5686:. He also traveled shortly thereafter to Sirmium, where he received imperial acclamation from the troops stationed in Pannonia, and was aware that it was imperative to deal as soon as possible with the Juthungi who had broken through the Danubian front. :The barbarians had aimed only to loot, after the failure to pay the subsidies promised by the previous emperors; having learned of the new ruler's arrival and now satisfied with what they had plundered over the winter, they attempted to retreat, but were intercepted by the Romans near the Danube and defeated, though not outright. Their demands for a renewal of the previous peace treaty and recognition of new subsidies, however, were refused by Aurelian, who granted them only the possibility of returning to their native lands without spoils. The peace signed between the empire and the Germanic peoples defined the new emperor's policy toward the barbarians. He denied any compensation whatsoever in exchange for their foedus, which would have made the empire a tributary of its own federates. :In November of the same year, while Aurelian was in Rome, to officially receive full imperial powers from the Senate, a new invasion generated panic, this time in the provinces of Upper and Lower Pannonia, which evidently Aurelian had unseated in order to travel to Italy to repel the invasion of the Juthungi. This time it was the
7338:
6973:
7510:
408:, in order to better attack the neighboring Empire or to defend themselves against the irruption of other neighboring barbarian populations. For other scholars, however, in addition to the pressure of outside populations, it was also the contact and confrontation with the Roman imperial civilization (its wealth, language, weapons, and organization) that prompted the Germanic peoples to restructure and organize themselves into more robust and permanent social systems, capable of better defending themselves or seriously attacking the Empire. Rome, for its part, had been trying since the first century A.D. to prevent the penetration of the barbarians by entrenching itself behind the
7531:, who went on to entrust such positions to figures of equestrian rank, who had come out of the army after a long career: they anticipated and gave rise to those duces who from the end of the century replaced the provincial governor in the defense of the borders. Inevitably, the growing burden of the army, accompanied by political instability and the struggle for power, caused a monetary decline due, moreover, to the long-standing lack of liquidity from the conquests of previous centuries. A growing tax burden affected the ruling classes of the municipalities and colonies, setting the stage for the contraction of the urban fabric as documented for the fourth century. Private
7554:
5724:
4073:
countryside, resulting in the abandonment of many farms and vast areas of fields to be cultivated. This pressing demand for soldiers, in turn, had generated an implicit race to raise the price of obtaining the imperial purple. Each new emperor or usurper was forced, therefore, to offer his army increasing donations and ever more rewarding wages, to the serious detriment of the imperial treasury, which was often forced to cover these extraordinary expenses with the confiscation of huge estates of private citizens, victims in these years of "partisan" proscriptions. These difficulties forced the new emperor,
8592:
5431:
8628:
8544:
3110:
5616:
8556:
8275:
8532:
4023:
34:
3843:
3144:
possible avenue of invasion by the barbarians as quickly as possible; however, the strategy was made difficult by having to garrison immense stretches of frontier with mostly sparse military contingents. Many of the emperors who were gradually proclaimed by the legions over a period of twenty-five years did not even manage to set foot in Rome, let alone, during their very short reigns, undertake internal reforms, as they were permanently occupied with defending the imperial throne from other claimants and the territory from external enemies.
3386:
6553:
784:
8504:
6417:
6216:
4461:
6848:
6045:
3247:
8402:
4942:
7408:
5170:
3206:
Germans than lightly armed archers. Alexander also had an admirable war apparatus, to which
Maximinus is said to have added many new devices. He entered Trans-Renan Germania for three hundred or four hundred miles of the barbarian territory, burned villages, raided cattle, plundered, killed many of the barbarians, generated considerable booty to his soldiers, took numerous prisoners, and if the Germans had not retreated to the swamps and forests, would have subdued all of Germania to Rome.
10082:
6478:, and Vandals, who, on the contrary, broke the alliance and, while Probus was busy fighting some usurpers, began wandering over land and sea throughout most of the Empire, to the great detriment of Roman prestige.: The suppression of the Gallic revolt and the expulsion of the Germanic bands from the imperial territories lasted a long year of military campaigns; eventually Proculus was captured in a treacherous plot, and then Bonosus hanged himself shortly after in 281.
4313:
3582:
Danube with his men and began ravaging Moesia and Thrace, while Philip sent against him
Senator Decius. The latter reporting no success, dismissed his soldiers sending them back to their homes and returning to Philip . Ostrogotha, king of the Goths, marched against the Romans at the head of thirty thousand armed men, to whom were also added Taifal warriors, Hasdingi, and three thousand Carpi, the latter a very warlike people and often fatal to the Romans.
4635:
4224:
3619:
5774:
14379:
14367:
2934:
4833:
6192:"Licca"). At the end of the clashes the same conditions that had been granted to the Lugii shortly before were agreed upon, but when the barbarians broke the understandings, retaining some of the prisoners, the emperor confronted them again. The Germans were severely defeated and the Romans also captured their leader, Igillus. At the end of these victories Probus also assumed the appellation "
5353:, and the usurper Aureolus, who had fortified himself in Milan. The subsequent rush of the Roman army of Claudius II the Gothic (the new emperor who had witnessed Aureolus' capitulation), forced the Alemanni to stop their raids and negotiate their withdrawal from Italic soil. The failure to reach an agreement forced Claudius to fight them: he scored the decisive victory in November, in the
5700:. Again, the prompt intervention of the emperor himself forced these Germano-Sarmatian peoples to capitulate and ask for peace. Aurelian forced the barbarians to provide as hostages many of their sons, as well as a contingent of auxiliary cavalry of two thousand men, in exchange for their return to their lands north of the Danube. For these successes he obtained the appellation
5269:, attempted to move up it northward, but was intercepted by the Roman armies and suffered a bitter defeat at the hands of Gallienus, who had rushed to the occasion. The story goes that Gallienus managed to beat back the hordes of barbarians, which included the Goths, killing a large number of them (spring of 268). Following these events he offered the leader of the Heruli,
623:, there had been movement and mixing of peoples, with the advent of a new phenomenon among the Germans, which represented an overcoming of the tribal dimension: entire peoples (such as Marcomanni, Quadi and Naristi, Vandals, Cotini, Iazigi, Buri, etc.), had grouped together in coalitions, mostly military in nature, implementing greater pressure on the nearby Roman limes.
3704:
3486:
2683:
4516:
front against the
Sasanids of Shapur I.: Also during this period, Gallienus allowed some tribes of Marcomanni to settle in Roman Pannonia south of the Danube, probably to repopulate the countryside devastated by the invasions of the previous decades, and contracted a secondary marriage with the daughter of one of their princes.
815:(in 168). The untimely death of Lucius (in 169 not far from Aquileia), and the breaking of pacts by the barbarians (many of whom had been "clients" since the time of Tiberius) led a never-before-seen wave of troops to swarm devastatingly through northern Italy all the way to below the walls of Aquileia, the heart of
5505:. However, the barbarians, although surrounded by the legions, managed to cause considerable losses to the Roman infantry, which was saved only by the intervention of the cavalry entrusted to Aurelian, alleviating the defeat.: At the same time, the other hordes of Goths, who had swarmed the previous year into the
7478:, obtained roles and powers that had previously been reserved for members of senatorial, Italic or provincial families. It was from the armies most engaged on the containment front that these men arose; and among them, the broad Danubian and Pannonian sector in particular brought forth emperors such as
4972:
simultaneously to defend the legitimacy of his throne, employed much of the armies assigned to defend the imperial borders to counter many of these generals who had proclaimed themselves emperors. The result was to leave large strategic sectors of the limes unprotected, provoking a new invasion by the
6261:
relates that in the course of the entire campaign the emperor had killed over four hundred thousand barbarians and liberated as many as sixty cities in Gaul. The vanquished were required to hand over hostages to guarantee the treaty; nine barbarian chieftains knelt together before Probus, a number of
6030:
provoked a new incursion by the
Germans from across the Danube into the neighboring province of Rhaetia, so much so that the emperor himself had to intervene again before he went to the East, where he planned to wage a new campaign against the Sasanians in order to recover the lost territories of the
7394:
The cadence with which the barbarian incursions followed one another from the third decade of the century onward constituted only the most conspicuous consequence of a phenomenon that had been going on for several decades, causes and consequences of which were both internal and external to the Roman
7362:
state. After two centuries of apparent calm along the western and eastern borders, from the beginning of the century populations of different ethnicities, mostly
Germanic, engaged Roman forces in long and exhausting campaigns of containment, often fruitless, sometimes catastrophic. Since the time of
7004:
At the same time Caesar
Constantius Chlorus fought in Gaul with good luck. At the Lingons in a single day he experienced bad and good luck. Because the barbarians were advancing fast, he was forced to enter the city, and because of the necessity of closing the gates so quickly, he was hoisted on the
5840:
As the campaign continued, however, the barbarians, out of greed for booty, divided into numerous armed bands, scattered throughout the surrounding territory. Aurelian, having rallied his armies again after their defeat and determined to follow them on their march southward, succeeded in turning the
5128:
The
Scythians , sailing through the Pontus Euxinus penetrated the Danube and brought great devastation to Roman soil. Gallienus knowing these things gave the Byzantines Cleodamus and Athenaeus the task of rebuilding and walling the cities, and when a battle was fought near Pontus the barbarians were
4971:
Valerian's capture by the
Persians generated, in addition to the secession to the west of the Gallic Empire, a continuous series of usurpations, mostly among the commanders of the Danubian military provinces (a period referred to as the "thirty tyrants"). Gallienus, forced to fight on several fronts
3898:
of the two
Moesias, Trebonianus Gallus, who was himself acclaimed emperor that same month. Gallus, rushing to the scene of the battle, concluded an unfavorable peace with the Goths of Cniva: not only did he allow them to keep the spoils, but also the prisoners captured in Philippopolis, many of them
3739:
narrates. Leaving
Trebonius Gallus in Novae, on the Danube, he managed to surprise and defeat Cniva while the latter was still besieging the Mesic city of Nicopolis. However, the barbarian hordes managed to get away and, after crossing the entire Balkan Peninsula, attacked the city of Philippopolis.
3642:
Decius, proclaimed emperor by the Pannonian-Moesian armies, headed for Italy, taking most of the border troops with him, and near Verona he succeeded in defeating the army of Philip the Arab, who died along with his son. However, having depleted the defenses of the Balkan area once again allowed the
3441:
Gordian left for war against the Sasanian Persians with a large army and such a large amount of gold that he could easily defeat the enemy either with legionaries or auxiliaries. He marched through Moesia and, in the course of his advance, destroyed, put to flight, and drove away all the enemies who
7673:
Thus, these were not yet mass displacements of entire populations such as those that would occur in later centuries, when the irruption of the Huns into the European stage would induce many Germanic tribes to seek new sites of settlement within the Roman Empire. In the third century numerous hordes
7585:
The effort undertaken by the successive augusts during the third century, either because of the lack of a long-term plan or because of the economic crisis that affected the Roman tributary system, failed to save the integrity of the Empire as it stood at the end of the second century: in particular
7462:
had their decisive weight in this regard, now the new situation created along the borders of the Empire undoubtedly privileged the limitanean legions, revolutionizing a balance that had seen, in the first two centuries of the Empire, the praetorian cohorts represent, in their own ranks, a good part
4072:
to the imperial purple). Moreover, food shortages generated a demand that exceeded the supply of foodstuffs, with obvious inflationary consequences on basic necessities. Added to all this was a constant forced recruitment of soldiers, to the detriment of the labor force employed in the agricultural
3770:
The defeat inflicted on Decius was so heavy that it prevented the emperor not only from continuing the campaign, but especially from saving Philippopolis, which, having fallen into the hands of the Goths, was sacked and set on fire. Of the governor of Thrace, Titus Julius Priscus, who had attempted
3581:
Under the empire of that Philip the Goths displeased that tribute was no longer paid to them, turned into enemies from the friends they were. For although they lived under their kings in a remote region, they were federates of the empire and received an annual contribution. Ostrogotha crossed the
3143:
and based on the threat of the use of force and the fomenting of internal dissensions among the various hostile tribes to keep them engaged against each other, were now proving ineffective. Immediate recourse to force was necessary, deploying tactically superior armies capable of intercepting every
2858:
Caracalla defeated the Germans north of the Limes and obtained legality and friendship from them, so much so that he dressed his auxiliary troops like them and created with them his own personal bodyguard with selected men of great strength and good looks. He also used to use an elaborate blond wig
6167:
Once the operations against the Goths were completed, Probus decided to march into Gaul to confront the Germans who had penetrated during the previous year's invasion. Probus' tactic was to deal separately with the various opposing forces, which, although numerically superior, were defeated one by
5965:
Returning from a new eastern campaign against Zenobia, the emperor was forced to intervene in Mesia and Thrace, for a new incursion by the Carpi. The latter were repelled and largely settled in Roman territories along the frontier of the lower reaches of the Danube, so much so that they earned him
4515:
and the important fort of Intercisa were sacked), with the depopulation of the countryside of the entire province. In the same period, Eutropius tells of a new Germanic incursion (possibly by Marcomanni) that reached Ravenna before being stopped, just as Emperor Valerian was engaged on the eastern
7674:
of warriors were on the move, mostly leaving behind them, in the territories where they had settled immediately beyond the Limes, the families and camps of the tribes; after a season or two of raiding, they would return to their bases, not caring to establish permanent colonies in Roman territory.
5819:
Aurelian wanted to face the enemy army all at once, gathering his forces together, but near Piacenza he suffered such a rout that the Roman Empire almost fell. The cause of this defeat was a treacherous and cunning movement on the part of the barbarians. They, unable to meet the fight in the open
3948:
Since Trebonianus Gallus administered power poorly, the Scythians began to invade neighboring provinces, and they advanced by plundering even the territories washed by the sea , and so no province of the Romans was spared their devastation. All the cities without fortifications and most of those
2835:
by pitting them against the neighboring Vandals who had been proving particularly hostile for some time, but on the other he was forced to execute the king of the Quadi, Gabiomarus, because of the resistance that had been created by this people, who had been allies of the Romans since the time of
5149:
And so the different tribes of Scythia, such as Peucini, Grutungi, Ostrogoths, Tervingi, Visigoths, Gepids, Celts and Heruli, attracted by the hope of looting, came to Roman soil and wreaked great devastation there, while Claudius was engaged in other actions . Three hundred and twenty thousand
3807:
And immediately Decius' son fell fatally pierced by an arrow. At the news the father, certainly to cheer up the soldiers, reportedly said, "Let no one be sad, the loss of one man must not affect the forces of the Republic." But shortly thereafter, not withstanding his father's grief, he launched
3205:
went through Germania with the entire army and troops of Moors, Osroenes, and Parthians, as well as all the others that Alexander had brought with him for the military campaign. And the main reason he took the eastern auxiliary troops with him was that no one was worth more in combat against the
4390:
and Bithynia to bring relief to the people of this province. However, Valerian's arrival had no effect, as the resurgence of a plague epidemic and the Persian advance of the previous years had thrown the Roman East into the greatest despondency. It is also probable that the various successfully
3789:
along with his father Decius. The Goths, who had spent the winter in Roman territory, offered the return of their booty and prisoners following this defeat on condition that they could retreat undisturbed. But Decius, who had now decided to destroy this horde of barbarians, preferred to reject
5534:
We have defeated three hundred and twenty thousand Goths and sunk two thousand ships. The rivers are covered with the enemy's shields, all the beaches are covered with swords and spears. The fields can no longer even be seen hidden by bones, there is no clear road, numerous chariots have been
3749:
Decius, with the purpose of relieving the city of Beroea , had his troops and horses resting there when Cniva suddenly attacked him and, after inflicting heavy losses on the Roman army, drove the emperor and the few survivors from Thrace back through the mountains to Moesia. In Moesia Gallus,
3051:
area, and the Germanic-Rhaetian limes were heavily attacked by the Alemanni. The defense of this stretch of limes may have been entrusted precisely to the future emperor Pupienus, who again reported success against the barbarians. Remarkable are the archaeological evidences of the destruction
2819:
In the spring of this year, Caracalla departed for the Danubian front (after an illness that had immobilized him throughout the winter), with Pannonia as his destination, where, at the beginning of the year or perhaps already at the end of the previous one, new incursions had occurred between
4208:
The Goths, as soon as they noticed that the soldiers inside the walls were lazy and drunken and did not even go up along the walkways of the walls, pulled over a few logs to the wall, where it was possible, and in the middle of the night, went up in small groups and conquered the city. The
395:
was mainly due to a change from previous centuries in the tribal structure of their society: the population, constantly growing and driven by the eastern peoples, needed new territories to expand, or else the weaker tribes would become extinct. Hence the need to aggregate into large ethnic
3968:, then governor of Lower Mesia, was forced to cleanse the Roman territories south of the Danube of the hordes of barbarians, clashing victoriously once again with the leader of the Goths, Cniva (spring of 253) and obtaining thanks to these successes the title of emperor, the armies of the
3555:
It is precisely to this period that would belong the establishment of a general and centralized military command for the entire frontier of the middle and lower Danube, which was to include, therefore, the provinces of Lower Pannonia, Upper and Lower Mesia, as well as the Three Daciae, in
7569:
However, in this climate of continuous internal and limitaneous alertness, not all cities suffered from the aforementioned economic contraction: other centers, which had previously been nothing more than legion headquarters, became during the third century the new capitals of the Empire.
5670:, his headquarters, from where he could better monitor and act against the barbarians. Shortly afterward, however, he died, following a new plague epidemic that broke out in the ranks of his army (August).:Claudius's untimely death forced Aurelian to conclude the war against the Goths in
4845:
It was probably Gallienus who decided on the final abandonment of all the territories east of the Rhine and north of the Danube, due to the continued invasions of the neighboring Germanic tribes of the Alemanni, and the simultaneous secession of the western part of the empire, led by the
4260:, in present-day Crimea, disrupting the grain supplies needed by the Romans in that region. The situation was so serious that Gallienus was forced to rush along the Danubian borders to reorganize his forces after this devastating invasion, as an inscription from the legionary fortress of
5495:). The survivors of the battle of Naissus, protecting themselves with chariots, headed into Macedonia. During the long march on the way back, many of the barbarians died along with their beasts, oppressed by starvation; others were killed in a new clash with the Roman cavalry of the "
7452:, the most attentive observers noted with regret that the emperor could well elect himself far from Rome, by the third century this circumstance became routine. In the face of external threats, military commanders endowed with ever-increasing powers had an easy time being acclaimed
7106:
Also along the fourth and final frontier sector of the Roman Empire, the southern one, were numerous and continuous incursions by semi-nomadic African peoples, beginning in the mid-3rd century. This sector, which had always been protected to the south by the natural barrier of the
4067:
had brought the economy and trade of the Roman Empire to its knees. Numerous farms and crops had been destroyed, if not by barbarians, then by bands of brigands and by Roman armies seeking sustenance during military campaigns fought against both external and internal enemies
605:, the barbarian world was shaken by strong internal unrest and migratory movements of populations that tended to change the balance with the neighboring Roman Empire. These peoples, seeking new territories in which to settle due to the increasing population growth in ancient
5591:
Many cities in Gaul and also many fortresses that Postumus had built in barbarian territory over the course of seven years and that, after his death, had been destroyed and burned during a sudden incursion of the Germans , had been rebuilt, restoring them to their previous
7494:. Although of greater importance, the Danubian area was not the only cradle of emperors and usurpers, and the lack of a strong central power in Rome represented by the Senate caused on more than one occasion the momentary disintegration of the Empire, as in the case of the
2925:: this news seems to suggest the presence of new barbarian infiltrations along the borders of Upper Pannonia and a subsequent Roman counteroffensive. Heliogabalus may have been the last of the Severan dynasty capable of maintaining fortifications across the Danube, such as
6119:, also fell victim to a plot hatched by his own soldiers. The imperial throne then passed to Probus, who decided to complete Tacitus's work and led a new campaign against the Goths in Asia Minor, beating them heavily.: Also during this same period (around September 275)
3676:. Meanwhile, Decius, having learned of the difficult situation in which the entire Balkan-Danubian front found itself, decided to rush in personally: he defeated and repelled the Carpi from the Dacian province, which is why the emperor was given the epithets of "
7399:
had held up more or less admirably, through fortifications, legions, and patronage alliances. However, in the face of increasing pressure on the borders, the center of Roman power found itself in difficulty: after a century the imperial purple again became with
3667:
Decius was forced to return to the lower Danube frontier to face the invasion accomplished the previous year by Cniva's Goths. This was a horde of hitherto unseen size, coordinated moreover with the Carpi who attacked the province of Dacia. Cniva, repelled by
7423:
Inevitably, the coexistence of internal political uncertainty and external military difficulties resulted in the destabilization of the entire apparatus of power; the army became the sole arbiter of Roman politics, effectively depriving the already agonizing
3798:. There the Goths, though exhausted, managed to inflict a crushing defeat on the Roman army (July 251), even killing the emperor and his eldest son, Erennius Etruscus. It was the first time a Roman emperor fell in battle against a foreign enemy. This is
6506:, and went east to confront the Sasanians. Carinus, intervening with promptness and determination, succeeded in intercepting the bands of Germano-Sarmatian armies that had broken through the limes into Pannonia and made a great slaughter of them. The
6172:. Then it was the turn of the Lugii: Probus freed their leader Semnon, who had been captured, on the condition that he lead the remnants of his people back to their home bases, leaving the Roman prisoners free and abandoning the plundered booty.
7610:. It was clear that any effort to maintain the status quo would not produce results within the institutional framework created in its time by Augustus: a new era was coming, and although the barbarian invasions had not by themselves caused the
6911:
to organize a new military campaign for the following year against the Iazigi Sarmatians, together with Galerius, specially appointed as Caesar from April 1, 293, in order to better divide the tasks along the imperial frontiers of the Roman
2710:
2.74 g, coin probably minted when Caracalla had succeeded his father, after the death of his brother Geta, sometime between 212 and 213. It celebrates here the Profectio of the Emperor leaving for a military campaign to the northern front.
2840:
but had recently turned against Roman power, invading the two Pannonias at the beginning of the year. Caracalla eventually succeeded in defeating even the Iazigians, who were allied with the Quadi and Vandals, assuming the appellation of
7282:, from where they could have continued their attacks, Maximian ventured deep into enemy territory inflicting as much damage on them as possible for punitive purposes, and devastating their territories and driving them back as far as the
5801:
speaks explicitly of a new invasion by the Juthungi, who were still scourging the Italic soil). Aurelian, again, was forced to rush into Italy, now that these peoples had already forced their way through the Alpine passes. Reaching the
5470:
Early in the year, after the Goths had been held at bay for several months by the Roman armies of Marcianus, the new emperor Claudius II managed to reach the theater of the fighting and bring a decisive victory over these people at the
4921:. He not only repelled the invasion of the Alemanni and Franks further north, but also succeeded in reoccupying and fortifying again a number of advanced auxiliary posts in the territory of the ex-Agri decumates, along the plain of the
5150:
armed men from the different peoples were fielded in addition to having two thousand ships (six thousand according to Zosimus), that is, twice as many as were used by the Greeks when they undertook the conquest of the cities of Asia
857:
of Brigetio from where, in the following spring of 179, the last campaign was conducted. The death of the Roman emperor in 180 soon put an end to Roman expansionist plans and resulted in the abandonment of the occupied territories of
7502:. However, this also showed that the defense of the Empire could by then no longer be entrusted to one man, unless the entire administrative structure of the provinces was revolutionized: something that, once the storm had passed,
4349:
and confirmed by the numerous archaeological excavations in the area, which testify to a total cessation of Roman inscriptions and coins in the north of the country from precisely the year 256. The presence of some officers of the
3643:
Goths and Carpi to swarm into the provinces of Dacia, Lower Moesia and Thrace. The Goths, having crossed the frozen Danube, divided into two marching columns. The first horde pushed into Thrace as far as Philippopolis (present-day
4167:, which fortunately for it had a very solid walled enclosure and a well-equipped harbor. There they were repelled thanks to vigorous resistance on the part of the local population, organized for the occasion by the then governor
431:). Not only did the internal wars unnecessarily consume important resources in the clashes between the various contenders, but – most seriously – they ended up depleting precisely the frontiers subjected to barbarian aggression.
841:, which took several years of fighting, until 175. These events forced the emperor to reside for several years along the Pannonian front, never returning to Rome. However, the truce signed with these peoples, particularly the
10765:, 11.3 (here mention is made of the barbarians who took refuge in Haemimontus, that is, in the mountains of Hemus, and were decimated by starvation and pestilence, which shortly thereafter also affected Claudius the Gothic);
10132:, 2 and 8 (the Roxolans, against whom Regalian may have fought to regain part of Illyricum, as governor of Moesia, are mentioned here); a battle near Scupi, in which Regalian prevailed over the barbarians, is also mentioned (
11609:
Restitutori provinciarum et operum publicorum providentissimo ac super omnes retro principes fortissimo Imperatori Caesari Marco Aurelio Probo Pio Felici Invicto Augusto pontifici maximo tribunicia potestate VI (ndr.anno
3095:
front. However, the emperor made the mistake of wanting to conclude a peace treaty with the Germans, offering them large sums of money: this attitude was badly received by his army, which, under the leadership of General
509:) finally succeeded in reunifying the Empire into a single bloc, even though the civil wars that had been going on for about fifty years and the barbarian invasions had forced the Romans to give up both the region of the
7337:
5317:
They fought in Achaia, under the command of Marcian, against the Goths, who, defeated by the Achaeans, retreated from there. While the Scythians, always part of the Goths, ravaged Asia , where the temple at Ephesus was
6627:(April 1, 286): he thus formed a diarchy, in which the two emperors divided on a geographical basis the government of the empire and the responsibility for the defense of the frontiers and the fight against usurpers.
7539:
the most widespread currency, slowly declined, so much so that it caused the inflation that was at the center of every emperor's thoughts in the third century, and which Diocletian tried in vain to save with his
5936:
in the east and the Iazyges in the west, due to the contact between the various tribes, but also allowed for the strengthening of the borders of the lower-middle Danube with the withdrawal of two entire legions
5396:, the ideal of a restoration of the unity of the Roman Empire became firmly established. The main task awaiting this last emperor was to have to reunite the two "trunks" that had been formed during the reign of
6630:
Given the increasing difficulty in containing the numerous revolts within and along the borders, a further territorial division was made in 293 in order to facilitate military operations: Diocletian appointed
7353:
In the crisis that the Empire experienced in the third century, barbarian invasions undoubtedly constituted an extremely important element in the political, social, and economic evolution that led to the new
4435:
Again the Franks, who had broken through the limes of lower Germany the previous year, made a new incursion, wedging themselves into the imperial territories in front of Cologne and then pushing on as far as
3949:
provided with walls were taken. And as well as the war, an epidemic of plague also broke out everywhere, in villages and towns, eliminating the surviving barbarians and causing so many deaths as never before.
7367:, it had been decided in Rome, out of expediency or prudence, to stop venturing into the conquest of new territories and to take precautions along the thousands of kilometers that constituted the Empire's
454:, which on several occasions severely engaged the Roman Empire, forced to suffer attacks that often joined the less strenuous but nonetheless dangerous invasions carried out along the African front by the
7395:
world. While it is well true that from the end of the second century onward the migrations of Germanic peoples accentuated their westward reach, it is equally true that until then the Empire's system of
5911:
The growing crisis along the Danubian frontiers, in addition to the secession in the West of the Empire of Gaul and in the East of the Kingdom of Palmyra, forced Aurelian to evacuate the province of the
4828:
and consul together with Honoratianus. On this occasion thousands of Italic prisoners were freed by troops rushed from Rhaetia and Upper Germany and placed under the command of Marcus Simplicinus Genius.
