877:
862:
893:
550:
2436:, p. 313. "Of the 100 million German speakers worldwide, about three quarters (76 million) live in Germany, where they account for 92 percent of the population. Populations of Germans live elsewhere in Central and Western Europe, with the largest communities in Austria (7.6 million), Switzerland (4.2 million), France (1.2 million), Kazakhstan (900,000), Russia (840,000), Poland (700,000), Italy (280,000), and Hungary (250,000). Some 1.6 million U.S. citizens speak German as their first language, the largest number of German speakers overseas."
1191:
70:
1338:
834:
562:
1672:
1565:
sought to build up an identity on historical or ideological lines, distancing themselves both from the Nazi past and each other. After German reunification in 1990, the political discourse was characterized by the idea of a "shared, ethnoculturally defined
Germanness", and the general climate became increasingly xenophobic during the 1990s. Today, discussion on Germanness may stress various aspects, such as commitment to pluralism and the German constitution (
1684:
1660:
1648:
1585:
393:
29:
1099:, an alliance that was ultimately defeated, with none of the empires comprising it surviving the aftermath of the war. Under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires were both dissolved and partitioned, resulting in millions of Germans becoming ethnic minorities in other countries. The monarchical rulers of the German states, including the German emperor
444:
96:. During the 19th and much of the 20th century, discussions on German identity were dominated by concepts of a common language, culture, descent, and history. Today, the German language is widely seen as the primary, though not exclusive, criterion of German identity. Estimates on the total number of Germans in the world range from 100 to 150 million, most of whom live in Germany.
2448:, pp. 171â172. "The Germans live in Central Europe, mostly in Germany... The largest populations outside of these countries are found in the United States (5 million), Brazil (3 million), the former Soviet Union (2 million), Argentina (500,000), Canada (450,000), Spain (170,000), Australia (110,000), the United Kingdom (100,000), and South Africa (75,000). "
362:, which means "ethnic" or "relating to the people". This term was used for speakers of West-Germanic languages in Central Europe since at least the 8th century, after which time a distinct German ethnic identity began to emerge among at least some them living within the Holy Roman Empire. However, variants of the same term were also used in the
825:, in order to protect their interests, often through supporting the German kings in their struggles with the nobility. These urban leagues significantly contributed to the development of German commerce and banking. German merchants of Hanseatic cities settled in cities throughout Northern Europe beyond the German lands.
2094:
Within the boundaries of present-day
Germany... Germanic peoples such as the eastern Franks, Frisians, Saxons, Thuringians, Alemanni, and Bavariansâall speaking West Germanic dialectsâhad merged Germanic and borrowed Roman cultural features. It was among these groups that a German language and ethnic
723:
German society of the Middle Ages, while most of the German population consisted of peasants with few political rights. The church played an important role among
Germans in the Middle Ages, and competed with the nobility for power. Between the 11th and 13th centuries, Germans actively participated in
1322:
It is estimated that there are over 100 million
Germans today, most of whom live in Germany, where they constitute the majority of the population. There are also sizable populations of Germans in Austria, Switzerland, the United States, Brazil, France, Kazakhstan, Russia, Argentina, Canada, Poland,
1821:
Unless otherwise provided by a law, a German within the meaning of this Basic Law is a person who possesses German citizenship or who has been admitted to the territory of the German Reich within the boundaries of 31 December 1937 as a refugee or expellee of German ethnic origin or as the spouse or
740:
east of the Elbe were conquered over generations of often brutal conflict. Under the later control of powerful German dynasties it became an important region within modern
Germany, and home to its modern capital, Berlin. German population also moved eastwards from the 11th century, in what is known
1564:
elements identified
Germanness with "a shared Christian heritage" and "biological essence", to the exclusion of the notable Jewish minority. After the Holocaust and the downfall of Nazism, "any confident sense of Germanness had become suspect, if not impossible". East Germany and West Germany both
1082:
In the years following unification, German society was radically changed by numerous processes, including industrialization, rationalization, secularization and the rise of capitalism. German power increased considerably and numerous overseas colonies were established. During this time, the German
796:
to the imperial throne, and he was able to acquire
Austria for his own family. The Habsburgs would continue to play an important role in European history for centuries afterwards. Under the leadership of the Habsburgs the Holy Roman Empire itself remained weak, and by the late Middle Ages much of
1557:
The German nationalist movement emerged among German intellectuals in the late 18th century. They saw the
Germans as a people united by language and advocated the unification of all Germans into a single nation state, which was partially achieved in 1871. By the late 19th and early 20th century,
524:
associated with later
Germanic peoples began approaching the Rhine areas. The resulting demographic situation was apparently an assimilation of Celts and migrating Germanic peoples, in territories which threatened the Alpine regions and the Romans. Scholars generally agree that it is possible to
475:
river. He specifically noted the potential future threat which could come from the related people east of the river. Under Caesar's successors, the Romans began to conquer and control the entire region between the Rhine and the Elbe which centuries later constituted the largest part of medieval
919:
personally inherited control of the kingdoms of
Hungary and Bohemia, the wealthy low countries (roughly modern Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands), the Kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, Sicily, Naples, and Sardinia, and the Dukedom of Milan. Of these, the Bohemian and Hungarian titles remained
2518:, p. 313 "Germans are a Germanic (or Teutonic) people that are indigenous to Central Europe... Germanic tribes have inhabited Central Europe since at least Roman times, but it was not until the early Middle Ages that a distinct German ethnic identity began to emerge."
716:â continued to wield considerable power independently of the king. German kings were elected by members of the noble families, who often sought to have weak kings elected in order to preserve their own independence. This prevented an early unification of the Germans.
1869:, p. 171. "The Germans live in Central Europe, mostly in Germany... Estimates of the total number of Germans in the world range from 100 million to 150 million, depending on how German is defined, but it is probably more appropriate to accept the lower figure."
816:
Trade increased and there was a specialization of the arts and crafts. In the late Middle Ages the German economy grew under the influence of urban centers, which increased in size and wealth and formed powerful leagues, such as the
339:
In some contexts, people of German descent are also called Germans. In historical discussions the term "Germans" is also occasionally used as a way to refer to members of the Germanic peoples during the time of the Roman empire.
1181:
in 1990. Although there were fears that the reunified Germany might resume nationalist politics, the country is today widely regarded as a "stablizing actor in the heart of Europe" and a "promoter of democratic integration".
498:, were fragmented into a large number of peoples who were frequently in conflict with both the Roman Empire and one another. He described them as a diverse group, dominating a much larger area than Germany, stretching to the
557:, also known as the German eastward settlement. The left map shows the situation in roughly 895 AD; the right map shows it about 1400 AD. Germanic peoples (left map) and Germans (right map) are shown in light red.
788:, Bohemia (corresponding roughly to modern Czechia) became a kingdom within the empire, and even managed to take control of Austria, which was German-speaking. However, the late 13th century saw the election of
745:. Over time, Slavic and German-speaking populations assimilated, meaning that many modern Germans have substantial Slavic ancestry. From the 12th century, many Germans settled as merchants and craftsmen in the
613:, who established control of the Romanized and Frankish population of Gaul in the 5th century, and began a process of conquering the peoples east of the Rhine. The regions long continued to be divided into "
1857:, p. 313. "After centuries of political fragmentation, a sense of national unity as Germans began to evolve in the eighteenth century, and the German language became a key marker of national identity."
1357:
The Germans are marked by great regional diversity, which makes identifying a single German culture quite difficult. The arts and sciences have for centuries been an important part of German identity. The
1308:, which is often considered to be a distinct language from both German and Dutch, was the historical language of most of northern Germany, and is still spoken by many Germans, often as a second language.
