France - Knowledge

2777: 4586: 2964: 3753: 4417: 3643: 4863: 5762: 6966: 8883: 21766: 1882: 7111: 5530: 8610: 7173: 3332: 6252: 8510: 3870:, represent local constituencies and are directly elected for five-year terms. The Assembly has the power to dismiss the government by majority vote. Senators are chosen by an electoral college for six-year terms, with half the seats submitted to election every three years. The Senate's legislative powers are limited; in the event of disagreement between the two chambers, the National Assembly has the final say. The parliament is responsible for determining the rules and principles concerning most areas of law, political amnesty, and fiscal policy; however, the government may draft specific details concerning most laws. 4608: 3477: 7760: 22518: 7515: 4391: 22685: 9198: 191: 202: 24453: 23544: 9156: 2063: 23051: 2625: 4566: 5281: 21383: 3731: 2484: 9000: 8484:. Although the French film market is dominated by Hollywood, France is the only nation in the world where American films make up the smallest share of total film revenues, at 50%, compared with 77% in Germany and 69% in Japan. French films account for 35% of the total film revenues of France, which is the highest percentage of national film revenues in the developed world outside the United States, compared to 14% in Spain and 8% in the UK. In 2013 France was the second greatest exporter of films in the world, after the United States. 80: 8136: 6850: 5622: 5063: 5319: 5203:. At its peak in 1982, the public sector accounted for one-fifth of industrial employment and over four-fifths of the credit market. Beginning in the late 20th century, France loosened regulations and state involvement in the economy, with most leading companies now being privately owned; state ownership now dominates only transportation, defence and broadcasting. Policies aimed at promoting economic dynamism and privatisation have improved France's economic standing globally: it is among the world's 10 most 21311: 235: 7294: 6012: 3819: 2244: 3983: 21300: 21289: 3105: 24338: 2913: 22361: 888: 8772: 6262: 743: 710: 225: 26381: 25316: 23266: 22071: 21320: 20046: 8376: 23278: 22083: 21427: 21438: 66: 5299: 6811:(National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies) estimated that the total number of foreign-born immigrants was around 5 million (8% of the population), while their French-born descendants numbered 6.5 million, or 11% of the population. Thus, nearly a fifth of the country's population were either first or second-generation immigrants, of which more than 5 million were of European origin and 4 million of 19969: 21374: 9142: 21365: 21356: 21406: 21349: 21392: 20036: 21418: 865: 846: 813: 794: 21334: 3803:. The President has the power to dissolve Parliament or circumvent it by submitting referendums directly to the people; the President also appoints judges and civil servants, negotiates and ratifies international agreements, as well as serves as commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces. The Prime Minister determines public policy and oversees the civil service, with an emphasis on domestic matters. In the 212: 6768: 913: 9642: 5583:, at 56. Consequently, 70% of France's electricity is generated by nuclear power, the highest proportion in the world by a wide margin; only Slovakia and Ukraine also derive a majority of electricity from nuclear power, at roughly 53% and 51%, respectively. France is considered a world leader in nuclear technology, with reactors and fuel products being major exports. 3582:, the largest estuary in Western Europe which after approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi) empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Other water courses drain towards the Meuse and Rhine along the northeastern borders. France has 11,000,000 km (4,200,000 sq mi) of marine waters within three oceans under its jurisdiction, of which 97% are overseas. 6045:: By birth rates alone, it was responsible for almost all natural population growth in the European Union in 2006. Between 2006 and 2016, France saw the second-highest overall increase in population in the EU and was one of only four EU countries where natural births accounted for the most population growth. This was the highest rate since the end of the 7158:. The life expectancy at birth is 78 years for men and 85 years for women, one of the highest in the European Union and the World. There are 3.22 physicians for every 1000 inhabitants in France, and average health care spending per capita was US$ 4,719 in 2008. As of 2007, approximately 140,000 inhabitants (0.4%) of France are living with HIV/AIDS. 12438:

Langhammer, P.; Laurance, W. F.; Lieberman, S.; Linkie, M.; Malhi, Y.; Maxwell, S.; Mendez, M.; Mittermeier, R.; Murray, N. J.; Possingham, H.; Radachowsky, J.; Saatchi, S.; Samper, C.; Silverman, J.; Shapiro, A.; Strassburg, B.; Stevens, T.; Stokes, E.; Taylor, R.; Tear, T.; Tizard, R.; Venter, O.; Visconti, P.; Wang, S.; Watson, J. E. M. (2020).

7215:, ranked France's education as near the OECD average in 2018. France was one of the PISA-participating countries where school children perceived some of the lowest levels of support and feedback from their teachers. Schoolchildren in France reported greater concern about the disciplinary climate and behaviour in classrooms compared to other 7060:", whereby the king selected bishops rather than the papacy. Its role nowadays, however, has been greatly reduced, although, as of 2012, among the 47,000 religious buildings in France 94% were still Catholic churches. After alternating between royal and secular republican governments during the 19th century, in 1905 France passed the 4341:). Overseas collectivities and territories form part of the French Republic, but do not form part of the European Union or its fiscal area (except for Saint Barthélemy, which seceded from Guadeloupe in 2007). The Pacific Collectivities (COMs) of French Polynesia, Wallis and Futuna, and New Caledonia continue to use the 12437:

Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G.; Callow, M.; Clements, T.; Costa, H. M.; DeGemmis, A.; Elsen, P. R.; Ervin, J.; Franco, P.; Goldman, E.; Goetz, S.; Hansen, A.; Hofsvang, E.; Jantz, P.; Jupiter, S.; Kang, A.;

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In 2014, the INSEE reported a significant increase in the number of immigrants coming from Spain, Portugal and Italy between 2009 and 2012. According to the institute, this increase resulted from the financial crisis that hit several European countries in that period. Statistics on Spanish immigrants

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seekers, with an estimated 50,000 applications (albeit a 15% decrease from 2004). In 2010, France received about 48,100 asylum applications—placing it among the top five asylum recipients in the world. In subsequent years it saw the number of applications increase, ultimately doubling to 100,412 in

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The electorate is constitutionally empowered to vote on amendments passed by the Parliament and bills submitted by the president. Referendums have played a key role in shaping French politics and even foreign policy; voters have decided on such matters as Algeria's independence, the election of the

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In the early 20th century France was a haven for literary freedom. Works banned for obscenity in the US, the UK and other Anglophone nations were published in France decades before they were available in the respective authors' home countries. The French were disinclined to punish literary figures

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The government is prohibited from recognising specific rights to any religious community (with the exception of legacy statutes like those of military chaplains and the aforementioned local law in Alsace-Moselle). It recognises religious organisations according to formal legal criteria that do not

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The Government of France does not regulate the choice of language in publications by individuals, but the use of French is required by law in commercial and workplace communications. In addition to mandating the use of French in the territory of the Republic, the French government tries to promote

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France has historically been one of the world's major agricultural centres and remains a "global agricultural powerhouse"; France is the world's sixth-biggest exporter of agricultural products, generating a trade surplus of over €7.4 billion. Nicknamed "the granary of the old continent", over half

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in the south and southwest. Except for the northeast, most of France's land borders are roughly delineated by natural boundaries and geographic features: to the south and southeast, the Pyrenees and the Alps and the Jura, respectively, and to the east, the Rhine river. Metropolitan France includes

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found that France provided the "close to best overall health care" in the world. The French health care system was ranked first worldwide by the World Health Organization in 1997. In 2011, France spent 11.6% of its GDP on health care, or US$ 4,086 per capita, a figure much higher than the average

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There are approximately 1,027,183 kilometres (638,262 mi) of serviceable roadway in France, ranking it the most extensive network of the European continent. The Paris Region is enveloped with the densest network of roads and highways, which connect it with virtually all parts of the country.

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En 2001, la France a vendu pour 1,288 milliard de dollars d'équipements militaires, ce qui la met au troisième rang mondial des exportateurs derrière les États-Unis et la Russie. [In 2001, France sold $ 1,288 billion of military equipment, ranking 3rd in the world for arms exportations

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It is currently estimated that 40% of the French population is descended at least partially from the different waves of immigration since the early 20th century; between 1921 and 1935 alone, about 1.1 million net immigrants came to France. The next largest wave came in the 1960s when around

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on 28 September 1958, establishing a framework consisting of executive, legislative and judicial branches. It sought to address the instability of the Third and Fourth Republics by combining elements of both parliamentary and presidential systems, while greatly strengthening the authority of the

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and based on a sample of 15,350 persons, French was the native language of 87.2% of the total population, or roughly 55.81 million people, followed by Arabic (3.6%, 2.3 million), Portuguese (1.5%, 960,000), Spanish (1.2%, 770,000) and Italian (1.0%, 640,000). Native speakers of other

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is an example of modern architecture added to an older building. The most difficult buildings to integrate within French cities are skyscrapers, as they are visible from afar. For instance, in Paris, since 1977, new buildings had to be under 37 metres (121 ft). France's largest financial

8491:, a political concept of treating culture differently from other commercial products, France succeeded in convincing all EU members to refuse to include culture and audiovisuals in the list of liberalised sectors of the WTO in 1993. Moreover, this decision was confirmed in a vote by 6827:

in France show a growth of 107 per cent between 2009 and 2012, with the population growing from 5,300 to 11,000. Of the total of 229,000 foreigners coming to France in 2012, nearly 8% were Portuguese, 5% British, 5% Spanish, 4% Italian, 4% German, 3% Romanian, and 3% Belgian.

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was split into several national institutions, but the three already-existing TV channels and four national radio stations remained under state control. It was only in 1981 that the government allowed free broadcasting in the territory, ending the state monopoly on radio.

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had an enormous social impact; it was a watershed moment when a conservative moral ideal (religion, patriotism, respect for authority) shifted to a more liberal moral ideal (secularism, individualism, sexual revolution). Although the revolt was a political failure (the

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Apart from its strong and innovative film tradition, France has also been a gathering spot for artists from across Europe and the world. For this reason, French cinema is sometimes intertwined with the cinema of foreign nations. Directors from nations such as Poland

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From 2006 to 2011, population growth averaged 0.6 per cent per year; since 2011, annual growth has been between 0.4 and 0.5 per cent annually. Immigrants are major contributors to this trend; in 2010, 27 per cent of newborns in metropolitan France had at least one

14105:"France: Strict Defamation and Privacy Laws Limit Free Expression – Index on Censorship| Index on Censorship." France: Strict Defamation and Privacy Laws Limit Free Expression – Index on Censorship| Index on Censorship. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 February 2014. 172: 2526:

and had tremendous influence over European politics, economy, and culture. French became the most-used language in diplomacy, science, and literature until the 20th century. France took control of territories in the Americas, Africa and Asia. In 1685, Louis XIV

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Forests account for 31 per cent of France's land area—the fourth-highest proportion in Europe—representing an increase of 7 per cent since 1990. French forests are some of the most diverse in Europe, comprising more than 140 species of trees. France had a 2018

152: 166: 8420:, began in the country. It is noted for having a strong film industry, due in part to protections afforded by the government. France remains a leader in filmmaking, as of 2015 producing more films than any other European country. The nation also hosts the 7492:, in a major reorganisation of national art collections, to gather French paintings from the second part of the 19th century (mainly Impressionism and Fauvism movements). It was voted the best museum in the world in 2018. Modern works are presented in the 158: 131: 159: 6763:

returned to France following the independence of its Northwest African possessions, Algeria and Morocco. They were joined by numerous former colonial subjects from North and West Africa, as well as numerous European immigrants from Spain and Portugal.

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is by far the leading source, accounting for over half the country's renewable energy sources and contributing 13% of its electricity, the highest proportion in Europe after Norway and Turkey. As with nuclear power, most hydroelectric plants, such as

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policies over certain industries, particularly in agriculture, France has generally played a leading role in fostering free trade and commercial integration in Europe to enhance its economy. In 2019, it ranked first in Europe and 13th in the world in

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French weapons exported totaled 27 billion euros in 2022, up from 11.7 billion euros the previous year 2021. Additionally, the UAE alone contributed more than 16 billion euros arms to the French total. Among the largest French defence companies are

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France is the world's fifth largest exporter of goods (mainly durables). The country ranks fourth in services and third in agriculture (especially in cereals and the agri-food sector). It is the leading producer and exporter of farm products in

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promoted centralisation of the state and reinforced royal power. He destroyed castles of defiant lords and denounced the use of private armies. By the end of the 1620s, Richelieu established "the royal monopoly of force". France fought in the

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page 9: "Si en allant plus loin, on prononce les mots 'art baroque en France', on provoque alors le plus souvent une moue interrogative, parfois seulement étonnée, parfois franchement réprobatrice: Mais voyons, l'art baroque n'existe pas en

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Wolfe, M. (2005). Jotham Parsons. The Church in the Republic: Gallicanism and Political Ideology in Renaissance France. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. 2004. pp. ix, 322. The American Historical Review, 110(4),

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France has a long and varied musical history. It experienced a golden age in the 17th century thanks to Louis XIV, who employed talented musicians and composers in the royal court. The most renowned composers of this period include

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Rock music doesn't come naturally to the French. A Latin country, with more affinity to poetry and melody, France has very rarely produced talented rock musicians. Rock music has other, more Anglo-Saxon ingredients: fury, excess,

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when the luxury goods industries in France came increasingly under royal control and the French royal court became, arguably, the arbiter of taste and style in Europe. But France renewed its dominance of the high fashion (French:

18334: 2217:, France became a decentralised state: the nobility's titles and lands became hereditary, and authority of the king became more religious than secular, and so was less effective and challenged by noblemen. Thus was established 1042:

Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km (34,432 sq mi). Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic.

