loyal to the Albanian side or embrace the Kosovo side and Kosovar symbolism and how Albanians cope with having two predominately ethnic Albanian states. 1016:

originally generated their theories. Albanian nationalists of the period were educated in foreign schools abroad. Some 19th century Western academics examining the issue of Albanian origins promoted the now-discredited theory of Albanian descent from ancient Pelasgians. Developed by the

1197:

banned and replaced with a Serbian school curriculum. Yugoslav education policy repressed Albanian secular education to undermine sentiments of Albanian national identity and culture with a view to preventing possible nationalist challenges to Yugoslavia. Albanian schooling moved into

1751:

Due to the legacy of Hoxha's dictatorial and violent regime, Albanians in a post communist environment have rejected Hoxha's version of Albanian nationalism. Instead it has been replaced with a weak form of civic nationalism and regionalism alongside in some instances with a certain

558:(1875–1878), which threatened the partition of Albanian-inhabited lands of the Balkans by neighbouring Orthodox Christian states, stimulated the emergence of the Albanian National Awakening and the nationalist movement. During the 19th century, some Western scholarly influences, 4829:, p. 122. "In Tirana, Albania's National History Museum, itself a product of Hoxha's regime, reaches back to antiquity in a notable mural above the entrance, yet the central figure (a woman) is flanked by a worker and a partisan, making this ultimately a modern moment." 873:

Taking their lead from the Italian national movement, the Arbëresh, (an Albanian diaspora community settled throughout southern Italy from the medieval period) began to promote and spread national ideas by introducing them to Balkan Albanians. Prominent among them were

6084:, p. 514. "We concentrate on one symbolic event - the massacre of the insurgent Jashari family, killed in the hamlet of Prekaz in March 1998 while fighting Serb troops. This was neither the only massacre nor the worst during the recent conflict..."; pp: 515-516. 1817:

to generate cultural hegemony and historical precedence over the Greeks and sometimes toward other (historical) European cultures by Albanians. Albanian schoolbooks, mainly in relation to language, have also asserted at times that the Illyrians are the heirs of the

8846: 8741: 1054:

making for him the Albanians descendants of Illyrians who themselves originated from Pelasgians. Figures originating from the ancient period such as Alexander the Great and Pyrrhus of Epirus were enveloped in myth and claimed as Albanian men of antiquity while

6375:, p. 8. "Schoolbooks however differ on what they assert on the relation between Pelasgians and Illyrians: the latter are sometimes said to be the heirs of the former, especially with regard to their language (Kuri, Zekolli & Jubani 1995: 32-33)." 2100:

and Albania's governments have signed numerous treaties and memorandums of cooperation which synchronise their policies at home and abroad, including in the diaspora, to create a Pan-Albanian approach without the need for ground unification. The rise of

1514:

was minimal and that instead national sentiment was always important. Albanian communists viewed religion as a societal threat that undermined the cohesiveness of the nation. Within this context religions like Islam and Christianity were denounced as

7718:"Le meurtre du prêtre: Acte fondateur de la mobilisation nationaliste albanaise à l'aube de la révolution Jeune Turque [The murder of the priest: Founding act of the Albanian nationalist mobilisation on the eve of the Young Turks revolution]" 2095:

has waned among Kosovans with support for an independent Kosovo being overwhelming (90.2%) indicating that alongside their Albanian identity a new Kosovan identity has emerged. This factor has been strongly disliked by Albanian nationalists.

4959:, p. 78. "The official doctrine that Ceaușescu adopted was called Dacianism, Romania is not the only country to invoke its ancient roots when it comes to show national superiority, Albania also emphasized its Thraco-Illyrian origin." 657:. Albanian nationalism contains a series of myths relating to Albanian origins, cultural purity and national homogeneity, religious indifference as the basis of Albanian national identity, and continuing national struggles. The figure of 2457:, p. 513. "Ethnic Albanians not only comprise the vast majority of the population in Kosova. They have also been brought up to believe that their nation is the oldest in the Balkans, directly descended from the ancient Dardanians ( 1079:

wide-ranging group of Albanian politicians, intellectuals and exiles. An Albanian emigrant community was present in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries with the majority being illiterate and individuals like

6322:, p. 112. "Beyond the claims of Illyrian descent and continuity a more powerful myth emerges here: that the Albanians are more Greek than the Greeks themselves because Albanians are closer to Homeric society and Homeric ideals." 1957:

resistance from medieval until contemporary times to states and peoples considered foreign occupiers. With the declaration of independence (2008), the Kosovo government has promoted the country both internally and internationally as

1898:

Yugoslavs to weaken Serbia, prevent other identities forming and to legitimise the existence of Republic of Macedonia in Yugoslavia. Macedonians are referred to by (nationalist) Albanians as an ethnic collectivity with the term

1988:(AKSh) militant group. Regarded internationally as terrorist both have gone underground and its members have been involved in various violent incidents in Kosovo, Serbia and Macedonia during the 2000s. In the early 2000s, the 1210:

Albanian nationalist activities developing in religious institutions. Albanians opposed those moves and boycotted imposed teachers. Albanian was prohibited by Yugoslav authorities and some Albanians were made to emigrate.

857:) period. From 1878 onward Albanian nationalists and intellectuals, some who emerged as the first modern Albanian scholars, were preoccupied with overcoming linguistic and cultural differences between Albanian subgroups ( 10366:

Valtchinova, Galia (2002). "Ismail Kadare's The H-File and the making of the Homeric verse. Variations on the works and lives of Milman Parry and Albert Lord". In Schwanders-Sievers, Stephanie; Fischer, Bernd J. (eds.).

1867:(UÇPMB) fought Serb forces (1999-2001) attempting to unite the area with neighbouring Kosovo with conflict ending in peace talks and greater Albanian rights in Serbia. In northern parts of the Republic of Macedonia the 9160: 8681:Το ύστερο Γιαννιώτικο Πασαλίκι: χώρος, διοίκηση και πληθυσμός στην τουρκοκρατούμενη Ηπειρο (1820–1913) [The late Pashalik of Ioannina: Space, administration and population in Ottoman ruled Epirus (1820–1913)] 2236:, p. 19. "Due to religious ties of the Albanian majority population with the ruling Ottoman Turks and the virtual lack of an Albanian state in history, nationalism was less developed among Albanians in the 19th" 1770:

western Macedonia, and southern Albania, i.e., areas that were subject to ethnic conflicts between Albanians, Serbs, Macedonians, and Greeks. For some Albanian nationalists claiming descent from Illyrians as the

6992:, p. 212. "However as with the 'Greek issue' above, a considerable number of Albania's citizens at any rate seem to call for a more self-assertive, ethnonationalist strategy than their politicians do." 2681:

Rrapaj, Jonilda, and Klevis Kolasi. "The Curious Case of Albanian Nationalism: the Crooked Line from a Scattered Array of Clans to a Nation-State." Turkish Yearbook of International Relations 44 (2013).

2387:

The Illyrians were, thus, reexamined alongside the "Epirotes" who, in a way, were considered the other "Pelasgian branch" (or, rather, Illyrian variant) that contributed to the creation of the Albanian

554:. Historically, there had only been small periods where a unified independent Albanian state had existed, this delayed the rise of nationalism in Albania compared to their neighbours. The onset of the 870:

with gathering and identifying evidence, at times inventing facts to justify claims to "prove" the cultural distinctiveness and historical legitimacy of the Albanians in being considered as a nation.

3346:, p. 43. "The nationalist writers... transform history into myth ... As with most myths his figure and deeds became a mixture of historical facts, truths, half-truths, inventions and folklore." 4403:, p. 298. "The kaçak movement was suppressed by the Serbs in the second half of the 1920s, but it nevertheless contributed to the development of a national consciousness among the Albanians." 1722:

unite Albanian lands into a unitary state recreating the mythical state of Illyicum encompassing contemporary Balkan Albanian inhabited lands. A shootout at the Jashari family compound involving

3295:, p. 43. "..an episode taken from medieval history was central for Albanian national mythology. In the absence of medieval kingdom or empire the Albanian nationalists choose Skanderbeg..." 7065: 1774:

of the Western Balkans allows them to assert a "prior claim" to sizeable lands in the Balkans. In the context of the so-called authochtony theory, Albanian scholars reject any resemblances of

865:) and religious divisions (Muslim and Christians). At that time, these scholars lacked access to many primary sources to construct the idea that Albanians were descendants of Illyrians, while 6244:, p. 40: For Albanians ...the ancestors of modern Albanians...Any resemblaces between Mycenaean burial patterns and tumuli found in Albania are dismissed as non-existent or coincidental. 8290: 10431: 1962:

Within the public sphere Islam at times resurfaces to challenge the dominant nationalistic view of Albanians being superficial Muslims however the political sphere remains mainly secular.

6926: 1501:

Nevertheless, regardless of the communist ideology, in current mainstream Albanian and international research most scholars maintain that Albanians descended at least partially from the

7432:"Psychological Profile and Types of Leaders of Terrorist Structures - Generic Views and Experiences from the Activities of Illegal Groups and Organizations in the Republic of Macedonia" 637:

took advantage of the weakened Ottoman state and invaded, territories which were supposed to be given to the Albanian vilayet were partitioned between the Balkan league states. Part of

2461:), a branch of the 'Illyrian peoples' who had allegedly inhabited most of the western Balkans (including Kosova) for many centuries before the arrival of the Slavic 'interlopers'...". 6903: 2800:

movement. In it Veqilharxhi demanded Albanian schools and development of Albanian as a first step to the evolution of the Albanian people side by side with the other Balkan nations"

2745:

Hewer, Christopher J., and Shpresa Vitija. "Identity after Kosovo's independence: narratives from within the Kosovar Albanian diaspora." Social Identities 19, no. 5 (2013): 621-636.

970:

Another factor overlaying geopolitical concerns during the National Awakening period were thoughts that Western powers would only favour Christian Balkan states and peoples in the

697:

between Albania and Kosovo, unity among Albania's diverse religious communities, cooperation between diaspora communities and their homelands and pan-Albanian external lobbying.

2440:, p. 230. "Albanians tended to go further back in time to the sixth and seventh centuries, claiming an Illyrian- Albanian continuity and superiority over Slavic people...." 766:

Just as we are not and do not want to be Turks, so we shall oppose with all our might anyone who would like to turn us into Slavs or Austrians or Greeks, we want to be Albanians

2634:"Recension of The living Skanderbeg : the Albanian hero between myth and history / Monica Genesin ... (eds.) Hamburg : Kovač, 2010 Schriftenreihe Orbis ; Bd. 16" 2171:, p. 233. "Henceforth, Hoxha announced, the only religion would be "Albanianism." Hoxha was using nationalism as a weapon in his struggle to break out of the Soviet bloc." 4841:, p. 120. "The census of 1945 showed that the vast majority of society (72%) were Muslims, 17.2% of the population declared themselves to be Orthodox, and 10% Catholics." 8221:

Frantz, Eva Anne (2009). "Violence and its Impact on Loyalty and Identity Formation in Late Ottoman Kosovo: Muslims and Christians in a Period of Reform and Transformation".

2078:(Self Determination) has emerged who advocates for closer Kosovo-Albania relations and pan-Albanian self-determination in the Balkans. Another smaller nationalist party, the 1952:

have been utilised within Kosovo school textbooks and by some Albanian nationalists to claim the knight as an Albanian. Establishing the participation of Albanians at the

9940: 5014: 1522:

of other states and undermine Albanian interests. Nationalism was also used as a tool by Hoxha during his struggle to break Albania out of the Soviet bloc. Inspired by

1297:

made up of Kosovar Albanian exiles opposed to Yugoslav rule. Represented on the ground as a guerilla group in Kosovo and North Macedonia, the Kaçak movement was led by

2514:

The Servians hastened to oppose the plan of a "Greater Albania" by their plan for partition of Turkey in Europe among the Balkan States into four spheres of influence.

10278: 1534:"the faith of the Albanians is Albanianism" and implemented it literally as state policy. The communist regime proclaimed that the only religion of the Albanians was 7998:

Peace Through Peace Media?: The Media Activities of the International Missions (KFOR and UNMIK) and Their Contribution to Peacebuilding in Kosovo from 1999 till 2008

1356:

as the intelligentsia, students, other professional classes and town dwellers that generated further an emerging Albanian nationalism fostered during the Zog years.

1628:

measures of state sociopolitical control over Albanian cultural and linguistic affairs suppressing expressions of Albanian nationalism in a campaign referred to as

609:

Due to overlapping and competing territorial claims with other Balkan nationalisms and states over land dating from the late Ottoman period, these ideas comprise a

13595: 9859:"'Enverists' and 'Titoists' – Communism and Islam in Albania and Kosova, 1941–99: From the Partisan Movement of the Second World War to the Kosova Liberation War" 1728: 11508: 11287: 2713:

Trix, Frances. "“WHEN CHRISTIANS BECAME DERVISHES:” AFFIRMING ALBANIAN MUSLIM-CHRISTIAN UNITY THROUGH DISCOURSE." The Muslim World 85, no. 3-4 (1995): 280-294.

2056:

The Kosovo question has limited appeal among Albanian voters and are not interested in electing parties advocating redrawn borders creating a Greater Albania.

1863: 10011:

Standish, M.J Alex (2002). "Enver Hoxha's role in the development of socialist Albanian myths". In Schwanders-Sievers, Stephanie; Fischer, Bernd J. (eds.).

8877: 8772: 6884: 8927:

Lubonja, Fatos (2002). "Between the glory of a virtual world and the misery of a real world". In Schwanders-Sievers, Stephanie; Fischer, Bernd J. (eds.).

566:

and Albanian National Awakening figures contributed greatly to spreading influences and ideas among the Balkan Albanians, within the context of Albanian

9941:"The Albanian Greek-Orthodox Intellectuals: Aspects of their Discourse between Albanian and Greek National Narratives (late 19th - early 20th centuries)" 9480:"From Southern Italy to Istanbul: Trajectories of Albanian Nationalism in the Writings of Girolamo de Rada and Shemseddin Sami Frashëri, ca. 1848–1903" 1659:(LDK) that also gained many dissatisfied Kosovar Albanian communists who joined its ranks after autonomy was rescinded. It was led by the intellectual 7069: 1869: 974:. During this time Albanian nationalists attempting to gain Great Power sympathies and support conceived of Albanians as a European people who under 661:

is one of the main constitutive figures of Albanian nationalism that is based on a person, as other myths are based on ideas, abstract concepts, and

8782:"'Shkolla Shqipe' and Nationhood: Albanians in Pursuit of Education in the Native Language in Interwar (1918-41) and Post-Autonomy (1989-98) Kosovo" 2057: 1351:

under Italian control. Members from the landowning elite, liberal nationalists opposed to communism with other sectors of society came to form the

10451: 10435: 14222: 10878: 7117: 11175: 1597:

withheld intelligence about activities on some underground organisations from Belgrade. Albanian nationalism in Kosovo is based on the idea of

6923: 11165: 10460: 1374: 947:(The faith of the Albanian is Albanianism) became during the national awakening period and thereafter a catchword for Albanian nationalists. 9923: 8987:

Malcolm, Noel (2002). "Myths of Albanian national identity: Some key elements". In Schwanders-Sievers, Stephanie; Fischer, Bernd J. (eds.).

6900: 12336: 11170: 7895: 2690:

Babuna, Aydin. "The Albanians of Kosovo and Macedonia: Ethnic identity superseding religion." Nationalities papers 28, no. 1 (2000): 67-92.

1874: 1294: 10031: 9968: 8588: 3234:(The faith of the Albanian is Albanianism) which was to become a catchword of Albanian nationalists both in the Rilindja period and later. 10054: 2426:

Against a widespread view that they spoke a form of Greek the Albanians argue that the. Epirotes were one with the rest of the Illyrians.

1932:(Kosovan crypto-Catholics) assisted to present Albanians as originally European despite being Muslim. Old Albanian traditions within the 7931: 7652: 10928: 9437:"The Religious and Ethnographic Synthesis of the Population of Southern Albania (Northern Epirus) in the Beginning of the 20th Century" 7453:

Belledi, Michele; Poloni, Estella S.; Casalotti, Rosa; Conterio, Franco; Mikerezi, Ilia; Tagliavini, James; Excoffier, Laurent (2000).

2596:

Therefore, with only final point being ignored, on September 4, 1912 the government accepted proposals and the Albanian revolt was over

1189: 10259:

National Romanticism: The Formation of National Movements: Discourses of Collective Identity in Central and Southeast Europe 1770–1945

10257: 9109:

Neofotistos, Vasiliki P. (2004). "Beyond Stereotypes: Violence and the Porousness of Ethnic Boundaries in the Republic of Macedonia".

8700: 1314:

throughout the interwar period drove Kosovar Albanians during the Second World War to collaborate with the Axis powers who promised a

12221: 12073: 10903: 8059: 1548: 2564: 1066:

a Greek", while Slav publicists claimed that Kosovar Albanians were "really" Slavs or they were "Turks" who could be "sent back" to

14237: 10567: 10173:

Dynamic civil religion and religious nationalism: the Roman Catholic Church in Poland and the Orthodox Church in Romania, 1990-2010

9902: 7157: 2016: 1401: 845: 625:

claims against neighbouring countries. Pan-Albanian sentiments are also present in Albanian nationalism. due to the success of the

10323: 10171: 9636: 9308: 9089: 8445: 8201: 7580: 7431: 7326: 7228: 1905: 1347:

supported Axis Italian forces. Western North Macedonia was also annexed by Axis Italy to their protectorate of Albania creating a

14252: 13008: 11879: 11864: 11708: 11643: 11091: 10410: 10344: 9858: 7996: 3439:, p. 77. "The greatest expansion of Hellenic civilization and rule thus occurred thanks to an 'Albanian' and not a Hellene". 2086:

that supports Kosovan independence and pan-Albanian unification. Catholic and Orthodox Albanians hold concerns that any possible

2072:(in southern Serbia), angering Albania's neighbors. In Kosovo, a prominent left wing nationalist movement turned political party 1858: 1578: 9883:

History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 2, Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey 1808-1975

9592: 8544: 8400:"Modernism, Nationalism, Albanianism: Geographic Poetry and Poetic Geography in the Albanian and Kosovar Independence Movements" 8036: 1853:

In 2004, prolonged negotiations over Kosovo's future status, sociopolitical problems and nationalist sentiments resulted in the

11503: 10075: 9952: 8064:

Images of imperial legacy: Modern discourses on the social and cultural impact of Ottoman and Habsburg rule in Southeast Europe

8041:

Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen Südosteuropa [Religion and culture in Albanian-speaking southeastern Europe]

7674:

Clayer, Natalie (2002). "The myth of Ali Pasha and the Bektashis". In Schwanders-Sievers, Stephanie; Fischer, Bernd J. (eds.).

7136: 1397: 1028:(1854) the theory claimed the Pelasgians as the original proto-Albanians and the language spoken by the Pelasgians, Illyrians, 729: 9264: 9218: 8252:""Skanderbeg als historisher Mythos", Von den Schwierigkeiten historischer Bezugnahme: Der albanische Nationalheld Skanderbeg" 7386:"Between ideological and pragmatic identity: Negotiating existence among Albanian immigrants in Konista, North western Greece" 14247: 13841: 13811: 12913: 11601: 11541: 11513: 11447: 10491: 9602: 9274: 9028: 8907: 8689: 8658: 8630: 8323: 7525: 6265: 5091: 5070: 5049: 5028: 3375:, pp. 114–115; p. 114. "The Greek propagandists, on the other hand used it in order to attract Albanians to their side." 2700: 2582: 2541: 2380: 1373:

militia that burned Serbian settlements and killed Serbs while interwar Serbian and Montenegrin colonists were expelled into

7536: 6946: 14262: 13836: 13761: 12553: 12517: 11596: 11280: 11120: 10813: 10290: 7780:

The shining beacon of socialism in Europe: The Albanian state and society in the period of communist dictatorship 1944–1992

2622:, p. 212. "three main constitutive myths at work within Albanian nationalism ...Secondly, the myth of Skanderbeg, ..." 1970:

Political parties advocating and willing to fight for a Greater Albania emerged in Albania during the 2000s. They were the

1606: 1432: 10215: 9743: 9350: 8609: 8378: 12174: 11240: 11225: 11218: 11160: 9991: 9764: 9479: 9241: 8567: 8523: 8267: 8134: 7975: 7896:"Pelasgic Encounters in the Greek-Albanian Borderland. Border Dynamics and Reversion to Ancient Past in Southern Albania" 7848: 7799: 7694: 7515: 7198:

Alpion, Gëzim (2004). "Media, ethnicity and patriotism—the Balkans 'unholy war' for the appropriation of Mother Teresa".

1431:. Communist era mural mosaic depicting purported ancient to modern figures from Albania's history at the entrance of the 531:("Shqiptaria") and Pan-Albanianism, that includes ideas on the creation of a geographically expanded Albanian state or a 491: 10523: 9529: 9329: 9007: 8804: 8334: 8311: 8178: 8155: 14002: 11292: 9973:

Religiöse Erinnerungsorte in Ostmitteleuropa: Konstitution und Konkurrenz im nationen-und epochenübergreifenden Zugriff

7180:

Diplomacy on the edge: Containment of ethnic conflict and the minorities working group of the conferences on Yugoslavia

7101: 2784:

Hroch, Miroslav (1999). “From National Movement to the Fully-formed Nation: The Nation-building Process in Europe”, in

2207:, p. 423. "... form a 'Greater Albania'. Although considerable attention was given to pan-Albanianism in the West" 1083:

worked to impart a sense of Albanian nationhood among them encouraging the spread of literacy in Albanian. In 1908, an

10150: 9613: 886:

of whom were influenced through literature on Albania by Western scholars and referred within their literary works to

13538: 12159: 12094: 12068: 11526: 11442: 11320: 11103: 10913: 10868: 10853: 10848: 10823: 10747: 10535: 10512: 10470: 10420: 10399: 10376: 10356: 10333: 10267: 10246: 10225: 10204: 10160: 10110: 10087: 10064: 10043: 10020: 10001: 9980: 9912: 9891: 9870: 9847: 9824: 9774: 9753: 9732: 9711: 9690: 9669: 9646: 9625: 9581: 9560: 9539: 9491: 9468: 9425: 9404: 9383: 9362: 9339: 9318: 9297: 9253: 9230: 9170: 9149: 9139: 9099: 9061: 9038: 9017: 8996: 8974: 8936: 8917: 8861: 8835: 8814: 8793: 8756: 8730: 8668: 8619: 8598: 8577: 8556: 8533: 8512: 8455: 8434: 8411: 8388: 8367: 8344: 8300: 8279: 8211: 8190: 8167: 8144: 8123: 8071: 8048: 8025: 8006: 7985: 7964: 7941: 7884: 7809: 7788: 7767: 7744: 7734: 7706: 7683: 7664: 7638: 7611: 7590: 7569: 7548: 7501: 7443: 7420: 7397: 7374: 7336: 7282: 7261: 7240: 7188: 7167: 7146: 5112: 2411: 2092: 2087: 9571: 8355: 8081:

Endresen, Cecilie (2015). "The Nation and the Nun: Mother Teresa, Albania's Muslim Majority and the Secular State".

7755: 7601: 2736:

Nokaj, Bergita. Diasporic re-visioning: Fragmenting Albanian nationalism and identity. Sarah Lawrence College, 2008.

12329: 12129: 11793: 11255: 10873: 10701: 9657: 7409:"The Politics of 'Religious Tolerance' in Post-Communist Albania: Ideology, Security and Euro-Atlantic Integration" 2501: 1424: 1241: 578:, which still dominate Albanian nationalism in contemporary times. The idea of Illyrian-Albanian continuity is the 9722: 2723: 1613:(1981) over social grievances that marked the first large-scale expression of nationalism in Yugoslavia since the 14257: 14087: 13942: 13191: 12998: 11874: 7408: 7388:. In Nitsiakos, Vassilis; Manos, Ioannis; Agelopoulos, Georgios; Angelidou, Aliki; Dalkavoukis, Vassilis (eds.). 7385: 1311: 193: 10236: 9180:

Nixon, Nicola (2010). "Always already European: The figure of Skënderbeg in contemporary Albanian nationalism".

8111: 1998:. Political parties active only in the political scene exist that have a nationalist outlook are the monarchist 13791: 13746: 13003: 12824: 12114: 12109: 12063: 11668: 11086: 10828: 10120:

Sugarman, Jane C. (1999). "Imagining the homeland: Poetry, songs, and the discourses of Albanian nationalism".

8466: 7348:"The Muslim Chams of Northwestern Greece: The grounds for the expulsion of a "non-existent" minority community" 2006: 1619: 1367:

Collapse of Yugoslav rule resulted in actions of revenge being undertaken by Albanians, some joining the local

739: 721: 662: 646: 418: 413: 229: 198: 8422: 8399: 14242: 14217: 14192:

are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of

13881: 13876: 13806: 13766: 13751: 13533: 13488: 13108: 12756: 12099: 11950: 11608: 11426: 11315: 10908: 10742: 10681: 9881: 9310:

Conditioning Democratization: Institutional Reforms and EU Membership Conditionality in Albania and Macedonia

7820: 2636:(in German). Quelle Informationsmittel (IFB) : digitales Rezensionsorgan für Bibliothek und Wissenschaft 725: 9436: 9394: 8781: 8720: 8502: 1581:

autonomy and powers such as a veto in the federal decision making process similar to that of the republics.