6776:" twice during the year. Successes were achieved by the armies of the other augustus, Maximian, against Alemanni and Burgundians on the upper Rhine, as well as Saxons and Franks along the lower course.
8813:, p. 186); at the end of Maximinus' military operations, numerous auxiliary forts were rebuilt, such as those at Echzell, Butzbach, Kapersburg, Saalburg, and Kleiner Feldberg (cf. H.Shonberger,
4985:
To these negative things had also been added that the Scythians had invaded Bithynia and destroyed some cities. Eventually they burned and severely devastated the city of Asta, now called Nicomedia.
3417:, managed to deal with the Goths by offering them a subsidy in exchange for the return of previously captured prisoners, while he succeeded in repelling the Carpi, having gathered a substantial army.
4378:
Valerian, concerned about the invasion of the Goths in the previous year, sent a relief army, commanded by Lucius Mummius Felix Cornelianus and in whose employ seems to have been the future emperor
3409:. This incursion saw the barbarians sack and exterminate the population of Histropolis, while the tribe of Dacian lineage, the Carpi, crossed the Danube further upstream, still along the borders of
2877:
As a result of these events, Lower Pannonia was expanded: it now included the legionary fortress of Brigetio, so that each of the two Pannonias could have two legions, while the civilian centers of
7448:
as a military dictatorship characterized by the figure of the prince, the Senate and the army, lost an essential element in the delicate balance established by Octavian. Although, as early as the
3318:
Having completed his campaigns in Germania , Maximinus went to Sirmium, preparing an expedition against the Sarmatians, and planning to subdue to Rome the northern regions as far as the Ocean.
4104:
failed to conquer the city, which, however, only with difficulty and much effort was liberated by the Roman armies of the new emperor Valerian. The panic was so great that the inhabitants of
3462:
Also in these years, during Gordian III's eastern campaigns, new breakthroughs of the Germanic-Rhaetian Limes by the Alemanni may have occurred, as some archaeological finds near the fort of
4209:
barbarians seized great wealth and a large number of prisoners and after destroying the temples, buildings and all that was beautiful and magnificent, they returned home with many ships.
4337:
mountain range, the invaders were able to drive the Romans out of the northern area, with the exception of the southernmost areas close to the Danube (i.e., the present-day regions of
2831:. The emperor, in the aftermath of these events and in an attempt to try to keep the client situation along the Danube intact, on the one hand succeeded in shielding himself from the
6064:, on his way to lead a campaign against the Sasanian Empire, produced deep mourning throughout the empire, but also triggered new assaults by barbarians along the northern borders.
4139:." His merit was that he contained the dangers at least in part, by an agreement with one of the leaders of the Germans, who undertook to prevent other barbarians from crossing the
4694:, the Danubian provinces and the Balkan area). They, on the contrary, felt they had to defend the Rhine borders and the Gallic littoral from attacks by the Germanic populations of
6662:, once again aided by having unprotected the borders of the lower-middle Danubian tract due to the recent civil war. As a result of these successes he received the appellations "
3139:
in the East had not only intensified but had spread the feeling that the empire was totally encircled by its enemies. The tools of traditional diplomacy, used since the time of
3750:
commander of that frontier sector, had numerous forces. By reuniting them with as many of his own who had survived the enemy, Decius prepared to continue the military campaign.
4557:
From 260 onward, and until about 274, the Roman Empire suffered the secession of two vast territorial areas, but these allowed its survival. In the west, the usurpers of the
4366:. However, Roman resistance to the invasions of the Goths and Carpi in the south of the province was celebrated the following year, when Gallienus was given the appellation "
14269:
13744:
Die angebliche Heeresreform des Kaisers Gallienus, Krise, Krisenbewusstsein, Krisenbewältigung. Ideologie und geistige Kultur im Imperium Romanum während des 3. Jahrhunderts
5924:
plain. He, clearing the area north of the Danube, decided, however, to form a new province of Dacia south of the course of the great river, hiving off two new regions from
5345:
through the Brenner Pass, taking advantage of the absence of the Roman army, which was busy facing both the devastating invasion of the Goths in Moesia, Achaia, Macedonia,
4933:" ("restorer of Gaul"), also deciding to hire from the ranks of his army bands of newly defeated Frankish soldiers to fight against their own "brothers," as testified by
5365:
relates, allowed their final expulsion from northern Italy with very heavy losses. It is said that more than half of the barbarians perished in the course of the battle.
3735:
The emperor was now determined to bar the way back to the Goths in Thrace and to annihilate them so that they could not again regroup and launch new future attacks, as
6014:
and given a Roman senator as her husband. This was in recognition of having "saved" the borders of the Empire from the invasions of the barbarians in the West and the
6543:." Again, Quadi and Iazigians may have raided the territories of the two Pannonias together, and only the following year would they be finally defeated by Diocletian.
2783:
Also belonging to this period are a number of inscriptions by a Dacian interpreter, found at Brigetio, which seem to follow possible punitive expeditions against the
1008:. The total forces fielded by the Roman Empire may have exceeded 200 to 250,000 armed men from the beginning to the end of the third century; of these, one half were
799:
and Osii, which, due to the prompt intervention of the border troops, were promptly repelled. The peace stipulated with the neighboring Germanic peoples north of the
4862:. The emperor apparently had been unable to intervene earlier along the Germanic-Rhaetic front because of the simultaneous eastern crisis involving his own father,
2969:
Under the reign of Alexander Severus, the Iazyges brought a new incursion along the Lower Pannonian limes, as would also be apparent from the coinage of the period.
2382:
Concerning the massive forces that the barbarians were able to field in the course of the invasions of the 3rd century, it is briefly summarized below as follows:
1581:'s Tetrarchic period, the number of legions placed along the northern front (Rhine and Danube) was increased to 24, in addition to the 3 positioned to guard the
4525:, whom he received when part of the province of Upper Pannonia was granted under a treaty to her father, king of the Marcomanni, given to him as a wedding gift.
412:, that is, the continuous line of fortifications extended between the Rhine and the Danube and built precisely to contain the pressure of the Germanic peoples.
3606:, which had been under siege for a long time. The surrender was also made possible by a still rudimentary technique on the part of the Germans with regard to
6598:, a very capable general, was elevated to the imperial purple. The resulting civil war saw Carinus at first prevail over the Pannonian armies of the usurper
5555:
As a result of these events Claudius, who had succeeded in driving back across the Danube the immense barbarian horde, was able to boast of the appellation "
4284:. The city was plundered of all its great riches, even though, Zosimus reports, the garrison outnumbered the Goth assailants. Many other important cities of
7535:, the real driving force behind the redistribution of wealth in the centers of the empire, gradually came to a standstill. Silver, which was along with the
5932:
was completed between 271 and 273. The consequences of the Roman abandonment of the Carpathian basin generated not only new tensions between the Goths and
6924:," as a result of the successes achieved together with Galerius. Also attributable to the same year are other successes over the populations of the Goths.
5025:
Since the Scythians had brought great destruction to Hellas and besieged Athens, Gallienus sought to fight against them, who by then had occupied Thrace.
6690:
rebels in the late summer of that year. Details of the campaign are scattered and provide no tactical details. In the fall, two barbarian armies, one of
3546:." In 247, the Roman offensive resumed along the Lower Danubian front against the Carpi, to the extent that he was given new honors and the appellation "
6270:
river valleys, sixteen thousand Germans were conscripted into the ranks of the Roman army and distributed in groups of fifty or sixty among the various
7047:). A large number of individuals belonging to these peoples were taken prisoners and transferred within the imperial borders (to Pannonia north of the
4452:. The invasion was, once again, repelled, as reflected in the coinage of the period, according to which Gallienus was granted the victorious title of
6706:
and entered Gaul; the first army died of starvation and disease, while Maximian intercepted and defeated the second one. Following these events, the
6800:, and in obtaining the return of all Roman prisoners. To complete the work of pacification, he displaced some Franks in the territories surrounding
13370:
Les aspects militaires de la crise du IIIe siècle, L'armée romaine de Dioclétien à Valentinien Ier: actes du congrès de Lyon (12-14 septembre 2002)
11146:, pp. 155–156) adds that both legions were withdrawn and repositioned: legio V Macedonica to Ratiaria, legio XIII Gemina to Oescus in Moesia.
4889:, while sparing Augusta Treverorum (today's Trier). Others swept along the coast of Gaul and devastated some villages as far as the mouths of the
12987:
7091:, where, once again, the Roman armies prevailed over those of the Alemanni and Burgundians, but this may have been the same battle fought in 298.
878:. The numbers are difficult to estimate, since in the course of the century some units were destroyed and replaced with new ones; moreover, when
6991:
Caesar Constantius Chlorus, who was entrusted with the Rhine frontier, succeeded in beating the coalition of the Alemanni in two major battles (
4678:, aspiring to unity with Rome and, more importantly, never thinking of marching against the so-called "legitimate" emperors (such as Gallienus,
13926:
13888:
13850:
13789:
13766:
13734:
13711:
13681:
13658:
13600:
13559:
13536:
13513:
13487:
13464:
13441:
13415:
13392:
13348:
13313:
13281:
13258:
13201:
13178:
13155:
13123:
13019:
6515:
in a very few days was able to restore security to Pannonia, killing sixteen thousand Sarmatians and capturing twenty thousand of both sexes.
4399:
king would allow his armies to sweep into the eastern Roman provinces, with the intention of joining the Goths from the Black Sea coast.: The
11614:) consuli IIII patri patriae proconsuli inus vir perfectissimus agens vices praesidis provinciae Raetiae numini maiestatique eius dicatissimu
6956:, due to the simultaneous absence of Diocletian and Galerius, who were engaged in the East against the Persians. He succeeded in repelling a
2377:
6168:
one. The first to be beaten by the Roman armies of the emperor's generals were the Franks, who had penetrated into the northeastern part of
5762:
advancing to the right, holding a spear forward and a trophy over his left shoulder; at his feet a bound prisoner sitting toward the right.
13956:
13142:
Svalutazioni, inflazione e circolazione monetaria nel III secolo, Società romana e impero tardoantico, I : Istituzioni, ceti, economie
5129:
defeated by the Byzantine generals. The Goths were also beaten in a naval battle by General Venerian, and he himself died during the fight.
12163:
542:
The invasions of the third century, according to tradition, began with the first incursion conducted by the Germanic confederation of the
3436:
succeeded in beating back a coalition of Carpi, Goths, and Sarmatians along the frontiers of Lower Moesia. The Historia Augusta narrates:
3023:
The Lower Pannonian limes suffered new attacks by the Iazigians. In repelling this new incursion, the intervention of the future emperor
1585:(legio Iulia Alpina, legio II Iulia Alpina, and legio III Iulia Alpina), out of a combined total of 56 (or 48.2%), as highlighted below:
13611:
Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features and Historic Sites
12394:
12378:
12318:
12309:
10773:, 17.2-3 (in this passage Aurelian participated in operations against the Goths, along with Quintillus, brother of Claudius the Gothic).
10278:
9917:
9891:
9882:
9873:
9864:
9711:
Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features and Historic Sites
9626:
9069:
9051:
9007:
8998:
8980:
8953:
8882:
8873:
8671:
8662:
8645:
7973:
7964:
7861:
3899:
from wealthy noble families. In addition, they were guaranteed annual subsidies against a promise never to set foot on Roman soil again.
12335:
12128:
12119:
12066:
12057:
11936:
11818:
11482:
11120:
11031:
11022:
9926:
9908:
9671:
9662:
9653:
9644:
9635:
9367:
9350:
9114:
9105:
9096:
9087:
9078:
9060:
9042:
9033:
9016:
8989:
8971:
8962:
8944:
8935:
8926:
8864:
8855:
8474:
13100:(in German). Oxford: in 18th International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies, a cura di P.Freeman, J.Bennett, Z.T.Fiema e B.Hoffmann.
13091:. Cambridge: The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume XII: The Crisis of Empire, a cura di Alan Bowman, Averil Cameron, e Peter Garnsey.
4187:); they also advanced toward Pityus, which they succeeded this time in occupying, partly because Successianus, who had been promoted
6325:
The emperor then turned his armies toward the front of the middle Danube, traveling along the river and reviewing all the troops in
14404:
3433:
12199:
4627:, and which was joined shortly afterwards by all the other Gallic, British, Hispanic, and, for a short time, even the province of
3100:, rebelled and slaughtered Alexander and his mother. Shortly afterwards the legions proclaimed Maximinus as the new Roman emperor.
14212:
14104:
13965:
5793:
This threat had barely ceased, and already a new one loomed on the horizon. This time it was a major joint invasion by Alemanni,
5103:) and began the most astonishing invasion of the third century, which shook the coasts and hinterlands of the Roman provinces of
6245:
advancing to the right, two captive Germans bound at her feet, with the inscription R A on the bottom and a star in the center.
5501:," the mobile strategic reserve just established by Gallienus. The march of the Goths continued in an easterly direction toward
14259:
13973:
6443:, two German prisoners on the right at the foot of a trophy, with the inscription R A on the bottom and a crown in the center.
6180:
Probus now confronted the Burgundians and Vandals who had come to the rescue of the other Germanic tribes; they were beaten in
4750:
In the course of this year the territories that formed an indentation between the Rhine and the Danube, south of the so-called
4605:
Since Gallienus had thus abandoned the state, the Roman Empire was saved in the West by Postumus and in the East by Odaenathus.
4081:, entrusting the latter with the western part and reserving the eastern part for himself, as had previously been the case with
5666:. Claudius, compelled to intervene with great readiness, entrusted the Balkan command to Aurelian, while he himself headed to
2893:
Caracalla, having arrived in Dacia, after inspecting the entire Pannonian limes, succeeded in repelling the first invasion of
829:
fought a long and exhausting war against the barbarian populations, first repelling them and "cleaning up" the territories of
384:(166/167-189), Germanic-Sarmatian tribes had not exerted such strong pressure along the northern borders of the Roman Empire.
13910:
13872:
13633:
13332:
13077:
13056:
6111:, the task of completing the campaign, but he fell victim to an assassination attempt in June 276. Florian, who clashed with
5210:. Having failed this second objective as well, they continued their sail southward, but having arrived in the straits of the
4674:
to their magistrates in the name of Roma Aeterna, but also assumed the normal imperial titling, minting coins at the mint of
2766:
474:. Rome showed that it was in serious difficulty in conducting so many wars at once and almost collapsed two centuries early.
7177:
Probus faced, through his generals, a new invasion by Blemmyes in Egypt, who had occupied and enslaved the border cities of
3180:. Archaeological excavation campaigns, conducted from 2008 to 2011, revealed traces of a military confrontation between the
2995:, was massacred by the Borans, while the Goths, who had pushed as far as the Black Sea coast, managed to occupy the city of
709:: they had been slowly moving southeastward for more than fifty years, and had now come close to the northern shores of the
477:
It was also thanks to the subsequent internal and provisional division of the Roman state into three parts (to the west the
14409:
6539:" in 284, celebrated a triumph in Rome, and struck coins where some barbarian captives were depicted with the inscription "
5475:, where it is reported that as many as fifty thousand barbarians lost their lives. The Germans had arrived in the heart of
4159:, an ally of Rome. The first to seize these vessels, however, were the Borans, who, sailing along the eastern coast of the
489:) that the Empire managed to save itself from ultimate collapse and dismemberment. However, it was only after the death of
6486:
When Probus died in September, the Sarmatian peoples of the Iazyges, who had been subdued a few years earlier, joined the
6470:, all of whom held fast to their covenants. Likewise, he transferred to Roman territory many men of other peoples such as
14298:
3602:
The invasion was thus eventually stopped by Philip the Arab's general, Decius Trajan, the future emperor, at the city of
3172:
for some 300-400 Roman miles (450-600 kilometers) and beating the Alemannic armies on their own ground, in the region of
4362:
is also attested, confirming a principle of "emptying" the garrisons of the Three Dacias for the benefit of neighboring
7111:, and thus poorly manned by armies, was forced, like the other three, to defend itself against the growing pressure of
6140:
5060:
invaded Cappadocia. There they occupied some cities and, after a war waged with uncertain outcome, headed for Bithynia.
3226:
A number of archaeological vestiges would belong to this campaign, testifying to the devastation carried out along the
245:, conducted for purposes of plunder and booty by armed peoples belonging to populations gravitating along the northern
7035:
Diocletian and Galerius, once the operations in the East were over, concentrated on defending the Danubian borders of
5654:
With the beginning of the year, while Claudius was still engaged in dealing with the Gothic threat, a new invasion of
7396:
7332:
6972:
6960:
invasion along the lower reaches of the Danube; meanwhile, Constantius repopulated the territory, once inhabited by
4199:, succeeding in occupying this important city as well, protected by a double wall and several thousand soldiers, as
14345:
14333:
13949:
7614:, they accelerated the process of disintegration and estrangement between West and East that would be the basis of
7123:
5308:
relates in his Chronicle that he himself succeeded in the feat of repelling an initial attack on the city walls of
3808:
himself at the enemy, seeking either death or revenge for his son. He therefore lost both his empire and his life.
13135:. Milano: in Storia dei Greci e dei Romani, vol. 18, La Roma tardo-antica, per una preistoria dell'idea di Europa.
7509:
6135:. It is reported that more than seventy cities fell into their hands, and that only those few with walls, such as
3740:
Nevertheless, Decius, determined to pursue them, suffered a bitter defeat near Beroe Augusta Traiana (present-day
7470:, there was instead a gradual but ineluctable change of direction; figures who were expressions of the army, the
7161:
suffered a second invasion by the Berber tribe of Blemmyes first, and a permanent occupation by the queen of the
7023:
During this year, renewed success over the Gothic tribes is confirmed by the acclamation Diocletian received as "
6659:
6107:." Deciding to return to Rome in the early summer of 276, Tacitus left in the hands of his brother Florian, then
6091:
as early as the end of 275. After Aurelian's death, the task of confronting them was taken on by the new emperor
5535:
abandoned. We have captured so many women that our victorious soldiers can keep two or three each for themselves.
3870:
on horseback to the left, raising his right hand and holding a scepter in his left one; on the left the goddess
3104:
2799:
in the east. Furthermore, two other incursions into Dacia and Lower Pannonia, along the Danubian stretch around
12754:
12331:
12124:
12115:
12062:
12053:
11932:
11814:
11478:
11116:
11027:
11018:
9922:
9904:
9667:
9658:
9649:
9640:
9631:
9363:
9346:
9110:
9101:
9092:
9083:
9074:
9056:
9038:
9029:
9012:
8985:
8967:
8958:
8940:
8931:
8922:
8860:
8851:
8470:
7341:
Ludovisi sarcophagus. Altemps Palace. Battle scenes between Romans and Germans. The main character is probably
6952:
Augustus Maximian was forced to return along the Danubian frontier, having reorganized Britain with his caesar
6557:
5237:. Having rebuilt some of their ships destroyed by the previous storm, they divided into at least three columns:
12102:
12086:
6772:
New successes over the Germanic tribes are confirmed by the fact that Diocletian was renewed the appellation "
6547:
4917:
was stopped by Postumus' armies. The Roman counteroffensive was led by the former governor, now regent of the
4712:
turned out, therefore, to be one of the three territorial areas that allowed Rome to retain its western part.
4320:, son of Valerian, who reigned from 253 to 268, faced one of the most terrible periods of barbarian invasions.
14003:
12813:
7997:
4837:
4751:
3818:
3760:
3592:
3165:
2749:
580:
10657:, p. 220) dates the Battle of Lake Garda to 269, placing the Juthungi among the allies of the Alemanni.
6932:
In the course of this year it was the turn of the Carpi. This people was not only defeated by the armies of
6318:
records that this emperor is credited with restoring order along the borders of the province of Rhaetia as "
5250:, occupying the future city of Chrysopolis (across from Byzantium), continuing as far as under the walls of
12390:
12374:
12314:
12305:
10274:
9913:
9887:
9878:
9869:
9860:
9622:
9065:
9047:
9003:
8994:
8976:
8949:
8878:
8869:
8667:
8658:
8641:
7969:
7960:
7857:
7005:
walls with ropes, but in only five hours the army arrived and tore to pieces about sixty thousand Alemanni.
6792:(in a combined action with Diocletian) and the Franks. Maximian had succeeded in capturing the king of the
6032:
5904:, along with five thousand of his armies. For these successes, the Senate bestowed on him the appellation "
4847:
3008:
981:
853:, lasted only a couple of years. By the end of 178 the emperor Marcus Aurelius was forced to return to the
419:
that ran through the Roman Empire during the third century. In Rome, there was a continuous alternation of
12768:
7286:. The following year (298) he reinforced the defenses of the African frontier from the Mauritanias to the
6816:
A new success over the Sarmatian tribes is confirmed by the second acclamation received by Diocletian of "
6490:
and resumed hostilities, breaking through the Pannonian limes and endangering Illyricum, Thrace and Italy.
4415:, where they were stopped by the advancing legio VI Gallicana, of which the future emperor Aurelian was a
3530:
The Carpi of free Dacia resumed raids across the Danube into the territory of Lower Moesia, where neither
14328:
13942:
11008:
V 15 (Rome) and 182 (Siscia); MIR 47, 127p0 (8) = Calicó 4050 (this coin); cf. BN 424-435; cf. Cohen 269.
7655:
7611:
6920:
A new success over the Sarmatian tribes is confirmed by the third acclamation received by Diocletian as "
6274:, and, to compensate for the demographic regression of the countryside, a certain number of barbarians ("
4387:
3936:
563:
416:
14357:
6342:
6286:") were settled to cultivate the lands of the empire, as had been the case in the past, at the time of
5259:
4420:
3992:
3160:, who believed it was a priority of the Empire to wage "anti-Germanic" warfare, continued to fight the
2533:
602:
482:
5999:
4854:
and Lower Germania, Postumus. The Alemanni, who had broken through the Rhaetian limes and crossed the
3534:
nor the provincial governor could stop the invaders. At the end of the first year of the war, Emperor
2859:
so as to appear with a Germanic type of hairstyle. The barbarians by this were pleased and adored him.
14399:
14303:
14286:
14028:
12932:
7553:
7449:
7127:
7075:
A new success over the Germanic tribes is confirmed by the sixth acclamation Diocletian received of "
5878:
5811:
5723:
882:'s new tetrarchical system took over, it was the overall strategic organization itself that changed.
838:
5563:." Of the surviving barbarians, a part was struck down by a terrible pestilence, another joined the
4980:. Thus it was only as a result of a later intervention by Gallienus that the invaders were repelled.
14313:
14279:
14232:
13983:
13698:
Come Milano divenne capitale, in L'impero romano-cristiano: problemi politici, religiosi, culturali
5882:
4329:(i.e. all of Dacia Porolissensis and part of Upper Dacia) were lost to a new invasion of Goths and
3779:
At the beginning of the year imperial coinage celebrated a new "Germanic victory," following which
2322:
1023:
out of 33 legions along the entire system of imperial fortifications, as many as 16 were along the
997:
630:
the phenomenon of aggregation had evolved further, going so far as to establish in the area of the
6895:" followed the successes reported by Constantius Chlorus, who, after marching up the coast to the
6397:. Eventually, however, both of these usurpers met their deaths with the arrival of Probus in Gaul.
3405:
A new incursion by the Goths, who had crossed the lower reaches of the Danube, was met by Emperor
3289:
after about fifty years of peace along their borders. He had a dream: that of emulating the great
1807:
14318:
14217:
14008:
13988:
10470:, pp. 39, 43) dates this event to late 267, claiming it was the Gothic hordes of the Heruli.
7542:
7287:
7243:
7150:
6961:
6864:
VICTORIA SARMAT, the four tetrarchs sacrifice above a tripod in front of a city with six towers;
6299:
5480:
5255:
5112:
4449:
4105:
3135:
The pressure of the barbarians along the northern frontiers and the simultaneous pressure of the
3079:, who left Rome for the northern front, after enlisting numerous new auxiliary troops (including
2063:
1613:
1355:
1067:
1005:
811:, who were now wary of the barbarian aggressors and traveled for these reasons as far as distant
8591:
5281:), having formed a convoy of chariots, had attempted to flee through Mount Gessace (the present
1031:(accounting for 48.5% of the total), as well as 2 others in the rear as "strategic reserve" (in
14323:
14195:
14094:
12880:
12215:
12160:
11717:
11494:
11005:
10691:
10085:
9540:
9436:
9379:
9210:
8619:
8586:
8559:
8547:
8535:
8507:
8405:
8278:
8234:
6797:
6427:
6404:
6226:
6203:
5513:
and had engaged in piracy, were finally repelled after a series of skirmishes by the incumbent
5354:
4807:
4570:
4530:
4276:, this time to the west coast, advancing as far as Lake Fileatina (present-day Derkos) west of
4069:
3790:
Cniva's proposals and on the way back arranged his armies and engaged the enemy in battle near
3358:
3189:
899:
424:
420:
184:
151:
3976:
took advantage of this, causing a simultaneous breakthrough of the eastern front, penetrating
3874:
is advancing to the left, holding a branch in her right hand and a palm tree in her left one.
3274:
Maximinus Thrax, once the Germanic-Rhaetic sector was pacified, led new campaigns against the
772:
228:
At least 23 legions and about 150/200 auxiliary units involved, totaling 200/250,000 armed men
14308:
14222:
14200:
14190:
14087:
14077:
14035:
14013:
12999:. Milano: catalogo della mostra di Palazzo Grassi a Venezia, a cura di Jean-Jacques Aillagon.
12794:
8218:
7359:
7298:
A revolt that arose in Egypt was suppressed by Diocletian. At its end, circulation along the
7010:
6940:, but was also partly transferred to Roman territory, as had already happened in the time of
6590:
had entrusted the Roman East), and the subsequent refusal of the eastern troops to recognize
6565:
6382:
6006:
celebrated in Rome, were not executed: on the contrary, the former was appointed governor of
5866:
5350:
4598:
4346:
3880:
3185:
3105:
Second phase: military anarchy and the repeated breakthroughs of the northern limes (235-253)
1677:
1125:
1001:
953:
12850:
8627:
8543:
7278:. The campaign was a long one. Not content with driving them back to their homelands in the
5430:
3651:; the second, more numerous (as many as seventy thousand men are reported) and commanded by
3576:, and of Carpi, their associates, again brought devastation to the province of Lower Moesia.
3057:
14180:
14082:
14072:
13998:
12723:
12196:
7527:
The slow ousting of the senatorial class from military leadership had a turning point with
7517:
7475:
7368:
7182:
7088:
7052:
6996:
6784:
A new success over the Germanic tribes is confirmed by Diocletian's fourth acclamation as "
6703:
6603:
6548:
Seventh phase: the Tetrarchy of Diocletian and the stabilization of the frontiers (285-305)
6437:
6315:
6242:
6235:
6147:, escaped devastation and pillage. This invasion was followed by the joint invasion of the
5679:
5620:
5529:. The Historia Augusta, referring to a speech by Claudius would have him utter these words:
4859:
4671:
4619:
Postumus had succeeded in establishing an empire in the West, centered on the provinces of
4542:
4511:
were responsible for the great catastrophe that struck the Pannonian limes in these years (
4334:
4121:
4049:
4042:
3871:
3648:
3512:
3505:
3366:
2774:" by later historiography). However, he seems to have bought peace with the barbarians, as
2726:
993:
904:
In the 3rd century the Roman Empire deployed numerous legions against barbarian invasions:
682:
620:
617:
576:
409:
246:
7067:" was decreed to Diocletian for his successes the previous year over the Sarmatian tribes.