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with the rise of the internet. In 2008, the government launched a major initiative to help the sector reform and become financially independent, but in 2009 it had to give 600,000 euros to help the print media cope with the

19959: 5349:, ahead of Spain (85 million) and the United States (66 million). However, it ranks third in tourism-derived income due to the shorter duration of visits. The most popular tourist sites include (annual visitors): 16944: 15047: 10181:

Jean Carpentier (dir.), François Lebrun (dir.), Alain Tranoy, Élisabeth Carpentier et Jean-Marie Mayeur (préface de Jacques Le Goff), Histoire de France, Points Seuil, coll. " Histoire ", Paris, 2000 (1re éd. 1987), p. 17

2270:. His descendants unified the country through wars and inheritance. From 1190, the Capetian rulers began to be referred as "kings of France" rather than "kings of the Franks". Later kings expanded their directly possessed 18760: 6687:

e estimated that within Metropolitan France, 51 million people were White (85% of the population), 6 million were Northwest African (10%), 2 million were Black (3.3%), and 1 million were Asian (1.7%).

8583:(LVMH), a French brand, is the largest luxury company in the world by sales, selling more than twice the amount of its nearest competitor. Moreover, France also possesses 3 of the top 10 luxury goods companies by sales ( 7778:

when what is now known as modern France did not have a single, uniform language. There were several languages and dialects, and writers used their own spelling and grammar. Some authors of French medieval texts, such as

6178: 5727:, located in the vicinity of Paris, is the largest and busiest airport in the country, handling the vast majority of popular and commercial traffic and connecting Paris with virtually all major cities across the world. 11776: 5676:

French roads also handle substantial international traffic, connecting with cities in neighbouring Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Andorra and Monaco. There is no annual registration fee or

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for excellence to a select few establishments. The acquisition or loss of a star can have dramatic effects on the success of a restaurant. By 2006, the Michelin Guide had awarded 620 stars to French restaurants.

8692:(finance). Free dailies, distributed in metropolitan centers, continue to increase their market share. The sector of weekly magazines includes more than 400 specialised weekly magazines published in the country. 13507: 19562: 11845: 26335: 7721:, where a significant number of skyscrapers are located. Other massive buildings that are a challenge to integrate into their environment are large bridges; an example of the way this has been done is the 15506: 26488: 23867: 10936:

Tilly, Charles (1985). "War making and state making as organized crime," in Bringing the State Back In, eds P.B. Evans, D. Rueschemeyer, & T. Skocpol. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. p.

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designed some of the most efficient fortresses in Europe and became an influential military architect; as a result, imitations of his works can be found all over Europe, the Americas, Russia and Turkey.

3445:), is 643,801 km (248,573 sq mi), 0.45% of the total land area on Earth. France possesses a wide variety of landscapes, from coastal plains in the north and west to mountain ranges of the 18563:

Girdlestone, Cuthbert (1969). Jean-Philippe Rameau: His Life and Work (paperback ed.). Dover. p. 14: "It is customary to couple him with Couperin as one couples Haydn with Mozart or Ravel with Debussy."

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since ancient times to attempt to build a philosophical system from the ground up rather than building on the work of predecessors. France in the 18th century saw major philosophical contributions from

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and was the first French style of architecture to be imitated throughout Europe. Northern France is the home of some of the most important Gothic cathedrals and basilicas, the first of these being the

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system, wherein law arises primarily from written statutes; judges are not to make law, but merely to interpret it (though the amount of judicial interpretation in certain areas makes it equivalent to

14684: 4898:. However, in practical terms, French law comprises three principal areas of law: civil law, criminal law, and administrative law. Criminal laws can only address the future and not the past (criminal 3690:

covering an inhabited rural area of outstanding beauty, to protect the scenery and heritage as well as setting up sustainable economic development in the area. As of 2019 there are 54 PNRs in France.

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but faced crises that resulted in high unemployment rates and increasing public debt. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, France has been at the forefront of the development of a supranational

2378:. During the reign of Philip, the monarchy reached the height of its medieval power. However Philip's seat on the throne was contested by Edward in 1337, and England and France entered the off-and-on 14264: 6060:

of 2.1, and considerably below the high of 4.41 in 1800. France's fertility rate and crude birth rate nonetheless remain among the highest in the EU. However, like many developed nations, the French

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laws are prohibited). While administrative law is often a subcategory of civil law in many countries, it is completely separated in France and each body of law is headed by a specific supreme court:

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La France est au 4ème rang mondial des exportateurs d'armes, derrière les Etats-Unis, le Royaume-Uni et la Russie, et devant Israël, selon un rapport du ministère de la Défense publié l'an dernier.

12824: 11883: 8202:. The two composers invented new musical forms and new sounds. Debussy was among the most influential composers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and his use of non-traditional scales and 9569: 8864:

In addition to its wine tradition, France is also a major producer of beer and rum. The three main French brewing regions are Alsace (60% of national production), Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Lorraine.

4546:, with an emphasis on "developing infrastructure, access to health care and education, the implementation of appropriate economic policies and the consolidation of the rule of law and democracy". 19957: 7204:

is considered the father of the French modern school, leading reforms in the late 19th century that established free, secular and compulsory education (currently mandatory until the age of 16).

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is the national carrier airline, although numerous private airline companies provide domestic and international travel services. There are ten major ports in France, the largest of which is in

4686:, the French Armed Forces ranked as the world's sixth-most powerful military, and the second most powerful in Europe. France's annual military expenditure in 2022 was US$ 53.6 billion, or 1.9% 1878:

Rome. This left Rome weakened, and the Gauls continued to harass the region until 345 BC when they entered into a peace treaty. But the Romans and the Gauls remained adversaries for centuries.

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and their tributaries, whose combined catchment includes over 62% of the metropolitan territory. The Rhône divides the Massif Central from the Alps and flows into the Mediterranean Sea at the

15948: 6683:, the government is prohibited from collecting data on ethnicity and ancestry; most demographic information is drawn from private sector organisations or academic institutions. In 2004, the 4363:

with veto rights. In 2015, it was described as "the best networked state in the world" due to its membership in more international institutions than any other country; these include the G7,

3913:(LREM) became the dominant force, overtaking both Socialists and Republicans. LREM's opponent in the second round of the 2017 and 2022 presidential elections was the growing far-right party 17687: 14956: 14507: 13007: 5033: 3019: 1344: 15436: 15376: 13208: 8532:, and the city is home or headquarters to many of the premier fashion houses. The expression Haute couture is, in France, a legally protected name, guaranteeing certain quality standards. 13556: 6801: 4252:) are in overseas regions (ROMs) that are simultaneously overseas departments (DOMs), enjoying the same status as metropolitan departments and are thereby included in the European Union. 13857: 13709: 25790: 22567: 22130: 14436: 10101:

The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons: the most comprehensive reference work ever published on arms and armor from prehistoric times to the present with over 1,250 illustrations

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and acquire citizenship. It resulted in hundreds of thousands of Muslims living in subsidised public housing and suffering from high unemployment rates. The government had a policy of

18358: 17711: 17116: 13457: 13148: 6808: 5028:, which continues to subsidize education and clergy of Catholicism, Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Judaism. Nonetheless, France does recognise religious associations. The Parliament has 17080: 14848: 5155:

In 2018, France was the fifth-largest trading nation in the world and the second-largest in Europe, with the value of exports representing over a fifth of GDP. Its membership in the

2116:, but his kingdom would not survive his death. The Franks treated land as a private possession and divided it among their heirs, so four kingdoms emerged from that of Clovis: Paris, 15573: 13664: 13480: 12977: 6854: 126: 19686: 23860: 16971: 16936: 16115: 15043: 14995: 14623: 14158: 13763: 12642: 10336: 8495:

in 2005: the principle of "cultural exception" won an overwhelming victory with 198 countries voting for it and only 2 countries, the United States and Israel, voting against it.

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replaced the traditional Gothic style. However, in France, Baroque architecture found greater success in the secular domain than in the religious one. In the secular domain, the

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to convert to Catholic Christianity; thus France was given the title "Eldest daughter of the Church" by the papacy, and French kings called "the Most Christian Kings of France".

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French music then followed the rapid emergence of pop and rock music in the middle of the 20th century. Although English-speaking creations achieved popularity in the country,

1161:(five of which are overseas) span a combined area of 643,801 km (248,573 sq mi) and have a total population of 68.4 million as of January 2024. France is a 23316: 6185: 5680:; however, usage of the mostly privately owned motorways is through tolls except in the vicinity of large communes. The new car market is dominated by domestic brands such as 16393: 13741: 24173: 23325: 17201: 11780: 8782:

French cuisine is renowned for being one of the finest in the world. Different regions have different styles. In the North, butter and cream are common ingredients, whereas

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has been France's official authority on the French language, although its recommendations carry no legal weight. There are also regional languages spoken in France, such as

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from European Catholic countries who generally returned home when not employed. During the 1970s France faced an economic crisis and allowed new immigrants (mostly from the

2842:, reaching Moscow. Thereafter his army disintegrated through supply problems, disease, Russian attacks, and finally winter. After this catastrophic campaign and the ensuing 19097: 19048: 18992: 13891: 13037: 22754: 21490: 12116: 11980: 9477:, comprising French people without immigrant background, French people with immigrant background since various generations, as well as first-generation immigrant citizens. 22288: 15136: 12367: 11676: 2881:

and the end of the July Monarchy. The abolition of slavery and introduction of male universal suffrage was re-enacted in 1848. In 1852, president of the French Republic,

1859:). Celtic tribes penetrated parts of eastern and northern France, spreading through the rest of the country between the 5th and 3rd century BC. Around 390 BC, the Gallic 25087: 23853: 17831: 17598: 14288: 11829: 9909: 25069: 25057: 18516: 16794: 15666:

Lanzetta M; Petruzzo P; Dubernard JM; et al. (July 2007). "Second report (1998–2006) of the International Registry of Hand and Composite Tissue Transplantation".

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sources than in other Western nations. Nevertheless, between 2008 and 2019, France's production capacity from renewable energies rose consistently and nearly doubled.

18107: 11913: 7324:, the most famous medieval French painter, is said to have been the first to travel to Italy and experience the Early Renaissance firsthand. The Renaissance painting 5668:. Rail connections exist to all other neighbouring countries in Europe except Andorra. Intra-urban connections are also well developed, with most major cities having 3531:, allow easy communication. The Alpine, Pyrenean and Jura mountains are much younger and have less eroded forms. At 4,810.45 metres (15,782 ft) above sea level, 127: 26493: 20901: 19566: 16414:"Les personnes d'origine maghrébine y sont également au nombre de 5 à 6 millions; 3,5 millions ont la nationalité française (don't 500 000 harkis)", Évelyne Perrin, 14344: 11439: 10902: 6679:

Large-scale immigration over the last century and a half have led to a more multicultural society; beginning with the French Revolution, and further codified in the

5813:, founded in the mid-12th century, is still one of the most important academic institutions in the Western world. In the 17th century, mathematician and philosopher 5479:

and features cities of high cultural interest, beaches and seaside resorts, ski resorts, as well as rural regions that many enjoy for their beauty and tranquillity (

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accounts for a fifth of GDP and a similar proportion of employment. France is the third-biggest manufacturing country in Europe, behind Germany and Italy, and ranks

14207: 14107: 11598: 10679: 10630: 7026:, of whom approximately 25-29% were Catholics and 9% other Christians (without further specification); at the same time, 10-11% of the French population adhered to 25142: 15888: 9473:

was conducted on a nationally representative large sample (≈ 28,000) of people aged 18–49 and 18–59. It is reputed to be representative of the whole population of

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The 19th century saw the writings of many renowned French authors. Victor Hugo is sometimes seen as "the greatest French writer of all time" for excelling in all

4702: 26384: 24619: 20681: 16058: 15498: 15166: 14316: 12854: 6023: 5257:, of which 45 per cent is devoted to permanent field crops such as cereals. The country's diverse climate, extensive arable land, modern farming technology, and 2599: 1170: 728: 19655: 19280: 19198: 13951: 12345: 3468:(EEZ) in the world, covering 11,035,000 km (4,261,000 sq mi). Its EEZ covers approximately 8% of the total surface of all the EEZs of the world. 25133: 24385: 19214: 13926: 12612: 4687: 4445: 19352: 14744: 3635:

by at least 20% of 1990 levels by 2020. As of 2009, French carbon dioxide emissions per capita were lower than that of China. The country was set to impose a

3160:). The French systematically used torture and repression, including extrajudicial killings to keep control. This conflict nearly led to a coup and civil war. 2941:, the turn of the century was characterised by optimism, regional peace, economic prosperity and technological, scientific and cultural innovations. In 1905, 2935:. Including metropolitan France, the total area reached almost 13 million square kilometres in the 1920s and 1930s, 9% of the world's land. Known as the 17226: 14676: 14012: 10522: 4859:). In agreement with the principles of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, the law should only prohibit actions detrimental to society. 2424:, which would dictate much of their later foreign policy until the mid-18th century. French explorers claimed lands in the Americas, paving expansion of the 502: 16868: 15188: 15077: 6791:

France remains a major destination for immigrants, accepting about 200,000 legal immigrants annually. In 2005, it was Western Europe's leading recipient of

5029: 25052: 22558: 22121: 21481: 17967: 14136: 13248: 12816: 11875: 9795: 6939:. It is estimated that between 300 million and 500 million people worldwide can speak French, either as a mother tongue or as a second language. 3179:, at a high price: between half a million and one million deaths and over 2 million internally-displaced Algerians. Around one million Pied-Noirs and 12084:. Topic editor: Langdon D. Clough. Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment. Archived from 11333: 9619: 4782:

tank among others. France is a major arms seller, with most of its arsenal's designs available for the export market, except for nuclear-powered devices.

