Myanmar conflict - Knowledge

1793: 1669: 255: 1275: 2714: 2367: 2833: 1501: 1436: 160: 147: 2752:, which have caused hundreds of accidental civilian injuries and deaths. The KNU has been accused of planting landmines in rural areas, most of which have not been disarmed. The KNU claims that landmines are vital for repelling government troops because they "discourage from attacking civilians". However, the majority of those who fall victim to landmines planted by the KNU are local civilians and not government soldiers. Victims of landmines must travel to the Myanmar–Thailand border to seek treatment, as local hospitals and facilities lack proper equipment and funding. 134: 2043: 2112: 2902:

While many displacements last only for the duration of active fighting, protracted displacement is evidenced by camps in Kachin State, Rakhine State, and Shan State. Living situations in these camps are often overcrowded with inadequate shelter, sanitation, healthcare, food, and education. In total, approximately 35 per cent of IDPs in Myanmar are estimated to live in non-government controlled areas that have limited if not wholly restricted access as of November 2019, complicating relief efforts both for international and local organisations.

1405: 2462:. India has provided Myanmar's military with training, weapons, and tactical equipment. The two countries' armies have conducted joint operations against insurgents at their border since the 1990s. Myanmar has also taken an active role in finding and arresting insurgents that fled from northeast India; in May 2020 Myanmar handed over 22 insurgents, included several top commanders, to Indian authorities. Similarly, India has been one of the few countries to forcefully repatriate Rohingya refugees back to Myanmar despite global outcry. 1296:. The first session of the conference was held in 2016, with three follow-up sessions held in 2017, 2018, and 2020. The conference was criticised by opposition groups, including some attendees, for not addressing the main proposals made by ceasefire groups, and for excluding the country's largest insurgent groups which remained actively hostile. Critics further argued that Myanmar's constitution granted too much power to the military, and was preventing the country from achieving peace and meaningful democratic reforms. 2656: 1715:, Kachin State. As a result of the ceasefire breakdown, Kachin State has faced waves of internal displacement, with over 90,000 internally displaced people spread across over 150 camps or camp-like settings as of April 2017. Many IDP camps are located in non-government controlled areas with severely restricted access. The Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) estimates that in April and May 2018, over 14,000 people were displaced from fighting between the KIA and the Tatmadaw. 2898:

50,000 in Kayin State, 40,000 in Tanintharyi Region, 27,000 in Karenni State, 22,000 in Bago Region, 18,000 in Mon State, 15,000 in Shan State and 1,300 in Chin State. Of these total displacements, IDMC estimates that approximately 42,000 people were newly displaced in 2018 by conflict and violence. Compared to 2017, the rate of new displacements was lower in Rakhine State but higher in Kachin State and northern Shan State, which together saw approximately 36,000 people displaced.

2679:(NCA) was finalised between representatives from eight insurgent groups (all part of the Nationwide Ceasefire Coordination Team or NCCT) and the government of Myanmar. However, only eight of the 15 insurgent groups signed the final agreement on 15 October 2015. The signing was witnessed by observers and delegates from the United Nations, the United Kingdom, Norway, Japan and the United States. Two other insurgent groups later joined the agreement on 13 February 2018. 213: 640: 11012: 2806: 51: 2231: 11036: 2990: 619: 890: 879: 199: 173: 1199: 11024: 974: 2672:

the new constitution for reference, rather than the Panglong Agreement. There was no inclusive plan or body that represented all the factions, and as a result, in resent, the KNU backed out of the conference and complained the lack of independence for each party within the ethnic bloc. However, most of the negotiations between the State Peace Deal Commission and rebel factions were formal and peaceful.

1116: 2767:(ILO) has accused both sides of continuing to use child soldiers in violation of the agreement. According to the ILO, the Tatmadaw has discharged hundreds of child soldiers since 2012; however, the ILO also estimated that at least 340 child soldiers had been recruited by the Tatmadaw between 2013 and 2014. Meanwhile, insurgent groups such as the MNDAA, SSA-S, and TNLA have reportedly 2286:) against insurgents in Shan State in 2011. During the offensive, the Tatmadaw captured territory from the NDAA and the SSA-N, with the latter being involved in most of the fighting. While this operation was officially a response to the groups' rejections of the junta's "One Nation, One Army" policy, researchers have linked it to the military's interests in the 2131:, the attackers looted several dozen firearms and ammunition from the border posts, and they also brandished knives and homemade slingshots that fired metal bolts. The attacks left nine border officers and "several insurgents" dead. On 11 October 2016, four Tatmadaw soldiers were killed on the third day of fighting. A newly emerging insurgent group, the 2933:

September 2018 highlighted "clear patterns" of serious human rights abuses and violations of international humanitarian law in Kachin State, Rakhine State, and Shan State since 2011. The Tatmadaw are accused of deliberate and systematic targeting of civilians, sexual violence, discriminatory rhetoric against minorities, and impunity for its soldiers.

814:, the leader of the State of Burma and one of the Thirty Comrades, became increasingly sceptical of Japan's ability to win the war as time progressed, and in mid-1944 he decided to switch sides. Japanese forces capitulated by July 1945, and the British began to negotiate Burma's independence with Aung San and other prominent Burmese leaders. 2246:(MTA) in 1985. In the 1990s, the MTA became the dominant Shan fighting force with peak strength of 20,000 soldiers. In 1991, Khun Sa declared the creation of an independent Shan State, with himself as president. However, some Shan nationalists in the MTA disagreed with his leadership and formed a rival Shan organisation, the 2497:(ARSA), its leaders claimed to have links to private donors in Saudi Arabia and Pakistan. The ICG also released unconfirmed reports that Rohingya villagers had been "secretly trained" by Afghan and Pakistani fighters. In September 2017, Bangladeshi sources stated that the possibility of cooperation between Pakistan's 966:. Accusations of severe human rights abuses and violations followed afterwards, and the cabinet of the parliamentary government and political leaders of ethnic minority groups were arrested and detained without trial. Around this period, other ethnic minority groups began forming larger rebel factions, such as the 2936:

Eyewitness testimony alleged that in Rakhine State, "clearance operations" by the Tatmadaw amounted to planned and deliberate mass killings in at least 54 locations. Hundreds and perhaps thousands of Rohingya women and girls were reported to have been raped, including in mass gang rapes, and at least

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The Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre reports a total of 401,000 people internally displaced in Myanmar as of 2018, owing both to man-made and natural disasters as well as conflict and violence. This figure includes IDPs across the country, with 131,000 in Rakhine State, 97,000 in Kachin State,

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Thailand had been a vocal supporter of various insurgent groups in Myanmar, condemning the actions of the then-ruling military juntas and allowing weapons and ammunition to be smuggled through its border. However, in 1995, the Thai government secured its border with Myanmar and stopped all logistical

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In November 2013, delegations from the Burmese and Russian armed forces met in Naypyidaw and agreed to strengthen cooperation between the two, particularly in regards to the exchange of military technology. Myanmar and Russia signed a military cooperation agreement in June 2016, with Russia promising

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and the second largest in Myanmar. They were one of several ethnic groups consulted by Aung San during negotiations leading up to the Panglong Agreement, which gave the Shan leaders the option to split from Myanmar a decade after independence if they were unsatisfied with the central government. This

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In addition to violence against Rohingya communities, the report noted Tatamadaw abuses against ethnic Rakhine, including forced labour, sexual violence, forced evictions, and killings. It also highlighted crimes committed by insurgent groups in Kachin State, Rakhine State, and Shan State, including

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sent advisors to assist on the frontlines. The sudden strong relationship between Burma and Yugoslavia prompted concern among the Americans, who worried the Yugoslav support would strengthen Marxist ideology in the government. Ne Win, who previously sought support solely from the West, was impressed

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In the 1960s, Khun Sa, a KKY militia leader, was permitted by the Burmese government to grow and traffic opium in return for fighting Shan and communists insurgents. He gradually became one of the most powerful insurgent leaders in Shan State. Khun Sa was captured by the Tatmadaw after plotting with

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The Global Camp Coordination and Camp Management Cluster (CCCM) estimated in 2019 that at least 941,000 people in Myanmar were in need of humanitarian assistance, with over 128,000 people living in IDP camps in Rakhine State and over 105,000 people displaced in Kachin State and northern Shan State.

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Reports of human rights abuses committed by the military and local paramilitaries prompted the UN Human Rights Council to launch an independent international fact-finding mission in March 2017, with which Myanmar's government failed to cooperate. The mission's report (A/HRC/39/64) released in

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of 1947, which granted self-determination, a federal system of government (meaning regional autonomy), religious freedom and ethnic minority rights. However, the new constitution, only had a few clauses dedicated to minority rights, and therefore, the government discussed with rebel factions using

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The KNU signed the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement with the government of Myanmar on 15 October 2015, along with seven other insurgent groups. However, in March 2018, the government of Myanmar violated the agreement by sending 400 Tatmadaw soldiers into KNU-held territory to build a road connecting

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Anti-coup protesters have armed themselves with slingshots, molotov cocktails, and makeshift shields. In late March 2021, it was reported that dozens of protesters had travelled to Myanmar's border areas to train under one of the country's many insurgent groups, elevating the risk of a countrywide

2215:(SSA-N) to continue the insurgency. After the CPB suffered an internal mutiny and collapsed in April 1989, the SSA-N signed a ceasefire agreement with the government in exchange for autonomy over the areas it controlled (officially called "Special Region 3 of Shan State"). A splinter group led by 2862:

inside Myanmar, over 230,000 of whom remain displaced in the southeast of the country, and 128,000 refugees lived in temporary shelters on the Myanmar–Thailand border. In August 2007, approximately 160,000 refugees fled to nine refugee camps along the Myanmar–Thailand border and the Thai border

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During the early hours of 25 August 2017, ARSA insurgents launched coordinated attacks on 24 police posts and the 552nd Light Infantry Battalion army base, killing a dozen people. In response, the Tatmadaw launched "clearance operations" in northern Rakhine State, which critics argued targeted

1137:(KNLA). The clashes resulted in the displacement of hundreds of thousands of civilians in Kayin State. According to one estimate, approximately half a million people were displaced due to fighting between government forces and the KNU, and the forcible relocation of villages by the government. 2666:

Under the new constitutional reforms in 2011, state level and union level ceasefire agreements were made with a number of insurgent groups. Fourteen of the 17 largest rebel factions signed a ceasefire agreement with the new reformed government. All of the 14 signatories wanted negotiations in

1691:. Kachin regular soldiers previously formed a significant part of the Myanmar Army; however, after Ne Win's regime seized power in 1962, many Kachin soldiers defected from the military and reorganised with already active Kachin insurgents to form the Kachin Independence Army (KIA), under the 2686:

was held from 31 August to 4 September 2016 with several different organisations as representatives, in an attempt to mediate between the government and different insurgent groups. Talks ended without any agreement being reached. The name of the conference was a reference to the original

2203:(KKY) program, which recruited ethnic armies to combat communist insurgents, and in return, they would be permitted to engage in cross-border trade on their own terms. This led to many units of the SSA defecting to the KKY militias. The SSA also worked with opium warlords such as 1718:

Clashes between the KIA and the Tatmadaw in 2012 resulted in around 2,500 casualties (both civilian and military), 211 of whom were government soldiers. The violence resulted in the displacement of nearly 100,000 civilians and the complete or partial abandonment of 364 villages.

1989:(BGP) were killed and nine others were injured, while 40 firearms and more than 10,000 rounds of ammunition were looted. The Arakan Army later stated that it had captured nine BGP personnel and five civilians, and that three of its fighters were also killed in the attacks. 2168:), meaning "brave young warriors". In 1960, the movement suffered an internal split between the "rough and uneducated" Saw Yanda and a group of young intellectuals, and the latter subsequently formed the Shan State Independence Army (SSIA). Aside from the remnants of the 2441:

In 2016, China pledged to support Myanmar's peace process by encouraging China-friendly insurgent groups to attend peace talks with the Burmese government and by sending more soldiers to secure its border with Myanmar. China also offered $ 3 million

2081:. Between 1949 and 1954, the Burmese military launched several operations in order to regain control of the region. By the end of the 1950s, the mujahideen had lost most of their momentum and support, and most of their fighters had surrendered by 1961. 2593:

Vietnam has also been a vocal supporter of modernisation efforts by Myanmar's military, providing them with ammunition and military hardware. Burmese military officials have also toured Vietnam to receive military advice from their counterparts in the

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the SSA in 1969, but was later released to Thailand, where he built an army near the Burmese border and became the dominant opium warlord in the Golden Triangle. After being expelled by the Thai Army in 1982, Khun Sa returned to Burma and formed the

1820:(formerly Karen State) in eastern Myanmar are the third largest ethnic group in Myanmar, consisting of roughly 7% of the country's total population. Karen insurgent groups have fought for independence and self-determination since 1949. In 1949, the 7288: 1978:(ALA), continue to fight against the government, though major violence has been rare since political reforms and peace talks. The Arakan Army, founded in 2009, is currently the largest insurgent group in Rakhine State, with around 7,000 fighters. 4759: 2889:

in 2012, according to Refugee International. UNICEF has reported that living conditions in Rohingya refugee camps in Rakhine State are "wholly inadequate" and lacks access to basic services. In October 2017, there were an estimated 947,000

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before leaving in 1986 and joining the Karen National Liberation Army as a mercenary. Everett fought alongside the KNLA under the alias "Steve" and trained insurgents, helping them improve their marksmanship and teaching them how to use

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Frustrated by a decade of fruitless negotiations, a group of 39 Shan led by Saw Yanda (a Shan from Yunnan, China; also known as Chao Noi, Sao Noi, and Saw Yanna) formed an armed resistance movement on 21 May 1958. It became known as the

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with hunting rifles and homemade firearms. Several insurgent groups, notably the Kachin Independence Army and the Karen National Liberation Army, have also resumed or escalated their attacks against the Tatmadaw in response to the coup.

2024:) have fled across the border into Bangladesh. Civilian casualties, arbitrary beatings and detentions of ethnic Rakhines, forced seizures of property, and blockage of food aid and medical relief by the Tatmadaw have also been reported. 7208: 2618:. To fund his time with the KNLA, Everett perpetrated several robberies in Australia with the help of accomplices and took piloting lessons so he could smuggle weapons into Myanmar. Everett returned to Australia a year later in 1987. 2957:

arson, extortion, destruction of property, forced labour, rape, murder, and forced disappearances. The mission called for an investigation into and the prosecution of military leaders, in particular commander-in-chief Senior General

7314: 8225:Čavoški, Jovan. Arming Nonalignment: Yugoslavia's Relations with Burma and the Cold War in Asia (1950–1955). Washington, D.C.: Cold War International History Project, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2010. Print. 7182: 7937: 7721: 5440: 2486:. Pakistan agreed to cease aid to the mujahideen and arrest members of the group. In 1954, mujahid leader Mir Kassem was arrested by Pakistani authorities, and many of his followers later surrendered to the Burmese government. 1706:

Ceasefire agreements have been signed between the KIA and the government several times; most notably a ceasefire signed in 1994, that lasted for 17 years until June 2011, when government forces attacked KIA positions along the

1085:, over 3,000 people were killed in the demonstrations. Despite its violent suppression of the 8888 Uprising, the new military junta agreed to ceasefire agreements with certain insurgent groups after the demonstrations ceased. 2327:

From the 1960s to 1989, the Kokang area in northern Shan state was controlled by the Communist Party of Burma, and after the party's armed wing disbanded in 1989 it became a special region of Myanmar under the control of the

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has adopted twenty-five different resolutions regarding Myanmar's government, condemning previous military juntas for their systematic violations of human rights and lack of political freedom. In 2009 they urged the then

6334: 4683: 7967: 5262: 2269:. The SSA-S has since become one of the largest Shan insurgent groups in Myanmar, and has around 8,000 soldiers as of 2016. Yawd Serk lead the group until his retirement on 2 February 2014. Its political wing is the 2104:, periodically occurring as a result. Despite making up the majority of the population in the three northern townships of Rakhine State, the Rohingyas are frequently the targets of religiously motivated attacks. The 4471: 2351:

The MNDAA resumed its fight against the Tatmadaw in response to the 2021 coup d'état. The MNDAA and Ta'ang National Liberation Army (TNLA) have carried out several joint attacks against the Tatmadaw in Shan State.

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In October 2015, the Tatmadaw launched a military offensive to seize territory granted to the SSA-N under a previous ceasefire. The Tatmadaw used heavy artillery and airstrikes, displacing thousands of civilians.

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retrieved 12 September 2017. Quote "Accounts from refugees show the military is also targeting civilians with shootings and wholesale burning of Rohingya villages in an apparent attempt to purge Rakhine state of

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Ne Win's military junta turned increasingly hostile towards the Rohingyas. The authorities launched large-scale military operations in order to expel insurgents and so-called "foreigners" from Arakan, such as

8727: 7665:, p. 429: "The CPB developed into the single strongest and most powerful of Burma's numerous guerrilla groups with an approximate strength of 10,000–14,000 soldiers, fully armed and equipped by Beijing." 7875: 833:

was reached between them. The agreement promised full autonomy for the areas inhabited by the three ethnic minorities, with an option to secede from Burma ten years after independence. However, Aung San was

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The conflict has also resulted in the displacement of a large number of civilians, many of whom have fled to neighbouring countries such as Thailand, China, India, and Bangladesh. The persecution of

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The People's Republic of China has long been accused of having a multifaceted role in the conflict, given its close relations with both the Myanmar government and insurgent groups active along the

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which would draft a new constitution. The NLD won a supermajority of the seats, but the military junta, surprised by the outcome, refused to recognise the results and placed Aung San Suu Kyi under

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Both immediately after the coup and again in 1972, Ne Win held peace talks with several insurgent groups, but both times they fell apart. This was partly due to Ne Win's refusal to adopt a federal

6511: 2250:(SSNA). The Mong Tai Army was quickly disbanded after the mass desertion, and Khun Sa himself surrendered to the government in 1996. He was allowed to retire in Yangon and keep his large fortune. 1381:, killing 15. Further clashes occurred in the following days, with Myanmar's military warning there could be a "full-scale war" in Shan State if the Northern Alliance did not halt their attacks. 7781: 5232: 3938: 7265: 4933: 2878:

Over the course of the conflict, government officials in Myanmar have been accused of forcefully removing civilians living in conflict areas and confiscating their property, to repurpose them

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during the 1960s and 1970s. After the CPB's armed wing agreed to disarm in 1988, China was accused by Myanmar of continuing to support insurgent groups operating along its border, such as the

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Rohingya civilians rather than insurgents. Following the violence, 200,000 civilians remained trapped in the region without adequate access to markets, livelihoods, services and medical care.

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In 1995, the main headquarters and operating bases of the KNU were mostly destroyed or captured by the government, forcing the KNLA to operate from the jungles of Kayin State. Until 1995, the

6541: 5057: 4409: 1068:(BSPP). The protests quickly spread across the country, and the BSPP government was eventually pressured into adopting a multi-party system. However, the BSPP government was overthrown in a 8086: 4793: 6481: 5120: 8359: 7212: 6893: 6753: 2108:

did not recognise the Rohingyas as an ethnic group which is native to Myanmar. As a result, the Rohingyas cannot apply for Burmese citizenship and few laws exist to protect their rights.