4858:, had pushed into Italy, where they were intercepted and beaten by Gallienus' armies near
3703:
3538:
had to intervene, who in 246 reported a great success against the Germanic peoples of the
8:
14371:
12954:
12943:
12592:
8956:; IScM-5, 250b; RIB 1553; CIL 17-2, 170; CIL 13, 06547 (4, p 100); MiliariHispanico 461;
8555:
8274:
6980:
6953:
6825:
6636:
6189:
5683:
5615:
5346:
4806:
seem to be ascribed to this year. It is no coincidence that the inscription found on the
4285:
4200:
3940:
3736:
3109:
3044:
909:
746:
8531:
5820:
field, took refuge in a very dense forest and towards evening attacked ours by surprise.
14161:
13993:
13920:
13900:
13882:
13862:
13844:
13783:
13760:
13728:
13705:
13675:
13652:
13623:
13609:
13594:
13553:
13530:
13507:
13481:
13458:
13435:
13409:
13386:
13342:
13322:
13307:
13275:
13252:
13195:
13172:
13149:
13117:
13067:
13013:
12981:
7900:
7602:
were abandoned. The Empire was now entirely west of the two great European rivers, the
7571:
7384:
6992:
6801:
6599:
6136:
6108:
6053:
5938:
4910:
4863:
4799:
4708:
4659:
4351:
4244:
4188:
4074:
4033:
4010:
3998:
3780:
3669:
3531:
3430:
3394:
3061:
2156:
1744:
1711:
1440:
1154:
973:
965:
816:
134:
33:
9715:
Gregorios Thaumaturgos und die pontischen Beutezuge der Boran und Goten im 3.Jh.n.Chr.
6314:, which they occupied before returning home unharmed. Lastly, an inscription found at
4423:
on forced marches, rushed to the West, managing to beat back the Frankish hordes near
4022:
3485:
415:
The breakthrough by the barbarian peoples along the limes was also facilitated by the
14174:
14166:
14156:
14062:
13906:
13868:
13629:
13328:
13098:
Gregorios Thaumaturgos und die pontischen Beutezuge der Boran und Goten im 3.Jh.n.Chr
13073:
13052:
13046:
12846:
7483:
7401:
7303:
6378:
6370:
6366:
6092:
5942:
5873:'s time) to bar the way to possible future invasions by fortifying the corridor from
5510:
5502:
5472:
5441:
5418:
5389:
5375:
5282:
5242:
one first headed west, unsuccessfully besieging Cyzicus, then sacking the islands of
5178:
4851:
4690:) who ruled over Rome (i.e., those who ruled Italy, the West African provinces up to
4679:
4620:
4404:
4355:
4180:
4172:
3842:
3791:
3673:
3414:
3385:
3361:. This could mean that, around this date, the Goths had already occupied the area of
3302:
3076:
2950:
2938:
2792:
2249:
2125:
2094:
1974:
1770:
1757:
1525:
1413:
1384:
1343:
1326:
1314:
1285:
1258:
1183:
1171:
1142:
1113:
1084:
985:
969:
961:
949:
945:
937:
921:
498:
143:
114:
13668:
The Roman Frontier in Germany: an Archaeological Survey, in Journal of Roman studies
12971:
8503:
6552:
6298:
rebelled and, after seizing a number of ships, carried out raids and devastation in
5567:, and a last one stopped to cultivate the lands received along the imperial borders.
3993:
Third phase: the diarchy of Valerian in the East and Gallienus in the West (254-260)
2651:
783:
14274:
14185:
14109:
14050:
13614:. North Carolina & London: McFarland & Company, Inc. Publishers, Jefferson.
12840:
12830:
12820:
12629:
Les empereurs illyriens : actes du colloque de Strasbourg (11-13 octobre 1990)
12152:
10376:, 6.1 (Ephesus, possibly datable to later campaign of 267/268) and 7.4 (Byzantium).
10352:
9721:, a cura di P.Freeman, J.Bennett, Z.T.Fiema e B.Hoffmann, Oxford 2002, pp. 327–338.
8194:
8042:
7940:
7650:
7645:
7499:
7487:
7459:
7454:
7247:
7235:
7162:
7146:
7101:
6647:
6623:
6521:
6507:
6431:
6381:. Fearing the consequences of this loss, in late 280 he had himself proclaimed, in
6311:
6291:
6258:
6229:
6112:
6049:
5987:
5893:
5826:
5759:
5738:
5598:
5571:
5541:
5514:
5497:
5445:
5409:
5324:
5293:
5182:
5156:
5135:
5066:
5044:
4991:
4824:
4716:
4667:
4647:
4552:
4416:
4400:
4156:
4101:
4036:
3856:
3785:
3717:
3656:
3572:
A new incursion of Goths, who had been refused the annual contribution promised by
3499:
3448:
3324:
3310:
3212:
3130:
3118:
2978:
2702:
2693:
2682:
2637:
2346:
2218:
2137:
2050:
2019:
1992:
1961:
1943:
1914:
1870:
1842:
1824:
1662:
1644:
1631:
1554:
1496:
1297:
1270:
1212:
1096:
1024:
989:
957:
941:
929:
905:
891:
874:
Numerous were the legionary and auxiliary forces fielded during this period by the
778:
750:
596:
506:
486:
428:
388:
381:
266:
93:
59:
6416:
6215:
5285:). Soon afterwards Gallienus was forced to return to Italy to besiege the usurper
5008:
The Goths made a new incursion by sea along the Black Sea coast, managing to sack
4460:
4256:
Loaded by now with enormous booty, on their way back they also sacked the city of
3911:
again began an increasing attack on the Pannonian limes, in the area opposite the
3357:
was repelled, culminating in a victorious battle for the Roman armies in front of
521:(256-271), which had been subjected to incursions by the Dacian population of the
14291:
14129:
14067:
14055:
14045:
13619:
13495:
13423:
12737:
12203:
12167:
7562:
7521:
7467:
7445:
7372:
7279:
7218:
7198:
6725:
6295:
6287:
6015:
5362:
5301:
4954:
4934:
4867:
4795:
4396:
4236:
4082:
4064:
3969:
3535:
3496:
3473:
3290:
3251:
3157:
3136:
3114:
3097:
3088:
2988:
2922:
2882:
2837:
2662:
2187:
1513:
1484:
1467:
1419:
1401:
1372:
917:
869:
826:
804:
754:
467:
451:
447:
377:
241:(212-305) constituted an uninterrupted period of raids within the borders of the
126:
118:
12802:
8401:
7157:
and liberated them from the rebels. At the same time, the southern front of the
6847:
6044:
4096:
At the beginning of the year, a new incursion of Goths devastated the region of
3246:
3091:,) succeeded in repelling the raids of the Alemanni, who had broken through the
2656:
14383:
14238:
14141:
14114:
13105:
12731:
7629:
7615:
7591:
7513:
7437:
7407:
7380:
7328:
7255:
6977:
6858:
6749:
6707:
6614:
6561:
6440:
6349:
to put down an uprising of brigands (with a final siege at their stronghold in
6238:
6169:
6116:
6099:: the latter brought back a victory that his brother had celebrated on coins ("
6076:
5900:
who were moving against him and, having crossed the Danube, killed their king,
5862:
5842:
5767:
21 mm, 4.70 gr, 6h; Mint of Mediolanum (Milan), third issue, minted in 271/272
5342:
5266:
4946:
4941:
4755:
4624:
4125:
4045:
3508:
3294:
3048:
2958:
2846:
2236:
2205:
1930:
1901:
1883:
1727:
1698:
1537:
1241:
1028:
977:
895:
863:
830:
510:
443:
63:
12864:
3542:
along the Pannonian front, as a result of which he was given the appellation "
3173:
2921:, as an oracle had told him that this war would be carried out by a member of
2356:
1564:
1039:), as is highlighted below in the summary table on their deployment (in 217):
14393:
14249:
14227:
14124:
14119:
13356:
12748:
9443:, IV, 43 corr. (obv. legend) and pl. 10, 20 (this coin is pictured); RSC 122.
7495:
7491:
7463:
of the municipal Italic elites and of the provinces of ancient Romanization.
7153:, defeating them, and then went to the territories that had once belonged to
6793:
6745:
6466:, after a new campaign across the Danube, by as many as one hundred thousand
6390:
6011:
6003:
5995:
5583:
5401:
5214:
they suffered numerous losses due to a violent storm that had come upon them.
5207:
5169:
4918:
4894:
4882:
4643:
4590:
4586:
4558:
4548:
4293:
3860:
3603:
3053:
2333:
2327:
2298:
2280:
2267:
2032:
1776:
1619:
1531:
1189:
1073:
823:
that a barbarian population had not laid siege to centers in northern Italy.
655:
478:
262:
13218:
10081:
2764:. As a result of these victories, the young emperor assumed the appellation
14244:
14151:
14146:
14099:
14018:
7633:
7425:
7388:
7251:
7036:
6957:
6613:
Having obtained power, in November 285 Diocletian appointed as his deputy (
6408:
6307:
6207:
6185:
5925:
5888:
Once the campaign in Italy was over, on his way to the East to fight Queen
5854:
5807:
5422:
4855:
4691:
4655:
4639:
4342:
4330:
4257:
4232:
4171:.: The Goths, on the other hand, having departed with their ships from the
4168:
4097:
4086:
4014:
3834:
3741:
3695:
3627:
3607:
3477:
3410:
3374:
3362:
3350:
3235:
3197:
3012:
2996:
2898:
2804:
2784:
2753:
2430:
2112:
2081:
1160:
875:
820:
808:
773:
Prelude to the invasions of the 3rd century: the Marcomannic Wars (166-189)
766:
738:
522:
330:
242:
88:
13812:
Atlas des agglomérations secondaires de la Gaule Belgique et des Germanies
12948:
8497:, 10.6. For having his brother Geta killed, he was called, sarcastically,
5199:
4063:
Continued raids by barbarians in the two decades following the end of the
3338:
At the end of these operations Maximinus was given the appellation first "
2881:(Colonia Septimia Aurelia Antoniana) and Brigetio itself were elevated to
2752:, led a campaign against the Germans, defeating first the Catti along the
862:
and the making of new treaties with the "client" peoples northeast of the
609:, were also attracted by the wealth and affluent life of the Roman world.
14207:
14136:
14023:
13896:
13858:
13832:
13693:
13689:
12928:
12760:
8841:, p. 169) finds signs of devastation in Lauriacum (Enns) and Bernau.
7620:
7587:
7458:
by an army aware of its decisive role in choosing princes; if before the
7202:
7158:
6753:
6691:
6345:") was minted on the coins. Finally he went, at the end of that year, to
6152:
5983:
5929:
5913:
5901:
5251:
5234:
5190:
5088:
5051:
had managed to push the Persians back to the walls of their own capital,
4728:
4724:
4578:
4427:
and after clearing the entire left bank of the Rhine of barbarian armies.
4412:
4326:
4325:
At the same time much of the northern territories of the province of the
4312:
4120:
were stopped in the course of one of their attempts to break through the
4109:
3981:
3977:
3573:
3426:
3390:
3306:
2796:
2775:
2560:
1836:
1751:
1686:
1542:
1224:
1131:
1036:
859:
758:
686:
651:
518:
435:
286:
254:
192:
164:
122:
7391:
that a barbarian population had not besieged centers in northern Italy.
7149:
fought in these years against the Marmarid people on the borders of the
6820:," while another success over the Alemanni was celebrated by the future
6610:. Carinus died due to a conspiracy of his own generals (spring of 285).
5916:, under increasing blows mainly from the Goths (in particular, from the
4543:
Fourth phase: secessionist states and the height of the crisis (260-268)
2705:, Caracalla standing, holding a spear; behind him two military banners.
2044:
2038:
634:
some real ethnic confederations of tribes: the Alemanni, who aggregated
14040:
13379:
Armi e guerrieri di Roma antica. Da Diocleziano alla caduta dell'impero
13361:
L'esercito romano: le armi imperiali da Augusto alla fine del 3. secolo
7579:
7558:
7532:
7503:
7474:, often of modest origin and raised in the ranks of the legions of the
7416:
7376:
7355:
7206:
6999:), strengthening this stretch of the border for at least a few decades.
6933:
6733:
6651:
6607:
6595:
6475:
6027:
5991:
5870:
5794:
5697:
5628:
5564:
5506:
5383:
5369:
5358:
5270:
5230:
5226:
5173:
The invasion of the Gothic peoples of 267/268-270 during the reigns of
5120:
5048:
4973:
4787:
4766:. The numerous signs of destruction along this stretch of the Limes at
4732:
4683:
4582:
4574:
4500:
4473:
4261:
3965:
3278:
3181:
3122:
2983:
2926:
2918:
2914:
2832:
2825:
2607:
2486:
2482:
2286:
2224:
2100:
2069:
1721:
1578:
1502:
1425:
1390:
1361:
1166:
933:
879:
842:
714:
694:
643:
590:
551:
536:
392:
334:
322:
290:
208:
200:
155:
97:
7270:
and in defeating that of the Quinquegentians, who had also penetrated
4151:
The Goths resumed their attacks, this time by sea, along the coast of
3463:
2199:
1955:
1479:
1309:
13934:
13402:
Roman Rule in Asia Minor to the End of the Third Century After Christ
12870:
12552:
7624:: the frontiers were never so distant and so close at the same time.
7528:
7342:
7311:
7040:
6904:
6874:
6839:
6761:
6729:
6577:
6467:
6424:
6223:
6096:
5928:: "Dacia Ripense" and "Dacia Mediterranea." The final abandonment of
5917:
5803:
5731:
5488:
5438:
5397:
5222:
5211:
5174:
5116:
5052:
5009:
4445:
4441:
4383:
4317:
4301:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4248:
4160:
4128:
4078:
4030:
4002:
3891:
3850:
3711:
3493:
3370:
3080:
2878:
2745:
2699:
2690:
2670:
2587:
2494:
2362:
1920:
1889:
1830:
1782:
1276:
1247:
1218:
1195:
1020:
1009:
812:
710:
698:
627:
547:
526:
494:
490:
370:
354:
350:
318:
138:
110:
13211:
Il limes romano nelle terre della Repubblica Cecoslovacca, vol. VIII
6903:
estuaries, reported a victory over the Frankish allies of the rebel
6039:
5841:
tide of the war. The barbarians had continued to sack cities on the
4634:
4223:
3618:
2933:
612:
Fifty years earlier, on the fringes of the Germanic area, along the
12976:(in French). Strasburgo: ed.par Edmond Frézouls et Hélène Jouffroy.
12808:
12784:
12774:
12666:
L'«inflazione» nel quarto secolo d.C.: atti dell'incontro di studio
10413:, 9, 8) speaks of three hundred and twenty thousand armed men; cf.
7992:
7625:
7595:
7536:
7429:
7412:
7315:
7239:
7222:
7154:
7131:
7095:
7044:
6941:
6937:
6878:
6855:
6835:
6789:
6788:," for the successes achieved by Maximian's generals over both the
6757:
6695:
6687:
6679:
6632:
6618:
6583:
6459:
6394:
6386:
6374:
6330:
6303:
6144:
6084:
6080:
6061:
5978:
Imperial unity could finally materialize with the defeat, first of
5950:
5874:
5798:
5778:
5734:
5711:
5687:
5655:
5640:
5632:
5624:
5579:
5393:
5341:
During this year, the Alemanni once again succeeded in penetrating
5305:
5286:
5104:
5096:
4977:
4950:
4871:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4779:
4775:
4763:
4720:
4703:
4687:
4675:
4594:
4562:
4512:
4508:
4485:
4469:
4437:
4392:
4379:
4363:
4359:
4240:
4164:
4163:, pushed on to the very edge of the Roman Empire, near the city of
4152:
4117:
3973:
3928:
3813:
3799:
3755:
3611:
3587:
3561:
3406:
3255:
3193:
3169:
3161:
3140:
3024:
2864:
2850:
2800:
2734:
2730:
2674:
2629:
2614:
2490:
2426:
2255:
2230:
2131:
2106:
2075:
1986:
1980:
1949:
1569:
1508:
1446:
1396:
1367:
1338:
1332:
1303:
1032:
925:
913:
796:
792:
742:
718:
647:
606:
584:
543:
514:
502:
471:
463:
397:
342:
306:
282:
159:
147:
13372:(in French). Lione: rassemblés et éd. par Y. Le Bohec et C. Wolff.
6736:
as his main fleet headquarters, succeeded in repelling attacks by
5957:, for a combined total of more than forty-five thousand armed men.
4585:(271-274), succeeded in defending the borders of the provinces of
4077:, to partition the administration of the Roman state with his son
3723:
D-ACIA, Dacia standing, holding a stick with a donkey-shaped end.
12938:
12856:
12588:
10325:, pp. 34, 220) date the battle of Milan to 260, in contrast
7575:
7364:
7307:
7299:
7275:
7271:
7263:
7259:
7194:
7166:
7135:
7112:
6908:
6900:
6675:
6591:
6503:
6463:
6354:
6346:
6334:
6333:(where he succeeded in defeating the Iazigians and Vandals), and
6326:
6271:
6156:
6128:
6088:
6007:
5979:
5954:
5889:
5858:
5782:
5773:
5749:
5741:, laureate head and torso with armor toward the right, wearing an
5694:
5690:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5643:
5636:
5575:
5405:
5379:
5229:, but the barbarians' incursion continued until they skirted the
5218:
5186:
5108:
5084:
5017:
4906:
4886:
4791:
4771:
4767:
4740:
4566:
4504:
4481:
4424:
4338:
4196:
4192:
4184:
3985:
3932:
3895:
3795:
3644:
3557:
3298:
3275:
3263:
3259:
3227:
3084:
3036:
2828:
2808:
2652:
Northern front: from the Rhine to the Danube and to the Black Sea
2564:
2478:
2441:
2422:
2292:
1229:
1013:
850:
734:
730:
726:
706:
639:
533:
455:
439:
338:
326:
302:
196:
7618:. Rome, for its part, lost during the third century its role as
5810:, he was initially defeated by the coalition of barbarians near
12923:
12904:, H. Mattingly, E.A. Sydenham, C.H.V. Sutherland, London, 1949;
12897:, H. Mattingly, E.A. Sydenham, C.H.V. Sutherland, London, 1930;
7607:
7599:
7547:
7479:
7346:
7283:
7108:
6965:
6741:
6737:
6699:
6655:
6569:
6471:
6350:
6267:
6263:
6181:
6132:
6124:
6072:
5946:
5933:
5846:
5755:
5715:
5675:
5659:
5526:
5518:
5492:
5476:
5309:
5297:
5247:
5243:
5203:
5092:
4922:
4878:
4783:
4699:
4695:
4663:
4628:
4522:
4465:
4408:
4305:
4113:
3924:
3912:
3867:
3853:
3830:
3714:
3691:
3286:
3040:
2992:
2761:
2757:
2722:
2572:
2552:
2506:
2498:
2437:
2261:
2168:
2162:
2013:
1895:
1812:
1787:
1625:
1253:
1200:
1079:
854:
834:
819:. The impression caused was enormous: it was since the time of
800:
702:
667:
659:
635:
613:
573:
401:
366:
358:
310:
278:
274:
270:
258:
231:
Numerous peoples, amounting to a few hundred thousand armed men
204:
188:
130:
16:
Barbarian invasions against the Roman Empire in the 3rd century
6646:
It fell to the new and sole emperor, Diocletian, to repel new
6535:
In commemoration of the victory, he received the appellation "
6458:
Probus, on his way back from the East (where he had quelled a
5455:, a trophy is depicted with two Gothic prisoners at its feet.
5277:," after his people (identifiable with the "Scythians" of the
5095:, and numerous other peoples took shape from the mouth of the
4832:
4395:
to realize that a well-planned and simultaneous attack by the
4345:). These events have been handed down by a short passage from
4108:
decided to rebuild the ancient walls of Athens and many other
3230:
limes as well. For these reasons he received the appellation "
3164:, succeeding not only in repelling their incursions along the
870:
Forces in the field: along the Rhine and Danube European front
670:, composed of the seafaring peoples between the mouths of the
12972:
Actes du colloque de Strasbourg (11-13 octobre 1990) (1998).
7603:
7267:
7048:
6896:
6805:
6713:
6671:
6635:
as his Caesar for the East, while Maximian did the same with
6587:
6499:
6487:
6148:
5921:
5897:
5522:
5484:
5452:
5100:
4890:
4877:
At the same time, along the Limes of lower Germany hordes of
4803:
4759:
4496:
4477:
4289:
4228:
4176:
4140:
3908:
3652:
3631:
3623:
3539:
3378:
3354:
3282:
3177:
3065:
3000:
2894:
2821:
2788:
2657:
First phase: the attacks during the Severan dynasty (212-235)
2556:
2502:
2418:
2193:
2174:
2143:
1692:
1650:
1473:
1452:
1137:
1102:
846:
837:(170-171), then counterattacking with a massive offensive in
722:
690:
671:
569:
529:
459:
405:
362:
346:
314:
298:
294:
250:
216:
212:
180:
176:
172:
168:
12161:
Grégoire de Tour : Histoire des Francs : livre II)
8450:
Brigetio accampamento dei legionari e municipium sul Danubio
6502:
entrusted the western part of the empire to his eldest son,
5920:
tribe) and Carpi, as well as the Sarmatian Iazigians of the
4719:
that took over from Rome the government of the provinces of
4052:
standing toward the left, holding a shield and a palm tree.
3515:
advancing to the right, holding a palm and a laurel wreath.
554:'s abdication for the benefit of the new tetrarchic system.
7178:
6683:
6120:
5850:
5083:
A new and immense invasion by the Goths, together with the
5013:
4959:
4914:
4297:
4272:
It was not long before a new invasion of Goths crossed the
3004:
1863:
1656:
1582:
1108:
762:
675:
663:
13587:
La crisi dell'impero romano, da Marco Aurelio ad Anastasio
6602:, and later the defeat of his armies by Diocletian at the
5517:, Tenaginus Probus, in the waters opposite the islands of
5487:
and then northward, having ravaged the territories around
11611:
8037:
8035:
8033:
8031:
8029:
5292:
a third one headed south along the coasts of Asia Minor,
5221:, which they besieged unsuccessfully, they suffered near
5087:, the "latest arrivals" in the region of what is now the
4280:. From there they continued as far as below the walls of
3655:, pushed into Lower Moesia, as far as below the walls of
3152:
3148:
2621:
2599:
2579:
2544:
2540:
2519:
2470:
2466:
2448:
2410:
13826:
Historical novels about the invasions of the 3rd century
4175:, reached the mouth of the Phasis River (located in the
3894:, remained emperor, who was in turn adopted by the then
3771:
to proclaim himself emperor, no one heard anything more.
787:
The climax of the Marcomannic wars in the years 178-179.
8815:
The Roman Frontier in Germany: an Archaeological Survey
7436:
was the slogan of the new system; in the third century
7387:, causing a huge impact: it had been since the time of
7274:. In 297 Maximian began a bloody offensive against the
5869:. Following this last invasion, provision was made (in
5865:
and then a second time decisively on the way back near
4929:." For these successes, he assumed the appellation of "
3614:
suggests, "by the sum paid to them by the inhabitants."
434:
As if this were not enough, along the eastern front of
8026:
5296:
and Achaia, where the barbarians succeeded in sacking
4739:" by Gallienus, and then with his secessionist widow,
3935:
by sea, and then by land as far as the territories of
2853:
also recounts that Caracalla at the end of these wars:
2387:
Size of the German-Sarmatian hordes in the 3rd century
14355:
9719:
18th International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies
7685:
La migrazione dei Goti: dalla Scandinavia alla Tracia
6621:, whom a few months later he elevated to the rank of
5678:
quickly, ending the sieges of Anchialus (near modern
4131:, who earned for these successes the appellation of "
568:
After about thirty years of relative quiet along the
13523:
Pannonia and the Onset of Crisis in the Roman Empire
13291:
At Empire's Edge. Exploring Rome's Egyptian Frontier
6294:. Among these settlers a group of Franks settled in
6131:
River valley and swept into the area of present-day
5370:
Fifth phase: the reunion of the old empire (269-275)
5258:, and bringing devastation to the hinterland of the
2957:, most likely over the Germans or Sarmatians of the
662:, on the lower Rhine from the mouth of the river to
591:
The Germanic world between the 2nd and 3rd centuries
4953:holding Valerian captive and receiving homage from
3052:reported in these provinces during the raids, from
2748:, who arrived in the spring of that year along the
10095:
9353:; CIL 2, 4949 (p 998); CIL 2, 4957 (p. 998, 1057).
6907:. In October of that same year Diocletian went to
6873:18 mm, 3.33 g, coined in 295-297 (celebrating the
6606:, near the ancient city and legionary fortress of
5881:into Italy through the Julian Alps: the so-called
5559:," and the coins minted that year celebrated his "
5448:, emperor's head toward right wearing breastplate
4810:recalls a victory against the Germanic peoples of
4731:, defending them from Persian attacks, first with
713:. In that region they came into conflict with the
650:and positioned themselves on the upper Rhine from
7988:
7986:
7984:
7982:
7895:
7893:
7371:; this was not enough, however, and already with
7246:(with an army consisting of contingents from the
6040:Sixth phase: the Roman counteroffensive (276-284)
5781:in gilded bronze from the Santa Giulia Museum in
3564:was placed at the head of this military district.
803:was handled directly by the emperors themselves,
14391:
13578:Layers of Loyalty in Latin Panegyric: AD 289–307
13324:Der Kaiser Marcus Aurelius Probus und seine Zeit
13230:Michael Geschwinde; Petra Lönne (October 2012).
11370:
11368:
9819:
9817:
9750:, p. 223) dates this expedition to 255-256.
9328:
9326:
7926:Dal III secolo alla fine dell'Impero d'Occidente
7130:, succeeded in driving out the Berber tribes of
7096:African southern front: from Mauretania to Egypt
6594:(Carus' eldest son) as their natural successor,
5289:in Milan, who had attempted to usurp his throne.
5202:, but were repelled. They continued by invading
4925:River, earning himself the proclamation of the "
4155:, after commandeering numerous vessels from the
2917:was preparing a military expedition against the
2901:, assuming for these victories the appellation "
2845:," as recounted in the biography of his brother
13031:. Roma: atti dell'incontro di studio Roma 1988.
11841:
11839:
10621:
10619:
10617:
10583:
10581:
10579:
10482:, p. 225) dates these events to early 268.
10120:1 (Sarmatians are mentioned generically here);
10071:, p. 34) mentions Tarragona and Gibraltar.
10031:
10029:
9838:
9836:
9834:
9832:
9758:
9756:
9524:
9522:
9313:
9311:
8214:
8212:
8210:
8208:
8015:
8013:
8011:
8009:
8007:
7759:
7757:
7550:would be the dominant metal of the new course.
5574:records that also in the same year the usurper
4881:succeeded in seizing the legionary fortress of
4382:, to better defend the important stronghold of
791:In 166/167, the first clash occurred along the
12997:Roma e i Barbari, la nascita di un nuovo mondo
12888:from Pertinax to Geta et Caracalla (193 – 217)
10245:
10243:
10241:
9478:
9476:
9407:
9405:
9242:
9240:
8893:
8891:
8249:
8247:
8169:
8167:
8165:
8163:
8161:
8144:
8142:
8140:
8138:
8136:
8119:
8117:
8115:
8113:
8111:
8098:
8096:
8094:
8092:
8090:
8088:
8086:
8072:
8070:
8068:
7979:
7936:
7934:
7890:
7689:Roma e i Barbari, la nascita di un nuovo mondo
7258:, Egyptians and Danubians, Gaulish and German
6377:to cross the Rhine and burn some ships of the
5586:, reorganized the provinces under his control:
5265:a second army, arriving near the mouth of the
4243:, from the years 252-256, during the reign of
3672:near Novae, led his armies under the walls of
3121:, which would end only fifty years later with
761:, who were heading westward toward the rivers
13950:
13721:The Roman Empire: from Severus to Constantine
13448:
13140:Corbier, Mireille (1986). A. Giardina (ed.).