26513: 16827: 16119: 15332: 14766: 5011: 4867: 2693: 1288: 17436: 15222: 9724: 9694: 5560:. As of 2021, France was the biggest energy exporter in Europe, mostly to the U.K. and Italy, and the largest net exporter of electricity in the world. 26463: 25410: 23309: 17462: 14383: 8713:(in 2009 more than 400,000 copies), but the highest circulation numbers for weeklies are attained by TV magazines and by women's magazines, among them 8167:, all of them composers at the court. After the death of the "Roi Soleil", French musical creation lost dynamism, but in the next century the music of 7249: 5548:(EDF), which is majority-owned by the French government, is the country's main producer and distributor of electricity, and one of the world's largest 3651: 9958: 3712:. Democratic traditions and values are deeply rooted in French culture, identity and politics. The Constitution of the Fifth Republic was approved by 25405: 25271: 24166: 17523: 16668: 14650: 12776: 7245: 15944: 15021: 13144: 10549: 5238:, the French branch of NYSE Euronext, is Europe's second-largest stock exchange market. Some examples of the most valuable French companies include 18951: 16854: 16189: 14569: 14084: 13970: 4918: 747: 714: 26289: 18213: 17684: 17108: 16463: 14964: 14504: 13784: 12999: 12876: 8468:) are prominent in the ranks of French cinema. Conversely, French directors have had prolific and influential careers in other countries, such as 4585: 1549:, only Franks were free of taxation, or more generally because they had the status of freemen in contrast to servants or slaves. The etymology of 26478: 25385: 25380: 19823: 19486: 12307: 12183: 7072:

address religious doctrine, and religious organisations are expected to refrain from intervening in policymaking. Some religious groups, such as

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is France's largest stadium and was the venue for the 1998 FIFA World Cup and 2007 Rugby World Cup finals. Since 1923, France is famous for its

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whose work highly influenced the French Revolution. French philosophers made major contributions to the field in the 20th century including the

7621:, who designed the extensions to Versailles, was one of the most influential French architects of the Baroque era; he is famous for his dome at 2776: 2043:

in 481, routing the last forces of the Roman governors in 486. Clovis said he would be baptised a Christian in the event of victory against the

25782: 25709: 21266: 18783: 18127: 17060: 16995: 16914: 14428: 13865: 13830: 13717: 10701: 9243:

is very often used to represent the French Republic, although it holds no official status. In addition to the coat of arms, France also uses a

7208: 6936: 6930: 6844: 6819:

to 137,000 persons, mostly from Morocco, Algeria and Turkey. In 2022, more than 320,000 migrants came to France, with the majority coming from

4382: 3461: 1463: 15555: 13814: 12276: 10978: 25281: 25218: 25180: 24998: 23798: 23302: 22745: 21007: 20573: 16701: 15836: 15806: 13691: 12130: 10956: 10579: 9659: 6935:. Besides French, there exist 77 vernacular minority languages of France, eight spoken in French metropolitan territory and 69 in the French 6171: 5405: 3605: 3069: 2712: 2456:

troops, assisted the Catholics from 1589 to 1594 and invaded France in 1597. Spain and France returned to all-out war between 1635 and 1659.

1411: 869: 589: 26284: 19516: 18355: 17854: 17707: 17222: 13465: 10518: 9515: 26498: 26483: 24159: 23124: 22705: 19700: 17072: 16145: 14879: 13286: 11318: 9980: 5152:, namely agriculture; however, France's agricultural sector is among the largest in value and leads the EU in terms of overall production. 4457: 924: 15581: 13660: 13484: 12969: 11463: 11043: 5735:, which also is the largest bordering the Mediterranean Sea. 12,261 kilometres (7,619 mi) of waterways traverse France including the 280: 26330: 25352: 24627: 24349: 17324: 17307: 17052: 14905: 14826: 13432: 13115: 9594: 7096:

in French, which is considered a pejorative term) in France, and therefore they are not granted the same status as recognised religions.

5360: 2299:. French knights made up most reinforcements in the 200 years of the Crusades, in such a fashion that the Arabs referred to crusaders as 18821: 17872: 17781: 17657: 17619: 16963: 16167: 15257: 14987: 14620: 14150: 13760: 13174: 12650: 11268: 3258:

in 2007. France has fully reintegrated into NATO and since participated in most NATO-sponsored wars. Since the 19th century, France has

2909:. By 1875, the French conquest of Algeria was complete, with approximately 825,000 Algerians killed from famine, disease, and violence. 2382:. Boundaries changed, but landholdings inside France by English Kings remained extensive for decades. With charismatic leaders, such as 25375: 25047: 25040: 24428: 24378: 19177: 19155: 16520: 15918: 14185: 13604: 13378: 13089: 12551: 11530: 11407: 11348: 11160: 7529:

During the Middle Ages, many fortified castles were built by feudal nobles to mark their powers. Some French castles that survived are

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whose value is strictly linked to that of the euro. In contrast, the five overseas regions used the French franc and now use the euro.

3300:

which resulted in 130 deaths, the deadliest attack on French soil since World War II and the deadliest in the European Union since the

2476:, supporting the Protestant side against the Habsburgs. From the 16th to the 19th century, France was responsible for about 10% of the 688: 670: 638: 487: 18722: 16094: 13406: 12954: 11058: 7582:

The final victory in the Hundred Years' War marked an important stage in the evolution of French architecture. It was the time of the

7390:

In the second part of the 19th century, France's influence over painting grew, with the development of new styles of painting such as

6064:; the average age is 41.7 years, while about a fifth of French people are 65 or over. The life expectancy at birth is 82.7 years, the 25773: 25266: 25035: 20346: 20010: 17739: 12077: 11382: 11017: 5756: 5145: 4794: 4786: 4592: 2963: 1181: 817: 19374: 18243: 17552: 12898: 1291:, which expresses the nation's ideals to this day. France reached its political and military zenith in the early 19th century under 25319: 25276: 24623: 23345: 22551: 22114: 21474: 19258: 17915: 17759: 16569: 16385: 13738: 12533: 12002: 8752:, in addition to existing subsidies. In 1974, after years of centralised monopoly on radio and television, the governmental agency 8749: 7712:

designed several buildings in France. More recently, French architects have combined both modern and old architectural styles. The

6740: 5923: 4480: 3539:, is the highest point in Western Europe. Although 60% of municipalities are classified as having seismic risks (though moderate). 2808: 2727: 2579: 2183: 19054:(in French). Fédération Nationale des Syndicats du spectacle du cinéma, de l'audiovisuel et de l'action culturelle. Archived from 17256: 17205: 16676: 14229: 13883: 12440:"Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material" 11734:

Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and Michael J. Balz, "The October Riots in France: A Failed Immigration Policy or the Empire Strikes Back?"

26294: 25030: 24003: 23060: 21775: 20172: 19000: 17286: 16887: 16494: 15611: 13029: 10150:

Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (1990). "The Phonetics of Cardiff English". In Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.).

8826: 3642: 2988: 22056:

within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.

19733: 18379: 17484: 15292: 12920: 12108: 12028: 11972: 8528:" originated in Paris in the 1860s. Today, Paris, along with London, Milan, and New York City, is considered one of the world's 26453: 26448: 25430: 25092: 20721: 20706: 20623: 15128: 14796: 13990: 12790: 12375: 11722:

Marie-Christine Weidmann-Koop, Rosalie Vermette, "France at the dawn of the twenty-first century, trends and transformations",

7971: 7056:

from the Pope in 1464. However, the French monarchy maintained a significant degree of autonomy, namely through its policy of "

6243: 6228: 6223: 6208: 5861: 5476: 3207: 1957: 1387: 101: 17348: 17021: 13356: 11821: 7253: 4575: 4267:, which are municipalities with an elected municipal council. Three communes—Paris, Lyon and Marseille—are subdivided into 45 3218:

to create a European counterweight between American and Soviet spheres of influence. However, he opposed any development of a

25286: 24371: 23110: 20474: 19911: 19766: 19335: 19308: 19055: 19024: 18090: 18020: 17892: 17502: 17210:

94% des édifices sont catholiques (dont 50% églises paroissiales, 25% chapelles, 25% édifices appartenant au clergé régulier)

16652: 16604: 16423: 16369: 13978: 12756: 12596: 12216: 11592: 11572: 11433: 11281: 11222: 11154: 11127: 11100: 10896: 10839: 10814: 10673: 10616: 10292: 10265: 10187: 10161: 10141: 10109: 10074: 9867: 7177: 5222:) is one of the oldest in the world, created in 1724. In 2000, it merged with counterparts in Amsterdam and Brussels to form 4706: 4679: 4433: 4233: 3713: 3176: 2771: 2677: 24403: 18907: 18506: 16787: 15866: 15529: 12397: 11799: 10328: 10220: 9817: 3921:(EELV) have performed well in mayoral elections in major cities while on a national level, an alliance of Left parties (the 3286: 2568:. Louis XV's weak rule, including the decadence of his court, discredited the monarchy, which in part paved the way for the 24659: 24416: 23832: 21105: 19974: 19880: 18111: 17579: 15759: 15733: 15475: 14856: 13586: 13533: 12152: 11242: 9824: 6065: 5212: 4726: 3752: 3309: 2958: 2894: 18187: 16705: 16539: 16036: 16010: 14710: 14336: 14215: 13308: 12046: 11905: 11698: 9547: 7355:

style in the 18th century, as a more intimate imitation of the old baroque style, the works of the court-endorsed artists

2522:, his command of the military went unchallenged. The "Sun King" made France the leading European power. France became the 25458: 24440: 23810: 23805: 22544: 22107: 21467: 20828: 20591: 20247: 20237: 14111: 9101:. Football is the most popular sport in France, with over 1,800,000 registered players and over 18,000 registered clubs. 8171:

reached some prestige, and he is still one of the most renowned French composers. Rameau became the dominant composer of

7200:, the second and final stage of secondary education that prepares students for higher education studies or a profession. 4334: 4268: 3890: 2229:

added "King of England" to his titles, becoming vassal and the equal of the king of France, creating recurring tensions.

1431: 26404: 21215: 19232: 18289: 18144:

Bauschatz, Cathleen M. (2003). "Rabelais and Marguerite de Navarre on Sixteenth-Century Views of Clandestine Marriage".

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French foreign policy after World War II has been largely shaped by membership in the European Union, of which it was a

3616:, which now accounts for 75 per cent of its electricity production and results in less pollution. According to the 2020 24461: 24353: 24182: 23340: 21959: 21259: 20676: 17365: 15985: 12672: 11753: 11631: 10855: 10214: 8398: 7678: 5106: 4494:

between the United States and Britain, and to preserve the independence of French foreign and security policies. Under

4487: 3942: 3239: 3073: 2898: 2457: 1419: 850: 19662: 16062: 15656:

Burke, Peter, A social history of knowledge: from Gutenberg to Diderot, Malden: Blackwell Publishers Inc., 2000, p. 17

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2017. The European Union allows free movement between the member states, although France established controls to curb

5640:, which stretches 29,473 kilometres (18,314 mi) as of 2008, is the second most extensive in Western Europe after 4793:), is considered to be a component of the Armed Forces under the authority of the Ministry of Defense. The other, the 4748: 2987:

at tremendous human cost. It left 1.4 million French soldiers dead, 4% of its population. Interwar was marked by

25390: 24991: 22738: 22344: 20648: 20633: 20110: 17950: 17146: 16621: 16286: 15800: 15706: 15192: 14599: 14466: 13948: 13921: 13067: 12713: 12423: 12329: 11302: 9366:+508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: 6551: 6415: 5486: 4440:, second only to China and the United States, which are far more populous. It also hosts the headquarters of several 4416: 4053: 3952: 3873:

From World War II until 2017, French politics was dominated by two politically opposed groupings: one left-wing, the

3804: 3554:. Corsica lies off the Mediterranean coast. France has an extensive river system consisting of the four major rivers 2403: 2017: 1665: 1632: 1599: 1094: 240: 20: 19277: 19211: 17810: 16436: 13916: 13330: 12620: 9270: 7634: 6076:

parent and another 24 per cent had at least one parent born outside Europe (excluding French overseas territories).