1092:

preferred an Arabic-based Albanian alphabet, due to concerns that a Latin alphabet undermined ties with the

14227: 14047: 13992: 13962: 13871: 13846: 13831: 13756: 13736: 12834: 12746: 12522: 12119: 11869: 11473: 11208: 11130: 11115: 10996: 10949: 10888: 10560: 7952: 1814: 1227: 959: 678: 650: 96: 13866: 10194: 10098: 9835: 7364: 13503: 12726: 12676: 12322: 12104: 12078: 11817: 11726: 11681: 11663: 11571: 11483: 11366: 10954: 10883: 10833: 10757: 9552:

Whose Democracy? Nationalism, Religion, and the Doctrine of Collective rights in post-1989 eastern Europe

2128:, p. 20. "... dynamic that would remain essential for understanding the development of Albanianism." 2025: 1990: 1655: 1339: 854: 591: 516: 349: 305: 10502: 9745:

Collective memory, national identity, and ethnic conflict: Greece, Bulgaria, and the Macedonian question

14232: 13861: 13741: 12772: 12247: 11812: 11698: 11653: 11648: 11591: 11586: 11551: 11498: 11049: 11011: 10923: 10918: 9618:

Minorías y fronteras en el mediterráneo ampliado. Un desafío a la seguridad internacional del siglo XXI

8203:

Education policy and power-sharing in post-conflict societies: Lebanon, Northern Ireland, and Macedonia

7272: 4243:, p. 298. "The use of the Albanian language was prohibited and Albanians were forced to emigrate." 2548:

At the same time the rebellion sent strong signal to Kosovo neighbors that the Ottoman Empire was weak.

1574: 984: 163: 10307:"Violence, resistance and collaboration in a Greek borderland: the case of the Muslim Chams of Epirus" 9502: 2502:"Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and the Conduct of the Balkan Wars" 773:

Excerpt from the League of Prizren memorandum to the British delegation at the Berlin Congress, 1878,

13035: 12731: 11841: 11686: 11658: 11581: 11235: 11110: 11044: 11001: 10712: 9219:"The rise and destruction of Ottoman Architecture in Albania: A brief history focused on the mosques" 1518:

with Muslim and Christian clergy criticised as being socially backward with the propensity to become

13821: 13543: 2491: 1530:

for the need to overcome religious differences through Albanian unity, Hoxha took and exploited the

264: 14138: 13796: 13600: 12512: 12257: 11576: 11006: 10893: 10752: 9680: 9162:

On the border: Transborder mobility, ethnic groups and boundaries along the Albanian-Greek frontier

8825: 1994:(UCC) was a reported paramilitary formation that intended to be active in northern Greek region of 1133:

in the wider Balkans and Anglo-French hegemony purportedly represented through Greece in the area.

902:) Albanians were heavily involved with the Albanian National Awakening producing many figures like 178: 23: 11889: 9415: 9373: 7455:"Maternal and paternal lineages in Albania and the genetic structure of Indo-European populations" 7178: 5060: 13580: 13052: 12956: 12867: 12782: 12661: 12294: 12199: 12124: 11915: 11802: 11746: 11421: 11302: 11188: 11034: 10944: 10898: 10838: 10787: 10772: 10732: 10676: 10665: 10553: 10076:"Contested Post-Ottoman Alevi and Bektashi Identities in the Balkans and their Shi'ite Component" 9638:

Combating serious crimes in postconflict societies: A handbook for policymakers and practitioners

9285: 8251: 2000: 1610: 1101: 1097: 626: 484: 465: 403: 235: 91: 14158: 13113: 8854:

Albania–a country in transition. Aspects of changing identities in a south-east European country

8749:

Albania–a country in transition. Aspects of changing identities in a south-east European country

7630: 7559: 1253:

During the 1920s the role of religion was downplayed by the Albanian state who instead promoted

13528: 13418: 13196: 13160: 13042: 12887: 12736: 12216: 12192: 11807: 11463: 11351: 11325: 11135: 11021: 10843: 10481: 9550: 8966: 8380:

Revolution and change in Central and Eastern Europe: Political, economic, and social challenges

2050: 2038: 1984: 582:

of the Albanian nation. Other ancient peoples are also claimed as ancestors, in particular the

408: 123: 10387: 10325:

The economy of East Central Europe, 1815-1989: Stages of transformation in a peripheral region

9456: 7821:"The Legendary Commander: The construction of an Albanian master-narrative in post-war Kosovo" 7756:"The file on H. Metahitory, Literature, Ethnography, Cultural Heritage and the Balkan Borders" 7625:

Ethnic politics in Eastern Europe: A guide to nationality policies, organizations, and parties

7091: 2574: 2568: 2370: 1592:

Between 1971 and 1981, the rise of Albanian nationalism in Kosovo coincided with a revival of

1566: 13851: 13816: 13801: 13680: 13508: 13498: 13463: 13458: 13443: 13423: 13387: 13170: 13140: 13130: 13120: 13015: 12794: 12751: 12721: 12699: 12646: 12569: 12480: 12211: 12154: 11925: 11910: 11468: 11346: 11275: 11193: 9049: 8947: 7251: 6283:, p. 23. "They claimed that Alexander the Great and Aristotle were of Albanian descent." 5039: 5018: 2533: 2527: 2152:, p. 475."... frequently then and since, "The religion of the Albanians is Albanianism." 1854: 1792: 1696: 1682: 1666: 1193: 1021: 575: 376: 310: 220: 128: 86: 8037:""Do not look to church and mosque"? Albania's post-Communist clergy on nation and religion" 1650: 14057: 13856: 13705: 13665: 13640: 13483: 13453: 13438: 13428: 13397: 13392: 13382: 13356: 13317: 13211: 13088: 13083: 13062: 13025: 12961: 12951: 12930: 12857: 12741: 12656: 12616: 12443: 12390: 11940: 11827: 11618: 11270: 11145: 11098: 10977: 10767: 9814: 9701: 9189: 6295:, p. 11. "Pyrrhus who lived a century later has been hailed as primary Albanian hero". 1495: 1444: 1419: 1084: 1055: 555: 423: 381: 260: 188: 158: 148: 143: 133: 76: 12036: 12002: 9784:

Sawyer, Andrew (2014). "National Museums in Southeast Europe:(En) countering Balkanism?".

7159:

The thistle and the drone: How America's war on terror became a global war on tribal Islam

4335:, p. 23. "they thus claim to be the oldest indigenous people of the western Balkans". 1149: 366: 8: 14107: 13987: 13781: 13720: 13685: 13590: 13493: 13448: 13413: 13377: 13372: 13312: 13307: 13302: 13281: 13227: 13175: 13165: 13098: 13067: 13020: 12925: 12841: 12814: 12777: 12704: 12671: 12651: 12621: 12507: 12407: 12204: 11930: 11859: 11566: 11416: 11310: 11250: 11245: 11230: 11067: 10863: 10802: 1788: 1701: 1584: 1153: 1033: 895: 752: 674: 543: 371: 285: 183: 173: 153: 113: 101: 9766:

Ethnopolitics in Cyberspace: The Internet, Minority Nationalism, and the Web of Identity

9193: 9072: 1338:

after prolonged interest and overarching sphere of influence during the interwar period

1218: 14193: 14143: 13896: 13776: 13650: 13625: 13433: 13351: 13322: 13271: 13261: 13206: 13201: 13135: 13125: 13103: 13057: 12935: 12903: 12819: 12804: 12799: 12666: 12574: 12532: 12438: 12428: 12423: 12402: 12385: 12345: 12287: 12280: 12252: 11628: 11403: 11384: 11361: 11330: 11029: 10777: 10737: 10691: 10588: 10580: 10177: 10137: 9801: 9205: 9126: 9009:

Rediscovering the Umma: Muslims in the Balkans between nationalism and transnationalism

8959: 8871: 8766: 8489: 8238: 8098: 7977:

Saviours of the nation: Serbia's intellectual opposition and the revival of nationalism

7918: 7623: 7490: 7313: 7215: 6420: 2573:. Vol. 2. United Kingdom: The Press Syndicate of University of Cambridge. p. 1810: 1202: 975: 658: 567: 477: 460: 447: 168: 138: 118: 13786: 10717: 10080:

Shi'i Islam and Identity: Religion, Politics and Change in the Global Muslim Community

8906:

Lesser, Ian O.; Larrabee, F. Stephen; Zanini, Michele; Vlachos-Dengler, Katia (2001).

1107: 911: 879: 14168: 14153: 13947: 13635: 13327: 13276: 13232: 13093: 13030: 12862: 12829: 12634: 12626: 12527: 12464: 12226: 12182: 12164: 11935: 11854: 11835: 11766: 11761: 11751: 10762: 10686: 10531: 10508: 10487: 10466: 10416: 10395: 10372: 10352: 10329: 10263: 10242: 10221: 10200: 10156: 10106: 10083: 10060: 10039: 10016: 9997: 9976: 9908: 9887: 9866: 9843: 9820: 9805: 9770: 9749: 9728: 9707: 9686: 9665: 9642: 9621: 9598: 9577: 9573:

Nihil obstat: religion, politics, and social change in East-Central Europe and Russia

9556: 9535: 9487: 9464: 9421: 9400: 9379: 9358: 9335: 9314: 9293: 9270: 9249: 9226: 9209: 9166: 9145: 9130: 9095: 9057: 9034: 9013: 8992: 8970: 8932: 8913: 8857: 8831: 8810: 8789: 8752: 8726: 8685: 8664: 8615: 8594: 8573: 8552: 8529: 8508: 8493: 8467:"From Rambouillet to the Kosovo accords: NATO'S war against Serbia and its aftermath" 8451: 8430: 8407: 8384: 8363: 8340: 8319: 8296: 8275: 8242: 8207: 8186: 8163: 8140: 8119: 8102: 8067: 8044: 8021: 8002: 7981: 7960: 7937: 7880: 7839: 7805: 7784: 7763: 7740: 7702: 7679: 7660: 7634: 7607: 7586: 7565: 7544: 7521: 7497: 7476: 7439: 7416: 7393: 7370: 7332: 7317: 7293: 7278: 7257: 7236: 7233:

Ideologies and national identities: The case of twentieth-century Southeastern Europe

7219: 7184: 7163: 7142: 7097: 7090:

Mabry, Tristan James; McGarry, John; Moore, Margaret; O'Leary, Brendan (2013-05-30).

6261: 5108: 5087: 5083:

Patriarchy After Patriarchy: Gender Relations in Turkey and in the Balkans, 1500-2000

5066: 5045: 5024: 2578: 2537: 2417: 2407: 2376: 1941: 1937: 1784: 891: 748: 682: 642: 559: 520: 332: 300: 270: 10727: 8525:

International organizations: A comparative approach to the management of cooperation

7922: 2060:

generated nationalistic commentary among the political elite of whom prime-minister

1764: 1384: 1352: 14082: 13891: 13771: 13286: 13266: 12882: 12877: 12809: 12789: 12683: 12611: 12579: 12459: 12375: 12303: 12149: 12006: 11993: 11780: 11771: 11691: 10818: 10792: 10129: 9793: 9514: 9197: 9118: 8894: 8481: 8230: 8090: 7910: 7863: 7835: 7466: 7305: 7207: 2560: 2497: 2493: 1953: 1775: 1753: 1692: 1671: 1593: 1335: 1258: 883: 875: 833: 700:

In response to Kosovo's independence, foreign relations, policy impositions by the

689: 654: 630: 590:. These national myths are important in order to geopolitically support claims of " 547: 512: 430: 354: 344: 240: 213: 8642: 8549:

The changing world religion map: Sacred places, identities, practices and politics

8336:

Sorrowful Shores: Violence, Ethnicity, and the End of the Ottoman Empire 1912-1923

6901:Έντι Ράμα: Αλβανός ήταν ο Δίας και ο Όλυμπος έχει τις ρίζες του στην… Τσαμουριά... 5062:

Political Parties of Eastern Europe: A Guide to Politics in the Post-communist Era

50: 14062: 14032: 13557: 12966: 12872: 12709: 12187: 12026: 11973: 11756: 11613: 10722: 10615: 8722:

Contested Ethnic Identity: The Case of Macedonian Immigrants in Toronto 1900-1996

8679: 8094: 6930: 6907: 6255: 5102: 5081: 1995: 1891: 1879: 1717:

Two Kosovo Liberation Army members (background) with US marine (foreground), 1999

1640: 1614: 1570: 1552: 1491: 1412: 1363:

Xhem Hasa (centre) with his brothers, Musli Hasa (left) and Abdullah Hasa (right)

1348: 1315: 1278: 866: 603: 595: 532: 315: 245: 14112: 10152:

The receding shadow of the prophet: The rise and fall of radical political Islam

8701:"A success story? Analysing Albanian ethno-nationalist extremism in the Balkans" 7309: 7211: 2372:

Byzantium after the Nation: The Problem of Continuity in Balkan Historiographies

2074: 1910: 1494:

also tried to demonstrate that Albanians were biologically different from other

14017: 13997: 13565: 12714: 11356: 10782: 9122: 7953:"Religion and the politics of 'Albanianism': Naim Frasheri's Bektashi writings" 7867: 2083: 2021: 1660: 1343: 1289:

Secessionist sentiments after the First World War became expressed through the

1168: 955: 915: 899: 701: 551: 290: 255: 250: 9840:

Legacy and Change: Albanian Transformation from Multidisciplinary Perspectives

9797: 9201: 9091:

The politics of nation-building: Making co-nationals, refugees, and minorities

8898: 8485: 8234: 1609:

became a centre for some nationalistically orientated students that generated

1551:

variant of Albanian nationalism. These approaches resulted for example in the

396: 14211: 13660: 13655: 13610: 13605: 13585: 12908: 12584: 12031: 11920: 11704: 7914: 1918: 1798: 1758: 1469: 1464: 1406: 1326: 1162: 1145: 943: 933: 924: 907: 841: 670: 634: 610: 579: 361: 339: 295: 8292:

The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913

8183:

Balkan strongmen: dictators and authoritarian rulers of South Eastern Europe

8160:

Balkan strongmen: dictators and authoritarian rulers of South Eastern Europe

7849:"Sacred Journey to a Nation: The Construction of a Shrine in Postwar Kosovo" 7471: 7454: 2421: 920: 14189: 14077: 13927: 13690: 13675: 13645: 13615: 13575: 11789: 11408: 7480: 2724:"Blue, yellow, white — football, politics, identity - Kosovo 2.0Kosovo 2.0" 2101: 2061: 1802: 1734: 1723: 1708: 1653:. Albanian nationalists created a non-governmental organisation called the 1460: 1302: 1176: 1093: 1050: 937:

which called for Albanians overcoming religious divisions through a united

903: 649:

and upon Italy's surrender the same territories were incorporated into the

225: 12011: 7695:"Convergences and Divergences in Nationalism through the Albanian example" 2565:"Clearing the Decks: Ending the Tripolitanian War and the Albanian Revolt" 919:

national Albanian ideology. Among Catholic Albanian figures involved were

621:) and allow movements for independence and self-determination, as well as 527:). Albanian nationalism is also associated with similar concepts, such as 39: 14148: 14117: 14097: 13977: 13932: 13886: 13715: 13700: 13695: 13630: 13570: 13047: 12920: 9836:"A burden of Legacies: The transformation of Albanian's political system" 8404:

Mediterranean Modernism: Intercultural Exchange and Aesthetic Development

7582:

Bittersweet Europe: Albanian and Georgian Discourses on Europe, 1878–2008

7066:"Important agreements from joint meeting of Albania – Kosovo governments" 2504:. Washington D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Piece. p. 47 2401: 1523: 1393: 1298: 1184: 1172: 1130: 996: 928: 622: 508: 10434:(Report). Swindon: Defence Academy of the United Kingdom. Archived from 2492:

Josef Redlich; Baron d'Estournelles; M. Justin Godart; Walter Shucking;

1420:

Albanian Nationalism during the People's Republic of Albania (1945–1991)

1330:

The Italian Protectorate of Albania established by Italy in August 1941.

563: 14163: 14007: 13937: 12433: 12395: 11963: 11894: 10635: 9461:

We, the people: politics of national peculiarity in Southeastern Europe

9242:"Secession, Territorial Integrity and the role of the Security Council" 9073:"Probleme të normës në toponimi [Problems of norm in toponymy]" 8360:

Nations in Transit 2014: Democratization from Central Europe to Eurasia

7699:

Developing cultural identity in the Balkans: Convergence vs. Divergence

7537:"Albania and Albanian émigrés in the United States before World War II" 7274:

Founding a Balkan State: Albania's Experiment with Democracy, 1920-1925

2033: 1965: 1819: 1271:

after him regarding the process of Albanian state and nation building.

1080: 988: 887: 837: 587: 440: 275: 10141: 9246:

Kosovo and international law: The ICJ advisory opinion of 22 July 2010

9223:

Balkans and Islam Encounter, Transformation, Discontinuity, Continuity

7717: 6077: 6075: 2069: 1486:

from the second to third millennium while claiming them as the oldest

14067: 14052: 14042: 14037: 13982: 13967: 13256: 12380: 12314: 11739: 10858: 10655: 10630: 10597: 9658:"Albania, Macedonia and the British military missions, 1943 and 1944" 9519: 9141:

The Birth of Modern Turkey: The Ottoman Military and the March to WWI

8112:"Status Report Albania 100 Years: Symbolic Nation-Building Completed" 7760:

Negotiating Culture: Moving, Mixing and Memory in Contemporary Europe

2646:

Im nationalen Mythus der Albaner nimmt er den zentralen Platz ein,...

1914: 1780: 1502: 1448: 1389: 1369: 1017: 1000: 613:. These myth aims to establish precedence over neighbouring peoples ( 571: 81: 31: 10306: 9484:

Mediterranean Diasporas: Politics and Ideas in the Long 19th Century

8545:"An exception in the Balkans: Albania's multi confessional identity" 2337: 1705:(1991-1992) aiming to unite all Yugoslav Albanians into one entity. 1359: 14027: 13952: 13826: 13710: 11983: 11968: 11198: 10650: 10645: 10625: 10620: 10545: 10483:

Badlands-borderlands: a history of Northern Epirus/Southern Albania

10133: 9266:

The fragmentation of Yugoslavia: Nationalism and war in the Balkans

8905: 7778: 7603:

Reinstating the Ottomans, Alternative Balkan Modernities: 1800–1912

7037: 6924:Προκλητικές εθνικιστικές κορώνες του Ράμα στο Συνέδριο των Τσάμηδων 6885:Προκλητικές εθνικιστικές κορώνες του Ράμα στο Συνέδριο των Τσάμηδων 6656: 6072: 2029: 1928: 1886: 1830: 1741: 1067: 1029: 1004: 688:

Contemporary Albanian nationalism has high levels of support among

583: 14092: 10432:

The Cham Issue - Albanian National & Property Claims in Greece

10032:"Nationalist parties and the party systems of the Western Balkans" 9457:"Faik Konitza: The modernizer of the Albanian language and nation" 8660:

Out of Albania: From crisis migration to social inclusion in Italy

8318:. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 1–37. 5020:

Out Of Albania: From Crisis Migration to Social Inclusion in Italy

1877:(2001) with conflict ending in peace talks and the signing of the 1834:

Official flag of the Kosovan President designed by Ibrahim Rugova.

14102: 14072: 14022: 14012: 13917: 13670: 13620: 12639: 12548: 11958: 11849: 10968: 10640: 10610: 10605: 10576: 9971:. In Bahlcke, Joachim; Rohdewald, Stefan; Wünsch, Thomas (eds.). 9594:

The three Yugoslavias: State-building and legitimation, 1918–2005

7390:

Balkan Border Crossings–First Annual of the Konitsa Summer School

7253:

Eastern Europe: An introduction to the people, lands, and culture

7235:. Budapest: Central European University Press. pp. 235–253. 2065: 1949: 1933: 1841: 1765:

Influence of origin theories in contemporary society and politics

1559: 1482: 1290: 1206: 1198: 1059: 983:

and was based on a perception of Skanderbeg's Albania serving as

759: 693: 536: 435: 63: 10412:

Donors, Technical Assistance and Public Administration in Kosovo

7229:"Greater Albania: The Albanian state and the question of Kosovo" 5874: 5872: 1274: 13972: 13957: 13922: 13912: 12016: 11978: 7541:

East Central Europe in Exile Volume 1: Transatlantic Migrations

7250:

Austin, Robert (2005). "Albania". In Frucht, Richard C. (ed.).

2024:

community regarding property and other issues related to their

1531: 1473: 1436: 1282: 1112: 1088: 992: 980: 963: 638: 618: 599: 280: 70: 9225:. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 191–207. 9052:. In Schwanders-Sievers, Stephanie; Fischer, Bernd J. (eds.). 8784:. In Schwanders-Sievers, Stephanie; Fischer, Bernd J. (eds.). 8274:. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. pp. 1–18. 8116:

Strategies of Symbolic Nation-building in South Eastern Europe

7955:. In Schwanders-Sievers, Stephanie; Fischer, Bernd J. (eds.). 7452: 7413:

Europe, the USA and political Islam: Strategies for engagement

7347: 6668: 4999: 1713: 1569:, a Serbian communist who later fell out and was dismissed by 14122: 12021: 9531:

Religion and nationalism in Soviet and East European politics

8185:. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press. pp. 239–268. 7363:

Banks, A.; Muller, Thomas C.; Overstreet, William R. (2010).

5869: 1577:

and attempted to address Albanian grievances by awarding the

862: 614: 9703:

The future of Southeast Europe: Towards European integration

8358:. In Habbdank-Kolaczkowska, Sylvana; Csaky, Zselyke (eds.). 8312:""Yugoslav" Nationalism at the End of the Twentieth Century" 7846: 7818: 7089: 6674: 6662: 6081: 5878: 4786: 4784: 2532:. United States of America: The Globe Pequot Press. p. 2045: 1037:

civilization and its achievements had an "Albanian" origin.

11203: 10371:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 104–114. 10015:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 115–124. 8788:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 157–171. 8162:. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press. pp. 19–50. 7678:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 127–133. 7543:. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 9–22. 6781: 6779: 2028:

from northern Greece. The current socialist prime minister

1527: 1498:

populations, a hypothesis now refuted by genetic analysis.

1478: 1305:

that fought a small-scale war (1918-1921) in formations of

1141: 858: 709: 705: 9503:"Toponyms and the political and ethnic identity in Serbia" 9417:

The Red Flag: Communism and the making of the modern world

8931:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 91–103. 7294:"The Bosnian Muslims and Albanians: Islam and Nationalism" 4759: 4757: 4755: 4753: 1982:(FBKSh) which acted as the political organisation for the 12231: 10526:. In Reveron, Derek S.; Murer, Jeffrey Stevenson (eds.). 9700:

Rödinger, Horst; Knaus, Katharina; Steets, Julia (2003).

9331:

Kosovo Liberation Army: The Inside Story of an Insurgency

9248:. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 109–138. 9056:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 33–48. 8991:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 70–87. 7959:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 60–69. 6235: 4781: 1010: 747:

Some authors argue that Albanian nationalism, unlike its

8961:

The wars of the Balkan Peninsula: Their medieval origins

8504:

Homeland Calling: Exile Patriotism & the Balkan Wars

8423:"NATO and the Balkans: From Intervention to Integration" 7847:

Di Lellio, Anna; Schwanders-Sievers, Stephanie (2006b).

7819:

Di Lellio, Anna; Schwanders-Sievers, Stephanie (2006a).

7561:

Epirus Vetus: The Archaeology of a Late Antique Province

6776: 6692: 6378: 6143: 2633: 2339:

Heritage and national identity in post-socialist Albania

2140:, p. 12. "the religion of Albanians is Albanianism" 1709:

Kosovo conflict (1990s) and Kosovan independence (2000s)

991:'s figure and deeds into a mixture of historical facts, 10238:

Late Enlightenment: Emergence of modern 'National idea'

9786:

International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society

9614:"Kosovo: Estado actual de una balcanización permanente" 9463:. Central European University Press. pp. 307–340. 4750: 3242: 3240: 3030: 3028: 1605:

In 1981 there was an outburst of Albanian nationalism.

1073: 844:. During the Russo-Turkish war, the incoming Serb army 10452:

Pan-Albanianism: How Big a Threat to Balkan Stability?