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The conflict escalated following the 2021 military coup, with the civilian-led Karenni People's Defence Force (KPDF) opening up a new front in northern Kayah State. After Tatmadaw troops

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in northern Arakan (present-day Rakhine State). In 1950, the Pakistani government warned their Burmese counterparts about their treatment of Muslims. In response, Burmese Prime Minister

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and the SSIA, there was also the Shan National United Front (SNUF), which operated primarily in southern Shan State. The SSIA, the SNUF, and the Kokang Force (a local army consisting of

794:, a group of young Burmese intellectuals left for Japan to receive military training in preparation for an anti-colonial struggle against the British. This group came to be known as the 9983: 7318: 1924:(MNLA) has been fighting government forces since 1949. It signed the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement in 2015 and has had minor skirmishes with the Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA). 455: 7929: 7713: 6953: 5436: 4709: 915:

Initially there was calm during the transitional period after independence, but on 2 April 1948, the CPB fired the first shots of the conflict in Paukkongyi, Pegu Region (present-day

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on 7 January 2019, and instructed the Defence Ministry to increase troop deployments in the areas that were attacked and to use aircraft if necessary. Subsequent clashes between the

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for six ethnic minority groups. In November 2014, the NLD attempted to make amendments to the constitution, in response to a clause that made Aung San Suu Kyi ineligible to become

5465: 4614: 6077: 2915: 1016:. After negotiations failed, defectors from the Tatmadaw and ethnic insurgents walked back to their bases, with headlines across Myanmar famously reading "They have gone back" ( 8299: 8269: 6691: 6327: 1981:

On 4 January 2019, around 300 Arakan Army insurgents launched pre-dawn attacks on four border police outposts—Kyaung Taung, Nga Myin Taw, Ka Htee La and Kone Myint—in northern

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and other ethnic minorities after the 1962 coup led to the expulsion of nearly 300,000 people. The UN estimated that between 1996 and 2006, around 1 million people were

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on 11 November 2019. Myanmar State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi defended her country's military generals against accusations of genocide in public hearings in December 2019.

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Authorities in Myanmar claimed that around 350 people were killed, while opposition groups claimed thousands died in the protests at the hands of the military. According to

8550: 6726: 4850: 4467: 13103: 8697: 5708: 4964: 9325: 5883: 5292: 4552: 6395: 1001:. The CPB's imitation of their Chinese allies was perceived by many Burmese as an attempt by China to intrude into Burmese affairs, a sentiment which led to the violent 8812: 8329: 7470: 6243: 4591: 1893:, resulting in the displacement of 2,000 people. On 17 May 2018, the Tatmadaw agreed to "temporarily postpone" their road project and to withdraw troops from the area. 6365: 3595:, p. 155: "In the mid-1960s, an internecine 'Cultural Revolution' saw the party take a dogmatic turn towards Maoism, which was modeled on developments in China." 6455: 5739: 4736: 8719: 7687: 7591: 5150: 2446:

to fund the negotiations. However, the Burmese government has expressed suspicion over China's involvement in the peace process, due to China's alleged links to the

7867: 6860: 6834: 5672: 5576: 4083: 12214: 9355: 6601: 4282: 9276:"UN General Assembly Resolution: Time for Concrete Action" (Press release). International Federation for Human Rights. 20 November 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2010. 8666: 8116: 7417: 11955: 7994: 6273: 2789:

reported that Myanmar's military junta sentenced four men to death after closed trials that fell far short of international standards. The men put to death were

8974: 8030: 7812: 5314: 4309: 3477: 2265:(SSA-S) on 26 January 1996. He then recruited roughly a thousand more soldiers before returning to southern Shan State to establish the group's headquarters in 1904:, which forms Myanmar's border with Thailand. The Tatmadaw later retaliated with airstrikes on KNU positions. There were no casualties reported by either side. 8243:

NARA, RG 59, 690B.9321/12-2253, Memorandum of Conversation between General Ne Win and the Army and Air Attachés of the U.S. Embassy in Burma, 22 December 1953.

7906: 7653:, p. 385: "From the mid-1960s until Mao's death, China's extensive support for the CPB heralded a more extensive militarisation of the state's opponents." 7617: 6623: 5829: 5027: 1760:. The Karenni Army and Tatmadaw have fought in the region ever since, apart from a brief three-month ceasefire in 1995. Rivals to the KNPP include the leftist 349: 6166: 5079: 6661: 5202: 1123:

After voiding the results of the 1990 election, the military junta consolidated its rule over Myanmar. The SLORC was abolished in 1997 and replaced with the

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Following Burma's independence from the United Kingdom on 4 January 1948, the two largest opposition groups in the country were the communists, led by the

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have since sent workers and medical support to the refugees. As of 2014, an estimated 600,000 to 1 million people remain internally displaced in Myanmar.

1311:, killing nine border officers. This prompted the Tatmadaw to begin massive "clearance operations" in northern Rakhine State, which intensified following 12765: 11712: 7386: 6503: 2894:. The Rohingya people have been described by the United Nations as "among the world's least wanted" and "one of the world's most persecuted minorities." 2096:

The legal and political rights of the Rohingya people have been an underlying issue during the conflict, with spontaneous bouts of violence, such as the

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NARA, RG 59, 690B.9321/12-2253, Memorandum of Conversation between Ne Win and the Army and Air Attachés of the U.S. Embassy in Burma, 22 December 1953.

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in northern Shan State. The group signed a ceasefire agreement with the government in 1989, the same year it was founded, which lasted for two decades

1293: 1285: 381: 6137: 3960: 3930: 3330: 1538:, to protect its supporters from military junta attacks and as a first step towards a Federal Union Army. It clashed with the Tatmadaw in the town of 11244: 4929: 6533: 11826: 5049: 4445: 4401: 2911: 1695:(KIO). Religious tensions have also been a source of conflict, as Kachin people have historically been predominantly Christian, while the majority 1316: 8413: 8078: 4789: 4135: 3712: 12946: 7447: 6477: 5112: 3361: 1828:, an ethnic Karen, was fired because of the rise of Karen opposition groups, which furthered ethnic tensions. He was replaced by Ne Win, a Bamar 1647: 7845: 6889: 6749: 5414: 13128: 12554: 11885: 11734: 10058: 10038: 9606: 9294: 8606: 8351: 8161: 6188: 6107: 4989: 4244: 3223: 2848: 2329: 1843:, using civilians as slave labour, using civilians as minesweepers and the rape and murder of Karen women. According to a report by legal firm 1461:, became the head of state. Aung San Suu Kyi and several other senior members of her government were arrested by the military during the coup. 751:, took up arms against the government. Ne Win's regime faced internal dissent and growing insurgencies throughout his rule, culminating in the 604: 274: 264: 121: 9955: 5992: 2211:. Internal divisions resulted in the SSA fracturing into many factions, and it collapsed in mid-1976. The SSPP later formed the pro-communist 770:, which deposed the civilian government and led to widespread protests and renewed insurgencies, particularly in ethnic minority regions like 10260: 8902: 6046: 4021: 1765: 291: 7099: 6945: 4705: 2663:

A number of insurgent groups have negotiated ceasefires and peace agreements with successive governments, but most have since fallen apart.

2188:(queen consort) of Yawnghwe, was elected chairperson of its political wing, the Shan State War Council (SSWC). The SSWC was replaced by the 1778:

several villages in the region, KPDF fighters launched an offensive against the Tatmadaw, seizing and destroying several military outposts.

11836: 11642: 11249: 5627: 4052: 3119: 2733:, using civilians as slave labour, using civilians as minesweepers, and using civilians as sex slaves. According to a report by legal firm 1933: 1916:

have sought self-determination since Myanmar gained independence in 1948, initially under the Mon People's Front and from 1962 through the

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The Communist Party of Burma rearmed itself and announced the creation of its new armed wing, the People's Liberation Army, in late 2021.

11948: 11184: 9348:"OHCHR | Myanmar: UN Fact-Finding Mission releases its full account of massive violations by military in Rakhine, Kachin and Shan States" 9211: 9079:"About 75,000 Rohingyas in Myanmar camps: Refugee International". The Hindu (Chennai, India). 29 September 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2013. 8964:

Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Burma, Paulo Sergio Pinheiro, 12 February 2007

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due to the slow and uneasy support from the United States and the United Kingdom. The two nations became very close as a result, and the

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on 25 November 2016 and maintained control of it until they withdrew from the town on 4 December 2016 to avoid civilian casualties from

926:, governed by the Karen people. The proposed state would have encompassed the territories of Karen State and Karenni State (present-day 12454: 12052: 11582: 11303: 7073: 4622: 720:, switching allegiance to the Allies in mid-1944. Post-war negotiations led to Burma's independence in 1948, but tensions arose as the 342: 6069: 5601: 1312: 1260:". The draft was agreed upon by a majority of the invited parties on 31 March 2015, and the agreement was signed by Burmese president 12062: 11994: 8291: 8265: 8171: 6683: 2431: 1474: 1343: 1168: 9149: 7556: 6296: 6015: 4872: 1091:

emerged from the 8888 Uprising as a symbol of Myanmar's pro-democracy movement, leading the country's largest opposition party, the

12745: 11072: 10471: 10322: 9247: 9049: 8628: 5352: 4214: 2559: 1031: 151: 8523: 8382: 2344:, when government troops entered MNDAA territory in an attempt to stop the flow of drugs through the area. Violence erupted again 2123:

On 9 October 2016, unidentified insurgents attacked three Burmese border posts along Myanmar's border with Bangladesh, starting a

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On 12 March 1988, students began demonstrating in Rangoon (present-day Yangon) against the totalitarian rule of Ne Win and his

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In June 2019, Tatmadaw troops, in coordination with the Indian Army, carried out operations against the NSCN headquarters in

1542:

on 23 May, killing at least 13 members of Myanmar's security forces. Members of the Karenni People's Defence Force (KPDF) in

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Democratic Voice of Burma: Level of suffering in Arakan 'never seen before': UN. (18 June 2014). Retrieved 10 November 2014.

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Following the attacks, the Office of the President of Myanmar held a high-level meeting on national security in the capital

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The KNU resumed its fight against the Myanmar government following the 2021 military coup. On 27 April 2021, KNU insurgents

13123: 12887: 12678: 12533: 12489: 12331: 11719: 11617: 11522: 11163: 10697: 10506: 7152: 6447: 5731: 4732: 3687: 3195: 1897: 1509: 1390: 1183: 443: 426: 203: 31: 9381: 7691: 7587: 7534: 5176: 5142: 13113: 12997: 12370: 11913: 11741: 11259: 11179: 11109: 11065: 10616: 10501: 10481: 9106: 6857: 6830: 6783: 4375: 4342: 4075: 2926: 2779: 1535: 1394: 1124: 1073: 1047: 977:"They have gone back": Members of the CPB's delegation to the failed 1963 peace talks, returning to their bases by foot, 759: 739:

led a coup, establishing a military junta and refusing to adopt a federal system, leading to increased insurgencies. The

724:

promising autonomy to ethnic minorities, was not honored after Aung San's assassination. This period saw the rise of the

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Following the uprising, the military established the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC), later renamed the

13118: 12484: 12396: 11517: 11353: 11124: 10719: 10570: 10278: 9938: 8928: 8658: 8108: 3074: 2797:, Hla Myo Aung and Aung Thura Zaw. These executions followed grossly unjust and politically motivated military trials. 2302: 1749: 1513: 1347: 694: 674: 609: 8505:

Nai, A. (3 September 2014). Democratic Voice of Burma: UNFC opens 2 top positions for KNU. Retrieved 10 November 2014.

7990: 6265: 4076:"Landler, M. (14 November 2014). Obama and Aung San Suu Kyi Meet Again, With Battle Scars. Retrieved 24 November 2014" 2871:. Approximately 62% of the refugee population consisted of displaced Karen people. Humanitarian organisations such as 1292:

After the end of political reforms in 2015, the government began hosting a number of peace conferences, including the

1130:

In the 1990s, the Tatmadaw severely weakened ethnic insurgent groups, destroying most of their bases and strongholds.

12951: 12918: 12712: 12406: 12354: 12269: 11702: 11654: 11572: 9781: 9743: 9533: 9481: 9421: 8026: 7804: 4305: 3485: 3299: 3028: 2764: 2270: 2220: 1839:" tactics against Karen civilians in the past, including (but not limited to) burning down entire villages, planting 1023: 565: 7898: 7613: 5019: 3056:

The government of Myanmar refers to all insurgent groups as "ethnic armed organisations", including groups like the

2586:

Despite Serbia signing a non-binding UN resolution calling for the cessation of arms sales to Myanmar following the

1508:

Seven signatories of the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement announced on 4 April 2021 that they had decided to join the

1304: 12854: 12783: 12755: 12477: 12472: 12467: 12224: 12219: 12094: 11577: 11271: 11254: 11156: 10828: 10235: 10192:"Drugs, insurgency and state-building in Burma: Why the drugs trade is central to Burma's changing political order" 10174: 6162: 3819: 3163: 3018: 2879: 2547:, which involved supplying them with non-lethal aid via Thailand until 1953, when they airlifted 7,000 soldiers to 1692: 1636: 1563: 1002: 538: 298: 10121: 6653: 5919:

Phan, Zoya and Damien Lewis. Undaunted: My Struggle for Freedom and Survival in Burma. New York: Free Press, 2010.

5198: 13083: 12656: 12082: 12014: 11550: 11088: 10823: 9885: 7960:"Myanmar Army hands over 22 'Most Wanted Militants' from Northeast India, including top UNLF and NDFB commanders" 4902: 3268: 2891: 2738: 2590:, hundreds of Serbian-made 80 mm rockets were sent from Belgrade to Yangon less than a week after the coup. 1848: 1065: 110: 17: 6968: 5773: 5662:

Lanjouw, S., Mortimer, G., & Bamforth, V. (2000). Internal Displacement in Burma. Disasters, 24(3), 228–239.

3904: 1866:(KNLA) was to create independent state for the Karen people. However, since 1976 they have instead called for a 1612:

In 1960, the Chin Liberation Army was founded by Tun Kho Pum Baite to unify the Chin-inhabited areas, while the

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Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952–1954, East Asia and the Pacific, Volume XII, Part II, pp. 194–195.

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became the primary arms supplier for the Burmese government beginning in 1952, when the Burmese reached out to

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to take urgent measures to end violations of international human rights and humanitarian laws in the country.

2587: 2199:(CPB), which had long been active along Burma's border with China. During the 1960s, the Burma Army began the 2054:

Rohingya insurgents have been fighting against local government forces and other insurgent groups in northern

1454: 959: 526: 521: 516: 13138: 12021: 11758: 11545: 11341: 11321: 10762: 10707: 10550: 10015: 8847: 7352: 7121: 5508: 4494: 2622: 2459: 2337: 2310: 1771:

The Karenni Army is currently led by General Bee Htoo, and consists of roughly between 500 and 1,500 troops.

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flared up in various cities across Myanmar. The violence coincided with the rise of the Buddhist nationalist

1231: 1207: 1096: 1092: 860: 499: 376: 2398:. The Burmese government has accused their Chinese counterpart of heavily supporting Wa State and the UWSA. 13088: 12972: 12673: 11264: 10838: 10782: 10690: 10651: 10636: 10590: 10565: 10461: 10436: 10315: 6129: 3964: 3322: 2962: 2859: 2610: 1921: 1466: 582: 187: 30:"Myanmar civil war" redirects here. For the escalation in the conflict following the 2021 coup d'état, see 1672:

Cadets of the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) preparing for military drills at the group's headquarters in

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shortly afterwards, and the Panglong Agreement was not honoured by the post-independence government under

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Karenni Army (KA) (Myanmar), GROUPS – ASIA – ACTIVE, Jane's World Insurgency and Terrorism, 13 March 2012

4435: 3546: 3023: 2626: 2595: 2536: 2528: 2498: 2483: 2447: 2274: 2262: 2212: 1878: 1797: 1651: 1439: 1327: 1278: 993:" after failed peace talks with Ne Win's government in 1963. The CPB maintained close relations with the 1516:

and the Karen National Union. Some of the groups have resumed hostilities towards the junta government.

13042: 12728: 12651: 12607: 12242: 12178: 11770: 11438: 11370: 11281: 11216: 10976: 10863: 8427: 3716: 2713: 2490: 2105: 1971: 1335: 479: 223: 7439: 7238: 4143: 3353: 2759:, despite the fact that the government of Myanmar and seven insurgent groups signed an agreement with 1620:(CNF) was formed in 1988. It signed a ceasefire agreement with the Chin State government in 2012. The 12602: 12380: 12375: 12349: 12089: 11968: 11676: 11407: 10714: 10575: 10560: 10535: 7930:"A complex history and layered present: What determines India's response to military rule in Myanmar" 7835: 5437:"A complex history and layered present: What determines India's response to military rule in Myanmar" 5406: 2567: 2366: 2189: 1964: 1006: 802:(BIA) to fight against the Allies. Upon their capture of Rangoon in 1942, the Japanese established a 10065: 10027: 9286: 6099: 1140:

In 2007, hundreds of thousands of monks protested against the military junta's rule, and called for

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was, however, not honoured by the post-independence government following Aung San's assassination.

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Revolution As Development: The Karen Self-Determination Struggle Against Ethnocracy from 1949–2004

8894: 8880: 6042: 5624:"KIA claims 211 Tatmadaw soldiers have died in two months of fighting in Hpakant, 10 October 2012" 4017: 1683:

are a major ethnic minority in Myanmar who mainly inhabit the mountainous northern regions of the

1469:(SAC), the release of those arrested in the coup, and the restoration of the civilian government. 1133:

In 2006, the Tatmadaw launched a large-scale military offensive against the KNU's armed wing, the

1076:(SLORC) and violently cracked down on protesters, ending all demonstrations by 21 September 1988. 985:

Many insurgent groups, communist and ethnonationalist alike, became increasingly receptive of the

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Soldiers and Diplomacy in Burma: Explaining the Foreign Relations of the Burmese Praetorian State

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fought against government forces in an attempt to secede and annex Rohingya-inhabited regions to

1960: 1632: 1215: 1039: 994: 864: 799: 709: 469: 8602: 3123: 2782:, a former rebel faction. When God's Army was formed in 1997, the pair were just ten-years-old. 1480:

One of the first instances of armed resistance by protesters occurred in and around the town of

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followed, with demonstrators demanding the resignation of Min Aung Hlaing and the newly created

954:

After three successive parliamentary governments governed Myanmar, the Tatmadaw, led by General

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392 Rohingya villages were burned to the ground. The report also highlighted the conviction of

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from seven countries: China, India, Israel, North Korea, the Philippines, Russia, and Ukraine.