1841:, p. 172. "German identity developed through a long historical process that led, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, to the definition of the German nation as both a community of descent (
48:
881:
123:. In subsequent centuries the political power and population of this empire grew considerably. It expanded eastwards, and eventually a substantial number of Germans migrated further eastwards into
71:
950:(1648) ending the war, included a major reduction in the central authority of the Holy Roman Emperor. Among the most powerful German states to emerge in the aftermath was Protestant
2035:
1933:
4244:
4056:
287:
Owing to their long history of political fragmentation, Germans are culturally diverse and often have strong regional identities. Arts and sciences are an integral part of
3596:
1554:
is derived from this word. In subsequent centuries, the German lands were relatively decentralized, leading to the maintenance of a number of strong regional identities.
3410:
3393:
1158:. WWII resulted in widespread destruction and the deaths of tens of millions of soldiers and civilians, while the German state was partitioned. About 12 million Germans
3617:
541:
of southern Scandinavia also shows definite population and material continuities with the Jastorf Culture, but it is unclear whether these indicate ethnic continuity.
968:
After centuries of political fragmentation, a sense of German unity began to emerge in the 18th century. The Holy Roman Empire continued to decline until being
525:
speak of Germanic languages existing as early as 500 BCE. These Germanic languages are believed to have dispersed towards the Rhine from the direction of the
3833:
332:, which was used for Germanic peoples in ancient times. Since the early modern period, it has been the most common name for the Germans in English. The term
3889:
3913:
3877:
3475:
1798:
1162:
from Eastern Europe. Significant damage was also done to the German reputation and identity, which became far less nationalistic than it previously was.
208:
and embarked on a genocidal campaign to unify all Germans under his leadership. His Nazi movement defined Germans in a very specific way which included
3850:
617:", corresponding to the old ethnic designations. By the early 9th century AD, large parts of Europe were united under the rule of the Frankish leader
3935:
3867:
3855:
677:
4073:
1808:
1227: German (or a German dialect) is a legally recognized minority language (squares: geographic distribution too dispersed/small for map scale).
4411:
4254:
4109:
2741:
1159:
261:
1366:
saw a notable flourishing of German culture. Germans of this period who contributed significantly to the arts and sciences include the writers
915:. While the empire itself continued to be largely de-centralized, the Habsburgs own personal power increased outside of the core German lands.
4616:
484:
in 9 AD, which is considered a defining moment in German history. The early Germanic peoples were later famously described in more detail in
85:
336:
may also be applied to any citizens, natives or inhabitants of Germany, regardless of whether they are considered to have German ethnicity.
1246:
3669:
2993:
876:
2081:
1995:
1903:
920:
connected to the imperial throne for centuries, making Austria a powerful multilingual empire in its own right. On the other hand, the
1146:
and the Nazis, who after coming to power democratically in the early 1930s, abolished the Weimar Republic and formed the totalitarian
946:, a conflict that tore apart the Holy Roman Empire and its neighbours, leading to the death of millions of Germans. The terms of the
4902:
4142:
1845:) and shared culture and experience. Today, the German language is the primary though not exclusive criterion of German identity."
5083:
1969:
1342:
260:. In the aftermath of Germany's defeat in the war, the country was occupied and once again partitioned. Millions of Germans were
228:, who were ethnic Germans elsewhere in Europe and globally. However, this Nazi conception expressly excluded German citizens of
1727:
1128:
732:. From the beginnings of the kingdom, its dynasties also participated in a push eastwards into Slavic-speaking regions. At the
1083:
population grew considerably, and many emigrated to other countries (mainly North America), contributing to the growth of the
4376:
3787:
3109:
2771:
684:. The latter was a Roman and Frankish area which contained some of the oldest and most important old German cities including
3115:
3067:
2977:
2947:
2907:
2867:
2818:
2777:
2666:
2618:
1776:
861:
4683:
4025:
3581:
2707:
969:
673:
291:, and the Germans have been represented by many prominent personalities in a significant number of disciplines, including
4530:
4513:
4346:
4030:
3631:
3590:
976:
in 1806. In central Europe, the Napoleonic wars ushered in great social, political and economic changes, and catalyzed a
4421:
4386:
4331:
2660:
2612:
1770:
463:
The first information about the peoples living in what is now Germany was provided by the Roman general and politician
296:
5151:
4870:
4774:
4611:
4000:
3752:
3300:
3158:
3061:
3017:
2029:
1927:
1072:
746:
2073:
870:
2078:
4736:
4336:
2008:
992:. Eventually, shared ancestry, culture and language (though not religion) came to define German nationalism. The
1573:(nation sharing a common culture). The German language remains the primary criterion of modern German identity.
127:. The empire itself was politically divided between many small princedoms, cities and bishoprics. Following the
4719:
4535:
4219:
3995:
2941:
2901:
2861:
2812:
2701:
481:
308:
229:
5013:
4789:
4651:
4555:
4454:
3820:
3700:
3601:
3240:
1008:, to the dismay of many German nationalists, who saw the German Confederation as an inadequate answer to the
916:
5033:
4761:
4631:
4135:
2634:
4828:
4741:
4193:
1457:, particularly beer, compared to other European peoples. Obesity is relatively widespread among Germans.
1104:
885:
749:, where they came to constitute a significant proportion of the population in many urban centers such as
1802:
892:
236:
background. Nazi policies of military aggression and its persecution of those deemed non-Germans in the
4751:
4663:
4641:
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4341:
4183:
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3458:
3101:
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1638:
1367:
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1056:
931:
contributed to the formation of a new understanding of faith and reason. At this time, the German monk
665:
2733:
5003:
4188:
3649:
3257:
2893:
1991:
1965:
1566:
1215:: German is the official language (de jure or de facto) and first language of most of the population.
1134:
What many Germans saw as the "humiliation of Versailles", continuing traditions of authoritarian and
131:
in the 16th century, many of these states found themselves in bitter conflict concerning the rise of
1254:
is the native language of most Germans. It is the key marker of German ethnic identity. German is a
1233: German (or a variety of German) is spoken by a sizeable minority but has no legal recognition.
4980:
4942:
4779:
4550:
2933:
2923:
798:
672:. Also under control of this loosely controlled empire were the previously independent kingdoms of
64:
984:
articulated the concept of a German identity rooted in language, and this notion helped spark the
5116:
4990:
4970:
4947:
4927:
4887:
4850:
4799:
4673:
4636:
4406:
4128:
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3001:
2383:
Troebst, Stefan (2012). "The Discourse on Forced Migration and European Culture of Remembrance".
2013:
1911:
1762:
1631:
1598:
1419:
1403:
1375:
1255:
981:
901:
292:
20:
1028:
5156:
4917:
4892:
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4714:
4646:
4475:
4366:
4356:
3521:
3356:
3343:
2843:
1626:
1407:
1263:
777:
245:
146:
93:
3087:
2794:
2683:
2638:
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1752:
1379:
696:, all west of the Rhine. Leaders of the stem duchies which constituted this eastern kingdom â
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4882:
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3531:
3526:
3506:
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1960:
1616:
1411:
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802:
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Germany. These efforts were significantly hampered by the victory of a local alliance led by
196:, Austria-Hungary and the German Empire were partitioned, resulting in many Germans becoming
178:
2068:
1221: German is a co-official language but not the first language of most of the population.