6073: 2413: 662: 25880: 25448: 25077: 23822: 23817: 23071: 22829: 22257: 20916: 20757: 20711: 19360: 19049:"La Convention UNESCO pour la diversité culturelle : vers un droit international culturel contraignant ?" 14736: 13638: 13483:[The Franco-German alliance at the heart of European power] (in French). Institut Montaigne. Archived from 10043: 9122:

is popular, particularly in Paris and the southwest of France. The national rugby union team has competed at every

9090: 6973: 6585: 6567: 6329: 5761: 5752: 5382: 4710: 4232:, which are numbered mainly alphabetically. The department number is used in postal codes and was formerly used on 4034: 3994: 3808: 3671: 3595: 3591: 3026:

and an unoccupied territory, the rest of France, which consisted of the southern France and the French empire. The

2685: 2056: 1953:. The situation improved in the first half of the 4th century, a period of revival and prosperity. In 312, Emperor 1379: 19629: 17397: 14004: 10492: 7625:. Some of the most impressive provincial Baroque architecture is found in places that were not yet French such as 6994:

under which the government and public life are kept completely secular, detached from any religion. The region of

6397: 6363: 6347: 4058: 1323:, and subsequent decades saw a period of economic prosperity and cultural and scientific flourishing known as the 25730: 25523: 25345: 25007: 22024: 19014: 17177: 16872: 15069: 11487: 9027: 5789:, France has contributed to scientific and technological achievement. In the early 11th century, the French-born 4376: 3918: 3662: 3617: 3089: 2659: 1863: 1391: 19035: 18925: 18866: 17111:[Religious diversity in France: Intergenerational transmissions and practices according to the origins] 13261: 12243: 9783: 5461: 26473: 26345: 26320: 25395: 23390: 20936: 20511: 14562:"Foreign direct investment (FDI) in France – Investing – International Trade Portal International Trade Portal" 11329: 10608: 9627: 8959: 8951: 8101:, Camus, and Sartre. Other influential contributions during this time include the moral and political works of 7701:, and remains one of the most influential bridge designers of his time, although he is best remembered for the 6991: 6251: 5533: 5098: 2708: 798: 19426: 17109:"La diversité religieuse en France : transmissions intergénérationnelles et pratiques selon les origines" 16819: 16595:. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. Vol. 81/7. American Philosophical Society. p. 16308: 15647:

André Thuilier, Histoire de l'université de Paris et de la Sorbonne, Paris, Nouvelle librairie de France, 1994

15343: 14774: 13230: 8224: 7689:. At this time there was a strong Gothic resurgence across Europe and in France; the associated architect was 5907: 4862: 79: 25766: 25400: 25025: 24845: 21252: 20859: 20479: 20420: 20415: 20134: 18311: 17432: 15214: 14536: 9716: 9686: 9086: 8969: 8939: 8329:/DJs. Although there are very few rock bands in France compared to English-speaking countries, bands such as 7207:

French education is centralised and divided into three stages: primary, secondary, and higher education. The

5499:. This label is intended to protect and promote remarkable gardens and parks. France attracts many religious 5176:(founded in 1800), the leading recipients of FDI were manufacturing, real estate, finance and insurance. The 5007: 4502: 2979:

at the start of World War I in August 1914. A rich industrial area in the north was occupied. France and the

2976: 2859: 2511: 2276:

to cover over half of modern France by the 15th century. Royal authority became more assertive, centred on a

1775:(10,000 BC), the climate became milder; from approximately 7,000 BC, this part of Western Europe entered the 1300: 1029: 26025: 22975: 20501: 19839: 19616: 17458: 14380: 9112:

in Paris. It is the premier clay court tennis championship event in the world and the second of four annual

7586:

and several artists from Italy were invited to the French court; many residential palaces were built in the

7034:, 0.5% to Judaism, and 1% to other religions. 51-53% of the population declared that they had no religion. 1570:), although these weapons may have been named because of their use by the Franks, not the other way around. 26458: 24984: 23771: 22731: 22710: 22503: 22410: 21872: 21187: 20926: 20405: 20242: 20028: 19885: 18840: 17798: 9954: 8604: 8580: 8273: 7682: 6711:(2.5 million), Armenian (500,000), and Turkish (200,000). There are also sizeable minorities of other 5496: 5492: 4534:

in absolute terms, behind the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom. This represents 0.43% of its

4472: 4308: 3898: 3215: 3023: 2816: 2800: 2586:. France gained revenge, but verged on bankruptcy—a factor that contributed to the Revolution. Some of the 1232:

kingdom, but from the mid-14th to the mid-15th centuries, France was plunged into a dynastic conflict with

997: 24489: 17520: 14643: 14033:

In European countries, legal doctrine has long faced the question of succession of criminal laws in time:

12772: 8409: 7257: 5894:, which aimed to give the public access to "useful knowledge" that could be applied to everyday life. The 4961: 26076: 23602: 22050:

Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.

21044: 20764: 20638: 20628: 20376: 20217: 20165: 18976:

Cinéma et diversité culturelle: le cinéma indépendant face à la mondialisation des industries culturelles

18730: 18479: 15017: 13152: 10553: 9761: 9339: 9244: 8524:

Fashion has been an important industry and cultural export of France since the 17th century, and modern "

8481: 8206:

influenced many composers who followed. His music is noted for its sensory content and frequent usage of

7945: 7673:, a new wave of urbanism and architecture was given birth; extravagant buildings such as the neo-Baroque 7610: 7003: 5421: 5048:

described the law as discriminatory towards Muslims. However, it is supported by most of the population.

5037: 5025: 4909: 4744: 4490:(NATO), but under President de Gaulle excluded itself from the joint military command, in protest of the 4479:" with the United Kingdom, and there has been a strengthening of links between the countries, especially 4354: 4330: 4290: 3956: 3297: 3235:

party emerged stronger than before) it announced a split between the French and de Gaulle, who resigned.

2491: 1010: 1005: 184: 18955: 18663: 16850: 15406: 14561: 13967: 13780: 9022:

was awarded the first Games, in reference to the Olympics' Greek origins, Paris hosted the second Games

8246: 8044: 7172: 6041:

France is an outlier among developed countries, particularly in Europe, for its relatively high rate of

3910: 3202:. He withdrew from NATO's military-integrated command (while remaining within the alliance), launched a 25338: 24637: 23786: 20955: 20876: 20643: 20553: 20532: 20232: 20222: 20212: 18221: 17120: 16455: 16326:

Oppenheimer, David B. (2008). "Why France needs to collect data on racial identity...in a French way".

14391: 14080: 12884: 12299: 9916: 6965: 5885: 5838: 5720: 5587: 5545: 5258: 5247: 5208: 4977: 4913: 4720: 4659: 4441: 3886: 3849: 3826: 3301: 2874: 2847: 2843: 2830:

These victories led to the worldwide expansion of French revolutionary ideals and reforms, such as the

2735: 2583: 1713: 1395: 991: 967: 552: 19819: 19494: 12190: 8609: 7380: 5417: 4011: 2514:. The monarchy reached its peak during the 17th century and reign of Louis XIV. By turning lords into 24807: 23845: 22415: 21135: 20891: 20806: 20779: 20696: 20491: 20336: 19993: 17139:

The Emergence of European Civilization: From the Middle Ages to the Opening of the Nineteenth Century

16437:"Les personnes originaires d'Afrique, des Dom-Tom et de la Turquie sont 5,5 millions dans l'Hexagone" 16233: 14403: 9363: 8015: 7961: 7135: 7131: 7085: 7037: 6042: 6016: 5724: 5641: 5169: 5074: 4539: 4312: 4256: 3164: 3093: 2878: 2839: 2704: 2689: 2238: 2003: 1528:("free, exempt from service; freeman, Frank"), a generalisation of the tribal name that emerged as a 1439: 1078: 28: 23461: 18539: 18124: 16732:"Asylum Seekers, Violence and Health: A Systematic Review of Research in High-Income Host Countries" 13834: 11619: 10709: 8725:, which have foreign versions. Influential weeklies also include investigative and satirical papers 8028: 7662: 6154:

metropolitan area; these two combined would have a population of 1,019,905, as of the 2021 census).

4730: 3331: 25865: 25759: 25097: 25082: 24652: 23885: 23749: 22814: 22482: 20716: 20686: 20291: 15559: 14414: 13809: 13381:[84 states and governments]. Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. Archived from 12268: 11534: 10982: 10726: 10206: 9127: 8156: 8148: 7734: 7077: 6233: 6213: 6099: 6085: 5713: 5637: 5586:

France's significant reliance on nuclear power has resulted in comparatively slower development of

5580: 5445: 5400:

France, especially Paris, has some of the world's largest and most renowned museums, including the

4836: 4364: 3933:

president by popular vote, the formation of the EU, and the reduction of presidential term limits.

3902: 3878: 3788: 3763: 3709: 3705: 3604:

France was one of the first countries to create an environment ministry, in 1971. France is ranked

3599: 3357:

The vast majority of France's territory and population is situated in Western Europe and is called

2681: 2629: 2285: 2144: 1840: 1162: 472: 444: 18682: 15828: 15782: 13688: 12138: 10948: 10255: 9667: 8416:, was also from France. Several important cinematic movements, including the late 1950s and 1960s 7690: 7599: 7591: 7364: 3476: 3437:

Metropolitan France covers 551,500 square kilometres (212,935 sq mi), the largest among

2360:

conquered, between 1202 and 1214, most continental possessions of the empire, leaving England and

26325: 25751: 23612: 20972: 20854: 20801: 20747: 20701: 20390: 20039: 18618: 18596: 17851: 17230: 16871:[Distribution of immigrants by country of birth] (in French). Insee. 2008. Archived from 14265:

The attractiveness of world-class business districts: Paris La Défense vs. its global competitors

13256: 10526: 9511: 9071: 8882: 8727: 8640: 7833:('the Fox') and is another example of early French writing. An important 16th-century writer was 7804: 7759: 7546: 7497: 7325: 6888: 6732: 5994: 5629: 5572: 5537: 5441: 5429: 5227: 5197:

are credited for contributing to three decades of unprecedented postwar economic growth known as

5102: 4905: 4607: 4372: 3609: 3536: 3465: 3085: 3042: 2928: 2746:. Weakened by external threats and internal opposition, the Republic was replaced in 1795 by the 2673: 2641: 2429: 2267: 2132: 1999: 1554: 1299:. The collapse of the empire initiated a period of relative decline, in which France endured the 1253: 902: 775: 24: 18640: 18574: 17884: 16141: 14883: 13278: 11373:

Noir sur Blanc: Les premières photos du camp de concentration de Buchenwald après la libération,

11322: 11214: 11039: 10925:

Warfare and armed conflicts: a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1492-2015

9984: 9075: 8646: 8433: 7603: 7538: 7110: 6652:) groups reflecting centuries of respective migration and settlement. Through the course of the 6533: 6499: 6313: 6295: 4046: 3487:

Metropolitan France has a wide variety of topographical sets and natural landscapes. During the

3434:

zone. Its continental part covers about 1000 km from north to south and from east to west.

3092:(1945–present). It made important reforms e.g. suffrage extended to women and the creation of a 2386:, French counterattacks won back most English continental territories. France was struck by the 1367:. Algeria and most French colonies became independent in the 1960s, with the majority retaining 26315: 26148: 25468: 25113: 24395: 23903: 22467: 21545: 21077: 21039: 20997: 20982: 20774: 20596: 20496: 20158: 20059: 19927: 18431: 18108:"Urbanisme : Des gratte-ciel à Paris : qu'en pensez-vous – Posez vos questions" 16891: 15313: 11455: 10806: 9498: 9236: 8822: 7919: 7618: 7223: 6712: 6056:

As of January 2021, the fertility rate declined slightly to 1.84 children per woman, below the

6006: 5770: 5346: 5160: 5001: 4883: 4767: 4736: 4524: 3894: 3547: 3127: 3081: 3054: 2992: 2924: 2917: 2720: 2607: 2528: 2523: 2425: 2071: 2048: 1691: 1399: 1352: 1340: 1304: 1245: 825: 769: 696: 606: 342: 85: 24363: 23231: 22536: 22099: 19131: 19113: 17320: 17049: 16339: 14909: 14818: 13429: 13119: 12588: 11723: 11423: 10886: 10831: 9892: 9717:"Bilan démographique 2023 – Composantes de la croissance démographique, France métropolitaine" 9590: 8568:. The French perfume industry is the world leader in its sector and is centred on the town of 8110: 7595: 7534: 7367:

being the most representative in the country. The French Revolution brought great changes, as

7241: 26503: 25885: 25740: 25291: 24035: 23781: 23510: 22834: 22312: 22247: 22028: 21891: 21862: 21002: 20992: 20784: 20608: 20516: 20451: 20063: 18704: 18080: 18010: 17778: 17646: 17611: 16644: 16596: 16171: 15249: 14211: 13178: 13147:[Administrative constituencies of 1 January 2015: regional comparisons] (in French). 12740: 11621: 11582: 11564: 11538: 11265: 10663: 10602: 10376: 10282: 8703: 8634: 8437: 8289:, has also remained very popular. Among the most important French artists of the century are 8090: 8023:

for their writing, and prosecutions were rare. Important writers of the 20th century include