2021: 1975: 1874: 1520: 1500: 1435: 1227: 1203: 1157: 690: 543: 396: 6978: 4820: 4653: 4195: 2949:

and were subsequently imprisoned; the journalists have since been released and awarded a 2019

1156:. The protest originally began in response to the government's removal of price subsidies for 12838: 12833: 12549: 12295: 12115: 11326: 10911: 10891: 10626: 10456: 10369: 9070:

2014 UNHCR country operations profile – Myanmar. (1 January 2014). Retrieved 8 November 2014.

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One of the most notable cases in which child soldiers were used in Myanmar was that of twins

2692: 2650: 2634: 2383: 2345: 2298: 2287: 2086: 1624:(KNA) was also founded in 1988 with the goal of creating Kuki autonomy in Myanmar and India. 1462: 1268: 698: 686: 599: 421: 409: 7077: 5080:"Myanmar Military Suffers Heavy Casualties in Attacks by Ethnic Armed Group in Kachin State" 2729:" tactics against civilians. The accusations include burning down entire villages, planting 12120: 10981: 10843: 10818: 10777: 10702: 10663: 10631: 10518: 10429: 5597: 2443: 2427: 2387: 2341: 2116: 1859: 1761: 1235: 1100: 909: 729: 462: 404: 4136:"Myanmar's Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement - Institute for Security and Development Policy" 2020:, forcing out over 5,000 civilians from their homes, hundreds of whom (mostly Rakhine and 1534:

On 5 May 2021, the National Unity Government declared the formation of an armed wing, the

1190:, resulting in nearly 10,000 refugees fleeing to Thailand to escape the violent conflict. 1046:

resulted in the BSPP and Ne Win being ousted and replaced with a new military regime, the

8: 13143: 12188: 12151: 12099: 11890: 11664: 11587: 11567: 11536: 10991: 10848: 10604: 10580: 10414: 9141: 8418: 6869: 5255:"Myanmar: 13 security forces members killed in clash with anti-coup bloc's defence force" 3038: 3033: 2921: 2864: 2809: 2718: 2688: 2532: 2181: 2090: 2067: 2013: 2005: 1986: 1982: 1917: 1613: 998: 868: 766:(ARSA) in the 2010s. The situation escalated further with the 2021 military coup, led by 9255: 9045: 8515: 2111: 1722:

Government forces attacked the Kachin Independence Army's headquarters near the city of

1418:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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U Nu, U Nu: Saturday's Son, (New Haven and London: Yale University Press) 1975, p. 272.

5494:

Fuller, T. (4 April 2013). "Ethnic Rifts Strain Myanmar as It Moves Toward Democracy".

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with the speed of the Burmese–Yugoslav cooperation, and travelled to Belgrade in 1953.

2471: 2059: 2017: 1821: 1621: 1617: 1524: 1493: 1378: 1223: 1153: 1149: 1013: 830: 721: 682: 553: 10001:"The Burmese Communist Party and the State-to-State Relations between China and Burma" 8572: 5541: 3986: 3780: 1726:

on 19 November 2014, killing at least 22 KIA insurgents, according to the government.

1477:(CRPH), has proposed the formation of a "federal armed force" to combat the military. 55:

Military situation in Myanmar as of 12 August 2024. Areas controlled by the

13057: 12977: 12326: 12183: 11875: 11692: 11647: 11496: 11448: 11417: 11114: 11035: 10941: 10916: 10833: 10389: 10274: 10211: 10158: 10117: 10097: 9979: 9934: 9922: 9881: 9861: 9817: 9796: 9777: 9758: 9739: 9720: 9699: 9678: 9659: 9638: 9619: 9586: 9567: 9548: 9529: 9498: 9477: 9438: 9417: 8875: 6995: 6297:"Rakhine Insurgents Kill 13 Policemen, Injure Nine Others in Myanmar Outpost Attacks" 2519:

support going through Thailand after they signed a major economic deal with Myanmar.

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civilians had been killed and several Chinese-owned businesses had been burned down.

939: 923: 587: 416: 10231: 5811: 4245:"Peace process convention — 21st Century Panglong (Fourth Meeting), to move forward" 2261:(SURA) led 800 soldiers under his command to central Shan State and established the 1453:

On the early morning of 1 February 2021, the civilian government led by the NLD was

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in northern Rakhine State. According to government officials in the border town of

2063: 1852: 1733: 1580: 1442: 1320: 1281: 1088: 650: 484: 320: 11933: 4873:"Foreigners, Migrant Workers Evacuated From Conflict Zone in Myanmar's Shan State" 4495:"Rohingya violence a 'textbook example of ethnic cleansing,' UN rights chief says" 1256:

In early 2015, the Burmese government invited 15 insurgent groups to negotiate a "

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The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia: CIA Complicity in the Global Drug Trade

9653: 9492: 9432: 7868:"India and Myanmar forces coordinate to destroy NE insurgent camps across border" 6875: 6864: 6843: 6838: 6196: 3756: 2958: 2886: 2855: 2840: 2763:

in 2012, promising not to exploit children for military and political gains. The

2458:

India and Myanmar share a strategic military relationship due to the overlapping

2177: 1952: 1890: 1801: 1663: 1458: 1446: 1145: 1027: 990: 938:(Outer Myanmar). The KNU has since shifted their focus from full independence to 835: 795: 767: 705: 670: 474: 386: 235: 7160: 3676: 762:(SPDC). The SPDC faced insurgencies and civil unrest, including the rise of the 12892: 12740: 12683: 12316: 12285: 11724: 11707: 11671: 11632: 11199: 11194: 11139: 11040: 10906: 10881: 10451: 10404: 10379: 9902: 9377: 9287:"OHCHR | Myanmar FFM Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar" 9098: 8325: 7526: 6775: 5172: 4468:"Aung San Suu Kyi To Skip U.N. Meeting As Criticism Over Rohingya Crisis Grows" 4367: 4334: 3738: 3245: 2995: 2950: 2756: 2726: 2659:"Stop Civil War in Myanmar" – graffiti on a wall in Yangon, 2014 2173: 1955:

ethnic minorities have fought against the government for self-determination in

1944: 1870:

with fair Karen representation and the self-determination of the Karen people.

1836: 1787: 1775: 1757: 1485: 1377:

On 15 August 2019, Northern Alliance insurgents attacked a military college in

1359: 1351: 1035: 963: 807: 717: 623: 448: 391: 10207: 9971: 9918: 8749: 6824: 4930:"Myanmar Coup: With Aung San Suu Kyi Detained, Military Takes Over Government" 3219: 1881:, but soon stopped its support due to a new major economic deal with Myanmar. 810:, and reorganised the BIA as its armed forces, the Burma National Army (BNA). 701:. It is the world's longest ongoing civil war, spanning almost eight decades. 13072: 13037: 12987: 12419: 11918: 11729: 11627: 11293: 11204: 11151: 10931: 10476: 10409: 10394: 10384: 10215: 10162: 10101: 9926: 9865: 9545:

The Secret Army: Chiang Kai-shek and the Drug Warlords of the Golden Triangle

9174: 6721: 5345:"Communist Party of Burma declares People's War against the junta government" 4196:"Myanmar's Panglong peace conference concludes with signing Union Accord III" 2825: 2655: 2615: 2580: 2333: 2243: 2078: 2055: 1956: 1901: 1680: 1559:

estimated that 11,000 people had been killed from February to December 2021.

1539: 1141: 1081: 1059: 1043: 822: 752: 548: 438: 240: 9791:

Tan, Andrew T. H.; Islam, Syed Serajul (2007). "State Terrorism in Arakan".

8924: 4990:"As slaughter of civilians continues, some decide it's time to take up arms" 10886: 10767: 9318:"Staff of Reuters, with notable contributions from Wa Lone and Kyaw Soe Oo" 8759: 8027:"Rohingya militants in Rakhine have Saudi, Pakistan links, think tank says" 6851: 6654:"လူ့အခွင့်အရေးချိုးဖောက်တာတွေ ရှိတယ်ဆိုတဲ့ စွပ်စွဲချက်ကို တပ်မတော်ငြင်းဆို" 6534:"Three Villagers Shot Dead in Fighting Between Gov't, AA Troops in Rakhine" 5225:"Myanmar rebels claim police killings as Aung San Suu Kyi appears in court" 2813: 2641:

have also been reported fighting alongside insurgents as recently as 2012.

2606: 2379: 2277:, and signed a ceasefire agreement with the government on 2 December 2011. 2266: 2224: 2204: 1997: 1886: 1813: 1756:, was established shortly after to fight for the self-determination of the 1753: 1732:

became the KIO's chairman and the KIA's second-in-command in January 2018.

1708: 1696: 1688: 1684: 1584: 1489: 1246: 1104: 843: 803: 791: 771: 658: 11057: 8079:"As Rohingya deepens, Bangladesh fears Pakistan's ISI will foment trouble" 6684:"Concern Mounts for IDPs in Northern Rakhine as Army Blocks Aid Shipments" 5577:"Myanmar: Figure Analysis – Displacement Related to Conflict and Violence" 3159:"Myanmar's Military Is Smaller Than Commonly Thought — and Shrinking Fast" 1768:(KNPLF), both of whom signed ceasefires with the government in the 1990s. 1226:

being released, including Aung San Suu Kyi. The 2008 constitution created

13052: 13047: 11119: 10446: 9212:"Report of the independent international fact-finding mission on Myanmar" 8423: 5934:"Threat to the Peace: A Call for the UN Security Council to Act in Burma" 3291: 2942: 2794: 2768: 2435: 2394:

in May 1989 and has since governed parts of Shan State as the autonomous

2280:

The Tatmadaw launched a military offensive named Operation Perseverance (

2148: 1948: 1829: 1817: 1805: 1745: 1729: 1602: 1598: 1590: 1543: 970:, in response to the new government's refusal to adopt a federal system. 935: 931: 927: 916: 826: 818: 779: 775: 10223: 10191: 10170: 10138: 9473: 9414:

A History of Myanmar Since Ancient Times: Traditions and Transformations

8720:"Myanmar's Panglong Peace Conference to Include All Armed Ethnic Groups" 6916:"Erasing the Rohingya: Myanmar's moves could mean refugees never return" 5673:"Kachin Women's Association Thailand – State terror in the Kachin hills" 5642:"Daily Times – Latest Pakistan News, World, Business, Sports, Lifestyle" 4677:"Myanmar insurgents attack elite military college, other targets; 15..." 3827: 2847:

An estimated 130,000 people died in the conflict from 1948 to 2011. The

1643:(NSCN). These groups frequently cross into India via the porous border. 1198: 12077: 12009: 10109: 10077: 9873: 9841: 8455: 7333: 5466:"Armies of India, Myanmar target NE militants in coordinated operation" 3842: 3246:"Myanmar: Air strikes have become a deadly new tactic in the civil war" 2968: 2868: 2805: 2790: 2152: 2074: 1913: 1867: 1331: 1261: 1238:

if her party won an election. These amendments however, were rejected.

943: 6209:"Myanmar's Arakan Army is Recruiting and Training to Fight Government" 5966:

Lintner, Bertil (1995). "Recent Developments on Thai-Myanmar Border".

10270: 10078:"The Consequences of Negotiated Settlements in Civil Wars, 1945–1993" 10059:"Neither War Nor Peace: The Future of Cease-fire Agreements in Burma" 8292:"Israel among 7 nations faulted in UN report for arming Myanmar army" 6418:"President Convenes Top-Level Security Meeting in Wake of AA Attacks" 5941: 2749: 2734: 2730: 2375: 2254: 1993: 1844: 1840: 1825: 1606: 1367: 1267:

In Shan State, the military continued to engage the MNDAA during the

10296:

International Institute for Strategic Studies – Myanmar Conflict Map

10093: 9857: 7803:

Chang, Jennifer; Spencer, Kay; Staats, Jennifer (2 September 2016).

6448:"UN Calls for 'Rapid and Unimpeded' Aid Access to Myanmar's Rakhine" 50: 12750: 11965: 11358: 10668: 10300: 10154: 9139: 9046:"Ethnic Nationalities of Burma. (n.d.). Retrieved 23 November 2014" 8629:"Analysis: A Win for Peace Commission as Mon, Lahu Groups Sign NCA" 5315:"Myanmar carries out air strikes after militia attacks – witnesses" 4436:"At least 12 dead in Muslim insurgent attacks in northwest Myanmar" 4215:"Myanmar's Upcoming 4th Union Peace Conference: Time for a Rethink" 3924: 3922: 2817: 2696: 2638: 2563: 2395: 2361: 2253:

Refusing to surrender with Khun Sa and the MTA, Lieutenant General

2216: 2128: 2047: 1700: 1631:

in Northeast India also operate from bases in Myanmar, such as the

962:, which ousted the parliamentary government and replaced it with a 811: 713: 678: 327: 260: 56: 6624:"သရက်ပြင်ကျေးရွာအုပ်ချုပ်ရေးမှူးအပါအဝင် ၁၅ ဦးကို တပ်မတော် ဖမ်းဆီး" 6328:"Rakhine Buddhist rebels kill 13 in Independence Day attack on..." 3189:"Modern Conflicts Database: Alternative Estimates for Death Tolls" 2824:

camps in Thailand where over 700,000 refugees, asylum seekers and

2230: 1967:

continued to wage an insurgency in Rakhine State until the 1990s.

1885:

two military bases. Armed clashes erupted between the KNU and the

898:

Map of insurgent activity in Burma in 1948 (top) and 1953 (bottom)

10331: 9956:"The 1967 Anti-Chinese Riots in Burma and Sino-Burmese Relations" 9901:

Christensen, Darin; Nguyen, Mai; Sexton, Renard (12 March 2019).

9494:

Reconstructing Conflict: Integrating War and Post-war Geographies

8246: 6858:"Hundreds dead in Myanmar as the Rohingya crisis explodes again." 6070:"Tatmadaw Agrees to Halt Contentious Road Project in Karen State" 5985:"Myanmar Signs Historic Cease-Fire Deal With Eight Ethnic Armies" 4440: 2938: 2479: 2234: 2208: 1594: 1363: 1250: 1172: 817:

In the lead up to Burmese independence, Aung San negotiated with

662: 178: 98: 8383:"Vietnam-Myanmar Military Relations in Focus with Defense Visit" 7744:"China's Xi Jinping Pledges Support for Myanmar's Peace Process" 6388:"AA Frees 14 Police, 4 Women Captured in Attack on Border Posts" 3931:"Myanmar's National Ceasefire Agreement isn't all that national" 3928: 3919: 2885:

In Rakhine State, there were around 75,000 internally displaced

8975:"Fort Wayne refugees from Myanmar worried about policy changes" 7774:"China offers Myanmar support to end ethnic unrest near border" 7410:"China Urges Burma to Bridle Ethnic Militia Uprising at Border" 4957:"Protests, Anger Spreading Rapidly in the Wake of Myanmar Coup" 2760: 2548: 2540: 2423: 2322: 2219:

which broke away from the CPB at the same time established the

1744:

In 1957, pro-independence groups in Karenni State (present-day

1547: 1315:

by ARSA on 25 August 2017. The subsequent violence has sparked

1187: 1176: 1164: 1022:). Private property was confiscated by the government, and the 986: 973: 955: 736: 704:

In 1940, during World War II, Burmese intellectuals formed the

6564:"မောင်တော ရန်အောင်မြင်ရွာထဲကို လက်နက်ကြီးကျလို့ လူ၂ ဦး ဒဏ်ရာရ" 6504:"203 Buddhists from Rakhine entered Bangladesh in last 5 days" 4460: 4306:"Myanmar's military: The power Aung San Suu Kyi can't control" 3901:"Asia Unbound » Myanmar's Cease-Fire Deal Comes up Short" 3550: 2046:

A Rohingya mujahid surrenders his weapon to Brigadier-General

1566:

in a desperate effort to replenish manpower via conscription.

1264:

and the leaders of eight insurgent groups on 15 October 2015.

8195:

Vojni leksikon (Beograd: Vojnoizdavacki zavod, 1981), p. 71.

6236:"Arakan Army clashes with government forces in Rakhine state" 5649: 5173:"Myanmar: The small embattled town that stood up to the army" 5050:"Myanmar security forces attack town that resisted with arms" 4402:"Myanmar: 71 die in militant attacks on police, border posts" 3064:, which do not fight for a specific ethnic group's interests. 2965:(ICC) for genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. 2821: 2382:

announced their split from the party and the founding of the

2374:

Following the CPB's internal mutiny on 16 April 1989, ethnic

2370:

UWSA troops standing at attention during a military ceremony.

2135:(ARSA), claimed responsibility for the attacks a week later. 1963:

until its defeat by the Tatmadaw in 1978. Its successor, the

1723: 1712: 1673: 1556: 1528: 1481: 854: 10295: 8690:"Myanmar Peace Talks End With No Breakthrough but Some Hope" 8659:"NCA signing ceremony for NMSP, LDU to take place on 13 Feb" 6478:"Myanmar villagers flee to Bangladesh amid Rakhine violence" 6016:"Conflict Resumes in Karen State After Myanmar Army Returns" 5113:"Fighting erupts in Myanmar; junta to 'consider' ASEAN plan" 3427: 2195:

In northern Shan State, the SSA came into conflict with the

1445:(left) was deposed in a military coup led by Senior General 1127:(SPDC), which consisted of eleven senior military officers. 1115: 889: 878: 9734:

Smith, Martin; Christensen, Karen; Levinson, David (2002).

7234: 4790:"Ambulance driver killed in Myanmar as army battles rebels" 3512: 3456: 3454: 2916:

Foreign involvement in the Myanmar civil war (2021–present)

2800: 2475: 2434:, the latter enjoying closer ties to China due to a common 1362:, northern Shan State. The insurgents captured the town of 839: 798:, and upon returning to Burma in 1941 they established the 89:(76 years, 5 months, 4 weeks and 1 day) 9618:. Ithaca, NY: Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University. 9248:"UN General Assembly Resolutions on Burma – ALTSEAN Burma" 7714:"The MNDAA: Myanmar's crowdfunding ethnic insurgent group" 6189:

Two Arakanese communists released after 20-years in prison

5876:"Karenni resistance fighters open new front against junta" 5285:"Karenni resistance fighters open new front against junta" 5143:"MYANMAR'S MEDIATION BLUES: Negotiation or zero-sum game?" 4733:"More than a Dozen People Killed in Myanmar Rebel Attacks" 4706:"Myanmar rebels kill over a dozen in attack in Shan state" 4522:"8 killed as ethnic rebels hit Muse- DVB Multimedia Group" 4368:"Myanmar tensions: Dozens dead in Rakhine militant attack" 4045:"New self-administered areas struggle to assert authority" 3854: 1959:

since the early 1950s. The region was a stronghold of the

1323:

by the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.

846:

ethnic majority and the country's many ethnic minorities.

10035:

Burma Centre for Ethnic Studies: Peace and Reconciliation

9793:

A Handbook of Terrorism and Insurgency in South East Asia

8487: 7557:"15 Myanmar Junta Soldiers Reported Killed in Shan State" 4760:"Myanmar ethnic rebel alliance makes coordinated attacks" 3878: 3610: 3500: 3391: 3323:"Fighting in Kachin Highlights Myanmar Civil War Worries" 2493:

reported on 14 December 2016 that in interviews with the

1546:

also clashed with the Tatmadaw near the state capital of

1026:(BSPP) was founded in 1974 to govern the country under a 922:

During the post-independence period, the KNU favoured an

755:

in 1988, which was violently suppressed by the military.