4860:
4804:
4688:
4626:
4621:
4591:
4523:
4501:
4449:
4351:
3644:
3338:
2853:
2021:
1919:
1415:
1359:
1178:
1124:
1060:
1044:
1020:
1001:
962:
943:
838:
581:
who had lived under heavy Roman influence between the Rhine and Elbe rivers. This included
273:
153:
in 1871, and a substantial additional number of Germans were in the multiethnic kingdom of
80:, or sometimes more broadly any people who are of German descent or native speakers of the
8:
5043:
4937:
4912:
4907:
4784:
4729:
4668:
4574:
4305:
4239:
4020:
3735:
3546:
3511:
2804:
1064:
1052:
1023:, but failed in their aim of forming a united German homeland. The Prussians proposed an
1016:
947:
912:
789:
733:
570:
4401:
3894:
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2600:
Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues
1039:, Prussia expanded its sphere of influence and together with its German allies defeated
625:
in several directions including east of the Rhine, where he consolidated power over the
549:
5109:
5102:
4957:
4922:
4809:
4794:
4724:
4702:
4678:
4606:
4540:
4470:
4381:
4300:
4269:
4178:
4155:
4046:
4015:
4005:
3799:
3762:
3720:
3536:
3480:
3415:
3366:
3333:
3321:
3316:
3288:
3252:
3031:
3023:
2973:
2392:
1676:
1531:
1371:
1332:
997:
985:
928:
842:
709:
701:
634:
537:, which defines the Germanic language family, occurred during this period. The earlier
530:
521:
452:
387:
288:
182:
143:
139:
104:
33:
3681:
2998:
As German as Kafka: Identity and Singularity in German Literature around 1900 and 2000
1955:
514:
5063:
5038:
4985:
4932:
4746:
4518:
4310:
3794:
3730:
3710:
3705:
3654:
3639:
3586:
3558:
3541:
3485:
3425:
3420:
3326:
3105:
3057:
3035:
3013:
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2656:
2608:
2025:
1923:
1842:
1766:
1688:
1541:
1383:
1259:
1123:, and sought to be incorporated into the German state, but this was forbidden by the
1036:
1035:
customs union to increase its power among the German states. Under the leadership of
793:
669:
566:
538:
448:
279:
174:
120:
1719:
1031:(1850), recreating the German Confederation. In response, Prussia sought to use the
911:
The Habsburg dynasty managed to maintain their grip upon the imperial throne in the
5125:
5073:
5068:
5058:
5053:
5048:
4875:
4840:
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4486:
4290:
4259:
4214:
4209:
4010:
3990:
3968:
3872:
3782:
3767:
3757:
3740:
3695:
3687:
3659:
3563:
3516:
3501:
3435:
3403:
3376:
3371:
3281:
3144:
3091:
3005:
2594:
2017:
1999:
1915:
1476:
1275:
1190:
1139:
1087:. Competition for colonies between the Great Powers contributed to the outbreak of
977:
905:
818:
697:
661:
645:
578:
517:
434:
430:
426:
401:
312:
170:
162:
116:
1797:
935:
pushed for reforms within the Catholic Church. Luther's efforts culminated in the
577:
German ethnicity began to emerge in medieval times among the descendants of those
5028:
5023:
5018:
4965:
4391:
3828:
3725:
3715:
3676:
3348:
3262:
3245:
3218:
3095:
3053:
3047:
2967:
2927:
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2847:
2798:
2761:
2687:
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1495:
1435:
1427:
1317:
1287:
1251:
1240:
1195:
1116:
1108:
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1048:
1027:
of the German states, but this effort was torpedoed by the Austrians through the
1009:
1005:
993:
846:
713:
705:
622:
609:. These peoples had come under the dominance of the western Franks starting with
526:
486:
353:
154:
81:
52:
5130:
5008:
4995:
4658:
4416:
3468:
3453:
3430:
3386:
3352:
3293:
3190:
3083:
2003:
1664:
1652:
1590:
1454:
1439:
1431:
1395:
1387:
1295:
1279:
1096:
1092:
822:
754:
737:
653:
534:
471:
in the 1st century BC. Gaul included parts of what is now Germany, west of the
397:
367:
253:
197:
186:
124:
1558:
German identity came to be defined by a shared descent, culture, and history.
648:(843), eventually resulting in the long-term separation between the states of
5145:
4371:
3923:
3806:
3398:
3381:
3360:
3206:
2963:
2883:
2689:
One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups
2064:
1609:
1535:
1519:
1499:
1399:
1350:
1299:
1271:
1076:
932:
921:
781:
758:
606:
464:
363:
249:
233:
223:
213:
150:
132:
1550:
1337:
761:, and established what would eventually become the powerful German state of
348:
284:("culture of remembrance"), has become an integral part of German identity.
4756:
4431:
4426:
4396:
4295:
4249:
3772:
3274:
3043:
3027:
2757:
2642:
1621:
1423:
1363:
1298:, and is the first or second language of most Germans, but notably not the
1170:
1166:
1147:
1143:
1112:
1024:
989:
924:
went to the Spanish crown and continued to evolve separately from Germany.
797:
Lotharingia and Burgundy had come under the control of French dynasts, the
664:, non-Frankish dynasties also ruled the eastern kingdom, and under his son
657:
649:
614:
413:
269:
265:
257:
241:
205:
201:
166:
108:
89:
1502:. Another third does not profess any religion. Christian holidays such as
980:
among the Germans. By the late 18th century, German intellectuals such as
833:
509:
At the time of Caesar's invasion, much of Central Europe was inhabited by
328:
319:
4766:
4480:
4315:
4264:
4102:
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1484:
1446:
1135:
1088:
936:
897:
742:
681:
618:
561:
554:
503:
456:
371:
193:
128:
3009:
2396:
1560:
961:
In the 18th century, German culture was significantly influenced by the
4975:
4596:
3906:
1548:, which means "ethnic" or "relating to the people". The German endonym
1491:
1323:
Italy, Hungary, Australia, South Africa, Chile, Paraguay, and Namibia.
1305:
1283:
1210:
1100:
1032:
784:
stopped expanding eastwards towards Hungary in the 11th century. Under
644:
In the generations after Charlemagne the empire was partitioned at the
638:
3843:
3267:
4586:
4234:
3664:
3197:
2604:
1503:
1480:
1155:
866:
776:
developed as kingdoms with their own non-German speaking elites. The
729:
720:
668:, East Francia, which was mostly German, constituted the core of the
602:
594:
237:
209:
158:
100:
37:
2725:
Germanen aus Sicht der ArchÀologie: Neue Thesen zu einem alten Thema
1000:(1815), and left most of the German states loosely united under the
750:
200:
in newly established countries. In the chaotic years that followed,
4120:
3928:
3918:
2652:
1460:
1174:
973:
806:
725:
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598:
586:
477:
438:
324:
217:
392:
4285:
4229:
4151:
3983:
3978:
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1391:
1040:
1015:
Throughout the 19th century, Prussia continued to grow in power.
958:. Charles V and his Habsburg dynasty defended Roman Catholicism.
951:
854:
850:
773:
769:
762:
689:
499:
491:
375:
358:
344:
112:
77:
28:
19:
This article is about the people of Germany. For other uses, see
3950:
3136:
299:
among countries of the world in the number of total recipients.
4066:
4061:
3838:
3745:
2470:
1544:. These peoples came to be referred to by the High German term
1515:
1511:
1507:
1346:
685:
626:
590:
582:
157:. During this time, a large number of Germans emigrated to the
2349:
2347:
2195:
2193:
2191:
4245:
Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples
4224:
3882:
2969:
In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language Archeology and Myth
2334:
2332:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2164:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
1518:
community, which was decimated in the Holocaust. Remembering
810:
693:
510:
472:
405:
529:, which was a Celtic influenced culture that existed in the
4078:
3945:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2344:
2281:
2279:
2188:
1450:
1151:
849:
in yellow, and other member states in grey. Large parts of
468:
443:
409:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2329:
2291:
2224:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2152:
2119:
1475:) is an important part of German culture, particularly in
1059:. In 1871, the Prussian coalition decisively defeated the
988:
movement, which sought to unify the Germans into a single
276:. In modern times, remembrance of the Holocaust, known as
138:
In the 19th century, the Holy Roman Empire dissolved, and
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1004:. The confederation came to be dominated by the Catholic
513:, and it had long been strongly influenced by the celtic
2732:
Timpe, Dieter; Scardigli, Barbara; et al. (2010) .