10349:

Burn this house: The making and unmaking of Yugoslavia

8447:

Consumed by war: European conflict in the 20th century

8362:. New York: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 47–64. 6866: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5949: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4067: 4065: 2701:"Kosovo and Albania Agree to Run Joint Foreign Policy" 2450: 2448: 2446: 1188:

sector promoting Albanian self-government through the

515:

that were first formed in the 19th century during the

10099:"Reinventing Kosovo: Newborn and the Young Europeans" 7659:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 437–446. 7362: 6785: 6199: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4977: 3064: 3062: 2791:, ed. Gopal Balakrishnan. London: Verso, 1999. p. 80 2525: 1921:(right) with Kosovo Declaration of Independence, 2009 1635: 629:

the Ottomans agreed to the creation of an autonomous

10392:

Islamic and Christian cultures: Conflict or dialogue

9664:. Basinstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 184–200. 9482:. In Maurizio, Isabella; Zanou, Konstantina (eds.). 8270:. In Galaty, Michael L.; Watkinson, Charles (eds.). 7429: 6719: 6709: 6707: 5965: 5107:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. p. 54. 4763: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3237: 3025: 2058:

Centenary Albanian independence celebrations in 2012

1966:

Pan-Albanianism and Albanian politics in the Balkans

1805:

and Islam has been the result of foreign invasions.

11153: 9699: 9355:

Nationalism: Critical concepts in political science

8699:Koktsidis, Pavlos Ioannis; Dam, Caspar Ten (2008). 8402:. In Goldwyn, Adam J.; Silverman, Renée M. (eds.). 8060:"Diverging images of the Ottoman legacy in Albania" 8043:. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 233–258. 6557: 6535: 6533: 6384: 5989: 5946: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5828: 5617: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4319: 4062: 3857: 3855: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3501: 3499: 3447: 3445: 2559: 2443: 2406:. Cambridge, Mass., USA: B. Blackwell. p. 12. 1936:region hailing as a local the medieval Serb figure 1454: 1136: 743:

Group photo of some Prizren League delegates (1878)