12564:
12450:
11959:
11957:
11955:
11953:
11951:
11949:
11947:
11945:
11781:
11779:
11595:
11374:
11365:
11167:
11055:
10973:
10893:
10799:
10679:
10414:
10326:
10232:
10064:
9823:
9814:
9804:
9528:
9323:
9317:
8909:
8798:
8782:
8780:
7922:L'esercito romano. Armamento e organizzazione
7349:. Proconnesian marble, Roman work, c. 250 AD.
7221:, which was quelled only four years later by
6861:, laureate head right with draped shoulders.
6159:along the upper-middle reaches of the Danube.
2378:Military organization of the Germanic peoples
737:, who had already come into contact with the
733:region came two other major populations: the
14334:Wars of the fall of the Western Roman Empire
13422:
13229:
13069:The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine
12902:Gordian III to Uranius Antoninus (238 – 253)
12890:, H. Mattingly, E.A. Sydenham, London, 1936;
12288:
12286:
11891:
11889:
11887:
11862:
11860:
11858:
11856:
11854:
11836:
11415:
11413:
11411:
11409:
11099:
11097:
10957:
10955:
10812:
10810:
10808:
10614:
10576:
10490:
10488:
10302:
10300:
10171:
10169:
10167:
10026:
9829:
9753:
9588:
9586:
9519:
9308:
8826:
8205:
8189:
8187:
8185:
8183:
8004:
7774:
7772:
7754:
7306:territories were abandoned and given to the
7266:), succeeded in repelling the tribes of the
6462:incursion) to Gaul, found time to settle in
4391:conducted assaults by the barbarians caused
1591:No. of legionary fortresses under tetrarchy
1045:No. of legionary fortresses under Caracalla
583:in 212, caused by the first invasion of the
13665:
12986:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
12789:History of the Empire after Marcus Aurelius
10941:
10939:
10238:
9858:, p. 209), and the following entries:
9473:
9463:
9461:
9402:
9298:
9296:
9237:
9119:History of the Empire after Marcus Aurelius
8888:
8756:History of the Empire after Marcus Aurelius
8603:
8601:
8368:History of the Empire after Marcus Aurelius
8284:, IV 237; Calicó 2833; BMCRE 64; Cohen 645.
8244:
8158:
8133:
8108:
8083:
8065:
7955:
7953:
7931:
6010:, while the eastern queen was installed in
6002:. However, Tetricus and Zenobia, after the
5682:, along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast) and
5198:The barbarians first assaulted the city of
4715:In the East, on the other hand, it was the
4195:. The great fleet then continued as far as
2869:History of the Empire after Marcus Aurelius
1577:A little less than a century later, during
485:and African provinces, and to the east the
13957:
13943:
13925:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
13887:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
13849:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
13788:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
13765:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
13733:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
13710:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
13680:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
13657:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
13599:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
13558:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
13535:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
13512:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
13486:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
13463:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
13440:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
13414:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
13391:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
13347:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
13312:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
13293:. New Haven & Londra: Yale Univ.Press.
13280:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
13257:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
13200:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
13177:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
13154:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
13122:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
13072:. Cambridge: MA Harvard University Press.
13051:. Cambridge: MA Harvard University Press.
13018:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
11969:
11942:
11776:
9165:
9163:
8777:
7043:and Sarmatians (presumably these were the
6087:'s death, reaching as far as the coast of
5853:. Not far from the latter city, along the
2733:were mentioned for the first time, in the
493:(268) that a group of emperor-soldiers of
387:The growing danger to the Roman Empire of
38:The barbarian invasions of the 3rd century
32:
12861:Historiarum adversus paganos libri septem
12283:
11884:
11851:
11706:Historiarum adversus paganos libri septem
11406:
11094:
10952:
10805:
10485:
10297:
10164:
9583:
8180:
7769:
7582:were the habitual seats of the emperors.
4905:A new incursion of the Alemanni into the
4654:These emperors not only formed their own
4183:, in the vicinity of the present town of
13376:
12746:De Vita et Moribus Imperatorum Romanorum
11698:De Vita et Moribus Imperatorum Romanorum
11052:De Vita et Moribus Imperatorum Romanorum
10936:
9458:
9293:
8682:
8680:
8598:
7950:
7552:
7508:
7406:
7336:
6971:
6551:
6434:, head with crown, wearing breastplate;
6337:. For these latter successes the title "
6232:, head with crown, wearing breastplate;
6043:
5772:
5614:
5168:
4940:
4831:
4758:) were abandoned for the benefit of the
4633:
4535:De Vita et Moribus Imperatorum Romanorum
4459:
4311:
4300:were sacked by the Gothic armies, while
4222:
4039:, head with crown, wearing breastplate;
3720:, head with crown, wearing breastplate;
3617:
3502:, head with crown, wearing breastplate;
3384:
3245:
3108:
2932:
782:
239:barbarian invasions of the third century
14105:Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula
13268:Gli imperatori romani, storia e segreti
13162:
9160:
7632:; seven centuries had passed since the
7039:, conducting a campaign against Carpi,
3923:A new wave of Goths, Borans, Carpi and
2811:, would also be dated to the same year.
14392:
13964:
13746:(in German). Halle: Konferenzvorträge.
13029:L'"inflazione " nel quarto secolo d. C
7419:, with the inscription fides exercitus
3168:, but also in penetrating deeply into
2721:After about forty years, the Germanic
2514:Moesia, Thrace, Greece and Asia Minor
795:frontiers by a few bands of marauding
22:Barbarian invasions of the 3rd century
13938:
13895:
13857:
13831:
13776:Diocleziano. Un autocrate riformatore
13297:
13185:
13095:
13040:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
8677:
7628:was convinced to endow the city with
5404:in the West and the kingdom of Queen
5392:, but especially with his successor,
2756:, then the Alemanni in the area from
557:
417:period of severe internal instability
14213:Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain
13625:Quando l'Italia era una superpotenza
13607:
13580:. New York: Oxford University Press.
13223:Sirmium ville impériale ou capitale?
13026:
13003:
12994:
8411:, IV 530b; BMCRE pg. 482; Cohen 266.
7063:The fourth imperial acclamation of "
6716:in anticipation of future campaigns.
6586:in November 284 (to whom his father
6385:(today's Cologne) and together with
6310:and pushed on as far as the city of
6075:, moved from the territories of the
4407:was disrupted by new attacks by the
3647:), where they besieged the governor
3562:Tiberius Claudius Marinus Pacatianus
3003:), in Roman hands since the time of
2549:more than 400,000 barbarians killed
13569:The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395
12966:Modern historiographical literature
12502:, III, 17; IV, 5-6; VI, 8; VIII, 6.
9570:Declino e caduta dell'impero romano
7920:, pp. 709–710); G. Cascarino,
7379:reached Italy and pushed as far as
6891:Diocletian's fifth acclamation as "
6619:Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus
4191:, had followed Emperor Valerian to
3369:to the mouth of the Danube and the
681:At the same time the thrust of the
579:, a new crisis broke out along the
13:
13798:Further historiographical insights
13773:
13741:
13718:
13584:
13367:
13355:
13320:
13298:Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin (1986).
13243:González, Julio Rodríguez (2003).
13242:
13089:Diocletian and the First Tetrarchy
12640:
12616:
12604:
12023:
11845:
11131:
10625:
10587:
10479:
10397:
10318:
10261:
10249:
10035:
10008:
9988:
9774:
9762:
9747:
9246:
9154:
9130:
8897:
8786:
8710:
8253:
7917:
7884:
7872:
7802:
7790:
7778:
7763:
7748:
7736:
7712:
6141:Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium
6000:battle near the Catalaunian Fields
4818:(April 260), in the year in which
3297:. His headquarters were placed at
3285:plain, who had tried to cross the
2696:BRIT, laureate head toward right;
2604:16,000 killed and 20,000 captured
517:in about 260) and the province of
396:federations, such as those of the
14:
14421:
13618:
13543:
13494:
13288:
13139:
13104:
13035:
12652:
12576:
12560:
11919:
9713:, p. 361; Jeorgios Martin Beyer,
8838:
8702:
8625:, IV, 60; BMCRE 407; Calicó 3111
8453:
7724:
7700:
7543:Edictum De Pretiis Rerum Venalium
7444:." The principate, understood by
7333:Defence-in-depth (Roman military)
6560:, a porphyry sculpture looted in
5658:again caused extensive damage in
5479:by traveling along the road from
5460:19 mm, 4.68 g, coined in 269/270
5225:an initial defeat by the rushing
5217:Having turned their sails toward
4662:and gave the classical titles of
4235:, contemporary with those of the
3520:23 mm, 4.35 g, coined in c. 245.
2979:Kingdom of the Cimmerian Bosporus
990:Legio XIIII Gemina Martia Victrix
450:had been replaced by that of the
14377:
14365:
14346:Military history of ancient Rome
13750:
13642:
13566:
13245:Historia de las legiones Romanas
13208:
13130:
13086:
13065:
13044:
12895:Macrinus to Pupienus (217 – 238)
12875:Persian, Vandal, and Gothic Wars
12696:
12684:
12671:
12658:
12646:
12634:
12622:
12610:
12598:
12582:
12570:
12546:
12534:
12528:
12524:
12518:
12505:
12493:
12487:
12481:
12468:
12456:
12436:
12420:
12400:
12383:
12367:
12354:
12341:
12324:
12298:
12271:
12258:
12246:
12237:
12231:
12225:
12222:, VI, 39; Jelocnik 84b; RSC 208.
12209:
12185:
12173:
12146:
12134:
12108:
12092:
12076:
12046:
12029:
12017:
12007:
12003:
11997:
11991:
11987:
11981:
11975:
11963:
11925:
11913:
11907:
11901:
11872:
11824:
11807:
11791:
11785:
11763:
11743:
11727:
11711:
11679:
11659:
11639:
11619:
11601:
11584:
11568:
11552:
11536:
11520:
11504:
11488:
11471:
11454:
11441:
11425:
11393:
11380:
11340:
11324:
11311:
11298:
11273:
11267:
11261:
11255:
11237:
11209:
11203:
11189:
11177:
11171:
11149:
11143:
11137:
11125:
11109:
11088:
11078:
11065:
11059:
11037:
11011:
10999:
10993:
10979:
10967:
10930:
10912:
10899:
10887:
10875:
10851:
10845:
10841:
10835:
10822:
10776:
10747:
10731:
10718:
10712:
10701:
10685:
10673:
10660:
10654:
10643:
10631:
10593:
10570:
10564:
10540:
10520:
10514:
10500:
10494:
10473:
10467:
10449:
10436:
10420:
10403:
10391:
10379:
10363:
10345:
10332:
10322:
10312:
10284:
10267:
10255:
10226:
10220:
10214:
10193:
10181:
10147:
10107:
10101:
10080:
10074:
10068:
10053:
10047:
10041:
10020:
10014:
9994:
9982:
9965:
9952:
9936:
9897:
9849:
9793:
9780:
9768:
9737:
9724:
9703:
9690:
9677:
9615:
9598:
9577:
9573:
9562:
9556:
9547:, V, 264; MIR 36, 793d; RSC 253.
8706:
8626:
8590:
8574:
8565:, IV 308; Thirion 155; Banti 30.
8554:
8542:
8530:
8502:
8400:
8392:
8273:
6846:
6712:established headquarters on the
6415:
6214:
5722:
5621:western part of the Roman Empire
5429:
4521:had as a concubine a girl named
4411:, who managed to push as far as
4386:; the emperor, in turn, went to
4143:and thus to oppose new invaders.
4021:
3841:
3702:
3484:
3407:Decimus Celius Calvinus Balbinus
2681:
693:(in the various branches of the
550:and ended in 305 at the time of
14405:Wars involving Germanic peoples
14329:Civil wars of the Third Century
13688:
13645:Chronicle of the Roman Emperors
13628:(in Italian). Torino: Einaudi.
13520:
13471:
13399:
13300:The Later Roman Empire: 284-602
13265:
13217:
13188:The Reign of the Emperor Probus
13096:Beyer, Jeorgios Martin (2002).
12909:Valerian to Florian (253 – 276)
12843:, from Caracalla to Diocletian.
12711:
12702:
12690:
12557:Persian, Vandal and Gothic Wars
12540:
12292:
12277:
12252:
12070:
12040:
11895:
11878:
11866:
11830:
11633:
11465:
11419:
11359:
11292:
11251:
11231:
11183:
11103:
10961:
10881:
10816:
10637:
10546:
10385:
10306:
10187:
10175:
9976:
9930:
9855:
9808:
9743:
9609:
9592:
9550:
9534:
9513:
9502:
9489:
9467:
9452:
9446:
9430:
9424:
9418:
9389:
9373:
9356:
9339:
9302:
9287:
9281:
9275:
9264:
9258:
9252:
9231:
9220:
9204:
9188:
9182:
9176:
9150:
9136:
9124:
9022:
8915:
8903:
8844:
8832:
8820:
8810:
8804:
8792:
8748:
8732:
8716:
8696:
8651:
8634:
8613:
8607:
8580:
8568:
8541:, IV 122; Thirion 39; RSC 113;
8516:
8480:
8463:
8457:
8442:
8436:
8430:
8414:
8386:
8373:
8360:
8354:
8340:
8334:
8328:
8322:
8316:
8303:
8287:
8259:
8228:
8102:
8053:
7911:
7878:
7866:
7850:
7837:
7824:
7808:
7796:
7784:
7322:
7197:, an Arab tribe settled in the
4957:, kneeling before the Sasanian
3373:coast, including the cities of
3025:Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus
13753:Aurelian and the Third Century
13575:
13546:Traiano ai confini dell'Impero
13213:. Roma: Istituto Studi Romani.
12918:, Percy H. Webb, London, 1933.
12916:Probus to Maximian (276 – 310)
12911:, Percy H. Webb, London, 1927;
12755:Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
12011:
11802:Carus et Carinus et Numerianus
10092:, V 18; MIR 36, 872l; RSC 308.
8553:, IV 162; BMCRE 169; RSC 304;
8439:, pp. 142, 152, note 39).
8200:Carus et Carinus et Numerianus
7742:
7730:
7718:
7706:
7694:
7677:
7667:
7546:. Constantine understood that
7201:, who had attempted to invade
6582:With the death of the emperor
6527:Carus et Carinus et Numerianus
5953:) and a substantial number of
5861:River, the emperor managed to
5797:, and some bands of Juthungi (
5693:, together with some bands of
5206:and Thrace until they reached
3927:brought destruction as far as
3879:3.33 gr, 12 h; coined in 251 (
3117:began the turbulent period of
2725:returned to break through the
1:
13500:Römische Staatsrecht, vol. II
13236:Archeo, attualità dal passato
12814:De origine actibusque Getarum
10118:The Thirty Tyrants, Ingenuus,
9484:De origine actibusque Getarum
9334:De origine actibusque Getarum
9272:De origine actibusque Getarum
8241:, IV, 225; BMCRE 97; RSC 508.
8021:De origine actibusque Getarum
7998:De origine actibusque Getarum
7661:
7636:was laid to defend the city.
7561:'s edict on prices, from the
7440:relentlessly bore the words "
7193:Mention is first made of the
7087:A new battle was fought near
6698:, the other of Chaibones and
6448:22 mm, 3.45 g, coined in 280
6250:25 mm, 3.91 g, coined in 278
6103:"), bearing the appellation "
6071:The Goths, together with the
6060:The assassination of Emperor
4057:21 mm, 3.90 g, coined in 253
3819:De origine actibusque Getarum
3761:De origine actibusque Getarum
3593:De origine actibusque Getarum
2384:
2371:
2341:
2306:
2275:
2244:
2213:
2182:
2151:
2120:
2089:
2058:
2027:
2000:
1969:
1938:
1909:
1878:
1850:
1819:
1794:
1765:
1735:
1706:
1670:
1639:
1608:
1587:
1549:
1520:
1491:
1462:
1435:
1408:
1379:
1350:
1321:
1292:
1265:
1236:
1207:
1178:
1149:
1120:
1091:
1062:
1041:
74:Raids that subsided after 268
13131:Carrié, Jean-Michel (2008).
12193:Historiarum adversum paganos
10159:Historiarum adversos paganos
8395:, p. 27); Cassius Dio,
7302:coast was restored, but the
7217:A war broke out against the
6744:pirates along the coasts of
6670:," having decisively beaten
5998:) in 274, at the end of the
5806:by forced marches along the
5623:of the years 268-271 by the
4333:. Once they had crossed the
3349:During 236, an incursion by
3007:, which was defended by the
2646:
689:also increased, such as the
7:
14410:Crisis of the Third Century
13742:Springer, Matthias (1988).
13289:Jackson, Robert B. (2002).
11692:, 18.5-7; Aurelius Victor,
11085:Historia Augusta - Aurelian
11044:Historia Augusta - Aurelian
10796:Atlante storico De Agostini
9386:, IV 12b; Hunter 7; RSC 16.
7656:Crisis of the Third Century
7639:
7612:crisis of the third century
6127:, who traveled through the
3413:. The provincial governor,
3250:The military operations of
564:Crisis of the Third Century
27:Part of Roman-Germanic wars
10:
14426:
13774:Williams, Stephen (1995).
13163:Corradi, Giuseppe (1994).
12799:Breviarium ab Urbe condita
12513:Breviarium ab urbe condita
12476:Breviarium ab urbe condita
12349:Breviarium ab urbe condita
12037:Breviarium ab urbe condita
11771:Breviarium ab urbe condita
11724:, V, 220. Pink VI/1 p. 57.
11702:Breviarium ab urbe condita
11348:Breviarium ab urbe condita
11228:Breviarium ab urbe condita
11164:Breviarium ab urbe condita
11050:, I, 49; Aurelius Victor,
10726:Breviarium ab urbe condita
10411:Breviarium ab urbe condita
10201:Breviarium ab urbe condita
10155:Breviarium ab urbe condita
9844:Breviarium ab urbe condita
8223:Breviarium ab urbe condita
8060:Breviarium ab urbe condita
7326:
7099:
7015:Breviarium ab urbe condita
6964:, with Salian Franks from
6752:, while Maximian defeated
6728:Fleet, the future usurper
6575:
5373:
5304:and Thebes. The historian
4866:, who was captured by the
4612:Breviarium ab urbe condita
4546:
3996:
3802:' narrative of the events:
3192:, in the wooded area near
3128:
2977:The Roman garrison of the
2770:(October 6; rephrased as "
2660:
2396:Total number of armed men
2375:
889:
776:
603:Central and Eastern Europe
594:
561:
14342:
14287:Roman conquest of Britain
14258:
13972:
13544:Popescu, Grigore (1998).
13474:Pannonia and Upper Moesia
13449:Mazzarino, Santo (1973).
13321:Kreucher, Gerald (2003).
13232:La spedizione dimenticata
13209:Dobiaš, Giuseppe (1938).
11696:, 37.2; Aurelius Victor,
11501:, V, 219. Pink VI/1 p.56.
10513:, 9.8; Zosimus, I, 43.1;
7450:Year of the Four Emperors
6872:
6845:
6834:
6447:
6414:
6403:
6249:
6213:
6202:
6109:prefect of the praetorium
5766:
5721:
5710:
5459:
5428:
5417:
4782:and the reopening of the
4658:at their major center of
4464:Invasions in the West of
4419:. Gallienus, having left
4189:prefect of the Praetorium
4056:
4020:
4009:
3878:
3863:, wearing a breastplate;
3840:
3829:
3727:
3701:
3690:
3519:
3483:
3472:
3188:) and the Germans at the
2820:Brigetio and Aquincum by
2709:
2680:
2669:
2461:Dacia, Moesia and Thrace
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
885:
222:
104:
82:
42:
31:
26:
21:
13805:Les routes et l'histoire
13755:. Londra & New York.
13723:. Londra & New York.
13666:Schönberger, H. (1969).
13585:Rémondon, Roger (1975).
13567:David S. Potter (2013).
13327:(in German). Stoccarda.
13087:Bowman, Alan K. (2005).
13066:Barnes, Timothy (1982).
13048:Constantine and Eusebius
13045:Barnes, Timothy (1981).
12565:Mazzarino 1973 (vol. II)
12451:Mazzarino 1973 (vol. II)
11596:Mazzarino 1973 (vol. II)
11375:Mazzarino 1973 (vol. II)
11168:Mazzarino 1973 (vol. II)
11056:Mazzarino 1973 (vol. II)
10974:Mazzarino 1973 (vol. II)
10894:Mazzarino 1973 (vol. II)
10800:Mazzarino 1973 (vol. II)
10680:Mazzarino 1973 (vol. II)
10649:Sextus Aurelius Victor,
10415:Mazzarino 1973 (vol. II)
10327:Mazzarino 1973 (vol. II)
10321:, pp. 212–213) and
10233:Mazzarino 1973 (vol. II)
10065:Mazzarino 1973 (vol. II)
10011:, vol. II, pp. 485–486).
9824:Mazzarino 1973 (vol. II)
9805:Mazzarino 1973 (vol. II)
9529:Mazzarino 1973 (vol. II)
9512:, I.27.2 and I, 28.1-2;
9318:Mazzarino 1973 (vol. II)
8910:Mazzarino 1973 (vol. II)
8799:Mazzarino 1973 (vol. II)
7715:, pp. 205 and 207).
7428:of its power. Thus, for
7205:; they were defeated by
6266:were restored along the
6079:and returned to plunder
6026:Aurelian's victory over
5883:Claustra Alpium Iuliarum
4642:at the center, with the
3684:" ("Restorer of Dacia").
2323:Claustra Alpium Iuliarum
13984:Roman conquest of Italy
13751:Watson, Alaric (1999).
13451:L'impero romano, vol II
13428:L'impero romano, vol. I
13377:Le Bohec, Yann (2008).
13368:Le Bohec, Yann (2004).
13225:(in French). «CCAB» 26.
13008:(in German). Stoccarda.
12974:Les empereurs illyriens
12825:Extract of Chronography
11046:, 18.4; 19.4; Zosimus,
10549:, III, p. 45, note 4);
10157:, 9.7. Paulus Orosius,
9674:; MiliariHispanico 562.
8827:Geschwinde e Lönne 2012
7233:By the end of 296, the
6764:of his in 289 suggests.
6504:Marcus Aurelius Carinus
6389:, emperor of all Gaul,
6097:Marcus Annius Florianus
6093:Marcus Claudius Tacitus
4840:, abandoned around 260.
4752:Germanic-Rhaetian limes
4227:Barbarian invasions of
3728:4.99 g, coined in 250.
3301:, in the center of the
3166:Germanic-Rhaetian limes
2750:Germanic-Rhaetian limes
2584:100,000 people settled
2319:legio III Iulia Alpina
2064:Legio IIII Flavia Felix
1614:Legio XXX Ulpia Victrix
1356:Legio IIII Flavia Felix
1068:Legio XXX Ulpia Victrix
581:Germanic-Rhaetian Limes
481:, in the center Italy,
13864:La legione invincibile
13643:Scarre, Chris (1999).
13571:. New York: Routledge.
13472:Mócsy, András (1974).
13266:Grant, Michel (1984).
13110:Il tardo impero romano
12881:Roman Imperial Coinage
12360:Ammianus Marcellinus,
12216:Roman Imperial Coinage
11722:Marcus Aurelius Probus
11718:Roman Imperial Coinage
11499:Marcus Aurelius Probus
11495:Roman Imperial Coinage
11062:, pp. 51, 216ff.)
10692:Roman Imperial Coinage
10388:, III, p. 38, note 1).
10329:, p. 526) to 259.
9541:Roman Imperial Coinage
9437:Roman Imperial Coinage
9380:Roman Imperial Coinage
9211:Roman Imperial Coinage
9173:, VII, A1, coll. 1 ss.
9121:, VII, 2, 9; VII 8, 4.
8235:Roman Imperial Coinage
7928:, Rimini, 2009, p. 44.
7566:
7524:
7468:Maximinus the Thracian
7420:
7350:
7147:Marcus Aurelius Probus
7020:
6984:
6732:, who had the city of
6573:
6532:
6405:Marcus Aurelius Probus
6371:Gaius Quintus Bonosius
6204:Marcus Aurelius Probus
6113:Marcus Aurelius Probus
6057:
6050:Marcus Aurelius Probus
5990:) in 272, and then of
5863:beat them a first time
5837:
5786:
5647:
5613:
5552:
5355:Battle of Lake Benacus
5335:
5194:
5167:
5146:
5077:
5037:
5002:
4964:
4841:
4735:(260-267), appointed "
4651:
4617:
4571:Marcus Aurelius Marius
4540:
4531:Sextus Aurelius Victor
4489:
4321:
4252:
4221:
3961:
3825:
3767:
3635:
3599:
3459:
3398:
3335:
3267:
3252:Maximinus the Thracian
3223:
3126:
3098:Maximinus the Thracian
2942:
2874:
982:XI Claudia Pia Fidelis
900:Size of the Roman army
788:
507:Marcus Aurelius Probus
152:Marcus Aurelius Probus
105:Commanders and leaders
14314:Domitian's Dacian War
14233:Liberators' civil war
13905:. Casale Monferrato.
13867:. Casale Monferrato.
13719:Pat Southern (2001).
13608:Room, Adrian (2005).
13521:Oliva, Pavel (1962).
13502:(in German). Leipzig.
13400:Magie, David (1950).
13247:(in Spanish). Madrid.
13186:Crees, James (2005).
13165:Gli imperatori romani
13036:Géza Alföldy (1974).
13027:Vari, Autori (1993).
13004:Vari, Autori (2001).
12995:Vari, Autori (2008).
12871:Procopius of Caesarea
12835:History of the Franks
12742:Epitome de Caesaribus
12553:Procopius of Caesarea
12280:, pp. 274, 287).
12157:History of the Franks
12103:XII panegyrici latini
12087:XII panegyrici latini
11704:, IX, 17.1; Orosius,
11694:Epitome de Caesaribus
11270:, pp. 103, 107).
11170:, pp. 566–567);
11073:L'Europa continentale
11058:, pp. 567–568);
10668:Gli imperatori romani
10651:Epitome de Caesaribus
9807:, pp. 526–527);
9746:, pp. 224–225);
8325:, pp. 338, 355).
7556:
7512:
7410:
7340:
7002:
6975:
6686:, first engaging the
6617:) a valiant officer,
6555:
6513:
6500:Marcus Aurelius Carus
6383:Colonia Agrippinensis
6365:The then governor of
6320:Restitutor provinciae
6047:
5817:
5776:
5618:
5604:The Thirty Pretenders
5589:
5532:
5315:
5260:province of Macedonia
5181:. In green color the
5172:
5147:
5126:
5101:city of the same name
5058:
5023:
4983:
4944:
4838:German-Rhaetian limes
4835:
4637:
4603:
4519:
4488:of the years 258-260.
4463:
4315:
4226:
4206:
3946:
3881:Temple of Juno Moneta
3866:VIC-TORIA GERMANICA,
3805:
3747:
3715:C M Q TRAIANVS DECIVS
3634:in the years 249-251.
3621:
3579:
3439:
3388:
3316:
3249:
3203:
3186:Legio IV Flavia Felix
3112:
2936:
2856:
2317:legio II Iulia Alpina
1808:Kellmünz an der Iller
1678:Legio XXII Primigenia
1126:Legio XXII Primigenia
786:
705:), who came from the
546:in 212 under Emperor
14319:Trajan's Dacian Wars
14004:Roman–Hernician wars
13839:. Casale Monferrato.
