Francia - Knowledge

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the construction of monastic cities, built to showcase a revival of the architecture of ancient Rome. Administration was conducted by bishops. The old Gallo-Roman aristocrats had survived in prestige and as an institution by taking up the episcopal offices, and they were now put in charge of fields such as justice, infrastructure, education and social services. Kings were legitimized by their links with the religious institutions. Episcopal elections became supervised by the kings, and royal confirmation helped to strengthen the bishops' authority as well. There were improvements in agriculture, notably the adoption of a new heavy

2958: 2013: 3328: 9779: 43: 2453:(c. 560) were incorporated into the Frankish kingdom. The outlying trans-Rhenish tribes were loosely attached to Frankish sovereignty, and though they could be forced to contribute to Frankish military efforts, in times of weak kings they were uncontrollable and liable to attempt independence. The Romanised Burgundian kingdom, however, was preserved in its territoriality by the Franks and converted into one of their primary divisions, incorporating the central Gallic heartland of Chlodomer's realm with its capital at Orléans. 2210: 136: 9791: 2681:, but they then fell foul of each other and the remainder of their time on the thrones was spent in infighting, often incited by their grandmother Brunhilda, who, angered over her expulsion from Theudebert's court, convinced Theuderic to unseat him and kill him. In 612 he did and the whole realm of his father Childebert was once again ruled by one man. This was short-lived, however, as he died on the eve of preparing an expedition against Chlothar in 613, leaving a young son named 1305: 2763: 2621: 2524: 2394: 2378:—was conceived of as a single realm ruled collectively by several kings and the turn of events could result in the reunification of the whole realm under a single king. The Merovingian kings ruled by divine right and their kingship was symbolised daily by their long hair and initially by their acclamation, which was carried out by raising the king on a shield in accordance with the ancient Germanic practice of electing a war-leader at an assembly of the warriors. 8529: 6422: 8519: 2803: 3344: 9767: 1766: 9755: 1223: 8539: 1780: 1238: 2750:(614), which has generally been viewed as a concession to the nobility, though this view has come under recent criticism. The Edict primarily sought to guarantee justice and end corruption in government, but it also entrenched the regional differences between the three kingdoms of Francia and probably granted the nobles more control over judicial appointments. 2854:; the duchy of Vasconia was also part of his allotment. Charibert campaigned successfully against the Basques, but after his death they revolted again (632). At the same time the Bretons rose up against Frankish suzerainty. In 635 an army sent by Dagobert subdued the Basques, while threats of military action induced the Breton leader 2738:, to give the kingdom over to Chlothar in order to remove Brunhilda, the young king's regent, from power. Warnachar was himself already the mayor of the palace of Austrasia, while Rado and Pepin were to find themselves rewarded with mayoral offices after Chlothar's coup succeeded and Brunhilda and the ten-year-old king were killed. 3538:, which the Franks never conquered) eastwards to most of today's Germany, including northern Italy and today's Austria. In the hierarchy of the church, bishops and abbots looked to the patronage of the king's palace, where the sources of patronage and security lay. Charles had fully emerged as the leader of Western 3298:

alongside the Merovingian kings, conflict immediately erupted between Pepin and Carloman on one side and Grifo their younger brother on the other. Though Carloman captured and imprisoned Grifo, it may have been enmity between the elder brothers that caused Pepin to release Grifo while Carloman was on

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The king lost the support of many magnates while on campaign and the weakness of the monarchic institutions by that time are evident in his inability to effectively make war without the support of the magnates; in fact, he could not even provide his own bodyguard without the loyal aid of Grimoald and

2168:, reputed to be relatives of Chlodio, arose from within the Gallo-Roman military, with Childeric and his son Clovis being called "King of the Franks" in the Gallo-Roman military, even before having any Frankish territorial kingdom. Once Clovis defeated his Roman competitor for power in northern Gaul, 4106:

entrenching the rights of the nobility, but in actuality it sought to remove corruption from the judiciary and protect local and regional interests. Even after the last Merovingian capitulary, kings of the dynasty continued to independently exercise some legal powers. Childebert III even found cases

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Immediately after the fall of Rome and through the Merovingian dynasty, trading towns were re-established in the ruins of ancient cities. These specialised in exchange of goods, craft and agriculture, and were mostly independent of aristocratic control. Carolingian Francia saw royal sponsorship for

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to them as a subking in 633. This act was precipitated largely by the Austrasians' desire to be self-governing at a time when Neustrians dominated at the royal court. Chlothar had been the king at Paris for decades before becoming the king at Metz as well and the Merovingian monarchy was ever after

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Pepin reigned as an elected king. Although such elections happened infrequently, a general rule in Germanic law stated that the king relied on the support of his leading men. These men reserved the right to choose a new "kingworthy" leader out of the ruling clan if they felt that the old one could

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After 718 Charles Martel embarked on a series of wars intended to strengthen the Franks' hegemony in western Europe. In 718 he defeated the rebellious Saxons, in 719 he overran Western Frisia, in 723 he suppressed the Saxons again, and in 724 he defeated Ragenfrid and the rebellious Neustrians,

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was to prove the end of the Merovingian dynasty's power. Theuderic III succeeded his brother Chlothar III in Neustria in 673, but Childeric II of Austrasia displaced him soon thereafter—until he died in 675, and Theuderic III retook his throne. When Dagobert II died in 679, Theuderic received

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The fraternal kings showed only intermittent signs of friendship and were often in rivalry. On the early death of Chlodomer, his brother Chlothar had his young sons murdered in order to take a share of his kingdom, which was, in accordance with custom, divided between the surviving brothers.

1948:, generally subdivided into several smaller kingdoms ruled by different members of the ruling dynasties. Whilst these kingdoms coordinated, they also regularly came into conflict with one another. The old Frankish lands, for example, were initially contained within the kingdom of 2597:, incited her husband to war and the conflict between the two queens continued to plague relations until the next century. Guntram sought to keep the peace, though he also attempted twice (585 and 589) to conquer Septimania from the Goths, but was defeated both times. 2753:

By 623 the Austrasians had begun to clamour for a king of their own, since Chlothar was so often absent from the kingdom and, because of his upbringing and previous rule in the Seine basin, was more or less an outsider there. Chlothar thus granted that his son

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All the surviving brothers benefited at the death of Charibert, but Chilperic was also able to extend his authority during the period of war by bringing the Bretons to heel again. After his death, Guntram had to again force the Bretons to submit. In 587, the

3168:, Charles definitively defeated his rivals and forced them into hiding, eventually accepting the king back on the condition that he receive his father's positions (718). There were no more active Merovingian kings after that point and Charles and his 4129:

were selected from outside their respective regions in order to prevent conflicts of interest. A capitulary of 802 gives insight into their duties. They were to execute justice, enforce respect for the royal rights, control the administration of the

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to incorporate their realm into the Frankish kingdom. This campaign expanded the practice of non-Roman Christian rulers undertaking the conversion of their neighbours by armed force; Frankish Catholic missionaries, along with others from Ireland and

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inherited Burgundy and Guntram's Aquitaine. United, the brothers sought to remove their father's cousin Chlothar II from power and they did succeed in conquering most of his kingdom, reducing him to only a few cities, but they failed to capture him.

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too defined itself in opposition to Neustria at about this time. However, it was the Austrasians, who had been seen as a distinct people within the realm since the time of Gregory of Tours, who were to make the most strident moves for independence.

2363:, who wrote around the year 590. His chronology for the reigns of the early kings is almost certainly fabricated, often contradicting itself and other sources. Clovis' baptism, traditionally dated to 496, is now believed to have taken place in 508. 2873:

Indeed, it is in the 640s that "Neustria" first appears in writing, its late appearance relative to "Austrasia" probably due to the fact that Neustrians (who formed the bulk of the authors of the time) called their region simply "Francia".

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for the ducal succession upon the Bavarians and forced the Alemanni to assist him in his campaigns in Bavaria (725 and 726), where laws were promulgated in Theuderic's name. In 730 Alemannia had to be subjugated by the sword and its duke,

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would be their king and he was duly acclaimed by the Austrasian warriors in the traditional fashion. Nonetheless, though Dagobert exercised true authority in his realm, Chlothar maintained ultimate control over the whole Frankish kingdom.

1968:. The exact borders and number of these subkingdoms varied over time, until a basic split between eastern and western domains became persistent. After various treaties and conflicts in the late-9th and early-10th centuries, 3303:, drawn from a monastery, in 743. Others have suggested that perhaps the position of the two brothers was weak or challenged, or perhaps there Carloman was merely acting for a loyalist or legitimist party in the kingdom. 2790:, and were defeated and reincorporated into the kingdom by the joint action of father and son. When Chlothar died in 628, Dagobert, in accordance with his father's wishes, granted a subkingdom to his younger brother 4118:

Among the legal reforms adopted by Charlemagne were the codifications of traditional law mentioned above. He also sought to place checks on the power of local and regional judiciaries by the method of appointing

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or Charles the Great, a powerful, intelligent, and modestly literate figure who became a legend for the later history of both France and Germany. Charlemagne restored an equal balance between emperor and pope.

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In 743 Pepin campaigned against Odilo and forced him to submit to Frankish suzerainty. Carloman also campaigned against the Saxons and the two together defeated a rebellion led by Hunoald at the head of the

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enlarged with some additional territories from Lothair's Middle Frankish Realm: much of these territories eventually evolved into modern Austria, Switzerland and Germany. For a list of successors, see the

2520:, was unable to retain them and on his death all of his vast kingdom passed to Chlothar, under whom, with the death of Childebert in 558, the entire Frankish realm was reunited under the rule of one king. 3028:

During the period of confusion in the 670s and 680s, attempts had been made to re-assert Frankish suzerainty over the Frisians, but to no avail. In 689, however, Pepin launched a campaign of conquest in

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in 631, made all the far eastern peoples subject to the court of Neustria and not of Austrasia. This, first and foremost, incited the Austrasians to request a king of their own from the royal household.

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of Alsatia probably died, either fighting for or against the brothers. In 746, however, the Frankish armies were still, as Carloman was preparing to retire from politics and enter the monastery of

2401:'s death (511). The kingdoms were not geographic unities because they were formed in an attempt to create equal-sized fiscs. The discrepancy in size reveals the concentration of Roman fiscal lands. 2976:

In 673, Chlothar III died and some Neustrian and Burgundian magnates invited Childeric to become king of the whole realm, but he soon upset some Neustrian magnates and he was assassinated (675).

2930:, dominated the kingdom for the next fifteen years of near-constant civil war. On his death (656), Sigbert's son was shipped off to Ireland, while Grimoald's son Childebert reigned in Austrasia. 3561:

presented as a surprise (Charlemagne did not wish to be indebted to the bishop of Rome), a further papal move in the series of symbolic gestures that had been defining the mutual roles of papal

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Though Charlemagne preferred the title "Emperor, king of the Franks and Lombards", the ceremony formally acknowledged the ruler of the Franks as the Roman Emperor, triggering disputes with the

3675:, followed his father as the ruler of a united empire. But sole inheritance remained a matter of chance, rather than intent. When Louis died in 840, the Carolingians adhered to the custom of 3517:(Tassilo's family), another leading family among the Franks and potential rivals. Until 796, Charles continued to expand the kingdom even farther southeast, into today's Austria and parts of 2786:

During the joint reign of Chlothar and Dagobert, who have been called "the last ruling Merovingians", the Saxons, who had been loosely attached to Francia since the late 550s, rebelled under

3427:, once again divided the kingdom between themselves. However, Carloman withdrew to a monastery and died shortly thereafter, leaving sole rule to his brother, who would later become known as 2157:

defeated a wedding party of his people (c. 431), this period marks the beginning of a situation that would endure for many centuries: the Germanic Franks ruled over an increasing number of

1937:—father, son, grandson, great-grandson and great-great-grandson—the greatest expansion of the Frankish empire was secured by the early 9th century, and is by this point referred to as the 3820:

was chosen to rule in the west, and was crowned the next month. At this point, West Francia was composed of Neustria in the west and in the east by Francia proper, the region between the

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On the opposite end of his realm, the Alemanni had defeated Theuderic in a rebellion and the Franks were losing their hold on the trans-Rhenish tribes. In 610 Theudebert had extorted the

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were Carolingian creations, their basis in earlier Frankish reality being difficult for scholars to discern at the present distance. Under Charlemagne codifications were also made of

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from Theuderic, beginning a long period of conflict over which kingdom was to have the region of Alsace, Burgundy or Austrasia, which was only terminated in the late seventh century.