8009: 7842: 7568: 7127: 6751: 5970: 5895: 5865: 5834: 5766: 5328: 5082: 5041: 4957: 4296: 4286: 4229: 3976: 3275: 3259: 3168: 3077: 2980: 2906: 2784: 2743: 2716: 2379: 2375: 2271: 2255: 2226: 2087: 1954: 1881: 1360: 1320: 1237: 973: 610: 593: 19174: 19152: 18975: 15922: 13608: 13382: 13093: 12558: 11352: 11144: 11117: 10655: 9857: 7991: 7792: 7268:, producing many if not most of France's high-ranking civil servants, CEOs and politicians. 5456:), in Southeast France, is the second leading tourist destination in the country, after the 5440:

is Europe's most popular theme park, with 15 million combined visitors to the resort's

3441:

members. France's total land area, with its overseas departments and territories (excluding

1564:, which translates as "javelin" or "lance" (the throwing axe of the Franks was known as the 26468: 26122: 23793: 22522: 21027: 20568: 20506: 20395: 20286: 19989: 19356: 18802: 18734: 16084: 15980: 14908:[Frequentation of museums and historic buildings] (in French). 2003. Archived from 14490: 13403: 12950: 12451: 11954: 11065: 9063: 9055: 9047: 9043: 9039: 9035: 9023: 8935: 8931: 8903: 8891: 8394: 8386: 8280: 8168: 7955: 7686: 7654: 7614: 7564: 7461:, living in Paris. Other foreign artists also settled and worked in or near Paris, such as 7140: 6050: 5962: 5857: 5512: 5500: 5354: 4667: 4491: 3963:

and one uninhabited island directly under the authority of the Minister of Overseas France—

3800: 3687: 3481: 3282: 3271: 2886: 2820: 2610:, undermined the power of and support for the monarchy and was a factor in the Revolution. 2595: 2587: 2519: 2477: 2473: 2367: 2333: 2277: 2221:

in France. Some king's vassals grew so powerful they posed a threat to the king. After the

2191: 1946: 1725: 1545:. It has been suggested that the meaning "free" was adopted because, after the conquest of 1348: 1336: 1308: 1265: 983: 190: 24452: 23473: 18267: 17736: 17544: 14365: 12085: 8285: 8236: 8152: 8000: 7834: 7677:

were built. The urban planning of the time was very organised and rigorous; most notably,

7040:

was the main religion in France for more than a millennium, and it was once the country's

3305: 8: 26361: 26178: 25538: 24976: 24645: 24541: 24262: 24026: 23578: 23092: 23075: 22693: 22369: 22262: 22157: 21984: 21817: 21615: 21110: 21067: 20987: 20941: 20818: 20811: 20791: 20752: 20664: 20456: 20425: 20400: 20366: 20268: 20263: 19382: 19193: 18511: 18250: 16922: 15339: 12906: 11005: 9474: 9457: 9257: 9113: 9109: 9015: 8981: 8963: 8927: 8923: 8865: 8619: 8561: 8540: 8449: 8199: 8160: 8077: 7981: 7852: 7576: 7552: 7509: 7500:. These three state-owned museums are visited by close to 17 million people a year. 7447: 7376: 7167: 6981: 6840: 6680: 6665: 6656:, France incorporated various neighbouring ethnic and linguistic groups, as evidenced by 6601: 6431: 5990: 5978: 5850: 5810: 5774: 5616: 5576: 5335: 5190: 5086: 4946: 4633: 4555: 4421: 4217: 4020: 3926: 3812: 3776: 3741: 3625: 3419: 3415: 3358: 3321: 3219: 3203: 3142: 3120: 3004: 2902: 2804: 2788: 2755: 2731: 2700: 2645: 2557: 2553: 2371: 2357: 2322: 2156: 2136: 2113: 2095: 2083: 2012:, ancient Gaul was divided into Germanic kingdoms and a remaining Gallo-Roman territory. 1993: 1989: 1890: 1871: 1772: 1687: 1316: 1296: 1193: 1098: 658: 625: 457: 216: 23584: 22405: 21963: 19793: 17919: 17756: 16561: 16517:"National strategy for Roma integration – European Commission – DG Justiceunknown label" 15634: 14488:

Taylor Martin, Susan (28 December 1998). "On Jan. 1, out of many arises one Euro".

14181: 14108:"France: Strict defamation and privacy laws limit free expression – Index on Censorship" 12537: 12455: 12006: 9070:). Similar to the Olympics, France introduced Olympics for deaf people (Deaflympics) in 8413: 7986: 7829:, written in 1175 by Perrout de Saint Cloude, tells the story of the medieval character 7800: 7485: 7360: 5600: 5409: 5172:, with European countries and the United States being leading sources. According to the 5113:, and the second-largest in the European Union by both metrics. France is considered an 4953:) have been used to repress public expressions of homosexuality or street prostitution. 4304: 2640:

The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change that began with the

508: 65: 26508: 26366: 26163: 25118: 24802: 24792: 24016: 23294: 22197: 21883: 21459: 21022: 20967: 20921: 20769: 20735: 20319: 19541: 18457: 18169: 18161: 17943: 17260: 16764: 16731: 16247: 16190:"France par aire d'attraction des villes - Population municipale 2021 >> Tableau" 16089: 14369: 14240: 12877:"The National Assembly and the Senate – General Characteristics of the Parliament" 12480: 12439: 11512: 11504: 11207: 10780: 10772: 10744: 9079: 8786:

is more commonly used in the South. Each region of France has traditional specialties:

8688: 8652: 8488: 8445: 8114: 8098: 8081: 8061: 7911: 7857: 7796: 7781: 7730: 7583: 7518: 7081: 6960: 6700: 6449: 5661: 5529: 5090: 5045: 4895: 4891: 4543: 4468: 4437: 4412:. France has been a key member of this global organisation since its inception in 1970. 4409: 4264: 4039: 3796: 3699: 3427: 3293: 3211: 3112: 3057: 3046: 2855: 2824: 2668:

proved unable to manage. A financial crisis and social distress led in May 1789 to the

2468: 2445: 2409: 2222: 2198:

kept the empire united, however in 843, it was divided between Louis' three sons, into

2175: 2044: 1912: 1848: 1536: 1504: 1241: 1233: 1209: 1082: 1044: 438: 24151: 22723: 20116: 18331:"Dirty books and literary freedom: The Lady Chatterley publisher who beat the censors" 17282: 16486: 15603: 7874:, whose aim was to sum up all the knowledge of his century and to fight ignorance and 7649:

although it was introduced in France before the revolution with such buildings as the

7336:, who both worked in France. Two of the most famous French artists of the time of the 7143:. Approximately 77% of health expenditures are covered by government-funded agencies. 4996:. In 2024, France became the first nation in the European Union to explicitly protect 4747:

long-range nuclear strike aircraft, while around 10 are deployed by the French Navy's

3639:

in 2009; however, the plan was abandoned due to fears of burdening French businesses.

3030:, an authoritarian regime collaborating with Germany, ruled the unoccupied territory. 2699:

The next three years were dominated by struggle for political control, exacerbated by

2210:. West Francia approximated the area occupied by modern France and was its precursor. 201: 26168: 25905: 25735: 25513: 25415: 25361: 24838: 23877: 23655: 23640: 23617: 23277: 22850: 22400: 22082: 21590: 21446: 21168: 21150: 21145: 21130: 21115: 21054: 21017: 20931: 20864: 20842: 20823: 20691: 20618: 20441: 20341: 20227: 20207: 20184: 19881:"Change Seems Essential to Escape Extinction: Wimbledon: World's Most Loved Dinosaur" 19762: 19737: 19708: 19331: 19304: 19081: 19020: 18461: 18383: 18305: 18173: 18086: 18016: 17888: 17488: 17142: 17025: 16769: 16751: 16648: 16600: 16419: 16365: 16358: 16335: 15976: 15796: 15683: 15284: 13145:"Circonscriptions administratives au 1er janvier 2015 : comparaisons régionales" 12928: 12752: 12592: 12485: 12467: 12337: 12032: 11627: 11588: 11568: 11516: 11429: 11401: 11298: 11277: 11218: 11185: 11150: 11123: 11096: 10892: 10835: 10810: 10784: 10764: 10669: 10612: 10288: 10261: 10210: 10183: 10157: 10137: 10105: 10080: 10070: 9885: 9863: 9440: 9375: 9322: 9283: 9169: 8966: 8799: 8509: 8342: 8334: 8065: 8049: 7996: 7822: 7754: 7750: 7480:

There are many art museums in France, the most famous of which being the state-owned

7474: 7470: 7277: 6920: 6720: 6704: 6238: 6218: 6061: 5982: 5929:

Famous French scientists of the 20th century include the mathematician and physicist

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Around 125 BC, the south of Gaul was conquered by the Romans, who called this region

1739: 1707: 1533: 1415: 1407: 1403: 1383: 1364: 1276: 1249: 1221: 1197: 1158: 1146: 559: 522: 375: 19890: 19806: 14788: 13559:[The return of France to NATO causes discomfort in the ranks of the right]. 12794: 12536:[Federation of Regional Natural Parks of France] (in French). Archived from 8069: 7939: 6984:

is a constitutional right. The French policy on religion is based on the concept of

5930: 5814: 493: 25301: 23691: 23645: 23607: 23553: 23495: 23410: 23385: 22701: 22020: 21082: 21034: 20906: 20881: 20371: 18153: 17880: 17531: 17345: 16759: 16743: 15788: 15675: 14714: 14631: 14275: 13831:"90.07.06: The Aerospace Industry: Its History and How it Affects the U.S. Economy" 13557:"Le retour de la France dans l'OTAN suscite un malaise dans les rangs de la Droite" 13352: 12744: 12475: 12459: 11496: 11209:

Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur

10756: 9371: 9318: 8803: 8744: 8473: 8370: 8306: 8302: 8294: 8265: 8252: 8040: 7907: 7879: 7812: 7808: 7572: 7462: 7427: 7399: 7395: 7333: 7123: 7105: 6912: 6900: 6892: 6880: 6797: 6780: 6645: 6494: 6483: 6261: 6057: 5899: 5798: 5552:, ranking third in revenue globally. In 2018, EDF produced around one-fifth of the 5549: 5524: 5504: 5437: 5433: 5189:, the government historically played a major role in the economy; policies such as 5070: 4993: 4755: 4476: 4428:(near the border with Germany). France is a founding member of all EU institutions. 4300: 4027: 3906: 3632: 3575: 3496: 3488: 3255: 3150: 3011: 2815:. His armies conquered most of continental Europe with swift victories such as the 2796: 2751: 2747: 2649: 2590:

occurred in French intellectual circles, and scientific breakthroughs, such as the

2537:

providing the legal framework for slavery and expelling Jews from French colonies.

2341: 2214: 2052: 1961: 1675: 1642: 1609: 1576: 1225: 1213: 877: 576: 20544: 20383: 17506: 17433:"Espérance de vie, taux de mortalité et taux de mortalité infantile dans le monde" 12557:. Fédération des Parcs naturels régionaux de France . 22 July 2013. Archived from 10065:

Rouche, Michel (1987). "The Early Middle Ages in the West". In Veyne, Paul (ed.).