693:

in 2008, armed groups continue to call for independence,

9733: 9121: 9038: 8603:"New Mon State Party and Lahu Democratic Union sign NCA" 8547:"Myanmar government and rebels agree on ceasefire draft" 8177: 7471:"Kokang enlist allies' help in fight against Burma army" 6831:"Myanmar accused of laying mines after refugee injuries" 6750:"Origin of 'most persecuted minority' statement unclear" 3592: 3451: 2755:

Both sides have also been accused of using thousands of

1457:, and the Tatmadaw's commander-in-chief, Senior General 1072:

on 18 September 1988. The military then established the

9900: 9616:

The Rise and Fall of the Communist Party of Burma (CPB)

8943: 8198: 7616:. United States Institute of Peace. 14 September 2018. 7339: 7054: 7042: 7030: 7018: 6890:"Myanmar troops open fire on civilians fleeing attacks" 4843:"Rebel Fighters Attack 2 Towns in Myanmar's Shan State" 4817:"Armed attacks escalate in Myanmar northern Shan state" 2945:, two Reuters reporters who had exposed the military's 2579:

As of 2019, Myanmar's military is supplied by fourteen

1851:, these tactics against the Karen can be identified as 1736:

retained his position as the KIA's commander-in-chief.

9637:(2nd ed.). Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books. 9583:

Democracy Movement in Myanmar: Problems and Challenges

9528:(1st ed.). Boca Raton, FL: Universal Publishers. 9221:. United Nations General Assembly. 28 September 2018. 9002:"Governance in refugee camps on the Thai/Burma border" 8322:"Serbian Rockets Sent to Myanmar Even After 2021 Coup" 8266:"7 countries still supplying arms to Myanmar military" 7440:"Myanmar Kokang Rebels Deny Receiving Chinese Weapons" 5732:"Analysis: KIO Kicks Off New Year with New Leadership" 5020:"UN envoy urges action to prevent Myanmar 'civil war'" 4646:"Burmese army recaptures Mongko- DVB Multimedia Group" 4018:"Myanmar says Kokang rebels killed 47 of its soldiers" 4016:

Mullen, Jethro; Mobasherat, Mitra (13 February 2015).

3381: 3379: 3138: 1284:

makes her opening speech at the second session of the

10026:

Keenan, Paul (January 2012). Sakhong, Lian H. (ed.).

8139:"Russia, Myanmar Sign Military Cooperation Agreement" 7668: 7632: 7588:"China's Enduring Influence over Wa State in Myanmar" 5898: 5796: 5199:"Can Myanmar's New 'People's Defense Force' Succeed?" 4615:"Air strikes reported as Shan State conflict spreads" 3866: 3524: 3292:"How to Bring Peace to the World's Longest Civil War" 3122:. Government of Myanmar. 26 July 2017. Archived from 1835:

The government of Myanmar has been accused of using "

1832:

who would later rule Myanmar as a military dictator.

1504:

Map of insurgent activity in Myanmar in December 2023

919:). At its peak, the CPB had 15,000 fighters in 1949. 10064:. Amsterdam: Transnational Institute. Archived from 9411: 9254:. Alternative Asean Network on Burma. Archived from 9026: 8516:"Burma government signs ceasefire with Karen rebels" 8475: 5856: 5844: 4903:"Myanmar army warns of full-scale war in Shan State" 3929:

Ray Pagnucco and Jennifer Peters (15 October 2015).

3848: 3574: 3073:

For the number of fighters in a specific group, see

2985: 2851:(ACLED) has recorded over 53,000 deaths since 2011. 2297:

Other ethnic armed groups in the region include the

1562:

On 10 February 2024, the SAC activated the SPDC-era

949: 13104:

Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Asia

11963: 9816:. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 9658:(2nd ed.). Brooklyn, NY: Lawrence Hill Books. 9315: 8871:"Bizarre 'God's Army' Led By Young Boys Surrenders" 8109:"Burma and Russia to Increase Military Cooperation" 7586:Sit, Ming Wai; Cheung, Tin Yau (18 November 2019). 7501:"Deadly clashes hit Kokang in Myanmar's Shan state" 6163:"Myanmar, Bangladesh leaders 'to discuss Rohingya'" 4335:"Myanmar policemen killed in Rakhine border attack" 3622: 3565: 3478:"Remembering the martyrs and their hopes for Burma" 3439: 3415: 3403: 3376: 3267:Malerba, Andre; DeCicca, Lauren (8 November 2013). 2533:

Kuomintang soldiers that fled to Myanmar from China

1855:. The government had however, denied these claims. 665:since 1948, when the country, then known as Burma, 11135:Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 10347: 9719:(1st ed.). London and New Jersey: Zed Books. 8925:"2013 UNHCR country operations profile – Thailand" 8868: 8573:"2 groups join Myanmar government's peace process" 8053:"Rohingya insurgency a 'game-changer' for Myanmar" 7899:"The Bumpy Relationship Between India and Myanmar" 7836:"Into Myanmar's Stalled Peace Process Steps China" 7802: 7656: 6776:"Rakhine unrest leaves four Myanmar soldiers dead" 6358:"Buddhist Violence Portends New Threat to Myanmar" 4584:"Ethnic Armed Groups Claim Control of Border Town" 3953: 3677:"Burma Press Summary, From Working People's Daily" 3653:(Spring 1989). Council on Foreign Relations, Inc. 3640: 3598: 3120:"Ethnic armed organisations' conference commences" 2273:. The SSA-S maintains a number of bases along the 1193: 946:with fair Karen representation in the government. 9776:. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. 9412:Aung-Thwin, Michael; Aung-Thwin, Maitrii (2012). 9378:"Suu Kyi rejects genocide claims at top UN court" 8813:"Burmese army releases 91 child soldiers: UNICEF" 7084: 6806:"Islamist fears rise in Rohingya-linked violence" 5699:"Myanmar's Kachin Rebels Say 22 Dead in Fighting" 4493:Westcott, Ben; Smith, Karen (11 September 2017). 4166:"Myanmar signs ceasefire with eight armed groups" 2880:for commercial, industrial, and military projects 2390:. The UWSA signed a ceasefire agreement with the 1473:civil war. The civilian government-in-exile, the 1110: 13070: 12713:Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency (2004–present) 12296:East Indonesia Mujahideen insurgency (2015–2022) 9675:The River of Lost Footsteps – Histories of Burma 9635:Burma in Revolt: Opium and Insurgency Since 1948 9099:"Is refugee crisis 'textbook ethnic cleansing'?" 8076: 7317:. Shanland.org. 24 February 2011. Archived from 7122:"Restoration Council of Shan State (RCSS/SSA-S)" 6989: 6987: 5961: 5959: 5107: 5105: 4928:Chappell, Bill; Diaz, Jaclyn (1 February 2021). 4015: 3895: 3893: 3778: 2912:International reactions to the Rohingya genocide 2073:Following the independence of Myanmar, Rohingya 1574: 669:from the United Kingdom. It has largely been an 12888:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (1979–present) 12679:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (1979–present) 12095:Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2004–present) 9839: 9716:Burma: Insurgency and the politics of ethnicity 9434:Making Enemies: War and State Building in Burma 8774: 7527:"Myanmar rebel clashes in Kokang leave 30 dead" 6938: 6882: 6157: 6155: 5634: 5544:. United Nations High Commission for Refugees. 4434:Lone, Wa; Slodkowski, Antoni (24 August 2017). 2721:inspects a house burnt down in an arson attack. 2510:more arms and training for Myanmar's military. 1171:to lose control of the area and forcing 30,000 743:(CPB) and various ethnic groups, including the 11886:Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus 8960: 8958: 8688:Giry, Stéphanie; Moe, Wai (3 September 2016). 8352:"Vietnam, Myanmar expand defense relationship" 7614:"China's Role in Myanmar's Internal Conflicts" 6711: 6709: 6326:Aung, Thu Thu; Naing, Shoon (4 January 2019). 5818: 5804:"List of Cease-fire Agreements with the Junta" 5460: 5458: 5407:"10 Conflicts to Worry About in 2022: Myanmar" 5376:"Myanmar's Army Is Fighting a Multi-Front War" 4433: 4275:"Myanmar's army blocks constitutional reforms" 3266: 3224:Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project 3183: 3181: 2849:Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project 2684:Union Peace Conference – 21st Century Panglong 2330:Myanmar Nationalities Democratic Alliance Army 1569: 1294:Union Peace Conference – 21st Century Panglong 1286:Union Peace Conference – 21st Century Panglong 908:(CPB), and the Karen nationalists, led by the 842:. This further strained relations between the 11949: 11073: 10316: 10261:International Institute for Strategic Studies 9840:Benjamin, Roger W.; Kautsky, John H. (1968). 9463: 8783:"The Landmine Victims of Myanmar's Civil War" 8499: 8252: 7706: 7688:"UCDP Conflict Encyclopedia, Myanmar (Burma)" 7468: 7289:"Mongla base shelled by Burma Army artillery" 7262:"Mongla base shelled by Burma Army artillery" 7211:. Shanland.org. 17 March 2011. Archived from 7185:. Shanland.org. 16 March 2011. Archived from 6984: 5956: 5665: 5102: 4553:"Ethnic armed groups launch attack near Muse" 4492: 4329: 4327: 4249:Mon News Network via Burma News International 4140:Institute for Security and Development Policy 3890: 3112: 2281: 1970:Ethnic Rakhine insurgent groups, such as the 1475:Committee Representing the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw 1220:period of political reforms from 2011 to 2015 1017: 343: 12073:India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018) 12068:India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015) 12022:Insurgency in Northeast India (1964–present) 9564:Internally Displaced People: A Global Survey 9000:Cohen, Joanna; Fuller, Holly; Scott, Kelly. 8999: 8380: 6994:Black, Michael; Fields, Roland (July 2006). 6768: 6152: 5927: 5925: 5826:"Karenni National People's Liberation Front" 5616: 5539: 5501: 4948: 4927: 3713:"The Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP)" 3214: 3212: 12083:Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present) 12015:Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present) 11087: 9998: 9903:"Strategic Violence During Democratization" 9755:Burma/Myanmar - What Everyone Needs to Know 9490: 8955: 6993: 6706: 6266:"13 policemen die in Rakhine rebel attacks" 5590: 5455: 4984: 4982: 4429: 4427: 4188: 3884: 3541: 3539: 3506: 3433: 3397: 3178: 1384: 12555:Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015) 12005:2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 12000:2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes 11956: 11942: 11080: 11066: 10323: 10309: 9813:The Shan of Burma: Memoirs of a Shan Exile 9605:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8840:"Armed ethnic groups press-gang villagers" 8237: 7209:"SSA 'North' given ultimatum to surrender" 7098:. Myanmar Peace Monitor. 10 January 2013. 6747: 6594:"သမီးလှရွာခံ ၃ဦး ရိုက်နှက်ခံရတယ်လို့ ပြော" 5979: 5977: 5915: 5913: 5774:"Burma: Government, Rebels Sign Ceasefire" 5759: 5757: 4731:Zaw, Moe; Oo, Aung Lwin (15 August 2019). 4324: 2905: 2702: 1766:Karenni National People's Liberation Front 1119:Map of insurgent activity in Burma in 1989 855:Post-independence insurgencies (1948–1962) 350: 336: 49: 12355:Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011) 12270:Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011) 12027:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency (1967–present) 10075: 9771: 9752: 9140:internal displacement monitoring centre. 8493: 7989:Kinseth, Ashley Starr (28 January 2019). 7805:"China's Role in Myanmar's Peace Process" 7585: 7383:"Shan State fighting displaces thousands" 6325: 5931: 5922: 3872: 3860: 3812: 3209: 2947:extrajudicial killing of ten Rohingya men 2725:The Tatmadaw have been accused of using " 2432:Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army 2119:patrolling in Maungdaw in September 2017. 1344:Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army 1169:Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army 1005:. By the time the riots were quelled, 31 849: 12674:Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020) 12407:Philippine civil conflict (1969–present) 12350:South Thailand insurgency (2004–present) 12090:Insurgency in Balochistan (2004–present) 9832: 9809: 9790: 9695:Burma: Prospects for a Democratic Future 9437:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 9430: 9127: 8780: 8405: 8381:Parameswaran, Prashanth (19 June 2018). 7407: 7235:"Shan Herald Agency for News (S.H.A.N.)" 6974: 6355: 6349: 6040: 6013: 4979: 4954: 4424: 3772: 3616: 3536: 3518: 3471: 3469: 3289: 2831: 2804: 2801:Casualties and displacement of civilians 2741:, these tactics have been identified as 2712: 2654: 2470:From 1948 to 1950, Pakistan sent aid to 2365: 2229: 2110: 2041: 1934:Conflict in Rakhine State (2016–present) 1791: 1752:(KNPP). An accompanying armed wing, the 1667: 1616:(MNF) fought for Mizo independence. The 1609:who share a common culture and history. 1499: 1434: 1273: 1197: 1114: 972: 152:Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma 11847:Islamic State insurgency in Deir ez-Zor 10139:"The Shans and the Shan State of Burma" 10136: 9691: 9632: 9613: 9561: 9464:Egreteau, Renaud; Jagan, Larry (2013). 9146:internal displacement monitoring centre 9032: 8687: 8204: 8018: 7988: 7662: 7462: 7114: 7060: 7048: 7036: 7024: 6356:Emont, Jon; Myo, Myo (4 January 2019). 6233: 6181: 5974: 5965: 5910: 5850: 5754: 5723: 5598:"Conflicts, communal violence and IDPs" 5584:internal displacement monitoring centre 5373: 4955:Strangio, Sebastian (8 February 2021). 4362: 4360: 4303: 4073: 3763: 3628: 3530: 3351: 1099:to elect members of a parliament-sized 1074:State Law and Order Restoration Council 865:Karen conflict § Post-independence 14: 13071: 12455:Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes 12053:Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes 11583:Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes 10189: 10056: 10025: 9941:from the original on 27 September 2021 9580: 9542: 9240: 9206: 9204: 9202: 9200: 9169: 9167: 8605:. 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The military junta arranged a 677:fighting Myanmar's armed forces, the 331: 12746:Iraqi Kurdistan conflict (2001–2003) 12534:2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes 11023: 10330: 10259: 10044:from the original on 20 January 2022 9888:from the original on 2 February 2017 9842:"Communism and Economic Development" 9523: 9491:Flint, Colin; Kirsch, Scott (2011). 9109:from the original on 19 October 2017 9052:from the original on 1 November 2014 8981:from the original on 22 January 2019 8837: 8793:from the original on 16 October 2015 8700:from the original on 8 November 2020 8544: 8526:from the original on 19 January 2012 8393:from the original on 9 November 2020 8362:from the original on 26 October 2020 8302:from the original on 1 February 2021 8284: 8272:from the original on 1 February 2021 8258: 8149:from the original on 21 October 2017 8119:from the original on 1 December 2017 8009: 7815:from the original on 31 January 2017 7784:from the original on 31 January 2017 7754:from the original on 31 January 2017 7736: 7353:"Jade: Myanmar's "Big State Secret"" 7291:. 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Archived from 5742:from the original on 14 March 2018 5476:from the original on 17 April 2021 5417:from the original on 1 August 2022 5123:from the original on 27 April 2021 5090:from the original on 28 April 2021 5000:from the original on 30 March 2021 4613:Aung, Thu Thu (24 November 2016). 4551:Aung, Thu Thu (21 November 2016). 4304:Tarabay, Jamie (6 December 2017). 4074:Landler, Mark (14 November 2014). 3987:"Burma leaders double fuel prices" 3779:Philippa Fogarty (6 August 2008). 3657:from the original on 15 March 2013 3244:Head, Jonathan (31 January 2023). 3075:List of ethnic armed organisations 2401: 2227:(Special Region 4) of Shan State. 1750:Karenni National Progressive Party 1514:All Burma Student Democratic Front 1307:on Burmese border posts along the 25: 13160: 12550:Tajikistani Civil War (1992–1997) 12371:Indonesian occupation (1975–1999) 12184:Xinjiang conflict (1960s–present) 11703:Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency 11573:Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency 11164:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 10289: 9511:from the original on 5 April 2023 9451:from the original on 8 April 2023 8905:from the original on 25 July 2022 8463:from the original on 30 June 2018 8268:. Anadolu Agency. 5 August 2019. 8089:from the original on 7 April 2022 8024: 7970:from the original on 17 June 2020 7878:from the original on 10 June 2020 6956:from the original on 26 June 2019 5675:. Kachinwomen.com. Archived from 5443:from the original on 14 June 2021 5404: 5351:. 7 November 2021. Archived from 4758:Win, Pyae Sone (15 August 2019). 4400:Htusan, Esther (25 August 2017). 4172:. 14 October 2015. Archived from 4106:"Burma's 'bin Laden of Buddhism'" 4043:Lwin, Sandar (17 February 2014). 3693:from the original on 19 June 2018 3333:from the original on 24 July 2018 3029:Persecution of Muslims in Myanmar 2765:International Labour Organization 2675:On 31 March 2015, a draft of the 2574: 2271:Restoration Council of Shan State 2221:National Democratic Alliance Army 1210:created by the 2008 constitution. 1024:Burmese Socialist Programme Party 950:Ne Win's dictatorship (1962–1988) 12870:Fatah–Hamas conflict (2006–2008) 12220:1994 North Korean nuclear crisis 12121:Sri Lankan Civil War (1983–2009) 12037:Insurgency in Punjab (1981–1995) 11720:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 11713:Islamic State insurgency in Iraq 11578:Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 11034: 11022: 11011: 11010: 9431:Callahan, Mary Patricia (2003). 9370: 9340: 9309: 9279: 9270: 9228:from the original on 6 July 2019 9133: 9091: 9082: 9073: 9064: 8993: 8967: 8917: 8887: 8862: 8831: 8805: 8742: 8730:from the original on 7 June 2021 8712: 8681: 8651: 8621: 8595: 8565: 8553:from the original on 7 June 2021 8538: 8508: 8414:"Cancer kills notorious SAS man" 8374: 8344: 8314: 8228: 8219: 8210: 8189: 8131: 8101: 8070: 8045: 7982: 7952: 7921: 7890: 7860: 7809:United States Institute of Peace 7644: 7606: 7594:from the original on 26 May 2022 7579: 7549: 7519: 7493: 7432: 7408:Johnston, Tim (29 August 2009). 7389:from the original on 7 June 2021 7375: 7345: 7307: 7280: 7253: 7227: 7201: 7175: 7144: 7066: 6926:from the original on 18 May 2019 6908: 6756:from the original on 27 May 2015 6741: 6676: 6646: 6616: 6586: 6556: 6526: 6496: 6470: 6440: 6410: 6380: 6319: 6288: 6258: 6227: 6080:from the original on 3 June 2018 6061: 6049:from the original on 31 May 2018 6043:"Karen Return to War in Myanmar" 6034: 6022:from the original on 3 June 2018 6007: 5886:from the original on 26 May 2021 5868: 5691: 5656: 5533: 5386:from the original on 5 July 2022 5325:from the original on 1 June 2021 5295:from the original on 26 May 2021 5265:from the original on 26 May 2021 5235:from the original on 25 May 2021 5179:from the original on 2 June 2021 5153:from the original on 3 June 2021 5060:from the original on 24 May 2021 5030:from the original on 23 May 2021 4675:Aung, Thu Thu (15 August 2019). 4116:from the original on 25 May 2015 4086:from the original on 26 May 2018 3997:from the original on 30 May 2017 3849:Aung-Thwin & Aung-Thwin 2012 3302:from the original on 13 May 2020 3164:United States Institute of Peace 3156: 3019:List of ethnic groups in Myanmar 2988: 2522: 2151:are the largest ethnic group in 2070:Rakhines fuelling the conflict. 1927: 1877:supported insurgents across the 1693:Kachin Independence Organisation 1637:United Liberation Front of Assam 1531:, Chin State, on 26 April 2021. 1403: 1391:Myanmar civil war (2021–present) 1214:The government introduced a new 1053: 1003:1967 anti-Chinese riots in Burma 888: 877: 638: 617: 382:China–Myanmar border (1960–1961) 307:Total number of fighters unknown 253: 211: 197: 179:Republic of the Union of Myanmar 171: 158: 145: 132: 32:Myanmar civil war (2021–present) 13022:Sinai insurgency (2011–present) 12914:Syrian Civil War (2011–present) 12897:Persian Gulf crisis (2019–2021) 12312:Myanmar conflict (1948–present) 12058:Kashmir conflict (1947–present) 11990:Kashmir conflict (1947–present) 11551:Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir 11532:Internal conflict in Bangladesh 9698:. Brookings Institution Press. 9497:. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. 8838:Thar, Chan (15 February 2019). 8751:The world's longest ongoing war 8449:Swain, Rob (29 December 2012). 7940:from the original on 6 May 2022 7897:Thiha, Amara (25 August 2017). 7620:from the original on 8 May 2020 7537:from the original on 8 May 2019 7102:from the original on 8 May 2019 7074:"Chronology for Shans in Burma" 6748:MclaughLin, Tim (8 July 2013). 6660:(in Burmese). 27 January 2019. 6600:(in Burmese). 28 January 2019. 6570:(in Burmese). 16 January 2019. 6480:. Al Jazeera. 8 February 2019. 6100:"Arakan Liberation Party (ALP)" 6041:Sandford, Steve (31 May 2018). 6014:Sandford, Steve (31 May 2018). 5542:"Factsheet: Myanmar April 2017" 5488: 5429: 5398: 5367: 5337: 5307: 5277: 5247: 5217: 5205:from the original on 9 May 2021 5201:. The Diplomat. 26 April 2021. 5191: 5165: 5135: 5072: 5042: 5012: 4895: 4865: 4835: 4815:Shi, Yinglun (19 August 2019). 4808: 4782: 4751: 4724: 4698: 4668: 4644:Noreen, Naw (5 December 2016). 4637: 4606: 4594:from the original on 4 May 2018 4582:Weng, Lawi (28 November 2016). 4575: 4544: 4486: 4297: 4267: 4237: 4206: 4158: 4128: 4098: 4067: 4036: 3745: 3731: 3705: 3669: 3634: 3586: 3345: 3314: 3283: 3260: 2892:Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh 2739:United Nations Security Council 2609:was a member of the Australian 2303:Ta'ang National Liberation Army 1849:United Nations Security Council 1657: 1395:Myanmar protests (2021–present) 1352:attacked towns and border posts 1348:Ta'ang National Liberation Army 1194:Civilian government (2011–2021) 1066:Burma Socialist Programme Party 689:and the creation of autonomous 27:Ongoing insurgencies in Myanmar 13099:Civil wars of the 21st century 13094:Civil wars of the 20th century 12766:ISIL insurgency (2017–present) 12662:Iran–PJAK conflict (2004–2011) 12402:Laotian insurgency (1975–2022) 12397:Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998) 12291:Insurgency in Aceh (1976–2005) 12147:Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006) 11593:Sectarian violence in Pakistan 11518:Islamic State–Taliban conflict 11287:Ethnic violence in South Sudan 11212:Ethnic violence in South Sudan 5730:Kumbun, Joe (2 January 2018). 4792:. Al Jazeera. 17 August 2019. 4708:. Al Jazeera. 15 August 2019. 3686:. 23 July 1988. pp. 3–7. 3321:Slow, Oliver (26 April 2018). 3237: 3150: 3080: 3067: 3050: 3004:Freedom of religion in Myanmar 2976:International Court of Justice 2677:Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement 2495:Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army 2450:and the United Wa State Army. 2336:insurgent group active in the 2259:Shan United Revolutionary Army 2133:Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army 2102:2013 Myanmar anti-Muslim riots 1864:Karen National Liberation Army 1781: 1739: 1629:fighting the Indian government 1523:began its armed resistance in 1488:. After the Tatmadaw raided a 1301:Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army 1258:Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement 1232:one self-administered division 1208:one self-administered division 1135:Karen National Liberation Army 1111:SLORC / SPDC junta (1988–2011) 764:Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army 749:Karen National Liberation Army 13: 1: 12286:Papua conflict (1969–present) 11842:Syrian–Turkish border clashes 11764:Iran–Israel conflict in Syria 11546:Insurgency in Northeast India 11342:Religious violence in Nigeria 11322:Communal conflicts in Nigeria 9810:Yawnghwe, Chao Tzang (2010). 9677:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 8895:"Myanmar Junta Executes Four" 8025:J, Jacob (15 December 2016). 4213:Kane, Seth (18 August 2020). 3742:. 24 September 1988. pg. A.16 3476:Maung, Zarni (19 July 2013). 3101: 2820:, one of the largest of nine 2616:claymore anti-personnel mines 2554: 2460:insurgency in Northeast India 2338:Kokang Self-Administered Zone 2311:Pa-O National Liberation Army 2142: 1862:(KNU) and its armed wing the 1575:Chin State and Sagaing Region 1564:People's Military Service Law 1152:in an event now known as the 1093:National League for Democracy 1034:, Myanmar became an isolated 997:(CCP) and replicated China's 978: 861:Communist insurgency in Burma 13079:Internal conflict in Myanmar 12988:Yemeni crisis (2011–present) 12756:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) 12428:FULRO insurgency (1964–1992) 12126:JVP insurrection (1987–1989) 11655:Conflicts in the Philippines 11265:Jihadist insurgency in Niger 10691:State Administration Council 10437:Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom 9999:Hensengerth, Oliver (2005). 9954:Fan, Hongwei (1 June 2012). 9772:Steinberg, David I. (2001). 9753:Steinberg, David I. (2010). 9316:The Pulitzer Prizes (2019). 7002:. Vol. 14, no. 7. 6068:Nyein, Nyein (17 May 2018). 3106: 2963:International Criminal Court 2611:Special Air Service Regiment 2378:cadres under the command of 1922:Mon National Liberation Army 1907: 1536:People's Defence Force (PDF) 1467:State Administration Council 1228:five self-administered zones 1204:five self-administered zones 708:, who later established the 188:State Administration Council 7: 13124:Revolution-based civil wars 12993:Houthi takeover (2014–2015) 12860:Second Intifada (2000–2005) 12806:Syrian arena (2012–present) 12789:Second Intifada (2000–2005) 12706:Syrian arena (2012–present) 12657:KDPI insurgency (1989–1996) 12243:Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996) 12179:Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996) 12032:Religious violence in India 11896:Russian invasion of Ukraine 11805:DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey 11800:Maoist insurgency in Turkey 11398:Jamaican political conflict 11349:Conflict in the Niger Delta 10492:2011–2015 political reforms 10143:Contemporary Southeast Asia 9795:. Edward Elgar Publishing. 9774:Burma, the State of Myanmar 9757:. Oxford University Press. 9736:Encyclopedia of Modern Asia 9692:Rotberg, Robert I. (1998). 