2451:
2415:
2276:
2095:
identity would gradually develop during the Middle Ages.
2487:
2485:
2359:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2205:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
533:, in the region near the Elbe river. It is likely that
2497:
2403:
2264:
1872:
1799:
Bundesministerium der Justiz und fĂŒr Verbraucherschutz
813:
were no longer subject to effective imperial control.
520:. In contrast, since at least the 2nd century BC, the
2550:
2540:
2538:
2536:
1636:
2482:
2427:
2308:
2245:
2140:
2100:
1580:
1540:
A German ethnic identity began to emerge during the
927:
The introduction of printing by the German inventor
370:
in English, which is now a national language of the
366:, for the related dialects of what is still called
2562:
2533:
2521:
2176:
1908:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology
2439:
1714:
1712:
1710:
5143:
2734:"Germanen, Germania, Germanische Altertumskunde"
1150:. In his quest to subjugate Europe, six million
1071:. After taking Paris, Prussia and their allies
451:in 972 (red line) and 1035 (red dots) with the
189:also included a substantial German population.
2731:
2170:
1707:
1510:are celebrated by many Germans. The number of
1353:is an essential part of modern German culture.
1019:, German revolutionaries set up the temporary
177:, and they established sizable communities in
4136:
3804:
3152:
1804:Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany
1490:A steadily shrinking majority of Germans are
1142:all contributed to the rise of Austrian-born
119:in the 10th century, forming the core of the
4100:
3272:
3204:
3188:
3181:
2792:
2509:
2476:
1247:Geographical distribution of German speakers
1091:, in which the German, Austro-Hungarian and
942:Religious schism was a leading cause of the
277:
221:
4255:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC â AD 16)
4110:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944â1950)
1834:
1832:
1830:
857:did not belong to the German Confederation.
88:, implemented in 1949 following the end of
4143:
4129:
3159:
3145:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
1990:
1984:
1311:
264:from Central and Eastern Europe. In 1990,
1067:, annexing the German speaking region of
494:. At this time, the Germanic peoples, or
467:, who gave an account of his conquest of
244:in which the Nazi regime was defeated by
2793:Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2005).
2766:(2009 ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
2648:Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia
2585:
2515:
2433:
2370:
2353:
2218:
2199:
1889:
1860:
1854:
1827:
1522:is an important part of German culture.
1336:
1189:
891:
875:
860:
832:
605:- all of whom spoke related dialects of
560:
548:
442:
391:
103:began with the separation of a distinct
27:
3690:(including German, Swiss and Austrians)
3684:(including German, Swiss and Austrians)
2962:
2681:
2503:
2409:
2382:
2338:
2302:
2270:
2239:
2134:
2050:
1948:
1343:Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe
5144:
2722:
2158:
2146:
1936:from the original on 24 September 2021
1483:. An important German festival is the
1107:which led to the establishment of the
4124:
3140:
3082:
3042:
2922:
2882:
2842:
2821:from the original on 28 November 2015
2633:
2491:
2464:
2445:
2421:
2323:
2285:
2258:
2113:
1972:from the original on 30 November 2020
1866:
1838:
1747:
1745:
1730:from the original on 13 November 2020
1613:, ZDF's documentary television series
637:. Charlemagne was crowned emperor by
63:
4150:
2992:
2756:
2669:from the original on 10 January 2017
2621:from the original on 14 October 2017
2568:
2556:
2544:
2527:
2182:
2022:10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001
1920:10.1093/acref/9780192830982.001.0001
1901:
1811:from the original on 7 November 2020
1779:from the original on 4 February 2021
1514:is growing. There is also a notable
805:. Step by step, Italy, Switzerland,
76:) are the natives or inhabitants of
2744:from the original on 17 August 2021
2063:
1453:. Germans consume a high amount of
544:
490:by the 1st century Roman historian
13:
3070:from the original on 5 August 2020
2835:
2780:from the original on 23 April 2023
2710:from the original on 21 March 2015
2084:from the original on 31 March 2019
1742:
420:
169:. Large numbers also emigrated to
14:
5168:
3166:
3132:
2980:from the original on 3 March 2021
2738:Germanische Altertumskunde Online
1720:"German Definition & Meaning"
828:
719:A warrior nobility dominated the
412:rivers, a region which the early
3118:from the original on 27 May 2021
3097:The Barbarians of Ancient Europe
2950:from the original on 27 May 2021
2910:from the original on 27 May 2021
2870:from the original on 27 May 2021
2800:Encyclopedia of European Peoples
2038:from the original on 9 June 2021
1961:Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia
1682:
1670:
1658:
1646:
1583:
1055:, subsequently establishing the
871:Bergen-Belsen concentration camp
416:attempted to conquer and control
396:A map depicting the short-lived
4347:German revolutions of 1848â1849
4316:Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation)
2578:
2385:The Hungarian Historical Review
2376:
2009:The Oxford Classical Dictionary
753:. During the 13th century, the
4332:Early modern period, 1500â1800
4220:List of early Germanic peoples
2074:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica Online
1895:
1848:
1791:
1445:Popular German dishes include
535:first Germanic consonant shift
482:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
309:List of terms used for Germans
1:
4455:History of Germany since 1990
2079:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica, Inc.
1700:
1498:, while one third adheres to
99:The history of Germans as an
1758:Oxford Dictionary of English
1258:language closely related to
1160:had to flee or were expelled
165:, especially to present-day
7:
3591:Alsatians and Lotharingians
1576:
1525:
1185:
1173:became focal points of the
896:People standing on top the
10:
5173:
4362:North German Confederation
4342:Confederation of the Rhine
3102:Cambridge University Press
2694:Greenwood Publishing Group
2171:Timpe & Scardigli 2010
2069:"Germany: Ancient History"
1992:Drinkwater, John Frederick
1822:descendant of such person.
1529:
1368:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
1330:
1326:
1315:
1244:
1238:
1121:Republic of German-Austria
1075:the formation of a united
1057:North German Confederation
424:
385:
381:
306:
18:
5096:
4956:
4836:
4827:
4710:
4701:
4582:
4573:
4509:
4500:
4463:
4442:
4324:
4278:
4202:
4171:
4162:
4093:
4039:
3961:
3819:
3630:
3610:
3574:
3494:
3446:
3309:
3233:
3226:
3217:
3174:
2894:Columbia University Press
1966:Columbia University Press
1567:constitutional patriotism
1103:, were overthrown in the
5152:Ethnic groups in Germany
4514:Administrative divisions
2477:Waldman & Mason 2005
1695:
954:, under the rule of the
904:in 1989 in front of the
799:House of Valois-Burgundy
633:, thus establishing the
302:
295:where Germany is ranked
92:, defines a German as a
3611:Multinational dimension
3002:Leuven University Press
2844:Craig, Gordon Alexander
2682:Minahan, James (2000).