8898:

France hosts "the world's biggest annual sporting event", the annual cycling race

8517: 8461: 8198:. Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel are the most prominent figures associated with 8183: 8135: 7560: 7514: 7403: 6923:(Italian dialect). Italian was the official language of Corsica until 9 May 1859. 6528: 6279: 5457: 5390: 5177: 4683: 4565: 4519:. From 2012 to 2021, France and other African states intervened in support of the 3999: 3172: 2664: 2656:, while its values and institutions remain central to modern political discourse. 2399: 1945:), the capital of the Gauls. In 250-290 AD, Roman Gaul suffered a crisis with its 1886: 1282: 26443: 26310: 25960: 25593: 24130: 24011: 23776: 23505: 23420: 23355: 23270: 23179: 22766: 22575: 22142: 22075: 21988: 21796: 21675: 21502: 21177: 21140: 21125: 21120: 21062: 20977: 20537: 20278: 20138: 20080: 20050: 19827: 19756: 19471: 19325: 19298: 19284: 19218: 19181: 19159: 18362: 18131: 17954: 17858: 17835: 17785: 17763: 17743: 17691: 17583: 17527: 17352: 17056: 15858: 15105: 14627: 14511: 14410: 14387: 14320: 14271: 13974: 13955: 13818: 13767: 13745: 13695: 13436: 13415: 13410: 12401: 11795: 11272: 10622: 10200: 10151: 10099: 9217: 9192: 9123: 9003: 8999: 8955: 8877: 8849: 8529: 8465: 8421: 8346: 8219: 8179: 8130: 8118: 7950: 7896: 7811:). Much medieval French poetry and literature was inspired by the legends of the 7698: 7658: 7626: 7530: 7522: 7489: 7356: 7341: 7155: 7147: 6969: 6916: 6896: 6836: 6381: 5986: 5934: 5830: 5802: 5621: 5604: 5568: 5564: 5378: 5370: 5194: 4866:

The basic principles that the French Republic must respect are found in the 1789

4852: 4770:

in the world. The country has produced such equipment as the Rafale fighter, the

4715: 4675: 4571: 4531: 4495: 4405: 4396: 4280: 4225: 4181: 3987: 3861: 3780: 3736: 3730: 3665:. With a surface area of 635 km (245 sq mi), it is the largest estuary in Europe. 3647: 3613: 3579: 3520: 3366: 3223: 3184: 2866: 2835: 2812: 2739: 2449: 2337: 2318: 2281: 2195: 2187: 2152: 2148: 1695: 1150: 1066: 537: 463: 319: 118: 51: 20523: 19098:

Global Powers of Luxury Goods 2019: Bridging the gap between the old and the new

17576: 16937:"Immigration rose in France in 2022, driven by labor needs and foreign students" 16890:[Annual census surveys 2004 and 2005] (in French). Insee. Archived from 15755: 15729: 15471: 13590: 13529: 12680: 12160: 11238: 7870: 7443: 7419: 7228: 5890: 4507: 4295:

In addition to the 18 regions and 101 departments, the French Republic has five

3528: 2937: 2927:

since the beginning of the 17th century, but in the 19th and 20th centuries its

2129: 1960:. Christians, who had been persecuted, increased. But from the 5th century, the 1368: 1324: 26158: 25725: 25663: 25488: 25420: 25165: 25011: 24960: 24895: 24797: 24738: 24717: 24668: 24501: 24222: 24186: 24140: 24125: 24040: 23734: 23724: 23709: 23683: 23622: 23490: 23216: 23200: 22472: 22327: 22053: 21750: 21565: 21100: 21095: 21087: 20911: 20869: 20446: 18858: 18191: 16690: 16535: 16032: 16006: 15679: 14515: 13316: 12817:"What's in Emmanuel Macron's intray after his re-election as French president?" 12463: 12054: 11822:"Parisians throw open doors in wake of attacks, but Muslims fear repercussions" 11706: 11620:

Cutts, M.; Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2000).

9687:"Bilan démographique 2023 – Composantes de la croissance démographique, France" 9537: 9326: 9098: 8947: 8943: 8899: 8887: 8853: 8766: 8504: 8457: 8453: 8429: 8417: 8350: 8338: 8310: 8298: 8195: 8187: 8139: 8094: 7926: 7817: 7787: 7722: 7713: 7694: 7674: 7542: 7454: 7431: 7415: 7345: 7293: 7049: 7041: 6943: 6908: 6904: 6637: 6629: 6035: 6011: 5974: 5954: 5911: 5696:, the world's tallest bridge, and has built many important bridges such as the 5693: 5665: 5625: 5553: 5449: 5318: 5308: 5235: 5173: 5149: 5137: 5118: 5114: 4810: 4779: 4740: 4729:. In addition to the submarine fleet, it is estimated that France has about 60 4146: 3914: 3882: 3822: 3818: 3792: 3758: 3679: 3543: 3500: 3450: 3438: 3370: 3347: 3263: 3243: 3000: 2984: 2932: 2684:

on 14 July led to a series of radical measures by the Assembly, among them the

2453: 2353: 2243: 2203: 2168: 2164: 2140: 2013: 2009: 1731: 1521: 1475: 1451: 1443: 1328: 1142: 1134: 1062: 478: 257: 71: 19353:"La France du beurre et celle de l'huile d'olive maintiennent leurs positions" 12748: 10493:"Faith of the Eldest Daughter – Can France retain her Catholic heritage?" 9290:

larger than 1 km (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers

8868:

is made in distilleries located on islands in the Atlantic and Indian oceans.

8676: 6022:

With an estimated January 2024 population of 68,373,433 people, France is the

5660:, which travels at 320 km/h (199 mph). The Eurostar, along with the 5483:). Small and picturesque French villages are promoted through the association 5386: 3686:

or PNR) is a public establishment in France between local authorities and the

3442: 3278:

of immigrants, where they were expected to adhere to French values and norms.

2598:(1783), were achieved by French scientists. French explorers took part in the 234: 19:"French Republic" and "La France" redirect here. For preceding republics, see 26437: 26419: 26406: 26081: 25930: 25704: 25553: 25170: 24965: 24865: 24722: 24423: 24105: 24072: 23729: 23701: 23650: 23527: 23517: 23485: 23456: 23282: 22890: 22684: 22668: 22360: 22339: 22322: 22267: 22134: 22087: 21835: 21801: 21635: 21230: 21217: 21182: 21012: 20796: 20484: 20054: 19712: 18465: 17372: 17166:. Vol. III. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 313–315. 16755: 16747: 16487:"In officially colorblind France, blacks have a dream – and now a lobby" 16281: 15945:"People in the EU – statistics on demographic changes – Statistics Explained" 15129:"Nuclear Power in France | French Nuclear Energy – World Nuclear Association" 14931: 14050: 13713: 12471: 12368:"Countries Compared by Environment > Forest area > % of land area" 12341: 11190: 10823: 10768: 9646: 9367: 9351: 9161: 9147: 9011: 8973: 8743:. As in most industrialised nations, the print media have been affected by a 8733: 8525: 8477: 8412:) credited with creating cinema in 1895. The world's first female filmmaker, 8390: 8381: 8354: 8269: 8261: 8191: 8106: 8073: 8057: 8024: 7915: 7884: 7865: 7646: 7642: 7630: 7622: 7567:(used as the royal necropolis); other important French Gothic cathedrals are 7458: 7439: 7391: 7372: 7301: 7044:. France was traditionally considered the Church's eldest daughter (French: 6772: 6736: 6724: 6625: 6619: 6460: 5950: 5946: 5915: 5881: 5822: 5736: 5709: 5669: 5557: 5413: 5231: 5164: 4969: 4926: 4830: 4802: 4326: 4237: 4188: 4125: 4072: 3982: 3960: 3784: 3675: 3492: 3431: 2942: 2870: 2831: 2437: 2313: 2155:, seized the crown of Francia from the weakened Merovingians and founded the 2079: 2040: 1926: 1922: 1811: 1749: 1074: 1070: 1022: 431: 336: 295: 282: 21244: 20019: 18892: 15499:"First lockdown in France improved air quality, avoided thousands of deaths" 15340:

Ministère de l'Écologie, de l'Énergie, du Développement Durable et de la Mer

11846:"Yes, Parisians are traumatised, but the spirit of resistance still lingers" 10084: 8658: 8592: 8441: 8330: 8290: 7976: 7949:

has remained immensely popular. Other major authors of that century include

7864:

French literature and poetry flourished during the 18th and 19th centuries.

7718: 5898:

of the 19th century saw spectacular scientific developments in France, with

5345:

With 100 million international tourist arrivals in 2023, France is the

5290:

is the world's most-visited paid monument, an icon of both Paris and France.

5243: 5163:

facilitates access to capital, goods, services, and skilled labour. Despite

5066: 4805:

are regularly ranked as some of the most robust of any nation in the world.

4216:

Since 2016, France is divided into 18 administrative regions: 13 regions in

3628:, France was the fifth most environmentally conscious country in the world. 3519:

were formed. These massifs delineate several sedimentary basins such as the

2889:, as Napoleon III. He multiplied French interventions abroad, especially in 25835: 25241: 24945: 24940: 24831: 24776: 24135: 24120: 24115: 24095: 24080: 23827: 23744: 23739: 23714: 23562: 23000: 22990: 22794: 22441: 21840: 21806: 21755: 20896: 20601: 20558: 20358: 20329: 19588: 17861:

page 2 "Palmarès des 30 premiers sites culturels (entrées comptabilisées)"

16773: 15687: 14324: 12503: 12489: 11623:

The State of the World's Refugees, 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action

10659: 10626: 8985: 8775: 8715: 8628: 8203: 8172: 8164: 8036: 8032: 7875: 7709: 7702: 7670: 7666: 7587: 7466: 7423: 7411: 7321: 7297: 7023: 6986: 6927:

French in the European Union and globally through institutions such as the

6641: 6155: 5966: 5938: 5919: 5469: 5425: 5366: 5350: 5287: 5020: 4985: 4887: 4814: 4695: 4613: 4359:

France is a founding member of the United Nations and serves as one of the

4197: 3866: 3841: 3199: 3195: 3153: 3116: 3027: 3015: 2996: 2912: 2882: 2851: 2549: 2421: 2207: 2199: 2179: 1902: 1860: 1795: 1744: 1356: 1312: 1217: 1090: 572: 366: 24337: 19404: 18419:

The Rise of Modern Philosophy: A New History of Western Philosophy, vol. 3

17599:

1881–1882 : Lois Ferry École publique gratuite, laïque et obligatoire

16853:[To be born in France of an immigrant parent] (in French). Insee. 16276: 15702: 15665: 14591: 14458: 13059: 12953:[What is the purpose of the Senate?] (in French). 18 August 2007. 12705: 12415: 10539:

See drop-down essay on "Religion and Politics until the French Revolution"

9018:, who suggested the Games' revival, at the end of the 19th century. After 5607:, are managed by EDF. France aims to further expand hydropower into 2040. 3925:) was the second-largest voting block elected to the lower house in 2022. 3080:. As one of the biggest winners in World War II, France became one of the 2827:

family were appointed monarchs in some of the newly established kingdoms.

1925:

conquered the remainder of Gaul and overcame a revolt by Gallic chieftain

1734:

in what is now France date from approximately 1.8 million years ago.

26238: 26040: 26020: 25940: 25648: 25588: 25236: 25208: 24950: 24571: 24292: 24090: 23754: 23665: 23500: 23400: 23174: 23005: 22895: 22498: 22252: 22202: 22162: 21918: 21735: 21670: 20563: 20466: 20311: 18862: 18366: 17947: 16730:

Kalt, Anne; Hossain, Mazeda; Kiss, Ligia; Zimmerman, Cathy (March 2013).

16440: 16229: 13338: 10199:

Jenkins, C. (2011). "Cro-Magnon Man, Roman Gaul and the Feudal Kingdom".

9119: 9067: 9034:. Since 1900, France has hosted the Olympics on 5 further occasions: the 8977: 8915: 8818: 8739: 8682: 8552:) industry in the years 1860–1960 through the establishment of the great 8326: 8314: 8241: 8215: 8102: 7966: 7767: 7763: 7738: 7726: 7407: 7337: 7329: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7233: 7201: 7181: 7073: 7057: 7011: 7007: 6816: 6708: 6653: 6546: 6131: 5942: 5826: 5818: 5786: 5739:, which connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean through the 5701: 5394: 5180:

has the highest concentration of multinational firms in mainland Europe.

5110: 5062: 4989: 4929:

as a motivation for the enactment of prohibitions; it has long abolished

4875: 4848: 4801:) operates under the authority of the Ministry of the Interior. France's 4647: 4637: 4617: 4597: 4512: 4321: 4118: 3929:

RN became the largest opposition party in the National Assembly in 2022.

3857: 3845: 3787:, elected directly by universal adult suffrage for a five-year term. The 3655: 3524: 3390: 3031: 2890: 2669: 2603: 2441: 2412:

saw cultural development and standardisation of French, which became the

2387: 2383: 2251: 2247: 2160: 1973: 1867: 1787: 1735: 1423: 1332: 1114: 546: 531: 24667: 19977:

was created from a revision of this article dated 8 April 2023

18165: 17401: 15792: 15574:"Marseille : un grand port maritime qui ne demande qu'à se montrer" 13661:"Aid to developing countries rebounds in 2013 to reach an all-time high" 12775:[The 5-year term: referendum of 24 September 2000] (in French). 10035: 8919: 8771: 7650: 6849: 6138:(771,320). (Note: since its 2020 revision of metropolitan area borders, 5024:(state secularism): the state does not formally recognise any religion, 4511:) and has supplied economic aid and troops for peacekeeping missions in 3072:(GPRF). This interim government, established by de Gaulle, continued to 2662:

were a combination of social, political and economic factors, which the

224: 26213: 26208: 26102: 26035: 25975: 25965: 25955: 25860: 25618: 25583: 25563: 25203: 25123: 24812: 24561: 24282: 24110: 24100: 24085: 23963: 23081: 22985: 22950: 22935: 22920: 22875: 22809: 22477: 22305: 22300: 22182: 21705: 21665: 21645: 21625: 21530: 21072: 20301: 19633: 16593:

Russian Refugees in France and the United States Between the World Wars

15318: 13630: 13440: 11508: 10776: 10496: 9347: 9343: 8972:. Several major tennis tournaments take place in France, including the 8791: 8469: 8405: 8358: 8230: 8211: 7890: 7847: 7838: 7775: 7288: 7185: 6942:

According to the 2007 Adult Education survey, part of a project by the

6512: 6127: 6089: 5973:, who afterward performed the first successful double hand transplant. 5877: 5728: 5596: 5591: 5480: 5204: 4934: 4879: 4844: 4538:, the 12th highest among the OECD. Aid is provided by the governmental 4471:, France has developed close ties with reunified Germany to become the 4425: 4390: 4241: 4104: 4082: 4077: 3636: 3542:

The coastlines offer contrasting landscapes: mountain ranges along the

3532: 3382: 3339: 3171:, which included a strengthened presidency. The war concluded with the 3050: 2624: 2545: 2507: 2503: 2464: 2308: 2263: 1934: 1831: 1799: 1791: 1529: 1512: 1375: 1355:

was established and later dissolved in the course of the defeat in the

1189: 1106: 392: 381: 24823: 23875: 23158: 22436: 18036: 13502:[Mitterrand already negotiated the return of France to NATO]. 13500:"Quand Mitterrand, déjà, négociait le retour de la France dans l'Otan" 12970:"After green wave in local elections, is France's left back on track?" 11584:

Foreign Intervention in Africa: From the Cold War to the War on Terror

11266:

Encyclopedia Of World War I: A Political, Social, And Military History

9355: 9108:

tournament held over two weeks between late May and early June at the

8019:), whose works are among the most well known in France and the world. 7434:, were also at the avant-garde of artistic evolutions, as well as the 6596: 5689: 4249: 4092: 3905:(since 2015). In the 2017 presidential and legislative elections, the 3156:, then part of France and home to over one million European settlers ( 2483: 2117: 1095:

one of the largest discontiguous exclusive economic zones in the world

26198: 26193: 26138: 25980: 25558: 24915: 24875: 24870: 24556: 24277: 24047: 23594: 23480: 23370: 22940: 22647: 22592: 22384: 22334: 22237: 22212: 22047:

Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.