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were still only mayors of the palaces. The Carolingians had assumed the regal status and practice, though not the regal title, of the Merovingians. The division of the kingdom gave

3025:, the beginning of Pepin's "reign". Thereafter the Merovingian monarchs showed only sporadically, in our surviving records, any activities of a non-symbolic and self-willed nature. 2918:, Dagobert's successor in Neustria and Burgundy, which were thereafter attached yet ruled separately, was a minor for almost the whole of his reign. He was dominated by his mother 2073:. While all of them had a tradition of participating in the Roman military, the Salians were allowed to settle within the Roman Empire. In 358, having already been living in the 4314:

The denarius subsequently appeared in Italy issued in the name of Carolingian monarchs after 794, later by so-called "native" kings in the tenth century, and later still by the

2613:, who had succeeded the assassinated Sigebert (575). Together the territory of Guntram and Childebert was well over thrice as large as the small realm of Chilperic's successor, 2547:

In 561 Chlothar died and his realm was divided, in a replay of the events of fifty years prior, between his four sons, with the chief cities remaining the same. The eldest son,

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Kreiner, Jamie. “About the Bishop: The Episcopal Entourage and the Economy of Government in Post-Roman Gaul.”, vol. 86, no. 2, Medieval Academy of America, 2011, pp. 321–60,

3248:. But Charles's real interests lay in the northeast, primarily with the Saxons, from whom he had to extort the tribute which for centuries they had paid to the Merovingians. 2000:. Competing French and German nationalisms in later centuries would claim succession from Charlemagne and the original kingdom, but nowadays both have become seen by many as 3444:, had entered Saxon lands since the mid-8th century, resulting in increasing conflict with the Saxons, who resisted the missionary efforts and parallel military incursions. 2726:, which had for sometime been visible in the kingdoms of the Franks, came to the fore in its internal politics, with a faction of nobles coalescing around the persons of 9831: 550: 536: 522: 497: 483: 2617:. During this period Francia took on the tripartite character it was to have throughout the rest of its history, being composed of Neustria, Austrasia, and Burgundy. 2555:, inherited the old kingdom of the Burgundians, augmented by the lands of central France around the old capital of Orléans, which became his chief city, and most of 8753: 9826: 7982: 5121:

Laury Sarti, "Perceiving War and the Military in Early Christian Gaul (ca. 400–700 A.D.)" (= Brill's Series on the Early Middle Ages, 22), Leiden/Boston 2013,

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and thus included northern Italy in his sphere of influence. He renewed the Vatican donation and the promise to the papacy of continued Frankish protection.

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Shortly before his death in October 741, Charles divided the realm as if he were king between his two sons by his first wife, marginalising his younger son

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by killing Grimoald and removing Childebert in 661. However, the Austrasians demanded a king of their own again and Chlothar installed his younger brother

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Saxon prisoners. After several more uprisings, the Saxons suffered definitive defeat in 804. This expanded the Frankish kingdom eastwards as far as the

3416:" which he laid on the tomb of St Peter. The papacy had good cause to expect that the remade Frankish monarchy would provide a deferential power base ( 4030:

It was also under Frankish hegemony that the other Germanic societies east of the Rhine began to codify their tribal law, in such compilations as the

4558: 3573:, which had maintained the title since the division of the Roman Empire into East and West. The pope's right to proclaim successors was based on the 2386:

At the death of Clovis, his kingdom was divided territorially by his four adult sons in such a way that each son was granted a comparable portion of

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on the ducal throne. This outside interference led to another war in 712 and the Alemanni were, for the time being, restored to the Frankish fold.

8575: 3509:(duke) of Bavaria rebelled against Charles. Crushing the rebellion incorporated Bavaria into Charles's kingdom. This not only added to the royal 3149:

as mayor of the palace in all the realms, but soon there was a third candidate for the mayoralty of Austrasia in Pepin's illegitimate adult son,

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assassinated and reunited the entire Frankish realm again (632), though he was forced by the strong Austrasian aristocracy to grant his own son

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in 507. He founded the Merovingian dynasty, which was eventually replaced by the Carolingian dynasty. Under the nearly continuous campaigns of

6809: 3255:, who did receive a small portion (it is unknown exactly what). Though there had been no king since Theuderic's death in 737, Charles's sons 3097:

However, in southern Gaul, which was not under Arnulfing influence, the regions were pulling away from the royal court under leaders such as

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When Guntram died in 592, Burgundy went to Childebert in its entirety, but he died in 595. His two sons divided the kingdom, with the elder

2116:(411). Jovinus was dead by 413, but the Romans found it increasingly difficult to manage the Franks within their borders. The Frankish king 8074: 5195: 9192: 4079:

as a tool for the promulgation and preservation of royal ordinances. Its usage was to continue under the Carolingians and even the later

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or West Francia. This area, most of today's southern and western France, became the foundation for the later Kingdom of France under the

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in Italy. During the 7th century the disciples of Columbanus and other Scottish and Irish missionaries founded several monasteries or

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of Provence, called in the Umayyads to aid him in resisting the expanding influence of the Carolingians. However, Charles invaded the

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was capable of defending his inheritance, which formed the largest of the Frankish subkingdoms and the kernel of the later kingdom of

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This article is about the geographical and political development of the lands of the Franks. For the Frankish people and society, see

8743: 3715:. These areas with different cultures, peoples and traditions would later vanish as separate kingdoms, which would eventually become 4229:

in what are now France, Germany, Belgium, and Switzerland. The Irish influence in these monasteries is reflected in the adoption of

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a pilgrimage to Rome. Perhaps in an effort to neutralise his brother's ambitions, Carloman initiated the appointment of a new king,

2531:'s death (561). Though more geographically unified realms were created out of the second fourfold division, the complex division of 6379: 3602:(emperor), but not as emperor of the Romans. The coronation gave permanent legitimacy to Carolingian primacy among the Franks. The 1804: 3904:, was an unnatural creation of the Treaty of Verdun, with no historical or ethnic identity. The kingdom was split on the death of 3699:, or Middle Francia, known as King of the Central or Middle Franks. His three sons in turn divided this kingdom between them into 3225:

and a Lombard army and devastated the region. It was because of the alliance against the Arabs that Charles was unable to support

9134: 6397: 2109: 1363: 1259: 3451:, accepted baptism in 785 as part of a peace agreement, but other Saxon leaders continued to fight. Upon his victory in 787 at 2332:

to name a few prominent ones. By the end of his life, Clovis ruled all of Gaul save the Gothic province of Septimania and the

7952: 7762: 7144: 4872: 4759: 4732: 4647: 4620: 4557:“The legacy of Charlemagne: how the king of the Franks continues to cast a shadow over Europe”, History Extra, 2 April 2020, 3064: 2898:, rebelled and tried to make himself king. He defeated Sigebert in what was a serious reversal for the ruling dynasty (640). 2172:, he turned to the kings of the Franks to the north and east, as well as other post-Roman kingdoms already existing in Gaul: 1744: 1675: 1608: 909: 2830:

The subkingdom of Aquitaine corresponded to the southern half of the old Roman province of Aquitania and its capital was at

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When Pepin died in 714, however, the Frankish realm plunged into civil war and the dukes of the outlying provinces became

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Having achieved great successes against the Frisians, Pepin turned towards the Alemanni. In 709 he launched a war against

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Austrasia as well and became king of the whole Frankish realm. Thoroughly Neustrian in outlook, he allied with his mayor

2100:, were active on Roman soil for other reasons. After the fall of Arbogastes, his son Arigius succeeded in establishing a 1797: 1571: 1339: 1027: 9561: 8779: 8775: 8663: 8499: 7814: 6814: 4809: 4784: 3121:, though Childebert is founding making royal judgements against the interests of his supposed masters, the Arnulfings. 1710: 1504: 1359: 1252: 135: 9056: 8748: 8678: 8659: 8542: 8504: 8034: 6458: 5478: 5098: 5073: 5056: 5041: 5020: 4415: 2374:: dividing their lands among their sons. Even when multiple Merovingian kings ruled, the kingdom—not unlike the late 1188: 86: 64: 3828:. The Carolingians were restored ten years later in West Francia, and ruled until 987, when the last Frankish King, 3625: 57: 9692: 9287: 8697: 8686: 8682: 8655: 5440: 5188: 4438:

people were Christians). However, Christianity had largely supplanted paganism at the beginning of the 9th century.

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https://www.historyextra.com/period/medieval/charlemagne-unifier-father-europe-correct-european-symbol-who-was-he/

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beyond the borders of Francia, upon whom he tried to force tribute but who instead defeated him under their king

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not lead them in profitable battle. While in later France the kingdom became hereditary, the kings of the later

9504: 9337: 9275: 8706: 8627: 8561: 8368: 8308: 8280: 8039: 6392: 5660: 5465: 5325: 4258: 3472: 2942: 1385: 1344: 4001:, and Chamavi, had different legal traditions, which were only later codified, largely under Charlemagne. The 9712: 9621: 8714: 8710: 8454: 8285: 7878: 5173: 3981: 3016: 1205: 1198: 1183: 1171: 1156: 958: 4307:

and various non-royals around 673–675. A Carolingian denarius replaced the Merovingian one, and the Frisian

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revolted and assumed the title as King of the East Franks. Charles retired and soon died on 13 January 888.

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at its greatest extent, with borders displaying the three territorial divisions of 843, from left to right:

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The exact date on which Clovis became "king of all Franks" is not known, but it happened sometime after the

9142: 9138: 9009: 7873: 7757: 5541: 5151: 5142: 4931: 3198: 3041: 1377: 3397:("protector of the Romans"). The following year Pepin fulfilled his promise to the pope and retrieved the 881: 9816: 9671: 9666: 9282: 8674: 8464: 7883: 6920: 6407: 5420: 5181: 3893: 3424: 2093: 1853: 1397: 1349: 1334: 1329: 1284: 1178: 3319:. Pepin's position was further stabilised and the path was laid for his assumption of the crown in 751. 2343:, which is securely dated to 507. One year after this battle, Clovis made Paris his capital, and in the 9745: 9727: 9722: 9178: 9052: 8790: 8733: 8623: 8459: 8449: 8413: 8255: 8157: 5573: 5568: 5229: 4319: 3951: 3331:

The growth of Frankish power, 481–814, showing Francia as it originally was after the crumbling of the

2941:. During Chlothar's reign, the Franks had made an attack on northwestern Italy, but were driven off by 2851: 2731: 2585:

This second fourfold division was quickly ruined by fratricidal wars, waged largely over the murder of

2333: 2191:(the "eastern lands"), while the large Romanised Frankish kingdom in northern Gaul came to be known as 1576: 1546: 1319: 1193: 1161: 1136: 696: 668: 4406:

Missionierung, Krisen und Reformen: Die Christianisierung von der Spätantike bis in Karolingische Zeit

3546:" of literate culture. Charles also created a large palace at Aachen, a series of roads, and a canal. 3232:

In 732 or 737—modern scholars have debated over the date—Charles marched against an Arab army between

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Rural Riches & Royal Rags?: Studies on Medieval and Modern Archaeology, Presented to Frans Theuws

3939: 3905: 3021: 2895: 2787: 2117: 1393: 1389: 1324: 762: 705: 182: 2551:, inherited the kingdom with its capital at Paris and ruled all of western Gaul. The second eldest, 2298:) and made them vassals of the Franks. He also incorporated the various Roman military settlements ( 8702: 8692: 8669: 8646: 8618: 8433: 7799: 7774: 7624: 7283: 7278: 5645: 5630: 5445: 5430: 5061: 4198: 3165: 2481: 1910: 1401: 724: 51: 24: 4042:

for the Alemanni and Bavarii respectively. Throughout the Frankish kingdoms there continued to be

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defeated the Chamavi and Salians, allowing the latter to settle further away from the border, in

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In the 7th century, the territory of the Frankish realm was (re-)Christianized with the help of

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During the reign of the Merovingian and Carolingian dynasties, the Frankish realm was one large

871: 9526: 9355: 9127: 9123: 9035: 8902: 8494: 8250: 8024: 7888: 7789: 7784: 7472: 7420: 7340: 7273: 7177: 7162: 7055: 6822: 6776: 6617: 6504: 6162: 5595: 5590: 5517: 5412: 4982: 4705: 4344: 4102:, issued by Chlothar II in 614 in the presence of his magnates, had been likened to a Frankish 2887: 2862: 2823: 2594: 2247:

of the Romans. Childeric is chiefly important to history for bequeathing the Franks to his son

1534: 1428: 1099: 978: 68: 4201:. The result was the establishment of numerous monasteries, which would become the nucleus of 4111:

and became renowned among the people for his justness. But law in Francia was to experience a

2390:, which was probably land once part of the Roman fisc, now seized by the Frankish government. 9606: 9471: 8313: 8205: 8162: 7819: 7779: 7592: 7467: 6531: 6521: 6480: 6451: 5460: 5350: 4749: 4722: 4637: 4610: 4246: 4234: 4179: 4088: 3779: 3755: 3736: 3336: 2912:: "do-nothing king", not insofar as he "did nothing", but insofar as he accomplished little. 2222: 2001: 1731: 1373: 1109: 1036: 998: 938: 7707: 3408:

Pepin donated the re-conquered areas around Rome to the Pope, laying the foundation for the

9661: 9656: 9596: 9531: 9436: 9082: 8893: 8532: 8474: 8270: 8177: 8147: 8132: 7938: 7912: 7742: 7712: 7587: 7518: 7489: 7408: 6742: 6580: 6570: 5551: 5522: 5425: 5289: 4902: 4897: 4777:

Post-Roman Towns, Trade and Settlement in Europe and Byzantium: The heirs of the Roman West

4570: 4175: 3676: 3398: 3390: 3332: 3295: 2371: 2150: 1886: 1726: 1554: 1541: 1433: 988: 714: 7692: 3654:, King of the Middle Franks, nominally titled Emperor. This kingdom lasted only until 869. 3327: 2340: 2283: 2263:

and put himself on good terms with the powerful Church and with his Gallo-Roman subjects.