2014:Oxford University Press
1912:Oxford University Press
1763:Oxford University Press
1632:Demographics of Germany
1599:Ethnic groups in Europe
1420:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
1404:Karl Friedrich Schinkel
1376:Johann Gottfried Herder
1312:Geographic distribution
1129:Treaty of Saint-Germain
982:Johann Gottfried Herder
404:, situated between the
204:became the dictator of
86:constitution of Germany
4775:Science and technology
4476:History of Brandenburg
4367:Unification of Germany
4357:Frankfurt Constitution
4101:
3805:
3532:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3273:
3205:
3189:
3182:
2723:Steuer, Heiko (2021).
1801:(ed.). "Article 116".
1627:Persecution of Germans
1569:), or the notion of a
1408:Caspar David Friedrich
1354:
1236:
937:Protestant Reformation
908:
889:
873:
858:
574:
558:
460:
417:
278:
222:
161:, particularly to the
149:most Germans into its
56:
40:
4412:Flight and expulsions
3088:"The Ancient Germans"
2002:; Spawforth, Antony;
1765:. 2010. p. 733.
1617:Anti-German sentiment
1542:early medieval period
1530:Further information:
1412:Johann Sebastian Bach
1340:
1245:Further information:
1193:
1165:The German states of
1154:were murdered in the
1111:. The Germans of the
956:House of Hohenzollern
895:
879:
864:
836:
803:House of Valois-Anjou
757:began conquering the
564:
552:
446:
395:
307:Further information:
293:Nobel prize laureates
192:Following the end of
31:
5084:World Heritage Sites
4762:German states by GDP
4352:German Confederation
4031:United Arab Emirates
3339:Transylvanian Saxons
3104:. pp. 211â232.
3054:Blackwell Publishing
2854:New American Library
2807:. pp. 330â335.
2740:. pp. 363â876.
2696:. pp. 287â294.
2655:. pp. 171â177.
2607:. pp. 313â316.
1902:Hoad, T. F. (2003).
1494:. About a third are
1416:Ludwig van Beethoven
1410:, and the composers
1360:Age of Enlightenment
1138:ideologies, and the
1125:Treaty of Versailles
1061:Second French Empire
1045:Second Schleswig War
1029:Punctation of OlmĂŒtz
1021:Frankfurt Parliament
1002:German Confederation
839:German Confederation
352:is derived from the
323:is derived from the
4720:Automobile industry
4306:Carolingian dynasty
4240:History of the Huns
3618:Central and Eastern
3522:Italy (South Tyrol)
3010:10.2307/j.ctvss3xg0
2974:Thames & Hudson
2966:(1991). "Germans".
2805:Infobase Publishing
2479:, pp. 334â335.
2467:, pp. 176â177.
2424:, pp. 171â172.
2356:, pp. 314â315.
2341:, pp. 291â292.
2305:, pp. 290â291.
2288:, pp. 173â174.
2242:, pp. 289â290.
2202:, pp. 313â314.
2161:, p. 89, 1310.
2137:, pp. 288â289.
1380:Friedrich Hölderlin
1105:November Revolution
1065:Franco-Prussian War
1053:Austro-Prussian War
948:Peace of Westphalia
913:early modern period
869:in a mass grave at
734:Saxon Eastern March
621:, who expanded the
571:Peace of Westphalia
553:Maps depicting the
142:began to grow. The
4790:Telecommunications
4471:History of Prussia
4387:Revolution of 1918
4382:War guilt question
4301:Carolingian Empire
4270:Sack of Rome (410)
4179:History of Germany
3763:Pennsylvania Dutch
2976:. pp. 84â87.
1532:German nationalism
1398:, the philosopher
1372:Friedrich Schiller
1355:
1333:Culture of Germany
1237:
998:Congress of Vienna
986:German nationalist
978:national awakening
929:Johannes Gutenberg
909:
890:
874:
859:
853:and some parts of
837:Boundaries of the
736:in the north, the
728:to "liberate" the
635:Carolingian Empire
575:
559:
531:Pre-Roman Iron Age
522:Germanic languages
461:
453:Kingdom of Germany
418:
388:History of Germany
144:Kingdom of Prussia
140:German nationalism
105:Kingdom of Germany
41:
5139:
5138:
5092:
5091:
4823:
4822:
4737:Chemical Triangle
4697:
4696:
4684:Political parties
4632:Foreign relations
4569:
4568:
4496:
4495:
4407:Allied occupation
4311:Holy Roman Empire
4118:
4117:
4089:
4088:
3626:
3625:
3426:Russian Mennonite
3111:978-0-521-19404-4
3092:Bonfante, Larissa
3049:The Early Germans
2929:A German Identity
2773:978-1-4051-3756-0
2763:The Early Germans
2559:, pp. 33â34.
2000:Hornblower, Simon
1843:Volksgemeinschaft
1384:E. T. A. Hoffmann
1268:Saterland Frisian
1235:
1037:Otto von Bismarck
944:Thirty Years' War
794:House of Habsburg
747:Kingdom of Poland
670:Holy Roman Empire
660:. Beginning with
567:Holy Roman Empire
539:Nordic Bronze Age
502:in the east, and
449:Holy Roman Empire
317:The English term
280:Erinnerungskultur
256:, and the former
198:ethnic minorities
121:Holy Roman Empire
65:[ËdÉÊtÊÉ]
38:German Parliament
16:People of Germany
5164:
5119:
5112:
5105:
5069:Prussian virtues
4834:
4833:
4742:Economic history
4708:
4707:
4602:
4580:
4579:
4531:Cities and towns
4507:
4506:
4487:Baden Revolution
4291:Treaty of Verdun
4260:Marcomannic Wars
4215:Migration Period
4210:Germanic peoples
4194:Military history
4169:
4168:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4122:
4121:
4106:
4057:Papua New Guinea
3895:KapitaĂŻ and Koba
3861:KapitaĂŻ and Koba
3810:
3688:Los Lagos Region
3670:British Columbia
3278:
3231:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3210:
3194:
3185:
3161:
3154:
3147:
3138:
3137:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3039:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2728:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2587:Haarmann, Harald
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2391:(3/4): 397â414.
2380:
2374:
2368:
2357:
2351:
2342:
2336:
2327:
2321:
2306:
2300:
2289:
2283:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2243:
2237:
2222:
2216:
2203:
2197:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2117:
2111:
2098:
2097:
2091:
2089:
2061:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1836:
1825:
1824:
1818:
1816:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1749:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1716:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1642:
1593:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1477:Southern Germany
1402:, the architect
1232:
1226:
1220:
1203:
1199:
1140:Great Depression
906:Brandenburg Gate
819:Hanseatic League
755:Teutonic Knights
662:Henry the Fowler
646:Treaty of Verdun
579:Germanic peoples
545:Medieval history
518:material culture
459:, marked in blue
435:Germanic peoples
431:Limes Germanicus
427:Germania Antiqua
402:Germania Antiqua
313:Names of Germany
283:
227:
220:, and so-called
117:Ottonian dynasty
75:
74:
73:
67:
62:
51:
5172:
5171:
5167:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5161:
5142:
5141:
5140:
5135:
5122:
5115:
5108:
5101:
5088:
4952:
4903:Life expectancy
4819:
4693:
4664:Law enforcement
4600:
4565:
4492:
4459:
4438:
4422:Divided Germany
4392:Weimar Republic
4320:
4286:Frankish Empire
4274:
4198:
4164:
4158:
4149:
4119:
4114:
4085:
4035:
3957:
3815:
3682:Los RĂos Region
3622:
3606:
3570:
3495:Southern Europe
3490:
3464:North Schleswig
3447:Northern Europe
3442:
3305:
3246:Sudeten Germans
3213:
3170:
3165:
3135:
3130:
3121:
3119:
3112:
3084:Wells, Peter S.