9585:(1st ed.). New Delhi. 9543:Gibson, Richard M. (2011). 7928:Patel, Mira (20 May 2021). 6879:retrieved 12 September 2017 6130:"Chin National Front (CNF)" 5932:Gray Cary, Rudnick (2005). 5540:CCCM Cluster (April 2017). 3641:Maureen Aung-Thwin (1989). 3024:Opium production in Myanmar 2981: 2529:Central Intelligence Agency 2513: 2499:Inter-Services Intelligence 2484:memorandum of understanding 2465: 2418:China openly supported the 2355: 2223:(NDAA), which controls the 2176:) agreed to merge into the 1889:in the Ler Mu Plaw area of 1652:Naga Self-Administered Zone 1601:of Myanmar, as well as the 1570:Conflict by state or region 1449:(right) on 1 February 2021. 1326:In late November 2016, the 1313:a second large-scale attack 1044:nationwide student protests 960:coup d'état on 2 March 1962 10: 13165: 13114:Ethnicity-based civil wars 13043:Operation Inherent Resolve 12865:Gaza–Israel (2006–present) 12801:Iran–Israel (1985–present) 12794:Gaza–Israel (2006–present) 12691:Iran–Israel (1985–present) 12652:Kurdish separatism in Iran 11881:Georgian–Ossetian conflict 11771:Kurdish separatism in Iran 11749:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 11698:Georgian–Ossetian conflict 11556:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency 11439:Ecuadorian security crisis 11371:Western Togoland Rebellion 11282:Sudanese nomadic conflicts 10252: 9581:Kipgen, Nehginpao (2015). 9416:. London: Reaktion Books. 9399: 4470:. NPR. 13 September 2017. 4198:. Xinhua. 21 August 2020. 2909: 2771:minors into their armies. 2706: 2648: 2491:International Crisis Group 2392:then-ruling military junta 2359: 2320: 2192:(SSPP) on 16 August 1971. 2062:between the predominantly 2031: 1985:. Thirteen members of the 1931: 1785: 1661: 1627:Several separatist groups 1578: 1388: 1057: 858: 785: 653:in this article correctly. 610:ethnic armed organisations 224:Ethnic armed organisations 29: 13119:Religion-based civil wars 13030: 13012: 12960: 12929: 12906: 12880: 12847: 12816: 12776: 12721: 12696:South Lebanon (1985–2000) 12644: 12628: 12595: 12588: 12563: 12542: 12516: 12500: 12447: 12440: 12389: 12363: 12342: 12304: 12278: 12262: 12255: 12235: 12215:Maritime border incidents 12197: 12171: 12164: 12134: 12108: 12045: 11982: 11975: 11906: 11868: 11861: 11759:Hezbollah–Israel conflict 11685: 11677:South Thailand insurgency 11643:Conflict in Rakhine State 11603: 11505: 11489: 11473: 11466: 11426: 11408:Salvadoran gang crackdown 11390: 11383: 11314: 11250:Insurgency in the Maghreb 11237: 11172: 11102: 11095: 11006: 10872: 10804: 10795: 10743: 10734: 10612: 10603: 10526: 10517: 10360: 10348:Myanmar is also known as 10346: 10342: 10266:The Military Balance 2021 10208:10.1017/S0022463411000336 10202:(3). Singapore: 376–404. 10057:Kramer, Tom (July 2009). 9972:10.1017/S0022463412000045 9919:10.1017/S0043887118000308 9652:McCoy, Alfred W. (1991). 8253:Egreteau & Jagan 2013 7151:Htwe, Ko (8 April 2011). 6863:13 September 2017 at the 6837:13 September 2017 at the 2627:Australian special forces 2551:and ended the operation. 2535:following the advance of 2504: 2422:(CPB) and its pursuit of 2316: 2282: 2190:Shan State Progress Party 2058:since 1948, with ongoing 1965:Communist Party of Arakan 1510:National Unity Government 1412:This section needs to be 1309:Bangladesh–Myanmar border 1305:launched its first attack 1218:in 2008 and instigated a 1182:In 2010, Tatmadaw forces 1040:least developed countries 1018: 369: 316: 311: 281: 246: 229: 204:National Unity Government 120: 71: 48: 43: 12998:Civil War (2014–present) 12947:Kurdish–Turkish conflict 12636:Bahraini uprising (2011) 12332:Civil war (2021–present) 11337:Nigerian bandit conflict 11217:Insurgency in Mozambique 11185:Ethiopian civil conflict 11145:Western DR Congo clashes 10617:Administrative divisions 10190:Meehan, Patrick (2011). 10137:Lintner, Bertil (1984). 9633:Lintner, Bertil (1999). 9614:Lintner, Bertil (1990). 9404: 7991:"India's Rohingya shame" 7778:South China Morning Post 3820:"The saffron revolution" 3062:Communist Party of Burma 3044: 2596:People's Army of Vietnam 2588:2021 Myanmar coup d'état 2537:Chinese communist forces 2453: 2420:Communist Party of Burma 2406: 2332:(MNDAA). The MNDAA is a 2248:Shan State National Army 2197:Communist Party of Burma 2098:2012 Rakhine State riots 1961:Red Flag Communist Party 1943:Insurgent groups of the 1900:on the west bank of the 1898:captured a military base 1824:of the Tatmadaw General 1776:attacked and burned down 1699:have been predominantly 1385:SAC junta (2021–present) 1340:Kachin Independence Army 1330:—which consists of four 1319:and was described as an 1175:to flee to neighbouring 1101:constitutional committee 1097:general election in 1990 968:Kachin Independence Army 906:Communist Party of Burma 745:Kachin Independence Army 741:Communist Party of Burma 726:Communist Party of Burma 12983:South Yemen (2009–2015) 12839:Lebanon conflict (2008) 12761:War in Iraq (2013–2017) 12576:Andijan massacre (2005) 12571:Fergana massacre (1989) 12116:JVP insurrection (1971) 11413:Honduran gang crackdown 11304:Western Saharan clashes 11299:Western Sahara conflict 11255:Insurgency in the Sahel 11089:Ongoing armed conflicts 10987:Twelve Auspicious Rites 10768:Myanmar kyat (currency) 10076:Licklider, Roy (1995). 9673:Myint, U Thant (2006). 9562:Hampton, Janie (2014). 9547:. John Wiley and Sons. 8411: 8356:People's Army Newspaper 6362:The Wall Street Journal 3885:Flint & Kirsch 2011 3769:Ferrara (2003), pp. 313 3014:Human rights in Myanmar 2974:against Myanmar in the 2906:International responses 2873:Doctors Without Borders 2837:Kutupalong refugee camp 2709:Human rights in Myanmar 2703:Human rights violations 2543:in 1951. This included 2275:Myanmar–Thailand border 2263:Shan State Army – South 2213:Shan State Army – North 1879:Myanmar–Thailand border 1858:The initial aim of the 1633:Zomi Revolutionary Army 1299:On 9 October 2016, the 1042:in the world. In 1988, 995:Chinese Communist Party 800:Burma Independence Army 710:Burma Independence Army 691:self-administered zones 13084:Wars involving Myanmar 12529:2010 Kyrgyz Revolution 11735:Saudi–led intervention 11563:Insurgency in Pakistan 11444:Insurgency in Paraguay 10008:Leeds East Asia Papers 9713:Smith, Martin (1991). 7096:www.mmpeacemonitor.org 5514:. Human Rights Watch. 3961:"Human Rights Concern" 2844: 2829: 2776:Johnny and Luther Htoo 2722: 2717:A member of Myanmar's 2660: 2623:British special forces 2621:Former members of the 2568:Yugoslav People's Army 2371: 2238: 2120: 2051: 1976:Arakan Liberation Army 1809: 1676: 1521:Chinland Defence Force 1505: 1450: 1289: 1211: 1163:The Tatmadaw attacked 1158:compressed natural gas 1120: 982: 850:Course of the conflict 230:Commanders and leaders 218:People's Defence Force 79:2 April 1948 63:. For a live map, see 13149:Separatism in Myanmar 13109:Coup-based civil wars 12490:Republican insurgency 12189:Tibetan unrest (2008) 11523:Republican insurgency 11327:Boko Haram insurgency 9833:Academic publications 7092:"Armed ethnic groups" 6812:. Post Publishing PCL 2953:for their reporting. 2910:Further information: 2835: 2808: 2785:On 25 July 2022, the 2716: 2658: 2651:Ceasefires in Myanmar 2635:French Foreign Legion 2384:United Wa State Party 2369: 2299:Lahu Democratic Union 2233: 2114: 2087:Operation Dragon King 2045: 1795: 1671: 1503: 1438: 1277: 1269:2015 Kokang offensive 1201: 1167:in 2009, causing the 1118: 976: 661:have been ongoing in 377:Communist (1948–1988) 312:Casualties and losses 13139:Insurgencies in Asia 12973:al-Qaeda (1998–2015) 12952:Turkey–ISIL conflict 12751:Iraq War (2003–2011) 11837:Russian intervention 11827:Inter-rebel conflict 11781:Western Iran clashes 11754:Gaza–Israel conflict 10824:Environmental issues 10783:Units of measurement 10430:First Toungoo Empire 10263:(25 February 2021). 9380:. 11 December 2019. 9128:Tan & Islam 2007 8819:on 12 September 2014 8635:. 13 February 2018. 8579:. 13 February 2018. 8328:. 22 February 2022. 8115:. 21 November 2013. 7481:on 23 September 2015 7385:. 15 December 2015. 7321:on 30 September 2011 7215:on 30 September 2011 7189:on 30 September 2011 6717:"Myanmar's Rohingya" 6195:14 July 2011 at the 6045:. Voice of America. 6018:. Voice of America. 5814:on 18 December 2011. 5707:. 19 November 2014. 5679:on 15 September 2013 5175:. BBC. 22 May 2021. 4735:. Voice of America. 4650:DVB Multimedia Group 4526:DVB Multimedia Group 3684:Online Burma Library 3092:53,000+ (since 2011) 2860:internally displaced 2699:and ethnic leaders. 2667:accordance with the 2428:United Wa State Army 2413:China–Myanmar border 2388:United Wa State Army 2117:Myanmar Police Force 2106:1982 Nationality law 1860:Karen National Union 1796:A KNLA medic treats 1762:Kayan New Land Party 1356:China–Myanmar border 1317:international outcry 1236:President of Myanmar 1222:, with thousands of 1070:military coup d'état 1032:26-year dictatorship 910:Karen National Union 730:Karen National Union 566:Anti-Muslim violence 463:Bombings and attacks 321:internally displaced 13089:Politics of Myanmar 12152:Operation All Clear 11891:Russo-Ukrainian War 11588:Insurgency in Sindh 11568:Insurgency in Sindh 11245:Insurgency in Egypt 11190:Afar–Somali clashes 10462:Japanese occupation 10415:Hanthawaddy Kingdom 9524:Fong, Jack (2008). 9474:10.2307/j.ctv1nthzz 9322:The Pulitzer Prizes 8977:. 2 February 2014. 8850:on 19 February 2019 8665:. 6 February 2018. 8522:. 12 January 2012. 8419:The West Australian 8296:The Times of Israel 8255:, pp. 108–109. 7414:The Washington Post 6870:The Washington Post 6867:10 September 2017, 6841:12 September 2017, 6782:. 12 October 2016. 6725:. 20 October 2012. 6540:. 15 January 2019. 6510:. 6 February 2019. 6454:. 15 January 2019. 5630:on 31 October 2014. 4764:The Washington Post 4251:. 15 January 2020. 3851:, pp. 266–267. 3760:. 26 September 1988 3571:Pavković, 2011: 476 3521:, pp. 118–123. 3488:on 24 February 2021 3463:, pp. 274–289. 3147:, pp. 285–287. 3089:130,000 (1948–2011) 3039:Religion in Myanmar 3034:Politics of Myanmar 2922:UN General Assembly 2719:Border Guard Police 2689:Panglong Conference 2531:(CIA) began aiding 2438:ethnic background. 2182:Sao Nang Hearn Kham 2091:Operation Pyi Thaya 2028:Rohingya insurgency 2018:Ponnagyun Townships 1987:Border Guard Police 1983:Buthidaung Township 1918:New Mon State Party 1654:of Sagaing Region. 1614:Mizo National Front 1249:, led by Sayadaw U 1224:political prisoners 1150:political prisoners 1148:and the release of 999:Cultural Revolution 869:Kuomintang in Burma 687:numerous ceasefires 675:ethnic armed groups 667:gained independence 59:are highlighted in 13058:Colour revolutions 12978:Houthi (2004–2015) 12919:Regional spillover 12829:Lebanon War (2006) 12701:Lebanon War (2006) 11776:Iran–PJAK conflict 11638:Karen–Mon conflict 11434:Colombian conflict 11227:Operation Atalanta 11130:Insurgency in Chad 11047:Outline of Myanmar 10763:Telecommunications 10679:commander-in-chief 10472:Socialist Republic 10420:Kingdom of Mrauk U 9258:on 4 November 2016 8899:Human Rights Watch 8883:on 18 August 2013. 8694:The New York Times 8545:Heijmans, Philip. 8358:. 3 October 2017. 7964:Northeast Now News 7934:The Indian Express 7872:The Indian Express 7563:. 31 August 2021. 7295:on 28 January 2011 7268:on 17 January 2011 7126:mmpeacemonitor.org 6690:. 9 January 2019. 6424:. 8 January 2019. 6394:. 5 January 2019. 6272:. 5 January 2019. 6134:mmpeacemonitor.org 6104:mmpeacemonitor.org 5496:The New York Times 5470:The Economic Times 4879:. 22 August 2019. 4849:. 19 August 2019. 4374:. 25 August 2017. 4341:. 9 October 2016. 4176:on 4 February 2022 4080:The New York Times 4055:on 11 January 2020 3553:on 21 January 2016 3126:on 1 February 2021 3009:History of Myanmar 2845: 2830: 2828:persons have fled. 2787:Human Rights Watch 2723: 2669:Panglong Agreement 2661: 2645:Ceasefire attempts 2424:Mao Zedong Thought 2372: 2239: 2125:new armed conflict 2121: 2066:Rohingyas and the 2060:religious violence 2052: 1939:Rakhine insurgency 1822:commander-in-chief 1810: 1677: 1622:Kuki National Army 1618:Chin National Army 1506: 1451: 1379:Nawnghkio Township 1290: 1212: 1154:Saffron Revolution 1121: 1014:multi-party system 983: 831:Panglong Agreement 722:Panglong Agreement 695:increased autonomy 683:self-determination 624:Myanmar portal 319:600,000–1,000,000 13066: 13065: 13013:Inter-continental 13008: 13007: 12942:DHKP/C insurgency 12937:Maoist insurgency 12584: 12583: 12436: 12435: 12327:Rohingya conflict 12251: 12250: 12160: 12159: 12078:Kargil War (1999) 12010:Kargil War (1999) 11969:conflicts in Asia 11931: 11930: 11927: 11926: 11876:Abkhazia conflict 11857: 11856: 11693:Abkhazia conflict 11648:Rohingya conflict 11618:Myanmar civil war 11497:Xinjiang conflict 11462: 11461: 11449:Peruvian conflict 11418:Gang war in Haiti 11379: 11378: 11115:Anglophone Crisis 11055: 11054: 11002: 11001: 10839:Human trafficking 10791: 10790: 10730: 10729: 10698:Political parties 10637:Foreign relations 10599: 10598: 10390:Myinsaing Kingdom 10356: 10355: 10071:on 25 April 2011. 9823:978-981-230-396-7 9802:978-1-84542-543-2 9764:978-0-19-539067-4 9684:978-0-374-16342-6 9665:978-1-55652-126-3 9644:978-974-7100-78-5 9592:978-93-82395-62-1 9573:978-1-136-54705-8 9554:978-0-470-83018-5 9504:978-1-4094-0470-5 9444:978-0-8014-7267-1 8952:, pp. 43–44. 8876:Global Politician 8844:The Myanmar Times 8298:. 5 August 2019. 8186:, pp. 85–90. 7720:. 21 March 2017. 7694:on 2 January 2014 6270:The Straits Times 5509:"Untold Miseries" 5119:. 27 April 2021. 5086:. 16 April 2021. 5056:. 20 April 2021. 4996:. 30 March 2021. 4823:on 19 August 2019 4770:on 15 August 2019 4619:The Myanmar Times 4557:The Myanmar Times 4281:. 12 March 2020. 4049:The Myanmar Times 3907:on 9 October 2015 3863:, pp. 90–93. 3619:, pp. 34–36. 3436:, pp. 10–12. 3220:"ACLED Dashboard" 2778:, the leaders of 2482:, to negotiate a 2448:Northern Alliance 2038:Rohingya genocide 2034:Rohingya conflict 1597:, India, and the 1433: 1432: 1372:Myanmar Air Force 1328:Northern Alliance 1243:anti-Muslim riots 1184:clashed violently 1030:. Under Ne Win's 1019:သူတို့ပြန်ကြလေပြီ 940:regional autonomy 924:independent state 829:leaders, and the 735:In 1962, General 647:rendering support 631: 630: 326: 325: 116: 115: 16:(Redirected from 13156: 12968:Civil war (1994) 12593: 12592: 12524:1990 Osh clashes 12508:Ethnic conflicts 12445: 12444: 12422: 12415: 12260: 12259: 12225:2017–2018 crisis 12203: 12169: 12168: 11980: 11979: 11958: 11951: 11944: 11935: 11934: 11866: 11865: 11817:Daraa insurgency 11812:Syrian civil war 11742:Yemeni Civil war 11613:Myanmar conflict 11471: 11470: 11454:Mapuche conflict 11403:Mexican drug war 11388: 11387: 11277:Sinai insurgency 11222:Somali Civil War 11100: 11099: 11082: 11075: 11068: 11059: 11058: 11038: 11026: 11025: 11014: 11013: 10972:National symbols 10802: 10801: 10758:Opium production 10741: 10740: 10610: 10609: 10524: 10523: 10442:Konbaung dynasty 10344: 10343: 10325: 10318: 10311: 10302: 10301: 10284: 10247: 10245: 10243: 10186: 10184: 10182: 10133: 10131: 10129: 10072: 10070: 10063: 10053: 10051: 10049: 10043: 10032: 10022: 10020: 10014:. Archived from 10005: 9995: 9993: 9991: 9950: 9948: 9946: 9897: 9895: 9893: 9827: 9806: 9787: 9768: 9749: 9730: 9709: 9688: 9669: 9648: 9629: 9610: 9604: 9596: 9577: 9558: 9539: 9520: 9518: 9516: 9487: 9460: 9458: 9456: 9427: 9394: 9393: 9391: 9389: 9374: 9368: 9367: 9365: 9363: 9344: 9338: 9337: 9335: 9333: 9313: 9307: 9306: 9304: 9302: 9283: 9277: 9274: 9268: 9267: 9265: 9263: 9244: 9238: 9237: 9235: 9233: 9227: 9216: 9208: 9195: 9194: 9192: 9190: 9181:. CCCM Cluster. 9171: 9162: 9161: 9159: 9157: 9137: 9131: 9125: 9119: 9118: 9116: 9114: 9095: 9089: 9086: 9080: 9077: 9071: 9068: 9062: 9061: 9059: 9057: 9042: 9036: 9030: 9024: 9023: 9021: 9019: 9013: 9007:. Archived from 9006: 8997: 8991: 8990: 8988: 8986: 8971: 8965: 8962: 8953: 8947: 8941: 8940: 8938: 8936: 8921: 8915: 8914: 8912: 8910: 8901:. 25 July 2022. 8891: 8885: 8884: 8879:. Archived from 8866: 8860: 8859: 8857: 8855: 8846:. Archived from 8835: 8829: 8828: 8826: 8824: 8815:. Archived from 8809: 8803: 8802: 8800: 8798: 8778: 8772: 8771: 8769: 8767: 8762:. 17 August 2011 8746: 8740: 8739: 8737: 8735: 8716: 8710: 8709: 8707: 8705: 8685: 8679: 8678: 8676: 8674: 8655: 8649: 8648: 8646: 8644: 8625: 8619: 8618: 8616: 8614: 8599: 8593: 8592: 8590: 8588: 8569: 8563: 8562: 8560: 8558: 8542: 8536: 8535: 8533: 8531: 8512: 8506: 8503: 8497: 8491: 8485: 8479: 8473: 8472: 8470: 8468: 8446: 8440: 8439: 8437: 8435: 8426:. Archived from 8409: 8403: 8402: 8400: 8398: 8378: 8372: 8371: 8369: 8367: 8348: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8337: 8318: 8312: 8311: 8309: 8307: 8288: 8282: 8281: 8279: 8277: 8262: 8256: 8250: 8244: 8241: 8235: 8232: 8226: 8223: 8217: 8214: 8208: 8202: 8196: 8193: 8187: 8181: 8175: 8165: 8159: 8158: 8156: 8154: 8143:defenseworld.net 8135: 8129: 8128: 8126: 8124: 8105: 8099: 8098: 8096: 8094: 8074: 8068: 8067: 8065: 8063: 8049: 8043: 8042: 8040: 8038: 8022: 8016: 8013: 8007: 8006: 8004: 8002: 7986: 7980: 7979: 7977: 7975: 7956: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7945: 7925: 7919: 7918: 7916: 7914: 7894: 7888: 7887: 7885: 7883: 7874:. 16 June 2019. 7864: 7858: 7857: 7855: 7853: 7831: 7825: 7824: 7822: 7820: 7800: 7794: 7793: 7791: 7789: 7770: 7764: 7763: 7761: 7759: 7740: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7729: 7710: 7704: 7703: 7701: 7699: 7690:. Archived from 7684: 7678: 7672: 7666: 7660: 7654: 7648: 7642: 7636: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7625: 7610: 7604: 7603: 7601: 7599: 7583: 7577: 7576: 7574: 7572: 7553: 7547: 7546: 7544: 7542: 7533:. 6 March 2017. 7523: 7517: 7516: 7514: 7512: 7497: 7491: 7490: 7488: 7486: 7477:. Archived from 7466: 7460: 7459: 7457: 7455: 7436: 7430: 7429: 7427: 7425: 7405: 7399: 7398: 7396: 7394: 7379: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7368: 7349: 7343: 7337: 7331: 7330: 7328: 7326: 7311: 7305: 7304: 7302: 7300: 7284: 7278: 7277: 7275: 7273: 7257: 7251: 7250: 7248: 7246: 7237:. Shanland.org. 7231: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7220: 7205: 7199: 7198: 7196: 7194: 7179: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7168: 7159:. Archived from 7148: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7137: 7118: 7112: 7111: 7109: 7107: 7088: 7082: 7081: 7076:. Archived from 7070: 7064: 7058: 7052: 7046: 7040: 7034: 7028: 7022: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7011: 6991: 6982: 6972: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6961: 6942: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6912: 6906: 6905: 6903: 6901: 6886: 6880: 6855: 6849: 6828: 6822: 6821: 6819: 6817: 6802: 6796: 6795: 6793: 6791: 6772: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6761: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6713: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6680: 6674: 6673: 6671: 6669: 6650: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6639: 6620: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6609: 6590: 6584: 6583: 6581: 6579: 6560: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6530: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6500: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6489: 6474: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6444: 6438: 6437: 6435: 6433: 6414: 6408: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6384: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6353: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6323: 6317: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6292: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6262: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6251: 6231: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6220: 6205: 6199: 6185: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6159: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6126: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6096: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6065: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6054: 6038: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6011: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5981: 5972: 5971: 5963: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5938: 5929: 5920: 5917: 5908: 5902: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5872: 5866: 5860: 5854: 5848: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5828:. Archived from 5822: 5816: 5815: 5800: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5780:. 8 March 2012. 5770: 5764: 5761: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5695: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5669: 5663: 5660: 5654: 5653: 5652:on 12 June 2012. 5648:. Archived from 5638: 5632: 5631: 5626:. Archived from 5620: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5594: 5588: 5587: 5581: 5573: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5537: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5520: 5513: 5505: 5499: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5472:. 16 June 2019. 5462: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5433: 5427: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5405:Bynum, Elliott. 5402: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5371: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5311: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5281: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5251: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5221: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5169: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5139: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5109: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5076: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5046: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5026:. 1 April 2021. 