1914: 8: 9626: 9556: 9499: 9416: 9242: 8978: 8973: 8962: 8942: 8912: 8418: 8398: 8378: 8343: 8275: 8187: 8054: 7604: 7484: 7450: 7352: 7172: 7167: 6979: 6698: 6634: 6509: 6494: 6387: 5600: 5274: 5254: 4969: 4914: 4138:(then still royal appointees), receive the oath of allegiance, and supervise the clergy. 3878:. After 987, the kingdom came to be known as France, because the new ruling dynasty (the 3817: 3811: 3728: 3704: 3679:, and after a brief civil war between the three sons, they made an agreement in 843, the 3581: 3441: 3364: 3176:

ending the civil war phase of his rule. In 720, when Chilperic II died, he had appointed

3102: 2723: 2563: 2367: 2271: 2204: 2165: 2158: 1871: 1867: 948: 857: 796: 786: 8809: 7320: 7310: 5139:. American University Studies, Series IX: History, Vol. 196. New York: Peter Lang, 2000. 4213:

was active in the Frankish Empire from 590, establishing monasteries until his death at

9795: 9732: 9636: 9420: 9372: 9367: 9270: 9260: 9217: 9209: 9104: 9003: 8968: 8958: 8952: 8946: 8924: 8920: 8883: 8854: 8801: 8651: 8522: 8358: 8333: 8235: 8112: 8064: 8059: 8049: 7987: 7717: 7697: 7680: 7631: 7496: 7305: 7256: 7189: 7107: 7048: 7043: 7038: 6994: 6964: 6856: 6754: 6622: 6597: 5770: 5622: 5561: 5450: 5382: 5358: 5299: 5204: 4684: 4469: 4339: 4269: 4206: 4084: 3973: 3960: 3931: 3842:. It is the precursor of modern France. It was divided into the following great fiefs: 3798:(870) the partitions were recast, to the detriment of Lotharingia. On 12 December 884, 3763: 3630: 3584:

acknowledged in 812 Charlemagne as co-emperor, according to some. According to others,

3456: 3360: 3352: 3181: 3098: 2969: 2883: 2779: 1993: 1938: 1521: 1481: 1453: 1293: 400: 215: 8916: 4062:, those regions which had formerly been under Gothic control continued to utilise the 3475:(9 AD). In order to more effectively Christianize the Saxons, Charles founded several 9611: 9586: 9566: 9546: 9536: 9426: 9408: 9377: 9310: 9227: 9201: 9154: 9119: 9115: 9093: 9070: 9066: 8999: 8995: 8934: 8898: 8888: 8878: 8873: 8850: 8518: 8260: 8230: 8220: 8210: 8127: 8117: 8102: 7969: 7826: 7722: 7658: 7653: 7582: 7479: 7194: 7122: 7117: 6959: 6888: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6661: 6612: 5546: 5397: 5372: 5284: 5122: 5105: 5094: 5069: 5052: 5037: 5016: 4868: 4805: 4780: 4755: 4728: 4688: 4643: 4616: 4431: 4411: 4315: 4280: 3955: 3829: 3807: 3759: 3708: 3585: 3578: 3413: 3371: 3256: 2965: 2891: 2625: 2602: 2352: 2279: 2260: 2129: 1997: 1977: 1961: 1875: 1856: 1486: 1409: 918: 817: 677: 345: 163: 5049:

Before France and Germany: the Creation and Transformation of the Merovingian World.

4514: 4488: 3558: 2405:

Clovis's sons made their capitals near the Frankish heartland in northeastern Gaul.

2282:

in 496) and established Frankish hegemony over them. Clovis defeated the Visigoths (

9811: 9601: 9516: 9461: 9431: 9382: 9342: 9325: 9315: 9250: 9222: 9089: 9078: 9048: 9027: 8908: 8813: 8764: 8758: 8738: 8613: 8479: 8428: 8423: 8363: 8328: 8240: 8197: 8167: 8089: 8007: 7977: 7675: 7462: 7457: 7413: 7400: 7330: 7298: 7293: 7157: 7152: 7134: 7095: 7028: 7011: 6952: 6942: 6937: 6878: 6834: 6804: 6764: 6747: 6730: 6693: 6444: 5969: 5341: 5208: 5009: 4988: 4974: 4961: 4953: 4949: 4701: 4676: 4461: 4151: 4080: 4063: 4038: 3998: 3919: 3839: 3803: 3795: 3775: 3751: 3680: 3661: 3641: 3614: 3570: 3284: 3275:

to Carloman and Neustria, Provence, and Burgundy to Pepin. It is indicative of the

3226: 3189:, was killed. In 734 Charles fought against Eastern Frisia and finally subdued it. 3038: 3008: 3000: 2946: 2693: 2665:

taking Austrasia plus Childebert's portion of Aquitaine, while his younger brother

2469: 2360: 2295: 2078: 2046: 1989: 1973: 1918: 1879: 1448: 1443: 1438: 891: 502: 423: 331: 327: 172: 4322:(962). Finally, denarii were issued in Rome in the names of pope and emperor from 3871: 3577:, a forged Roman imperial decree. After an initial protest at the usurpation, the 3090:, probably in an effort to force the succession of the young sons of the deceased 2814:

Dagobert, in his dealings with the Saxons, Alemans, and Thuringii, as well as the

1058: 863: 9641: 9616: 9404: 9387: 9232: 9150: 9062: 8930: 8553: 8489: 8403: 8373: 8097: 8014: 7893: 7861: 7734: 7702: 7685: 7641: 7636: 7614: 7609: 7567: 7560: 7535: 7395: 7390: 7231: 7112: 7006: 7001: 6969: 6794: 6784: 6678: 6671: 6666: 6651: 6607: 6489: 6475: 5578: 5556: 5500: 5470: 5354: 5239: 4434:; most of the Frankish elite shifted to Chalcedonian Christianity by 751 AD (the 4217:

in 615. He arrived on the continent with twelve companions and founded Annegray,

4202: 4032: 3935: 3799: 3672: 3530: 3382: 3241: 2735: 2716: 2348: 1934: 1926: 1618: 1047: 310: 286: 7315: 4942: 4073:, officials trained to remember it and pass it on. The Merovingians adopted the 3912:, Provence (with Burgundy divided between it and Lotharingia), and north Italy. 3218: 2908: 2209: 2096:, were committed to the cause of the Romans, but other Frankish rulers, such as 1009: 9771: 9591: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9551: 9541: 9456: 9399: 9292: 9255: 9146: 9100: 8768: 8393: 8338: 8292: 8245: 8225: 8069: 7992: 7836: 7831: 7794: 7769: 7752: 7663: 7648: 7619: 7577: 7425: 7385: 7380: 7335: 7261: 7221: 7211: 7201: 7016: 6895: 6789: 6656: 6538: 6252: 6036: 5700: 5387: 5294: 5259: 5132: 4946:. Woodruff, Jane Ellen. PhD Dissertation, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, 1987. 4449: 4288: 4238: 4191: 4121: 4099: 4015: 3980:

times. The title of Holy Roman Emperor was used from that time, beginning with

3923: 3885: 3879: 3783: 3732: 3696: 3647: 3452: 3375: 3150: 3114: 3072: 3060: 3030: 2855: 2807: 2747: 2700:

to submission (602). This original Gascon conquest included lands south of the

2309: 2154: 1922: 1860: 1829: 1784: 1770: 1511: 1242: 828: 622: 515: 149: 116: 5203: 4245:

of the later Merovingian period eventually gave way to the development of the

2933:

Ebroin eventually reunited the entire Frankish kingdom for Clovis's successor

2359:, uniting all Franks under his rule. The sole source for this early period is 2187:

The original core territory of the Frankish kingdom later came to be known as

9805: 9783: 9759: 9687: 9486: 8805: 8152: 7917: 7804: 7599: 7572: 7545: 7523: 7501: 7268: 7251: 7236: 7080: 7033: 7021: 6947: 6839: 6713: 6708: 6683: 6565: 6011: 5974: 5934: 5800: 5529: 5488: 4300: 4242: 4024: 3316: 3300: 3252: 3180:

king, but this last was a mere puppet of his. In 724 he forced his choice of

3106: 2980: 2662: 2645: 2610: 2578:. The kingdom Chilperic ruled at his death (584) became the nucleus of later 2574:. The smallest kingdom was that of Soissons, which went to the youngest son, 2344: 2146: 2089: 2070: 1598: 1227: 968: 642: 488: 454: 358: 7345: 7325: 6113: 4680: 4465: 2476:(great king) because of his supposed suzerainty over peoples as far away as 9790: 9646: 9476: 9347: 9265: 8868: 8318: 8215: 8019: 7809: 7550: 7540: 7506: 7435: 7430: 7357: 7147: 7129: 7090: 7085: 7065: 7060: 6932: 6925: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6799: 6737: 6718: 6703: 6639: 5705: 5695: 5678: 5495: 5169:

Table. Capitals of the Frankish Kingdom according to the years, in 509–800.

4665:"Dating the baptism of Clovis: the bishop of Vienne vs the bishop of Tours" 4595: 4323: 4304: 4284: 4043: 4009: 3947: 3915: 3835: 3657: 3637: 3550: 3468: 3409: 3206: 3177: 3157: 3142: 2938: 2934: 2866: 2791: 2762: 2727: 2666: 2458: 2422: 2375: 2321: 2050: 1981: 1969: 1707: 1703: 1638: 1628: 1589: 1476: 1076: 807: 652: 543: 529: 5034:

Nobles and Nobility in Medieval Europe: Concepts, Origins, Transformations

4450:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" 3492: 2886:, who convinced the childless king to adopt his own Merovingian-named son 2843: 2233:

Chlodio's successors are obscure figures, but what can be certain is that

2137:), launched an attack on Roman territory and extended his realm as far as 1304: 9631: 9509: 9494: 9466: 9302: 8469: 8172: 8079: 7961: 7528: 7513: 7362: 7075: 6984: 6974: 6900: 6548: 6543: 6187: 6145: 6068: 5981: 5849: 5839: 5750: 5534: 4435: 4327: 4230: 4103: 4020: 3943: 3942:; to which after the death of Lothair II were added the eastern parts of 3909: 3744: 3720: 3700: 3593: 3539: 3514: 3428: 3222: 3169: 3161: 2989: 2688:

During their reigns, Theudebert and Theuderic campaigned successfully in

2682: 2629: 2620: 2614: 2575: 2548: 2536: 2523: 2468:

Theudebert was the first Frankish king to formally sever his ties to the

2406: 2393: 2234: 2177: 2097: 1985: 1930: 1902: 1491: 1071: 612: 582: 298: 262: 4125:

in pairs to oversee specific regions for short periods of time. Usually

3892:, wedged between East and West Francia. The kingdom, which included the 2609:— between Brunhilda and Guntram secured his protection of her young son 2286:

in 507) and conquered all of their territory north of the Pyrenees save

9394: 8983: 8044: 7930: 7555: 7372: 7246: 7206: 7139: 6364: 6152: 6135: 6083: 6073: 6058: 6026: 6016: 5894: 5844: 5720: 5715: 5683: 5402: 5079: 4825: 4473: 4210: 4108: 4075: 4055: 4003: 3867: 3724: 3381:

Pepin solidified his position in 754 by entering into an alliance with

3378:

and continued as elected rulers until the empire's formal end in 1806.

3202: 3068: 2993: 2923: 2755: 2656: 2586: 2567: 2528: 2517: 2493: 2430: 2287: 2226: 2066: 2058: 1561: 744: 647: 632: 274: 3542:, and his patronage of monastic centres of learning gave rise to the " 3484: 2605:— the text of which explicitly refers to the entire Frankish realm as 2472:

by striking gold coins with his own image on them and calling himself

2418: 2045:

The term "Franks" emerged in the 3rd century AD as a term for several

9441: 8353: 8122: 7445: 7216: 7100: 7070: 6851: 6725: 6516: 6359: 6354: 6344: 6277: 6182: 6078: 6041: 6031: 5991: 5944: 5939: 5889: 5829: 5755: 5745: 5725: 5688: 5673: 5224: 5219: 4909: 4190:, the Frankish Church became a substantial influence of the medieval 4098:

The last Merovingian capitulary was one of the most significant: the

4059: 4051: 4047: 3927: 3901: 3889: 3855: 3843: 3688: 3651: 3488: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3210: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3110: 3083: 3004: 2915: 2903: 2767: 2674: 2649: 2590: 2589:, the wife of Chilperic, allegedly by his mistress (and second wife) 2540: 2462: 2442: 2438: 2414: 2356: 2243: 2188: 2173: 2082: 1949: 323: 250: 9170: 4587: 4539:

Uehlinger, Urs; Haartmut, Arndt; Wantzen, Karl; Leuven, Rob (2009).