21868: 21640: 20410: 19450: 18929: 18157: 17695: 17647:"Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) France report" 16591:

Hassell, James E. (1991). "III. French Government and the Refugees".

14988:"Tourism: The Loire Valley, an intoxicating destination for visitors" 14505:

How can Europe reset the investment agenda now to rebuild its future?

13808:

Centre de Documentation et de Recherche sur la Paix et les Conflits,

8787: 8783: 8670: 8614: 8588: 8553: 8207: 7902: 7384: 7237: 7118:, a teaching hospital in Paris, is one of Europe's largest hospitals. 6812: 6759: 6716: 6517: 6465: 6342: 6158:

was a perennial political issue throughout most of the 20th century.

6107: 6046: 5842: 5732: 5184: 4930: 4856: 4464: 4401: 4342: 4006: 3551: 3362: 3157: 3146: 2575: 2533: 2499: 2487: 2433: 2361: 2326: 2296: 2218: 1969: 1950: 1856: 1780: 1776: 1566: 1435: 1269: 1261: 1257: 1229: 1154: 952: 942: 25330: 19699:

McLaughlin, Luke; Symons, Harvey; Amani, Julian (6 September 2023).

17308:

How to conduct European clinical trials from the Paris Region ?

13234: 13000:"Takeaways from the final round of France's parliamentary elections" 11500: 11330:"BBC – History – World Wars: The Vichy Policy on Jewish Deportation" 10760: 10576:"History of France – The Capetian kings of France: AD 987–1328" 9784:"Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey" 8424:, one of the most important and famous film festivals in the world. 6802:

Code of Entry and Residence of Foreigners and of the Right to Asylum

5765:

France is in 2020 the biggest national financial contributor to the

3238:

In the post-Gaullist era, France remained one of the most developed

3194:, de Gaulle pursued a policy of "national independence" towards the 26489:

Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie

26340: 26264: 26233: 26228: 25895: 25890: 25850: 25845: 25830: 25684: 25633: 25628: 25608: 25473: 25246: 24596: 24591: 24581: 24479: 24317: 24312: 24302: 24207: 23973: 23380: 23040: 23015: 22865: 22860: 22839: 22804: 22789: 22637: 22627: 22612: 22457: 22283: 22222: 22192: 22167: 22060: 22010: 21980: 21901: 21896: 21786: 21720: 21715: 21690: 21550: 21199: 19807:"Paris 1900 Summer Olympics. Official Site of the Olympic Movement" 19430: 19101: 16312: 15398: 15109: 14992:

TourMaG.com, 1er journal des professionnels du tourisme francophone

13092:(in French). Government of France. 18 December 2015. Archived from 11876:"Europe's open-border policy may become latest victim of terrorism" 11660:

From revolution to ethics: May 1968 and contemporary French thought

11485:

Crozier, Brian; Mansell, Gerard (July 1960). "France and Algeria".

11122:(1992 ed.). University of California Press. pp. 117–130. 10798: 9859:

Memory, Empire, and Postcolonialism: Legacies of French Colonialism

9791: 9317:

Various other time zones are used in overseas France, from UTC−10 (

9059: 9051: 9031: 8825:, which are often named for the territory where they are produced ( 8814: 8811: 8807: 8709: 8697: 8664: 8576: 8565: 8086: 8004: 7910:

was an important movement in French literature, with poets such as

7368: 7193: 7031: 6669: 6661: 6444: 6410: 6290: 6119: 6115: 5958: 5778: 5677: 5653: 5223: 5156: 5148:, at 1.9 per cent. Less than 2 per cent of GDP is generated by the 4997: 4972:

are legal. Laws prohibiting discriminatory speech in the press are

4840: 4498:, France rejoined the NATO joint military command on 4 April 2009. 4453: 4167: 3571: 3512: 3454: 3430:, on the western edge of Europe, and thus lies within the northern 3335: 3251: 3232: 3191: 3041:

From 1942 to 1944, about 160,000 French citizens, including around

2846:

against his rule, Napoleon was defeated. About a million Frenchmen

2780: 2759: 2561: 2541: 2515: 2428:. The rise of Protestantism led France to a civil war known as the 2349: 2345: 2292: 2121: 2067: 2036: 2025: 2021: 1938: 1930: 1918: 1894: 1852: 1807: 1803: 1757: 1753: 1447: 1292: 1177: 1017: 946: 680: 404: 25781: 21955: 20075: 18380:"The Little Prince | Plot, Analysis, & Facts | Britannica.com" 14528: 10747:(1952). "Edward III and the beginnings of the Hundred Years War". 9097:" in reference to the team's shirt colour as well as the national 7197: 5298: 5261:

have made it Europe's leading agricultural producer and exporter.

4916:. To be applicable, every law must be officially published in the 3659: 3567: 3285:, France has been targeted by Islamist organisations, notably the 2352:, covering half of modern France. Tensions between France and the 2062: 1898: 26248: 26243: 26218: 26173: 26153: 26143: 26060: 26055: 26050: 26030: 26010: 25995: 25985: 25950: 25875: 25840: 25820: 25815: 25810: 25805: 25658: 25613: 25573: 25533: 25528: 25518: 25503: 25498: 25493: 25478: 25463: 25453: 25443: 25438: 25226: 25188: 24905: 24696: 24586: 24536: 24526: 24516: 24511: 24506: 24484: 24474: 24469: 24411: 24307: 24257: 24247: 24237: 24232: 24227: 24212: 24202: 24197: 24059: 23988: 23968: 23943: 23908: 23898: 23893: 23673: 23543: 23468: 23435: 23329: 23247: 23226: 23195: 23153: 23025: 22995: 22980: 22965: 22955: 22945: 22910: 22905: 22855: 22824: 22799: 22774: 22642: 22617: 22597: 22462: 22317: 22227: 22207: 22005: 21745: 21695: 21655: 21610: 21605: 21595: 21580: 21575: 21570: 21555: 21540: 21535: 21525: 21520: 21515: 21510: 20324: 20192: 20128: 17107:

Drouhot, Lucas; Simon, Patrick; Tiberj, Vincent (30 March 2023).

16848: 16059:"Tableau 44 – Taux de fécondité générale par âge de la mère" 14429:"Germans Say Goodbye to the Mark, a Symbol of Strength and Unity" 13481:"L'alliance Franco-allemande au coeur de la puissance européenne" 9645:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

9593:. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 9359: 9299:

Whole of the except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean

9287: 8993: 8257: 7830: 7435: 7265: 7015: 6999: 6792: 6776: 6673: 6657: 6151: 6031: 5740: 5685: 5681: 5508: 4938: 4432:

As a significant hub for international relations, France has the

4245: 4221: 4153: 4111: 4097: 4087: 4067: 3674:

mean score of 4.52/10, ranking it 123rd globally. There are nine

3563: 3516: 3464:

scattered across the planet, France possesses the second-largest

3411: 3402: 3386: 3378: 3267: 3068:

emerged victorious, and French sovereignty was restored with the

2602:

through maritime expeditions. Enlightenment philosophy, in which

2565: 2100: 1985: 1965: 1844: 1761: 1494: 1481: 1205: 1126: 1110: 1102: 1086: 426: 410: 20150: 19355:[France butter and olive oil maintain their positions]. 17968:"Charles VII et Louis XI -Know -Val de Loire patrimoine mondial" 12791:"The French National Assembly – Constitution of October 4, 1958" 11718: 11716: 7484:, which collects artwork from the 18th century and earlier. The 4632:) are the military and paramilitary forces of France, under the 3104: 3088:(1945–1955) as well as one of the five permanent members of the 2232: 1515: 1248:

rise. Internally, France was dominated by the conflict with the

26223: 26203: 26188: 26183: 26117: 26112: 26086: 26015: 25990: 25925: 25920: 25855: 25699: 25689: 25679: 25653: 25643: 25623: 25603: 25598: 25578: 25548: 25483: 25231: 25160: 24955: 24935: 24930: 24885: 24880: 24771: 24756: 24711: 24686: 24606: 24576: 24551: 24531: 24496: 24435: 24393: 24327: 24297: 24272: 24252: 24217: 23993: 23958: 23933: 23928: 23913: 23522: 23430: 23050: 23035: 23030: 22970: 22925: 22885: 22779: 22758: 22622: 22602: 22566: 22242: 22232: 22177: 22172: 22129: 21913: 21791: 21765: 21740: 21730: 21710: 21700: 21685: 21680: 21660: 21630: 21600: 21560: 21494: 20613: 20023: 19517:"Région Guadeloupe-Guadeloupe, a land of cultures and flavours" 19036:

The cultural exception is not negotiable by Catherine Trautmann

18292:. Adherents.com. Archived from the original on 28 November 2005 17797:

Musée d'Orsay (official website), History of the museum –

17366:"Measuring Overall Health System Performance for 191 Countries" 17321:"World Health Organization Assesses the World's Health Systems" 16228: 15972:"Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries" 15558:. The Journal of Commerce Online. 23 April 2008. Archived from 14679:[The Paris Stock Exchange: an institution since 1724]. 14151:"France makes abortion a constitutional right in historic vote" 12673:"Constitutional Limits on Government: Country Studies – France" 11973:"Mont Blanc shrinks by 45 cm (17.72 in) in two years" 11673:"Declaration by the Franco-German Defense and Security Council" 9754:"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (France)" 9240: 9105: 9019: 8989: 8911: 8795: 8569: 8557: 8513: 8492: 8318: 7481: 7352: 7052:

always maintained close links to the Pope, receiving the title

6995: 6820: 6784: 6735:

population, numbering between 20,000 and 400,000; many foreign

6728: 6649: 6580: 6478: 6392: 6147: 6135: 6123: 6027: 5903: 5873: 5794: 5705: 5649: 5401: 5332: 5016:

1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State

4908:(which handle criminal and civil litigation) are headed by the 4818: 4775: 4449: 4160: 4139: 3508: 3504: 3398: 3227: 2304: 1875: 1500: 1201: 1122: 251: 19300:

Haute Cuisine: How the French Invented the Culinary Profession

18012:

Architecture and the Politics of Gender in Early Modern Europe

13708:

O’Sullivan, Michael; Subramanian, Krithika (17 October 2015).

8845:, sometimes with a salad served before the cheese or dessert. 8662:, more than doubled the sales of national newspapers, such as 8408:, with two Frenchmen, Auguste and Louis Lumière (known as the 8375: 7943:

is widely seen as one of the greatest novels ever written and

7453:

At the beginning of the 20th century, Cubism was developed by

6767: 5140:

represent two-thirds of both the workforce and GDP, while the

4501:

France retains strong political and economic influence in its

2531:, forcing thousands of Huguenots into exile and published the 1817: 1295:, subjugating part of continental Europe and establishing the 26107: 26005: 26000: 25935: 25915: 25900: 25825: 25694: 25638: 25568: 25543: 25296: 25198: 25193: 25150: 24925: 24920: 24910: 24890: 24766: 24761: 24748: 24706: 24701: 24672: 24601: 24566: 24546: 24322: 24287: 24267: 24055: 23983: 23978: 23953: 23948: 23938: 23918: 23451: 23425: 23415: 23405: 23395: 23221: 23010: 22960: 22915: 22900: 22880: 22870: 22844: 22784: 22607: 22431: 22217: 22015: 21725: 21650: 21620: 20147: – official site of the French Government Tourist Office 20101: 20001: 18952:"Cannes Film Festival - Palais des Festivals, Cannes, France" 17257:"Society2; religion in France; beliefs; secularism (laicité)" 17162:

Parisse, Michael (2005). "Lotharingia". In Reuter, T. (ed.).

16788:"aida – Asylum Information Database – Country Report: France" 16185: 13631:"Official development assistance (ODA) – Net ODA – OECD Data" 11713: 10733:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 100, 101. 10552:. History.howstuffworks.com. 27 February 2008. Archived from 9542: 9470: 7934: 7930: 7575:. The kings were crowned in another important Gothic church: 7027: 7019: 6947: 6884: 6696: 6633: 6426: 6376: 6324: 6274: 6256: 6139: 6111: 5806: 5708:-driven cars and lorries cause a large part of the country's 5544:

France is the world's tenth-largest producer of electricity.