5016: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5005: 4986: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4925: 4919: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4839: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4812: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4766:. Archived from 4755: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4702: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4652:. Archived from 4641: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4621:. Archived from 4610: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4559:. Archived from 4548: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4528:. Archived from 4517: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4431: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4397: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4364: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4331: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4162: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4146:on 25 March 2023 4142:. Archived from 4132: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4112:. 13 July 2013. 4102: 4096: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4071: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4051:. Archived from 4040: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4013: 4007: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3963:. Archived from 3957: 3951: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3926: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3903:. Archived from 3897: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3826:. Archived from 3816: 3810: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3776: 3770: 3767: 3761: 3752:Associated Press 3749: 3743: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3715:. Archived from 3709: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3692: 3681: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3543: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3507:Hensengerth 2005 3504: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3484:. Archived from 3473: 3464: 3458: 3449: 3443: 3437: 3434:Hensengerth 2005 3431: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3398:Hensengerth 2005 3395: 3389: 3383: 3374: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3241: 3235: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3216: 3207: 3206: 3205:on 20 July 2011. 3204: 3198:. Archived from 3193: 3185: 3176: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3116: 3096: 3084: 3078: 3071: 3065: 3054: 2998: 2993: 2992: 2991: 2920:Since 1991, the 2743:ethnic cleansing 2602:Foreign fighters 2307:Wa National Army 2285: 2284: 1947:(or Arakanese), 1853:ethnic cleansing 1734:Htang Gam Shawng 1639:(ULFA), and the 1581:Zomi nationalism 1512:, including the 1443:Aung San Suu Kyi 1440:State Counsellor 1428: 1425: 1419: 1407: 1406: 1399: 1346:(MNDAA) and the 1332:insurgent groups 1321:ethnic cleansing 1282:Aung San Suu Kyi 1279:State Counsellor 1089:Aung San Suu Kyi 1028:one-party system 1021: 1020: 980: 892: 881: 790:In 1940, during 642: 641: 622: 621: 620: 364: 362: 361:Myanmar conflict 352: 345: 338: 329: 328: 259: 257: 256: 216: 215: 214: 202: 201: 200: 177: 175: 174: 165:Union of Myanmar 163: 162: 161: 150: 149: 148: 137: 136: 135: 86: 84: 73: 72: 62: 53: 44:Myanmar conflict 41: 40: 21: 13164: 13163: 13159: 13158: 13157: 13155: 13154: 13153: 13069: 13068: 13067: 13062: 13026: 13014: 13004: 12956: 12925: 12902: 12876: 12843: 12812: 12772: 12717: 12640: 12624: 12580: 12559: 12538: 12512: 12496: 12460:Afghan conflict 12432: 12418: 12411: 12385: 12359: 12338: 12322:Kachin conflict 12300: 12274: 12247: 12231: 12210:Korean conflict 12201: 12199: 12193: 12156: 12130: 12104: 12041: 11971: 11962: 11932: 11923: 11902: 11853: 11832:Rojava conflict 11822:Desert campaign 11681: 11623:Kachin conflict 11605: 11599: 11513:Afghan conflict 11501: 11485: 11481:Korean conflict 11458: 11422: 11375: 11364:Azawad conflict 11310: 11233: 11168: 11091: 11086: 11056: 11051: 10998: 10977:Public holidays 10868: 10864:Sex trafficking 10787: 10726: 10664:Law enforcement 10595: 10571:Protected areas 10513: 10425:Toungoo dynasty 10400:Sagaing Kingdom 10375:Pyu city-states 10352: 10338: 10329: 10292: 10287: 10281: 10255: 10250: 10241: 10239: 10180: 10178: 10127: 10125: 10094:10.2307/2082982 10068: 10061: 10047: 10045: 10041: 10030: 10021:on 28 May 2008. 10018: 10003: 9989: 9987: 9944: 9942: 9891: 9889: 9858:10.2307/1953329 9835: 9830: 9824: 9803: 9784: 9765: 9746: 9727: 9706: 9685: 9666: 9645: 9626: 9598: 9597: 9593: 9574: 9555: 9536: 9514: 9512: 9505: 9484: 9454: 9452: 9445: 9424: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9387: 9385: 9376: 9375: 9371: 9361: 9359: 9346: 9345: 9341: 9331: 9329: 9314: 9310: 9300: 9298: 9285: 9284: 9280: 9275: 9271: 9261: 9259: 9246: 9245: 9241: 9231: 9229: 9225: 9214: 9210: 9209: 9198: 9188: 9186: 9179:cccmcluster.org 9173: 9172: 9165: 9155: 9153: 9138: 9134: 9126: 9122: 9112: 9110: 9097: 9096: 9092: 9087: 9083: 9078: 9074: 9069: 9065: 9055: 9053: 9044: 9043: 9039: 9031: 9027: 9017: 9015: 9014:on 10 June 2016 9011: 9004: 8998: 8994: 8984: 8982: 8973: 8972: 8968: 8963: 8956: 8948: 8944: 8934: 8932: 8923: 8922: 8918: 8908: 8906: 8893: 8892: 8888: 8867: 8863: 8853: 8851: 8836: 8832: 8822: 8820: 8811: 8810: 8806: 8796: 8794: 8779: 8775: 8765: 8763: 8748: 8747: 8743: 8733: 8731: 8724:Radio Free Asia 8718: 8717: 8713: 8703: 8701: 8686: 8682: 8672: 8670: 8657: 8656: 8652: 8642: 8640: 8627: 8626: 8622: 8612: 8610: 8601: 8600: 8596: 8586: 8584: 8571: 8570: 8566: 8556: 8554: 8543: 8539: 8529: 8527: 8514: 8513: 8509: 8504: 8500: 8492: 8488: 8480: 8476: 8466: 8464: 8447: 8443: 8433: 8431: 8430:on 14 July 2014 8412:Adshead, Gary. 8410: 8406: 8396: 8394: 8379: 8375: 8365: 8363: 8350: 8349: 8345: 8335: 8333: 8320: 8319: 8315: 8305: 8303: 8290: 8289: 8285: 8275: 8273: 8264: 8263: 8259: 8251: 8247: 8242: 8238: 8233: 8229: 8224: 8220: 8215: 8211: 8203: 8199: 8194: 8190: 8182: 8178: 8166: 8162: 8152: 8150: 8137: 8136: 8132: 8122: 8120: 8107: 8106: 8102: 8092: 8090: 8075: 8071: 8061: 8059: 8051: 8050: 8046: 8036: 8034: 8023: 8019: 8014: 8010: 8000: 7998: 7987: 7983: 7973: 7971: 7966:. 15 May 2020. 7958: 7957: 7953: 7943: 7941: 7926: 7922: 7912: 7910: 7895: 7891: 7881: 7879: 7866: 7865: 7861: 7851: 7849: 7832: 7828: 7818: 7816: 7801: 7797: 7787: 7785: 7772: 7771: 7767: 7757: 7755: 7748:Radio Free Asia 7742: 7741: 7737: 7727: 7725: 7712: 7711: 7707: 7697: 7695: 7686: 7685: 7681: 7673: 7669: 7661: 7657: 7649: 7645: 7637: 7633: 7623: 7621: 7612: 7611: 7607: 7597: 7595: 7584: 7580: 7570: 7568: 7555: 7554: 7550: 7540: 7538: 7525: 7524: 7520: 7510: 7508: 7499: 7498: 7494: 7484: 7482: 7467: 7463: 7453: 7451: 7444:Radio Free Asia 7438: 7437: 7433: 7423: 7421: 7406: 7402: 7392: 7390: 7381: 7380: 7376: 7366: 7364: 7351: 7350: 7346: 7338: 7334: 7324: 7322: 7313: 7312: 7308: 7298: 7296: 7285: 7281: 7271: 7269: 7258: 7254: 7244: 7242: 7233: 7232: 7228: 7218: 7216: 7207: 7206: 7202: 7192: 7190: 7181: 7180: 7176: 7166: 7164: 7163:on 15 June 2011 7149: 7145: 7135: 7133: 7120: 7119: 7115: 7105: 7103: 7090: 7089: 7085: 7080:on 1 June 2010. 7072: 7071: 7067: 7059: 7055: 7047: 7043: 7035: 7031: 7023: 7019: 7009: 7007: 6992: 6985: 6973: 6969: 6959: 6957: 6944: 6943: 6939: 6929: 6927: 6914: 6913: 6909: 6899: 6897: 6888: 6887: 6883: 6876:Chicago Tribune 6865:Wayback Machine 6856: 6852: 6844:Chicago Tribune 6839:Wayback Machine 6829: 6825: 6815: 6813: 6804: 6803: 6799: 6789: 6787: 6774: 6773: 6769: 6759: 6757: 6746: 6742: 6732: 6730: 6715: 6714: 6707: 6697: 6695: 6682: 6681: 6677: 6667: 6665: 6658:Radio Free Asia 6652: 6651: 6647: 6637: 6635: 6628:Radio Free Asia 6622: 6621: 6617: 6607: 6605: 6598:Radio Free Asia 6592: 6591: 6587: 6577: 6575: 6568:Radio Free Asia 6562: 6561: 6557: 6547: 6545: 6532: 6531: 6527: 6517: 6515: 6502: 6501: 6497: 6487: 6485: 6476: 6475: 6471: 6461: 6459: 6446: 6445: 6441: 6431: 6429: 6416: 6415: 6411: 6401: 6399: 6386: 6385: 6381: 6371: 6369: 6354: 6350: 6340: 6338: 6324: 6320: 6310: 6308: 6301:Radio Free Asia 6293: 6289: 6279: 6277: 6264: 6263: 6259: 6249: 6247: 6232: 6228: 6218: 6216: 6207: 6206: 6202: 6197:Wayback Machine 6186: 6182: 6172: 6170: 6161: 6160: 6153: 6143: 6141: 6128: 6127: 6123: 6113: 6111: 6098: 6097: 6093: 6083: 6081: 6066: 6062: 6052: 6050: 6039: 6035: 6025: 6023: 6012: 6008: 5998: 5996: 5989:Radio Free Asia 5983: 5982: 5975: 5964: 5957: 5947: 5945: 5936: 5930: 5923: 5918: 5911: 5903: 5899: 5889: 5887: 5882:. 26 May 2021. 5874: 5873: 5869: 5861: 5857: 5849: 5845: 5835: 5833: 5824: 5823: 5819: 5802: 5801: 5797: 5787: 5785: 5772: 5771: 5767: 5762: 5755: 5745: 5743: 5728: 5724: 5714: 5712: 5697: 5696: 5692: 5682: 5680: 5671: 5670: 5666: 5661: 5657: 5640: 5639: 5635: 5622: 5621: 5617: 5607: 5605: 5596: 5595: 5591: 5579: 5575: 5574: 5561: 5551: 5549: 5538: 5534: 5524: 5522: 5518: 5511: 5507: 5506: 5502: 5493: 5489: 5479: 5477: 5464: 5463: 5456: 5446: 5444: 5439:. 20 May 2021. 5435: 5434: 5430: 5420: 5418: 5403: 5399: 5389: 5387: 5372: 5368: 5358: 5356: 5355:on 7 April 2022 5343: 5342: 5338: 5328: 5326: 5321:. 31 May 2021. 5313: 5312: 5308: 5298: 5296: 5291:. 26 May 2021. 5283: 5282: 5278: 5268: 5266: 5261:. 24 May 2021. 5253: 5252: 5248: 5238: 5236: 5231:. 24 May 2021. 5223: 5222: 5218: 5208: 5206: 5197: 5196: 5192: 5182: 5180: 5171: 5170: 5166: 5156: 5154: 5149:. 3 June 2021. 5141: 5140: 5136: 5126: 5124: 5111: 5110: 5103: 5093: 5091: 5078: 5077: 5073: 5063: 5061: 5048: 5047: 5043: 5033: 5031: 5018: 5017: 5013: 5003: 5001: 4988: 4987: 4980: 4970: 4968: 4953: 4949: 4939: 4937: 4926: 4922: 4912: 4910: 4901: 4900: 4896: 4886: 4884: 4877:Radio Free Asia 4871: 4870: 4866: 4856: 4854: 4841: 4840: 4836: 4826: 4824: 4813: 4809: 4799: 4797: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4773: 4771: 4756: 4752: 4742: 4740: 4729: 4725: 4715: 4713: 4704: 4703: 4699: 4689: 4687: 4673: 4669: 4659: 4657: 4642: 4638: 4628: 4626: 4611: 4607: 4597: 4595: 4580: 4576: 4566: 4564: 4549: 4545: 4535: 4533: 4518: 4514: 4504: 4502: 4491: 4487: 4477: 4475: 4466: 4465: 4461: 4451: 4449: 4432: 4425: 4415: 4413: 4398: 4391: 4381: 4379: 4366: 4365: 4358: 4348: 4346: 4333: 4332: 4325: 4315: 4313: 4302: 4298: 4288: 4286: 4273: 4272: 4268: 4258: 4256: 4243: 4242: 4238: 4228: 4226: 4211: 4207: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4179: 4177: 4164: 4163: 4159: 4149: 4147: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4119: 4117: 4104: 4103: 4099: 4089: 4087: 4072: 4068: 4058: 4056: 4041: 4037: 4027: 4025: 4014: 4010: 4000: 3998: 3985: 3984: 3980: 3970: 3968: 3967:on 24 June 2009 3959: 3958: 3954: 3944: 3942: 3927: 3920: 3910: 3908: 3899: 3898: 3891: 3883: 3879: 3871: 3867: 3859: 3855: 3847: 3843: 3833: 3831: 3830:on 8 April 2011 3818: 3817: 3813: 3808: 3804: 3794: 3792: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3764: 3757:Chicago Tribune 3750: 3746: 3736: 3732: 3722: 3720: 3719:on 7 March 2018 3711: 3710: 3706: 3696: 3694: 3690: 3679: 3675: 3674: 3670: 3660: 3658: 3647:Foreign Affairs 3639: 3635: 3627: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3591: 3587: 3579: 3575: 3570: 3566: 3556: 3554: 3545: 3544: 3537: 3529: 3525: 3517: 3513: 3505: 3501: 3491: 3489: 3474: 3467: 3459: 3452: 3444: 3440: 3432: 3428: 3420: 3416: 3408: 3404: 3396: 3392: 3384: 3377: 3367: 3365: 3350: 3346: 3336: 3334: 3319: 3315: 3305: 3303: 3288: 3284: 3274: 3272: 3265: 3261: 3251: 3249: 3242: 3238: 3228: 3226: 3218: 3217: 3210: 3202: 3191: 3187: 3186: 3179: 3169: 3167: 3155: 3151: 3143: 3139: 3129: 3127: 3118: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3085: 3081: 3072: 3068: 3055: 3051: 3047: 2994: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2972:filed a lawsuit 2959:Min Aung Hlaing 2918: 2908: 2856:Rohingya people 2803: 2711: 2705: 2653: 2647: 2604: 2577: 2557: 2545:Operation Paper 2525: 2516: 2507: 2468: 2456: 2409: 2404: 2402:Foreign support 2364: 2358: 2325: 2319: 2180:(SSA) in 1964. 2178:Shan State Army 2145: 2115:Members of the 2040: 2032:Main articles: 2030: 1941: 1936: 1930: 1910: 1891:Hpapun District 1875:Thai government 1802:Hpapun District 1790: 1784: 1742: 1666: 1664:Kachin conflict 1660: 1587: 1577: 1572: 1459:Min Aung Hlaing 1447:Min Aung Hlaing 1429: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1408: 1404: 1397: 1389:Main articles: 1387: 1241:In 2013, large 1196: 1146:minority rights 1113: 1062: 1056: 1038:and one of the 952: 902: 901: 900: 899: 895: 894: 893: 884: 883: 882: 871: 859:Main articles: 857: 852: 796:Thirty Comrades 788: 768:Min Aung Hlaing 706:Thirty Comrades 671:ethnic conflict 656: 655: 654: 649:to display the 643: 639: 634: 633: 632: 627: 618: 616: 614: 456:Northeast India 372:Armed conflicts 365: 360: 358: 356: 318: 317:180,000+ killed 304: 254: 252: 236:Min Aung Hlaing 222: 212: 210: 198: 196: 184: 172: 170: 159: 157: 146: 144: 133: 131: 102: 88: 82: 80: 60: 54: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Bamar supremacy 15: 12: 11: 5: 13162: 13152: 13151: 13146: 13141: 13136: 13134:Guerrilla wars 13131: 13126: 13121: 13116: 13111: 13106: 13101: 13096: 13091: 13086: 13081: 13064: 13063: 13061: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13045: 13040: 13034: 13032: 13031:Related topics 13028: 13027: 13025: 13024: 13018: 13016: 13010: 13009: 13006: 13005: 13003: 13002: 13001: 13000: 12995: 12985: 12980: 12975: 12970: 12964: 12962: 12958: 12957: 12955: 12954: 12949: 12944: 12939: 12933: 12931: 12927: 12926: 12924: 12923: 12922: 12921: 12910: 12908: 12904: 12903: 12901: 12900: 12899: 12898: 12895: 12893:Qatif conflict 12884: 12882: 12878: 12877: 12875: 12874: 12873: 12872: 12867: 12862: 12851: 12849: 12845: 12844: 12842: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12820: 12818: 12814: 12813: 12811: 12810: 12809: 12808: 12798: 12797: 12796: 12791: 12780: 12778: 12774: 12773: 12771: 12770: 12769: 12768: 12763: 12758: 12753: 12748: 12741:Iraqi conflict 12738: 12737: 12736: 12725: 12723: 12719: 12718: 12716: 12715: 12710: 12709: 12708: 12703: 12698: 12688: 12687: 12686: 12684:Qatif conflict 12676: 12671: 12670: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12648: 12646: 12642: 12641: 12639: 12638: 12632: 12630: 12626: 12625: 12623: 12622: 12621: 12620: 12615: 12610: 12599: 12597: 12590: 12586: 12585: 12582: 12581: 12579: 12578: 12573: 12567: 12565: 12561: 12560: 12558: 12557: 12552: 12546: 12544: 12540: 12539: 12537: 12536: 12531: 12526: 12520: 12518: 12514: 12513: 12511: 12510: 12504: 12502: 12498: 12497: 12495: 12494: 12493: 12492: 12487: 12482: 12481: 12480: 12475: 12470: 12457: 12451: 12449: 12442: 12438: 12437: 12434: 12433: 12431: 12430: 12425: 12424: 12423: 12416: 12404: 12399: 12393: 12391: 12387: 12386: 12384: 12383: 12378: 12373: 12367: 12365: 12361: 12360: 12358: 12357: 12352: 12346: 12344: 12340: 12339: 12337: 12336: 12335: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12317:Karen conflict 12308: 12306: 12302: 12301: 12299: 12298: 12293: 12288: 12282: 12280: 12276: 12275: 12273: 12272: 12266: 12264: 12257: 12256:Southeast Asia 12253: 12252: 12249: 12248: 12246: 12245: 12239: 12237: 12233: 12232: 12230: 12229: 12228: 12227: 12222: 12217: 12206: 12204: 12195: 12194: 12192: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12175: 12173: 12166: 12162: 12161: 12158: 12157: 12155: 12154: 12149: 12144: 12138: 12136: 12132: 12131: 12129: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12112: 12110: 12106: 12105: 12103: 12102: 12097: 12092: 12087: 12086: 12085: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12065: 12055: 12049: 12047: 12043: 12042: 12040: 12039: 12034: 12029: 12024: 12019: 12018: 12017: 12012: 12007: 12002: 11997: 11986: 11984: 11977: 11973: 11972: 11961: 11960: 11953: 11946: 11938: 11929: 11928: 11925: 11924: 11922: 11921: 11916: 11910: 11908: 11904: 11903: 11901: 11900: 11899: 11898: 11888: 11883: 11878: 11872: 11870: 11863: 11859: 11858: 11855: 11854: 11852: 11851: 11850: 11849: 11844: 11839: 11834: 11829: 11824: 11819: 11809: 11808: 11807: 11797: 11796: 11795: 11785: 11784: 11783: 11778: 11768: 11767: 11766: 11761: 11756: 11746: 11745: 11744: 11739: 11738: 11737: 11727: 11725:Qatif conflict 11717: 11716: 11715: 11705: 11700: 11695: 11689: 11687: 11683: 11682: 11680: 11679: 11674: 11672:Papua conflict 11669: 11668: 11667: 11662: 11652: 11651: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11633:Karen conflict 11630: 11625: 11620: 11609: 11607: 11601: 11600: 11598: 11597: 11596: 11595: 11590: 11585: 11580: 11575: 11570: 11559: 11558: 11553: 11548: 11542: 11541: 11540: 11539: 11528: 11527: 11526: 11525: 11520: 11509: 11507: 11503: 11502: 11500: 11499: 11493: 11491: 11487: 11486: 11484: 11483: 11477: 11475: 11468: 11464: 11463: 11460: 11459: 11457: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11436: 11430: 11428: 11424: 11423: 11421: 11420: 11415: 11410: 11405: 11400: 11394: 11392: 11385: 11381: 11380: 11377: 11376: 11374: 11373: 11368: 11367: 11366: 11356: 11351: 11346: 11345: 11344: 11339: 11334: 11329: 11318: 11316: 11312: 11311: 11309: 11308: 11307: 11306: 11296: 11291: 11290: 11289: 11279: 11274: 11269: 11268: 11267: 11262: 11257: 11247: 11241: 11239: 11235: 11234: 11232: 11231: 11230: 11229: 11219: 11214: 11209: 11208: 11207: 11202: 11200:Oromo conflict 11197: 11195:OLA insurgency 11192: 11182: 11180:ADF insurgency 11176: 11174: 11170: 11169: 11167: 11166: 11161: 11160: 11159: 11149: 11148: 11147: 11142: 11140:Ituri conflict 11132: 11127: 11122: 11117: 11112: 11106: 11104: 11097: 11093: 11092: 11085: 11084: 11077: 11070: 11062: 11053: 11052: 11050: 11049: 11044: 11032: 11020: 11007: 11004: 11003: 11000: 10999: 10997: 10996: 10995: 10994: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10909: 10904: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10884: 10878: 10876: 10870: 10869: 10867: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10811: 10805: 10799: 10793: 10792: 10789: 10788: 10786: 10785: 10780: 10778:Transportation 10775: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10744: 10738: 10732: 10731: 10728: 10727: 10725: 10724: 10723: 10722: 10715:Prime Minister 10712: 10711: 10710: 10700: 10695: 10694: 10693: 10683: 10682: 10681: 10676: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10655: 10654: 10652:Women's rights 10649: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10613: 10607: 10601: 10600: 10597: 10596: 10594: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10527: 10521: 10515: 10514: 10512: 10511: 10510: 10509: 10504: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10467:Union of Burma 10464: 10459: 10454: 10452:Karenni States 10449: 10444: 10439: 10434: 10433: 10432: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10405:Kingdom of Ava 10402: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10380:Thaton Kingdom 10377: 10372: 10366: 10364: 10358: 10357: 10354: 10353: 10340: 10339: 10328: 10327: 10320: 10313: 10305: 10299: 10298: 10291: 10290:External links 10288: 10286: 10285: 10280:978-1032012278 10279: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10248: 10187: 10155:10.1355/CS5-4B 10149:(4): 403–450. 10134: 10088:(3): 681–690. 10073: 10054: 10023: 9996: 9966:(2): 234–256. 9951: 9913:(2): 332–366. 9907:World Politics 9898: 9852:(1): 110–123. 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9828: 9822: 9807: 9801: 9788: 9782: 9769: 9763: 9750: 9744: 9731: 9725: 9710: 9704: 9689: 9683: 9670: 9664: 9649: 9643: 9630: 9624: 9611: 9591: 9578: 9572: 9559: 9553: 9540: 9534: 9521: 9503: 9488: 9482: 9461: 9443: 9428: 9422: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9395: 9369: 9339: 9308: 9278: 9269: 9239: 9196: 9163: 9132: 9130:, p. 342. 9120: 9090: 9081: 9072: 9063: 9037: 9025: 8992: 8966: 8954: 8942: 8916: 8886: 8861: 8830: 8804: 8773: 8741: 8711: 8680: 8650: 8620: 8594: 8564: 8549:. Al Jazeera. 8537: 8507: 8498: 8496:, p. 681. 8494:Licklider 1995 8486: 8474: 8441: 8404: 8373: 8343: 8326:Balkan Insight 8313: 8283: 8257: 8245: 8236: 8227: 8218: 8209: 8207:, p. 154. 8197: 8188: 8176: 8160: 8130: 8100: 8069: 8044: 8017: 8008: 7993:. Al Jazeera. 7981: 7951: 7920: 7889: 7859: 7834:Vrieze, Paul. 7826: 7795: 7765: 7735: 7705: 7679: 7667: 7655: 7643: 7641:, p. 235. 7631: 7605: 7578: 7548: 7518: 7503:. Al Jazeera. 7492: 7461: 7431: 7400: 7374: 7357:Global Witness 7344: 7342:, p. 332. 7332: 7306: 7279: 7252: 7226: 7200: 7174: 7143: 7113: 7083: 7065: 7063:, p. 430. 7053: 7051:, p. 416. 7041: 7039:, p. 414. 7029: 7027:, p. 413. 7017: 6983: 6967: 6950:People in Need 6937: 6907: 6892:. Al Jazeera. 6881: 6850: 6823: 6797: 6767: 6740: 6705: 6675: 6645: 6630:(in Burmese). 6615: 6585: 6555: 6525: 6495: 6469: 6439: 6409: 6379: 6348: 6318: 6287: 6257: 6226: 6200: 6180: 6151: 6121: 6091: 6060: 6033: 6006: 5973: 5955: 5921: 5909: 5907:, p. 118. 5897: 5867: 5855: 5843: 5832:on 10 May 2017 5817: 5795: 5765: 5753: 5722: 5690: 5664: 5655: 5633: 5615: 5589: 5559: 5532: 5500: 5487: 5454: 5428: 5397: 5366: 5336: 5306: 5276: 5246: 5216: 5190: 5164: 5134: 5101: 5071: 5041: 5011: 4978: 4947: 4920: 4894: 4864: 4834: 4807: 4781: 4750: 4723: 4697: 4667: 4636: 4605: 4574: 4543: 4512: 4485: 4459: 4423: 4389: 4356: 4323: 4296: 4266: 4236: 4205: 4187: 4157: 4127: 4097: 4066: 4035: 4008: 3978: 3952: 3918: 3889: 3877: 3873:Steinberg 2001 3865: 3861:Steinberg 2010 3853: 3841: 3811: 3802: 3771: 3762: 3744: 3739:Ottawa Citizen 3730: 3704: 3668: 3643:"Burmese Days" 3633: 3621: 3609: 3607:, p. 238. 3597: 3585: 3583:, p. 229. 3573: 3564: 3535: 3523: 3511: 3509:, pp. 23. 3499: 3465: 3450: 3438: 3426: 3414: 3402: 3390: 3375: 3344: 3313: 3282: 3259: 3236: 3208: 3177: 3157:Hein, Ye Myo. 3149: 3137: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3097: 3094: 3093: 3090: 3086: 3079: 3066: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3042: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2996:Myanmar portal 2983: 2980: 2951:Pulitzer Prize 2907: 2904: 2802: 2799: 2791:Phyo Zeya Thaw 2757:child soldiers 2727:scorched earth 2707:Main article: 2704: 2701: 2649:Main article: 2646: 2643: 2637:, and Russian 2603: 2600: 2581:arms companies 2576: 2575:Arms suppliers 2573: 2556: 2553: 2524: 2521: 2515: 2512: 2506: 2503: 2467: 2464: 2455: 2452: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2360:Main article: 2357: 2354: 2321:Main article: 2318: 2315: 2174:Kokang Chinese 2166:Noom Seik Harn 2144: 2141: 2050:, 4 July 1961. 