13576:Rees, Roger (2002).
13133:Eserciti e strategie
12781:, fragments 6 and 7.
12724:Ammianus Marcellinus
12655:, pp. 489–533).
12579:, pp. 840–845).
12453:, pp. 579–580).
11910:, pp. 197–198).
11598:, pp. 584–585).
11468:, pp. 255–256).
11186:, pp. 211–212).
10896:, pp. 565–566).
10802:, pp. 560–561).
10573:, pp. 215–216).
10264:, pp. 212–213).
9979:, pp. 225–226).
9811:, pp. 223–224).
9580:, pp. 174–175).
9576:, pp. 25, 33);
9516:, pp. 220–221).
9290:, pp. 215–217).
9261:, pp. 203–204).
9147:Maximus and Balbinus
9133:, pp. 220–221).
8713:, pp. 211–212).
8691:Maximus and Balbinus
8513:, IV 311c; RSC 608a.
8357:, pp. 198–199).
8105:, pp. 231–232).
8048:Claudius II Gothicus
7875:, pp. 729–732).
7751:, pp. 206–207).
7590:, and the so-called
7518:Porta San Sebastiano
7262:, and recruits from
7053:Ammianus Marcellinus
6997:Battle of Vindonissa
6387:Titus Ilius Proculus
6316:Augusta Vindelicorum
6264:Roman military forts
5945:, now positioned in
5857:on the banks of the
5619:The invasion of the
5275:ornamenta consularia
5162:Claudius II Gothicus
5047:, while in the East
4931:Restitutor Galliarum
4672:tribune of the plebs
4133:Restitutor Galliarum
3984:until they occupied
3649:Titus Julius Priscus
3293:and conquering free
2315:legio I Iulia Alpina
1926:Altenburg-Petronell
1282:Altenburg-Petronell
442:from 224 onward the
179:, Gabiomarus of the
14218:Roman–Parthian Wars
14009:Roman–Volscian wars
13989:Roman–Etruscan Wars
12643:, pp. 97–100).
12449:, 17.2-3 and 17.6;
12182:, III, 7, 1; VI, 4.
11700:, 37.3; Eutropius,
11652:, 16.4-5; Zosimus,
11162:, 39.7; Eutropius,
10409:Also Eutropius (in
9545:Licinius Valerianus
8772:The Two Maximinians
7887:, pp. 34, 45).
7506:tried to implement.
7484:Claudius the Gothic
7466:From the advent of
7432:and his successors
7404:a conquest of arms.
6981:Constantius Chlorus
6954:Constantius Chlorus
6826:Constantius Chlorus
6724:The prefect of the
6702:, forced the Rhine
6678:. At the same time
6637:Constantius Chlorus
6566:St. Mark's Basilica
6373:, allowed bands of
6339:RESTITUTOR ILLIRICI
6123:was invaded by the
5814:, due to an ambush.
5684:Nicopolis ad Istrum
5390:Claudius the Gothic
5179:Claudius the Gothic
4945:Sasanian relief at
4762:populations of the
4680:Claudius the Gothic
4456:for the fifth time.
4440:(where they sacked
4157:Cimmerian Bosphorus
3907:From this date the
3682:Restitutor Daciarum
3330:The two Maximinians
3238:, while the words "
3218:The two Maximinians
3011:of the province of
2791:, included between
2532:Moesia, Thrace and
2389:
1799:Legio III Herculea
1740:Legio I Martia (?)
1682:Legio VI Gallicana
932:, I Pontica (under
749:at the time of the
747:Dacia Porolissensis
654:to the Danube near
499:Claudius the Gothic
14324:Roman–Persian Wars
14223:Caesar's civil war
14095:Roman–Seleucid war
13994:Roman-Aequian wars
13966:Ancient Roman wars
13238:, N.332 ed.).
13006:Das römische Trier
12705:, pp. 33–45).
12693:, pp. 53–90).
12679:Das römische Trier
12411:The Thirty Tyrants
12202:2010-01-03 at the
12166:2008-07-04 at the
11994:, pp. 70–71).
11754:The Thirty Tyrants
11670:The Thirty Tyrants
11220:The Thirty Tyrants
10666:Giuseppe Corradi,
10358:The Thirty Tyrants
10138:The Thirty Tyrants
10126:The Thirty Tyrants
9559:, pp. 11–13).
9217:, IV, 66; RSC 238.
9199:The Three Gordians
8829:, pp. 30–37).
8577:, pp. 27–28).
7901:Notitia dignitatum
7766:, pp. 53–55).
7739:, pp. 87–88).
7572:Augusta Treverorum
7567:
7525:
7500:Kingdom of Palmyra
7460:praetorian cohorts
7421:
7351:
7288:province of Africa
7242:, who set out for
7163:kingdom of Palmyra
7151:province of Africa
7134:, who had invaded
7128:Mussius Aemilianus
7077:Germanicus maximus
7065:Sarmaticus maximus
6993:Battle of Lingones
6985:
6922:Sarmaticus maximus
6893:Germanicus maximus
6818:Sarmaticus maximus
6802:Augusta Treverorum
6786:Germanicus maximus
6774:Germanicus maximus
6668:Sarmaticus maximus
6664:Germanicus maximus
6654:invasions in both
6574:
6537:Germanicus maximus
6329:, Upper and Lower
6194:Germanicus maximus
6137:Augusta Treverorum
6058:
6054:Capitoline Museums
6031:Roman province of
5988:kingdom of Palmyra
5939:Legio V Macedonica
5894:Kingdom of Palmyra
5787:
5735:C L DOM AVRELIANVS
5702:Sarmaticus maximus
5648:
5195:
5183:kingdom of Palmyra
5080:late 267-early 268
4965:
4927:Victoria germanica
4911:Augusta Treverorum
4842:
4800:Castrum Rauracense
4784:legionary fortress
4737:Corrector Orientis
4717:Kingdom of Palmyra
4709:Imperium Galliarum
4660:Augusta Treverorum
4652:
4648:Kingdom of Palmyra
4490:
4454:Germanicus Maximus
4448:and the coasts of
4322:
4253:
4137:Germanicus maximus
3999:Valerian (emperor)
3913:legionary fortress
3890:His youngest son,
3781:Herennius Etruscus
3670:Trebonianus Gallus
3636:
3544:Germanicus maximus
3431:praetorian prefect
3415:Tullius Menophilus
3399:
3395:Capitoline Museums
3344:Sarmaticus maximus
3268:
3242:" appear on coins.
3240:Victoria Germanica
3232:Germanicus maximus
3220:, 11.7-9 and 12.1.
3184:(also composed of
3127:
3062:Augusta Treverorum
2991:), in present-day
2943:
2767:Germanicus maximus
2760:to the plateau of
2511:2.000/6.000 ships
2385:
2157:Legio V Macedonica
2005:Legio VI Herculea
1855:Legio I Noricorum
1745:Castrum Rauracense
1712:Legio VIII Augusta
1441:Legio V Macedonica
1155:Legio VIII Augusta
998:XX Valeria Victrix
839:Germanic territory
789:
558:Historical context
487:Kingdom of Palmyra
376:Since the time of
325:in the east), the
135:Trebonianus Gallus
14353:
14352:
14309:Jewish–Roman wars
14181:Sulla's civil war
14175:Bellum Octavianum
14063:Illyro-Roman Wars
14036:Roman–Gallic wars
14014:Roman–Sabine wars
13912:978-88-384-8183-3
13874:978-88-384-7063-9
13635:978-88-06-16804-9
13334:978-3-515-08382-9
13079:978-0-674-61126-9
13058:978-0-674-16530-4
12847:Panegyrici Latini
12607:, pp. 9–27).
12500:Panegyrici latini
12463:Panegyrici latini
12264:Aurelius Victor,
12180:Panegyrici latini
12141:Panegyrici latini
12101:, II, 7-8; VI, 8
12099:Panegyrici latini
12083:Panegyrici latini
10925:, 18.2; Zosimus,
10696:Claudius Gothicus
10557:, 13.9; Zosimus,
10338:Aurelius Victor,
10059:Aurelius Victor,
9171:Real-Enciclopädie
9149:, 15.5 and 16.3;
8764:Severus Alexander
8743:Severus Alexander
8727:Severus Alexander
8623:Alexander Severus
7588:province of Dacia
7434:Concordia ordinum
7402:Septimius Severus
7345:, son of Emperor
7304:Triakontaschoinos
7159:Egyptian province
6885:
6884:
6541:Triumfus Quadorum
6452:
6451:
6367:Germania Inferior
6254:
6253:
5966:the appellation "
5943:Legio XIII Gemina
5771:
5770:
5511:Mediterranean Sea
5473:battle of Naissus
5464:
5463:
5419:Claudius Gothicus
5376:Illyrian emperors
5283:Rhodope Mountains
5043:According to the
4646:in the West, the
4621:Germania Inferior
4308:were set on fire.
4173:Crimean peninsula
4061:
4060:
3887:
3886:
3732:
3731:
3524:
3523:
3200:), dating to 235.
3077:Alexander Severus
2951:Alexander Severus
2939:Alexander Severus
2715:
2714:
2691:AD ANTONINVS PIVS
2644:
2643:
2524:more than 50,000
2453:more than 70,000
2415:more than 60,000
2399:Peoples involved
2369:
2368:
2342:Strategic reserve
2250:Legio II Herculia
2126:Legio XIII Gemina
2095:Legio VII Claudia
1975:Legio II Adiutrix
1771:Legio III Italica
1758:Maxima Sequanorum
1597:Ancient location
1575:
1574:
1550:Strategic reserve
1526:Legio II Parthica
1521:Strategic reserve
1414:Legio XIII Gemina
1385:Legio VII Claudia
1344:Pannonia Inferior
1327:Legio II Adiutrix
1315:Pannonia Inferior
1286:Pannonia Superior
1259:Pannonia Superior
1184:Legio III Italica
1172:Germania Superior
1143:Germania Superior
1114:Germania Inferior
1085:Germania Inferior
1051:Ancient location
1006:XXX Ulpia Victrix
962:Alexander Severus
946:legio II Parthica
912:(recruited under
235:
234:
191:, Igillus of the
144:Claudius Gothicus
115:Severus Alexander
78:
77:
14417:
14400:Migration Period
14382:
14381:
14380:
14370:
14369:
14368:
14361:
14275:Marcomannic Wars
14186:Mithridatic Wars
14110:Celtiberian Wars
13999:Roman–Latin wars
13959:
13952:
13945:
13936:
13935:
13930:
13924:
13916:
13892:
13886:
13878:
13854:
13848:
13840:
13837:Il legato romano
13803:D. van Berchem,
13793:
13787:
13779:
13770:
13764:
13756:
13747:
13738:
13732:
13724:
13715:
13709:
13701:
13685:
13679:
13671:
13662:
13656:
13648:
13639:
13615:
13604:
13598:
13590:
13581:
13572:
13563:
13557:
13549:
13540:
13534:
13526:
13517:
13511:
13503:
13496:Mommsen, Theodor
13491:
13485:
13477:
13468:
13462:
13454:
13445:
13439:
13431:
13424:Mazzarino, Santo
13419:
13413:
13405:
13396:
13390:
13382:
13373:
13364:
13363:. Roma: Carocci.
13352:
13346:
13338:
13317:
13311:
13303:
13294:
13285:
13279:
13271:
13262:
13256:
13248:
13239:
13226:
13214:
13205:
13199:
13191:
13182:
13176:
13168:
13159:
13153:
13145:
13136:
13127:
13121:
13113:
13101:
13092:
13083:
13062:
13041:
13032:
13023:
13017:
13009:
13000:
12991:
12985:
12977:
12841:Historia Augusta
12831:Gregory of Tours
12821:George Syncellus
12706:
12700:
12694:
12688:
12682:
12675:
12669:
12662:
12656:
12650:
12644:
12638:
12632:
12626:
12620:
12614:
12608:
12602:
12596:
12586:
12580:
12574:
12568:
12563:, p. 152);
12550:
12544:
12538:
12532:
12522:
12516:
12509:
12503:
12497:
12491:
12485:
12479:
12472:
12466:
12460:
12454:
12443:Historia Augusta
12440:
12434:
12427:Historia Augusta
12424:
12418:
12407:Historia Augusta
12404:
12398:
12397:; AE 1973, 526ª.
12387:
12381:
12371:
12365:
12358:
12352:
12345:
12339:
12328:
12322:
12302:
12296:
12290:
12281:
12275:
12269:
12262:
12256:
12250:
12244:
12241:
12235:
12229:
12223:
12213:
12207:
12189:
12183:
12177:
12171:
12153:Gregory of Tours
12150:
12144:
12138:
12132:
12112:
12106:
12096:
12090:
12080:
12074:
12050:
12044:
12033:
12027:
12021:
12015:
12001:
11995:
11985:
11979:
11973:
11967:
11961:
11940:
11929:
11923:
11917:
11911:
11905:
11899:
11893:
11882:
11876:
11870:
11864:
11849:
11843:
11834:
11828:
11822:
11811:
11805:
11798:Historia Augusta
11795:
11789:
11783:
11774:
11767:
11761:
11750:Historia Augusta
11747:
11741:
11734:Historia Augusta
11731:
11725:
11715:
11709:
11686:Historia Augusta
11683:
11677:
11666:Historia Augusta
11663:
11657:
11646:Historia Augusta
11643:
11637:
11626:Historia Augusta
11623:
11617:
11605:
11599:
11588:
11582:
11575:Historia Augusta
11572:
11566:
11559:Historia Augusta
11556:
11550:
11543:Historia Augusta
11540:
11534:
11527:Historia Augusta
11524:
11518:
11511:Historia Augusta
11508:
11502:
11492:
11486:
11475:
11469:
11458:
11452:
11445:
11439:
11432:Historia Augusta
11429:
11423:
11417:
11404:
11397:
11391:
11384:
11378:
11372:
11363:
11352:Historia Augusta
11344:
11338:
11331:Historia Augusta
11328:
11322:
11319:Il legato romano
11315:
11309:
11302:
11296:
11285:Historia Augusta
11277:
11271:
11265:
11259:
11254:, p. 249);
11244:Historia Augusta
11241:
11235:
11216:Historia Augusta
11213:
11207:
11196:Historia Augusta
11193:
11187:
11181:
11175:
11156:Historia Augusta
11153:
11147:
11141:
11135:
11129:
11123:
11113:
11107:
11101:
11092:
11082:
11076:
11069:
11063:
11041:
11035:
11015:
11009:
11003:
10997:
10986:Historia Augusta
10983:
10977:
10971:
10965:
10959:
10950:
10943:
10934:
10919:Historia Augusta
10916:
10910:
10903:
10897:
10891:
10885:
10879:
10873:
10866:Historia Augusta
10858:Historia Augusta
10855:
10849:
10844:, p. 184);
10839:
10833:
10826:
10820:
10814:
10803:
10788:Historia Augusta
10780:
10774:
10767:Historia Augusta
10759:Historia Augusta
10751:
10745:
10738:Historia Augusta
10735:
10729:
10722:
10716:
10705:
10699:
10689:
10683:
10677:
10671:
10664:
10658:
10647:
10641:
10635:
10629:
10623:
10612:
10609:The Two Gallieni
10605:Historia Augusta
10597:
10591:
10585:
10574:
10568:
10562:
10555:The Two Gallieni
10551:Historia Augusta
10544:
10538:
10533:, 5.6; Zosimus,
10531:The Two Gallieni
10527:Historia Augusta
10524:
10518:
10507:Historia Augusta
10504:
10498:
10492:
10483:
10477:
10471:
10460:The Two Gallieni
10456:Historia Augusta
10453:
10447:
10440:
10434:
10427:Historia Augusta
10424:
10418:
10407:
10401:
10395:
10389:
10383:
10377:
10374:The Two Gallieni
10370:Historia Augusta
10367:
10361:
10353:Historia Augusta
10349:
10343:
10336:
10330:
10316:
10310:
10304:
10295:
10288:
10282:
10271:
10265:
10259:
10253:
10247:
10236:
10230:
10224:
10218:
10212:
10209:The Two Gallieni
10205:Historia Augusta
10197:
10191:
10185:
10179:
10173:
10162:
10151:
10145:
10134:Historia Augusta
10122:Historia Augusta
10114:Historia Augusta
10111:
10105:
10099:
10093:
10084:
10078:
10072:
10067:, p. 526);
10057:
10051:
10045:
10039:
10033:
10024:
10018:
10012:
10001:Historia Augusta
9998:
9992:
9986:
9980:
9969:
9963:
9956:
9950:
9943:Historia Augusta
9940:
9934:
9901:
9895:
9853:
9847:
9840:
9827:
9821:
9812:
9797:
9791:
9784:
9778:
9772:
9766:
9760:
9751:
9741:
9735:
9728:
9722:
9707:
9701:
9694:
9688:
9681:
9675:
9619:
9613:
9602:
9596:
9590:
9581:
9566:
9560:
9554:
9548:
9538:
9532:
9526:
9517:
9506:
9500:
9493:
9487:
9480:
9471:
9465:
9456:
9450:
9444:
9434:
9428:
9422:
9416:
9409:
9400:
9393:
9387:
9377:
9371:
9360:
9354:
9343:
9337:
9330:
9321:
9315:
9306:
9300:
9291:
9285:
9279:
9268:
9262:
9256:
9250:
9244:
9235:
9224:
9218:
9208:
9202:
9195:Historia Augusta
9192:
9186:
9180:
9174:
9167:
9158:
9153:, p. 196);
9143:Historia Augusta
9140:
9134:
9128:
9122:
9026:
9020:
8919:
8913:
8907:
8901:
8895:
8886:
8848:
8842:
8836:
8830:
8824:
8818:
8808:
8802:
8796:
8790:
8784:
8775:
8768:Historia Augusta
8760:Historia Augusta
8752:
8746:
8739:Historia Augusta
8736:
8730:
8723:Historia Augusta
8720:
8714:
8705:, p. 148);
8700:
8694:
8687:Historia Augusta
8684:
8675:
8655:
8649:
8638:
8632:
8630:
8617:
8611:
8605:
8596:
8594:
8589:IV 180; RSC 563
8584:
8578:
8572:
8566:
8558:
8546:
8534:
8523:Historia Augusta
8520:
8514:
8506:
8487:Historia Augusta
8484:
8478:
8467:
8461:
8446:
8440:
8434:
8428:
8421:Historia Augusta
8418:
8412:
8404:
8399:, LXXVII, 20.4;
8390:
8384:
8377:
8371:
8364:
8358:
8347:Historia Augusta
8344:
8338:
8332:
8326:
8320:
8314:
8307:
8301:
8294:Historia Augusta
8291:
8285:
8277:
8266:Historia Augusta
8263:
8257:
8251:
8242:
8232:
8226:
8216:
8203:
8195:Historia Augusta
8191:
8178:
8171:
8156:
8149:Historia Augusta
8146:
8131:
8124:Historia Augusta
8121:
8106:
8100:
8081:
8074:
8063:
8057:
8051:
8043:Historia Augusta
8039:
8024:
8017:
8002:
7990:
7977:
7957:
7948:
7945:Divus Aurelianus
7941:Historia Augusta
7938:
7929:
7915:
7909:
7897:
7888:
7882:
7876:
7870:
7864:
7854:
7848:
7841:
7835:
7828:
7822:
7815:Historia Augusta
7812:
7806:
7800:
7794:
7788:
7782:
7776:
7767:
7761:
7752:
7746:
7740:
7734:
7728:
7727:, p. 12ff.)
7722:
7716:
7710:
7704:
7698:
7692:
7681:
7675:
7671:
7651:Marcomannic Wars
7646:Migration Period
7438:imperial coinage
7397:defence-in-depth
7248:Praetorian Guard
7124:prefect of Egypt
7102:Fossatum Africae
7025:Gothicus maximus
7018:
6850:
6832:
6831:
6530:
6522:Historia Augusta
6508:Historia Augusta
6498:The new emperor
6419:
6401:
6400:
6341:" ("restorer of
6292:Marcomannic Wars
6259:Historia Augusta
6218:
6200:
6199:
6105:Gothicus maximus
6101:Victoria gothica
6095:and his brother
5968:Carpicus maximus
5906:Gothicus maximus
5835:
5827:Historia Augusta
5744:
5726:
5708:
5707:
5611:
5599:Historia Augusta
5578:, who succeeded
5572:Historia Augusta
5561:Victoria gothica
5557:Gothicus maximus
5550:
5542:Historia Augusta
5515:prefect of Egypt
5509:and the eastern
5498:Equites Dalmatae
5444:P(ius) F(elix)?
5433:
5415:
5414:
5333:
5330:The Two Gallieni
5325:Historia Augusta
5279:Historia Augusta
5165:
5157:Historia Augusta
5144:
5141:The Two Gallieni
5136:Historia Augusta
5099:River (near the
5075:
5072:The Two Gallieni
5067:Historia Augusta
5045:Historia Augusta
5035:
5000:
4997:The Two Gallieni
4992:Historia Augusta
4808:altar of Augusta
4668:pontifex maximus
4615:
4553:Palmyrene Empire
4538:
4450:Roman Mauretania
4417:military tribune
4219:
4025:
4007:
4006:
3959:
3845:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3765:
3706:
3688:
3687:
3597:
3548:Carpicus maximus
3488:
3470:
3469:
3457:
3449:Historia Augusta
3425:Under the young
3333:
3325:Historia Augusta
3311:Historia Augusta
3221:
3213:Historia Augusta
3131:Barracks emperor
3119:military anarchy
3115:Maximinus Thrace
2955:Victoria Augusta
2872:
2795:in the west and
2685:
2667:
2666:
2638:Limes Germanicus
2456:Goths and Carpi
2390:
2347:Legio VII Gemina
2219:Legio XI Claudia
2051:Pannonia Secunda
2020:Pannonia Secunda
1993:Pannonia Valeria
1962:Pannonia Valeria
1944:Legio I Adiutrix
1915:Legio XIV Gemina
1871:Noricum Ripensis
1843:Noricum Ripensis
1825:Legio II Italica
1663:Germania Secunda
1645:Legio I Minervia
1632:Germania Secunda
1600:Modern location
1588:
1555:Legio VII Gemina
1497:Legio XI Claudia
1298:Legio I Adiutrix
1271:Legio XIV Gemina
1213:Legio II Italica
1097:Legio I Minervia
1054:Modern location
1042:
1019:At the death of
1012:, the remainder
892:Limes Germanicus
779:Marcomannic Wars
751:Marcomannic wars
725:. Also from the
646:and part of the
597:Germanic peoples
429:military anarchy
382:Marcomannic Wars
321:in the west and
215:, Semnon of the
60:Limes Germanicus
44:
43:
36:
19:
18:
14425:
14424:
14420:
14419:
14418:
14416:
14415:
14414:
14390:
14389:
14388:
14378:
14376:
14366:
14364:
14356:
14354:
14349:
14338:
14304:Civil war of 69
14292:Boudican revolt
14261:
14254:
14130:Cantabrian Wars
14068:Macedonian Wars
13975:
13968:
13963:
13933:
13918:
13917:
13913:
13902:L'onore di Roma
13880:
13879:
13875:
13842:
13841:
13781:
13780:
13758:
13757:
13726:
13725:
13703:
13702:
13673:
13672:
13650:
13649:
13636:
13620:Giorgio Ruffolo
13592:
13591:
13551:
13550:
13528:
13527:
13505:
13504:
13479:
13478:
13456:
13455:
13433:
13432:
13407:
13406:
13384:
13383:
13340:
13339:
13335:
13305:
13304:
13273:
13272:
13250:
13249:
13193:
13192:
13170:
13169:
13147:
13146:
13115:
13114:
13106:Cameron, Averil
13080:
13059:
13011:
13010:
12979:
12978:
12738:Aurelius Victor
12718:Ancient sources
12714:
12709:
12701:
12697:
12689:
12685:
12676:
12672:
12663:
12659:
12651:
12647:
12639:
12635:
12627:
12623:
12615:
12611:
12603:
12599:
12587:
12583:
12575:
12571:
12567:, p. 588).
12551:
12547:
12543:, p. 274).
12539:
12535:
12527:, p. 16);
12523:
12519:
12510:
12506:
12498:
12494:
12486:
12482:
12473:
12469:
12465:, III, 5 - 7,1.
12461:
12457:
12441:
12437:
12425:
12421:
12405:
12401:
12388:
12384:
12372:
12368:
12359:
12355:
12346:
12342:
12329:
12325:
12303:
12299:
12295:, p. 284).
12291:
12284:
12276:
12272:
12263:
12259:
12255:, p. 287).
12251:
12247:
12243:SupIt-16-R, 50.
12242:
12238:
12234:, p. 255).
12230:
12226:
12214:
12210:
12204:Wayback Machine
12190:
12186:
12178:
12174:
12168:Wayback Machine
12151:
12147:
12139:
12135:
12113:
12109:
12097:
12093:
12081:
12077:
12073:, p. 273).
12051:
12047:
12043:, p. 279).
12034:
12030:
12022:
12018:
12010:, p. 71);
12006:, p. 57);
12002:
11998:
11990:, p. 57);
11986:
11982:
11978:, p. 281).
11974:
11970:
11966:, p. 197).
11962:
11943:
11930:
11926:
11918:
11914:
11906:
11902:
11898:, p. 265).
11894:
11885:
11881:, p. 261).
11877:
11873:
11869:, p. 268).
11865:
11852:
11848:, p. 218).
11844:
11837:
11833:, p. 259).
11829:
11825:
11812:
11808:
11796:
11792:
11788:, p. 194).
11784:
11777:
11768:
11764:
11748:
11744:
11732:
11728:
11716:
11712:
11684:
11680:
11664:
11660:
11644:
11640:
11636:, p. 267).
11624:
11620:
11606:
11602:
11589:
11585:
11573:
11569:
11557:
11553:
11541:
11537:
11525:
11521:
11509:
11505:
11493:
11489:
11476:
11472:
11459:
11455:
11446:
11442:
11430:
11426:
11422:, p. 256).
11418:
11407:
11398:
11394:
11385:
11381:
11377:, p. 579).
11373:
11366:
11362:, p. 251).
11345:
11341:
11329:
11325:
11316:
11312:
11303:
11299:
11295:, p. 252).
11278:
11274:
11266:
11262:
11258:, p. 102).
11242:
11238:
11234:, p. 248).
11224:Tetricus Senior
11214:
11210:
11194:
11190:
11182:
11178:
11154:
11150:
11142:
11138:
11134:, p. 226).
11130:
11126:
11114:
11110:
11106:, p. 247).
11102:
11095:
11083:
11079:
11070:
11066:
11042:
11038:
11016:
11012:
11004:
11000:
10996:, p. 221).
10984:
10980:
10976:, p. 567).
10972:
10968:
10964:, p. 246).
10960:
10953:
10944:
10937:
10933:, p. 217).
10917:
10913:
10904:
10900:
10892:
10888:
10884:, p. 245).
10880:
10876:
10856:
10852:
10840:
10836:
10827:
10823:
10819:, p. 240).
10815:
10806:
10781:
10777:
10752:
10748:
10736:
10732:
10723:
10719:
10706:
10702:
10690:
10686:
10682:, p. 568).
10678:
10674:
10665:
10661:
10648:
10644:
10640:, p. 241).
10636:
10632:
10628:, p. 214).
10624:
10615:
10598:
10594:
10590:, p. 225).
10586:
10577:
10569:
10565:
10545:
10541:
10525:
10521:
10505:
10501:
10493:
10486:
10478:
10474:
10454:
10450:
10441:
10437:
10425:
10421:
10417:, p. 560).
10408:
10404:
10400:, p. 224).