9030:Only the nails remain: Scenes from the Balkan Wars 8958: 7801:Ethnic nationalism: The tragic death of Yugoslavia 7732: 7622: 7489: 7328:The Wildest Province: SOE in the Land of the Eagle 6872: 6481: 6479: 6452: 6162: 6160: 6158: 5485: 5104:The Oxford encyclopedia of ancient Greece and Rome 5041:Albania in transition: the rocky road to democracy 4974: 4916: 4914: 4200: 4198: 3926: 3924: 3585: 3583: 3276: 3274: 3059: 2375:. Central European University Press. p. 287. 2316: 2314: 2312: 1732:(UNMIK) overseeing administrative affairs and the 1490:in that area and on par with the Greeks. Physical 10347:. In Ridgeway, James; Udovički, Jasminka (eds.). 10255: 10234: 10103:Retracing images: Visual culture after Yugoslavia 9641:. Washington, D.C.: US Institute of Peace Press. 9353:. In Hutchinson, John; Smith, Anthony D. (eds.). 8945: 7183:. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press. 7162:. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. 7031: 6704: 6390: 5801: 5748: 5746: 5641: 5629: 5545: 5384: 5277: 5271: 5123: 4635: 4633: 4510: 4508: 4357: 4355: 4353: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3953: 3951: 3872: 3870: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3709: 3707: 3408: 3246: 3211: 3209: 3034: 2342:(PhD thesis). Manchester Metropolitan University. 1864:Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac 14209: 10217:A legal geography of Yugoslavia's disintegration 10101:. In Šuber, Daniel; Karamanic, Slobodan (eds.). 9863:Muslims and Communists in Post-transition States 9682:One world divisible: A global history since 1945 9357:. London: Psychology Press. pp. 1356–1381. 8876:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 8771:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 8268:"The practice of Archaeology under dictatorship" 7487: 6803: 6680: 6610: 6608: 6569: 6530: 6464: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5887: 5840: 5770: 5348: 5188: 5186: 4863: 4560: 4558: 4332: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4120: 4118: 4116: 3852: 3760: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3654: 3652: 3496: 3442: 2454: 2204: 1742:Contemporary Albanian Nationalism in the Balkans 10454:(Report). Brussels: International Crisis Group. 10262:. Budapest: Central European University Press. 10241:. Budapest: Central European University Press. 9993:Religion and politics in post-communist Romania 8844: 8427:NATO: From regional to global security provider 8425:. In Alexander, Yonah; Prosen, Richard (eds.). 8266:Galaty, Michael L.; Watkinson, Charles (2004). 8265: 7933:Religion and the politics of identity in Kosovo 7434:. In Milosevic, Marko; Rekawek, Kacper (eds.). 7118:"Kosovars Remain Faithful to Old Albanian Flag" 7007: 6961: 6959: 6766: 6764: 6762: 6760: 6758: 6476: 6458: 6332: 6330: 6328: 6313: 6303: 6301: 6211: 6177: 6175: 6155: 6133: 6131: 5818: 5816: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5706: 5704: 5423: 5401: 5399: 5222: 5220: 5129: 4993: 4987: 4938: 4911: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4796: 4769: 4195: 3921: 3887: 3885: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3580: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3271: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2768:The Turkish Yearbook of International Relations 2570:History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey 2526:Warrander, Gail; Verena Knaus (November 2007). 2309: 1883:granting greater Albanian rights in Macedonia. 1392:who alongside his forces collaborated with the 1342:. Italian fascist regime members such as Count 1148:on the first anniversary of the session of the 846:expelled most of the Muslim Albanian population 550:with religious ties to the ruling Turks in the 9050:"Invention of a Nationalism: Myth and Amnesia" 8956: 8847:"Albanian Islam - Development and Disruptions" 8742:"General Remarks on Albania and the Albanians" 7804:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 7758:. In Byron, Reginald; Kockel, Ullrich (eds.). 7383: 6593: 6442: 6440: 6402: 6104: 6037: 6013: 5934: 5743: 5721: 5719: 5533: 5521: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5261: 5259: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5201: 4926: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4684: 4662: 4660: 4630: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4505: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4350: 4292: 4290: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4052: 4050: 4008: 4006: 4004: 3980: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3948: 3915: 3867: 3820: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3704: 3694: 3692: 3516: 3514: 3421: 3383: 3381: 3327: 3325: 3298: 3206: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2352: 2350: 2244: 2242: 1560:Within Yugoslavia (Kosovo and North Macedonia) 760:Eastern Crisis and Albanian National Awakening 12330: 10561: 10148: 10034:. In Stojarova, Vera; Emerson, Peter (eds.). 9375:The politics of language in socialist Albania 8856:. Baden-Baden: Nomos-Verlag. pp. 34–64. 8827:The Oxford companion to politics of the world 8751:. Baden-Baden: Nomos-Verlag. pp. 11–23. 7973: 7877:"The battle of Kosovo 1389." An Albanian epic 7513: 6995: 6844: 6842: 6686: 6605: 6286: 6187: 6094: 6092: 6090: 6062: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6054: 6052: 5905: 5884: 5677: 5647: 5635: 5557: 5551: 5491: 5390: 5354: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5183: 5171: 4832: 4713: 4711: 4555: 4447: 4423: 4396: 4394: 4302: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4258: 4246: 4113: 4037: 4035: 4033: 3842: 3840: 3664: 3649: 3615: 3613: 3140: 3003: 3001: 2553: 2368: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2280: 2278: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2064:referred to Albanian lands as extending from 1825: 1677: 1404:partisans. In 1944 German forces created the 485: 10388:"Ethnic identity of Greek-Albanian migrants" 10304: 10256:Trencsényi, Balázs; Kopecek, Michal (2007). 10235:Trencsényi, Balázs; Kopecek, Michal (2006). 9989: 9880:Shaw, Stanford J.; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1977). 9833: 9816:The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research 9477: 9288:. In Waller, Michael; Drezov, Kyril (eds.). 9286:"Kosovo/Kosova: A land of conflicting Myths" 9137: 8957:Madgearu, Alexandru; Gordon, Martin (2008). 8885:Lederer, Gyorgy (1994). "Islam in Albania". 8698: 8429:. Lanham: Lexington Books. pp. 89–106. 8316:Nationalism and globalization: East and West 8179:"Enver Hoxha and the Stalinist Dictatorship" 7903:Anthropological Journal of European Cultures 7048: 7046: 6983: 6971: 6956: 6827: 6815: 6809: 6755: 6743: 6731: 6632: 6620: 6581: 6575: 6563: 6545: 6539: 6508: 6506: 6354: 6342: 6325: 6298: 6172: 6166: 6128: 6025: 5995: 5971: 5959: 5834: 5813: 5782: 5776: 5758: 5701: 5623: 5605: 5593: 5581: 5452: 5450: 5396: 5372: 5232: 5217: 5101:Ellis, Linda (2010). Michael Gagarin (ed.). 4962: 4944: 4892: 4880: 4790: 4587: 4585: 4543: 4435: 4379: 3995: 3882: 3773: 3743: 3725: 3713: 3589: 3555: 3553: 3505: 3432: 3430: 3361: 3068: 2988: 2986: 2940: 2911: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2601: 2320: 2229: 2227: 2225: 645:were united by Axis Italian forces to their 16:Nationalist ideas related to Albanian people 10365: 9634: 9616:. In Weber, Algora; Dolores, María (eds.). 9108: 8866:. Archived from the original on 2007-06-13. 8802: 8779: 8761:. Archived from the original on 2007-06-13. 8572:. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press. 8551:. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 1577–1598. 8450:. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. 7733:Clewing, Konrad; Sundhaussen, Holm (2016). 7697:. In Detrez, Raymond; Plas, Pieter (eds.). 7436:Perseverance of Terrorism: Focus on Leaders 7430:Batkovski, Tome; Rajkocevski, Rade (2014). 7406: 6878: 6644: 6599: 6485: 6437: 6366: 6319: 6223: 6149: 6116: 5922: 5851: 5752: 5716: 5653: 5539: 5527: 5497: 5462: 5429: 5360: 5256: 5198: 5159: 4844: 4738: 4728: 4726: 4657: 4645: 4609: 4520: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4406: 4367: 4287: 4234: 4228: 4210: 4204: 4177: 4165: 4130: 4047: 4001: 3963: 3903: 3779: 3689: 3511: 3462: 3460: 3378: 3355: 3322: 2815: 2766:Rrapaj, Jonilda and Kolasi, Klevis (2013). 2500:; Paul Milioukov; Samuel T. Dutton (1914). 2347: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2239: 1978:(PUK) that both merged in 2002 to form the 1729:UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo 1588:Flag of Albanian minority in SFR Yugoslavia 1508: 14188:: Forms of nationalism based primarily on 13832:Muslim Independence Movement (Philippines) 12337: 12323: 10568: 10554: 10479: 10176:(Ph.D.). Baylor University. Archived from 9741: 9413: 9351:"Religion and ethnicity in Eastern Europe" 9221:. In Furat, Ayşe Zişan; Er, Hamit (eds.). 9005: 8852:. In Kressing, Frank; Kaser, Karl (eds.). 8806:Kosovo: The politics of identity and space 8747:. In Kressing, Frank; Kaser, Karl (eds.). 8628: 7701:. Brussels: Peter Lang. pp. 213–226. 7345: 7200:Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans 6854: 6839: 6791: 6614: 6518: 6491: 6470: 6292: 6241: 6087: 6049: 6019: 5977: 5916: 5899: 5683: 5665: 5569: 5411: 5319: 5307: 5295: 5283: 4932: 4820: 4808: 4802: 4775: 4708: 4696: 4672: 4597: 4570: 4391: 4338: 4270: 4252: 4124: 4030: 4024: 3837: 3610: 3600: 3598: 3570: 3568: 3398: 3396: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3164: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 2998: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2290: 2275: 2155: 2032:in coalition with the PDIU has raised the 1859:declaration of Kosovan independence (2008) 1396:on various operations targeting communist 890:and a pre-Ottoman past, with reference to 810:To fall under foreign boot heels ?... 492: 478: 10521: 10507:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10149:Takeyh, Ray; Gvosdev, Nikolas K. (2004). 10082:. New York: IB Tauris. pp. 170–209. 10052: 10029: 9938: 9907:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 9886:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 9597:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 9518: 9399:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 9348: 9306: 9158: 9094:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 8677: 8474:The International Journal of Human Rights 8420: 7950: 7929: 7893: 7874: 7783:. Krakow: Jagiellonian University Press. 7776: 7650: 7514:Bieber, Florian; Galijaš, Armina (2016). 7470: 7438:. Amsterdam: IOS Press. pp. 84–102. 7043: 7019: 6940: 6917: 6833: 6770: 6749: 6737: 6713: 6698: 6638: 6626: 6587: 6551: 6503: 6425: 6372: 6360: 6336: 6274: 5940: 5795: 5731: 5710: 5689: 5509: 5447: 5435: 5405: 5336: 5244: 5192: 5177: 4968: 4874: 4838: 4582: 3942: 3891: 3876: 3861: 3831: 3683: 3550: 3520: 3451: 3427: 3280: 3176: 3116: 2983: 2869: 2834: 2607: 2356: 2284: 2222: 800:You have been duped by priests and hodjas 11636: 11491: 10504:Communism and the Emergence of Democracy 10342: 10213: 10192: 10155:. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. 10119: 10073: 10010: 9990:Stan, Lavinia; Turcescu, Lucian (2007). 9966: 9879: 9865:. New York: Routledge. pp. 86–112. 9861:. In Fowkes, Ben; Gökay, Bülent (eds.). 9856: 9762: 9724:Macedonia and the Macedonians: A history 9678: 9655: 9478:Puto, Artan; Maurizio, Isabella (2015). 9334:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. 9283: 9262: 8739: 8528:. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. 8500: 8332: 8176: 8153: 8118:. Farnham: Routledge. pp. 201–226. 8109: 8080: 8057: 8034: 7753: 7620: 7488:Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (2007). 7392:. Berlin: Lit Verlag. pp. 290–305. 7277:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 7231:. In Lampe, John; Mazower, Mark (eds.). 7134: 7093:Divided Nations and European Integration 7013: 7001: 6989: 6977: 6965: 6947:«Οι Θεοί του Ολύμπου μιλούσαν Αλβανικά»! 6675:Di Lellio & Schwanders-Sievers 2006b 6663:Di Lellio & Schwanders-Sievers 2006a 6396: 6307: 6217: 6205: 6181: 6137: 6082:Di Lellio & Schwanders-Sievers 2006a 6066: 6031: 6001: 5879:Di Lellio & Schwanders-Sievers 2006a 5857: 5822: 5764: 5611: 5563: 5503: 5479: 5226: 5165: 5135: 5058: 4950: 4920: 4905: 4886: 4723: 4690: 4493: 4476: 4459: 4373: 4313: 3974: 3930: 3802: 3754: 3631: 3619: 3457: 3331: 3316: 3215: 3188: 3128: 2953: 2893: 2254: 2233: 2168: 2044: 2017:Party for Justice, Integration and Unity 1904: 1885: 1829: 1809:Edwin Everett Jacques, Mathieu Aref and 1712: 1681: 1639: 1583: 1423: 1358: 1325: 1273: 1167: 1140: 1111:Delegates from the Alphabet Congress of 1106: 954: 738: 633:however it was never implemented as the 539:with substantial Albanian populations. 10899:Albanian resistance during World War II 10530:. New York: Routledge. pp. 65–86. 10458: 10449: 10429: 10321: 10096: 10038:. New York: Routledge. pp. 42–58. 9975:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 804–822. 9924:"Skenderbeg and Albanian Consciousness" 9900: 9842:. Münster: LIT Verlag. pp. 13–30. 9635:Rausch, Colette; Banar, Elaine (2006). 9392: 9327: 9087: 9026: 8986: 8926: 8884: 8823: 8656: 8464: 8397: 8376: 8353: 8309: 8288: 8199: 8156:"King Zog, Albania's Interwar Dictator" 8132: 7994: 7980:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP. 7797: 7762:. Münster: LIT Verlag. pp. 54–75. 7692: 7534: 6894: 6860: 6821: 6725: 6650: 6524: 6497: 6408: 6348: 6122: 6110: 6043: 5983: 5928: 5807: 5725: 5671: 5659: 5575: 5417: 5378: 5366: 5330: 5313: 5265: 5211: 5037: 5013: 4857: 4744: 4666: 4651: 4639: 4624: 4603: 4576: 4537: 4514: 4453: 4441: 4429: 4417: 4385: 4361: 4344: 4296: 4281: 4141: 4107: 4056: 4041: 3957: 3790: 3737: 3698: 3658: 3643: 3595: 3565: 3559: 3544: 3478: 3436: 3393: 3387: 3372: 3252: 3200: 3152: 3104: 3092: 3040: 2977: 2922: 2905: 2881: 2857: 2845: 2828: 2619: 2464: 2303: 2248: 2216: 2180: 2149: 2125: 1565:anti Albanian policies in Kosovo under 1463:, Albania developed its own version of 14223:19th-century establishments in Albania 14210: 13792:Galician independence movement (Spain) 12344: 11885: 10408: 10385: 9921: 9812: 9783: 9748:. Westport: eenwood Publishing Group. 9727:. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. 9720: 9620:. Madrid: Dykinson. pp. 259–272. 9434: 9070: 8718: 8569:Yugoslavia: a state that withered away 8542: 8521: 8220: 8066:. Berlin: Lit Verlag. pp. 37–52. 7715: 7673: 7578: 7557: 7324: 7291: 7270: 7249: 7226: 7197: 7176: 7025: 6848: 6797: 6446: 6280: 6253: 6229: 6193: 6098: 5301: 5289: 5059:Bugajski, Janusz (10 September 2020). 4826: 4814: 4678: 4564: 4400: 4264: 4240: 4216: 4189: 4153: 4095: 4083: 4071: 4012: 3814: 3466: 3304: 3080: 3007: 2992: 2965: 2934: 2399: 2369:Stamatopoulos, Dimitris (2022-11-01). 2335: 2269: 2192: 2084:original Second World War organization 1972:National Liberation Front of Albanians 1179:, leaders of the Kaçak movement (1920) 1011:Western influences and origin theories 818:The Albanian's faith is Albanianism ! 730:Albanian nationalism (North Macedonia) 13842:Patani United Liberation Organisation 13812:Inner Mongolian independence movement 12318: 10549: 10500: 10369:Albanian Identities: Myth and History 10279:"The Resurfacing of Islam in Albania" 10036:Party politics in the Western Balkans 10013:Albanian Identities: Myth and History 9685:. New York: WW Norton & Company. 9611: 9590: 9569: 9548: 9527: 9500: 9378:. Boulder: East European Monographs. 9239: 9216: 9179: 9054:Albanian Identities: Myth and History 9047: 8989:Albanian Identities: Myth and History 8929:Albanian Identities: Myth and History 8786:Albanian Identities: Myth and History 8607: 8586: 8565: 8015: 7957:Albanian Identities: Myth and History 7676:Albanian Identities: Myth and History 7599: 7492:The Balkans: A post-communist history 7384:Bardhoshi, Nebi; Lelaj, Olsi (2008). 7155: 7052: 6512: 6431: 6007: 5863: 5737: 5695: 5599: 5587: 5515: 5456: 5441: 5342: 5250: 5238: 5147: 5141: 5100: 5079: 4732: 4717: 4702: 4591: 4549: 4487: 4470: 3846: 3604: 3574: 3532: 3343: 3292: 3265: 3227: 3019: 2809: 2754: 2657: 2479: 2437: 2331: 2329: 2137: 1670:" era principles and to learning the 1062:were Pelasgian or Illyrian-Albanian. 13837:National Liberation Front of Corsica 13762:East Turkestan independence movement 10575: 10276: 10196:Balkan Identities: Nation and Memory 9555:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. 9454: 9371: 9033:. Rowman & Littlefield: Lanham. 8593:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 8507:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 8443: 8249: 8083:Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations 8018:Albanian literature: A short history 7736:Lexikon zur Geschichte südosteuropas 6701:, pp. 4, 10–12, 24–30, 48, 179. 5153: 4499: 3490: 3402: 3053: 2669: 2082:(BKK) sees itself as an heir to the 1074:Geopolitical consequences and legacy 808:Well-loved mother, dare we leave her 804:Who has the heart to let her perish, 802:To divide you, keep you wretched.... 798:But you're brothers, hapless people! 788:"Albanians, you are killing kinfolk, 10528:Flashpoints in the War on Terrorism 10415:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10220:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 10059:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 9996:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 9012:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 8965:. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. p. 8845:Lakshman-Lepain, Rajwantee (2002). 8830:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 8657:King, Russell; Mai, Nicola (2008). 8614:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 8611:Kosovo: What everyone needs to know 8339:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7352:European Journal of Turkish Studies 6786:Banks, Muller & Overstreet 2010 2631: 1644:Statue of Ibrahim Rugova, Prishtina 790:You're split in a hundred factions, 13: 10193:Todorova, Maria Nikolaeva (2004). 8912:. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation. 8223:Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 8206:. Birmingham: Palgrave MacMillan. 8181:. In Fischer, Bernd Jürgen (ed.). 8158:. In Fischer, Bernd Jürgen (ed.). 7459:European Journal of Human Genetics 5086:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 15. 3232:Feja e shqyptarit asht shqyptarija 2326: 1636:Dissidence and rise of nationalism 1459:Imitating Stalinist trends in the 1104:) toward the end of Ottoman rule. 944:Feja e shqyptarit asht shqyptarija 812:Wake, Albanian, from your slumber, 796:Say "I'm Greek," or "I am Slavic," 14: 14274: 10839:Principality of Albania (1914–25) 10824:Provisional Government of Albania 10351:. Durham: Duke University Press. 9576:. Durham: Duke University Press. 9534:. Durham: Duke University Press. 9486:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. 8062:. In Hartmuth, Maximilian (ed.). 8039:. In Schmitt, Oliver Jens (ed.). 7657:Global religions: An introduction 6385:Rödinger, Knaus & Steets 2003 5017:; Mai, Nicola (15 January 2013). 4098:, pp. 263–264, 272, 280–281. 4086:, pp. 263–264, 268, 280–281. 1890:Monument to fallen NLA fighters, 1334:On 7 April 1939, Italy headed by 976:Skanderbeg resisted Ottoman Turks 941:. The last stanza of Vasa's poem 816:And not look to church or mosque, 814:Let us, brothers, swear in common 12001: 11884: 11703: 11547: 11546: 11126: 11125: 11040: 11039: 10967: 9290:Kosovo: The politics of delusion 9269:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 7840:10.1111/j.1469-8129.2006.00252.x 7655:. In Juergensmeyer, Mark (ed.). 7606:. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. 7138:National Poetry, Empires and War 7110: 7083: 7058: 6414: 6247: 6208:, pp. 54, 57, 67–69, 70–71. 5005: 4764:Batkovski & Rajkocevski 2014 4222: 4183: 4171: 4159: 4147: 4101: 4089: 4077: 4018: 3936: 3909: 3897: 3808: 3796: 3731: 3719: 3637: 3625: 2336:Fermor, David Sebastian (2018). 1875:fought against Macedonian forces 1455:Origin theories during communism 1226: 1217: 1137:Independence and interwar period 806:Once a heroine, now so weakened! 794:Say "I'm Turk," or "I am Latin," 511:ideas and concepts generated by 38: 14238:Nationalist movements in Europe 13943:Basque Country (greater region) 13802:Guangdong Independence Movement 10462:The Albanians: a modern history 9904:The Albanian national awakening 8177:Fischer, Bernd Jürgen (2007b). 8154:Fischer, Bernd Jürgen (2007a). 8139:. London: Hurst & Company. 7936:. London: Hurst & Company. 7539:. In Mazurkiewicz, Anna (ed.). 7366:Political Handbook of the World 6254:Wilkes, John (9 January 1996). 3538: 3526: 3484: 3472: 3349: 3337: 3310: 3286: 3221: 3194: 3182: 3170: 3158: 3146: 3134: 3122: 3110: 3098: 3086: 3074: 3013: 2971: 2959: 2928: 2899: 2887: 2875: 2863: 2851: 2803: 2793: 2773: 2760: 2748: 2739: 2730: 2716: 2707: 2693: 2684: 2675: 2663: 2651: 2625: 2613: 2519: 2485: 2431: 2393: 2362: 1541: 1321: 570:. Among those were ideas of an 14253:Political movements in Albania 13747:Assyrian independence movement 12222:Orders, decorations and medals 10829:Albania during the Balkan Wars 10522:Yoshihara, Susan Fink (2006). 10199:. Hurst & Co. Publishers. 10078:. In Ridgeon, Lloyd VJ (ed.). 9834:Schmidt-Neke, Michael (2014). 9349:Petrovich, Michael B. (2000). 8949:Kulturen život (Cultural Life) 8547:. In Brunn, Stanley D. (ed.). 8406:. Springer. pp. 251–282. 8272:Archaeology under dictatorship 8133:Fischer, Bernd Jürgen (1999). 7951:Duijzings, Gerlachlus (2002). 7930:Duijzings, Gerlachlus (2000). 7798:Denitch, Bogdan Denis (1996). 7517:Debating the End of Yugoslavia 7415:. Springer. pp. 140–160. 7256:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 695–734. 7177:Ahrens, Geert-Hinrich (2007). 6873:Clewing & Sundhaussen 2016 5023:. Berghahn Books. p. 28. 2210: 2198: 2186: 2174: 2143: 2131: 2119: 1980:United National Albanian Front 722:Albanian nationalism (Albania) 419:Albanian Greek-Catholic Church 1: 13882:Vojvodina Autonomist Movement 13877:Tibetan independence movement 13807:Hawaiian sovereignty movement 13767:Faroese independence movement 13752:Catalan independence movement 10869:Albanian Republic (1925–1928) 10743:Massacre of the Albanian Beys 10390:. In Makariev, Plamen (ed.). 10305:Tsoutsoumpis, Spyros (2015). 9284:Pavković, Aleksander (2001). 9263:Pavković, Aleksandar (2000). 9138:Nezir-Akmese, Handan (2005). 9027:Merrill, Christopher (2001). 8314:. In Suryadinata, Leo (ed.). 7974:Dragovic-Soso, Jasna (2002). 7629:. Armonk: ME Sharpe. p. 7369:. Washington D.C.: CQ Press. 7271:Austin, Robert Clegg (2012). 6728:, pp. 228, 231, 245–248. 4074:, pp. 263–264, 272, 280. 3247:Trencsényi & Kopecek 2006 3035:Trencsényi & Kopecek 2007 2108: 1738:(KFOR) dealing with defence. 1281:rebels controlling a road in 950: 792:Some believe in God or Allah, 734: 726:Albanian nationalism (Kosovo) 14248:Political history of Albania 13963:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 13872:Taiwan independence movement 13847:Ryukyu independence movement 13757:Champa independence movement 13737:Alsace independence movement 10874:Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939) 10849:Autonomous Province of Korçë 10289:(4): 533–549. Archived from 10170:Tarţa, Iustin Mihai (2012). 10169: 10056:The far right in the Balkans 9969:"Antemurale Christianitatis" 9838:. In Pichler, Robert (ed.). 9763:Saunders, Robert A. (2011). 9706:. Hamburg: Körber-Stiftung. 9660:. In Pettifer, James (ed.). 9459:. In Mishkova, Diana (ed.). 9292:. London: Psychology Press. 9159:Nitsiakos, Vassilis (2010). 8803:Kostovicova, Denisa (2005). 8780:Kostovicova, Denisa (2002). 8663:. New York: Berghahn Books. 8095:10.1080/09596410.2014.961765 7585:. New York: Berghahn Books. 7346:Baltsiotis, Lambros (2011). 7068:. 2017-11-28. Archived from 4956: 4793:, pp. 119–121, 123–138. 