2029: 2026: 1940: 1937: 1929: 1926: 1909: 1906: 1837:scorched earth 1788:Karen conflict 1786:Main article: 1783: 1780: 1758:Karenni people 1748:) founded the 1741: 1738: 1662:Main article: 1659: 1656: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1486:Sagaing Region 1431: 1430: 1411: 1409: 1402: 1386: 1383: 1288:, 24 May 2017. 1195: 1192: 1142:free elections 1112: 1109: 1058:Main article: 1055: 1052: 1036:hermit kingdom 989:concept of a " 981:November 1963. 964:military junta 951: 948: 944:federal system 897: 896: 887: 886: 885: 876: 875: 874: 873: 872: 856: 853: 851: 848: 808:State of Burma 787: 784: 718:State of Burma 699:federalisation 651:Burmese script 644: 637: 636: 635: 629: 628: 613: 612: 607: 602: 594:Related topics 591: 590: 585: 580: 575: 562: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 530: 529: 524: 519: 508: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 459: 458: 453: 452: 451: 444:post-2021 coup 441: 436: 435: 434: 429: 424: 414: 413: 412: 407: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 370: 367: 366: 355: 354: 347: 340: 332: 324: 323: 314: 313: 309: 308: 305: 303: 302: 297:150,000 (2023 295: 290:406,000 (2021 287: 284: 283: 279: 278: 268: 249: 248: 247:Units involved 244: 243: 238: 232: 231: 227: 226: 221: 220: 193: 192: 191: 183: 182: 168: 155: 142: 139:Union of Burma 128: 125: 124: 118: 117: 114: 113: 108: 104: 103: 97: 95: 91: 90: 77: 69: 68: 46: 45: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13161: 13150: 13147: 13145: 13142: 13140: 13137: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13127: 13125: 13122: 13120: 13117: 13115: 13112: 13110: 13107: 13105: 13102: 13100: 13097: 13095: 13092: 13090: 13087: 13085: 13082: 13080: 13077: 13076: 13074: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13038:War on terror 13036: 13035: 13033: 13029: 13023: 13020: 13019: 13017: 13011: 12999: 12996: 12994: 12991: 12990: 12989: 12986: 12984: 12981: 12979: 12976: 12974: 12971: 12969: 12966: 12965: 12963: 12959: 12953: 12950: 12948: 12945: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12935: 12934: 12932: 12928: 12920: 12917: 12916: 12915: 12912: 12911: 12909: 12905: 12896: 12894: 12891: 12890: 12889: 12886: 12885: 12883: 12879: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12861: 12858: 12857: 12856: 12853: 12852: 12850: 12846: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12821: 12819: 12815: 12807: 12804: 12803: 12802: 12799: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12786: 12785: 12782: 12781: 12779: 12775: 12767: 12764: 12762: 12759: 12757: 12754: 12752: 12749: 12747: 12744: 12743: 12742: 12739: 12735: 12732: 12731: 12730: 12727: 12726: 12724: 12720: 12714: 12711: 12707: 12704: 12702: 12699: 12697: 12694: 12693: 12692: 12689: 12685: 12682: 12681: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12672: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12654: 12653: 12650: 12649: 12647: 12643: 12637: 12634: 12633: 12631: 12627: 12619: 12616: 12614: 12613:2016 conflict 12611: 12609: 12606: 12605: 12604: 12601: 12600: 12598: 12594: 12591: 12587: 12577: 12574: 12572: 12569: 12568: 12566: 12562: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12547: 12545: 12541: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12521: 12519: 12515: 12509: 12506: 12505: 12503: 12499: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12485:2001–2021 War 12483: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12465: 12463: 12462: 12461: 12458: 12456: 12453: 12452: 12450: 12446: 12443: 12439: 12429: 12426: 12421: 12417: 12414: 12410: 12409: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12394: 12392: 12388: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12368: 12366: 12362: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12347: 12345: 12341: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12314: 12313: 12310: 12309: 12307: 12303: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12283: 12281: 12277: 12271: 12268: 12267: 12265: 12261: 12258: 12254: 12244: 12241: 12240: 12238: 12234: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12212: 12211: 12208: 12207: 12205: 12196: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12176: 12174: 12170: 12167: 12163: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12143: 12140: 12139: 12137: 12133: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12113: 12111: 12107: 12101: 12098: 12096: 12093: 12091: 12088: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12061: 12060: 12059: 12056: 12054: 12051: 12050: 12048: 12044: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11992: 11991: 11988: 11987: 11985: 11981: 11978: 11974: 11970: 11967: 11959: 11954: 11952: 11947: 11945: 11940: 11939: 11936: 11920: 11919:Loyalist feud 11917: 11915: 11912: 11911: 11909: 11905: 11897: 11894: 11893: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11874: 11873: 11871: 11867: 11864: 11860: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11838: 11835: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11825: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11814: 11813: 11810: 11806: 11803: 11802: 11801: 11798: 11794: 11791: 11790: 11789: 11786: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11773: 11772: 11769: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11755: 11752: 11751: 11750: 11747: 11743: 11740: 11736: 11733: 11732: 11731: 11730:Yemeni crisis 11728: 11726: 11723: 11722: 11721: 11718: 11714: 11711: 11710: 11709: 11708:Iraq conflict 11706: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11691: 11690: 11688: 11684: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11670: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11657: 11656: 11653: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11628:Kalay clashes 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11615: 11614: 11611: 11610: 11608: 11602: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11565: 11564: 11561: 11560: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11543: 11538: 11535: 11534: 11533: 11530: 11529: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11515: 11514: 11511: 11510: 11508: 11504: 11498: 11495: 11494: 11492: 11488: 11482: 11479: 11478: 11476: 11472: 11469: 11465: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11431: 11429: 11425: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11395: 11393: 11389: 11386: 11382: 11372: 11369: 11365: 11362: 11361: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11324: 11323: 11320: 11319: 11317: 11313: 11305: 11302: 11301: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11294:War in Darfur 11292: 11288: 11285: 11284: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11272:Libyan Crisis 11270: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11252: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11242: 11240: 11236: 11228: 11225: 11224: 11223: 11220: 11218: 11215: 11213: 11210: 11206: 11205:War in Amhara 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11187: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11177: 11175: 11171: 11165: 11162: 11158: 11157:M23 offensive 11155: 11154: 11153: 11152:Kivu conflict 11150: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11137: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11107: 11105: 11101: 11098: 11094: 11090: 11083: 11078: 11076: 11071: 11069: 11064: 11063: 11060: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11042: 11037: 11033: 11031: 11030: 11021: 11019: 11018: 11009: 11008: 11005: 10993: 10990: 10989: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10879: 10877: 10875: 10871: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10829:Ethnic groups 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10806: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10794: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10745: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10733: 10721: 10718: 10717: 10716: 10713: 10709: 10706: 10705: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10692: 10689: 10688: 10687: 10684: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10674:military rule 10672: 10671: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10644: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10614: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10602: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10546:Deforestation 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10528: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10516: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10499: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10487:2007 protests 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10477:8888 Uprising 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10431: 10428: 10427: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10410:Prome Kingdom 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10395:Pinya Kingdom 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10385:Pagan Kingdom 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10367: 10365: 10363: 10359: 10351: 10345: 10341: 10337: 10333: 10326: 10321: 10319: 10314: 10312: 10307: 10306: 10303: 10297: 10294: 10293: 10282: 10276: 10272: 10268: 10267: 10262: 10258: 10257: 10237: 10233: 10229: 10225: 10221: 10217: 10213: 10209: 10205: 10201: 10197: 10193: 10188: 10176: 10172: 10168: 10164: 10160: 10156: 10152: 10148: 10144: 10140: 10135: 10123: 10119: 10115: 10111: 10107: 10103: 10099: 10095: 10091: 10087: 10083: 10079: 10074: 10067: 10060: 10055: 10040: 10036: 10029: 10024: 10017: 10013: 10009: 10002: 9997: 9985: 9981: 9977: 9973: 9969: 9965: 9961: 9957: 9952: 9940: 9936: 9932: 9928: 9924: 9920: 9916: 9912: 9908: 9904: 9899: 9887: 9883: 9879: 9875: 9871: 9867: 9863: 9859: 9855: 9851: 9847: 9843: 9838: 9837: 9825: 9819: 9815: 9814: 9808: 9804: 9798: 9794: 9789: 9785: 9783:9780878408931 9779: 9775: 9770: 9766: 9760: 9756: 9751: 9747: 9745:9780684312439 9741: 9737: 9732: 9728: 9722: 9718: 9717: 9711: 9707: 9701: 9697: 9696: 9690: 9686: 9680: 9676: 9671: 9667: 9661: 9657: 9656: 9650: 9646: 9640: 9636: 9631: 9627: 9621: 9617: 9612: 9608: 9602: 9594: 9588: 9584: 9579: 9575: 9569: 9565: 9560: 9556: 9550: 9546: 9541: 9537: 9535:9781599429946 9531: 9527: 9522: 9510: 9506: 9500: 9496: 9495: 9489: 9485: 9483:9789971696856 9479: 9475: 9471: 9467: 9462: 9450: 9446: 9440: 9436: 9435: 9429: 9425: 9423:9781861899392 9419: 9415: 9410: 9409: 9383: 9379: 9373: 9357: 9353: 9352:www.ohchr.org 9349: 9343: 9327: 9323: 9319: 9312: 9296: 9292: 9291:www.ohchr.org 9288: 9282: 9273: 9257: 9253: 9249: 9243: 9224: 9220: 9213: 9207: 9205: 9203: 9201: 9184: 9180: 9176: 9170: 9168: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9136: 9129: 9124: 9108: 9104: 9100: 9094: 9085: 9076: 9067: 9051: 9047: 9041: 9034: 9029: 9010: 9003: 8996: 8980: 8976: 8970: 8961: 8959: 8951: 8946: 8930: 8926: 8920: 8904: 8900: 8896: 8890: 8882: 8878: 8877: 8872: 8865: 8849: 8845: 8841: 8834: 8818: 8814: 8808: 8792: 8788: 8784: 8777: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8752: 8745: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8715: 8699: 8695: 8691: 8684: 8668: 8664: 8660: 8654: 8638: 8634: 8633:The Irrawaddy 8630: 8624: 8608: 8604: 8598: 8582: 8578: 8574: 8568: 8552: 8548: 8541: 8525: 8521: 8517: 8511: 8502: 8495: 8490: 8483: 8478: 8462: 8458: 8457: 8452: 8445: 8429: 8425: 8421: 8420: 8415: 8408: 8392: 8388: 8384: 8377: 8361: 8357: 8353: 8347: 8331: 8327: 8323: 8317: 8301: 8297: 8293: 8287: 8271: 8267: 8261: 8254: 8249: 8240: 8231: 8222: 8213: 8206: 8201: 8192: 8185: 8180: 8173: 8169: 8164: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8134: 8118: 8114: 8113:The Irrawaddy 8110: 8104: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8073: 8058: 8054: 8048: 8032: 8028: 8021: 8012: 7996: 7992: 7985: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7955: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7924: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7893: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7863: 7847: 7843: 7842: 7837: 7830: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7799: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7769: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7739: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7709: 7693: 7689: 7683: 7677:, p. 88. 7676: 7671: 7664: 7659: 7652: 7647: 7640: 7635: 7619: 7615: 7609: 7593: 7589: 7582: 7566: 7562: 7561:The Irrawaddy 7558: 7552: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7522: 7506: 7502: 7496: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7465: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7435: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7404: 7388: 7384: 7378: 7362: 7358: 7354: 7348: 7341: 7336: 7320: 7316: 7310: 7294: 7290: 7283: 7267: 7263: 7256: 7240: 7236: 7230: 7214: 7210: 7204: 7188: 7184: 7178: 7162: 7158: 7157:The Irrawaddy 7154: 7147: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7117: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7087: 7079: 7075: 7069: 7062: 7057: 7050: 7045: 7038: 7033: 7026: 7021: 7005: 7001: 7000:The Irrawaddy 6997: 6990: 6988: 6980: 6976: 6975:Yawnghwe 2010 6971: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6941: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6911: 6895: 6891: 6885: 6878: 6877: 6872: 6871: 6866: 6862: 6859: 6854: 6846: 6845: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6827: 6811: 6807: 6801: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6771: 6755: 6751: 6744: 6728: 6724: 6723: 6722:The Economist 6718: 6712: 6710: 6693: 6689: 6688:The Irrawaddy 6685: 6679: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6649: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6619: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6589: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6559: 6543: 6539: 6538:The Irrawaddy 6535: 6529: 6513: 6509: 6508:Dhaka Tribune 6505: 6499: 6483: 6479: 6473: 6457: 6453: 6452:The Irrawaddy 6449: 6443: 6427: 6423: 6422:The Irrawaddy 6419: 6413: 6397: 6393: 6392:The Irrawaddy 6389: 6383: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6352: 6336: 6332: 6329: 6322: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6291: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6261: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6230: 6214: 6210: 6204: 6198: 6194: 6191: 6190: 6184: 6168: 6164: 6158: 6156: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6125: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6095: 6079: 6075: 6074:The Irrawaddy 6071: 6064: 6048: 6044: 6037: 6021: 6017: 6010: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5980: 5978: 5970:. p. 72. 5969: 5962: 5960: 5944: 5943: 5935: 5928: 5926: 5916: 5914: 5906: 5901: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5871: 5864: 5859: 5852: 5847: 5831: 5827: 5821: 5813: 5809: 5808:irrawaddy.org 5805: 5799: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5769: 5760: 5758: 5741: 5737: 5736:The Irrawaddy 5733: 5726: 5710: 5706: 5705: 5700: 5694: 5678: 5674: 5668: 5659: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5637: 5629: 5625: 5619: 5603: 5599: 5593: 5585: 5578: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5547: 5543: 5536: 5517: 5510: 5504: 5497: 5491: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5461: 5459: 5442: 5438: 5432: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5401: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5370: 5354: 5350: 5349:Workers Today 5346: 5340: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5310: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5250: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5220: 5204: 5200: 5194: 5178: 5174: 5168: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5138: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5108: 5106: 5089: 5085: 5084:The Irrawaddy 5081: 5075: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5045: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5015: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4985: 4983: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4951: 4935: 4931: 4924: 4908: 4904: 4898: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4868: 4852: 4848: 4847:The Irrawaddy 4844: 4838: 4822: 4818: 4811: 4795: 4791: 4785: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4754: 4738: 4734: 4727: 4711: 4707: 4701: 4685: 4681: 4678: 4671: 4656:on 3 May 2018 4655: 4651: 4647: 4640: 4625:on 4 May 2018 4624: 4620: 4616: 4609: 4593: 4589: 4588:The Irrawaddy 4585: 4578: 4563:on 3 May 2018 4562: 4558: 4554: 4547: 4532:on 4 May 2018 4531: 4527: 4523: 4516: 4500: 4496: 4489: 4473: 4469: 4463: 4447: 4443: 4442: 4437: 4430: 4428: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4396: 4394: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4363: 4361: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4330: 4328: 4311: 4307: 4300: 4284: 4280: 4279:The Economist 4276: 4270: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4240: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4209: 4201: 4197: 4191: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4161: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4131: 4115: 4111: 4110:The Telegraph 4107: 4101: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4070: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4039: 4023: 4019: 4012: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3982: 3966: 3962: 3956: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3925: 3923: 3906: 3902: 3896: 3894: 3887:, p. 99. 3886: 3881: 3874: 3869: 3862: 3857: 3850: 3845: 3829: 3825: 3824:The Economist 3821: 3815: 3809:Wintle (2007) 3806: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3775: 3766: 3759: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3741: 3740: 3734: 3718: 3714: 3708: 3689: 3685: 3678: 3672: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3637: 3630: 3625: 3618: 3617:Callahan 2003 3613: 3606: 3601: 3594: 3589: 3582: 3577: 3568: 3552: 3548: 3542: 3540: 3533:, p. 14. 3532: 3527: 3520: 3519:Callahan 2003 3515: 3508: 3503: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3472: 3470: 3462: 3457: 3455: 3448:, p. 79. 3447: 3442: 3435: 3430: 3424:, p. 60. 3423: 3418: 3412:, p. 61. 3411: 3406: 3400:, p. 10. 3399: 3394: 3388:, p. 59. 3387: 3382: 3380: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3348: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3317: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3286: 3270: 3263: 3247: 3240: 3225: 3221: 3215: 3213: 3201: 3197: 3190: 3184: 3182: 3166: 3165: 3160: 3153: 3146: 3141: 3125: 3121: 3115: 3111: 3091: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3076: 3070: 3063: 3059: 3053: 3049: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3001: 2997: 2986: 2979: 2977: 2973: 2970: 2966: 2964: 2960: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2934: 2930: 2928: 2923: 2917: 2913: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2881: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2863:provinces of 2861: 2857: 2852: 2850: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2798: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2751: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2678: 2673: 2670: 2664: 2657: 2652: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2599: 2597: 2591: 2589: 2584: 2582: 2572: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2523:United States 2520: 2511: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2463: 2461: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2439: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2414: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2368: 2363: 2353: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2324: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2295: 2291: 2289: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2244:Mong Tai Army 2236: 2232: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2170:Noom Suk Harn 2167: 2163: 2162:Noom Suk Harn 2157: 2154: 2150: 2140: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2118: 2113: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2082: 2080: 2079:East Pakistan 2076: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2056:Rakhine State 2049: 2044: 2039: 2035: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1957:Rakhine State 1954: 1950: 1946: 1935: 1928:Rakhine State 1925: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1905: 1903: 1902:Salween River 1899: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1869: 1868:federal union 1865: 1861: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1779: 1777: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1681:Kachin people 1675: 1670: 1665: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1586: 1582: 1567: 1565: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1502: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1478: 1476: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1463:Mass protests 1460: 1456: 1448: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1427: 1424:November 2023 1415: 1410: 1401: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1382: 1380: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1360:Muse Township 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1295: 1287: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1270: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1138: 1136: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1117: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1084: 1083: 1082:The Economist 1077: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1061: 1060:8888 Uprising 1054:8888 Uprising 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 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