10396:
10392:
10384:
10380:
10368:
10364:
10350:
10346:
10337:
10333:
10317:
10313:
10309:, p. 235).
10305:
10298:
10289:
10285:
10272:
10268:
10260:
10256:
10248:
10239:
10235:, p. 543).
10231:
10227:
10219:
10215:
10198:
10194:
10190:, p. 206).
10186:
10182:
10178:, p. 230).
10174:
10165:
10152:
10148:
10112:
10108:
10100:
10096:
10079:
10075:
10058:
10054:
10046:
10042:
10038:, p. 217).
10034:
10027:
10019:
10015:
9999:
9995:
9987:
9983:
9970:
9966:
9957:
9953:
9941:
9937:
9933:, p. 205).
9902:
9898:
9854:
9850:
9841:
9830:
9826:, p. 560).
9822:
9815:
9798:
9794:
9785:
9781:
9777:, p. 223).
9773:
9769:
9765:, p. 216).
9761:
9754:
9742:
9738:
9729:
9725:
9708:
9704:
9695:
9691:
9682:
9678:
9620:
9616:
9612:, p. 223).
9603:
9599:
9595:, p. 229).
9591:
9584:
9572:, pp. 113-114;
9568:Edward Gibbon,
9567:
9563:
9555:
9551:
9539:
9535:
9531:, p. 526).
9527:
9520:
9507:
9503:
9494:
9490:
9481:
9474:
9470:, p. 203).
9466:
9459:
9455:, p. 219).
9451:
9447:
9435:
9431:
9427:, p. 218).
9423:
9419:
9410:
9403:
9394:
9390:
9378:
9374:
9361:
9357:
9344:
9340:
9331:
9324:
9320:, p. 525).
9316:
9309:
9305:, p. 217).
9301:
9294:
9286:
9282:
9278:, p. 212).
9269:
9265:
9257:
9253:
9249:, p. 222).
9245:
9238:
9234:, p. 210).
9225:
9221:
9209:
9205:
9193:
9189:
9185:, p. 203).
9181:
9177:
9169:Pauly Wissowa,
9168:
9161:
9141:
9137:
9129:
9125:
9027:
9023:
8920:
8916:
8912:, p. 498).
8908:
8904:
8900:, p. 212).
8896:
8889:
8885:; RMD III, 198.
8849:
8845:
8837:
8833:
8825:
8821:
8809:
8805:
8801:, p. 492).
8797:
8793:
8785:
8778:
8753:
8749:
8737:
8733:
8721:
8717:
8709:, p. 28);
8701:
8697:
8685:
8678:
8656:
8652:
8639:
8635:
8618:
8614:
8610:, p. 202).
8606:
8599:
8585:
8581:
8573:
8569:
8521:
8517:
8485:
8481:
8468:
8464:
8460:, p. 340).
8456:, p. 88);
8447:
8443:
8435:
8431:
8419:
8415:
8391:
8387:
8383:, LXXVII, 20.3.
8378:
8374:
8365:
8361:
8345:
8341:
8337:, p. 198).
8333:
8329:
8321:
8317:
8308:
8304:
8292:
8288:
8264:
8260:
8256:, p. 209).
8252:
8245:
8233:
8229:
8217:
8206:
8192:
8181:
8172:
8159:
8147:
8134:
8122:
8109:
8101:
8084:
8075:
8066:
8058:
8054:
8040:
8027:
8018:
8005:
7991:
7980:
7958:
7951:
7939:
7932:
7916:
7912:
7898:
7891:
7883:
7879:
7871:
7867:
7855:
7851:
7842:
7838:
7829:
7825:
7819:Marcus Aurelius
7813:
7809:
7801:
7797:
7793:, p. 207).
7789:
7785:
7777:
7770:
7762:
7755:
7747:
7743:
7735:
7731:
7723:
7719:
7711:
7707:
7699:
7695:
7683:Peter Heather,
7682:
7678:
7672:
7668:
7664:
7642:
7563:Pergamon Museum
7522:Porta Ardeatina
7442:Fides exercitus
7383:, the heart of
7373:Marcus Aurelius
7335:
7325:
7280:Atlas Mountains
7219:Quinquegentians
7199:Sinai Peninsula
7104:
7098:
7019:
7009:
6726:English Channel
6580:
6550:
6531:
6519:
6288:Marcus Aurelius
6272:auxiliary units
6042:
5955:auxiliary units
5836:
5824:
5742:
5612:
5596:
5551:
5539:
5388:Beginning with
5386:
5372:
5363:Aurelius Victor
5334:
5322:
5166:
5154:
5145:
5133:
5117:Euxinian Pontus
5076:
5064:
5036:
5029:
5001:
4989:
4955:Philip the Arab
4935:Aurelius Victor
4909:area as far as
4874:in late summer.
4796:Augusta Raurica
4616:
4609:
4555:
4545:
4539:
4529:
4368:Dacicus maximus
4220:
4213:
4083:Marcus Aurelius
4065:Severan dynasty
4034:P LIC VALERIANO
4005:
3995:
3960:
3953:
3939:. This is what
3824:
3812:
3783:was proclaimed
3766:
3754:
3678:Dacicus maximus
3598:
3586:
3536:Philip the Arab
3474:Philip the Arab
3466:would indicate.
3458:
3446:
3442:were in Thrace.
3340:Dacicus maximus
3334:
3322:
3303:Lower Pannonian
3291:Marcus Aurelius
3222:
3210:
3158:Maximinus Thrax
3133:
3107:
3039:limes, between
2949:the coinage of
2873:
2863:
2838:Marcus Aurelius
2665:
2663:Severan dynasty
2659:
2654:
2649:
2380:
2374:
2343:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2277:
2246:
2215:
2188:Legio I Italica
2184:
2153:
2122:
2091:
2060:
2029:
2002:
1971:
1940:
1911:
1880:
1852:
1821:
1796:
1767:
1737:
1708:
1681:
1674:
1672:
1641:
1610:
1603:Roman province
1594:Legionary unit
1551:
1522:
1514:Moesia Inferior
1493:
1485:Moesia Inferior
1468:Legio I Italica
1464:
1437:
1410:
1402:Moesia Superior
1381:
1373:Moesia Superior
1352:
1323:
1294:
1267:
1238:
1209:
1180:
1151:
1122:
1093:
1064:
1057:Roman province
1048:Legionary unit
1002:XXII Primigenia
902:
888:
872:
833:, Noricum, and
827:Marcus Aurelius
805:Marcus Aurelius
781:
775:
755:Marcus Aurelius
599:
593:
587:confederation.
566:
560:
468:Quinquegentiani
446:dynasty of the
427:(the so-called
378:Marcus Aurelius
369:rivers and the
158:
154:
150:
142:
137:
133:
129:
127:Philip the Arab
125:
121:
119:Maximinus Thrax
117:
113:
66:
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
14423:
14413:
14412:
14407:
14402:
14387:
14386:
14374:
14351:
14350:
14343:
14340:
14339:
14337:
14336:
14331:
14326:
14321:
14316:
14311:
14306:
14301:
14296:
14295:
14294:
14284:
14283:
14282:
14277:
14266:
14264:
14256:
14255:
14253:
14252:
14247:
14242:
14239:Bellum Siculum
14235:
14230:
14225:
14220:
14215:
14210:
14205:
14204:
14203:
14198:
14193:
14183:
14178:
14171:
14170:
14169:
14164:
14159:
14149:
14144:
14142:Jugurthine War
14139:
14134:
14133:
14132:
14127:
14122:
14117:
14115:Lusitanian War
14112:
14102:
14097:
14092:
14091:
14090:
14085:
14080:
14075:
14065:
14060:
14059:
14058:
14053:
14048:
14038:
14033:
14032:
14031:
14026:
14021:
14016:
14011:
14006:
14001:
13996:
13991:
13980:
13978:
13976:Roman Republic
13970:
13969:
13962:
13961:
13954:
13947:
13939:
13932:
13931:
13911:
13893:
13873:
13855:
13828:
13827:
13823:
13822:
13815:
13808:
13800:
13799:
13795:
13794:
13771:
13748:
13739:
13716:
13686:
13663:
13640:
13634:
13616:
13605:
13582:
13573:
13564:
13541:
13518:
13492:
13469:
13446:
13420:
13397:
13374:
13365:
13357:Le Bohec, Yann
13353:
13333:
13318:
13295:
13286:
13263:
13240:
13227:
13215:
13206:
13183:
13160:
13137:
13128:
13102:
13093:
13084:
13078:
13063:
13057:
13042:
13033:
13024:
13001:
12992:
12968:
12967:
12963:
12962:
12952:
12936:
12921:
12920:
12919:
12912:
12905:
12898:
12891:
12878:
12868:
12854:
12844:
12838:
12828:
12818:
12806:
12792:
12782:
12772:
12758:
12752:
12735:
12720:
12719:
12715:
12713:
12710:
12708:
12707:
12695:
12683:
12670:
12657:
12645:
12633:
12621:
12609:
12597:
12581:
12569:
12545:
12533:
12531:, p. 59).
12517:
12504:
12492:
12490:, p. 59).
12480:
12467:
12455:
12435:
12419:
12399:
12382:
12366:
12353:
12340:
12323:
12297:
12282:
12270:
12257:
12245:
12236:
12224:
12208:
12184:
12172:
12145:
12133:
12107:
12091:
12075:
12045:
12028:
12026:, p. 46).
12016:
12014:, p. 31).
11996:
11980:
11968:
11941:
11924:
11922:, p. 46).
11912:
11900:
11883:
11871:
11850:
11835:
11823:
11806:
11790:
11775:
11762:
11742:
11726:
11710:
11678:
11658:
11638:
11618:
11600:
11583:
11567:
11551:
11535:
11519:
11503:
11487:
11470:
11453:
11440:
11424:
11405:
11392:
11379:
11364:
11339:
11323:
11321:, pp. 475–477.
11310:
11297:
11272:
11260:
11236:
11208:
11206:, p. 80).
11188:
11176:
11174:, p. 55).
11148:
11136:
11124:
11108:
11093:
11091:, p. 54).
11077:
11071:V.A.Maxfield,
11064:
11036:
11010:
10998:
10978:
10966:
10951:
10935:
10911:
10898:
10886:
10874:
10850:
10848:, p. 45).
10834:
10821:
10804:
10775:
10746:
10730:
10717:
10715:, p. 44).
10700:
10684:
10672:
10659:
10642:
10630:
10613:
10592:
10575:
10563:
10539:
10519:
10517:, p. 43).
10499:
10497:, p. 40).
10484:
10472:
10448:
10435:
10419:
10402:
10390:
10378:
10362:
10344:
10331:
10311:
10296:
10283:
10266:
10254:
10252:, p. 82).
10237:
10225:
10223:, p. 35).
10213:
10192:
10180:
10163:
10146:
10106:
10104:, p. 93).
10094:
10073:
10052:
10050:, p. 34).
10040:
10025:
10023:, p. 33).
10013:
9993:
9991:, p. 75).
9981:
9964:
9951:
9935:
9896:
9848:
9828:
9813:
9792:
9779:
9767:
9752:
9736:
9723:
9702:
9689:
9676:
9614:
9597:
9582:
9561:
9549:
9533:
9518:
9501:
9488:
9472:
9457:
9445:
9429:
9417:
9401:
9388:
9372:
9355:
9338:
9322:
9307:
9292:
9280:
9263:
9251:
9236:
9219:
9203:
9187:
9175:
9159:
9157:, p. 221)
9135:
9123:
9021:
8914:
8902:
8887:
8843:
8831:
8819:
8803:
8791:
8789:, p. 74).
8776:
8747:
8731:
8715:
8695:
8676:
8650:
8633:
8612:
8597:
8579:
8567:
8515:
8479:
8462:
8448:Làszlò Borhy,
8441:
8429:
8413:
8385:
8372:
8359:
8339:
8327:
8315:
8313:, LXXVIII, 14.
8302:
8286:
8258:
8243:
8227:
8204:
8179:
8157:
8132:
8107:
8082:
8064:
8052:
8025:
8003:
7978:
7949:
7930:
7910:
7889:
7877:
7865:
7849:
7847:, LXXII, 20.2.
7836:
7832:Roman History,
7823:
7807:
7805:, p. 21).
7795:
7783:
7781:, p. 23).
7768:
7753:
7741:
7729:
7717:
7705:
7703:, p. 84).
7693:
7676:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7659:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7641:
7638:
7616:Late Antiquity
7592:Agri Decumates
7514:Aurelian Walls
7472:viri militares
7329:Late antiquity
7324:
7321:
7320:
7319:
7296:
7292:
7291:
7231:
7227:
7226:
7215:
7211:
7210:
7191:
7187:
7186:
7175:
7171:
7170:
7144:
7140:
7139:
7120:
7113:Berber peoples
7097:
7094:
7093:
7092:
7085:
7081:
7080:
7073:
7069:
7068:
7061:
7057:
7056:
7033:
7029:
7028:
7007:
7001:
7000:
6989:
6970:
6969:
6950:
6946:
6945:
6930:
6926:
6925:
6918:
6914:
6913:
6889:
6883:
6882:
6870:
6869:
6862:
6852:
6851:
6843:
6842:
6830:
6829:
6814:
6810:
6809:
6782:
6778:
6777:
6770:
6766:
6765:
6722:
6718:
6717:
6660:Lower Pannonia
6644:
6639:for the West.
6562:Constantinople
6549:
6546:
6545:
6544:
6517:
6512:
6511:
6496:
6492:
6491:
6484:
6480:
6479:
6456:
6450:
6449:
6445:
6444:
6435:
6421:
6420:
6412:
6411:
6399:
6398:
6379:Germanic fleet
6363:
6359:
6358:
6323:
6252:
6251:
6247:
6246:
6233:
6220:
6219:
6211:
6210:
6198:
6197:
6178:
6174:
6173:
6165:
6161:
6160:
6077:Maeotian Swamp
6069:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6036:
6024:
6020:
6019:
5976:
5972:
5971:
5963:
5959:
5958:
5909:
5896:, he defeated
5886:
5843:Adriatic coast
5822:
5816:
5815:
5791:
5769:
5768:
5764:
5763:
5753:
5728:
5727:
5719:
5718:
5706:
5705:
5652:
5594:
5588:
5587:
5568:
5537:
5531:
5530:
5468:
5462:
5461:
5457:
5456:
5449:
5435:
5434:
5426:
5425:
5400:, namely, the
5371:
5368:
5367:
5366:
5343:northern Italy
5339:
5320:
5314:
5313:
5290:
5263:
5239:
5238:
5215:
5152:
5131:
5125:
5124:
5081:
5062:
5057:
5056:
5041:
5027:
5022:
5021:
5006:
4987:
4982:
4981:
4969:
4947:Naqsh-e Rostam
4939:
4938:
4903:
4899:
4898:
4875:
4830:
4829:
4756:Agri Decumates
4748:
4625:Gallia Belgica
4607:
4544:
4541:
4527:
4518:
4517:
4494:
4458:
4457:
4433:
4429:
4428:
4405:Lower Germania
4376:
4372:
4371:
4310:
4309:
4270:
4266:
4265:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4149:
4145:
4144:
4094:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4053:
4040:
4027:
4026:
4018:
4017:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3921:
3917:
3916:
3905:
3901:
3900:
3885:
3884:
3876:
3875:
3864:
3854:CAE TRA DECIVS
3847:
3846:
3838:
3837:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3708:
3707:
3699:
3698:
3686:
3685:
3665:
3661:
3660:
3640:
3616:
3615:
3608:siege machines
3584:
3578:
3577:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3552:
3551:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3503:
3490:
3489:
3481:
3480:
3468:
3467:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3403:
3383:
3382:
3347:
3320:
3315:
3314:
3295:Germania Magna
3272:
3244:
3243:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3155:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3093:Agri Decumates
3074:
3070:
3069:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3021:
3017:
3016:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2962:
2959:Danubian limes
2947:
2931:
2930:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2793:Lower Pannonia
2780:
2779:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2706:
2697:
2687:
2686:
2678:
2677:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2634:
2632:
2627:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2610:
2605:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2585:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2569:
2567:
2550:
2547:
2537:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2476:
2473:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2435:
2433:
2416:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2313:
2303:
2302:
2295:
2290:
2283:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2264:
2259:
2252:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2237:Moesia Secunda
2233:
2228:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2206:Moesia Secunda
2202:
2197:
2190:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2175:Dacia Ripensis
2171:
2166:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2144:Dacia Ripensis
2140:
2135:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2109:
2104:
2097:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2078:
2073:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2047:
2042:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1984:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1958:
1953:
1946:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1931:Pannonia Prima
1927:
1924:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1902:Pannonia Prima
1898:
1893:
1886:
1884:Legio X Gemina
1881:
1875:
1874:
1867:
1861:
1856:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1839:
1834:
1827:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1773:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1754:
1749:
1741:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1728:Germania Prima
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1699:Germania Prima
1695:
1690:
1683:
1675:
1667:
1666:
1659:
1654:
1647:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1628:
1623:
1616:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1538:Albano Laziale
1535:
1528:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1470:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1450:
1443:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1423:
1416:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1387:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1358:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1329:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1300:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1280:
1273:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1244:
1242:Legio X Gemina
1239:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1215:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1186:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1128:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1099:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1070:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1029:Danubian limes
994:XV Apollinaris
896:Danubian Limes
887:
884:
871:
868:
831:Cisalpine Gaul
774:
771:
632:Agri decumates
592:
589:
559:
556:
511:Agri decumates
479:Empire of Gaul
329:tribes of the
233:
232:
229:
225:
224:
220:
219:
162:
107:
106:
102:
101:
91:
85:
84:
80:
79:
76:
75:
72:
68:
67:
64:Danubian Limes
58:
56:
52:
51:
48:
40:
39:
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14422:
14411:
14408:
14406:
14403:
14401:
14398:
14397:
14395:
14385:
14375:
14373:
14363:
14362:
14359:
14348:
14347:
14341:
14335:
14332:
14330:
14327:
14325:
14322:
14320:
14317:
14315:
14312:
14310:
14307:
14305:
14302:
14300:
14297:
14293:
14290:
14289:
14288:
14285:
14281:
14278:
14276:
14273:
14272:
14271:
14270:Germanic wars
14268:
14267:
14265:
14263:
14257:
14251:
14250:War of Actium
14248:
14246:
14243:
14241:
14240:
14236:
14234:
14231:
14229:
14228:War of Mutina
14226:
14224:
14221:
14219:
14216:
14214:
14211:
14209:
14206:
14202:
14199:
14197:
14194:
14192:
14189:
14188:
14187:
14184:
14182:
14179:
14177:
14176:
14172:
14168:
14165:
14163:
14160:
14158:
14155:
14154:
14153:
14150:
14148:
14145:
14143:
14140:
14138:
14135:
14131:
14128:
14126:
14125:Sertorian War
14123:
14121:
14120:Numantine War
14118:
14116:
14113:
14111:
14108:
14107:
14106:
14103:
14101:
14098:
14096:
14093:
14089:
14086:
14084:
14081:
14079:
14076:
14074:
14071:
14070:
14069:
14066:
14064:
14061:
14057:
14054:
14052:
14049:
14047:
14044:
14043:
14042:
14039:
14037:
14034:
14030:
14027:
14025:
14022:
14020:
14017:
14015:
14012:
14010:
14007:
14005:
14002:
14000:
13997:
13995:
13992:
13990:
13987:
13986:
13985:
13982:
13981:
13979:
13977:
13971:
13967:
13960:
13955:
13953:
13948:
13946:
13941:
13940:
13937:
13928:
13922:
13914:
13908:
13904:
13903:
13898:
13894:
13890:
13884:
13876:
13870:
13866:
13865:
13860:
13856:
13852:
13846:
13838:
13834:
13830:
13829:
13825:
13824:
13820:
13816:
13813:
13810:J.-P. Petit,
13809:
13806:
13802:
13801:
13797:
13796:
13791:
13785:
13777:
13772:
13768:
13762:
13754:
13749:
13745:
13740:
13736:
13730:
13722:
13717:
13713:
13707:
13699:
13695:
13691:
13687:
13683:
13677:
13669:
13664:
13660:
13654:
13646:
13641:
13637:
13631:
13627:
13626:
13621:
13617:
13613:
13612:
13606:
13602:
13596:
13588:
13583:
13579:
13574:
13570:
13565:
13561:
13555:
13547:
13542:
13538:
13532:
13524:
13519:
13515:
13509:
13501:
13497:
13493:
13489:
13483:
13475:
13470:
13466:
13460:
13452:
13447:
13443:
13437:
13429:
13425:
13421:
13417:
13411:
13403:
13398:
13394:
13388:
13380:
13375:
13371:
13366:
13362:
13358:
13354:
13350:
13344:
13336:
13330:
13326:
13325:
13319:
13315:
13309:
13301:
13296:
13292:
13287:
13283:
13277:
13269:
13264:
13260:
13254:
13246:
13241:
13237:
13233:
13228:
13224:
13220:
13216:
13212:
13207:
13203:
13197:
13189:
13184:
13180:
13174:
13166:
13161:
13157:
13151:
13143:
13138:
13134:
13129:
13125:
13119:
13111:
13107:
13103:
13099:
13094:
13090:
13085:
13081:
13075:
13071:
13070:
13064:
13060:
13054:
13050:
13049:
13043:
13039:
13034:
13030:
13025:
13021:
13015:
13007:
13002:
12998:
12993:
12989:
12983:
12975:
12970:
12969:
12965:
12964:
12960:
12956:
12953:
12950:
12946:
12945:
12940:
12937:
12934:
12931:
12930:
12925:
12922:
12917:
12913:
12910:
12906:
12903:
12899:
12896:
12892:
12889:
12885:
12884:
12882:
12879:
12876:
12872:
12869:
12866:
12862:
12858:
12855:
12852:
12848:
12845:
12842:
12839:
12836:
12832:
12829:
12826:
12822:
12819:
12816:
12815:
12810:
12807:
12804:
12800:
12796:
12793:
12790:
12786:
12783:
12780:
12776:
12773:
12770:
12766:
12765:Roman History
12762:
12759:
12756:
12753:
12750:
12747:
12743:
12739:
12736:
12733:
12730:, book XXVII
12729:
12725:
12722:
12721:
12717:
12716:
12704:
12699:
12692:
12687:
12680:
12674:
12667:
12661:
12654:
12649:
12642:
12641:Springer 1988
12637:
12630:
12625:
12618:
12617:Kreucher 2003
12613:
12606:
12605:Le Bohec 2004
12601:
12594:
12590:
12585:
12578:
12573:
12566:
12562:
12558:
12554:
12549:
12542:
12537:
12530:
12526:
12521:
12514:
12508:
12501:
12496:
12489:
12484:
12477:
12471:
12464:
12459:
12452:
12448:
12444:
12439:
12432:
12428:
12423:
12416:
12412:
12408:
12403:
12396:
12393:
12392:
12386:
12380:
12377:
12376:
12370:
12363:
12357:
12350:
12344:
12337:
12334:
12333:
12327:
12320:
12317:
12316:
12311:
12308:
12307:
12301:
12294:
12289:
12287:
12279:
12274:
12267:
12266:De Caesaribus
12261:
12254:
12249:
12240:
12233:
12228:
12221:
12217:
12212:
12205:
12201:
12198:
12195:, VII, 25, 7
12194:
12188:
12181:
12176:
12169:
12165:
12162:
12158:
12154:
12149:
12142:
12137:
12130:
12127:
12126:
12121:
12118:
12117:
12111:
12104:
12100:
12095:
12088:
12084:
12079:
12072:
12068:
12065:
12064:
12059:
12056:
12055:
12049:
12042:
12038:
12032:
12025:
12024:Williams 1995
12020:
12013:
12009:
12005:
12000:
11993:
11989:
11984:
11977:
11972:
11965:
11960:
11958:
11956:
11954:
11952:
11950:
11948:
11946:
11938:
11935:
11934:
11928:
11921:
11916:
11909:
11904:
11897:
11892:
11890:
11888:
11880:
11875:
11868:
11863:
11861:
11859:
11857:
11855:
11847:
11846:Southern 2001
11842:
11840:
11832:
11827:
11820:
11817:
11816:
11810:
11803:
11799:
11794:
11787:
11782:
11780:
11772:
11766:
11759:
11755:
11751:
11746:
11739:
11735:
11730:
11723:
11719:
11714:
11707:
11703:
11699:
11695:
11691:
11687:
11682:
11675:
11671:
11667:
11662:
11655:
11651:
11647:
11642:
11635:
11631:
11627:
11622:
11615:
11613:
11604:
11597:
11593:
11587:
11580:
11576:
11571:
11564:
11560:
11555:
11548:
11544:
11539:
11532:
11528:
11523:
11516:
11512:
11507:
11500:
11496:
11491:
11484:
11481:
11480:
11474:
11467:
11464:, I, 68.1-3;
11463:
11457:
11450:
11444:
11437:
11433:
11428:
11421:
11416:
11414:
11412:
11410:
11402:
11396:
11389:
11383:
11376:
11371:
11369:
11361:
11357:
11353:
11349:
11343:
11336:
11332:
11327:
11320:
11317:Guido Cervo,
11314:
11307:
11301:
11294:
11290:
11286:
11282:
11276:
11269:
11264:
11257:
11253:
11249:
11245:
11240:
11233:
11229:
11226:; Eutropius,
11225:
11221:
11217:
11212:
11205:
11201:
11197:
11192:
11185:
11180:
11173:
11169:
11165:
11161:
11157:
11152:
11145:
11140:
11133:
11132:Southern 2001
11128:
11122:
11119:
11118:
11112:
11105:
11100:
11098:
11090:
11086:
11081:
11075:, pp.209-213.
11074:
11068:
11061:
11057:
11053:
11049:
11045:
11040:
11033:
11030:
11029:
11024:
11021:
11020:
11014:
11007:
11002:
10995:
10991:
10987:
10982:
10975:
10970:
10963:
10958:
10956:
10949:, fragment 7.