4333:Bideleux & Jeffries 2007 2455:Bideleux & Jeffries 2007 2205:Bideleux & Jeffries 2007 2113: 1913:(left), U.S. Vice President 1575:Yugoslav constitution (1974) 679:Albanians in North Macedonia 7: 14263:Nationalism and archaeology 13827:Mapuche separatist movement 10909:Orthography Congress (1972) 10904:Communist Albania (1946–91) 10884:Italian invasion of Albania 10834:Republic of Central Albania 10814:Declaration of Independence 10758:Albanian National Awakening 10386:Veikou, Mariangela (2001). 10345:"The bonds and fault lines" 10343:Udovički, Jasminka (2000). 9769:. Lanham: Lexington Books. 9742:Roudometof, Victor (2002). 9662:The new Macedonian question 9612:Ramón, Juan Corona (2015). 9244:. In Hilpold, Peter (ed.). 8678:Kokolakis, Mihalis (2003). 8377:Goldman, Minton F. (1997). 7777:Czekalski, Tadeusz (2013). 7411:. In Pace, Michelle (ed.). 7407:Barbullushi, Odeta (2010). 7310:10.1080/0090599042000230250 7212:10.1080/1461319042000296796 6459:Galaty & Watkinson 2004 4988:Galaty & Watkinson 2004 2563:; Ezel Kural Shaw (2002) . 1991:Liberation Army of Chameria 1656:Democratic League of Kosovo 1620:People's Movement of Kosovo 931:who penned the famous poem 898:. While Muslim (especially 855:Albanian National Awakening 517:Albanian National Awakening 10: 14279: 13862:Silesian Autonomy Movement 13742:Assam separatist movements 12897:Northern & Middle Asia 10879:Union with Italian kingdom 10394:. CRVP. pp. 157–175. 9857:Schwartz, Stephan (2014). 9656:Reginald, Hibbert (1999). 9591:Ramet, Sabrina P. (2006). 9549:Ramet, Sabrina P. (1997). 9414:Priestland, David (2009). 9328:Perritt, Henry H. (2008). 9307:Peshkopia, Ridvan (2015). 9123:10.1080/027572004200191046 8946:Macedonian Review (1990). 8522:Jordan, Robert S. (2001). 8200:Fontana, Giuditta (2017). 8058:Endresen, Cecilie (2011). 8035:Endresen, Cecilie (2010). 7894:De Rapper, Gilles (2009). 7868:10.3167/146526006780457315 7693:Clayer, Nathalie (2005b). 7227:Austin, Robert C. (2004). 7127: 6953:. Retrieved 12 March 2017. 6937:. Retrieved 12 March 2017. 6914:. Retrieved 12 March 2017. 6891:. Retrieved 12 March 2017. 3916:Bardhoshi & Lelaj 2008 3422:Madgearu & Gordon 2008 2093:Kosovo-Albania unification 1826:Kosovo and North Macedonia 1746: 1678:Late 1980s and early 1990s 1236:The helmet of Skanderbeg, 1041:it had overtones of being 985:Antemurale Christianitatis 783:O moj Shqypni (Oh Albania) 719: 715: 14179: 14131: 13905: 13867:Székely autonomy movement 13729: 13556: 13521: 13476: 13406: 13365: 13347: 13340: 13295: 13252: 13245: 13220: 13184: 13156: 13149: 13076: 12986: 12979: 12944: 12896: 12850: 12765: 12692: 12604: 12597: 12562: 12541: 12500: 12493: 12473: 12452: 12416: 12368: 12361: 12352: 12274: 12240: 12173: 12142: 12087: 12056: 12049: 11992: 11949: 11903: 11826: 11788: 11779: 11738: 11734: 11725: 11627: 11559: 11535: 11482: 11456: 11435: 11396: 11392: 11383: 11339: 11301: 11263: 11217: 11144: 11079: 11075: 11066: 11020: 10989: 10985: 10976: 10965: 10937: 10801: 10700: 10664: 10596: 10587: 10459:Vickers, Miranda (2011). 10450:Vickers, Miranda (2004). 10430:Vickers, Miranda (2002). 10214:Trbovich, Ana S. (2008). 9939:Skoulidas, Elias (2013). 9798:10.1007/s10767-013-9160-9 9202:10.1080/14608940903542540 8899:10.1080/02634939408400866 8629:Kampschror, Beth (2007). 8486:10.1080/13642980008406901 8444:Hall, Richard C. (2010). 8421:Gregorian, Raffi (2015). 8398:Goldwyn, Adam J. (2016). 8235:10.1080/13602000903411366 8136:Albania at war, 1939–1945 8110:Endresen, Cecile (2016). 7754:Crawshaw, Robert (2006). 7739:. Vienna: Böhlau Verlag. 7716:Clayer, Nathalie (2005). 7651:Buturovic, Amila (2006). 7621:Bugajski, Janusz (1994). 7325:Bailey, Roderick (2011). 6687:Takeyh & Gvosdev 2004 6399:, pp. 8, 98–99, 108. 5648:Bieber & Galijaš 2016 5636:Bieber & Galijaš 2016 5065:. Routledge. p. 81. 3141:Takeyh & Gvosdev 2004 1697:dissolution of Yugoslavia 1611:Kosovar Albanian protests 507:is a general grouping of 51:Geographical distribution 13797:Greenlandic independence 10894:The Holocaust in Albania 10753:Uprising of Dervish Cara 10480:Winnifrith, Tom (2002). 10097:Ströhle, Isabel (2012). 10053:Stojarová, Vera (2016). 10030:Stojarova, Vera (2010). 9901:Skendi, Stavro (1967a). 9813:Schmid, Alex P. (2011). 9679:Reynolds, David (2001). 9507:Oslo Studies in Language 9435:Psomas, Lambros (2008). 9396:Who are the Macedonians? 9313:. London: Anthem Press. 9111:History and Anthropology 9088:Mylonas, Harris (2013). 9006:Merdjanova, Ina (2013). 8909:Greece's new geopolitics 8740:Kressing, Frank (2002). 8354:Gjipali, Gledis (2014). 8289:Gawrych, George (2006). 8114:. In Kolstø, Pål (ed.). 7915:10.3167/ajec.2009.180104 7558:Bowden, William (2003). 7135:Aberbach, David (2016). 6810:Koktsidis & Dam 2008 6665:, pp. 516–519, 527. 6576:Koktsidis & Dam 2008 6564:Koktsidis & Dam 2008 6540:Koktsidis & Dam 2008 6152:, pp. 151, 154–155. 5996:Koktsidis & Dam 2008 5972:Koktsidis & Dam 2008 5960:Koktsidis & Dam 2008 5835:Koktsidis & Dam 2008 5810:, pp. 307–308, 372. 5777:Koktsidis & Dam 2008 5624:Koktsidis & Dam 2008 4945:Stan & Turcescu 2007 4231:, pp. 159, 160–161. 3774:Puto & Maurizio 2015 3590:Puto & Maurizio 2015 3506:Puto & Maurizio 2015 3307:, pp. 83–84, 87–88. 3069:Puto & Maurizio 2015 2321:Puto & Maurizio 2015 2183:, pp. 92, 100, 102. 2068:(in northern Greece) to 2020:(PDIU) representing the 1870:National Liberation Army 1815:Greek-Albanian relations 1509:Nationalism and religion 546:, Albanians were mainly 10733:Islamization of Albania 10723:Kanun of Lekë Dukagjini 10677:Principality of Arbanon 10322:Turnock, David (2004). 10283:East European Quarterly 10074:Stoyanov, Yuri (2012). 9967:Srodecki, Paul (2013). 9922:Skendi, Stavro (1968). 9819:. New York: Routledge. 9721:Rossos, Andrew (2013). 9570:Ramet, Sabrina (1998). 9528:Ramet, Sabrina (1989). 9501:Rajić, Ljubiša (2012). 8708:East European Quarterly 8590:Kosovo: War and revenge 8501:Hockenos, Paul (2003). 8333:Gingeras, Ryan (2009). 8310:Gilberg, Trond (2000). 8020:. London: I.B. Tauris. 8001:. Münster: LIT Verlag. 7995:Egleder, Julia (2013). 7875:Di Lellio, Ana (2009). 7828:Nations and Nationalism 7579:Brisku, Adrian (2013). 7535:Biernat, Agata (2014). 7472:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200443 7141:. New York: Routledge. 6716:, pp. 6–10, 32–33. 6486:Rausch & Banar 2006 2049:Official ensign of the 2001:Legality Movement Party 1976:Party of National Unity 1917:(centre) and President 1433:National History Museum 1194:Austro-Hungarian forces 1154:Independence of Albania 647:protectorate of Albania 627:Albanian revolt of 1912 598:" (most importantly in 466:Origin of the Albanians 14258:Nationalism by country 13822:Māori protest movement 10914:Post-Communist Albania 10889:German Nazi occupation 10844:World War I in Albania 10713:Skanderbeg's rebellion 10501:Wydra, Harald (2007). 10277:Trix, Frances (1994). 9420:. London: Penguin UK. 9393:Poulton, Hugh (1995). 9240:Oeter, Stefan (2012). 9165:. Berlin: LIT Verlag. 9077:Gjurmime Albanologjike 9071:Murati, Qemal (2007). 8824:Krieger, Joel (2001). 8725:. Oxford: Peter Lang. 8719:Kostov, Chris (2010). 8543:Jordan, Peter (2015). 8465:Herring, Eric (2000). 8016:Elsie, Robert (2005). 7520:. Farnham: Routledge. 7292:Babuna, Aydin (2004). 5278:Macedonian Review 1990 5038:Biberaj, Elez (1998). 2400:Wilkes, J. J. (1992). 2053: 2051:Albanian National Army 2039:Red and Black Alliance 2026:Second World War exile 2010:(PBKSh) alongside the 1985:Albanian National Army 1945: 1922: 1894: 1835: 1718: 1687: 1645: 1589: 1439: 1364: 1331: 1286: 1240:; Coat of arms of the 1180: 1157: 1116: 967: 820: 776: 744: 535:encompassing adjacent 524: 13852:Scottish independence 13817:Kashubian Association 13539:Indigenous Australian 12212:Epitaph of Gllavenica 10486:. London: Duckworth. 10465:. London: IB Tauris. 10409:Venner, Mary (2016). 10328:. London: Routledge. 9217:Nurja, Ermal (2012). 9144:. London: IB Tauris. 8809:. London: Routledge. 8566:Jović, Dejan (2009). 8383:. Armonk: ME Sharpe. 8295:. London: IB Tauris. 7879:. London: IB Tauris. 7564:. London: Duckworth. 7496:. London: Routledge. 7156:Ahmed, Akbar (2013). 6260:. Wiley. p. 38. 3454:. para. 9, 12-15, 25. 2080:Balli Kombetar Kosovë 2048: 1908: 1889: 1833: 1793:Constantine the Great 1716: 1685: 1667:Brotherhood and Unity 1643: 1587: 1526:'s late 19th century 1427: 1388:, most notable being 1362: 1329: 1277: 1268:King of the Albanians 1171: 1152:which proclaimed the 1144: 1110: 1022:Johann Georg von Hahn 972:anti Ottoman struggle 958: 832:With the rise of the 827:by Pashko Vasa, 1878. 778: 763: 742: 681:and the ever growing 576:Albanian ethnogenesis 414:Italo-Albanian Church 230:Traditional tattooing 14243:Albanian irredentism 14218:Albanian nationalism 14058:Marathi Abhimaangeet 13857:Siberian regionalism 11644:Archaeological sites 11154:Vetting Institutions 10854:Italian protectorate 10768:Congress of Manastir 10748:Revolts of 1833–1839 9455:Puto, Artan (2009). 9372:Pipa, Arshi (1989). 9048:Misha, Piro (2002). 8952:. Macedonian Review. 8887:Central Asian Survey 7645:Republic of Ilirida. 7298:Nationalities Papers 6046:, pp. 308, 373. 5602:, pp. 189, 266. 5130:Lakshman-Lepain 2002 5080:Kaser, Karl (2008). 4877:, pp. 160, 206. 4432:, pp. 5, 21–25. 4267:, pp. 278, 282. 3755:Shaw & Shaw 1977 3129:Shaw & Shaw 1977 2007:National Unity Party 1948:) who killed Sultan 1693:Dayton Peace Accords 1607:Prishtina university 1056:Philip II of Macedon 556:Great Eastern Crisis 505:Albanian nationalism 14228:Albanian separatism 14149:American Indigenous 13782:Free Papua Movement 13192:Balkar and Karachay 12987:Southeastern Europe 12518:Indigenous Canadian 11865:Research institutes 11427:State Supreme Audit 10864:Republic of Mirdita 9194:2010NatId..12....1N 9182:National Identities 8684:. Athens: EIE-ΚΝΕ. 8641:(4). Archived from 8608:Judah, Tim (2008). 8587:Judah, Tim (2002). 7600:Blumi, Isa (2011). 7331:. London: Vintage. 7120:. 28 November 2017. 7016:, pp. 111–112. 6566:, pp. 174–179. 6411:, pp. 243–244. 6220:, pp. 205–206. 6113:, pp. 232–234. 5998:, pp. 165–166. 5974:, pp. 164–165. 5962:, pp. 164–171. 5837:, pp. 163–164. 5626:, pp. 162–163. 5590:, pp. 183–184. 5241:, pp. 204–205. 5002:, pp. 480–485. 5000:Belledi et al. 2000 4923:, pp. 116–123. 4693:, pp. 197–188. 4642:, pp. 263–264. 4567:, pp. 185–186. 4552:, pp. 141–142. 4517:, pp. 115–116. 4456:, pp. 88, 260. 4364:, pp. 153–155. 4180:, pp. 159–160. 3960:, pp. 197–200. 3933:, pp. 420–421. 3918:, pp. 299–300. 3864:, pp. 206–207. 3661:, pp. 370–378. 3283:, pp. 210–211. 3218:, pp. 174–175. 3203:, pp. 169–174. 3107:, pp. 181–189. 3095:, pp. 115–120. 2726:. 16 February 2019. 2620:King & Mai 2008 2304:King & Mai 2008 1789:Alexander the Great 1702:Republic of Ilirida 1567:Aleksandar Ranković 1301:and later his wife 1034:ancient Macedonians 1026:Albanesiche Studien 960:Skanderbeg Monument 896:Alexander the Great 675:Kosovo independence 651:German client state 562:groups such as the 544:late Ottoman period 14194:ethnic nationalism 13897:Welsh independence 13777:Free Aceh Movement 13009:in North Macedonia 12851:South-eastern Asia 12346:Ethnic nationalism 11682:Adriatic Sea Coast 11609:Telecommunications 11316:Capital punishment 11209:Prosecutor General 10778:Malissori uprising 10738:Albanian Pashaliks 10692:House of Kastrioti 10682:Kingdom of Albania 10180:on 7 February 2017 9928:Südost Forschungen 8631:"Ghosts of Kosovo" 8250:Free, Jan (2011). 7038:Lesser et al. 2001 6929:2020-08-18 at the 6906:2017-03-12 at the 6232:, pp. 30, 32. 5854:, pp. 18, 27. 5552:Dragovic-Soso 2002 5492:Dragovic-Soso 2002 5391:Dragovic-Soso 2002 5355:Dragovic-Soso 2002 5044:. Westview Press. 2925:, pp. 86–105. 2789:Mapping the Nation 2054: 1923: 1895: 1836: 1811:Aristeidis Kollias 1795:are also claimed. 1772:oldest inhabitants 1719: 1695:(1995) ending the 1688: 1651:Slobodan Milosević 1646: 1590: 1579:province of Kosovo 1440: 1365: 1332: 1287: 1181: 1158: 1117: 968: 745: 568:self-determination 461:History of Albania 14233:History of Kosovo 14205: 14204: 13948:Catalan Countries 13552: 13551: 13517: 13516: 13472: 13471: 13336: 13335: 13241: 13240: 12975: 12974: 12593: 12592: 12489: 12488: 12312: 12311: 12270: 12269: 12266: 12265: 12138: 12137: 12045: 12044: 12037:Cognac Skënderbeu 11844: 11796: 11721: 11720: 11717: 11716: 11709:Images of Albania 11677: 11676: 11536:Natural resources 11527:Hydropower plants 11522: 11521: 11379: 11378: 11375: 11374: 11184: 11183: 11121:Political parties 11116:Foreign relations 11062: 11061: 11058: 11057: 10963: 10962: 10919:1997 Civil Unrest 10763:League of Prizren 10687:Despotate of Arta 10493:978-0-7156-3201-7 10105:. Leiden: Brill. 9604:978-0-253-34656-8 9276:978-0-230-28584-2 8691:978-960-7916-11-2 8325:978-981-230-073-7 7527:978-1-317-15424-2 6824:, pp. 12–13. 6677:, pp. 27–45. 6473:. para. 5, 15-18. 6449:, pp. 66–70. 6351:, pp. 78–79. 6267:978-0-631-19807-9 6167:Schmidt-Neke 2014 5943:, pp. 67–68. 5566:, pp. 86–87. 5494:, pp. 72–73. 5381:, pp. 21–22. 5093:978-3-8258-1119-8 5072:978-1-000-16135-9 5051:978-0-8133-3502-5 5030:978-0-85745-390-7 4791:Tsoutsoumpis 2015 4720:, pp. 29–30. 4705:, pp. 28–29. 4444:, pp. 70–71. 4388:, pp. 91–92. 4316:, pp. 48–49. 4015:, pp. 40–41. 3996:Schmidt-Neke 2014 3879:, pp. 60–61. 3849:, pp. 44–45. 3726:Nezir-Akmese 2005 3714:Nezir-Akmese 2005 3646:, pp. 14–15. 3481:, pp. 77–79. 3390:, pp. 76–77. 2956:, pp. 40–43. 2908:, pp. 43–53. 2831:, pp. 21–22. 2812:, pp. 40–41. 2584:978-0-521-29166-8 2561:Shaw, Stanford J. 2543:978-1-84162-199-9 2382:978-963-386-308-4 2251:, pp. 72–86. 1785:Pyrrhus of Epirus 1488:indigenous people 1312:Serbian colonists 1150:Assembly of Vlorë 1085:alphabet congress 892:Pyrrhus of Epirus 683:Albanian diaspora 643:western Macedonia 560:Albanian diaspora 502: 501: 333:Albanian language 265:Kângë Kreshnikësh 14270: 14198: 14083:Republika Srpska 13892:Walloon Movement 13772:Flemish Movement 13345: 13344: 13250: 13249: 13154: 13153: 12984: 12983: 12602: 12601: 12498: 12497: 12366: 12365: 12359: 12358: 12339: 12332: 12325: 12316: 12315: 12297: 12290: 12283: 12054: 12053: 12005: 11888: 11887: 11840: 11792: 11786: 11785: 11736: 11735: 11732: 11731: 11707: 11687:Ionian Sea Coast 11634: 11633: 11550: 11549: 11489: 11488: 11443:Shopping centers 11412: 11394: 11393: 11390: 11389: 11367:Border crossings 11241:Cities and towns 11151: 11150: 11129: 11128: 11077: 11076: 11073: 11072: 11043: 11042: 10987: 10986: 10983: 10982: 10971: 10793:Kimza Government 10594: 10593: 10570: 10563: 10556: 10547: 10546: 10541: 10518: 10497: 10476: 10455: 10446: 10444: 10443: 10426: 10405: 10382: 10362: 10339: 10318: 10301: 10299: 10298: 10273: 10252: 10231: 10210: 10189: 10187: 10185: 10166: 10145: 10116: 10093: 10070: 10049: 10026: 10007: 9986: 9963: 9961: 9960: 9951:. Archived from 9935: 9918: 9897: 9876: 9853: 9830: 9809: 9780: 9759: 9738: 9717: 9696: 9675: 9652: 9631: 9608: 9587: 9566: 9545: 9524: 9522: 9520:10.5617/osla.319 9497: 9474: 9451: 9441: 9431: 9410: 9389: 9368: 9345: 9324: 9303: 9280: 9259: 9236: 9213: 9176: 9155: 9134: 9105: 9084: 9067: 9044: 9023: 9002: 8983: 8964: 8953: 8942: 8923: 8902: 8881: 8875: 8867: 8851: 8841: 8820: 8799: 8776: 8770: 8762: 8746: 8736: 8715: 8705: 8695: 8674: 8653: 8651: 8650: 8625: 8604: 8583: 8562: 8539: 8518: 8497: 8480:(3–4): 224–245. 8471: 8461: 8440: 8417: 8394: 8373: 8350: 8329: 8306: 8285: 8262: 8256: 8246: 8217: 8196: 8173: 8150: 8129: 8106: 8077: 8054: 8031: 8012: 7991: 7970: 7947: 7926: 7900: 7890: 7871: 7853: 7843: 7825: 7815: 7794: 7773: 7750: 7729: 7712: 7689: 7670: 7653:"European Islam" 7647: 7628: 7617: 7596: 7575: 7554: 7531: 7510: 7495: 7484: 7474: 7449: 7426: 7403: 7380: 7359: 7342: 7321: 7288: 7267: 7246: 7223: 7194: 7173: 7152: 7122: 7121: 7114: 7108: 7107: 7087: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7077: 7062: 7056: 7050: 7041: 7035: 7029: 7023: 7017: 7011: 7005: 6999: 6993: 6987: 6981: 6975: 6969: 6963: 6954: 6944: 6938: 6921: 6915: 6898: 6892: 6882: 6876: 6870: 6864: 6858: 6852: 6846: 6837: 6831: 6825: 6819: 6813: 6807: 6801: 6795: 6789: 6783: 6774: 6768: 6753: 6747: 6741: 6735: 6729: 6723: 6717: 6711: 6702: 6696: 6690: 6684: 6678: 6672: 6666: 6660: 6654: 6648: 6642: 6636: 6630: 6624: 6618: 6612: 6603: 6600:Neofotistos 2004 6597: 6591: 6585: 6579: 6573: 6567: 6561: 6555: 6549: 6543: 6537: 6528: 6522: 6516: 6510: 6501: 6495: 6489: 6483: 6474: 6468: 6462: 6456: 6450: 6444: 6435: 6429: 6423: 6421:Flag of Dardania 6418: 6412: 6406: 6400: 6394: 6388: 6382: 6376: 6370: 6364: 6358: 6352: 6346: 6340: 6334: 6323: 6320:Valtchinova 2002 6317: 6311: 6305: 6296: 6290: 6284: 6278: 6272: 6271: 6251: 6245: 6239: 6233: 6227: 6221: 6215: 6209: 6203: 6197: 6191: 6185: 6179: 6170: 6164: 6153: 6150:Barbullushi 2010 6147: 6141: 6135: 6126: 6120: 6114: 6108: 6102: 6096: 6085: 6079: 6070: 6064: 6047: 6041: 6035: 6029: 6023: 6017: 6011: 6005: 5999: 5993: 5987: 5981: 5975: 5969: 5963: 5957: 5944: 5938: 5932: 5926: 5920: 5914: 5903: 5897: 5882: 5876: 5867: 5861: 5855: 5852:Kostovicova 2005 5849: 5838: 5832: 5826: 5820: 5811: 5805: 5799: 5793: 5780: 5774: 5768: 5762: 5756: 5753:Kostovicova 2005 5750: 5741: 5735: 5729: 5723: 5714: 5708: 5699: 5693: 5687: 5681: 5675: 5669: 5663: 5657: 5651: 5645: 5639: 5633: 5627: 5621: 5615: 5609: 5603: 5597: 5591: 5585: 5579: 5573: 5567: 5561: 5555: 5549: 5543: 5540:Kostovicova 2005 5537: 5531: 5528:Kostovicova 2005 5525: 5519: 5513: 5507: 5501: 5495: 5489: 5483: 5477: 5460: 5454: 5445: 5439: 5433: 5432:, pp. 9–10. 5430:Kostovicova 2005 5427: 5421: 5415: 5409: 5403: 5394: 5388: 5382: 5376: 5370: 5364: 5358: 5352: 5346: 5340: 5334: 5328: 5317: 5311: 5305: 5299: 5293: 5287: 5281: 5275: 5269: 5263: 5254: 5248: 5242: 5236: 5230: 5224: 5215: 5209: 5196: 5190: 5181: 5175: 5169: 5163: 5157: 5151: 5145: 5139: 5133: 5127: 5121: 5118: 5097: 5076: 5055: 5034: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4985: 4972: 4966: 4960: 4954: 4948: 4942: 4936: 4930: 4924: 4918: 4909: 4903: 4890: 4884: 4878: 4872: 4861: 4855: 4842: 4836: 4830: 4824: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4794: 4788: 4779: 4773: 4767: 4761: 4748: 4742: 4736: 4730: 4721: 4715: 4706: 4700: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4676: 4670: 4664: 4655: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4628: 4622: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4580: 4574: 4568: 4562: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4518: 4512: 4503: 4497: 4491: 4485: 4474: 4468: 4457: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4433: 4427: 4421: 4415: 4404: 4398: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4348: 4342: 4336: 4330: 4317: 4311: 4300: 4294: 4285: 4279: 4268: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4229:Kostovicova 2002 4226: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4205:Kostovicova 2002 4202: 4193: 4187: 4181: 4178:Kostovicova 2002 4175: 4169: 4166:Kostovicova 2002 4163: 4157: 4151: 4145: 4139: 4128: 4122: 4111: 4105: 4099: 4093: 4087: 4081: 4075: 4069: 4060: 4054: 4045: 4039: 4028: 4022: 4016: 4010: 3999: 3993: 3978: 3972: 3961: 3955: 3946: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3919: 3913: 3907: 3904:Barbullushi 2010 3901: 3895: 3889: 3880: 3874: 3865: 3859: 3850: 3844: 3835: 3829: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3777: 3771: 3758: 3752: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3702: 3696: 3687: 3681: 3662: 3656: 3647: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3623: 3617: 3608: 3602: 3593: 3587: 3578: 3572: 3563: 3557: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3509: 3503: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3455: 3449: 3440: 3434: 3425: 3419: 3406: 3400: 3391: 3385: 3376: 3370: 3359: 3356:Kostovicova 2005 3353: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3269: 3263: 3250: 3244: 3235: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3057: 3051: 3038: 3032: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2996: 2990: 2981: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2909: 2903: 2897: 2891: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2832: 2826: 2813: 2807: 2801: 2797: 2785: 2780: 2771: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2743: 2737: 2734: 2728: 2727: 2720: 2714: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2697: 2691: 2688: 2682: 2679: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2643: 2641: 2632:Steinke, Klaus. 2629: 2623: 2617: 2611: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2593: 2591: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2511: 2509: 2498:H. N. Brailsford 2494:Francis W. Hirst 2489: 2483: 2477: 2462: 2452: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2428: 2397: 2391: 2390: 2366: 2360: 2354: 2345: 2343: 2333: 2324: 2318: 2307: 2301: 2288: 2282: 2273: 2267: 2252: 2246: 2237: 2231: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2153: 2147: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2123: 1954:Battle of Kosovo 1754:anti-nationalism 1672:Serbian language 1594:Albanian culture 1445:Marxism–Leninism 1336:Benito Mussolini 1295:Kosovo Committee 1242:Albanian Kingdom 1230: 1221: 884:Demetrio Camarda 876:Girolamo de Rada 828: 774: 690:ethnic Albanians 677:, the status of 655:Second World War 631:Albanian Vilayet 574:contribution to 513:ethnic Albanians 494: 487: 480: 214:Albanian culture 42: 19: 18: 14278: 14277: 14273: 14272: 14271: 14269: 14268: 14267: 14208: 14207: 14206: 14201: 14183: 14175: 14127: 14063:Northern Epirus 14033:Ketuanan Melayu 13901: 13787:Future of Åland 13725: 13661:Native American 13558:Pan-nationalism 13548: 13513: 13477:Northern Europe 13468: 13402: 13361: 13341:Southern Europe 13332: 13291: 13237: 13216: 13180: 13145: 13072: 12971: 12940: 12892: 12846: 12761: 12688: 12589: 12558: 12537: 12528:Native American 12485: 12474:Southern Africa 12469: 12448: 12412: 12354: 12348: 12343: 12313: 12308: 12300: 12293: 12286: 12279: 12262: 12248:Public holidays 12236: 12169: 12134: 12083: 12041: 11988: 11945: 11899: 11822: 11775: 11713: 11673: 11623: 11614:Posta Shqiptare 11555: 11531: 11518: 11478: 11452: 11431: 11410: 11371: 11357:Organized crime 11335: 11297: 11259: 11213: 11180: 11140: 11054: 11050:Protected areas 11016: 10972: 10959: 10933: 10924:NATO membership 10807: 10805: 10797: 10718:League of Lezhë 10706: 10704: 10696: 10670: 10668: 10660: 10583: 10574: 10544: 10538: 10515: 10494: 10473: 10441: 10439: 10423: 10402: 10379: 10359: 10336: 10296: 10294: 10270: 10249: 10228: 10207: 10183: 10181: 10163: 10122:Ethnomusicology 10113: 10090: 10067: 10046: 10023: 10004: 9983: 9958: 9956: 9915: 9894: 9873: 9850: 9827: 9777: 9756: 9735: 9714: 9693: 9672: 9649: 9628: 9605: 9584: 9563: 9542: 9494: 9471: 9439: 9428: 9407: 9386: 9365: 9342: 9321: 9300: 9277: 9256: 9233: 9173: 9152: 9102: 9064: 9041: 9020: 8999: 8977: 8939: 8920: 8869: 8868: 8864: 8849: 8838: 8817: 8796: 8764: 8763: 8759: 8744: 8733: 8703: 8692: 8671: 8648: 8646: 8622: 8601: 8580: 8559: 8536: 8515: 8469: 8458: 8437: 8414: 8391: 8370: 8347: 8326: 8303: 8282: 8254: 8214: 8193: 8170: 8147: 8126: 8074: 8051: 8028: 8009: 7988: 7967: 7944: 7898: 7887: 7851: 7823: 7812: 7791: 7770: 7747: 7709: 7686: 7667: 7641: 7614: 7593: 7572: 7551: 7528: 7504: 7446: 7423: 7400: 7377: 7339: 7285: 7264: 7243: 7191: 7170: 7149: 7130: 7125: 7116: 7115: 7111: 7104: 7088: 7084: 7075: 7073: 7064: 7063: 7059: 7051: 7044: 7036: 7032: 7024: 7020: 7012: 7008: 7000: 6996: 6988: 6984: 6976: 6972: 6964: 6957: 6945: 6941: 6931:Wayback Machine 6922: 6918: 6908:Wayback Machine 6899: 6895: 6883: 6879: 6871: 6867: 6859: 6855: 6847: 6840: 6832: 6828: 6820: 6816: 6808: 6804: 6796: 6792: 6784: 6777: 6769: 6756: 6748: 6744: 6736: 6732: 6724: 6720: 6712: 6705: 6697: 6693: 6685: 6681: 6673: 6669: 6661: 6657: 6649: 6645: 6637: 6633: 6625: 6621: 6615:Merdjanova 2013 6613: 6606: 6598: 6594: 6586: 6582: 6574: 6570: 6562: 6558: 6550: 6546: 6538: 6531: 6523: 6519: 6511: 6504: 6496: 6492: 6484: 6477: 6471:Kampschror 2007 6469: 6465: 6457: 6453: 6445: 6438: 6430: 6426: 6419: 6415: 6407: 6403: 6395: 6391: 6383: 6379: 6371: 6367: 6359: 6355: 6347: 6343: 6339:, pp. 8–9. 