3073:
3071:
3064:
3020:
2983:
2981:
2953:
2951:
2944:
2913:
2911:
2904:
2873:
2871:
2864:
2838:
2836:Further reading
2833:
2824:
2822:
2815:
2783:
2781:
2774:
2747:
2745:
2713:
2711:
2704:
2672:
2670:
2663:
2635:Moser, Johannes
2624:
2622:
2615:
2581:
2576:
2575:
2567:
2563:
2555:
2551:
2543:
2534:
2526:
2522:
2514:
2510:
2502:
2498:
2490:
2483:
2475:
2471:
2463:
2452:
2444:
2440:
2432:
2428:
2420:
2416:
2408:
2404:
2381:
2377:
2369:
2360:
2352:
2345:
2337:
2330:
2322:
2309:
2301:
2292:
2284:
2277:
2269:
2265:
2257:
2246:
2238:
2225:
2217:
2206:
2198:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2133:
2120:
2112:
2101:
2087:
2085:
2062:
2051:
2041:
2039:
2032:
2016:. p. 613.
2004:Eidinow, Esther
1989:
1985:
1975:
1973:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1937:
1930:
1900:
1896:
1888:
1873:
1865:
1861:
1853:
1849:
1837:
1828:
1814:
1812:
1796:
1792:
1782:
1780:
1773:
1751:
1750:
1743:
1733:
1731:
1724:Merriam-Webster
1718:
1717:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1683:
1681:
1671:
1669:
1659:
1657:
1647:
1645:
1637:
1604:German diaspora
1589:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1538:
1528:
1496:Roman Catholics
1436:Richard Strauss
1428:Johannes Brahms
1335:
1329:
1320:
1318:German diaspora
1314:
1288:Standard German
1262:(in particular
1249:
1243:
1241:German language
1234:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1216:
1201:
1196:German language
1188:
1119:proclaimed the
1109:Weimar Republic
1093:Ottoman Empires
1085:German diaspora
1069:Alsace-Lorraine
1047:and soon after
1010:German Question
1006:Austrian Empire
996:ended with the
994:Napoleonic Wars
865:Victims of the
831:
768:Further south,
623:Frankish empire
547:
527:Jastorf culture
441:
423:
421:Ancient history
390:
384:
354:Old High German
315:
305:
155:Austria-Hungary
113:Frankish Empire
82:German language
69:
68:
60:
47:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5170:
5160:
5159:
5154:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5133:
5128:
5121:
5120:
5113:
5106:
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5000:Cultural icons
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4780:Stock exchange
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4417:Denazification
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4189:Historiography
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4074:German Samoans
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3602:United Kingdom
3599:
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3575:Western Europe
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3469:Potato Germans
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3404:North Caucasus
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3379:
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3311:
3310:Eastern Europe
3307:
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3296:
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3241:Czech Republic
3237:
3235:
3234:Central Europe
3228:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3191:Reichsdeutsche
3186:
3183:Bundesdeutsche
3178:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3164:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3141:
3134:
3133:External links
3131:
3129:
3128:
3110:
3080:
3062:
3040:
3018:
2990:
2964:Mallory, J. P.
2960:
2942:
2932:(2 ed.).
2920:
2902:
2884:Elias, Norbert
2880:
2862:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2813:
2790:
2772:
2754:
2729:
2720:
2702:
2679:
2662:978-1598843026
2661:
2631:
2614:978-1317464006
2613:
2595:Danver, Steven
2582:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2561:
2549:
2532:
2520:
2508:
2506:, p. 174.
2496:
2494:, p. 176.
2481:
2469:
2450:
2438:
2426:
2414:
2412:, p. 288.
2402:
2375:
2373:, p. 316.
2358:
2343:
2328:
2326:, p. 174.
2307:
2290:
2275:
2273:, p. 290.
2263:
2261:, p. 173.
2244:
2223:
2221:, p. 314.
2204:
2187:
2175:
2173:, p. 636.
2163:
2151:
2139:
2118:
2116:, p. 172.
2099:
2065:Heather, Peter
2049:
2030:
2012:(4 ed.).
1983:
1947:
1928:
1894:
1892:, p. 313.
1871:
1859:
1847:
1826:
1790:
1772:978-0199571123
1771:
1741:
1705:
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1601:
1595:
1594:
1591:Germany portal
1578:
1575:
1527:
1524:
1440:Richard Wagner
1432:Franz Schubert
1406:, the painter
1396:Brothers Grimm
1388:Heinrich Heine
1349:; remembering
1328:
1325:
1313:
1310:
1296:Central German
1239:Main article:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1200:
1187:
1184:
1097:Central Powers
972:altogether by
830:
829:Modern history
827:
823:Swabian League
778:Austrian March
738:Polabian Slavs
654:Middle Francia
546:
543:
506:in the north.
422:
419:
398:Roman province
383:
380:
304:
301:
289:German culture
254:United Kingdom
187:Russian Empire
125:Eastern Europe
94:German citizen
36:, seat of the
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5169:
5158:
5157:German people
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4943:Social issues
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4871:Ethnic groups
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4450:Reunification
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4372:German Empire
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3924:Dar es Salaam
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3807:Colonia Tovar
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3758:United States
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3462:
3461:
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3457:
3455:
3454:Baltic states
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3239:
3238:
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3225:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3208:
3207:Volksdeutsche
3203:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3168:German people
3162:
3157:
3155:
3150:
3148:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3069:
3065:
3063:9781405117142
3059:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3044:Todd, Malcolm
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3019:9789462701786
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2949:
2945:
2939:
2935:
2934:Phoenix Press
2931:
2930:
2925:
2924:James, Harold
2921:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2890:
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2796:
2791:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2758:Todd, Malcolm
2755:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2727:. de Gruyter.
2726:
2721:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2643:Cole, Jeffrey
2640:
2636:
2632:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2571:, p. 34.
2570:
2565:
2558:
2553:
2547:, p. 33.
2546:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2530:, p. 32.
2529:
2524:
2517:
2516:Haarmann 2015
2512:
2505:
2500:
2493:
2488:
2486:
2478:
2473:
2466:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2447:
2442:
2435:
2434:Haarmann 2015
2430:
2423:
2418:
2411:
2406:
2398:
2394:
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2386:
2379:
2372:
2371:Haarmann 2015
2367:
2365:
2363:
2355:
2354:Haarmann 2015
2350:
2348:
2340:
2335:
2333:
2325:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2272:
2267:
2260:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2241:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2220:
2219:Haarmann 2015
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2201:
2200:Haarmann 2015
2196:
2194:
2192:
2185:, p. 11.
2184:
2179:
2172:
2167:
2160:
2155:
2149:, p. 32.