10948:
10942:
10940:
10932:
10928:
10924:
10920:
10915:
10908:
10902:
10895:
10890:
10883:
10878:
10871:
10867:
10863:
10859:
10854:
10847:
10843:
10838:
10831:
10825:
10818:
10813:
10811:
10809:
10801:
10798:, tav.30, 1;
10797:
10793:
10789:
10785:
10779:
10772:
10768:
10764:
10760:
10756:
10750:
10743:
10739:
10734:
10727:
10721:
10714:
10710:
10704:
10697:
10693:
10688:
10681:
10676:
10669:
10663:
10656:
10652:
10646:
10639:
10634:
10627:
10626:Southern 2001
10622:
10620:
10618:
10610:
10606:
10602:
10596:
10589:
10588:Southern 2001
10584:
10582:
10580:
10572:
10567:
10560:
10556:
10552:
10548:
10543:
10536:
10532:
10528:
10523:
10516:
10512:
10508:
10503:
10496:
10491:
10489:
10481:
10480:Southern 2001
10476:
10469:
10465:
10461:
10457:
10452:
10445:
10439:
10432:
10428:
10423:
10416:
10412:
10406:
10399:
10398:Southern 2001
10394:
10387:
10382:
10375:
10371:
10366:
10359:
10355:
10354:
10348:
10341:
10340:De Caesaribus
10335:
10328:
10324:
10320:
10319:Southern 2001
10315:
10308:
10303:
10301:
10293:
10287:
10280:
10277:
10276:
10270:
10263:
10262:Southern 2001
10258:
10251:
10250:Rémondon 1975
10246:
10244:
10242:
10234:
10229:
10222:
10217:
10210:
10206:
10202:
10196:
10189:
10184:
10177:
10172:
10170:
10168:
10160:
10156:
10150:
10143:
10139:
10135:
10131:
10127:
10123:
10119:
10115:
10110:
10103:
10098:
10091:
10087:
10083:
10077:
10070:
10066:
10062:
10061:De Caesaribus
10056:
10049:
10044:
10037:
10036:Southern 2001
10032:
10030:
10022:
10017:
10010:
10009:González 2003
10006:
10002:
9997:
9990:
9989:Rémondon 1975
9985:
9978:
9974:
9968:
9961:
9955:
9948:
9944:
9939:
9932:
9928:
9925:
9924:
9919:
9916:
9915:
9910:
9907:
9906:
9900:
9893:
9890:
9889:
9884:
9881:
9880:
9875:
9872:
9871:
9866:
9863:
9862:
9857:
9852:
9845:
9839:
9837:
9835:
9833:
9825:
9820:
9818:
9810:
9806:
9802:
9796:
9789:
9783:
9776:
9775:Southern 2001
9771:
9764:
9763:Southern 2001
9759:
9757:
9749:
9748:Southern 2001
9745:
9740:
9733:
9727:
9720:
9716:
9712:
9706:
9699:
9693:
9686:
9680:
9673:
9670:
9669:
9664:
9661:
9660:
9655:
9652:
9651:
9646:
9643:
9642:
9637:
9634:
9633:
9628:
9625:
9624:
9618:
9611:
9607:
9601:
9594:
9589:
9587:
9579:
9575:
9571:
9565:
9558:
9553:
9546:
9542:
9537:
9530:
9525:
9523:
9515:
9511:
9505:
9498:
9492:
9485:
9479:
9477:
9469:
9464:
9462:
9454:
9449:
9442:
9438:
9433:
9426:
9421:
9414:
9408:
9406:
9398:
9392:
9385:
9381:
9376:
9369:
9366:
9365:
9359:
9352:
9349:
9348:
9342:
9335:
9329:
9327:
9319:
9314:
9312:
9304:
9299:
9297:
9289:
9284:
9277:
9273:
9267:
9260:
9255:
9248:
9247:Southern 2001
9243:
9241:
9233:
9230:, I, 20.1-2;
9229:
9223:
9216:
9212:
9207:
9200:
9196:
9191:
9184:
9179:
9172:
9166:
9164:
9156:
9155:Southern 2001
9152:
9148:
9144:
9139:
9132:
9131:Southern 2001
9127:
9120:
9116:
9113:
9112:
9107:
9104:
9103:
9098:
9095:
9094:
9089:
9086:
9085:
9080:
9077:
9076:
9071:
9068:
9067:
9062:
9059:
9058:
9053:
9050:
9049:
9044:
9041:
9040:
9035:
9032:
9031:
9025:
9018:
9015:
9014:
9009:
9006:
9005:
9000:
8997:
8996:
8991:
8988:
8987:
8982:
8979:
8978:
8973:
8970:
8969:
8964:
8961:
8960:
8955:
8952:
8951:
8946:
8943:
8942:
8937:
8934:
8933:
8928:
8925:
8924:
8918:
8911:
8906:
8899:
8898:Southern 2001
8894:
8892:
8884:
8881:
8880:
8875:
8872:
8871:
8866:
8863:
8862:
8857:
8854:
8853:
8847:
8840:
8835:
8828:
8823:
8816:
8812:
8807:
8800:
8795:
8788:
8787:Rémondon 1975
8783:
8781:
8773:
8769:
8765:
8761:
8757:
8751:
8744:
8740:
8735:
8728:
8724:
8719:
8712:
8711:Southern 2001
8708:
8704:
8699:
8692:
8688:
8683:
8681:
8673:
8670:
8669:
8664:
8661:
8660:
8654:
8647:
8644:
8643:
8637:
8629:
8624:
8621:
8616:
8609:
8604:
8602:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8576:
8571:
8564:
8561:
8557:
8552:
8549:
8545:
8540:
8537:
8533:
8528:
8524:
8519:
8512:
8509:
8505:
8500:
8496:
8492:
8488:
8483:
8476:
8473:
8472:
8466:
8459:
8455:
8451:
8445:
8438:
8433:
8426:
8422:
8417:
8410:
8407:
8403:
8398:
8397:Roman History
8394:
8389:
8382:
8381:Roman History
8379:Cassius Dio,
8376:
8369:
8363:
8356:
8352:
8348:
8343:
8336:
8331:
8324:
8319:
8312:
8311:Roman History
8309:Cassius Dio,
8306:
8299:
8295:
8290:
8283:
8280:
8276:
8271:
8267:
8262:
8255:
8254:Southern 2001
8250:
8248:
8240:
8236:
8231:
8224:
8220:
8215:
8213:
8211:
8209:
8201:
8197:
8196:
8190:
8188:
8186:
8184:
8176:
8170:
8168:
8166:
8164:
8162:
8154:
8150:
8145:
8143:
8141:
8139:
8137:
8129:
8125:
8120:
8118:
8116:
8114:
8112:
8104:
8099:
8097:
8095:
8093:
8091:
8089:
8087:
8079:
8073:
8071:
8069:
8061:
8056:
8049:
8045:
8044:
8038:
8036:
8034:
8032:
8030:
8022:
8016:
8014:
8012:
8010:
8008:
8000:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7987:
7985:
7983:
7975:
7972:
7971:
7966:
7963:
7962:
7956:
7954:
7946:
7942:
7937:
7935:
7927:
7924:, Vol. III -
7923:
7919:
7918:González 2003
7914:
7907:
7903:
7902:
7896:
7894:
7886:
7885:Le Bohec 2001
7881:
7874:
7873:González 2003
7869:
7863:
7860:
7859:
7853:
7846:
7845:Roman History
7843:Cassius Dio,
7840:
7833:
7830:Cassius Dio,
7827:
7820:
7816:
7811:
7804:
7803:Williams 1995
7799:
7792:
7791:Southern 2001
7787:
7780:
7779:Williams 1995
7775:
7773:
7765:
7764:Rémondon 1975
7760:
7758:
7750:
7749:Southern 2001
7745:
7738:
7737:Rémondon 1975
7733:
7726:
7721:
7714:
7713:Southern 2001
7709:
7702:
7697:
7690:
7686:
7680:
7670:
7666:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7643:
7637:
7635:
7631:
7627:
7623:
7622:
7617:
7613:
7609:
7605:
7601:
7597:
7593:
7589:
7583:
7581:
7577:
7573:
7564:
7560:
7555:
7551:
7549:
7545:
7544:
7538:
7534:
7530:
7523:
7519:
7515:
7511:
7507:
7505:
7501:
7497:
7496:Gallic Empire
7493:
7492:Valentinian I
7489:
7485:
7481:
7477:
7473:
7469:
7464:
7461:
7457:
7456:
7451:
7447:
7443:
7439:
7435:
7431:
7427:
7418:
7414:
7409:
7405:
7403:
7398:
7392:
7390:
7386:
7382:
7378:
7374:
7370:
7366:
7361:
7360:Constantinian
7357:
7348:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7330:
7317:
7313:
7309:
7305:
7301:
7297:
7294:
7293:
7289:
7285:
7281:
7277:
7273:
7269:
7265:
7261:
7257:
7253:
7249:
7245:
7241:
7238:
7237:
7232:
7229:
7228:
7224:
7220:
7216:
7213:
7212:
7208:
7204:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7189:
7188:
7184:
7180:
7176:
7173:
7172:
7168:
7164:
7160:
7156:
7152:
7148:
7145:
7142:
7141:
7137:
7133:
7129:
7125:
7121:
7118:
7117:
7116:
7114:
7110:
7109:Sahara Desert
7103:
7090:
7086:
7083:
7082:
7078:
7074:
7071:
7070:
7066:
7062:
7059:
7058:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7031:
7030:
7026:
7022:
7021:
7016:
7012:
7006:
6998:
6994:
6990:
6987:
6986:
6982:
6979:
6974:
6967:
6963:
6959:
6955:
6951:
6948:
6947:
6943:
6939:
6935:
6931:
6928:
6927:
6923:
6919:
6916:
6915:
6910:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6887:
6886:
6880:
6876:
6871:
6867:
6863:
6860:
6857:
6854:
6853:
6849:
6844:
6841:
6837:
6833:
6827:
6823:
6819:
6815:
6812:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6794:Salian Franks
6791:
6787:
6783:
6780:
6779:
6775:
6771:
6768:
6767:
6763:
6759:
6755:
6751:
6747:
6743:
6739:
6735:
6731:
6727:
6723:
6720:
6719:
6715:
6711:
6710:
6705:
6701:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6669:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6649:
6645:
6642:
6641:
6640:
6638:
6634:
6628:
6626:
6625:
6620:
6616:
6611:
6609:
6605:
6601:
6597:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6579:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6559:
6554:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6533:
6528:
6524:
6523:
6516:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6494:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6482:
6481:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6454:
6453:
6446:
6442:
6439:
6436:
6433:
6429:
6426:
6423:
6422:
6418:
6413:
6410:
6406:
6402:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6361:
6360:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6344:
6340:
6336:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6265:
6260:
6257:Finally, the
6256:
6255:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6237:
6234:
6231:
6228:
6225:
6222:
6221:
6217:
6212:
6209:
6205:
6201:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6171:
6166:
6163:
6162:
6158:
6155:and possibly
6154:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6070:
6067:
6066:
6065:
6063:
6055:
6051:
6046:
6034:
6029:
6025:
6022:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5996:Gallic Empire
5994:in the West (
5993:
5989:
5986:in the East (
5985:
5981:
5977:
5974:
5973:
5969:
5964:
5961:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5910:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5839:
5838:
5833:
5829:
5828:
5821:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5775:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5754:
5751:
5747:
5740:
5736:
5733:
5730:
5729:
5725:
5720:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5703:
5699:
5696:
5692:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5650:
5649:
5645:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5617:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5600:
5593:
5585:
5584:Gallic Empire
5581:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5553:
5548:
5544:
5543:
5536:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5499:
5494:
5491:(present-day
5490:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5447:
5443:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5432:
5427:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5413:
5412:in the East.
5411:
5407:
5403:
5402:Gallic Empire
5399:
5395:
5391:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5364:
5361:), which, as
5360:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5331:
5327:
5326:
5319:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5213:
5209:
5208:Marcianopolis
5205:
5201:
5197:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5171:
5163:
5159:
5158:
5151:
5142:
5138:
5137:
5130:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5073:
5069:
5068:
5061:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5033:
5026:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5004:
5003:
4998:
4994:
4993:
4986:
4979:
4975:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4962:
4961:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4943:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4919:Gallic Empire
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4885:and besieged
4884:
4883:Castra Vetera
4880:
4876:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4844:
4843:
4839:
4834:
4827:
4826:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4802:, and modern
4801:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4713:
4711:
4710:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4649:
4645:
4644:Gallic Empire
4641:
4636:
4632:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4613:
4606:
4602:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4559:Gallic Empire
4554:
4550:
4549:Gallic Empire
4536:
4532:
4526:
4524:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4462:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4444:), as far as
4443:
4439:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4358:legions near
4357:
4353:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4314:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4264:would attest.
4263:
4259:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4225:
4217:
4210:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4127:
4124:by the young
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4110:Peloponnesian
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4044:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4024:
4019:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3950:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3882:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3861:radiate crown
3858:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3809:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3751:
3743:
3738:
3734:
3733:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3700:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3622:Invasions of
3620:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3604:Marcianopolis
3601:
3600:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3583:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3443:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3365:north of the
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3319:
3313:reports thus:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3207:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3113:With Emperor
3111:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3054:Castra Regina
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3027:was decisive.
3026:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2999:(near modern
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2984:vexillationes
2981:(composed of
2980:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2953:celebrates a
2952:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2391:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2329:
2328:Alpine passes
2326:
2324:
2321:
2314:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2299:Scythia Minor
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2282:
2281:Legio I Iovia
2279:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2268:Scythia Minor
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2034:
2033:Legio V Iovia
2031:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1777:Castra Regina
1774:
1772:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1676:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1607:
1606:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1532:Castra Albana
1529:
1527:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1457:Three Dacias
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1430:Three Dacias
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1190:Castra Regina
1187:
1185:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
910:I Illyricorum
907:
901:
897:
893:
883:
881:
877:
867:
865:
864:Middle Danube
861:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
785:
780:
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
739:Roman legions
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
679:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
656:Castra Regina
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
624:
622:
619:
615:
610:
608:
604:
598:
588:
586:
582:
578:
575:
571:
565:
555:
553:
549:
545:
540:
538:
535:
531:
528:
524:
520:
516:
513:(left to the
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
475:
473:
470:, Nobati and
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
394:
390:
385:
383:
379:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
357:, Borani and
356:
352:
349:, as well as
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
230:
227:
226:
221:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
109:
108:
103:
99:
95:
92:
90:
87:
86:
81:
73:
70:
69:
65:
61:
57:
54:
53:
49:
46:
45:
41:
35:
30:
25:
20:
14372:Ancient Rome
14344:
14299:Armenian War
14262:Roman Empire
14245:Perusine War
14237:
14173:
14152:Servile Wars
14147:Cimbrian War
14100:Galatian War
14019:Samnite Wars
13901:
13897:Cervo, Guido
13863:
13859:Cervo, Guido
13836:
13833:Cervo, Guido
13818:
13811:
13804:
13775:
13752:
13743:
13720:
13697:
13690:Sordi, Marta
13667:
13644:
13624:
13610:
13586:
13577:
13568:
13545:
13522:
13499:
13473:
13450:
13427:
13404:. Princeton.
13401:
13378:
13369:
13360:
13323:
13302:. Baltimora.
13299:
13290:
13267:
13244:
13235:
13231:
13222:
13210:
13187:
13164:
13144:. Roma-Bari.
13141:
13132:
13109:
13097:
13088:
13068:
13047:
13037:
13028:
13005:
12996:
12973:
12958:
12942:
12927:
12915:
12908:
12901:
12894:
12887:
12874:
12860:
12834:
12824:
12812:
12798:
12788:
12778:
12764:
12745:
12741:
12727:
12712:Bibliography
12698:
12686:
12678:
12673:
12665:
12660:
12653:Corbier 1986
12648:
12636:
12628:
12624:
12612:
12600:
12584:
12577:Mommsen 1887
12572:
12561:Jackson 2002
12556:
12548:
12536:
12520:
12512:
12507:
12499:
12495:
12483:
12475:
12470:
12462:
12458:
12446:
12442:
12438:
12430:
12426:
12422:
12414:
12410:
12406:
12402:
12389:
12385:
12373:
12369:
12361:
12356:
12348:
12343:
12330:
12326:
12313:
12304:
12300:
12273:
12268:, XXXIX, 43.
12265:
12260:
12248:
12239:
12227:
12219:
12211:
12192:
12187:
12179:
12175:
12156:
12148:
12140:
12136:
12123:
12114:
12110:
12098:
12094:
12082:
12078:
12061:
12052:
12048:
12036:
12031:
12019:
11999:
11983:
11971:
11931:
11927:
11920:Cameron 1995
11915:
11903:
11874:
11826:
11813:
11809:
11801:
11797:
11793:
11770:
11765:
11757:
11753:
11749:
11745:
11737:
11733:
11729:
11721:
11713:
11708:, VII, 24.3.
11705:
11701:
11697:
11693:
11689:
11685:
11681:
11673:
11669:
11665:
11661:
11653:
11649:
11645:
11641:
11629:
11625:
11621:
11608:
11603:
11591:
11586:
11578:
11574:
11570:
11562:
11558:
11554:
11546:
11542:
11538:
11530:
11526:
11522:
11514:
11510:
11506:
11498:
11490:
11477:
11473:
11461:
11456:
11448:
11443:
11435:
11431:
11427:
11400:
11395:
11387:
11382:
11355:
11351:
11347:
11342:
11334:
11330:
11326:
11318:
11313:
11305:
11300:
11288:
11284:
11280:
11275:
11263:
11247:
11243:
11239:
11227:
11223:
11219:
11215:
11211:
11199:
11195:
11191:
11179:
11163:
11159:
11155:
11151:
11139:
11127:
11115:
11111:
11084:
11080:
11072:
11067:
11051:
11047:
11043:
11039:
11026:
11017:
11013:
11001:
10989:
10985:
10981:
10969:
10946:
10926:
10922:
10918:
10914:
10906:
10901:
10889:
10877:
10869:
10865:
10861:
10857:
10853:
10837:
10829:
10824:
10795:
10791:
10787:
10783:
10778:
10770:
10766:
10762:
10758:
10754:
10749:
10741:
10737:
10733:
10725:
10720:
10708:
10703:
10695:
10687:
10675:
10667:
10662:
10650:
10645:
10633:
10608:
10604:
10600:
10595:
10566:
10558:
10554:
10550:
10542:
10534:
10530:
10526:
10522:
10510:
10506:
10502:
10475:
10463:
10459:
10455:
10451:
10443:
10438:
10430:
10426:
10422:
10410:
10405:
10393:
10381:
10373:
10369:
10365:
10357:
10351:
10347:
10339:
10334:
10314:
10291:
10286:
10273:
10269:
10257:
10228:
10216:
10208:
10204:
10200:
10195:
10183:
10161:, VII, 22.7.
10158:
10154:
10149:
10141:
10137:
10133:
10129:
10125:
10121:
10117:
10113:
10109:
10097:
10089:
10076:
10060:
10055:
10043:
10016:
10004:
10000:
9996:
9984:
9972:
9967:
9959:
9954:
9946:
9942:
9938:
9921:
9912:
9903:
9899:
9886:
9877:
9868:
9859:
9851:
9843:
9800:
9795:
9787:
9782:
9770:
9739:
9734:, I, 32.2-3.
9731:
9726:
9718:
9714:
9710:
9705:
9697:
9692:
9684:
9679:
9666:
9657:
9648:
9639:
9630:
9621:
9617:
9605:
9600:
9569:
9564:
9552:
9544:
9536:
9509:
9504:
9496:
9491:
9483:
9448:
9440:
9432:
9420:
9412:
9396:
9391:
9383:
9375:
9362:
9358:
9345:
9341:
9333:
9283:
9271:
9266:
9254:
9227:
9222:
9214:
9206:
9198:
9194:
9190:
9178:
9170:
9146:
9142:
9138:
9126:
9118:
9117:; Herodian,
9109:
9100:
9091:
9082:
9073:
9064:
9055:
9046:
9037:
9028:
9024:
9011:
9002:
8993:
8984:
8975:
8966:
8957:
8948:
8939:
8930:
8921:
8917:
8905:
8877:
8868:
8859:
8850:
8846:
8839:Alföldy 1974
8834:
8822:
8814:
8806:
8794:
8771:
8767:
8763:
8759:
8755:
8750:
8742:
8738:
8734:
8726:
8722:
8718:
8703:Alföldy 1974
8698:
8690:
8686:
8666:
8657:
8653:
8640:
8636:
8622:
8615:
8582:
8570:
8562:
8550:
8538:
8527:Heliogabalus
8526:
8522:
8518:
8510:
8498:
8494:
8490:
8486:
8482:
8469:
8465:
8454:Popescu 1998
8449:
8444:
8432:
8424:
8420:
8416:
8408:
8396:
8388:
8380:
8375:
8367:
8362:
8350:
8346:
8342:
8330:
8318:
8310:
8305:
8297:
8293:
8289:
8281:
8269:
8265:
8261:
8238:
8230:
8222:
8199:
8193:
8174:
8152:
8148:
8127:
8123:
8077:
8059:
8055:
8047:
8041:
8020:
7996:
7968:
7959:
7944:
7925:
7921:
7913:
7908:, V and VII.
7905:
7899:
7880:
7868:
7856:
7852:
7844:
7839:
7831:
7826:
7818:
7814:
7810:
7798:
7786:
7744:
7732:
7725:Cameron 1995
7720:
7708:
7701:Ruffolo 2004
7696:
7688:
7684:
7679:
7669:
7619:
7584:
7568:
7557:Fragment of
7541:
7526:
7471:
7465:
7453:
7441:
7433:
7422:
7417:Heliogabalus
7393:
7352:
7323:Consequences
7314:against the
7234:
7105:
7076:
7064:
7037:Lower Moesia
7024:
7014:
7003:
6921:
6892:
6865:
6821:
6817:
6785:
6773:
6708:
6667:
6663:
6629:
6622:
6612:
6604:Margus River
6581:
6540:
6536:
6526:
6520:
6514:
6409:antoninianus
6338:
6319:
6308:North Africa
6283:
6279:
6275:
6208:antoninianus
6193:
6104:
6100:
6083:even before
6068:late 275-276
6059:
6018:in the East.
5967:
5926:Lower Moesia
5914:Three Dacias
5905:
5855:Via Flaminia
5831:
5825:
5818:
5808:Via Postumia
5745:
5701:
5607:
5603:
5597:
5590:
5560:
5556:
5546:
5540:
5533:
5503:Mount Hemaus
5496:
5481:Thessalonica
5423:Antoninianus
5387:
5329:
5323:
5316:
5278:
5274:
5256:Thessalonica
5233:and reached
5161:
5155:
5148:
5140:
5134:
5127:
5071:
5065:
5059:
5055:, the Goths:
5031:
5024:
4996:
4990:
4984:
4958:
4930:
4926:
4856:Brenner Pass
4823:
4822:was already
4736:
4714:
4707:
4692:Tripolitania
4653:
4650:in the East.
4640:Roman Empire
4618:
4611:
4604:
4556:
4534:
4520:
4453:
4367:
4352:V Macedonica
4343:Transylvania
4327:Three Dacias
4258:Pantikapaion
4215:
4207:
4169:Successianus
4136:
4132:
4098:Thessalonica
4087:Lucius Verus
4062:
4015:antoninianus
3955:
3947:
3915:of Brigetio.
3859:, head with
3835:antoninianus
3817:
3806:
3784:
3759:
3748:
3742:Stara Zagora
3696:antoninianus
3681:
3677:
3591:
3580:
3547:
3543:
3478:antoninianus
3453:
3447:
3440:
3411:Lower Moesia
3343:
3342:" and then "
3339:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3239:
3231:
3217:
3211:
3204:
3198:Lower Saxony
3134:
3092:
3013:Lower Moesia
2982:
2954:
2915:Heliogabalus
2902:
2871:, IV, 7.3-4.
2868:
2857:
2842:
2785:free Dacians
2771:
2765:
2636:
2386:
2381:
2361:
2351:
2332:
2297:
2285:
2266:
2254:
2235:
2223:
2204:
2192:
2173:
2161:
2142:
2130:
2113:Moesia Prima
2111:
2099:
2082:Moesia Prima
2080:
2068:
2049:
2037:
2018:
2008:
1991:
1979:
1960:
1948:
1929:
1919:
1900:
1888:
1869:
1858:
1841:
1829:
1803:Caelius Mons
1802:
1775:
1756:
1743:
1726:
1717:Argentoratae
1716:
1697:
1685:
1661:
1649:
1630:
1618:
1576:
1559:
1530:
1501:
1472:
1445:
1418:
1389:
1360:
1331:
1302:
1275:
1246:
1217:
1188:
1161:Argentoratum
1159:
1130:
1101:
1072:
1018:
974:VIII Augusta
966:V Macedonica
958:IIII Italica
903:
876:Roman Empire
873:
825:
809:Lucius Verus
790:
683:East Germans
680:
631:
625:
611:
600:
567:
541:
476:
433:
414:
386:
375:
243:Roman Empire
238:
236:
89:Roman Empire
83:Belligerents
14260:Wars of the
14208:Gallic Wars
14137:Achaean War
14024:Pyrrhic War
13974:Wars of the
13819:Out of Rome
13694:Marta Sordi
13647:. New York.
13219:Duval, Noel
12959:New History
12929:Geographica
12914:volume 5b:
12907:volume 5a:
12900:volume 4c:
12893:volume 4b:
12886:volume 4a:
12529:Barnes 1982
12525:Barnes 1981
12511:Eutropius,
12488:Barnes 1982
12474:Eutropius,
12347:Eutropius,
12232:Barnes 1982
12197:Orosius VII
12143:, II e III.
12035:Eutropius,
12008:Bowman 2005
12004:Barnes 1982
11992:Bowman 2005
11988:Barnes 1982
11976:Potter 2013
11964:Scarre 1999
11908:Scarre 1999
11786:Scarre 1999
11769:Eutropius,
11654:New History
11607:Wagner 30:
11594:, I, 71.2;
11592:New History
11483:VIII, 11931
11462:New History
11449:New History
11401:New History
11388:New History
11346:Eutropius,
11306:New History
11281:New History
11268:Watson 1999
11256:Watson 1999
11230:, 9.10-13;
11204:Watson 1999
11172:Watson 1999
11144:Watson 1999
11089:Watson 1999
11060:Watson 1999
11048:New History
10994:Watson 1999
10931:Watson 1999
10929:, I, 48.2;
10927:New History
10907:New History
10846:Watson 1999
10842:Scarre 1999
10830:New History
10786:, I, 46.1;
10784:New History
10755:New History
10724:Eutropius,
10713:Watson 1999
10709:New History
10655:Watson 1999
10603:, I, 43.2;
10601:New History
10571:Watson 1999
10559:New History
10535:New History
10515:Watson 1999
10495:Watson 1999
10468:Watson 1999
10462:, 13.8 and
10444:New History
10323:Watson 1999
10292:New History
10221:Watson 1999
10199:Eutropius,
10153:Eutropius,
10102:Carrié 2008
10069:Watson 1999
10048:Watson 1999
10021:Watson 1999
9975:, I, 36.2;
9973:New History
9960:New History
9929:; IRT 927;
9842:Eutropius,
9801:New History
9788:New History
9732:New History
9698:New History
9685:New History
9606:New History
9578:Scarre 1999
9574:Watson 1999
9557:Watson 1999
9510:New History
9497:New History
9413:New History
9397:New History
9274:, XVII, 1;
9228:New History
9088:VIII, 22020
9079:VIII, 10083
9061:VIII, 10025
9043:VIII, 10075
8945:VIII, 22030
8936:VIII, 10073
8865:VIII, 22030
8856:VIII, 10073
8707:Dobiaš 1938
8575:Dobiaš 1938
8393:Dobiaš 1938
8175:New History
8078:New History
8023:, XVIII, 1.
8001:, XVI, 1-3.
7947:, VII, 1-2.
7834:LXXII, 3.1.
7621:caput mundi
7260:auxiliaries
7252:legionaries
7169:, later on.
6877:victory of
6754:Burgundians
6750:Belgic Gaul
6692:Burgundians
6682:moved into
6188:(called by
6184:, near the
6170:Belgic Gaul
6153:Burgundians
6033:Mesopotamia
5984:Vaballathus
5902:Cannabaudes
5252:Cassandreia
5235:Mount Athos
5191:Vaballathus
5115:facing the
5032:New History
4743:(267-271).
4610:Eutropius,
4581:(271), and
4579:Domitian II
4577:(269-271),
4573:(268-269),
4565:(260-268),
4413:Mogontiacum
4401:Rhine front
4356:XIII Gemina
4216:New History
4122:Roman limes
4089:(161-169).
3978:Mesopotamia
3956:New History
3822:, XVIII, 3.
3764:, XVIII, 2.
3596:, XVI, 1-3.