2802: 2351:, and some time later he orchestrated the murders of Frankish kings 9651: 9446: 8388: 8265: 8142: 6846: 6629: 6587: 6526: 6332: 6317: 6297: 6282: 6262: 6237: 6222: 6217: 6197: 6167: 6157: 6108: 6098: 6093: 5924: 5909: 5884: 5864: 5834: 5824: 5819: 5790: 5785: 5775: 5710: 5668: 5377: 5310: 5279: 4937: 4927:

The Fourth Book of the Chronicle of Fredegar with its Continuations

4921: 4296: 4233:

style in book production, visible in 8th-century works such as the

3897: 3875: 3859: 3851: 3847: 3712: 3671:

Charlemagne had several sons, but only one survived him. This son,

3603: 3598: 3535: 3525: 3499: 3460: 3448: 3402: 3348: 3343: 3312: 3280: 3245: 3233: 3186: 3045: 2919: 2882:

The young Sigebert was dominated during his minority by the mayor,

2847: 2831: 2771: 2709: 2701: 2678: 2641: 2579: 2556: 2532: 2489: 2477: 2450: 2434: 2398: 2317: 2275: 2267: 2266:

In a thirty-year reign (481–511) Clovis defeated the Roman general

2248: 2218: 2192: 2181: 2169: 2134: 2101: 2054: 2021: 2017: 1996:, which would conquer Burgundy and Italy to then form the medieval 1965: 1906: 627: 238: 208: 5109:

After Rome's Fall: Narrators and Sources of Early Medieval History

4664: 4540: 3740: 2794:. This subkingdom, commonly called Aquitaine, was a new creation. 2570:, who also inherited Austrasia with its chief cities of Reims and 1878:. Francia was among the last surviving Germanic kingdoms from the 9521: 6759: 6688: 6644: 6499: 6349: 6337: 6327: 6302: 6292: 6287: 6267: 6257: 6232: 6172: 6130: 6103: 6021: 5954: 5949: 5929: 5919: 5874: 5869: 5859: 5854: 5795: 5780: 5730: 4308: 4218: 3969: 3863: 3716: 3554: 3528:

in the southwest (actually, including an area in Northern Spain (

3518: 3476: 3308: 3091: 3087: 3049: 2992:, Sigebert III's son, in their kingdom (briefly in opposition to 2985: 2952: 2775: 2697: 2689: 2633: 2552: 2501: 2325: 2291: 2238: 2142: 2124: 2113: 2062: 1898: 1656: 637: 617: 602: 592: 576: 189: 6560: 4867:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 398, 400–402. 3435:

From 772 onwards, Charles conquered and eventually defeated the

6592: 6467: 6369: 6322: 6307: 6272: 6247: 6212: 6207: 6140: 6125: 6063: 6001: 5986: 5964: 5914: 5904: 5899: 5812: 5807: 5765: 5735: 5244: 4292: 4265: 4222: 4214: 3977: 3610: 3589: 3436: 2927: 2835: 2705: 2637: 2505: 2497: 2485: 2446: 2329: 2305: 2040: 1945: 1864: 775: 587: 571: 374: 198: 194: 31: 20: 5137:

The Germanic Realms in Pre-Carolingian Central Europe, 400–750

4538: 3513:, but also drastically reduced the power and influence of the 3007:

mayor of Austrasia and the real power in that kingdom, at the

8991: 7226: 6242: 6227: 6202: 6192: 6177: 6120: 6088: 6053: 6048: 6006: 5996: 5879: 5740: 5583: 4586:

Bijsterveld, Arnoud-Jan A.; Toorians, Lauran (29 June 2018).

4131: 3825: 3821: 3420:) in the creation of a new world order, centred on the Pope. 3385:, who presented the king of the Franks a copy of the forged " 3237: 3156:

After the defeat of Plectrude and Theudoald by the king (now

2815: 2426: 2410: 2313: 2300: 2105: 2016:

The partition of the Frankish kingdom among the four sons of

1964:. The Gallo-Roman territory to its south and west was called 1957: 1953: 1894: 1890: 607: 597: 4588:"Texandria revisited: In search of a territory lost in time" 3964:). From the 10th century, East Francia became also known as 3954:

was crowned on 2 February 962, marking the beginning of the

2722:

During the brief minority of Sigebert II, the office of the

1909:, the son of Childeric, unified all Franks after conquering 1885:

Originally, the core Frankish territories inside the former

6312: 5959: 5249: 5036:, ed. Anne J. Duggan. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2000. 4287:

began minting his own money at the start of his reign. The

4135: 4069:

During the early period, Frankish law was preserved by the

3464: 3244:

that turned back the tide of the Arab advance north of the

3160:) and Ragenfrid, Charles briefly raised a king of his own, 3053: 2961: 2839: 2819: 2746:

Immediately after his victory, Chlothar II promulgated the

2571: 2387: 2256: 2214: 734: 6436: 5032:

Fouracre, Paul. "The Origins of the Nobility in Francia."

4178:

in the Merovingian period, which was given a particularly

3758:

or East Francia. This area formed the kernel of the later

3335:. It was located northeasterly of that during the time of 3205:, began advancing northwards into central Francia and the 3067:

and the beginning of the conversion of the Frisians under

2632:'s kingdom between the three surviving brothers. It gave 3063:. In 695 Pepin could even sponsor the foundation of the 3059:

Then, circa 690, Pepin attacked central Frisia and took

3048:, an important trading centre. All the land between the 2890:

as his son and heir. After Dagobert's death in 639, the

2858:

to relent, make peace with the Franks, and pay tribute.

2648:

in exchange for extensive lands in southern and central

2566:, and eastern Aquitaine were assigned to the third son, 2198: 3534:) after 795) over almost all of today's France (except 3471:

had only attempted once, and at which it failed in the

16:

United Frankish kingdom between the 6th and 9th century

3806:) reunited most of the Carolingian Empire, aside from 3117:

from 691 until 711 have all the hallmarks of those of

1905:

expanded their rule into what is now northern France.

9743: 5091:

The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians, 751–987

3946:. This division persisted until 1268, the end of the 3287:) that they were not included in the division of the 2861:

Meanwhile, Dagobert had Charibert's infant successor

2237:, possibly his grandson, ruled a Salian kingdom from 5068:. (Peoples of Europe series) Basil Blackwell, 1988. 5015:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1971. 2657:

Francia split into Neustria, Austrasia, and Burgundy

1897:

rivers in the north, before Frankish rulers such as

4585: 4186:throughout the 6th and 7th centuries, and with the 3524:Charles thus created a realm that reached from the 2870:him to be a Neustrian monarchy first and foremost. 8583: 3997:The different Frankish tribes, such as the Salii, 3498:At the same time (773–774), Charles conquered the 3393:anointed the king and his family and declared him 2049:who settled on the northern Rhine frontier of the 9832:States and territories disestablished in the 840s 4724:The Battle of Vouillé, 507 CE: Where France Began 4612:The Battle of Vouillé, 507 CE: Where France Began 3423:Upon Pepin's death in 768, his sons, Charles and 3019:", a title which signifies, to the author of the 3011:and was forced to accept Pepin as sole mayor and 2988:and made war on the Austrasian who had installed 9803: 5080:The Dukes in the Regnum Francorum, A.D. 550–751. 4804:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 219–222. 4295:were minted in Francia between 534 and 679. The 2972:(yellow) was not a part of the Frankish kingdom. 2370:. The Frankish kings adhered to the practice of 1057: 4774: 4720: 4635: 4608: 2712:, but these were lost to the Visigoths in 612. 9827:States and territories established in the 500s 4799: 3882:) were originally dukes of the Île-de-France. 3609:Upon Charlemagne's death on 28 January 814 in 3322: 2953:Dominance of the mayors of the palace, 687–751 9186: 8569: 7946: 6452: 5326: 5189: 4906:. trans. by Roger Pearse. London: Bohn, 1862. 4636:Boucheron, Patrick; Gerson, Stéphane (2019). 3347:Frankish expansion from the early kingdom of 2593:. Galswintha's sister, the wife of Sigebert, 1805: 1260: 7909:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 4721:Mathisen, Ralph W.; Shanzer, Danuta (2012). 4609:Mathisen, Ralph W.; Shanzer, Danuta (2012). 4404: 4397: 4311:, in Gaul from 755 to the eleventh century. 3620: 3389:" at Paris and in a magnificent ceremony at 3279:autonomy of the duchies of Aquitaine (under 3141:, initially opposed an attempt by the king, 2088:Some of the early Frankish leaders, such as 1673: 1559: 5357:origin primarily identified as speakers of 3079:) remained outside of Frankish suzerainty. 2628:(587). The treaty followed the division of 1988:came under the control of the non-Frankish 446:1,200,000 km (460,000 sq mi) 108: 9193: 9179: 8576: 8562: 7953: 7939: 6459: 6445: 5333: 5319: 5196: 5182: 5013:Merovingian Military Organization, 481–751 4839:"Charlemagne and the Carolingian coinages" 3606:later resurrected this connection in 962. 3164:, in opposition to Chilperic. Finally, at 3133:independent. Pepin's appointed successor, 1812: 1798: 1267: 1253: 140:Expansion of the Frankish Kingdom, 481–870 134: 5051:New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. 4639:France in the World: A New Global History 4447: 2457:Theuderic died in 534, but his adult son 87:Learn how and when to remove this message 7960: 5148:. London: Butler & tanner Ltd, 1962. 5086:, Vol. 51, No 3 (July 1976), pp 381–410. 4862: 4754:. TEACH Services, Inc. pp. xv–xxx. 3624: 3342: 3326: 3294:After Charles Martel was buried, in the 2956: 2801: 2761: 2619: 2535:created many problems for the rulers of 2522: 2397:The division of the Frankish kingdom on 2392: 2229:remained unconquered at his death (511). 2208: 2011: 322:Contested between the three Louis' sons 50:This article includes a list of general 7733: 6398:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England 4863:Spufford, Peter (1989) . "Appendix I". 4727:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. xiii–xv. 4410:. Stuttgart: Theiss. pp. 441–446. 3778:became King of the West Franks, of the 3209:. It was at this time (circa 736) that 2922:and the mayor of the Neustrian palace, 2834:. The other cities of his kingdom were 9804: 5114:Nixon, C. E. V. and Rodgers, Barbara. 4662: 4395: 3311:and another led by Alemanni, in which 2741: 2120:was executed by the sword, in c. 422. 9200: 9174: 8557: 7934: 6440: 5314: 5177: 4934:. Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1960. 4747: 4716: 4714: 4095:("renewal of the Frankish kingdom"). 3683:, which divided the empire in three: 2304:) scattered over Gaul: the Saxons of 2199:Merovingian rise and decline, 481–687 2127:, whose kingdom may have been in the 2030:(Bibliothèque municipale de Toulouse) 389:• Coronation of Pepin the Short 5340: 4865:Money and its use in medieval Europe 4826:http://www.jstor.org/stable/41105589 4642:. Other Press, LLC. pp. 81–86. 4486: 4174:The Frankish Church grew out of the 3976:"), a term that became prevalent in 3922:. It was divided into four duchies: 2906:. He is often regarded as the first 2770:(628). The capital of Aquitaine was 2221:'s career (481). Note that only the 357:• Clovis I becomes king of the 36: 9708:History of the Mediterranean region 8538: 7983:Decline of the Western Roman Empire 4330:onwards to the late tenth century. 3192: 13: 8075:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire 4968:. trans. by Ernest Brehaut. 1916. 4711: 4656: 4113:renaissance under the Carolingians 3987: 3838:was the land under the control of 2112:some Franks supported the usurper 2108:and after the fall of the usurper 56:it lacks sufficient corresponding 14: 9848: 8505:Historiography in the Middle Ages 5162: 5116:In Praise of Later Roman Emperors 4779:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 29. 4303:) appeared later, in the name of 4054:. After the Frankish conquest of 3405:, and returned it to the Papacy. 3124: 2692:, where they had established the 2673:In 599 they routed his forces at 2347:of the same year he converted to 2027:Grandes Chroniques de Saint-Denis 1960:, roughly corresponding to later 9789: 9777: 9765: 9753: 9693:Bibliography of European history 9288:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 8537: 8528: 8527: 8517: 6421: 6420: 4985:. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967. 4594:. SPA-Uitgevers: 35 – via 4512: 4148:Christianity in Merovingian Gaul 3650:or the Middle Frankish Kingdom: 3455:, Charles ordered the wholesale 2381: 1778: 1764: 1303: 1236: 1221: 687: 548: 534: 520: 495: 481: 412:• Death of Louis the Pious 41: 9718:History of Western civilization 9321:Christianity in the Middle Ages 8003:Christianity in the Middle Ages 7998:Decline of Hellenistic religion 6403:Christianization of Scandinavia 4856: 4831: 4818: 4802:The Afterlife of the Roman City 4793: 4768: 4741: 4695: 4629: 4602: 4579: 4454:International Studies Quarterly 4199:Irish and Scottish missionaries 4170:Christianity in the 9th century 4166:Christianity in the 8th century 4162:Christianity in the 7th century 4158:Christianity in the 6th century 3588:reopened negotiations with the 3447:Charles's main Saxon opponent, 3056:was incorporated into Francia. 2778:and was the basis of the later 2480:. Theudebert interfered in the 1572:German revolutions of 1848–1849 9562:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 9505:Christianity in the modern era 9276:Christianity in late antiquity 8585:European Middle Ages by region 8281:Crisis of the late Middle Ages 6393:Christianization of the Franks 5466:Continental Germanic mythology 5027:Early Medieval Europe 300–1000 4663:Danuta, Shanzer (March 1998). 4564: 4551: 4532: 4506: 4480: 4441: 4424: 4389: 4362: 4259:Slavery in Merovingian Francia 4221:, and Fontaines in France and 3786:. For his successors, see the 3660:or the East Frankish Kingdom: 3640:or the West Frankish Kingdom: 3473:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest 2943:Grimoald, King of the Lombards 1: 9713:History of the European Union 8455:Disability in the Middle Ages 8128:Rise of the Republic of Genoa 8060:Rise of the Venetian Republic 4350: 4283:was in use in Francia before 3687:Louis's eldest surviving son 3374:proved unable to abolish the 3017:Duke and Prince of the Franks 2968:(714). At this time the vast 2797: 2496:, receiving the provinces of 380: 364: 231: 126: 9010:Hereditary Kingdom of Norway 4932:John Michael Wallace-Hadrill 4545:Deutsche National Bibliothek 4355: 7: 9822:Former monarchies of Europe 9672:Russian invasion of Ukraine 9283:Crisis of the Third Century 6466: 6408:Christianization of Iceland 5157:. London: Hutchinson, 1970. 4333: 4275: 4268:and the growing use of the 3888:was the territory ruled by 3691:became Emperor in name but 3613:, he was buried in his own 3323:Carolingian Empire, 751–840 3199:Umayyad conquerors of Spain 2511: 2437:. During their reigns, the 2213:The political divisions of 399:• Charlemagne crowned 373:• Clovis I unites all 10: 9853: 9728:Military history of Europe 9723:Maritime history of Europe 8256:Rise of the Ottoman Empire 5029:. London: MacMillan, 1991. 4885: 4576:(late 4th century), XVII.8 4519:World History Encyclopedia 4493:World History Encyclopedia 4256: 4252: 4155: 4145: 4093:renovation regni Francorum 3810:. In late 887, his nephew 3664:, King of the East Franks. 3644:, King of the West Franks. 3358: 3351:(481) to the divisions of 3201:, who had also subjugated 2999:In 687 he was defeated by 2926:. Erchinoald's successor, 2562:The rest of Provence, the 2202: 2077:of Batavia for some time, 2038: 2034: 2007: 1972:came under control of the 1577:North German Confederation 1547:Confederation of the Rhine 29: 18: 9698:Genetic history of Europe 9680: 9485: 9301: 9241: 9208: 9109:Principality of Chernigov 9018: 8939:Principality of Catalonia 8836: 8827: 8724: 8604: 8591: 8513: 8442: 8301: 8196: 8183:Mongol invasion of Europe 8088: 7968: 7902: 7854: 7371: 6775: 6474: 6416: 6378: 5659: 5621: 5411: 5365: 5348: 5215: 5104:Murray, Archibald C. and 5093:. London: Longman, 1983. 4994:Liber Historiae Francorum 4979:The History of the Franks 4966:The History of the Franks 4918:. trans. by H. B. Dewing. 4141: 3621:Divided empire, after 840 3401:, recently fallen to the 3022:Liber Historiae Francorum 3013:dux et princeps Francorum 2806:Francia and neighbouring 2788:Berthoald, Duke of Saxony 564: 460: 450: 442: 437: 433: 420: 410: 397: 387: 371: 355: 351: 341: 337: 316: 304: 292: 280: 268: 256: 244: 228: 224: 214: 204: 188: 183:Chalcedonian Christianity 178: 155: 145: 133: 125: 103: 9088:Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 5646:North Germanic languages 5631:Germanic parent language 4775:Joachim Henning (2007). 4448:Taagepera, Rein (1997). 3172:heirs ruled the Franks. 2766:The Frankish Kingdom of 2624:Gaul as a result of the 2527:The division of Gaul on 2366:The Merovingians were a 1046: 1008: 838: 827: 806: 30:Not to be confused with 25:Francia (disambiguation) 9703:History of Christianity 9019:Central, Eastern Europe 8725:Central, Eastern Europe 8138:Investiture Controversy 8108:Second Bulgarian Empire 5651:West Germanic languages 5641:East Germanic languages 5636:Proto-Germanic language 5456:Proto-Germanic folklore 5393:Romano-Germanic culture 5207:established around the 5089:McKitterick, Rosamond. 4800:Hendrik W. Dey (2015). 4681:10.1111/1468-0254.00017 4541:"The Rhine River Basin" 4466:10.1111/0020-8833.00053 4396:Lorenz, Sönke (2001). " 4188:Carolingian Renaissance 3788:List of French monarchs 3769:List of German monarchs 3697:Middle Frankish Kingdom 3615:Palace Chapel at Aachen 3575:Donation of Constantine 3549:On Christmas Day, 800, 3544:Carolingian Renaissance 3387:Donation of Constantine 2516:His son and successor, 169:Gallo-Romance languages 160:West Germanic languages 146:Official languages 71:more precise citations. 9527:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 8903:Burgundian Netherlands 8744:Bosnia and Herzegovina 8495:Post-classical history 8251:Fall of Constantinople 8158:Capet–Plantagenet feud 8025:First Bulgarian Empire 5152:Wallace-Hadrill, J. M. 5143:Wallace-Hadrill, J. M. 4405: 4398: 4371:Chapter 18: The Franks 4345:List of Frankish kings 4050:and clergy subject to 3992: 3695:only the ruler of the 3668: 3592:in 812 and recognized 3356: 3340: 3229:against the Lombards. 3065:Archdiocese of Utrecht 2973: 2824:Battle of Wogastisburg 2811: 2783: 2653: 2544: 2402: 2259:. Clovis converted to 2230: 2031: 1863:. It was ruled by the 1845: 1833: 1674: 1560: 1429:Linear Pottery culture 882:Valois-Angoulême kings 318:• 840–843 (last) 109: 23:. For other uses, see 9607:Industrial Revolution 8780:Late Medieval Kingdom 8776:High Medieval Kingdom 7879:Medieval great powers 5461:Anglo-Saxon mythology 5351:Ethnolinguistic group 5146:The Long-Haired Kings 5078:Lewis, Archibald R. " 4748:Heiks, Heidi (2011). 4669:Early Medieval Europe 4615:. Walter de Gruyter. 4515:"Merovingian Dynasty" 4489:"Carolingian Dynasty" 4247:Carolingian minuscule 4235:Gelasian Sacramentary 4156:Further information: 4146:Further information: 4107:against the powerful 4091:under a programme of 3908:in 869 into those of 3794:Subsequently, at the 3780:West Frankish Kingdom 3756:East Frankish Kingdom 3754:, became King of the 3737:departments of France 3628: 3555:Emperor of the Romans 3467:river, something the 3346: 3337:Constantine the Great 3330: 3283:) and Bavaria (under 3240:and defeated it in a 3166:a battle near Soisson 2960: 2805: 2765: 2623: 2526: 2396: 2212: 2133:(with its capital in 2123:Around 428, the king 2015: 1874:dynasties during the 1836:), also known as the 1826:Kingdom of the Franks 1355:Territorial evolution 156:Common languages 105:Kingdom of the Franks 9662:European debt crisis 9657:European integration 9597:Age of Enlightenment 9437:Republic of Florence 8988:Caliphate of Córdoba 8894:Republic of Florence 8475:Medieval reenactment 8271:Renaissance Humanism 8178:Medieval Warm Period 8148:Republic of Florence 7962:European Middle Ages 7889:European colonialism 7874:Ancient great powers 5265:Kingdom of the Aurès 5225:Anglo-Saxon kingdoms 5010:Bachrach, Bernard S. 4989:Bachrach, Bernard S. 4898:Ammianus Marcellinus 4571:Ammianus Marcellinus 4249:in the 9th century. 4180:Germanic development 3750:Louis's second son, 3677:partible inheritance 3553:crowned Charles as " 3399:Exarchate of Ravenna 3353:Charlemagne's Empire 3333:Western Roman Empire 3296:Abbey of Saint-Denis 2409:made his capital at 2372:partible inheritance 2290:, and conquered the 2255:south and west into 2225:and the province of 2217:at the inception of 2159:Gallo-Roman subjects 2151:Sidonius Apollinaris 1887:Western Roman Empire 1691:Expulsion of Germans 1657:Contemporary Germany 1555:German Confederation 1090:Provisional Republic 872:Valois-Orléans kings 9627:Revolutions of 1848 9557:Early modern France 9338:Anglo-Saxon England 9243:Classical antiquity 8979:Lordship of Ireland 8974:Kingdom of Scotland 8963:Kingdom of Portugal 8943:Kingdom of Valencia 8913:Kingdom of Asturias 8188:Kingdom of Portugal 8055:Old Church Slavonic 8040:Anglo-Saxon England 7884:Modern great powers 6388:Gothic Christianity 5275:Ostrogothic kingdom 4915:History of the Wars 4487:Griffith, Michael. 