2148:
2143:
2136:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2115:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2096:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2037:
2033:
2031:9780191735257
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1935:
1931:
1929:9780192830982
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1890:Haarmann 2015
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1868:
1863:
1856:
1855:Haarmann 2015
1851:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1823:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1748:
1746:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1706:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1668:
1666:
1656:
1654:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1610:Die Deutschen
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1581:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1536:Pan-Germanism
1533:
1523:
1521:
1520:the Holocaust
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1500:Protestantism
1497:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1400:Immanuel Kant
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1352:
1351:the Holocaust
1348:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1324:
1319:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1301:
1300:Volga Germans
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1272:Luxembourgish
1269:
1265:
1264:North Frisian
1261:
1257:
1256:West Germanic
1253:
1248:
1242:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1197:
1192:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1117:Dual Monarchy
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1078:
1077:German Empire
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
966:
964:
963:Enlightenment
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
940:
938:
934:
933:Martin Luther
930:
925:
923:
922:low countries
918:
914:
907:
903:
899:
894:
887:
883:
878:
872:
868:
863:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
835:
826:
824:
820:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
795:
791:
787:
783:
782:Middle Danube
779:
775:
771:
766:
764:
760:
759:Old Prussians
756:
752:
748:
744:
739:
735:
731:
727:
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
607:West Germanic
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
572:
568:
563:
556:
551:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
523:
519:
516:
512:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
488:
483:
479:
474:
470:
466:
465:Julius Caesar
458:
454:
450:
445:
440:
436:
432:
428:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
394:
389:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
364:Low Countries
361:
360:
355:
351:
350:
346:
341:
337:
335:
331:
330:
326:
322:
321:
314:
310:
300:
298:
294:
290:
285:
282:
281:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
250:United States
248:, led by the
247:
246:allied powers
243:
239:
235:
231:
226:
225:
224:Volksdeutsche
219:
215:
214:Luxembourgers
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
163:United States
160:
156:
152:
151:German Empire
148:
145:
141:
136:
134:
133:Protestantism
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
72:
66:
58:
54:
50:
45:
39:
35:
30:
26:
22:
5117:Bibliography
4991:Coat of arms
4971:Architecture
4948:Trade unions
4928:Prostitution
4888:Homelessness
4865:
4851:Demographics
4800:Trade unions
4767:
4757:German model
4730:Central bank
4674:Conservatism
4637:Human rights
4622:Court system
4617:Constitution
4597:
4443:Contemporary
4432:West Germany
4427:East Germany
4402:World War II
4397:Nazi Germany
4337:18th-century
4296:East Francia
4250:Cimbrian War
3902:South Africa
3275:Walddeutsche
3167:
3120:. Retrieved
3096:
3072:. Retrieved
3048:
2997:
2982:. Retrieved
2968:
2952:. Retrieved
2928:
2912:. Retrieved
2888:
2872:. Retrieved
2848:
2823:. Retrieved
2799:
2782:. Retrieved
2762:
2746:. Retrieved
2737:
2724:
2712:. Retrieved
2688:
2671:. Retrieved
2647:
2623:. Retrieved
2599:
2579:Bibliography
2564:
2552:
2523:
2511:
2504:Minahan 2000
2499:
2472:
2441:
2429:
2417:
2410:Minahan 2000
2405:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2339:Minahan 2000
2303:Minahan 2000
2271:Minahan 2000
2266:
2240:Minahan 2000
2178:
2166:
2154:
2142:
2135:Minahan 2000
2093:
2086:. Retrieved
2072:
2040:. Retrieved
2007:
1986:
1974:. Retrieved
1959:
1950:
1938:. Retrieved
1907:
1897:
1862:
1850:
1820:
1813:. Retrieved
1803:
1793:
1781:. Retrieved
1757:
1732:. Retrieved
1723:
1622:Germanophile
1608:
1571:Kulturnation
1570:
1559:
1556:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1489:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1444:
1424:Joseph Haydn
1364:Romantic era
1356:
1321:
1304:
1290:is based on
1250:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1171:East Germany
1167:West Germany
1164:
1144:Adolf Hitler
1133:
1115:side of the
1081:
1025:Erfurt Union
1014:
990:nation state
967:
960:
941:
926:
910:
815:
767:
718:
658:East Francia
650:West Francia
643:
615:Stem duchies
576:
508:
495:
485:
462:
455:, including
414:Roman Empire
357:
347:
342:
338:
333:
327:
318:
316:
286:
270:East Germany
266:West Germany
258:Soviet Union
242:World War II
206:Nazi Germany
202:Adolf Hitler
191:
167:Pennsylvania
147:incorporated
137:
109:eastern part
101:ethnic group
98:
90:World War II
43:
42:
25:
4918:Pornography
4893:Immigration
4856:Drug policy
4768:Mittelstand
4715:Agriculture
4679:Nationalism
4652:Transgender
4536:Earthquakes
4483:, 1583-1588
4481:Cologne War
4377:World War I
4279:Middle Ages
4265:Gothic Wars
4103:Ostsiedlung
4052:New Zealand
4026:Philippines
3868:Ivory Coast
3753:Puerto Rico
3706:El Salvador
3597:Netherlands
3551:Gottscheers
3351:(including
3301:Switzerland
3122:23 December
3074:23 December
3028:j.ctvss3xg0
2984:23 December
2954:23 December
2914:23 December
2889:The Germans
2874:23 December
2849:The Germans
2825:22 December
2159:Steuer 2021
2147:Steuer 2021
2088:21 November
2042:22 December
1940:22 December
1783:22 December
1734:25 November
1677:Switzerland
1485:Oktoberfest
1447:brown bread
1292:High German
1198:in Europe:
1177:, but were
1148:Third Reich
1136:antisemitic
1095:formed the
1089:World War I
898:Berlin Wall
743:Ostsiedlung
682:Lotharingia
619:Charlemagne
555:Ostsiedlung
504:Scandinavia
457:Lotharingia
372:Netherlands
343:The German
194:World War I
179:New Zealand
129:Reformation
5146:Categories
5079:Television
5064:Philosophy
5039:Literature
4898:Irreligion
4883:Healthcare
4846:Corruption
4612:Chancellor
4601:(military)
4598:Bundeswehr
4016:Kyrgyzstan
4006:Kazakhstan
3907:Afrikaners
3701:Costa Rica
3665:Hutterites
3527:Yugoslavia
3507:Azerbaijan
3416:Bessarabia
3175:Historical
2994:Rock, Lena
2943:1842122045
2903:0231105630
2863:0452006228
2814:1438129181
2703:0313309841
2673:25 October
2492:Moser 2011
2465:Moser 2011
2446:Moser 2011
2422:Moser 2011
2324:Moser 2011
2286:Moser 2011
2259:Moser 2011
2114:Moser 2011
1976:5 December
1867:Moser 2011
1839:Moser 2011
1701:References
1689:Luxembourg
1492:Christians
1331:See also:
1316:See also:
1306:Low German
1284:Low German
1211:Sprachraum
1101:Wilhelm II
1073:proclaimed
1033:Zollverein
786:Ottokar II
639:Pope Leo I
569:after the
425:See also:
386:See also:
216:, eastern
115:under the
61:pronounced
5034:Libraries
5014:Festivals
4861:Education
4805:Transport
4770:companies
4689:President
4627:Elections
4592:Bundesrat
4587:Bundestag
4556:Mountains
4524:Districts
4502:Geography
4235:Visigoths
4172:Overviews
4047:Australia
3800:Venezuela
3783:Palatines
3731:Nicaragua
3711:Guatemala
3640:Argentina
3421:Black Sea
3367:Satu Mare
3327:Black Sea
3198:Palatines
3046:(2004a).
3036:241563332
2795:"Germans"
2684:"Germans"
2639:"Germans"
2605:Routledge
2591:"Germans"
2569:Rock 2019
2557:Rock 2019
2545:Rock 2019
2528:Rock 2019
2183:Todd 1999
1996:"Germans"
1956:"Germans"
1504:Christmas
1481:Rhineland
1473:Fastnacht
1463:(German:
1286:. Modern
1179:reunified
1156:Holocaust
970:dissolved
917:Charles V
867:Holocaust
845:in blue,
730:Holy Land
710:Thuringia
702:Franconia
641:in 800.