6335: 6326: 6318: 6314: 6306: 6299: 6293:Winnifrith 2002 6291: 6287: 6279: 6275: 6268: 6252: 6248: 6242:Winnifrith 2002 6240: 6236: 6228: 6224: 6216: 6212: 6204: 6200: 6192: 6188: 6180: 6173: 6165: 6156: 6148: 6144: 6136: 6129: 6121: 6117: 6109: 6105: 6097: 6088: 6080: 6073: 6065: 6050: 6042: 6038: 6030: 6026: 6020:Roudometof 2002 6018: 6014: 6006: 6002: 5994: 5990: 5982: 5978: 5970: 5966: 5958: 5947: 5939: 5935: 5927: 5923: 5917:Merdjanova 2013 5915: 5906: 5900:Merdjanova 2013 5898: 5885: 5877: 5870: 5862: 5858: 5850: 5841: 5833: 5829: 5821: 5814: 5806: 5802: 5794: 5783: 5775: 5771: 5763: 5759: 5751: 5744: 5736: 5732: 5724: 5717: 5709: 5702: 5694: 5690: 5684:Merdjanova 2013 5682: 5678: 5670: 5666: 5658: 5654: 5646: 5642: 5634: 5630: 5622: 5618: 5610: 5606: 5598: 5594: 5586: 5582: 5574: 5570: 5562: 5558: 5550: 5546: 5538: 5534: 5526: 5522: 5514: 5510: 5502: 5498: 5490: 5486: 5478: 5463: 5455: 5448: 5440: 5436: 5428: 5424: 5416: 5412: 5404: 5397: 5389: 5385: 5377: 5373: 5365: 5361: 5353: 5349: 5341: 5337: 5329: 5320: 5312: 5308: 5300: 5296: 5288: 5284: 5276: 5272: 5264: 5257: 5249: 5245: 5237: 5233: 5225: 5218: 5210: 5199: 5191: 5184: 5176: 5172: 5164: 5160: 5152: 5148: 5140: 5136: 5128: 5124: 5115: 5094: 5073: 5052: 5031: 5010: 5006: 4998: 4994: 4990:, pp. 8–9. 4986: 4975: 4967: 4963: 4955: 4951: 4943: 4939: 4933:Priestland 2009 4931: 4927: 4919: 4912: 4904: 4893: 4885: 4881: 4873: 4864: 4856: 4845: 4837: 4833: 4825: 4821: 4813: 4809: 4803:Baltsiotis 2011 4801: 4797: 4789: 4782: 4776:Baltsiotis 2011 4774: 4770: 4762: 4751: 4743: 4739: 4731: 4724: 4716: 4709: 4701: 4697: 4689: 4685: 4677: 4673: 4665: 4658: 4650: 4646: 4638: 4631: 4623: 4610: 4602: 4598: 4590: 4583: 4575: 4571: 4563: 4556: 4548: 4544: 4536: 4521: 4513: 4506: 4498: 4494: 4486: 4477: 4469: 4460: 4452: 4448: 4440: 4436: 4428: 4424: 4416: 4407: 4399: 4392: 4384: 4380: 4372: 4368: 4360: 4351: 4343: 4339: 4331: 4320: 4312: 4303: 4295: 4288: 4280: 4271: 4263: 4259: 4253:Merdjanova 2013 4251: 4247: 4239: 4235: 4227: 4223: 4215: 4211: 4203: 4196: 4188: 4184: 4176: 4172: 4164: 4160: 4152: 4148: 4140: 4131: 4125:Merdjanova 2013 4123: 4114: 4106: 4102: 4094: 4090: 4082: 4078: 4070: 4063: 4055: 4048: 4040: 4031: 4025:Merdjanova 2013 4023: 4019: 4011: 4002: 3994: 3981: 3973: 3964: 3956: 3949: 3941: 3937: 3929: 3922: 3914: 3910: 3902: 3898: 3890: 3883: 3875: 3868: 3860: 3853: 3845: 3838: 3834:, p. 1371. 3830: 3821: 3817:, p. 1583. 3813: 3809: 3801: 3797: 3789: 3780: 3772: 3761: 3753: 3744: 3736: 3732: 3724: 3720: 3712: 3705: 3697: 3690: 3682: 3665: 3657: 3650: 3642: 3638: 3630: 3626: 3618: 3611: 3603: 3596: 3588: 3581: 3573: 3566: 3558: 3551: 3543: 3539: 3531: 3527: 3519: 3512: 3504: 3497: 3489: 3485: 3477: 3473: 3465: 3458: 3450: 3443: 3435: 3428: 3420: 3409: 3401: 3394: 3386: 3379: 3371: 3362: 3354: 3350: 3342: 3338: 3330: 3323: 3315: 3311: 3303: 3299: 3291: 3287: 3279: 3272: 3264: 3253: 3245: 3238: 3230:, p. 88. " 3226: 3222: 3214: 3207: 3199: 3195: 3187: 3183: 3179:, p. 1357. 3175: 3171: 3165:Merdjanova 2013 3163: 3159: 3151: 3147: 3139: 3135: 3127: 3123: 3119:. para. 19, 26. 3115: 3111: 3103: 3099: 3091: 3087: 3083:, p. 1585. 3079: 3075: 3067: 3060: 3052: 3041: 3033: 3026: 3018: 3014: 3010:, p. 1586. 3006: 2999: 2991: 2984: 2976: 2972: 2964: 2960: 2952: 2941: 2933: 2929: 2921: 2912: 2904: 2900: 2892: 2888: 2880: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2856: 2852: 2844: 2835: 2827: 2816: 2808: 2804: 2798: 2794: 2783: 2774: 2765: 2761: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2731: 2722: 2721: 2717: 2712: 2708: 2699: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2680: 2676: 2668: 2664: 2660:, pp. 3–6. 2656: 2652: 2639: 2637: 2630: 2626: 2618: 2614: 2606: 2602: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2558: 2554: 2544: 2524: 2520: 2507: 2505: 2490: 2486: 2478: 2465: 2453: 2444: 2436: 2432: 2414: 2398: 2394: 2383: 2367: 2363: 2355: 2348: 2334: 2327: 2319: 2310: 2302: 2291: 2283: 2276: 2268: 2255: 2247: 2240: 2232: 2223: 2215: 2211: 2203: 2199: 2191: 2187: 2179: 2175: 2167: 2156: 2148: 2144: 2136: 2132: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2111: 1968: 1946:Millosh Kopiliq 1909:Prime Minister 1880:Ohrid Agreement 1828: 1776:Mycenaean Greek 1767: 1749: 1744: 1735:UN Kosovo Force 1711: 1686:Logo of the KLA 1680: 1638: 1630:differentiation 1615:Croatian Spring 1599:historic rights 1562: 1553:Albanianisation 1544: 1511: 1492:anthropologists 1457: 1429:"The Albanians" 1422: 1413:Shaban Polluzha 1349:Greater Albania 1340:invaded Albania 1324: 1316:Greater Albania 1279:Kosovo Albanian 1251: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1223: 1222: 1183:Albania during 1139: 1076: 1013: 953: 912:Midhat Frashëri 880:Giuseppe Schirò 867:Greater Albania 830: 822: 817: 815: 813: 811: 809: 807: 805: 803: 801: 799: 797: 795: 793: 791: 789: 787: 784: 775: 772: 762: 737: 732: 720:Main articles: 718: 604:North Macedonia 596:Greater Albania 533:Greater Albania 498: 453: 452: 400: 399: 388: 336: 335: 324: 217: 216: 205: 97:North Macedonia 54: 53: 17: 12: 11: 5: 14276: 14266: 14265: 14260: 14255: 14250: 14245: 14240: 14235: 14230: 14225: 14220: 14203: 14202: 14200: 14199: 14180: 14177: 14176: 14174: 14173: 14172: 14171: 14166: 14161: 14156: 14151: 14141: 14135: 14133: 14129: 14128: 14126: 14125: 14120: 14115: 14110: 14105: 14100: 14095: 14090: 14085: 14080: 14075: 14070: 14065: 14060: 14055: 14050: 14045: 14040: 14035: 14030: 14025: 14020: 14018:Karakalpakstan 14015: 14010: 14005: 14000: 13998:East Turkestan 13995: 13990: 13985: 13980: 13975: 13970: 13965: 13960: 13955: 13950: 13945: 13940: 13935: 13930: 13925: 13920: 13915: 13909: 13907: 13903: 13902: 13900: 13899: 13894: 13889: 13884: 13879: 13874: 13869: 13864: 13859: 13854: 13849: 13844: 13839: 13834: 13829: 13824: 13819: 13814: 13809: 13804: 13799: 13794: 13789: 13784: 13779: 13774: 13769: 13764: 13759: 13754: 13749: 13744: 13739: 13733: 13731: 13727: 13726: 13724: 13723: 13718: 13713: 13708: 13703: 13698: 13693: 13688: 13683: 13678: 13673: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13648: 13643: 13638: 13633: 13628: 13623: 13618: 13613: 13608: 13603: 13598: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13578: 13573: 13568: 13562: 13560: 13554: 13553: 13550: 13549: 13547: 13546: 13541: 13536: 13531: 13525: 13523: 13519: 13518: 13515: 13514: 13512: 13511: 13506: 13501: 13496: 13491: 13486: 13480: 13478: 13474: 13473: 13470: 13469: 13467: 13466: 13461: 13456: 13451: 13446: 13441: 13436: 13431: 13426: 13421: 13416: 13410: 13408: 13404: 13403: 13401: 13400: 13395: 13390: 13385: 13380: 13375: 13369: 13367: 13363: 13362: 13360: 13359: 13354: 13348: 13342: 13338: 13337: 13334: 13333: 13331: 13330: 13325: 13320: 13315: 13310: 13305: 13299: 13297: 13296:United Kingdom 13293: 13292: 13290: 13289: 13284: 13279: 13274: 13269: 13264: 13259: 13253: 13247: 13246:Western Europe 13243: 13242: 13239: 13238: 13236: 13235: 13230: 13224: 13222: 13218: 13217: 13215: 13214: 13209: 13204: 13199: 13194: 13188: 13186: 13185:North Caucasus 13182: 13181: 13179: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13157: 13151: 13150:Eastern Europe 13147: 13146: 13144: 13143: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13123: 13118: 13117: 13116: 13111: 13101: 13096: 13091: 13086: 13080: 13078: 13077:Central Europe 13074: 13073: 13071: 13070: 13065: 13060: 13058:Romani (Gypsy) 13055: 13050: 13045: 13040: 13039: 13038: 13028: 13023: 13018: 13013: 13012: 13011: 13006: 13001: 12990: 12988: 12981: 12977: 12976: 12973: 12972: 12970: 12969: 12964: 12959: 12954: 12948: 12946: 12945:South Caucasus 12942: 12941: 12939: 12938: 12933: 12928: 12923: 12918: 12917: 12916: 12914:South Mongolia 12906: 12900: 12898: 12894: 12893: 12891: 12890: 12885: 12880: 12875: 12870: 12865: 12860: 12854: 12852: 12848: 12847: 12845: 12844: 12839: 12838: 12837: 12827: 12822: 12817: 12812: 12807: 12802: 12797: 12792: 12787: 12786: 12785: 12775: 12769: 12767: 12763: 12762: 12760: 12759: 12754: 12749: 12744: 12739: 12734: 12729: 12724: 12719: 12718: 12717: 12707: 12702: 12696: 12694: 12690: 12689: 12687: 12686: 12681: 12680: 12679: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12654: 12649: 12644: 12643: 12642: 12637: 12629: 12624: 12619: 12614: 12608: 12606: 12599: 12595: 12594: 12591: 12590: 12588: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12566: 12564: 12560: 12559: 12557: 12556: 12551: 12545: 12543: 12539: 12538: 12536: 12535: 12530: 12525: 12520: 12515: 12510: 12504: 12502: 12495: 12491: 12490: 12487: 12486: 12484: 12483: 12477: 12475: 12471: 12470: 12468: 12467: 12462: 12456: 12454: 12450: 12449: 12447: 12446: 12441: 12436: 12431: 12426: 12420: 12418: 12414: 12413: 12411: 12410: 12405: 12400: 12399: 12398: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12372: 12370: 12363: 12356: 12350: 12349: 12342: 12341: 12334: 12327: 12319: 12310: 12309: 12307: 12306: 12299: 12298: 12291: 12284: 12276: 12275: 12272: 12271: 12268: 12267: 12264: 12263: 12261: 12260: 12255: 12250: 12244: 12242: 12238: 12237: 12235: 12234: 12229: 12224: 12219: 12214: 12209: 12197: 12185: 12179: 12177: 12171: 12170: 12168: 12167: 12162: 12157: 12152: 12146: 12144: 12140: 12139: 12136: 12135: 12133: 12132: 12127: 12122: 12117: 12112: 12107: 12102: 12097: 12091: 12089: 12085: 12084: 12082: 12081: 12076: 12071: 12066: 12060: 12058: 12051: 12047: 12046: 12043: 12042: 12040: 12039: 12034: 12029: 12024: 12019: 12014: 12009: 11998: 11996: 11990: 11989: 11987: 11986: 11981: 11976: 11971: 11966: 11961: 11955: 11953: 11947: 11946: 11944: 11943: 11938: 11933: 11928: 11923: 11918: 11913: 11907: 11905: 11901: 11900: 11898: 11897: 11892: 11882: 11877: 11872: 11867: 11862: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11846: 11845: 11832: 11830: 11824: 11823: 11821: 11820: 11815: 11810: 11805: 11799: 11797: 11783: 11777: 11776: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11762:Noble families 11759: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11742: 11729: 11723: 11722: 11719: 11718: 11715: 11714: 11712: 11711: 11701: 11696: 11684: 11678: 11675: 11674: 11672: 11671: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11640: 11638: 11631: 11625: 11624: 11622: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11606: 11594: 11589: 11584: 11579: 11574: 11569: 11563: 11561: 11560:Infrastructure 11557: 11556: 11554: 11544: 11539: 11537: 11533: 11532: 11530: 11529: 11523: 11520: 11519: 11517: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11501: 11495: 11493: 11486: 11480: 11479: 11477: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11460: 11458: 11454: 11453: 11451: 11450: 11445: 11439: 11437: 11433: 11432: 11430: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11406: 11400: 11398: 11387: 11381: 11380: 11377: 11376: 11373: 11372: 11370: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11343: 11341: 11337: 11336: 11334: 11333: 11328: 11323: 11321:Assassinations 11318: 11313: 11307: 11305: 11299: 11298: 11296: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11273: 11267: 11265: 11261: 11260: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11236:Municipalities 11233: 11228: 11223: 11221: 11215: 11214: 11212: 11211: 11206: 11201: 11196: 11191: 11185: 11182: 11181: 11179: 11178: 11173: 11168: 11163: 11157: 11155: 11148: 11142: 11141: 11139: 11138: 11133: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11111:Prime Minister 11108: 11096: 11083: 11081: 11070: 11064: 11063: 11060: 11059: 11056: 11055: 11053: 11052: 11047: 11037: 11032: 11026: 11024: 11018: 11017: 11015: 11014: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10993: 10991: 10980: 10974: 10973: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10960: 10958: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10941: 10939: 10935: 10934: 10932: 10931: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10810: 10808: 10806:(1912–present) 10799: 10798: 10796: 10795: 10790: 10788:Revolt of 1912 10785: 10783:Taksim meeting 10780: 10775: 10773:Revolt of 1910 10770: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10735: 10730: 10728:Arbëni Council 10725: 10720: 10715: 10709: 10707: 10702:Ottoman period 10698: 10697: 10695: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10679: 10673: 10671: 10662: 10661: 10659: 10658: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10602: 10600: 10591: 10585: 10584: 10573: 10572: 10565: 10558: 10550: 10543: 10542: 10536: 10519: 10513: 10498: 10492: 10477: 10471: 10456: 10447: 10427: 10421: 10406: 10400: 10383: 10377: 10363: 10357: 10340: 10334: 10319: 10302: 10274: 10268: 10253: 10247: 10232: 10226: 10211: 10205: 10190: 10167: 10161: 10146: 10134:10.2307/852556 10128:(3): 419–458. 10117: 10111: 10094: 10088: 10071: 10065: 10050: 10044: 10027: 10021: 10008: 10002: 9987: 9981: 9964: 9936: 9919: 9913: 9898: 9892: 9877: 9871: 9854: 9848: 9831: 9825: 9810: 9792:(1): 115–127. 9781: 9775: 9760: 9754: 9739: 9733: 9718: 9712: 9697: 9691: 9676: 9670: 9653: 9647: 9632: 9626: 9609: 9603: 9588: 9582: 9567: 9561: 9546: 9540: 9525: 9513:(2): 203–222. 9498: 9492: 9475: 9469: 9452: 9432: 9426: 9411: 9405: 9390: 9384: 9369: 9363: 9346: 9340: 9325: 9319: 9304: 9298: 9281: 9275: 9260: 9254: 9237: 9231: 9214: 9177: 9171: 9156: 9150: 9135: 9106: 9100: 9085: 9068: 9062: 9045: 9039: 9024: 9018: 9003: 8997: 8984: 8975: 8954: 8943: 8937: 8924: 8918: 8903: 8893:(3): 331–359. 8882: 8862: 8842: 8836: 8821: 8815: 8800: 8794: 8777: 8757: 8737: 8731: 8716: 8696: 8690: 8675: 8669: 8654: 8626: 8620: 8605: 8599: 8584: 8578: 8563: 8557: 8540: 8534: 8519: 8513: 8498: 8462: 8456: 8441: 8435: 8418: 8412: 8395: 8389: 8374: 8368: 8351: 8345: 8330: 8324: 8307: 8301: 8286: 8280: 8263: 8259:Mythos-Magazin 8247: 8229:(4): 455–468. 8218: 8212: 8197: 8191: 8174: 8168: 8151: 8145: 8130: 8124: 8107: 8078: 8072: 8055: 8049: 8032: 8026: 8013: 8007: 7992: 7986: 7971: 7965: 7948: 7942: 7927: 7891: 7885: 7872: 7844: 7834:(3): 513–529. 7816: 7810: 7795: 7789: 7774: 7768: 7751: 7745: 7730: 7713: 7707: 7690: 7684: 7671: 7665: 7648: 7639: 7618: 7612: 7597: 7591: 7576: 7570: 7555: 7549: 7532: 7526: 7511: 7502: 7485: 7465:(7): 480–486. 7450: 7444: 7427: 7421: 7404: 7398: 7381: 7375: 7360: 7343: 7337: 7322: 7304:(2): 287–321. 7289: 7283: 7268: 7262: 7247: 7241: 7224: 7206:(3): 227–243. 7195: 7189: 7174: 7168: 7153: 7147: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7123: 7109: 7103:978-0812244977 7102: 7082: 7057: 7055:, p. 119. 7042: 7030: 7018: 7006: 7004:, p. 208. 6994: 6982: 6980:, p. 107. 6970: 6955: 6939: 6916: 6893: 6877: 6875:, p. 228. 6865: 6853: 6851:, p. 246. 6838: 6834:Stojarová 2016 6826: 6814: 6812:, p. 180. 6802: 6800:, p. 401. 6790: 6775: 6771:Stojarova 2010 6754: 6750:Yoshihara 2006 6742: 6738:Yoshihara 2006 6730: 6718: 6714:Di Lellio 2009 6703: 6699:Di Lellio 2009 6691: 6679: 6667: 6655: 6653:, p. 244. 6643: 6639:Peshkopia 2015 6631: 6627:Stojarova 2010 6619: 6604: 6592: 6588:Peshkopia 2015 6580: 6578:, p. 179. 6568: 6556: 6552:Gregorian 2015 6544: 6542:, p. 161. 6529: 6517: 6515:, p. 130. 6502: 6490: 6488:, p. 246. 6475: 6463: 6451: 6436: 6434:, p. 213. 6424: 6413: 6401: 6389: 6387:, p. 110. 6377: 6373:De Rapper 2009 6365: 6361:De Rapper 2009 6353: 6341: 6337:De Rapper 2009 6324: 6312: 6310:, p. 206. 6297: 6285: 6273: 6266: 6246: 6234: 6222: 6210: 6198: 6186: 6184:, p. 207. 6171: 6154: 6142: 6140:, p. 267. 6127: 6125:, p. 232. 6115: 6103: 6101:, p. 129. 6086: 6071: 6048: 6036: 6034:, p. 116. 6024: 6022:, p. 172. 6012: 6000: 5988: 5976: 5964: 5945: 5941:Yoshihara 2006 5933: 5931:, p. 241. 5921: 5904: 5883: 5881:, p. 515. 5868: 5856: 5839: 5827: 5825:, p. 179. 5812: 5800: 5796:Yoshihara 2006 5781: 5779:, p. 163. 5769: 5767:, p. 182. 5757: 5742: 5740:, p. 196. 5730: 5728:, p. 307. 5715: 5711:Yoshihara 2006 5700: 5698:, p. 244. 5688: 5676: 5664: 5662:, p. 128. 5652: 5650:, p. 178. 5640: 5638:, p. 236. 5628: 5616: 5614:, p. 234. 5604: 5592: 5580: 5568: 5556: 5554:, p. 115. 5544: 5532: 5520: 5518:, p. 136. 5508: 5496: 5484: 5461: 5459:, p. 300. 5446: 5444:, p. 124. 5434: 5422: 5410: 5406:Yoshihara 2006 5395: 5393:, p. 116. 5383: 5371: 5369:, p. 192. 5359: 5347: 5345:, p. 117. 5335: 5318: 5306: 5304:, p. 159. 5294: 5292:, p. 278. 5282: 5270: 5255: 5253:, p. 220. 5243: 5231: 5229:, p. 264. 5216: 5214:, p. 146. 5197: 5195:, p. 439. 5193:Buturovic 2006 5182: 5180:, p. 164. 5178:Duijzings 2000 5170: 5158: 5156:, p. 536. 5146: 5134: 5122: 5120: 5119: 5113: 5098: 5092: 5077: 5071: 5056: 5050: 5035: 5029: 5004: 4992: 4973: 4969:De Rapper 2009 4961: 4949: 4937: 4925: 4910: 4908:, p. 262. 4891: 4889:, p. 251. 4879: 4875:Nitsiakos 2010 4862: 4860:, p. 255. 4843: 4839:Czekalski 2013 4831: 4819: 4817:, p. 720. 4807: 4805:. para. 55-63. 4795: 4780: 4778:. para. 27-60. 4768: 4749: 4747:, p. 447. 4737: 4722: 4707: 4695: 4683: 4681:, p. 100. 4671: 4669:, p. 251. 4656: 4654:, p. 267. 4644: 4629: 4627:, p. 274. 4608: 4596: 4594:, p. 262. 4581: 4569: 4554: 4542: 4540:, p. 260. 4519: 4504: 4502:, p. 183. 4492: 4475: 4458: 4446: 4434: 4422: 4420:, p. 118. 4405: 4390: 4378: 4366: 4349: 4337: 4318: 4301: 4299:, p. 273. 4286: 4269: 4257: 4245: 4233: 4221: 4219:, p. 298. 4209: 4207:, p. 161. 4194: 4182: 4170: 4168:, p. 158. 4158: 4156:, p. 300. 4146: 4144:, p. 156. 4129: 4112: 4100: 4088: 4076: 4061: 4059:, p. 153. 4046: 4029: 4017: 4000: 3979: 3962: 3947: 3943:Kokolakis 2003 3935: 3920: 3908: 3906:, p. 146. 3896: 3892:Duijzings 2002 3881: 3877:Duijzings 2002 3866: 3862:Nitsiakos 2010 3851: 3836: 3832:Petrovich 2000 3819: 3807: 3805:, p. 195. 3795: 3793:, p. 276. 3778: 3759: 3757:, p. 288. 3742: 3730: 3718: 3703: 3701:, p. 182. 3688: 3686:, p. 163. 3684:Duijzings 2000 3663: 3648: 3636: 3624: 3609: 3594: 3579: 3564: 3549: 3537: 3525: 3521:De Rapper 2009 3510: 3495: 3483: 3471: 3456: 3452:Skoulidas 2013 3441: 3426: 3424:, p. 145. 3407: 3405:, p. 155. 3392: 3377: 3360: 3348: 3336: 3334:, p. 249. 3321: 3319:, p. 817. 3309: 3297: 3285: 3281:Nitsiakos 2010 3270: 3251: 3249:, p. 120. 3236: 3220: 3205: 3193: 3191:, p. 186. 3181: 3177:Petrovich 2000 3169: 3157: 3155:, p. 143. 3145: 3133: 3131:, p. 254. 3121: 3117:Skoulidas 2013 3109: 3097: 3085: 3073: 3058: 3056:, p. 324. 3039: 3037:, p. 169. 3024: 3012: 2997: 2982: 2980:, p. 255. 2970: 2958: 2939: 2937:, p. 280. 2927: 2910: 2898: 2886: 2884:, p. 229. 2874: 2872:. para. 2, 27. 2870:Skoulidas 2013 2862: 2850: 2833: 2814: 2802: 2792: 2772: 2759: 2747: 2738: 2729: 2715: 2706: 2703:. 3 July 2019. 2692: 2683: 2674: 2662: 2650: 2624: 2612: 2610:, p. 206. 2608:Nitsiakos 2010 2600: 2583: 2552: 2542: 2518: 2484: 2463: 2442: 2430: 2412: 2392: 2381: 2361: 2357:De Rapper 2009 2346: 2325: 2323:, p. 172. 2308: 2306:, p. 209. 2289: 2285:Skoulidas 2013 2274: 2253: 2238: 2221: 2209: 2197: 2195:, p. 132. 2185: 2173: 2154: 2142: 2130: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2012:Balli Kombëtar 1974:(KKCMTSH) and 1967: 1964: 1827: 1824: 1766: 1763: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1710: 1707: 1679: 1676: 1661:Ibrahim Rugova 1637: 1634: 1561: 1558: 1543: 1540: 1510: 1507: 1461:Communist Bloc 1456: 1453: 1421: 1418: 1385:Balli Kombëtar 1353:Balli Kombëtar 1344:Galeazzo Ciano 1323: 1320: 1291:Kaçak movement 1235: 1234: 1225: 1224: 1216: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1212: 1190:Korçë republic 1138: 1135: 1075: 1072: 1058:, the ancient 1012: 1009: 952: 949: 916:Shahin Kolonja 834:Eastern Crisis 782: 777: 770: 761: 758: 736: 733: 717: 714: 702:European Union 552:Ottoman Empire 500: 499: 497: 496: 489: 482: 474: 471: 470: 469: 468: 463: 455: 454: 451: 450: 445: 444: 443: 438: 428: 427: 426: 421: 416: 411: 395: 394: 393: 390: 389: 387: 386: 385: 384: 379: 374: 369: 359: 358: 357: 352: 347: 331: 330: 329: 326: 325: 323: 322: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 223: 212: 211: 210: 207: 206: 204: 203: 202: 201: 196: 194:United Kingdom 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 106: 105: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 67: 49: 48: 47: 44: 43: 35: 34: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14275: 14264: 14261: 14259: 14256: 14254: 14251: 14249: 14246: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14215: 14213: 14196: 14195: 14191: 14190:ethnic groups 14187: 14182: 14181: 14178: 14170: 14167: 14165: 14162: 14160: 14157: 14155: 14152: 14150: 14147: 14146: 14145: 14142: 14140: 14139:Local (China) 14137: 14136: 14134: 14130: 14124: 14121: 14119: 14116: 14114: 14111: 14109: 14106: 14104: 14101: 14099: 14096: 14094: 14091: 14089: 14086: 14084: 14081: 14079: 14076: 14074: 14071: 14069: 14066: 14064: 14061: 14059: 14056: 14054: 14051: 14049: 14046: 14044: 14041: 14039: 14036: 14034: 14031: 14029: 14026: 14024: 14021: 14019: 14016: 14014: 14011: 14009: 14006: 14004: 14003:Herzeg-Bosnia 14001: 13999: 13996: 13994: 13991: 13989: 13986: 13984: 13981: 13979: 13976: 13974: 13971: 13969: 13966: 13964: 13961: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13949: 13946: 13944: 13941: 13939: 13936: 13934: 13931: 13929: 13926: 13924: 13921: 13919: 13916: 13914: 13911: 13910: 13908: 13904: 13898: 13895: 13893: 13890: 13888: 13885: 13883: 13880: 13878: 13875: 13873: 13870: 13868: 13865: 13863: 13860: 13858: 13855: 13853: 13850: 13848: 13845: 13843: 13840: 13838: 13835: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13818: 13815: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13805: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13783: 13780: 13778: 13775: 13773: 13770: 13768: 13765: 13763: 13760: 13758: 13755: 13753: 13750: 13748: 13745: 13743: 13740: 13738: 13735: 13734: 13732: 13728: 13722: 13719: 13717: 13714: 13712: 13709: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13699: 13697: 13694: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13614: 13612: 13609: 13607: 13604: 13602: 13599: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13574: 13572: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13563: 13561: 13559: 13555: 13545: 13542: 13540: 13537: 13535: 13532: 13530: 13527: 13526: 13524: 13520: 13510: 13507: 13505: 13502: 13500: 13497: 13495: 13492: 13490: 13487: 13485: 13482: 13481: 13479: 13475: 13465: 13462: 13460: 13457: 13455: 13452: 13450: 13447: 13445: 13442: 13440: 13437: 13435: 13432: 13430: 13427: 13425: 13422: 13420: 13417: 13415: 13412: 13411: 13409: 13405: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13384: 13381: 13379: 13376: 13374: 13371: 13370: 13368: 13364: 13358: 13355: 13353: 13350: 13349: 13346: 13343: 13339: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13314: 13311: 13309: 13306: 13304: 13301: 13300: 13298: 13294: 13288: 13285: 13283: 13280: 13278: 13275: 13273: 13270: 13268: 13265: 13263: 13260: 13258: 13255: 13254: 13251: 13248: 13244: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13226: 13225: 13223: 13219: 13213: 13210: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13198: 13195: 13193: 13190: 13189: 13187: 13183: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13158: 13155: 13152: 13148: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13115: 13112: 13110: 13107: 13106: 13105: 13102: 13100: 13097: 13095: 13092: 13090: 13087: 13085: 13082: 13081: 13079: 13075: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13037: 13034: 13033: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13024: 13022: 13019: 13017: 13014: 13010: 13007: 13005: 13002: 13000: 12997: 12996: 12995: 12992: 12991: 12989: 12985: 12982: 12978: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12949: 12947: 12943: 12937: 12934: 12932: 12929: 12927: 12924: 12922: 12919: 12915: 12912: 12911: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12901: 12899: 12895: 12889: 12886: 12884: 12881: 12879: 12876: 12874: 12871: 12869: 12866: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12856: 12855: 12853: 12849: 12843: 12840: 12836: 12833: 12832: 12831: 12828: 12826: 12823: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12806: 12803: 12801: 12798: 12796: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12784: 12783:in Bangladesh 12781: 12780: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12770: 12768: 12766:Southern Asia 12764: 12758: 12755: 12753: 12750: 12748: 12745: 12743: 12740: 12738: 12735: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12723: 12720: 12716: 12713: 12712: 12711: 12708: 12706: 12703: 12701: 12698: 12697: 12695: 12691: 12685: 12682: 12678: 12675: 