4064:Visigothic law code 3818:Odo, Count of Paris 3812:Arnulf of Carinthia 3743:drainage basin and 3582:Michael I Rhangabes 3442:Anglo-Saxon England 3395:patricius Romanorum 3365:Carolingian dynasty 3137:, under his widow, 3103:Antenor of Provence 3037:) and defeated the 2742:Rule of Chlothar II 2724:Mayor of the Palace 2484:on the side of the 2368:hereditary monarchy 2272:Kingdom of Soissons 2205:Merovingian dynasty 1505:Early Modern period 1492:Eastward settlement 9817:Barbarian kingdoms 9733:Crusading movement 9637:Russian Revolution 9472:Hundred Years' War 9368:Maritime republics 9271:Early Christianity 9261:Hellenistic period 9218:Paleolithic Europe 9139:Grand Principality 9057:Kingdom of Croatia 9004:Emirate of Granada 8969:Kingdom of England 8953:Kingdom of Navarre 8947:Kingdom of Majorca 8925:Kingdom of Galicia 8921:Kingdom of Castile 8884:Republic of Venice 8855:Kingdom of Bohemia 8369:In popular culture 8334:Crusading movement 8206:Hundred Years' War 8065:Civitas Schinesghe 8050:Carolingian Empire 8035:Kingdom of Croatia 7988:Barbarian kingdoms 5771:Germani cisrhenani 5479:Funerary practices 5383:Pre-Roman Iron Age 5359:Germanic languages 5300:Visigothic kingdom 5260:Kingdom of Odoacer 5230:Burgundian kingdom 5220:Alamannian kingdom 5205:Barbarian kingdoms 5155:The Barbarian West 5106:Goffart, Walter A. 5047:Geary, Patrick J. 4955:Historia Francorum 4943:Historia Epitomata 4751:AD 508 Source Book 4513:Mark, Harrison W. 4340:Carolingian_Empire 4270:three-field system 4207:Carolingian Empire 3974:Kingdom of Germany 3961:translatio imperii 3900:, and the west of 3764:Kingdom of Germany 3669: 3631:Carolingian Empire 3376:elective tradition 3361:Carolingian Empire 3357: 3341: 3099:Savaric of Auxerre 2974: 2970:duchy of Aquitaine 2884:Grimoald the Elder 2812: 2784: 2780:Duchy of Aquitaine 2654: 2545: 2403: 2336:in the southeast. 2334:Burgundian kingdom 2270:and conquered the 2231: 2223:Burgundian kingdom 2032: 1994:Kingdom of Germany 1939:Carolingian Empire 1889:were close to the 1852:, was the largest 1846:Imperium Francorum 1785:History portal 1771:Germany portal 1522:Kingdom of Prussia 1482:Kingdom of Germany 1454:Barbarian kingdoms 1243:History portal 739: until 50 BC 401:Holy Roman Emperor 216:King of the Franks 9741: 9740: 9667:COVID-19 pandemic 9612:French Revolution 9587:Habsburg monarchy 9567:Cossack Hetmanate 9547:Portuguese Empire 9537:Absolute monarchy 9532:Thirty Years' War 9427:Holy Roman Empire 9352:Bulgarian Empire 9311:Early Middle Ages 9228:Bronze Age Europe 9202:History of Europe 9168: 9167: 9164: 9163: 9120:Novgorod Republic 9094:Kingdom of Bosnia 9032:Bulgarian Empire 8935:Kingdom of Aragon 8899:Duchy of Burgundy 8889:Republic of Genoa 8879:Kingdom of Naples 8874:Kingdom of Sicily 8863:Swiss Confederacy 8851:Holy Roman Empire 8823: 8822: 8551: 8550: 8460:Basic topics list 8261:Swiss mercenaries 8211:Wars of the Roses 8118:Kingdom of Poland 8103:Holy Roman Empire 7970:Early Middle Ages 7928: 7927: 7850: 7849: 7815:Polish–Lithuanian 6990:Gurjara-Pratihara 6434: 6433: 5606:Gothic and Vandal 5398:Germanic Iron Age 5373:Nordic Bronze Age 5355:Northern European 5308: 5307: 5285:Sub-Roman Britain 5255:Kingdom of Altava 5118:. Berkeley, 1994. 5003:Secondary sources 4874:978-0-521-30384-2 4761:978-1-57258-631-4 4734:978-1-61451-099-4 4649:978-1-59051-942-4 4622:978-1-61451-099-4 4432:Frankish paganism 4281:Byzantine coinage 4241:influence on the 4184:"Frankish synods" 3966:regnum Teutonicum 3956:Holy Roman Empire 3760:Holy Roman Empire 3579:Byzantine Emperor 3505:In 788, Tassilo, 3414:Donation of Pepin 3372:Holy Roman Empire 3257:Pepin the Younger 3221:with his brother 2966:Pepin of Heristal 2892:duke of Thuringia 2626:Treaty of Andelot 2603:Treaty of Andelot 2341:Battle of Vouillé 2284:Battle of Vouillé 2280:Battle of Tolbiac 2130:civitas Tungrorum 1998:Holy Roman Empire 1978:Kingdom of France 1962:Lower Lotharingia 1952:, centred on the 1876:Early Middle Ages 1857:barbarian kingdom 1822: 1821: 1753: 1752: 1647: 1646: 1487:Holy Roman Empire 1364:Holy Roman Empire 1277: 1276: 1228:France portal 1121: 1120: 1018: 1017: 929:Kingdom of France 919:French Revolution 910:Long 19th century 900: 899: 848: 847: 818:Kingdom of France 753: 752: 661: 660: 560: 559: 556: 555: 508: 507: 346:Early Middle Ages 164:Frankish dialects 97: 96: 89: 9844: 9794: 9793: 9782: 9781: 9780: 9770: 9769: 9768: 9758: 9757: 9756: 9749: 9602:Great Divergence 9517:Age of Discovery 9462:Late Middle Ages 9432:High Middle Ages 9343:Byzantine Empire 9326:Christianization 9316:Migration Period 9251:Classical Greece 9223:Neolithic Europe 9195: 9188: 9181: 9172: 9171: 9090:Banate of Bosnia 9028:Byzantine Empire 8909:Crown of Castile 8859:Kingdom of Italy 8834: 8833: 8602: 8601: 8578: 8571: 8564: 8555: 8554: 8541: 8540: 8531: 8530: 8521: 8480:Medieval studies 8324:Church and State 8198:Late Middle Ages 8090:High Middle Ages 8008:Christianization 7978:Migration Period 7955: 7948: 7941: 7932: 7931: 7731: 7730: 7396:Austro-Hungarian 7096:Chagatai Khanate 6461: 6454: 6447: 6438: 6437: 6424: 6423: 6380:Christianization 5970:Ripuarian Franks 5342:Germanic peoples 5335: 5328: 5321: 5312: 5311: 5235:Frankish kingdom 5209:Migration Period 5198: 5191: 5184: 5175: 5174: 5127:978-9004-25618-7 5025:Collins, Roger. 4981:. 2 vol. trans. 4975:Gregory of Tours 4962:Gregory of Tours 4950:Gregory of Tours 4879: 4878: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4835: 4829: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4797: 4791: 4790: 4772: 4766: 4765: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4718: 4709: 4702:Gregory of Tours 4699: 4693: 4692: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4633: 4627: 4626: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4583: 4577: 4568: 4562: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4445: 4439: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4408: 4401: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4376: 4366: 4205:literacy in the 4152:Gregory of Tours 4039:Lex Baiuvariorum 3920:Louis the German 3918:was the land of 3896:, Burgundy, the 3894:Kingdom of Italy 3840:Charles the Bald 3804:Louis the German 3796:Treaty of Mersen 3776:Charles the Bald 3752:Louis the German 3735:and the various 3681:Treaty of Verdun 3662:Louis the German 3642:Charles the Bald 3571:Byzantine Empire 3459:of thousands of 3242:watershed battle 3227:Pope Gregory III 3197:In the 730s the 3193:Umayyad invasion 3109:. The reigns of 3107:Odo of Aquitaine 3009:Battle of Tertry 3001:Pepin of Herstal 2964:at the death of 2696:and brought the 2694:Duchy of Gascony 2636:'s portion with 2470:Byzantine Empire 2361:Gregory of Tours 2296:Gregory of Tours 2053:, including the 1990:Ottonian dynasty 1974:Capetian dynasty 1919:Pepin of Herstal 1880:Migration Period 1838:Frankish Kingdom 1834:Regnum Francorum 1814: 1807: 1800: 1787: 1783: 1782: 1781: 1773: 1769: 1768: 1767: 1679: 1662: 1661: 1595: 1594: 1565: 1449:Migration Period 1444:Germanic peoples 1439:Urnfield culture 1307: 1297: 1279: 1278: 1269: 1262: 1255: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1226: 1225: 1224: 1117: 1033: 1032: 915: 914: 868: 867: 829:Direct Capetians 768: 767: 711: 710: 691: 681: 663: 662: 552: 551: 538: 537: 524: 523: 512: 511: 503:Ripuarian Franks 499: 498: 485: 484: 478: 477: 462: 461: 424:Treaty of Verdun 382: 366: 332:Charles the Bald 328:Louis the German 234:509–511 (first) 233: 173:Slavic languages 138: 128: 120: 112: 110:Regnum Francorum 101: 100: 92: 85: 81: 78: 72: 67:this article by 58:inline citations 45: 44: 37: 9852: 9851: 9847: 9846: 9845: 9843: 9842: 9841: 9802: 9801: 9800: 9788: 9778: 9776: 9766: 9764: 9754: 9752: 9744: 9742: 9737: 9676: 9642:Interwar period 9617:Napoleonic Wars 9481: 9452:Mongol invasion 9405:Crown of Aragon 9297: 9237: 9233:Iron Age Europe 9204: 9199: 9169: 9160: 9105:Kingdom of Rus' 9063:Crusader states 9020: 9014: 8931:Crown of Aragon 8917:Kingdom of León 8846:Frankish Empire 8839:Northern Europe 8838: 8829: 8819: 8726: 8720: 8607:Northern Europe 8606: 8598:political units 8597: 8595: 8593: 8587: 8582: 8552: 8547: 8509: 8490:Neo-medievalism 8438: 8374:Itinerant court 8297: 8192: 8113:Georgian Empire 8098:Norman Conquest 8084: 8030:Frankish Empire 7964: 7959: 7929: 7924: 7913:American Empire 7898: 7894:African empires 7846: 7729: 7421:Central African 7367: 7185:Romano-Germanic 6771: 6505:Middle Assyrian 6478: 6470: 6465: 6435: 6430: 6412: 6374: 5655: 5617: 5579:Gothic alphabet 5471:Norse mythology 5407: 5361: 5344: 5339: 5309: 5304: 5290:Suebian kingdom 5270:Lombard kingdom 5240:Frisian kingdom 5211: 5202: 5165: 5160: 5133:Schutz, Herbert 5000: 4891:Primary sources 4888: 4883: 4882: 4875: 4861: 4857: 4847: 4845: 4837: 4836: 4832: 4823: 4819: 4812: 4798: 4794: 4787: 4773: 4769: 4762: 4746: 4742: 4735: 4719: 4712: 4700: 4696: 4661: 4657: 4650: 4634: 4630: 4623: 4607: 4603: 4584: 4580: 4569: 4565: 4556: 4552: 4537: 4533: 4523: 4521: 4511: 4507: 4497: 4495: 4485: 4481: 4446: 4442: 4429: 4425: 4418: 4394: 4390: 4380: 4378: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4336: 4316:German Emperors 4278: 4261: 4255: 4227:Schottenklöster 4203:Old High German 4182:in a number of 4172: 4154: 4144: 4033:Lex Alamannorum 4025:the Frisian law 3995: 3990: 3988:Life in Francia 3800:Charles the Fat 3731:, Switzerland, 3673:Louis the Pious 3667: 3623: 3557:" in Rome in a 3531:Marca Hispanica 3383:Pope Stephen II 3367: 3359:Main articles: 3325: 3195: 3127: 3077:Frisia Ulterior 3035:Frisia Citerior 2955: 2800: 2744: 2736:Pepin of Landen 2717:Duchy of Alsace 2677:and seized the 2659: 2514: 2384: 2274:, defeated the 2207: 2201: 2110:Constantine III 2047:Germanic tribes 2043: 2037: 2010: 1992:, becoming the 1976:, becoming the 1935:Louis the Pious 1927:Pepin the Short 1842:Frankish Empire 1818: 1779: 1777: 1776: 1765: 1763: 1762: 1755: 1754: 1736: 1715: 1682: 1659: 1649: 1648: 1619:Weimar Republic 1592: 1582: 1581: 1568: 1537: 1527: 1526: 1507: 1497: 1496: 1472: 1464: 1463: 1459:Frankish Empire 1434:Únětice culture 1424: 1416: 1415: 1360:Historic states 1315: 1295: 1288: 1273: 1237: 1235: 1222: 1220: 1215: 1123: 1122: 1115: 1100:Fourth Republic 1081: 1048:Interwar period 1030: 1020: 1019: 979:Second Republic 912: 902: 901: 860: 850: 849: 765: 755: 754: 708: 679: 672: 657: 549: 535: 521: 496: 482: 426: 413: 406:25 December 800 403: 390: 377: 361: 319: 311:Louis the Pious 307: 306:• 814–840 295: 294:• 768–814 287:Pepin the Short 283: 282:• 751–768 271: 270:• 629–639 259: 258:• 613–629 247: 246:• 558–561 235: 171: 167: 141: 121: 114: 106: 93: 82: 76: 73: 63:Please help to 62: 46: 42: 35: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9850: 9840: 9839: 9837:Former empires 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9799: 9798: 9786: 9774: 9762: 9739: 9738: 9736: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9684: 9682: 9678: 9677: 9675: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9592:Russian Empire 9589: 9584: 9582:British Empire 9579: 9577:Dutch Republic 9574: 9572:Swedish Empire 9569: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9552:Spanish Empire 9549: 9544: 9542:Ottoman Empire 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9513: 9512: 9502: 9497: 9491: 9489: 9483: 9482: 9480: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9457:Serbian Empire 9454: 9449: 9444: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9391: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9365: 9364: 9363: 9358: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9329: 9328: 9318: 9313: 9307: 9305: 9299: 9298: 9296: 9295: 9293:Late antiquity 9290: 9285: 9280: 9279: 9278: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9256:Roman Republic 9253: 9247: 9245: 9239: 9238: 9236: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9214: 9212: 9206: 9205: 9198: 9197: 9190: 9183: 9175: 9166: 9165: 9162: 9161: 9159: 9158: 9131: 9116:Rus' Khaganate 9112: 9097: 9086: 9060: 9045: 9044: 9043: 9038: 9030: 9024: 9022: 9016: 9015: 9013: 9012: 9007: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8955: 8950: 8928: 8906: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8848: 8842: 8840: 8831: 8825: 8824: 8821: 8820: 8818: 8817: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8772: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8730: 8728: 8722: 8721: 8719: 8718: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8672: 8667: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8621: 8616: 8610: 8608: 8599: 8589: 8588: 8581: 8580: 8573: 8566: 8558: 8549: 8548: 8546: 8545: 8535: 8525: 8514: 8511: 8510: 8508: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8485:Misconceptions 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8446: 8444: 8440: 8439: 8437: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8305: 8303: 8299: 8298: 8296: 8295: 8293:Little Ice Age 8290: 8289: 8288: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8246:Western Schism 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8202: 8200: 8194: 8193: 8191: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8094: 8092: 8086: 8085: 8083: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8011: 8010: 8000: 7995: 7993:Late antiquity 7990: 7985: 7980: 7974: 7972: 7966: 7965: 7958: 7957: 7950: 7943: 7935: 7926: 7925: 7923: 7922: 7921: 7920: 7915: 7906: 7904: 7900: 7899: 7897: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7870: 7869: 7858: 7856: 7852: 7851: 7848: 7847: 7845: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7823: 7822: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7766: 7765: 7760: 7750: 7745: 7739: 7737: 7728: 7727: 7726: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7695: 7690: 7689: 7688: 7678: 7673: 7672: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7651: 7646: 7645: 7644: 7639: 7629: 7628: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7597: 7596: 7595: 7590: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7564: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7533: 7532: 7531: 7526: 7516: 7511: 7510: 7509: 7504: 7494: 7493: 7492: 7487: 7477: 7476: 7475: 7470: 7460: 7455: 7454: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7423: 7418: 7417: 7416: 7411: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7377: 7375: 7369: 7368: 7366: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7349: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7308: 7303: 7302: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7266: 7265: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7198: 7197: 7192: 7182: 7181: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7126: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7105: 7104: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7052: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7026: 7025: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 6999: 6998: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6956: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6935: 6930: 6929: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6893: 6892: 6891: 6886: 6876: 6875: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6849: 6844: 6843: 6842: 6832: 6831: 6830: 6825: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6781: 6779: 6777:Post-classical 6773: 6772: 6770: 6769: 6768: 6767: 6757: 6752: 6751: 6750: 6745: 6735: 6734: 6733: 6723: 6722: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6675: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6649: 6648: 6647: 6642: 6632: 6627: 6626: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6584: 6583: 6578: 6576:Middle Kingdom 6573: 6563: 6558: 6557: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6536: 6535: 6534: 6532:Neo-Babylonian 6529: 6524: 6522:Old Babylonian 6514: 6513: 6512: 6507: 6497: 6492: 6486: 6484: 6472: 6471: 6464: 6463: 6456: 6449: 6441: 6432: 6431: 6429: 6428: 6417: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6384: 6382: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6341: 6340: 6335: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6149: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6118: 6117: 6116: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6045: 6044: 6039: 6037:Thracian Goths 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5978: 5977: 5972: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5816: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5804: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5692: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5665: 5663: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5627: 5625: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5615: 5614: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5593: 5588: 5587: 5586: 5581: 5571: 5566: 5565: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5544: 5539: 5538: 5537: 5527: 5526: 5525: 5520: 5510: 5509: 5508: 5503: 5493: 5492: 5491: 5486: 5476: 5475: 5474: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5417: 5415: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5388:Roman Iron Age 5385: 5380: 5375: 5369: 5367: 5363: 5362: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5338: 5337: 5330: 5323: 5315: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5302: 5297: 5295:Vandal kingdom 5292: 5287: 5282: 5280:Rugian kingdom 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5201: 5200: 5193: 5186: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5164: 5163:External links 5161: 5159: 5158: 5149: 5140: 5130: 5119: 5112: 5102: 5087: 5076: 5059: 5045: 5030: 5023: 5006: 5005: 5004: 4999: 4998: 4986: 4972: 4959: 4947: 4935: 4919: 4907: 4894: 4893: 4892: 4887: 4884: 4881: 4880: 4873: 4855: 4830: 4817: 4811:978-1107069183 4810: 4792: 4786:978-3110183566 4785: 4767: 4760: 4740: 4733: 4710: 4694: 4655: 4648: 4628: 4621: 4601: 4578: 4563: 4550: 4531: 4505: 4479: 4460:(3): 475–504. 