603:Baiuvarii
595:Thuringii
274:reunified
238:Holocaust
210:Austrians
183:Australia
159:New World
107:from the
49:âčSee Tfdâș
34:Reichstag
5126:Category
5044:Internet
5029:Language
5019:Folklore
4938:Religion
4913:Pensions
4908:Naturism
4785:Taxation
4669:Lobbying
4642:Intersex
4575:Politics
4184:Timeline
4163:General
4156:articles
4094:See also
4021:Pakistan
3929:Zanzibar
3919:Bagamoyo
3914:Tanzania
3834:Cameroon
3768:Nebraska
3736:Paraguay
3696:Colombia
3632:Americas
3564:Bosporus
3547:Slovenia
3512:Bulgaria
3372:Bukovina
3357:Highland
3344:Landlers
3289:Slovakia
3219:Diaspora
3116:Archived
3086:(2011).
3068:Archived
2996:(2019).
2978:Archived
2948:Archived
2926:(2000).
2908:Archived
2886:(1996).
2868:Archived
2846:(1983).
2819:Archived
2784:22 April
2778:Archived
2760:(1999).
2748:22 April
2742:Archived
2714:11 March
2708:Archived
2667:Archived
2653:ABC-CLIO
2637:(2011).
2619:Archived
2589:(2015).
2397:42568610
2082:Archived
2036:Archived
2006:(eds.).
1994:(2012).
1970:Archived
1968:. 2013.
1934:Archived
1904:"German"
1809:Archived
1777:Archived
1753:"German"
1728:Archived
1577:See also
1561:Völkisch
1551:Deutsche
1526:Identity
1479:and the
1469:Fasching
1465:Karneval
1461:Carnival
1394:and the
1362:and the
1186:Language
1175:Cold War
1113:Austrian
974:Napoleon
902:its fall
882:expelled
880:Germans
841:in red,
821:and the
807:Lorraine
790:Rudolf I
726:Crusades
678:Burgundy
631:Frisians
611:Clovis I
599:Alemanni
587:Frisians
487:Germania
478:Arminius
439:Germania
349:Deutsche
325:ethnonym
262:expelled
218:Belgians
57:Deutsche
5103:Outline
5009:Fashion
4996:Cuisine
4958:Culture
4923:Poverty
4866:Germans
4829:Society
4810:Welfare
4795:Tourism
4752:Exports
4725:Banking
4703:Economy
4607:Cabinet
4546:Islands
4541:Geology
4464:Regions
4230:Teutons
4203:Ancient
4165:History
4152:Germany
4040:Oceania
3984:Tianjin
3979:Qingdao
3974:Beijing
3941:Baguida
3890:Senegal
3878:Nigeria
3873:Namibia
3844:Yaoundé
3795:Uruguay
3788:by city
3721:Jamaica
3650:Bolivia
3582:Belgium
3537:Croatia
3517:Georgia
3502:Armenia
3481:Finland
3459:Denmark
3436:Galicia
3411:Ukraine
3377:Dobruja
3334:Romania
3322:Moldova
3317:Belarus
3282:Galicia
3268:OlÄders
3263:Vistula
3253:Hungary
3094:(ed.).
2645:(ed.).
2625:22 June
2597:(ed.).
1665:Austria
1653:Germany
1639:Portals
1546:diutisc
1512:Muslims
1455:alcohol
1392:Novalis
1327:Culture
1276:English
1260:Frisian
1063:in the
1051:in the
1049:Austria
1043:in the
1041:Denmark
1017:In 1848
952:Prussia
900:during
888:in 1948
855:Prussia
851:Austria
847:Austria
843:Prussia
792:of the
780:on the
774:Hungary
770:Bohemia
763:Prussia
741:as the
698:Bavaria
690:Cologne
515:La TĂšne
500:Vistula
496:Germani
492:Tacitus
480:at the
382:History
376:Belgium
359:diutisc
345:endonym
334:Germans
329:Germani
320:Germans
240:led to
111:of the
78:Germany
44:Germans
5131:Portal
4986:Cinema
4966:Anthem
4933:Racism
4747:Energy
4561:Rivers
4519:States
4489:, 1848
4325:Modern
4154:
4067:Rabaul
4062:Kokopo
3996:Israel
3856:Guinea
3839:Douala
3829:Angola
3821:Africa
3746:Pozuzo
3726:Mexico
3660:Canada
3655:Brazil
3645:Belize
3587:France
3559:Turkey
3542:Serbia
3486:Sweden
3476:Norway
3431:Crimea
3394:Russia
3387:Zipser
3361:Walser
3359:, and
3349:Danube
3294:Zipser
3258:Poland
3227:Europe
3108:
3060:
3034:
3026:
3016:
2940:
2900:
2860:
2811:
2770:
2700:
2659:
2611:
2395:
2028:
1926:
1815:3 June
1769:
1516:Jewish
1508:Easter
1347:Berlin
1282:, and
1252:German
1231:
1225:
1219:
1206:German
1204:
1202:
886:Poland
809:, and
751:GdaĆsk
721:feudal
714:Saxony
712:, and
706:Swabia
686:Aachen
680:, and
666:Otto I
627:Saxons
591:Saxons
583:Franks
573:, 1648
437:, and
252:, the
230:Jewish
185:. The
175:Brazil
171:Canada
84:. The
53:German
21:German
5110:Index
5074:Sport
5059:Names
5054:Music
5049:Media
5004:Dance
4876:Women
4841:Crime
4815:Women
4551:Lakes
4225:Goths
4011:Korea
4001:Japan
3991:India
3969:China
3883:Lagos
3851:Ghana
3778:Omaha
3773:Texas
3716:Haiti
3677:Chile
3399:Volga
3382:Regat
3353:Banat
3090:. In
3032:S2CID
3024:JSTOR
2641:. In
2593:. In
2393:JSTOR
1998:. In
1696:Notes
1471:, or
1280:Dutch
884:from
811:Savoy
724:five
694:Trier
674:Italy
511:Celts
473:Rhine
406:Rhine
368:Dutch
356:term
303:Names
297:third
272:were
5024:Flag
4981:Arts
4647:LGBT
4079:Apia
3962:Asia
3951:Lomé
3946:Sebe
3936:Togo
3741:Peru
3124:2020
3106:ISBN
3076:2020
3058:ISBN
3014:ISBN
2986:2020
2956:2020
2938:ISBN
2916:2020
2898:ISBN
2876:2020
2858:ISBN
2827:2020
2809:ISBN
2786:2023
2768:ISBN
2750:2023
2716:2016
2698:ISBN
2675:2015
2657:ISBN
2627:2018
2609:ISBN
2090:2020
2044:2020
2026:ISBN
1978:2020
1942:2020
1924:ISBN
1817:2021
1785:2020
1767:ISBN
1736:2020
1534:and
1506:and
1451:stew
1449:and
1438:and
1294:and
1266:and
1194:The
1169:and
1152:Jews
1127:and
801:and
772:and
692:and
656:and
629:and
601:and
565:The
469:Gaul
447:The
410:Elbe
408:and
374:and
311:and
268:and
234:Roma
181:and
173:and
32:The
4976:Art
4659:Law
3006:doi
2018:doi
1916:doi
1345:in
1270:),
400:of
232:or
135:.
5148::
3355:,
3114:.
3100:.
3066:.
3056:.
3052:.
3030:.
3022:.
3012:.
3004:.
3000:.
2972:.
2946:.
2936:.
2906:.
2896:.
2892:.
2866:.
2856:.
2852:.
2817:.
2803:.
2797:.
2776:.
2736:.
2706:.
2692:.
2686:.
2665:.
2651:.
2617:.
2603:.
2535:^
2484:^
2453:^
2387:.
2361:^
2346:^
2331:^
2310:^
2293:^
2278:^
2247:^
2226:^
2207:^
2190:^
2121:^
2102:^
2092:.
2077:.
2071:.
2067:.
2052:^
2034:.
2024:.
1964:.
1958:.
1932:.
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