12674: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12632: 12630: 12628: 12625: 12623: 12620: 12618: 12615: 12613: 12610: 12609: 12607: 12603: 12600: 12596: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12567: 12565: 12563:South America 12561: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12546: 12544: 12540: 12534: 12531: 12529: 12526: 12524: 12521: 12519: 12516: 12514: 12511: 12509: 12506: 12505: 12503: 12501:North America 12499: 12496: 12492: 12482: 12479: 12478: 12476: 12472: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12457: 12455: 12451: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12435: 12432: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12422: 12421: 12419: 12415: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12397: 12394: 12393: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12373: 12371: 12367: 12364: 12360: 12357: 12351: 12347: 12340: 12335: 12333: 12328: 12326: 12321: 12320: 12317: 12305: 12302: 12301: 12296: 12292: 12289: 12285: 12282: 12278: 12277: 12273: 12259: 12258:Copyright law 12256: 12254: 12251: 12249: 12246: 12245: 12243: 12239: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12217:Sign language 12215: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12206: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12194: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12180: 12178: 12176: 12172: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12147: 12145: 12143:Entertainment 12141: 12131: 12130:Indoor arenas 12128: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12098: 12096: 12095:Weightlifting 12093: 12092: 12090: 12086: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12064:National team 12062: 12061: 12059: 12055: 12052: 12048: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12015: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12004: 12000: 11999: 11997: 11995: 11991: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11956: 11954: 11952: 11948: 11942: 11941:Sworn virgins 11939: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11927: 11924: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11908: 11906: 11902: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11883: 11881: 11878: 11876: 11873: 11871: 11868: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11858: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11843: 11839: 11838: 11837: 11834: 11833: 11831: 11829: 11825: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11791: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11778: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11741: 11737: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11724: 11710: 11706: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11693: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11680: 11679: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11641: 11639: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11626: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11603: 11598: 11595: 11593: 11590: 11588: 11585: 11583: 11580: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11564: 11562: 11558: 11553: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11534: 11528: 11525: 11524: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11496: 11494: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11481: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11461: 11459: 11455: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11440: 11438: 11434: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11401: 11399: 11395: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11382: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11344: 11342: 11338: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11308: 11306: 11304: 11300: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11282: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11269: 11268: 11266: 11262: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11220: 11216: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11186: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11158: 11156: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11143: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11105: 11100: 11099:Head of state 11097: 11095: 11093: 11088: 11085: 11084: 11082: 11078: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11065: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11031: 11028: 11027: 11025: 11023: 11019: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10994: 10992: 10988: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10975: 10970: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10942: 10940: 10936: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10811: 10809: 10804: 10800: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10710: 10708: 10703: 10699: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10674: 10672: 10667: 10663: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10603: 10601: 10599: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10586: 10582: 10578: 10571: 10566: 10564: 10559: 10557: 10552: 10551: 10548: 10539: 10537:9781135449315 10533: 10529: 10525: 10520: 10516: 10514:9781139462181 10510: 10506: 10505: 10499: 10495: 10489: 10485: 10484: 10478: 10474: 10472:9780857736550 10468: 10464: 10463: 10457: 10453: 10448: 10438:on 2017-02-01 10437: 10433: 10428: 10424: 10422:9781526101211 10418: 10414: 10413: 10407: 10403: 10401:9781565181625 10397: 10393: 10389: 10384: 10380: 10378:9780253341891 10374: 10370: 10364: 10360: 10358:9780822325901 10354: 10350: 10346: 10341: 10337: 10335:9781134678761 10331: 10327: 10326: 10320: 10316: 10312: 10308: 10303: 10293:on 2020-07-25 10292: 10288: 10284: 10280: 10275: 10271: 10269:9789637326608 10265: 10261: 10260: 10254: 10250: 10248:9789637326523 10244: 10240: 10239: 10233: 10229: 10227:9780195333435 10223: 10219: 10218: 10212: 10208: 10206:9781850657156 10202: 10198: 10197: 10191: 10179: 10175: 10174: 10168: 10164: 10162:9780275976286 10158: 10154: 10153: 10147: 10143: 10139: 10135: 10131: 10127: 10123: 10118: 10114: 10112:9789004210301 10108: 10104: 10100: 10095: 10091: 10089:9781848856493 10085: 10081: 10077: 10072: 10068: 10066:9781526117021 10062: 10058: 10057: 10051: 10047: 10045:9781135235857 10041: 10037: 10033: 10028: 10024: 10022:9780253341891 10018: 10014: 10009: 10005: 10003:9780195308532 9999: 9995: 9994: 9988: 9984: 9982:9783050093437 9978: 9974: 9970: 9965: 9955:on 2019-09-23 9954: 9950: 9946: 9942: 9937: 9933: 9929: 9925: 9920: 9916: 9914:9781400847761 9910: 9906: 9905: 9899: 9895: 9893:9780521291668 9889: 9885: 9884: 9878: 9874: 9872:9781317995395 9868: 9864: 9860: 9855: 9851: 9849:9783643905666 9845: 9841: 9837: 9832: 9828: 9826:9781136810404 9822: 9818: 9817: 9811: 9807: 9803: 9799: 9795: 9791: 9787: 9782: 9778: 9776:9780739141946 9772: 9768: 9767: 9761: 9757: 9755:9780275976484 9751: 9747: 9746: 9740: 9736: 9734:9780817948832 9730: 9726: 9725: 9719: 9715: 9713:9783896843524 9709: 9705: 9704: 9698: 9694: 9692:9780141982724 9688: 9684: 9683: 9677: 9673: 9671:9780230535794 9667: 9663: 9659: 9654: 9650: 9648:9781929223954 9644: 9640: 9639: 9633: 9629: 9627:9788490857250 9623: 9619: 9615: 9610: 9606: 9600: 9596: 9595: 9589: 9585: 9583:9780822320708 9579: 9575: 9574: 9568: 9564: 9562:9780847683246 9558: 9554: 9553: 9547: 9543: 9541:9780822308546 9537: 9533: 9532: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9512: 9508: 9504: 9499: 9495: 9493:9781472576668 9489: 9485: 9481: 9476: 9472: 9470:9789639776289 9466: 9462: 9458: 9453: 9450:(1): 237–283. 9449: 9445: 9438: 9433: 9429: 9427:9780141957388 9423: 9419: 9418: 9412: 9408: 9406:9781850652380 9402: 9398: 9397: 9391: 9387: 9385:9780880331685 9381: 9377: 9376: 9370: 9366: 9364:9780415201094 9360: 9356: 9352: 9347: 9343: 9341:9780252092138 9337: 9333: 9332: 9326: 9322: 9320:9781783084227 9316: 9312: 9311: 9305: 9301: 9299:9781135278533 9295: 9291: 9287: 9282: 9278: 9272: 9268: 9267: 9261: 9257: 9255:9789004221291 9251: 9247: 9243: 9238: 9234: 9232:9781443842839 9228: 9224: 9220: 9215: 9211: 9207: 9203: 9199: 9195: 9191: 9187: 9183: 9178: 9174: 9172:9783643107930 9168: 9164: 9163: 9157: 9153: 9151:9781850437970 9147: 9143: 9142: 9136: 9132: 9128: 9124: 9120: 9116: 9112: 9107: 9103: 9101:9781139619813 9097: 9093: 9092: 9086: 9082: 9078: 9074: 9069: 9065: 9063:9780253341891 9059: 9055: 9051: 9046: 9042: 9040:9781461640417 9036: 9032: 9031: 9025: 9021: 9019:9780190462505 9015: 9011: 9010: 9004: 9000: 8998:9780253341891 8994: 8990: 8985: 8982: 8978: 8976:9780810858466 8972: 8968: 8963: 8962: 8955: 8951: 8950: 8944: 8940: 8938:9780253341891 8934: 8930: 8925: 8921: 8919:9780833032331 8915: 8911: 8910: 8904: 8900: 8896: 8892: 8888: 8883: 8879: 8873: 8865: 8863:9783789076701 8859: 8855: 8848: 8843: 8839: 8837:9780195117394 8833: 8829: 8828: 8822: 8818: 8816:9780415348065 8812: 8808: 8807: 8801: 8797: 8795:9780253341891 8791: 8787: 8783: 8778: 8774: 8768: 8760: 8758:9783789076701 8754: 8750: 8743: 8738: 8734: 8732:9783034301961 8728: 8724: 8723: 8717: 8714:(2): 161–190. 8713: 8709: 8702: 8697: 8693: 8687: 8683: 8682: 8676: 8672: 8670:9781845455446 8666: 8662: 8661: 8655: 8645:on 2012-12-10 8644: 8640: 8636: 8632: 8627: 8623: 8621:9780199704040 8617: 8613: 8612: 8606: 8602: 8600:9780300097252 8596: 8592: 8591: 8585: 8581: 8579:9781557534958 8575: 8571: 8570: 8564: 8560: 8558:9789401793766 8554: 8550: 8546: 8541: 8537: 8535:9780275965495 8531: 8527: 8526: 8520: 8516: 8514:9780801441585 8510: 8506: 8505: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8479: 8475: 8468: 8463: 8459: 8457:9780813159959 8453: 8449: 8448: 8442: 8438: 8436:9781498503693 8432: 8428: 8424: 8419: 8415: 8413:9781137586568 8409: 8405: 8401: 8396: 8392: 8390:9780765639011 8386: 8382: 8381: 8375: 8371: 8369:9781442242319 8365: 8361: 8357: 8352: 8348: 8346:9780199561520 8342: 8338: 8337: 8331: 8327: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8308: 8304: 8302:9781845112875 8298: 8294: 8293: 8287: 8283: 8281:9780306485084 8277: 8273: 8269: 8264: 8260: 8253: 8248: 8244: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8219: 8215: 8213:9783319314266 8209: 8205: 8204: 8198: 8194: 8192:9781557534552 8188: 8184: 8180: 8175: 8171: 8169:9781557534552 8165: 8161: 8157: 8152: 8148: 8146:9781850655312 8142: 8138: 8137: 8131: 8127: 8125:9781317049364 8121: 8117: 8113: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8079: 8075: 8073:9783643108500 8069: 8065: 8061: 8056: 8052: 8050:9783631602959 8046: 8042: 8038: 8033: 8029: 8027:9781845110314 8023: 8019: 8014: 8010: 8008:9783643903549 8004: 8000: 7999: 7993: 7989: 7987:9780773570924 7983: 7979: 7978: 7972: 7968: 7966:9780253341891 7962: 7958: 7954: 7949: 7945: 7943:9781850654315 7939: 7935: 7934: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7897: 7892: 7888: 7886:9781848850941 7882: 7878: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7850: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7822: 7817: 7813: 7811:9780816629473 7807: 7803: 7802: 7796: 7792: 7790:9788323335153 7786: 7782: 7781: 7775: 7771: 7769:9783825884109 7765: 7761: 7757: 7752: 7748: 7746:9783205786672 7742: 7738: 7737: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7714: 7710: 7708:9789052012971 7704: 7700: 7696: 7691: 7687: 7685:9780253341891 7681: 7677: 7672: 7668: 7666:9780199727612 7662: 7658: 7654: 7649: 7646: 7642: 7640:9781315287430 7636: 7632: 7627: 7626: 7619: 7615: 7613:9780230119086 7609: 7605: 7604: 7598: 7594: 7592:9780857459855 7588: 7584: 7583: 7577: 7573: 7571:9780715631164 7567: 7563: 7562: 7556: 7552: 7550:9781443868914 7546: 7542: 7538: 7533: 7529: 7523: 7519: 7518: 7512: 7509: 7505: 7503:9781134583270 7499: 7494: 7493: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7456: 7451: 7447: 7445:9781614993872 7441: 7437: 7433: 7428: 7424: 7422:9780230298156 7418: 7414: 7410: 7405: 7401: 7399:9783825809188 7395: 7391: 7387: 7382: 7378: 7376:9781604267365 7372: 7368: 7367: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7344: 7340: 7338:9781446499542 7334: 7330: 7329: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7290: 7286: 7284:9781442644359 7280: 7276: 7275: 7269: 7265: 7263:9781576078006 7259: 7255: 7254: 7248: 7244: 7242:9789639241824 7238: 7234: 7230: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7196: 7192: 7190:9780801885570 7186: 7182: 7181: 7175: 7171: 7169:9780815723790 7165: 7161: 7160: 7154: 7150: 7148:9781317618102 7144: 7140: 7139: 7133: 7132: 7119: 7113: 7105: 7099: 7095: 7094: 7086: 7072:on 2017-12-10 7071: 7067: 7061: 7054: 7049: 7047: 7040:, p. 51. 7039: 7034: 7028:, p. 75. 7027: 7022: 7015: 7014:Schwartz 2014 7010: 7003: 7002:Endresen 2016 6998: 6991: 6990:Endresen 2016 6986: 6979: 6978:Todorova 2004 6974: 6967: 6966:Endresen 2016 6962: 6960: 6952: 6948: 6943: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6925: 6920: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6902: 6897: 6890: 6886: 6881: 6874: 6869: 6863:, p. 51. 6862: 6857: 6850: 6845: 6843: 6836:, p. 96. 6835: 6830: 6823: 6818: 6811: 6806: 6799: 6794: 6788:, p. 22. 6787: 6782: 6780: 6773:, p. 49. 6772: 6767: 6765: 6763: 6761: 6759: 6752:, p. 72. 6751: 6746: 6740:, p. 71. 6739: 6734: 6727: 6722: 6715: 6710: 6708: 6700: 6695: 6689:, p. 81. 6688: 6683: 6676: 6671: 6664: 6659: 6652: 6647: 6641:, p. 79. 6640: 6635: 6629:, p. 50. 6628: 6623: 6617:, p. 47. 6616: 6611: 6609: 6602:, p. 51. 6601: 6596: 6590:, p. 57. 6589: 6584: 6577: 6572: 6565: 6560: 6554:, p. 93. 6553: 6548: 6541: 6536: 6534: 6527:, p. 30. 6526: 6521: 6514: 6509: 6507: 6500:, p. 79. 6499: 6494: 6487: 6482: 6480: 6472: 6467: 6461:, p. 11. 6460: 6455: 6448: 6443: 6441: 6433: 6428: 6422: 6417: 6410: 6405: 6398: 6397:Saunders 2011 6393: 6386: 6381: 6374: 6369: 6362: 6357: 6350: 6345: 6338: 6333: 6331: 6329: 6321: 6316: 6309: 6308:Endresen 2016 6304: 6302: 6294: 6289: 6282: 6277: 6269: 6263: 6259: 6258: 6257:The Illyrians 6250: 6243: 6238: 6231: 6226: 6219: 6218:Endresen 2016 6214: 6207: 6206:Endresen 2015 6202: 6195: 6190: 6183: 6182:Endresen 2016 6178: 6176: 6169:, p. 15. 6168: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6151: 6146: 6139: 6138:Fischer 2007b 6134: 6132: 6124: 6119: 6112: 6107: 6100: 6095: 6093: 6091: 6083: 6078: 6076: 6068: 6067:Pavković 2001 6063: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6053: 6045: 6040: 6033: 6032:Bugajski 1994 6028: 6021: 6016: 6010:, p. 80. 6009: 6004: 5997: 5992: 5986:, p. 29. 5985: 5980: 5973: 5968: 5961: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5950: 5942: 5937: 5930: 5925: 5919:, p. 49. 5918: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5902:, p. 45. 5901: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5880: 5875: 5873: 5866:, p. 73. 5865: 5860: 5853: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5836: 5831: 5824: 5823:Hockenos 2003 5819: 5817: 5809: 5804: 5798:, p. 68. 5797: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5778: 5773: 5766: 5765:Hockenos 2003 5761: 5755:, p. 58. 5754: 5749: 5747: 5739: 5734: 5727: 5722: 5720: 5713:, p. 67. 5712: 5707: 5705: 5697: 5692: 5686:, p. 46. 5685: 5680: 5674:, p. 97. 5673: 5668: 5661: 5656: 5649: 5644: 5637: 5632: 5625: 5620: 5613: 5612:Trbovich 2008 5608: 5601: 5596: 5589: 5584: 5578:, p. 23. 5577: 5572: 5565: 5564:Pavković 2000 5560: 5553: 5548: 5542:, p. 56. 5541: 5536: 5530:, p. 52. 5529: 5524: 5517: 5512: 5506:, p. 88. 5505: 5504:Pavković 2000 5500: 5493: 5488: 5482:, p. 87. 5481: 5480:Pavković 2000 5476: 5474: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5458: 5453: 5451: 5443: 5438: 5431: 5426: 5420:, p. 22. 5419: 5414: 5408:, p. 66. 5407: 5402: 5400: 5392: 5387: 5380: 5375: 5368: 5363: 5357:, p. 40. 5356: 5351: 5344: 5339: 5333:, p. 21. 5332: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5316:, p. 23. 5315: 5310: 5303: 5298: 5291: 5286: 5280:, p. 63. 5279: 5274: 5267: 5262: 5260: 5252: 5247: 5240: 5235: 5228: 5227:Fischer 2007b 5223: 5221: 5213: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5194: 5189: 5187: 5179: 5174: 5168:, p. 63. 5167: 5166:Crawshaw 2006 5162: 5155: 5150: 5144:, p. 17. 5143: 5138: 5132:, p. 35. 5131: 5126: 5116: 5114:9780195170726 5110: 5106: 5105: 5099: 5095: 5089: 5085: 5084: 5078: 5074: 5068: 5064: 5063: 5057: 5053: 5047: 5043: 5042: 5036: 5032: 5026: 5022: 5021: 5016: 5015:King, Russell 5012: 5011: 5008: 5001: 4996: 4989: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4970: 4965: 4958: 4953: 4947:, p. 48. 4946: 4941: 4934: 4929: 4922: 4921:Standish 2002 4917: 4915: 4907: 4906:Fischer 2007b 4902: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4888: 4887:Fischer 2007b 4883: 4876: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4859: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4840: 4835: 4828: 4823: 4816: 4811: 4804: 4799: 4792: 4787: 4785: 4777: 4772: 4766:, p. 95. 4765: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4746: 4741: 4735:, p. 30. 4734: 4729: 4727: 4719: 4714: 4712: 4704: 4699: 4692: 4691:Reginald 1999 4687: 4680: 4675: 4668: 4663: 4661: 4653: 4648: 4641: 4636: 4634: 4626: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4606:, p. 92. 4605: 4600: 4593: 4588: 4586: 4579:, p. 96. 4578: 4573: 4566: 4561: 4559: 4551: 4546: 4539: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4516: 4511: 4509: 4501: 4496: 4490:, p. 47. 4489: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4473:, p. 27. 4472: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4455: 4450: 4443: 4438: 4431: 4426: 4419: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4402: 4397: 4395: 4387: 4382: 4376:, p. 31. 4375: 4374:Udovički 2000 4370: 4363: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4347:, p. 70. 4346: 4341: 4334: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4315: 4314:Fischer 2007a 4310: 4308: 4306: 4298: 4293: 4291: 4283: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4266: 4261: 4255:, p. 39. 4254: 4249: 4242: 4237: 4230: 4225: 4218: 4213: 4206: 4201: 4199: 4191: 4186: 4179: 4174: 4167: 4162: 4155: 4150: 4143: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4127:, p. 43. 4126: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4109: 4104: 4097: 4092: 4085: 4080: 4073: 4068: 4066: 4058: 4053: 4051: 4044:, p. 20. 4043: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4027:, p. 42. 4026: 4021: 4014: 4009: 4007: 4005: 3998:, p. 14. 3997: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3977:, p. 19. 3976: 3975:Fischer 2007a 3971: 3969: 3967: 3959: 3954: 3952: 3944: 3939: 3932: 3931:Sugarman 1999 3927: 3925: 3917: 3912: 3905: 3900: 3894:, p. 61. 3893: 3888: 3886: 3878: 3873: 3871: 3863: 3858: 3856: 3848: 3843: 3841: 3833: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3816: 3811: 3804: 3803:Gingeras 2009 3799: 3792: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3775: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3756: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3740:, p. 66. 3739: 3734: 3728:, p. 97. 3727: 3722: 3716:, p. 96. 3715: 3710: 3708: 3700: 3695: 3693: 3685: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3660: 3655: 3653: 3645: 3640: 3634:, p. 31. 3633: 3632:Gingeras 2009 3628: 3622:, p. 97. 3621: 3620:Saunders 2011 3616: 3614: 3606: 3601: 3599: 3591: 3586: 3584: 3577:, p. 41. 3576: 3571: 3569: 3561: 3556: 3554: 3547:, p. 92. 3546: 3541: 3535:, p. 71. 3534: 3529: 3522: 3517: 3515: 3507: 3502: 3500: 3492: 3487: 3480: 3475: 3469:, p. 72. 3468: 3463: 3461: 3453: 3448: 3446: 3438: 3433: 3431: 3423: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3404: 3399: 3397: 3389: 3384: 3382: 3374: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3358:, p. 50. 3357: 3352: 3345: 3340: 3333: 3332:Endresen 2010 3328: 3326: 3318: 3317:Srodecki 2013 3313: 3306: 3301: 3294: 3289: 3282: 3277: 3275: 3268:, p. 43. 3267: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3248: 3243: 3241: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3217: 3216:Aberbach 2016 3212: 3210: 3202: 3197: 3190: 3189:Stoyanov 2012 3185: 3178: 3173: 3167:, p. 41. 3166: 3161: 3154: 3149: 3143:, p. 80. 3142: 3137: 3130: 3125: 3118: 3113: 3106: 3101: 3094: 3089: 3082: 3077: 3070: 3065: 3063: 3055: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3036: 3031: 3029: 3022:, p. 40. 3021: 3016: 3009: 3004: 3002: 2994: 2989: 2987: 2979: 2974: 2967: 2962: 2955: 2954:Endresen 2011 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2936: 2931: 2924: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2907: 2902: 2896:, p. 39. 2895: 2894:Endresen 2011 2890: 2883: 2878: 2871: 2866: 2859: 2854: 2848:, p. 65. 2847: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2830: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2811: 2806: 2796: 2790: 2787: 2786: 2779: 2778: 2769: 2763: 2757:, p. 34. 2756: 2751: 2742: 2733: 2725: 2719: 2710: 2702: 2696: 2687: 2678: 2671: 2666: 2659: 2654: 2647: 2635: 2628: 2621: 2616: 2609: 2604: 2597: 2586: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2571: 2566: 2562: 2556: 2549: 2545: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2530: 2522: 2515: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2488: 2482:, p. 31. 2481: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2439: 2434: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2413:0-631-14671-7 2409: 2405: 2404: 2403:The Illyrians 2396: 2389: 2384: 2378: 2374: 2373: 2365: 2358: 2353: 2351: 2341: 2340: 2332: 2330: 2322: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2305: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2286: 2281: 2279: 2272:, p. 40. 