4440: 4423: 4416: 4388: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4348: 4347: 4342: 4335: 4332: 4277: 4274: 4254: 4251: 4192:Western Church 4176:Church in Gaul 4143: 4140: 4122:missi dominici 4100:edict of Paris 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3886:Middle Francia 3792: 3791: 3784:House of Capet 3774:His third son 3772: 3762:by way of the 3748: 3733:Northern Italy 3666: 3665: 3655: 3648:Middle Francia 3645: 3634: 3622: 3619: 3324: 3321: 3194: 3191: 3151:Charles Martel 3126: 3125:Death of Pepin 3123: 3119:rois fainéants 3115:Childebert III 3086:, duke of the 3073:Eastern Frisia 3031:Western Frisia 2954: 2951: 2808:Slavic peoples 2799: 2796: 2774:. It included 2748:Edict of Paris 2743: 2740: 2658: 2655: 2513: 2510: 2504:, and part of 2383: 2380: 2294:(according to 2200: 2197: 2155:Flavius Aetius 2079:Emperor Julian 2039:Main article: 2036: 2033: 2009: 2006: 1923:Charles Martel 1861:Western Europe 1820: 1819: 1817: 1816: 1809: 1802: 1794: 1791: 1790: 1789: 1788: 1774: 1757: 1756: 1751: 1750: 1747: 1745:Modern history 1741: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1734: 1729: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1713: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1693: 1687: 1686: 1685:1945–1949/1952 1683: 1681: 1680: 1671: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1654: 1651: 1650: 1645: 1644: 1641: 1635: 1634: 1631: 1625: 1624: 1621: 1615: 1614: 1611: 1605: 1604: 1601: 1593: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1567: 1566: 1557: 1551: 1549: 1544: 1538: 1533: 1532: 1529: 1528: 1525: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1508: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1367: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1325:Historiography 1322: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1300: 1299: 1290: 1289: 1282: 1275: 1274: 1272: 1271: 1264: 1257: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1217: 1216: 1214: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1202: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1181: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1125: 1124: 1119: 1118: 1112: 1110:Fifth Republic 1106: 1105: 1102: 1096: 1095: 1092: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1080: 1079: 1074: 1068: 1065: 1064: 1061: 1054: 1053: 1050: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1037:Third Republic 1031: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1005: 1004: 1001: 999:Third Republic 995: 994: 991: 985: 984: 981: 975: 974: 971: 965: 964: 961: 955: 954: 951: 945: 944: 941: 939:First Republic 935: 934: 931: 925: 924: 921: 913: 908: 907: 904: 903: 898: 897: 894: 888: 887: 884: 878: 877: 874: 861: 856: 855: 852: 851: 846: 845: 842: 835: 834: 831: 824: 823: 820: 814: 813: 810: 803: 802: 799: 793: 792: 789: 783: 782: 779: 766: 761: 760: 757: 756: 751: 750: 749:50 BC – 486 AD 747: 741: 740: 737: 731: 730: 729:600 BC – 49 BC 727: 725:Greek colonies 721: 720: 717: 709: 704: 703: 700: 699: 693: 692: 684: 683: 674: 673: 666: 659: 658: 656: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 623:Czech Republic 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 579: 574: 568: 566: 562: 561: 558: 557: 554: 553: 546: 540: 539: 532: 526: 525: 518: 516:Middle Francia 509: 506: 505: 500: 492: 491: 486: 474: 473: 468: 458: 457: 452: 448: 447: 444: 440: 439: 435: 434: 431: 430: 427: 421: 418: 417: 414: 411: 408: 407: 404: 398: 395: 394: 391: 388: 385: 384: 378: 372: 369: 368: 362: 356: 353: 352: 349: 348: 343: 342:Historical era 339: 338: 335: 334: 320: 317: 314: 313: 308: 305: 302: 301: 296: 293: 290: 289: 284: 281: 278: 277: 272: 269: 266: 265: 260: 257: 254: 253: 248: 245: 242: 241: 236: 229: 226: 225: 222: 221: 218: 212: 211: 206: 202: 201: 192: 186: 185: 180: 176: 175: 157: 153: 152: 150:Medieval Latin 147: 143: 142: 139: 131: 130: 123: 122: 107: 104: 95: 94: 49: 47: 40: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9849: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9809: 9807: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9785: 9775: 9773: 9763: 9761: 9751: 9750: 9747: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9688:Art of Europe 9686: 9685: 9683: 9679: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9511: 9508: 9507: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9492: 9490: 9488: 9487:Modern period 9484: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9422: 9418: 9414: 9410: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9370: 9369: 9366: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9353: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9327: 9324: 9323: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9308: 9306: 9304: 9300: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9277: 9274: 9273: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9248: 9246: 9244: 9240: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9215: 9213: 9211: 9207: 9203: 9196: 9191: 9189: 9184: 9182: 9177: 9176: 9173: 9156: 9152: 9148: 9144: 9140: 9136: 9132: 9129: 9125: 9121: 9117: 9113: 9110: 9106: 9102: 9098: 9095: 9091: 9087: 9084: 9080: 9076: 9072: 9068: 9064: 9061: 9058: 9054: 9050: 9046: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9033: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9025: 9023: 9021:and Near East 9017: 9011: 9008: 9005: 9001: 8997: 8993: 8989: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8964: 8960: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8948: 8944: 8940: 8936: 8932: 8929: 8926: 8922: 8918: 8914: 8910: 8907: 8904: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8864: 8860: 8856: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8843: 8841: 8835: 8832: 8826: 8815: 8811: 8807: 8803: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8781: 8777: 8773: 8770: 8766: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8731: 8729: 8727:and Near East 8723: 8716: 8712: 8708: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8688: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8665: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8637: 8633: 8629: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8611: 8609: 8603: 8600: 8590: 8586: 8579: 8574: 8572: 8567: 8565: 8560: 8559: 8556: 8544: 8536: 8534: 8526: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8515: 8512: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8447: 8445: 8441: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8306: 8304: 8300: 8294: 8291: 8287: 8284: 8283: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8203: 8201: 8199: 8195: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8153:Scholasticism 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8095: 8093: 8091: 8087: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8015:Rise of Islam 8013: 8009: 8006: 8005: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7971: 7967: 7963: 7956: 7951: 7949: 7944: 7942: 7937: 7936: 7933: 7919: 7918:Soviet empire 7916: 7914: 7911: 7910: 7908: 7907: 7905: 7903:Miscellaneous 7901: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7868: 7865: 7864: 7863: 7860: 7859: 7857: 7853: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7821: 7818: 7817: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7755: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7740: 7738: 7736: 7732: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7700: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7687: 7684: 7683: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7656: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7634: 7633: 7630: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7602: 7601: 7598: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7585: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7538: 7537: 7534: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7521: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7502:German Empire 7500: 7499: 7498: 7495: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7482: 7481: 7478: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7465: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7428: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7406: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7378: 7376: 7374: 7370: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7313: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7271: 7270: 7267: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7244: 7243: 7242:Turco-Persian 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7186: 7183: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7150: 7149: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7110: 7109: 7106: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7083: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7031: 7030: 7027: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7004: 7003: 7000: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6982: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6897: 6894: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6881: 6880: 6877: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6854: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6841: 6838: 6837: 6836: 6833: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6774: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6740: 6739: 6736: 6732: 6729: 6728: 6727: 6724: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6691: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6654: 6653: 6650: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6637: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6600: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6568: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6541: 6540: 6537: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6519: 6518: 6515: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6502: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6462: 6457: 6455: 6450: 6448: 6443: 6442: 6439: 6427: 6419: 6418: 6415: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6385: 6383: 6381: 6377: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6123: 6122: 6119: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6012:Crimean Goths 6010: 6009: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5976: 5975:Salian Franks 5973: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5773: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5670: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5658: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5620: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5576: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5536: 5533: 5532: 5531: 5528: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5514: 5511: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5497: 5494: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5480: 5477: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5413:Early culture 5410: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5347: 5343: 5336: 5331: 5329: 5324: 5322: 5317: 5316: 5313: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5250:Hunnic empire 5248: 5246: 5245:Gepid kingdom 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5217: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5199: 5194: 5192: 5187: 5185: 5180: 5179: 5176: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5156: 5153: 5150: 5147: 5144: 5141: 5138: 5134: 5131: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5117: 5113: 5110: 5107: 5103: 5100: 5099:0-582-49005-7 5096: 5092: 5088: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5075: 5074:0-631-17936-4 5071: 5067: 5063: 5062:James, Edward 5060: 5058: 5057:0-19-504458-4 5054: 5050: 5046: 5043: 5042:0-85115-769-6 5039: 5035: 5031: 5028: 5024: 5022: 5021:0-8166-0621-8 5018: 5014: 5011: 5008: 5007: 5002: 5001: 4996: 4995: 4990: 4987: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4970:Excerpts here 4967: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4951: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4929: 4928: 4923: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4911: 4908: 4905: 4904: 4903:Roman History 4899: 4896: 4895: 4890: 4889: 4876: 4870: 4866: 4859: 4844: 4840: 4834: 4827: 4821: 4813: 4807: 4803: 4796: 4788: 4782: 4778: 4771: 4763: 4757: 4753: 4752: 4744: 4736: 4730: 4726: 4725: 4717: 4715: 4707: 4706:Book II 38-43 4703: 4698: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4659: 4651: 4645: 4641: 4640: 4632: 4624: 4618: 4614: 4613: 4605: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4582: 4575: 4572: 4567: 4560: 4554: 4546: 4542: 4535: 4520: 4516: 4509: 4494: 4490: 4483: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4444: 4437: 4433: 4427: 4419: 4417:3-8062-1535-9 4413: 4409: 4407: 4400: 4399:Die Alemannen 4392: 4373: 4372: 4365: 4361: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4337: 4331: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4312: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4273: 4271: 4267: 4260: 4250: 4248: 4244: 4243:uncial script 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4153: 4149: 4139: 4137: 4133: 4128: 4124: 4123: 4116: 4114: 4110: 4105: 4101: 4096: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4040: 4035: 4034: 4028: 4026: 4022: 4021:the Saxon law 4018: 4017: 4012: 4011: 4006: 4005: 4000: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3972:kingdom" or " 3971: 3967: 3963: 3962: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3872:Île-de-France 