3574:Gordian III
3454:Gordian III
3434:Timesitheus
3427:Gordian III
3391:Gordian III
3367:Carpathians
3359:Histropolis
3234:" from the
3174:Württemberg
3087:, and even
3049:Tullnerfeld
2923:his dynasty
2776:Cassius Dio
2772:Alemannicus
2727:Roman limes
2561:Burgundians
2009:Ad Militare
1752:Kaiseraugst
1687:Mogontiacum
1132:Mogontiacum
1014:auxiliaries
1010:legionaries
986:XIII Gemina
970:VII Claudia
954:IIII Flavia
950:III Italica
938:II Adiutrix
922:I Maximiana
860:Marcomannia
759:Burgundians
717:peoples of
687:Scandinavia
652:Mogontiacum
436:Mesopotamia
380:during the
287:Burgundians
255:Caledonians
193:Burgundians
165:Cannabaudes
123:Gordian III
14394:Categories
14280:Gothic War
14041:Punic Wars
14029:Social War
12837:, book II.
12728:Res Gestae
12703:Sordi 1991
12691:Duval 1979
12541:Grant 1984
12415:Aemilianus
12362:Res Gestae
12310:1995, 1345
12293:Grant 1984
12278:Grant 1984
12253:Grant 1984
12159:, book II
12129:III, 13578
12071:Grant 1984
12067:XIII, 5249
12041:Grant 1984
11896:Grant 1984
11879:Grant 1984
11867:Mócsy 1974
11831:Grant 1984
11634:Mócsy 1974
11632:, 16.1-3;
11466:Grant 1984
11451:, I, 68.2.
11420:Grant 1984
11403:, I, 67.3.
11390:, I, 68.1.
11360:Grant 1984
11293:Grant 1984
11291:, 13.2-3;
11252:Grant 1984
11232:Grant 1984
11202:, 30.4-5;
11184:Mócsy 1974
11104:Grant 1984
10962:Grant 1984
10945:Dexippus,
10909:, I, 48.1.
10882:Grant 1984
10832:, I, 46.2.
10817:Grant 1984
10638:Grant 1984
10561:, I, 39.1.
10547:Magie 1950
10537:, I, 43.1.
10386:Magie 1950
10307:Grant 1984
10294:, I, 38.2.
10279:1993, 1231
10188:Mócsy 1974
10176:Grant 1984
10142:Regalianus
10130:Regalianus
9977:Grant 1984
9962:, I, 36.1.
9931:Mócsy 1974
9927:VIII, 1430
9856:Mócsy 1974
9809:Grant 1984
9744:Grant 1984
9687:, I.30.2-3
9663:VIII, 1430
9654:VIII, 2381
9645:VIII, 1018
9610:Grant 1984
9593:Grant 1984
9514:Grant 1984
9482:Jordanes,
9468:Mócsy 1974
9453:Grant 1984
9425:Grant 1984
9415:, I, 24.2.
9399:, I, 23.1.
9332:Jordanes,
9303:Grant 1984
9288:Grant 1984
9276:Grant 1984
9270:Jordanes,
9259:Mócsy 1974
9232:Grant 1984
9183:Grant 1984
9151:Grant 1984
9115:XIII, 6547
9070:2003, 1972
8954:2002, 1663
8883:2002, 1663
8817:, p. 175).
8811:Grant 1984
8758:, VI.8-9;
8754:Herodian,
8672:2002, 1252
8663:1995, 1348
8646:1991, 1378
8608:Mócsy 1974
8563:Elagabalus
8551:Elagabalus
8539:Elagabalus
8475:III, 15148
8458:Oliva 1962
8437:Oliva 1962
8370:, IV, 7.3.
8366:Herodian,
8355:Mócsy 1974
8335:Mócsy 1974
8323:Oliva 1962
8177:, I, 71.1.
8103:Grant 1984
8050:, 6.2-8.1.
8019:Jordanes,
7662:References
7634:last stone
7580:Mediolanum
7565:in Berlin.
7559:Diocletian
7533:evergetism
7504:Diocletian
7377:Marcomanni
7356:Diocletian
7327:See also:
7244:Mauretania
7209:'s armies.
7207:Diocletian
7143:c. 269-270
7100:See also:
7089:Vindonissa
7055:suggests).
7051:River, as
6934:Diocletian
6856:MAXIMIANVS
6734:Gesoriacum
6608:Singidunum
6596:Diocletian
6576:See also:
6476:Greuthungi
6304:Asia Minor
6186:Lech river
6081:Asia Minor
5871:Diocletian
5795:Marcomanni
5748:(armor of
5698:Sarmatians
5629:Marcomanni
5565:Roman army
5549:, 8.4-8.6.
5507:Aegean Sea
5451:VICTORIAE
5384:Tetricus I
5374:See also:
5359:Lake Garda
5271:Naulobatus
5231:Hellespont
5227:Roman army
5164:, 6.2-8.1.
5121:Aegean Sea
5105:Asia Minor
5049:Odaenathus
5034:, I, 39.1.
5012:, ancient
4974:Sarmatians
4960:shahanshah
4949:depicting
4788:Vindonissa
4733:Odaenathus
4721:Asia Minor
4684:Quintillus
4575:Victorinus
4561:, such as
4547:See also:
4501:Marcomanni
4474:Marcomanni
4388:Cappadocia
4335:Carpathian
4288:, such as
4262:Viminacium
4231:, Borans,
4179:region of
4153:Asia Minor
3997:See also:
3966:Aemilianus
3964:And while
3937:Cappadocia
3532:Severianus
3363:free Dacia
3279:Sarmatians
3258:, against
3182:Roman army
3129:See also:
3123:Diocletian
3045:Wienerwald
2927:Celemantia
2919:Marcomanni
2843:Sarmaticus
2833:Marcomanni
2754:Main River
2661:See also:
2608:Sarmatians
2487:Ostrogoths
2483:Greuthungi
2376:See also:
2372:Barbarians
2287:Noviodunum
2225:Durostorum
2101:Viminacium
2070:Singidunum
1859:Ad Iuvense
1722:Strasbourg
1579:Diocletian
1503:Durostorum
1426:Alba Iulia
1391:Viminacium
1362:Singidunum
1167:Strasbourg
942:II Italica
934:Diocletian
930:I Minervia
906:I Adiutrix
890:See also:
880:Diocletian
843:Marcomanni
777:See also:
757:, and the
695:Ostrogoths
666:; and the
644:Hermunduri
618:Carpathian
595:See also:
562:See also:
552:Diocletian
537:Sarmatians
532:, and the
458:tribes of
393:Sarmatians
361:along the
337:tribes of
323:Greuthungi
291:Marcomanni
269:tribes of
209:Ostrogotha
201:Naulobatus
156:Diocletian
13921:cite book
13883:cite book
13845:cite book
13784:cite book
13778:. Genova.
13761:cite book
13729:cite book
13706:cite book
13676:cite book
13670:. Londra.
13653:cite book
13595:cite book
13589:. Milano.
13554:cite book
13548:. Milano.
13531:cite book
13508:cite book
13482:cite book
13476:. Londra.
13459:cite book
13436:cite book
13410:cite book
13387:cite book
13343:cite book
13308:cite book
13276:cite book
13253:cite book
13196:cite book
13190:. Londra.
13173:cite book
13167:. Torino.
13150:cite book
13118:cite book
13112:. Milano.
13014:cite book
12982:cite book
12944:Histories
12863:, book 7
12849:, II-VII
12795:Eutropius
12767:, LXXVII
12593:Histories
12559:, I, 19;
12364:, 27.5.5.
12191:Orosius,
12012:Rees 2002
11590:Zosimus,
11460:Zosimus,
11447:Zosimus,
11399:Zosimus,
11386:Zosimus,
11350:, 9, 17;
11304:Zosimus,
11283:, I, 63;
11279:Zosimus,
11166:, 9, 15;
11121:XII, 5549
10905:Zosimus,
10828:Zosimus,
10782:Zosimus,
10757:, I, 45;
10753:Zosimus,
10711:, I, 43;
10707:Zosimus,
10698:, V, 252.
10599:Zosimus,
10442:Zosimus,
10290:Zosimus,
10090:Gallienus
10007:, 7.1-2;
9971:Zosimus,
9958:Zosimus,
9918:1993, 914
9803:, I, 35;
9799:Zosimus,
9786:Zosimus,
9730:Zosimus,
9709:A. Room,
9696:Zosimus,
9683:Zosimus,
9636:VIII, 766
9608:, I, 29;
9604:Zosimus,
9508:Zosimus,
9499:, I.28.1.
9495:Zosimus,
9411:Zosimus,
9395:Zosimus,
9368:III, 1176
9226:Zosimus,
9215:Philippus
9052:1905, 179
9034:III, 3336
9017:VI, 40776
9008:1986, 586
8999:1980, 831
8981:1958, 194
8874:1980, 951
8529:, 9.1-2;
8511:Caracalla
8495:Caracalla
8409:Caracalla
8351:Caracalla
8298:Caracalla
8282:Caracalla
8270:Caracalla
8239:Caracalla
8219:Eutropius
8173:Zosimus,
8080:, I, 42.1
8076:Zosimus,
7974:1977, 592
7862:1956, 124
7691:, p. 239.
7529:Gallienus
7343:Hostilian
7312:federates
7308:Nobatians
7183:Ptolemais
7122:The then
7041:Bastarnae
7011:Eutropius
6962:Batavians
6905:Carausius
6881:in 294).
6875:Sarmatian
6840:Argenteus
6762:panegyric
6730:Carausius
6688:Bagaudian
6652:Sarmatian
6578:Tetrarchy
6564:in 1204 (
6558:tetrarchs
6510:narrates:
6468:Bastarnae
6438:VICTOR IA
6343:Illyricum
6284:dediticii
6236:VICTOR IA
6052:from the
6016:Sasanians
5834:, 21.1-3.
5804:Po Valley
5608:Lollianus
5489:Pelagonia
5398:Gallienus
5300:, Argos,
5254:and then
5223:Byzantium
5212:Propontis
5185:of Queen
5175:Gallienus
5143:, 13.6-7.
5053:Ctesiphon
5030:Zosimus,
5010:Byzantium
4868:Sasanians
4794:forts at
4792:auxiliary
4599:Eutropius
4446:Gibraltar
4442:Tarragona
4421:Illyricum
4384:Byzantium
4347:Eutropius
4318:Gallienus
4302:Nicomedia
4282:Chalcedon
4278:Byzantium
4274:Black Sea
4249:Gallienus
4214:Zosimus,
4197:Trapezunt
4161:Black Sea
4129:Gallienus
4112:cities.:
4079:Gallienus
4046:GERMANICA
4003:Gallienus
3970:Sasanians
3954:Zosimus,
3892:Hostilian
3674:Nicopolis
3497:PHILIPPVS
3456:, 26.3-4.
3371:Black Sea
3262:and free
3137:Sasanians
3089:Parthians
3081:Armenians
2989:I Italica
2879:Carnuntum
2826:Sarmatian
2778:suggests.
2746:Caracalla
2700:Profectio
2671:Caracalla
2647:Invasions
2615:Pannonias
2588:Bastarnae
2571:Gaul and
2534:Macedonia
2495:Visigoths
2405:Location
2402:Warships
2363:Gallaecia
1921:Carnuntum
1890:Vindobona
1831:Lauriacum
1783:Ratisbona
1277:Carnuntum
1248:Vindobona
1219:Lauriacum
1196:Ratisbona
1021:Caracalla
918:I Italica
813:Carnuntum
793:Pannonian
715:Sarmatian
711:Black Sea
699:Visigoths
628:Caracalla
577:frontiers
548:Caracalla
491:Gallienus
483:Illyricum
448:Parthians
371:Black Sea
355:Scythians
351:Bastarnae
335:Sarmatian
247:frontiers
139:Gallienus
111:Caracalla
98:Sarmatian
50:212 - 305
13899:(2004).
13861:(2003).
13835:(2002).
13817:K. Kob,
13692:(1991).
13622:(2004).
13525:. Praga.
13498:(1887).
13426:(1973).
13359:(2001).
13221:(1979).
13108:(1995).
12809:Jordanes
12785:Herodian
12779:Scythica
12775:Dexippus
12677:AA.VV.,
12664:AA.VV.,
12595:, I, ss.
12395:1890, 66
12379:1890, 66
12336:XVI, 157
12319:1936, 10
12220:Galerius
12200:Archived
12164:Archived
12085:, II, 5
12058:XI, 1594
12039:, 9.21;
11939:(p 613).
11937:XIV, 128
11819:XI, 6956
11656:, 69-70.
11308:, I, 64.
11250:, 35.4;
11248:Aurelian
11200:Aurelian
11160:Aurelian
11087:, 22,2;
11054:, 35.2;
11032:IX, 6309
11023:IX, 6308
10992:, 30.5;
10990:Aurelian
10947:Scythica
10923:Aurelian
10870:Aurelian
10864:, 12.4;
10862:Claudius
10794:, 12.1;
10792:Claudius
10771:Aurelian
10763:Claudius
10742:Aurelian
10670:, p. 62.
10653:, 34.2;
10511:Claudius
10464:Claudius
10446:, I, 42.
10431:Claudius
10063:, 33.3;
10005:Aurelian
9947:Aurelian
9909:II, 2200
9892:1936, 57
9883:1936, 56
9874:1936, 55
9865:1936, 54
9790:, I, 34.
9700:, I.32.1
9672:II, 2200
9627:1930, 42
9351:II, 6345
9336:, XVIII.
9106:II, 4731
9097:II, 4693
8990:II, 4649
8972:II, 4834
8963:II, 6345
8927:XI, 1176
8766:, 59.7;
8225:, 9, 23.
7993:Jordanes
7965:1941, 32
7821:, 14.1-5
7640:See also
7626:Aurelian
7606:and the
7596:Germania
7594:between
7516:between
7498:and the
7430:Augustus
7413:denarius
7381:Aquileia
7316:Blemmyes
7256:Aquileia
7240:Maximian
7236:augustus
7223:Maximian
7195:Saracens
7155:Carthage
7132:Blemmyes
7045:Roxolani
7017:, 9, 23.
7008:—
6976:Bust of
6942:Aurelian
6938:Galerius
6879:Galerius
6836:Galerius
6798:Genobaud
6790:Alemanni
6758:Alemanni
6738:Frankish
6696:Alemanni
6680:Maximian
6633:Galerius
6624:augustus
6584:Numerian
6518:—
6460:Blemmian
6395:Hispania
6375:Alemanni
6331:Pannonia
6312:Syracuse
6290:and the
6280:gentiles
6243:Victoria
6145:Toulouse
6085:Aurelian
6062:Aurelian
6048:Bust of
6028:Tetricus
5992:Tetricus
5951:Ratiaria
5918:Tervingi
5879:Dalmatia
5875:Pannonia
5845:such as
5832:Aurelian
5823:—
5812:Piacenza
5799:Dexippus
5779:Aurelian
5777:Bust of
5712:Aurelian
5688:Hasdingi
5674:and the
5656:Juthungi
5641:Hasdingi
5633:Juthungi
5625:Alemanni
5595:—
5580:Postumus
5547:Claudius
5538:—
5442:CLAVDIVS
5394:Aurelian
5332:, 6.1-2.
5321:—
5306:Dexippus
5294:Thessaly
5287:Aureolus
5262:as well.
5153:—
5132:—
5119:and the
5089:Azov Sea
5063:—
5028:—
4999:, 4.7-8.
4988:—
4978:Pannonia
4951:Shapur I
4872:Shapur I
4864:Valerian
4848:governor
4825:augustus
4820:Postumus
4816:Juthungi
4812:Semnones
4790:and the
4780:Lausanne
4776:Grenoble
4764:Alemanni
4704:Alemanni
4688:Aurelian
4676:Lugdunum
4638:270 AD:
4614:, 9, 11.
4608:—
4601:writes:
4595:Hispania
4583:Tetricus
4563:Postumus
4528:—
4513:Aquincum
4509:Roxolani
4486:Roxolani
4470:Alemanni
4438:Hispania
4397:Sasanian
4393:Shapur I
4380:Aurelian
4364:Pannonia
4360:Poetovio
4316:Emperor
4286:Bithynia
4245:Valerian
4241:Shapur I
4237:Sasanids
4218:, I, 33.
4212:—
4203:relates:
4118:Alemanni
4075:Valerian
4070:usurpers
4050:Victoria
4043:VICTORIA
4011:Valerian
3974:Shapur I
3952:—
3943:relates:
3929:Pessinus
3872:Victoria
3814:Jordanes
3811:—
3800:Jordanes
3786:augustus
3756:Jordanes
3753:—
3680:," and "
3612:Jordanes
3610:and, as
3588:Jordanes
3585:—
3513:Victoria
3506:VICTORIA
3445:—
3389:Bust of
3321:—
3256:Sarmatia
3209:—
3194:Kalefeld
3190:Harzhorn
3170:Germania
3162:Alemanni
3141:Augustus
3085:Osroenes
3009:governor
2937:Bust of
2913:Emperor
2883:colonies
2865:Herodian
2862:—
2851:Herodian
2801:Aquincum
2735:Wetterau
2731:Alemanni
2675:Denarius
2630:Alemanni
2491:Tervingi
2475:320.000
2427:Hasdingi
2256:Troesmis
2231:Silistra
2132:Ratiaria
2107:Kostolac
2076:Belgrade
2045:Banoštor
1987:Budapest
1981:Aquincum
1950:Brigetio
1570:Hispania
1509:Silistra
1447:Potaissa
1397:Kostolac
1368:Belgrade
1339:Budapest
1333:Aquincum
1304:Brigetio
1033:Hispania
978:X Gemina
926:Maximian
914:Aurelian
797:Lombards
743:Pannonia
727:Silesian
719:Roxolani
678:rivers.
648:Semnones
621:frontier
614:Danubian
607:Germania
585:Alemanni
574:Danubian
544:Alemanni
527:Tervingi
515:Alemanni
503:Aurelian
497:origin (
495:Illyrian
472:Blemmyes
464:Baquates
452:Sasanids
425:usurpers
421:emperors
398:Alemanni
343:Roxolani
333:and the
319:Tervingi
307:Juthungi
283:Alemanni
267:Germanic
223:Strength
185:Genobaud
160:Maximian
148:Aurelian
94:Germanic
55:Location
14384:History
14358:Portals
13700:. Roma.
13696:(ed.).
13453:. Bari.
13430:. Bari.
13381:. Roma.
13270:. Roma.
13038:Noricum
12955:Zosimus
12939:Tacitus
12857:Orosius
12589:Tacitus
12515:, 9.23.
12478:, 9.22.
12351:, 9.25.
12120:III, 22
11773:, 9.18.
11760:, 15.2.
11758:Bonosus
11740:, 18.2.
11676:, 15.1.
11674:Bonosus
11581:, 14.7.
11565:, 14.1.
11549:, 14.2.
11533:, 14.3.
11517:, 13.6.
11438:, 16.1.
11358:, 3.4;
11356:Tacitus
11337:, 13.5.
11289:Tacitus
10872:, 17.5.
10744:, 18.1.
10728:, 9.11.
10466:, 9.7;
10342:, 33.8.
10203:, 9.9;
9949:, 13.2.
9201:, 34.3.
8745:, 61.8.
8729:, 59.1.
8499:Geticus
8493:, 6.6;
8353:, 5.3;
8300:, 10.6.
8272:, 5.6;
8155:, 18.1.
8130:, 13.7.
8062:, 9, 8.
7600:Rhaetia
7576:Sirmium
7537:denarii
7455:augusti
7446:Mommsen
7385:Venetia
7365:Hadrian
7300:Red Sea
7276:Berbers
7272:Numidia
7230:296-298
7174:279-280
7167:Zenobia
7136:Thebaid
7119:261-262
6909:Sirmium
6901:Scheldt
6868:below.
6760:, as a
6746:Britain
6676:Iazyges
6666:" and "
6648:Germano
6592:Carinus
6428:PROB VS
6391:Britain
6362:280-281
6355:Pisidia
6347:Isauria
6327:Noricum
6227:PROB VS
6190:Zosimus
6182:Rhaetia
6157:Vandals
6129:Moselle
6089:Cilicia
6023:274-275
6008:Lucania
6004:triumph
5980:Zenobia
5975:272-274
5892:of the
5890:Zenobia
5859:Metauro
5783:Brescia
5756:V-IRTVS
5750:Minerva
5691:Vandals
5680:Pomorie
5676:Moesias
5668:Sirmium
5664:Noricum
5660:Rhaetia
5644:Vandals
5637:Iazyges
5582:in the
5576:Laelian
5410:Palmyra
5406:Zenobia
5380:Zenobia
5318:burned.
5302:Corinth
5273:, the "
5219:Cyzicus
5187:Zenobia
5085:Peucini
5074:, 11.1.
5018:Ephesus
4968:261-262
4907:Moselle
4897:rivers.
4887:Cologne
4772:Bregenz
4768:Kempten
4760:Swabian
4741:Zenobia
4629:Rhaetia
4587:Britain
4569:(268),
4567:Laelian
4537:, 33.6.
4505:Iazyges
4493:258-260
4482:Iazyges
4425:Cologne
4339:Oltenia
4201:Zosimus
4193:Antioch
4185:Sukhumi
4181:Georgia
4135:" and "
4102:Germans
3986:Antioch
3958:, I.26.
3941:Zosimus
3933:Ephesus
3796:Dobruja
3792:Abritus
3737:Zosimus
3645:Plovdiv
3558:Sirmium
3527:245-247
3509:CARPICA
3464:Künzing
3422:242-243
3393:at the
3332:, 13.3.
3309:front.
3299:Sirmium
3281:of the
3271:236-237
3264:Dacians
3260:Iazyges
3228:Noricum
3073:234-235
3064:(today
3047:in the
3037:Noricum
3020:231-232
2987:of the
2966:227/228
2910:219-220
2903:Goticus
2829:Iazyges
2809:Vandals
2758:Rhaetia
2626:60.000
2594:Thrace
2565:Vandals
2479:Peucini
2423:Taifals
2293:Isaccea
2200:Svištov
2039:Bononia
1956:Komárom
1480:Svištov
1310:Komárom
1230:Noricum
1025:Rhenish
960:(under
924:(under
855:castrum
851:Iazyges
835:Rhaetia
817:Venetia
735:Vandals
731:Vistula
707:Vistula
640:Naristi
444:Persian
440:Armenia
389:Germans
339:Iazyges
303:Vandals
263:Britain
211:of the
203:of the
197:Vandals
187:of the
175:of the
167:of the
100:peoples
14196:Second
14162:Second
14088:Fourth
14078:Second
14051:Second
13909:
13871:
13821:, 1997
13814:, 1994
13807:, 1982
13632:
13331:
13076:
13055:
12924:Strabo
12447:Probus
12433:, 9.1.
12431:Probus
12417:, 5-6.
11804:, 8.1.
11738:Probus
11690:Probus
11650:Probus
11630:Probus
11579:Probus
11563:Probus
11547:Probus
11531:Probus
11515:Probus
11436:Probus
11335:Probus
10611:, 13.8
10433:, 9.3.
10211:, 4.5.
10144:, 11).
9846:, 9.8.
9486:, XIX.
9441:Decius
9384:Decius
8774:, 7.4.
8693:, 5.9.
8427:, 6.6.
8202:, 9.4.
8153:Probus
8128:Probus
7608:Danube
7490:, and
7488:Probus
7480:Decius
7426:Senate
7389:Marius
7375:, the
7347:Decius
7284:Sahara
7264:Thrace
6978:Caesar
6966:Frisia
6822:caesar
6709:caesar
6700:Heruli
6656:Moesia
6615:caesar
6600:Julian
6570:Venice
6529:, 9.4.
6472:Gepids
6464:Thrace
6393:, and
6351:Cremna
6335:Thrace
6300:Achaia
6296:Pontus
6282:" or "
6278:" or "
6268:Neckar
6133:Alsace
6125:Franks
6117:Tarsus
6073:Heruli
6012:Tivoli
5947:Oescus
5934:Gepids
5847:Pesaro
5716:Aureus
5695:Iazigi
5672:Thrace
5639:, and
5592:state.
5527:Rhodes
5525:, and
5519:Cyprus
5493:Bitola
5477:Moesia
5453:GOTHIC
5382:, and
5349:, and
5347:Pontus
5310:Athens
5298:Sparta
5267:Nestos
5248:Lemnos
5244:Imbros
5204:Moesia
5113:Achaia
5109:Thrace
5093:Heruli
5091:, the
4923:Neckar
4879:Franks
4778:, and
4706:. The
4702:, and
4700:Saxons
4696:Franks
4664:consul
4656:senate
4593:, and
4507:, and
4484:, and
4466:Franks
4409:Franks
4306:Nicaea
4296:, and
4294:Apamea
4165:Pityus
4126:caesar
4114:Franks
4106:Achaia
4100:: the
3925:Heruli
3896:legate
3868:Decius
3831:Decius
3692:Decius
3429:, the
3307:Dacian
3287:Danube
3276:Iazigi
3236:Senate
3041:Wachau
2993:Crimea
2762:Swabia
2729:; the
2573:Raetia
2553:Franks
2527:Goths
2507:Heruli
2499:Gepids
2442:Thrace
2438:Moesia
2334:Italia
2262:Iglita
2169:Pleven
2163:Oescus
2138:Archar
2014:Batina
1896:Vienna
1813:Raetia
1788:Raetia
1626:Xanten
1620:Vetera
1420:Apulum
1254:Vienna
1201:Raetia
1080:Xanten
1074:Vetera
898:, and
886:Romans
821:Marius
801:Danube
753:under
703:Heruli
701:, and
668:Saxons
660:Franks
658:; the
626:Under
534:Iazigi
525:, the
505:, and
456:Berber
402:Franks
367:Danube
359:Heruli
327:Dacian
311:Gepids
279:Franks
275:Saxons
271:Frisii
265:; the
259:Saxons
257:, and
205:Heruli
189:Franks
131:Decius
71:Result
14201:Third
14191:First
14167:Third
14157:First
14083:Third
14073:First
14056:Third
14046:First
12801:, IX
9717:, in
8452:, in
7687:, in
7630:walls
7604:Rhine
7476:limes
7369:limes
7268:Moors
7254:from
7203:Syria
7049:Drava
6958:Carpi
6912:East.
6897:Rhine
6806:Bavay
6742:Saxon
6714:Rhine
6704:limes
6672:Quadi
6588:Carus
6488:Quadi
6276:laeti
6149:Lugii
5930:Dacia
5922:Tisza
5898:Goths
5867:Pavia
5758:AVG,
5746:aegis
5743:'
5523:Crete
5485:Scupi
5097:Tyras
5014:Ilium
4895:Somme
4891:Seine
4860:Milan
4852:Upper
4804:Basel
4754:(the
4729:Egypt
4725:Syria
4497:Quadi
4478:Quadi
4331:Carpi
4290:Prusa
4233:Carpi
4229:Goths
4177:Guria
4141:Rhine
3982:Syria
3909:Quadi
3657:Novae
3653:Cniva
3632:Goths
3628:Carpi
3624:Cniva
3540:Quadi
3379:Tyras
3375:Olbia
3355:Goths
3351:Carpi
3283:Tisza
3178:Baden
3066:Trier
3058:Pfünz
3001:Odesa
2997:Olbia
2899:Carpi
2895:Goths
2822:Quadi
2805:Carpi
2803:, by
2797:Dacia
2789:Banat
2723:Catti
2557:Lugii
2503:Celts
2431:Carpi
2419:Goths
2393:Date
2352:Legio
2194:Novae
1693:Mainz
1651:Bonna
1560:Legio
1543:Italy
1474:Novae
1453:Turda
1138:Mainz
1103:Bonna
1037:Italy
847:Quadi
723:Alans
691:Goths
685:from
672:Weser
636:Catti
570:Rhine
530:Goths
523:Carpi
519:Dacia
460:Moors
410:limes
406:Goths
363:Rhine
347:Alans
331:Carpi
315:Goths
299:Lugii
295:Quadi
251:Picts
217:Lugii
213:Goths
181:Quadi
177:Goths
173:Cniva
169:Goths
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