2271: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2250: 2245: 2243: 2235: 2234:Kressing 2002 2230: 2228: 2226: 2218: 2213: 2206: 2201: 2194: 2189: 2182: 2177: 2170: 2169:Reynolds 2001 2165: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2151: 2146: 2139: 2134: 2127: 2122: 2118: 2106: 2103: 2097: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2076: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2052: 2047: 2043: 2041: 2040: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2022:Cham Albanian 2019: 2018: 2013: 2009: 2008: 2003: 2002: 1997: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1986: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1963: 1960: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1930: 1920: 1919:Fatmir Sejdiu 1916: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1901: 1893: 1888: 1884: 1882: 1881: 1876: 1872: 1871: 1866: 1865: 1860: 1856: 1851: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1832: 1823: 1821: 1816: 1812: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1799:Ismail Kadare 1796: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1773: 1762: 1760: 1759:Mother Teresa 1755: 1739: 1737: 1736: 1731: 1730: 1725: 1715: 1706: 1704: 1703: 1698: 1694: 1684: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1668: 1662: 1658: 1657: 1652: 1642: 1633: 1631: 1626: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1603: 1600: 1595: 1586: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1557: 1554: 1550: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1506: 1504: 1499: 1497: 1496:Indo-European 1493: 1489: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1475: 1471: 1470:ancient Greek 1466: 1465:protochronist 1462: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1417: 1414: 1409: 1408: 1407:SS Skanderbeg 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1386: 1379: 1376: 1372: 1371: 1361: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1328: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1256: 1247: 1244:(1928–1939), 1243: 1239: 1229: 1220: 1211: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1164: 1163:Ismail Qemali 1155: 1151: 1147: 1146:Ismail Qemali 1143: 1134: 1132: 1127: 1121: 1114: 1109: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1071: 1069: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1038: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1008: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 977: 973: 965: 961: 957: 948: 946: 945: 940: 936: 935: 930: 926: 925:Gjergj Fishta 922: 917: 913: 909: 908:Ismail Qemali 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 871: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 847: 843: 842:Abdulhamid II 839: 835: 829: 826: 825:O moj Shqypni 823:Excerpt from 819: 786: 785: 769: 767: 757: 754: 750: 741: 731: 727: 723: 713: 711: 707: 703: 698: 695: 691: 686: 684: 680: 676: 672: 671:Yugoslav Wars 666: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 635:Balkan League 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 611:national myth 607: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 580:founding myth 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 540: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 495: 490: 488: 483: 481: 476: 475: 473: 472: 467: 464: 462: 459: 458: 457: 456: 449: 446: 442: 439: 437: 434: 433: 432: 429: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 406: 405: 402: 401: 398: 392: 391: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 364: 363: 360: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 342: 341: 338: 337: 334: 328: 327: 321: 319: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 266: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 246:Customary law 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 231: 227: 224: 222: 219: 218: 215: 209: 208: 200: 199:United States 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 164:South America 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 111: 110: 107: 103: 100: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 78: 75: 73: 72: 68: 66: 65: 61: 60: 59: 56: 55: 52: 46: 45: 41: 37: 36: 33: 30: 29: 25: 21: 20: 14185: 14184: 14113:Székely Land 14078:Pashtunistan 13928:Balawaristan 13701:South Slavic 13691:Scandinavian 13221:Volga Region 12993: 12835:in Sri Lanka 12693:Eastern Asia 12554:Puerto Rican 12369:North Africa 12353:Nationalisms 12295:Bibliography 12202: 12200:Coat of arms 12190: 12088:Other sports 11911:Folk beliefs 11875:Universities 11803:Architecture 11747:Demographics 11689: 11599: 11448:Supermarkets 11422:Trade unions 11303:Human rights 11278: 11219:Subdivisions 11189:Constitution 11101: 11089: 11035:Biodiversity 10929:EU Accession 10803:Independence 10527: 10503: 10482: 10461: 10440:. Retrieved 10436:the original 10411: 10391: 10368: 10348: 10324: 10314: 10310: 10295:. Retrieved 10291:the original 10286: 10282: 10258: 10237: 10216: 10195: 10182:. Retrieved 10178:the original 10172: 10151: 10125: 10121: 10102: 10079: 10055: 10035: 10012: 9992: 9972: 9957:. Retrieved 9953:the original 9948: 9944: 9931: 9927: 9903: 9882: 9862: 9839: 9815: 9789: 9785: 9765: 9744: 9723: 9702: 9681: 9661: 9637: 9617: 9593: 9572: 9551: 9530: 9510: 9506: 9483: 9460: 9447: 9443: 9416: 9395: 9374: 9354: 9330: 9309: 9289: 9265: 9245: 9222: 9185: 9181: 9161: 9140: 9114: 9110: 9090: 9080: 9076: 9053: 9029: 9008: 8988: 8980: 8960: 8948: 8928: 8908: 8890: 8886: 8853: 8826: 8805: 8785: 8748: 8721: 8711: 8707: 8680: 8659: 8647:. Retrieved 8643:the original 8638: 8634: 8610: 8589: 8568: 8548: 8524: 8503: 8477: 8473: 8446: 8426: 8403: 8379: 8359: 8335: 8315: 8291: 8271: 8258: 8226: 8222: 8202: 8182: 8159: 8135: 8115: 8089:(1): 53–74. 8086: 8082: 8063: 8040: 8017: 7997: 7976: 7956: 7932: 7909:(1): 50–68. 7906: 7902: 7876: 7862:(1): 27–49. 7859: 7855: 7831: 7827: 7800: 7779: 7759: 7735: 7725: 7722:Balkanologie 7721: 7698: 7675: 7656: 7644: 7624: 7602: 7581: 7560: 7540: 7516: 7507: 7491: 7462: 7458: 7435: 7412: 7389: 7365: 7355: 7351: 7327: 7301: 7297: 7273: 7252: 7232: 7203: 7199: 7179: 7158: 7137: 7112: 7092: 7085: 7074:. Retrieved 7070:the original 7060: 7033: 7021: 7009: 6997: 6985: 6973: 6950: 6942: 6934: 6919: 6911: 6896: 6888: 6880: 6868: 6861:Gjipali 2014 6856: 6829: 6822:Vickers 2002 6817: 6805: 6793: 6745: 6733: 6726:Ströhle 2012 6721: 6694: 6682: 6670: 6658: 6651:Ströhle 2012 6646: 6634: 6622: 6595: 6583: 6571: 6559: 6547: 6525:Gilberg 2000 6520: 6498:Egleder 2013 6493: 6466: 6454: 6427: 6416: 6409:Ströhle 2012 6404: 6392: 6380: 6368: 6356: 6349:Malcolm 2002 6344: 6315: 6288: 6276: 6256: 6249: 6237: 6225: 6213: 6201: 6189: 6145: 6123:Herring 2000 6118: 6111:Herring 2000 6106: 6069:, p. 9. 6044:Goldman 1997 6039: 6027: 6015: 6003: 5991: 5984:Perritt 2008 5979: 5967: 5936: 5929:Ströhle 2012 5924: 5859: 5830: 5808:Goldman 1997 5803: 5772: 5760: 5733: 5726:Goldman 1997 5691: 5679: 5672:Fontana 2017 5667: 5660:Poulton 1995 5655: 5643: 5631: 5619: 5607: 5595: 5583: 5576:Perritt 2008 5571: 5559: 5547: 5535: 5523: 5511: 5499: 5487: 5437: 5425: 5418:Perritt 2008 5413: 5386: 5379:Perritt 2008 5374: 5367:Vickers 2011 5362: 5350: 5338: 5331:Perritt 2008 5314:Gilberg 2000 5309: 5297: 5285: 5273: 5266:Vickers 2011 5246: 5234: 5212:Poulton 1995 5173: 5161: 5149: 5137: 5125: 5103: 5082: 5061: 5040: 5019: 5007: 4995: 4964: 4952: 4940: 4928: 4882: 4858:Fischer 1999 4834: 4822: 4810: 4798: 4771: 4745:Turnock 2004 4740: 4698: 4686: 4674: 4667:Fischer 1999 4652:Fischer 1999 4647: 4640:Fischer 1999 4625:Fischer 1999 4604:Fontana 2017 4599: 4577:Fischer 1999 4572: 4545: 4538:Fischer 1999 4515:Fischer 1999 4495: 4454:Fischer 1999 4449: 4442:Fischer 1999 4437: 4430:Fischer 1999 4425: 4418:Denitch 1996 4386:Fontana 2017 4381: 4369: 4362:Mylonas 2013 4345:Fischer 1999 4340: 4297:Fischer 1999 4282:Fischer 1999 4260: 4248: 4236: 4224: 4212: 4185: 4173: 4161: 4149: 4142:Mylonas 2013 4108:Lederer 1994 4103: 4091: 4079: 4057:Mylonas 2013 4042:Perritt 2008 4020: 3958:Gawrych 2006 3938: 3911: 3899: 3810: 3798: 3791:Goldwyn 2016 3738:Poulton 1995 3733: 3721: 3699:Gawrych 2006 3659:Skendi 1967a 3644:Biernat 2014 3639: 3627: 3560:Malcolm 2002 3545:Lubonja 2002 3540: 3528: 3486: 3479:Malcolm 2002 3474: 3437:Malcolm 2002 3388:Malcolm 2002 3373:Skendi 1967a 3351: 3339: 3312: 3300: 3288: 3231: 3223: 3201:Skendi 1967a 3196: 3184: 3172: 3160: 3153:Skendi 1967a 3148: 3136: 3124: 3112: 3105:Skendi 1967a 3100: 3093:Skendi 1967a 3088: 3076: 3015: 2978:Goldwyn 2016 2973: 2961: 2930: 2923:Gawrych 2006 2906:Gawrych 2006 2901: 2889: 2882:Merrill 2001 2877: 2865: 2858:Skendi 1967a 2853: 2846:Poulton 1995 2829:Gawrych 2006 2805: 2795: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2776: 2767: 2762: 2750: 2741: 2732: 2718: 2709: 2695: 2686: 2677: 2665: 2653: 2645: 2638:. Retrieved 2627: 2615: 2603: 2595: 2588:. Retrieved 2569: 2555: 2547: 2528: 2521: 2513: 2506:. Retrieved 2487: 2458: 2433: 2425: 2402: 2395: 2386: 2371: 2364: 2344:p. 3, 73–114 2338: 2249:Gawrych 2006 2219:, p. 3. 2217:Vickers 2004 2212: 2200: 2188: 2181:Lubonja 2002 2176: 2150:Krieger 2001 2145: 2133: 2126:Gawrych 2006 2121: 2102:Vetevendosje 2098: 2079: 2075:Vetëvendosje 2073: 2062:Sali Berisha 2055: 2037: 2015: 2011: 2005: 1999: 1989: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1969: 1958: 1938:Miloš Obilić 1927: 1924: 1911:Hashim Thaçi 1899: 1896: 1878: 1868: 1862: 1855:Kosovo riots 1852: 1848: 1840: 1837: 1807: 1803:white people 1797: 1771: 1768: 1750: 1733: 1727: 1724:Adem Jashari 1720: 1700: 1689: 1665: 1654: 1647: 1629: 1624: 1618: 1604: 1598: 1591: 1563: 1545: 1542:Name changes 1535: 1519: 1515: 1512: 1500: 1487: 1472: 1458: 1441: 1428: 1405: 1383: 1380: 1368: 1366: 1333: 1322:World War II 1306: 1303:Shota Galica 1288: 1267: 1263: 1254: 1252: 1245: 1237: 1182: 1177:Shota Galica 1159: 1125: 1122: 1118: 1094:Muslim world 1077: 1064: 1051:Anastas Byku 1046: 1042: 1039: 1025: 1024:in his work 1014: 971: 969: 942: 938: 932: 904:Faik Konitza 872: 850: 831: 824: 821: 781: 780: 779: 765: 764: 746: 699: 687: 667: 663:collectivism 608: 541: 537:Balkan lands 528: 504: 503: 404:Christianity 317: 281:Gjamë/Vajtim 221:Architecture 108: 69: 62: 57: 14118:Tamil Eelam 14098:Saraikistan 13978:Hatay State 13933:Balochistan 13887:Wallmapuwen 13581:Bangladeshi 13053:Montenegrin 12957:Azerbaijani 12921:Pan-Turkism 12662:Palestinian 12605:Middle East 12513:Greenlandic 12417:East Africa 11808:Photography 11794:(galleries) 11669:Lighthouses 11542:Oil and gas 11464:Agriculture 11264:Legislature 11136:Visa policy 11022:Environment 10705:(1385–1912) 10669:(1190–1385) 10666:Middle Ages 10311:Qualestoria 9188:(1): 1–20. 9117:(1): 1–36. 8635:Archaeology 7026:Venner 2016 6849:Austin 2004 6798:Schmid 2011 6447:Murati 2007 6281:Ahrens 2007 6230:Bowden 2003 6194:Alpion 2004 6099:Jordan 2001 5302:Veikou 2001 5290:Psomas 2008 4827:Sawyer 2014 4815:Austin 2005 4679:Bailey 2011 4565:Rossos 2013 4401:Babuna 2004 4265:Psomas 2008 4241:Babuna 2004 4217:Babuna 2004 4190:Babuna 2004 4154:Babuna 2004 4096:Psomas 2008 4084:Psomas 2008 4072:Psomas 2008 4013:Kostov 2010 3815:Jordan 2015 3467:Brisku 2013 3305:Skendi 1968 3081:Jordan 2015 3008:Jordan 2015 2993:Kostov 2010 2966:Frantz 2009 2935:Psomas 2008 2590:January 10, 2508:January 10, 2270:Kostov 2010 2193:Clayer 2002 2088:unification 2004:(PLL), the 1625:pure Kosovo 1536:Albanianism 1524:Pashko Vasa 1394:Axis powers 1299:Azem Galica 1293:led by the 1255:Albanianism 1185:World War I 1173:Azem Galica 1131:pan-Slavism 1126:Albanianism 1060:Macedonians 997:half-truths 939:Albanianism 929:Pashko Vasa 692:within the 653:during the 623:irredentist 592:autochthony 542:During the 529:Albanianism 509:nationalist 409:Catholicism 261:Epic poetry 179:Switzerland 14212:Categories 14164:Indigenous 14108:Sindhudesh 14088:Santa Cruz 14008:Hutu Power 13938:Bangsamoro 13529:Australian 13504:Lithuanian 13419:Andalusian 13197:Circassian 13161:Belarusian 13109:in Austria 13043:Macedonian 12999:in Albania 12888:Vietnamese 12722:Hongkonger 12715:chauvinist 12396:Pharaonism 12155:Television 12115:Volleyball 12110:Basketball 11964:Fustanella 11926:Secularism 11895:Albanology 11880:Publishers 11860:Literature 11602:structures 11469:Healthcare 11411:(currency) 11293:Opposition 11194:Corruption 11087:Government 10636:Dassaretii 10442:2017-02-05 10317:: 119–138. 10297:2017-02-25 9959:2017-02-22 8649:2009-09-07 7076:2017-12-10 7053:Judah 2008 6889:Kontranews 6513:Oeter 2012 6432:Rajić 2012 6008:Ramet 1997 5864:Judah 2008 5738:Jović 2009 5696:Ahmed 2013 5600:Jović 2009 5588:Jović 2009 5516:Jović 2009 5457:Ramet 2006 5442:Jović 2009 5343:Jović 2009 5251:Ramet 1998 5239:Nurja 2012 5142:Ramet 1989 4957:Tarţa 2012 4733:Judah 2002 4718:Judah 2002 4703:Judah 2002 4592:Ramón 2015 4550:Ramet 2006 4488:Judah 2008 4471:Judah 2002 3847:Misha 2002 3605:Misha 2002 3575:Misha 2002 3533:Elsie 2005 3344:Misha 2002 3293:Misha 2002 3266:Misha 2002 3228:Elsie 2005 3020:Misha 2002 2810:Misha 2002 2755:Misha 2002 2658:Nixon 2010 2480:Judah 2008 2438:Wydra 2007 2287:. para. 5. 2138:Judah 2008 2109:References 2034:Cham issue 1820:Pelasgians 1402:Macedonian 1081:Sotir Peci 1047:Italianate 1045:and hence 1001:inventions 989:Skanderbeg 951:Skanderbeg 934:Oh Albania 921:Prenk Doçi 888:Skanderbeg 840:of Sultan 838:Ottomanism 735:Background 659:Skanderbeg 588:Pelasgians 441:Bektashism 372:Arvanitika 350:Upper Reka 311:Traditions 286:Literature 276:Gjakmarrje 92:Montenegro 14068:Occitania 14053:Manchukuo 14043:Lezgistan 14038:Kurdistan 13983:Hazarajat 13968:Circassia 13730:Movements 13681:Pakistani 13656:Mongolian 13596:Congolese 13509:Norwegian 13499:Icelandic 13464:Valencian 13459:Navarrese 13444:Castilian 13424:Aragonese 13388:Sardinian 13171:Ukrainian 13141:Slovenian 13121:Hungarian 13036:in Cyprus 13016:Aromanian 13004:in Kosovo 12909:Mongolian 12825:Sinhalese 12795:Dravidian 12752:Taiwanese 12700:Cantonese 12677:in Cyprus 12647:Jordanian 12570:Argentine 12542:Caribbean 12533:Québécois 12481:Afrikaner 12100:Athletics 12012:Tavë kosi 11904:Tradition 11870:Libraries 11828:Education 11637:Monuments 11619:Squatting 11597:Highrises 11492:Operators 11474:Companies 11331:Ombudsman 11271:Elections 11146:Judiciary 11080:Executive 10997:Mountains 10990:Landscape 10978:Geography 10859:Vlora War 10656:Taulantii 10631:Bylliones 10598:Illyrians 9806:143125054 9444:Theologia 9210:144772370 9131:145227777 8872:cite book 8767:cite book 8494:144283529 8356:"Albania" 8243:143499467 8103:143946229 7508:Dardanae. 7318:162218149 7220:154576141 6935:Himara.gr 5154:Trix 1994 4500:Hall 2010 3491:Pipa 1989 3403:Pipa 1989 3054:Puto 2009 2670:Free 2011 2640:March 24, 2388:nation... 2114:Citations 1915:Joe Biden 1781:Aristotle 1503:Illyrians 1449:Vlora War 1390:Xhem Hasa 1370:Vulnetari 1285:, (1920s) 1259:Ahmet Zog 1020:linguist 424:Orthodoxy 318:farefisní 124:Australia 32:Albanians 14028:Katarism 13953:Chameria 13906:Projects 13711:Turanian 13706:Tunisian 13676:Oceanian 13666:Nigerian 13616:Hispanic 13611:Germanic 13601:European 13534:Hawaiian 13484:Estonian 13454:Galician 13439:Canarian 13429:Asturian 13398:Venetian 13393:Sicilian 13383:Padanian 13357:Corsican 13318:Scottish 13212:Ossetian 13131:Silesian 13114:Völkisch 13089:Bavarian 13084:Austrian 13063:Romanian 13048:Moldovan 13026:Croatian 12994:Albanian 12962:Georgian 12952:Armenian 12931:Siberian 12858:Filipino 12773:Assamese 12742:Okinawan 12727:Japanese 12657:Lebanese 12635:Diaspora 12617:Assyrian 12585:Peruvian 12494:Americas 12444:Tigrayan 12391:Egyptian 12304:Category 12227:Passport 12205:armorial 12183:Heraldry 12125:Olympics 12120:Swimming 12079:Stadiums 12057:Football 11984:Xhamadan 11969:Xhubleta 11951:Costumes 11931:Religion 11890:Proverbs 11855:Language 11836:Alphabet 11818:Theatres 11767:Diaspora 11664:Churches 11582:Railways 11572:Aviation 11567:Highways 11457:Industry 11417:Taxation 11347:Military 11340:Security 11311:Abortion 11281:speakers 11276:Assembly 11251:Villages 11246:Communes 11231:Counties 11199:EURALIUS 11131:Treaties 11092:agencies 11068:Politics 10955:Archives 10950:Timeline 10938:See also 10651:Parthini 10646:Labeatae 10626:Balaites 10621:Amantini 10581:articles 10524:"Kosovo" 10184:20 April 9934:: 83–88. 9083:: 63–81. 8981:Albanoi. 7923:18958117 7856:Journeys 7481:10909846 6951:Newsbomb 6927:Archived 6904:Archived 2459:Dardanae 2422:23689275 2030:Edi Rama 1942:Albanian 1929:Laramans 1842:Dardania 1398:Albanian 1264:Rilindja 1207:madrasas 1113:Manastir 1068:Anatolia 1043:Catholic 1030:Epirotes 1018:Austrian 1005:folklore 900:Bektashi 851:Rilindja 771:— 586:and the 584:Epirotes 572:Illyrian 564:Arbëresh 525:Rilindja 521:Albanian 397:Religion 367:Arbëresh 345:Arbanasi 316:Tribes ( 301:Paganism 271:Folklore 129:Bulgaria 109:Diaspora 24:a series 22:Part of 14103:Silesia 14073:Ossetia 14048:Luhansk 14023:Karelia 14013:Ilirida 13993:Donetsk 13918:Assyria 13721:Ugandan 13686:Russian 13631:Iranian 13621:Iberian 13591:Chinese 13566:African 13522:Oceania 13494:Finnish 13489:Faroese 13449:Catalan 13414:Spanish 13378:Lombard 13373:Italian 13313:English 13308:Cornish 13303:British 13287:Walloon 13282:Occitan 13267:Flemish 13257:Arpitan 13228:Chuvash 13176:Yiddish 13166:Russian 13099:Frisian 13068:Serbian 13021:Bosniak 12926:Pashtun 12842:Tripuri 12815:Punjabi 12778:Bengali 12757:Tibetan 12705:Chinese 12672:Turkish 12652:Kurdish 12640:Zionism 12631:Jewish 12622:Iranian 12580:Mapuche 12575:Criollo 12549:Haitian 12508:Chicano 12453:Nigeria 12408:Sahrawi 12281:Outline 12253:Smoking 12175:Symbols 12105:Cycling 12074:Players 11994:Cuisine 11959:Qeleshe 11850:Abetare 11842:scripts 11813:Museums 11781:Culture 11727:Society 11699:Beaches 11692:riviera 11654:Mosques 11649:Castles 11629:Tourism 11592:Tunnels 11587:Bridges 11404:Banking 11397:Finance 11385:Economy 11362:Prisons 11288:Members 11045:Habitat 11030:Climate 11012:Islands 10945:Origins 10641:Enchele 10616:Amantes 10611:Albanoi 10606:Ardiaei 10589:History 10577:Albania 9190:Bibcode 8261:: 1–35. 7128:Sources 6912:To Vima 2070:Preševo 2066:Preveza 1959:Newborn 1950:Murad I 1934:Drenica 1747:Albania 1549:state's 1516:foreign 1483:culture 1203:maktabs 753:Serbian 716:History 694:Balkans 669:to the 548:Muslims 448:Judaism 436:Sunnism 355:Istrian 306:Symbols 241:Cuisine 189:Ukraine 159:Romania 149:Germany 144:Finland 134:Denmark 77:Croatia 64:Albania 14159:German 14144:Racial 13988:Danzig 13973:Crimea 13958:Champa 13923:Azawad 13913:Arakan 13716:Turkic 13696:Slavic 13671:Nordic 13651:Libyan 13641:Korean 13626:Indian 13606:Finnic 13586:Celtic 13434:Basque 13352:Basque 13323:Ulster 13272:French 13262:Breton 13207:Lezgin 13202:Ingush 13136:Slovak 13126:Polish 13104:German 12980:Europe 12936:Uyghur 12904:Baloch 12820:Sindhi 12805:Meitei 12800:Hazara 12747:Ryukyu 12737:Manchu 12732:Korean 12667:Syrian 12523:Lakota 12439:Somali 12429:Amhara 12424:Acholi 12403:Kabyle 12386:Coptic 12381:Berber 12362:Africa 12165:Cinema 12050:Sports 12017:Kabuni 12007:Gjellë 11979:Opinga 11936:Nevruz 11757:Tribes 11752:Census 11740:People 11659:Tekkes 11552:Mining 11484:Energy 11436:Retail 11352:Police 11002:Rivers 10819:Anthem 10579: 10534: 10511: 10490: 10469: 10419: 10398: 10375: 10355: 10332: 10266: 10245: 10224: 10203: 10159: 10142:852556 10140: 10109: 10086: 10063: 10042: 10019: 10000: 9979: 9945:Hronos 9911: 9890: 9869: 9846: 9823: 9804: 9773: 9752: 9731: 9710: 9689: 9668: 9645: 9624: 9601: 9580: 9559: 9538: 9490: 9467: 9424: 9403: 9382: 9361: 9338: 9317: 9296: 9273: 9252: 9229: 9208: 9169: 9148: 9129: 9098: 9060: 9037: 9016: 8995: 8973: 8935: 8916: 8860: 8834: 8813: 8792: 8755: 8729: 8688: 8667: 8618: 8597: 8576: 8555: 8532: 8511: 8492: 8454: 8433: 8410: 8387: 8366: 8343: 8322: 8299: 8278: 8241: 8210: 8189: 8166: 8143: 8122: 8101: 8070: 8047: 8024: 8005: 7984: 7963: 7940: 7921: 7883: 7808: 7787: 7766: 7743: 7728:(1–2). 7705: 7682: 7663: 7637: 7610: 7589: 7568: 7547: 7524: 7500: 7479: 7442: 7419: 7396: 7373: 7335: 7316: 7281: 7260: 7239: 7218: 7187: 7166: 7145: 7100: 6264: 5111: 5090: 5069: 5048: 5027: 2581: 2540: 2529:Kosovo 2420: 2410: 2379: 1996:Epirus 1873:(NLA) 1791:, and 1532:stanza 1520:agents 1474:poleis 1437:Tirana 1375:Serbia 1283:Kosovo 1199:tekkes 1115:(1908) 1089:Bitola 1003:, and 993:truths 981:Europe 964:Tirana 728:, and 639:Kosovo 619:Greeks 600:Kosovo 594:" in " 184:Turkey 174:Sweden 154:Norway 114:Greece 102:Serbia 82:Greece 71:Kosovo 58:Native 14169:White 14154:Black 14132:Other 14123:Tibet 14093:Sápmi 13646:Latin 13636:Iraqi 13576:Asian 13544:Māori 13407:Spain 13366:Italy 13328:Welsh 13277:Irish 13233:Tatar 13094:Czech 13031:Greek 12868:Malay 12863:Khmer 12830:Tamil 12627:Iraqi 12465:Ogoni 12288:Index 12241:Other 12160:Radio 12150:Music 12069:Clubs 11772:Women 11577:Ports 11509:OSHEE 11007:Lakes 10138:JSTOR 9802:S2CID 9440:(PDF) 9206:S2CID 9127:S2CID 8850:(PDF) 8745:(PDF) 8704:(PDF) 8490:S2CID 8470:(PDF) 8255:(PDF) 8239:S2CID 8099:S2CID 7919:S2CID 7899:(PDF) 7852:(PDF) 7824:(PDF) 7314:S2CID 7216:S2CID 1900:Shkie 1892:Sopot 1479:ideas 1307:çetas 1246:right 863:Tosks 749:Greek 615:Slavs 431:Islam 291:Music 256:Dress 251:Dance 169:Spain 139:Egypt 119:Italy 87:Italy 14186:Note 13571:Arab 12883:Thai 12878:Shan 12810:Naga 12790:Bodo 12684:Zaza 12612:Arab 12598:Asia 12460:Igbo 12434:Hutu 12376:Arab 12193:list 12188:Flag 12032:Wine 12027:Beer 12022:Raki 11974:Brez 11916:Besa 11499:KESH 11409:Lek 11326:LGBT 11256:Maps 11226:NUTS 11204:SPAK 11104:list 10532:ISBN 10509:ISBN 10488:ISBN 10467:ISBN 10417:ISBN 10396:ISBN 10373:ISBN 10353:ISBN 10330:ISBN 10264:ISBN 10243:ISBN 10222:ISBN 10201:ISBN 10186:2017 10157:ISBN 10107:ISBN 10084:ISBN 10061:ISBN 10040:ISBN 10017:ISBN 9998:ISBN 9977:ISBN 9909:ISBN 9888:ISBN 9867:ISBN 9844:ISBN 9821:ISBN 9771:ISBN 9750:ISBN 9729:ISBN 9708:ISBN 9687:ISBN 9666:ISBN 9643:ISBN 9622:ISBN 9599:ISBN 9578:ISBN 9557:ISBN 9536:ISBN 9488:ISBN 9465:ISBN 9422:ISBN 9401:ISBN 9380:ISBN 9359:ISBN 9336:ISBN 9315:ISBN 9294:ISBN 9271:ISBN 9250:ISBN 9227:ISBN 9167:ISBN 9146:ISBN 9096:ISBN 9058:ISBN 9035:ISBN 9014:ISBN 8993:ISBN 8971:ISBN 8933:ISBN 8914:ISBN 8878:link 8858:ISBN 8832:ISBN 8811:ISBN 8790:ISBN 8773:link 8753:ISBN 8727:ISBN 8686:ISBN 8665:ISBN 8616:ISBN 8595:ISBN 8574:ISBN 8553:ISBN 8530:ISBN 8509:ISBN 8452:ISBN 8431:ISBN 8408:ISBN 8385:ISBN 8364:ISBN 8341:ISBN 8320:ISBN 8297:ISBN 8276:ISBN 8208:ISBN 8187:ISBN 8164:ISBN 8141:ISBN 8120:ISBN 8068:ISBN 8045:ISBN 8022:ISBN 8003:ISBN 7982:ISBN 7961:ISBN 7938:ISBN 7881:ISBN 7806:ISBN 7785:ISBN 7764:ISBN 7741:ISBN 7703:ISBN 7680:ISBN 7661:ISBN 7635:ISBN 7608:ISBN 7587:ISBN 7566:ISBN 7545:ISBN 7522:ISBN 7498:ISBN 7477:PMID 7440:ISBN 7417:ISBN 7394:ISBN 7371:ISBN 7333:ISBN 7279:ISBN 7258:ISBN 7237:ISBN 7185:ISBN 7164:ISBN 7143:ISBN 7098:ISBN 6262:ISBN 5109:ISBN 5088:ISBN 5067:ISBN 5046:ISBN 5025:ISBN 2642:2011 2592:2011 2579:ISBN 2538:ISBN 2510:2011 2418:OCLC 2408:ISBN 2377:ISBN 1571:Tito 1528:poem 1400:and 1238:left 1205:and 1175:and 1102:1912 1100:and 1098:1910 1032:and 927:and 894:and 882:and 861:and 859:Gegs 751:and 710:UEFA 708:and 706:FIFA 641:and 617:and 602:and 377:Cham 362:Tosk 340:Gheg 236:Besa 12967:Laz 12873:Mon 12710:Han 12232:.al 11921:Oda 11790:Art 11514:ERE 11504:OST 11176:KPK 11171:ONM 11166:IKP 11161:KPA 10130:doi 9794:doi 9515:doi 9198:doi 9119:doi 8895:doi 8482:doi 8231:doi 8091:doi 7911:doi 7864:doi 7836:doi 7631:116 7467:doi 7306:doi 7208:doi 2575:293 1477:, 1087:in 962:in 606:). 382:Lab 296:Oda 226:Art 14214:: 12355:in 10313:. 10309:. 10287:28 10285:. 10281:. 10136:. 10126:43 10124:. 9947:. 9943:. 9932:27 9930:. 9926:. 9800:. 9790:27 9788:. 9509:. 9505:. 9448:79 9446:. 9442:. 9204:. 9196:. 9186:12 9184:. 9125:. 9115:15 9113:. 9081:37 9079:. 9075:. 8979:. 8969:. 8967:43 8891:13 8889:. 8874:}} 8870:{{ 8769:}} 8765:{{ 8712:42 8710:. 8706:. 8639:60 8637:. 8633:. 8488:. 8476:. 8472:. 8257:. 8237:. 8227:29 8225:. 8097:. 8087:26 8085:. 7917:. 7907:18 7905:. 7901:. 7858:. 7854:. 7832:12 7830:. 7826:. 7726:IX 7724:. 7720:. 7643:. 7633:. 7506:. 7475:. 7461:. 7457:. 7356:12 7354:. 7350:. 7312:. 7302:32 7300:. 7296:. 7214:. 7202:. 7096:. 7045:^ 6958:^ 6949:. 6933:. 6910:. 6887:. 6841:^ 6778:^ 6757:^ 6706:^ 6607:^ 6532:^ 6505:^ 6478:^ 6439:^ 6327:^ 6300:^ 6174:^ 6157:^ 6130:^ 6089:^ 6074:^ 6051:^ 5948:^ 5907:^ 5886:^ 5871:^ 5842:^ 5815:^ 5784:^ 5745:^ 5718:^ 5703:^ 5464:^ 5449:^ 5398:^ 5321:^ 5258:^ 5219:^ 5200:^ 5185:^ 4976:^ 4913:^ 4894:^ 4865:^ 4846:^ 4783:^ 4752:^ 4725:^ 4710:^ 4659:^ 4632:^ 4611:^ 4584:^ 4557:^ 4522:^ 4507:^ 4478:^ 4461:^ 4408:^ 4393:^ 4352:^ 4321:^ 4304:^ 4289:^ 4272:^ 4197:^ 4132:^ 4115:^ 4064:^ 4049:^ 4032:^ 4003:^ 3982:^ 3965:^ 3950:^ 3923:^ 3884:^ 3869:^ 3854:^ 3839:^ 3822:^ 3781:^ 3762:^ 3745:^ 3706:^ 3691:^ 3666:^ 3651:^ 3612:^ 3597:^ 3582:^ 3567:^ 3552:^ 3513:^ 3498:^ 3459:^ 3444:^ 3429:^ 3410:^ 3395:^ 3380:^ 3363:^ 3324:^ 3273:^ 3254:^ 3239:^ 3208:^ 3061:^ 3042:^ 3027:^ 3000:^ 2985:^ 2942:^ 2913:^ 2836:^ 2817:^ 2644:. 2594:. 2577:. 2567:. 2546:. 2536:. 2534:12 2512:. 2496:; 2466:^ 2445:^ 2424:. 2416:. 2385:. 2349:^ 2328:^ 2311:^ 2292:^ 2277:^ 2256:^ 2241:^ 2224:^ 2157:^ 1944:: 1822:. 1787:, 1783:, 1674:. 1632:. 1505:. 1481:, 1435:, 1318:. 1201:, 1007:. 999:, 995:, 923:, 914:, 910:, 906:, 878:, 724:, 685:. 673:, 665:. 523:: 267:) 232:) 26:on 14197:. 12338:e 12331:t 12324:v 12207:) 12203:( 12195:) 12191:( 11694:) 11690:( 11604:) 11600:( 11283:) 11279:( 11106:) 11102:( 11094:) 11090:( 10569:e 10562:t 10555:v 10540:. 10517:. 10496:. 10475:. 10445:. 10425:. 10404:. 10381:. 10361:. 10338:. 10315:2 10300:. 10272:. 10251:. 10230:. 10209:. 10188:. 10165:. 10144:. 10132:: 10115:. 10092:. 10069:. 10048:. 10025:. 10006:. 9985:. 9962:. 9949:7 9917:. 9896:. 9875:. 9852:. 9829:. 9808:. 9796:: 9779:. 9758:. 9737:. 9716:. 9695:. 9674:. 9651:. 9630:. 9607:. 9586:. 9565:. 9544:. 9523:. 9517:: 9511:4 9496:. 9473:. 9430:. 9409:. 9388:. 9367:. 9344:. 9323:. 9302:. 9279:. 9258:. 9235:. 9212:. 9200:: 9192:: 9175:. 9154:. 9133:. 9121:: 9104:. 9066:. 9043:. 9022:. 9001:. 8941:. 8922:. 8901:. 8897:: 8880:) 8840:. 8819:. 8798:. 8775:) 8735:. 8694:. 8673:. 8652:. 8624:. 8603:. 8582:. 8561:. 8538:. 8517:. 8496:. 8484:: 8478:4 8460:. 8439:. 8416:. 8393:. 8372:. 8349:. 8328:. 8305:. 8284:. 8245:. 8233:: 8216:. 8195:. 8172:. 8149:. 8128:. 8105:. 8093:: 8076:. 8053:. 8030:. 8011:. 7990:. 7969:. 7946:. 7925:. 7913:: 7889:. 7870:. 7866:: 7860:7 7842:. 7838:: 7814:. 7793:. 7772:. 7749:. 7711:. 7688:. 7669:. 7616:. 7595:. 7574:. 7553:. 7530:. 7483:. 7469:: 7463:8 7448:. 7425:. 7402:. 7379:. 7358:. 7341:. 7320:. 7308:: 7287:. 7266:. 7245:. 7222:. 7210:: 7204:6 7193:. 7172:. 7151:. 7106:. 7079:. 6270:. 5117:. 5096:. 5075:. 5054:. 5033:. 2775:' 1940:( 1156:. 966:. 853:( 768:. 519:( 493:e 486:t 479:v 320:) 263:( 228:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.