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3770: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3703:(centered on 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3663: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3639: 3636: 3635: 3632: 3627: 3618: 3616: 3612: 3607: 3605: 3601: 3600: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3565:and imperial 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3503: 3501: 3496: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3479:, among them 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3445: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3366: 3362: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3320: 3318: 3317:Monte Soratte 3314: 3310: 3304: 3302: 3301:Childeric III 3297: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3190: 3188: 3183: 3179: 3173: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3145:, to appoint 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3122: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3095: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3026: 3024: 3023: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2981:Theuderic III 2979:The reign of 2977: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2950: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2911: 2910: 2905: 2899: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2880: 2877: 2871: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2809: 2804: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2760: 2757: 2751: 2749: 2739: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2718: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2668: 2664: 2663:Theudebert II 2651: 2647: 2646:Childebert II 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2611:Childebert II 2608: 2604: 2598: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2521: 2519: 2509: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2400: 2395: 2391: 2389: 2382:Clovis's sons 2379: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2345:Christmas Day 2342: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2302: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2245: 2240: 2236: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2153:relates that 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2104:countship at 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2090:Flavius Bauto 2086: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2042: 2029: 2028: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1815: 1810: 1808: 1803: 1801: 1796: 1795: 1793: 1792: 1786: 1775: 1772: 1761: 1760: 1759: 1758: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1727:Reunification 1725: 1724: 1722: 1721: 1717: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1702: 1701: 1699: 1698: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1678: 1677: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1664: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1652: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1602: 1600: 1599:German Empire 1597: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1585: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1564: 1563: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1542:Mediatisation 1540: 1539: 1536: 1531: 1530: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1506: 1501: 1500: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1468: 1467: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1423:Early history 1420: 1419: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1311: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1292: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1280: 1270: 1265: 1263: 1258: 1256: 1251: 1250: 1248: 1247: 1244: 1233: 1229: 1219: 1218: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1134: 1132: 1131: 1127: 1126: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1067: 1066: 1062: 1060: 1059:Années folles 1056: 1055: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1044: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1023: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1006: 1002: 1000: 997: 996: 992: 990: 989:Second Empire 987: 986: 982: 980: 977: 976: 972: 970: 969:July Monarchy 967: 966: 962: 960: 957: 956: 952: 950: 947: 946: 942: 940: 937: 936: 932: 930: 927: 926: 922: 920: 917: 916: 911: 906: 905: 895: 893: 892:Bourbon kings 890: 889: 885: 883: 880: 879: 875: 873: 870: 869: 866: 865: 864:Ancien Régime 859: 854: 853: 843: 841: 837: 836: 832: 830: 826: 825: 821: 819: 816: 815: 811: 809: 805: 804: 800: 798: 795: 794: 790: 788: 785: 784: 780: 777: 773: 770: 769: 764: 759: 758: 748: 746: 743: 742: 738: 736: 733: 732: 728: 726: 723: 722: 718: 716: 713: 712: 707: 702: 701: 698: 695: 694: 690: 686: 685: 682: 676: 675: 670: 665: 664: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 643:Liechtenstein 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 569: 567: 565:Today part of 563: 547: 545: 542: 541: 533: 531: 528: 527: 519: 517: 514: 513: 510: 504: 501: 494: 493: 490: 489:Salian Franks 487: 480: 479: 476: 475: 472: 469: 467: 464: 463: 459: 456: 453: 449: 445: 441: 436: 432: 429:10 August 843 428: 425: 419: 415: 409: 405: 402: 396: 392: 386: 379: 376: 370: 363: 360: 359:Salian Franks 354: 350: 347: 344: 340: 336: 333: 329: 325: 321: 315: 312: 309: 303: 300: 297: 291: 288: 285: 279: 276: 273: 267: 264: 261: 255: 252: 249: 243: 240: 237: 227: 223: 219: 217: 213: 210: 207: 203: 200: 196: 193: 191: 187: 184: 181: 177: 174: 170: 165: 161: 158: 154: 151: 148: 144: 137: 132: 124: 118: 111: 102: 99: 91: 88: 80: 70: 66: 60: 59: 53: 48: 39: 38: 33: 26: 22: 9647:World War II 9500:Early modern 9477:Kalmar Union 9348:Papal States 9332: 9266:Roman Empire 9135:Principality 8869:Papal States 8845: 8594:histories of 8314:Architecture 8286:Great Famine 8276:Universities 8216:Hussite Wars 8133:Great Schism 8029: 8020:Papal States 7669:Contemporary 7519:Indo-Persian 7507:Nazi Germany 7451:Contemporary 7353:Vijayanagara 7252:Great Seljuk 7163:Thessalonica 7091:Golden Horde 6731:Carthaginian 6510:Neo-Assyrian 6495:Neo-Sumerian 5706:Anglo-Saxons 5696:Adrabaecampi 5679:Bucinobantes 5421:Architecture 5234: 5154: 5145: 5136: 5115: 5108: 5090: 5083: 5065: 5048: 5033: 5026: 5012: 4992: 4983:O. M. Dalton 4978: 4965: 4954: 4941: 4930:. trans. by 4925: 4913: 4901: 4864: 4858: 4846:. Retrieved 4842: 4833: 4820: 4801: 4795: 4776: 4770: 4750: 4743: 4723: 4697: 4675:(1): 29–57. 4672: 4668: 4658: 4638: 4631: 4611: 4604: 4596:Academia.edu 4591: 4581: 4573: 4566: 4553: 4544: 4534: 4522:. Retrieved 4518: 4508: 4496:. Retrieved 4492: 4482: 4457: 4453: 4443: 4426: 4403: 4391: 4379:. Retrieved 4370: 4364: 4313: 4305:Childeric II 4285:Theudebert I 4279: 4262: 4226: 4196: 4173: 4126: 4120: 4117: 4097: 4092: 4074: 4070: 4068: 4044:Gallo-Romans 4037: 4031: 4029: 4014: 4008: 4004:Leges Salica 4002: 3996: 3965: 3959: 3948:Hohenstaufen 3916:East Francia 3914: 3884: 3836:West Francia 3834: 3816: 3793: 3692: 3670: 3658:East Francia 3638:West Francia 3608: 3597: 3566: 3562: 3551:Pope Leo III 3548: 3529: 3523: 3510: 3506: 3504: 3497: 3469:Roman empire 3446: 3434: 3422: 3417: 3410:Papal States 3407: 3394: 3380: 3368: 3305: 3293: 3288: 3276: 3250: 3231: 3219:Rhône Valley 3214: 3207:Loire valley 3196: 3178:Theuderic IV 3174: 3158:Chilperic II 3155: 3143:Dagobert III 3130: 3128: 3118: 3096: 3081: 3076: 3058: 3039:Frisian king 3034: 3027: 3020: 3012: 2998: 2978: 2975: 2939:Childeric II 2935:Chlothar III 2932: 2914: 2909:roi fainéant 2907: 2900: 2881: 2875: 2872: 2867:Sigebert III 2860: 2829: 2813: 2792:Charibert II 2785: 2752: 2745: 2728:Warnachar II 2721: 2714: 2687: 2672: 2667:Theuderic II 2660: 2606: 2599: 2584: 2561: 2546: 2515: 2492:against the 2473: 2467: 2459:Theudebert I 2455: 2423:Childebert I 2404: 2385: 2376:Roman Empire 2365: 2338: 2322:Loire valley 2299: 2265: 2261:Christianity 2252: 2242: 2232: 2186: 2166:Merovingians 2163: 2138: 2128: 2122: 2087: 2074: 2051:Roman Empire 2044: 2025: 2002:Pan-European 1982:East Francia 1970:West Francia 1943: 1884: 1849: 1841: 1837: 1825: 1823: 1639:World War II 1629:Nazi Germany 1590:German Reich 1517:18th century 1512:Sectionalism 1477:East Francia 1458: 1231: 1189:Christianity 1077:Vichy France 1028:20th century 1010:Belle Époque 949:First Empire 862: 858:Early modern 808:West Francia 797:Carolingians 787:Merovingians 771: 653:Vatican City 544:West Francia 530:East Francia 471:Succeeded by 470: 465: 98: 83: 74: 55: 9796:Middle Ages 9632:World War I 9622:Nationalism 9510:Reformation 9495:Renaissance 9467:Black Death 9400:Kievan Rus' 9303:Middle Ages 9101:Kievan Rus' 8837:Western and 8830:territories 8754:Czech lands 8605:Western and 8543:WikiProject 8470:Medievalism 8309:Agriculture 8173:Manorialism 8168:Communalism 8163:Monasticism 8080:Reconquista 8070:Kievan Rus' 7257:Khwarezmian 7190:Carolingian 6995:Rashtrakuta 6699:Shaishunaga 6598:Hellenistic 6581:New Kingdom 6571:Old Kingdom 6146:Nahanarvali 6069:Hilleviones 5982:Frisiavones 5850:Cananefates 5840:Burgundians 5751:Banochaemae 5601:Anglo-Saxon 5552:Anglo-Saxon 5518:Anglo-Saxon 5501:Anglo-Saxon 5484:Anglo-Saxon 4524:15 December 4498:15 December 4436:Gallo-Roman 4430:Originally 4381:14 February 4377:. p. 4 4328:Charlemagne 4104:Magna Carta 4071:rachimburgs 4046:subject to 3944:Lotharingia 3910:Lotharingia 3745:Jura massif 3721:Netherlands 3701:Lotharingia 3594:Charlemagne 3540:Christendom 3515:Agilolfings 3429:Charlemagne 3391:Saint-Denis 3223:Childebrand 3170:Carolingian 3162:Chlothar IV 3071:. However, 2990:Dagobert II 2683:Sigebert II 2630:Charibert I 2615:Chlothar II 2576:Chilperic I 2549:Charibert I 2445:(534), and 2407:Theuderic I 2388:fiscal land 2349:Catholicism 2253:territorium 2235:Childeric I 2178:Burgundians 2098:Mallobaudes 2024:presiding, 1986:Lotharingia 1931:Charlemagne 1913:in 486 and 1903:Childeric I 1872:Carolingian 1868:Merovingian 1609:World War I 1535:Unification 1471:Middle Ages 1406:Württemberg 1386:Family tree 1294:History of 1142:Health care 1072:Free France 959:Restoration 763:Middle Ages 735:Celtic Gaul 678:History of 613:Switzerland 583:Netherlands 466:Preceded by 416:20 June 840 299:Charlemagne 263:Chlothar II 69:introducing 9806:Categories 9395:Viking Age 9210:Prehistory 8996:Almoravids 8984:al-Andalus 8957:Portugal ( 8800:Anatolia ( 8465:Land terms 8419:Technology 8399:Philosophy 8379:Literature 8344:Demography 8045:Viking Age 7827:Portuguese 7708:Revival Le 7698:Vietnamese 7341:Later Tran 7311:Vietnamese 7207:Singhasari 7195:Holy Roman 6819:Bulgarian 6755:Satavahana 6726:Phoenician 6662:Achaemenid 6623:Indo-Greek 6603:Macedonian 6517:Babylonian 6365:Vinoviloth 6153:Marcomanni 6136:Helveconae 6114:Heaðobards 6084:Istvaeones 6074:Ingaevones 6059:Hermunduri 6027:Ostrogoths 6017:Greuthungi 5895:Chattuarii 5721:Angrivarii 5716:Ampsivarii 5684:Lentienses 5513:Literature 5403:Viking Age 5066:The Franks 4574:Res Gestae 4351:References 4257:See also: 4211:Columbanus 4109:Arnulfings 4076:capitulary 4056:Septimania 4016:Chamavorum 3906:Lothair II 3739:along the 3725:Luxembourg 3563:auctoritas 3477:bishoprics 3203:Septimania 3069:Willibrord 2994:Clovis III 2924:Erchinoald 2888:Childebert 2798:Dagobert I 2756:Dagobert I 2587:Galswintha 2568:Sigebert I 2529:Chlothar I 2518:Theudebald 2494:Ostrogoths 2482:Gothic War 2474:magnus rex 2431:Chlothar I 2288:Septimania 2244:foederatus 2227:Septimania 2203:See also: 2145:) and the 2102:hereditary 2067:Chattuarii 2059:Ampsivarii 1854:post-Roman 1749:since 1990 1732:New states 1676:Ostgebiete 1669:Occupation 1562:Zollverein 1410:Mediatised 1320:Chronology 778:settlement 745:Roman Gaul 715:Prehistory 648:San Marino 633:Luxembourg 275:Dagobert I 205:Government 190:Demonym(s) 166:and others 162:including 52:references 9442:Feudalism 9413:Catalonia 9155:Despotate 9099:Ukraine ( 9083:Jerusalem 9047:Croatia ( 8802:Byzantine 8774:Hungary ( 8765:Byzantine 8664:1169–1536 8450:Dark Ages 8359:Household 8354:Hastilude 8123:Feudalism 7820:Couronian 7458:Ethiopian 7446:Manchukuo 7401:Brazilian 7247:Ghaznavid 7217:Srivijaya 7168:Trebizond 7153:Byzantine 7135:North Sea 7130:Norwegian 7118:Almoravid 7101:Ilkhanate 7071:Majapahit 7044:Muromachi 6953:Solomonic 6938:Ethiopian 6852:Caliphate 6785:Aragonese 6613:Ptolemaic 6360:Vidivarii 6355:Victohali 6345:Vangiones 6278:Thuringii 6183:Nuithones 6079:Irminones 6042:Visigoths 6032:Thervingi 5992:Gambrivii 5945:Dulgubnii 5940:Dauciones 5890:Chasuarii 5830:Brondings 5756:Bastarnae 5746:Baiuvarii 5726:Armalausi 5689:Raetovari 5623:Languages 5591:Symbology 5451:Folklore 5446:Festivals 4991:(trans.) 4910:Procopius 4843:Britanica 4689:161819012 4356:Citations 4083:emperors 4060:Catalonia 4052:canon law 4048:Roman law 3982:Conrad II 3950:dynasty. 3932:Franconia 3928:Alamannia 3902:Austrasia 3890:Lothair I 3880:Capetians 3856:Catalonia 3844:Aquitaine 3689:Lothair I 3652:Lothair I 3604:Ottonians 3586:Michael I 3567:potestas. 3493:Osnabrück 3489:Paderborn 3355:(843/870) 3273:Thuringia 3269:Alemannia 3265:Austrasia 3211:Maurontus 3147:Ragenfrid 3139:Plectrude 3135:Theudoald 3111:Clovis IV 3084:Willehari 3005:Arnulfing 2916:Clovis II 2904:Adalgisel 2876:Burgundia 2863:Chilperic 2844:Périgueux 2768:Aquitaine 2704:, namely 2675:Dormelles 2650:Aquitaine 2595:Brunhilda 2591:Fredegund 2541:Austrasia 2463:Austrasia 2443:Burgundes 2439:Thuringii 2415:Chlodomer 2357:Ragnachar 2189:Austrasia 2174:Visigoths 2149:. Though 2139:Camaracum 2118:Theudemer 2083:Toxandria 2004:symbols. 1950:Austrasia 1915:Aquitaine 1718:1949–1990 1695:1944–1950 1643:1939–1945 1633:1933–1945 1623:1918–1933 1613:1914–1918 1603:1871–1918 1378:Empresses 1211:Territory 1104:1946–1958 1094:1944–1946 1084:1940–1944 1063:1920–1929 1052:1919–1939 1041:1870–1940 1014:1871–1914 1003:1870–1940 993:1852–1870 983:1848–1852 973:1830–1848 963:1814–1830 953:1804–1814 943:1792–1804 933:1791–1792 923:1789–1799 896:1589–1792 886:1515–1589 876:1498–1515 844:1328–1498 324:Lothair I 251:Clothar I 179:Religion 9681:See also 9652:Cold War 9447:Crusades 9417:Valencia 9151:Lordship 9133:Serbia ( 9114:Russia ( 9053:Pannonia 9049:Dalmatia 9000:Almohads 8828:Medieval 8763:Greece ( 8675:Scotland 8660:800–1169 8592:Medieval 8533:Category 8500:Timeline 8389:Minstrel 8384:Medicine 8266:Chivalry 8221:Burgundy 8143:Crusades 7800:Japanese 7763:Scottish 7743:American 7735:Colonial 7664:Imperial 7632:Moroccan 7568:Japanese 7546:Afsharid 7405:Burmese 7391:Austrian 7346:Later Le 7321:Early Le 7306:Venetian 7232:Tiwanaku 7145:Hellenic 7108:Moroccan 7039:Kamakura 7029:Japanese 7012:Saffarid 6965:Georgian 6879:Chalukya 6857:Rashidun 6847:Calakmul 6815:Bruneian 6694:Haryanka 6672:Sasanian 6667:Parthian 6618:Bactrian 6608:Seleucid 6588:Goguryeo 6566:Egyptian 6500:Assyrian 6490:Akkadian 6481:Colonies 6426:Category 6333:Hasdingi 6318:Usipetes 6298:Tubantes 6283:Toxandri 6263:Tencteri 6238:Suarines 6223:Sicambri 6218:Semnones 6198:Reudigni 6168:Mattiaci 6158:Marsacii 6109:Lombards 6099:Lacringi 6094:Juthungi 5925:Corconti 5910:Cherusci 5885:Charudes 5865:Chaedini 5835:Bructeri 5820:Bateinoi 5791:Eburones 5786:Condrusi 5781:Caeroesi 5776:Atuatuci 5711:Ambrones 5674:Brisgavi 5669:Alemanni 5547:Paganism 5436:Clothing 5431:Calendar 5378:Germania 5084:Speculum 4938:Fredegar 4922:Fredegar 4334:See also 4297:denarius 4276:Currency 4081:Spoletan 4010:Ribuaria 3999:Ripuarii 3970:Teutonic 3898:Provence 3876:Toulouse 3860:Flanders 3852:Burgundy 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