4678:

and civil police in rural areas. Together they are among the

4174: 4132: 3922: 3559: 3555: 3527:

in the north. Various routes of natural passage, such as the

3406: 3394: 3351: 3180: 2968: 2340:, established its dominion over the surrounding provinces of 2125: 2109: 2029: 1837: 1827: 1694:, though it can be also heard in some other dialects such as 1678: 1618: 1489: 1185: 1166: 1138: 1130: 1118: 398: 274: 20144: 19701:"Everything you need to know about the 2023 Rugby World Cup" 19464: 14529:"Welcome to the Banque de France website | Banque de France" 10177: 10175: 10173: 8852:

and the attractiveness of France. A French publication, the

8182:, France has produced a number of notable composers such as 7398:. The most famous impressionist painters of the period were 5495:" label is a list of the over 200 gardens classified by the 5472:

itself are the third leading tourist destination in France.

4964:

for homosexual couples have been permitted, and since 2013,

4766:

France has major military industries and one of the largest

3807:, president Macron was re-elected. Two months later, in the 3631:

Like all European Union state members, France agreed to cut

2163:, reunited the Frankish kingdoms and built an empire across 1374:

France retains its centuries-long status as a global centre

211: 26045: 25970: 25945: 25870: 23719: 23567: 23375: 23020: 22930: 22819: 22632: 22187: 21906: 20886: 20296: 19017: 17994:

Claude Lébedel – Les Splendeurs du Baroque en France:

15576:[Marseille: a grand seaport just waiting to show]. 14337:"These are the top 10 manufacturing countries in the world" 9436: 9078:

who paved the way to organise the inaugural edition of the

8907: 8753: 8721: 8584: 8322: 8068:

began in France in the 17th century with the philosophy of

7216: 7212: 7134:. In its 2000 assessment of world health care systems, the 7089: 6692: 6562: 6358: 6308: 6266: 6143: 6103: 5922:. Other eminent French scientists of the period have their 5645: 5304: 5239: 5146:

eighth in the world by share of global manufacturing output

5126: 4520: 4516: 3811:, Macron lost his parliamentary majority and had to form a 3621: 3446: 3414:. Metropolitan France is situated mostly between latitudes 3343: 3138: 2971:

posing with their war-torn flag in 1917, during World War I

2730:, the constitution was suspended and power passed from the 2452:, which granted some freedom of religion to the Huguenots. 1976:

along the Rhine River Valley, and the Franks in the north.

1942: 1823: 1546: 1459: 1455: 938: 25006: 20092: 19199:

Nicolas Sarkozy: French media faces 'death' without reform

19132:"L'observatoire de la presse et des médias de L'APCM 2022" 18867:"You Know These 20 Movies. Now Meet the Women Behind Them" 18857: 17390: 16116:"Évolution générale de la situation démographique, France" 13860:[France stays one of the biggest arms supplier]]. 13858:"La France demeure un fournisseur d'armes de premier plan" 12773:"Le quinquennat : le référendum du 24 Septembre 2000" 9391:, several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas 9006:

is regarded as one of the greatest footballers of all time

8535:

The association of France with fashion and style (French:

8260:, choir and orchestra. In the middle of the 20th century, 7882:

was a prolific writer of children's fairy tales including

7609:

Following the Renaissance and the end of the Middle Ages,

5819:

rationalism as a method for acquiring scientific knowledge

5491:(literally "The Most Beautiful Villages of France"). The " 4274: 3296:

in French history, gathering 4.4 million people, the

2931:

extended greatly and became the second-largest behind the

2393: 2390:, from which half of the 17 million population died. 24854: 20113: – links to various administrations and institutions 19592: 18058: 17346:

The ranking, see spreadsheet details for a whole analysis

14035:

Buonomo, Giampiero (2015). "La rivendicazione di Gallo".

12109:"CO2 : la France moins pollueuse grâce au nucléaire" 10170: 9432: 9428: 9424: 9420: 9416: 9412: 9408: 9404: 9400: 9396: 9388: 9338:

The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the

7929:. Hugo's verse has been compared to that of Shakespeare, 7418:. The second generation of impressionist-style painters, 6787:, France, that existed from January 2015 to October 2016. 6699:

estimated that the largest minority ancestry groups were

5657: 5130: 4855:(which was largely based on the royal law codified under 4535: 2854:

from exile, Napoleon was finally defeated in 1815 at the

1748:

around 35,000 BC. This period witnessed the emergence of

1651: 1585: 1137:

to the northwest. Its metropolitan area extends from the

1034: 23324: 21489: 19743: 16966:[Who are the new immigrants living in France?]. 16729: 16168:"Naissances selon le pays de naissance des parents 2010" 15403:

h2g2 The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy: Earth Edition

14137:

La lutte contre le racisme et l'antisémintisme en France

13919:[The Directorate General of Internal Security]. 13464:. The French Ministry of Foreign affairs. Archived from 12436: 12111:[CO2: France less polluting thanks to nuclear]. 11777:"Officials: Paris Unity Rally Largest in French History" 10604:

Oresme's Livre de Politiques and the France of Charles V

8848:

French cuisine is also regarded as a key element of the

7841:

novels. Rabelais was also in regular communication with

7062:

1905 law on the Separation of the Churches and the State

6951:

languages made up the remaining 5.2% of the population.

5448:

in 2009. With more than 10 million tourists a year, the

4754:

attack aircraft, which operate from the nuclear-powered

4682:

and the largest in the EU. According to a 2015 study by

4530:

In 2017, France was the world's fourth-largest donor of

3183:

fled from Algeria to France. A vestige of empire is the

2952: 2765: 2506:

occurred. This rebellion was driven by feudal lords and

1428:

permanent members of the United Nations Security Council

1268:

and further increased its influence during the reign of

24181: 22753: 18356:

Modiano strengthens France's literature Nobel dominance

15191:. World Nuclear Association. April 2017. Archived from 15099:

Electricity production, consumption and market overview

14906:"Fréquentation des musées et des bâtiments historiques" 14677:"La Bourse de Paris : une institution depuis 1724" 14556: 14554: 12217:"EU promises 20% reduction in carbon emissions by 2020" 11146:

Events that Changed the World in the Nineteenth Century

11003: 10067:

A History of Private Life: From Pagan Rome to Byzantium

9614: 9612: 9463: 9104:

The French Open, also called Roland-Garros, is a major

7525:

represents the French impact on religious architecture.

7308:

The origins of French art were very much influenced by

7018:. According to the national survey of 2020 held by the 5211:, and the 15th most competitive, according to the 2019 5034:

banned wearing conspicuous religious symbols in schools

4743:; 50 are deployed by the Air and Space Force using the 3312:, killed over 1,000 ISIS troops between 2014 and 2015. 2838:

and Declaration of the Rights of Man. In 1812 Napoleon

2258:(1337–1453), which paved the way for the final victory. 2182:

and thus establishing the French government's longtime

2047:, which was said to have guaranteed the battle. Clovis 1979: 1933:

into provinces and many cities were founded during the

737:• Metropolitan France, estimate as of January 2024 20006:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

19861: 18993:"Enquête sur l'image du cinéma français dans le monde" 16964:"Qui sont les nouveaux immigrés qui vivent en France?" 16277:"France's ethnic minorities: To count or not to count" 15919:"Bilan démographique 2006: un excédent naturel record" 13335:

Commission de l'Océan Indien | Indian Ocean Commission

11484: 11319:"The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies" 10971: 9882: 8695:

The most influential news magazines are the left-wing

5127:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

3471: 2865:

The discredited Bourbon dynasty was overthrown by the

2416:

and Europe's aristocracy. France became rivals of the

1460:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

19698: 18841:"Encyclopédie Larousse en ligne – les frères Lumière" 17948:

Site officiel de la Cathedrale de Notre-Dame de Reims

17227:

Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs

17117:

National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies

16849:

Catherine Borrel; Bertrand Lhommeau (30 March 2010).

13811:

Etat des forces nucléaires françaises au 15 août 2004

13707: 10523:

Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs

10329:"Cornelius Tacitus, The History, BOOK II, chapter 91" 9308:

French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only

8053:, which is one of the best selling books in history. 7681:. The architecture associated with this era is named 7002:

is an exception to the general French norm since the

6804:. Immigration remains a contentious political issue. 6800:

migration. Foreigners' rights are established in the

4956:

France generally has a positive reputation regarding

2885:, Napoleon I's nephew, was proclaimed emperor of the 2632:

on 14 July 1789 was the most emblematic event of the

2262:

The Carolingian dynasty ruled France until 987, when

1666: 1657: 1654: 1645: 1633: 1624: 1621: 1612: 1600: 1591: 1588: 1579: 19350: 15460:

L'automobile magazine, hors-série 2003/2004 page 294

14711:"Embassy of France in Washington: Economy of France" 14551: 14081:"François Hollande signs same-sex marriage into law" 14005:"Factbox: France's military and defense contractors" 13991:"Rafale Sales Help France Reach Arms Exports Record" 13949:

The List: Best and Worst Countries for Cybersecurity

13710:

The End of Globalization or a more Multipolar World?

13478: 12847:"France learns parliamentary democracy the hard way" 12153:"2018 EPI Results | Environmental Performance Index" 11553:

A New Paradigm of the African State: Fundi wa Afrika

9609: 9137: 8214:

was a key member of the early-20th-century Parisian

8175:

and the leading French composer of the harpsichord.

7064:, which established the aforementioned principle of 5837:, which blossomed in Europe during this period. The 5097:

among the ten largest globally; it is currently the

5093:. For roughly two centuries, the French economy has 4542:, which finances primarily humanitarian projects in 2901:. Napoleon III was unseated following defeat in the 2104:("Land of the Franks"). The Germanic Franks adopted 1648: 1615: 1582: 1558: 19327:

Accounting for Taste: The Triumph of French Cuisine

18928:. Cannesguide.com. 15 February 2007. Archived from 17577:

II. L'évolution du contenu de l'obligation scolaire

17505:(in French). Statistiques mondiales. Archived from 17487:(in French). Statistiques mondiales. Archived from 17073:"GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences" 17009:

Le français et les langues historiques de la France

16671:[Immigration flow by continent of origin]. 14281: 12706:"France | History, Map, Flag, Capital, & Facts" 12534:"Fédération des parcs naturels régionaux de France" 12430: 11928:Goodliffe, Gabriel; Brizzi, Riccardo, eds. (2015). 11796:"Paris attacks: Millions rally for unity in France" 11456:"In France, a War of Memories Over Memories of War" 11346:; France, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 9855: 7594:. Examples of such residential castles include the 7488:was inaugurated in 1986 in the old railway station 6102:population in 2021) being Paris (13,171,056 inh.), 5077:

in continental Europe, and the fourth in the world.

5012:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

4868:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

4337:), and one island possession in the Pacific Ocean ( 2613: 1553:is uncertain. It is traditionally derived from the 1339:at great human and economic cost. It was among the 19809:. International Olympic Committee. 27 August 2018. 19687:France wins right to host the 2007 rugby world cup 19589:"Tour De France 2019: Everything you need to know" 18707:[The 100 Greatest Artists – No. 62]. 17164:The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 900–c. 1024 17106: 16996:La Constitution- La Constitution du 4 Octobre 1958 16357: 16209: 15044:"BP Statistical Review of World Energy July 2021"" 14930:. Themed Entertainment Association. Archived from 13139: 13137: 13060:"France – Parliamentary composition and functions" 12398:"Evolution of the French forest from 1984 to 1996" 11775:Hinnant, Lori; Adamson, Thomas (11 January 2015). 11263:Spencer C. Tucker, Priscilla Mary Roberts (2005). 11206: 9884: 9538:"L'essentiel sur... les immigrés et les étrangers" 7328:was directly inspired by Italian painters such as 5420:(1.02 million), which is home to eight large 5030:listed many religious movements as dangerous cults 2652:. Many of its ideas are fundamental principles of 2370:died without an heir in 1328. The crown passed to 1790:development between the 4th and 3rd millennia BC, 1539: 1520:("free, noble, sincere"), and ultimately from the 19443: 18664:"Claude Debussy – Biography – AllMusic" 18244:"Victor Hugo est le plus grand écrivain français" 16915:"Turks and Moroccans top list of new EU citizens" 16328:Hastings International and Comparative Law Review 14925:"TEA/AECOM Attraction Attendance Report for 2009" 13917:"La Direction générale de la sécurité intérieure" 13701: 13355:. Association of Caribbean States. 24 July 1994. 13118:(in French). Myfrenchproperty.com. Archived from 12647:Fédération des Parcs naturels régionaux de France 12418:[The forest in France and in the world]. 11580: 10260:. Cambridge University Press. 2000. p. 754. 10153:English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change 8902:. Other popular sports played in France include: 8618:was founded in 1826 and it is still considered a 7006:stipulates official status and state funding for 6741:expelled back to Bulgaria and Romania frequently. 5985:on 7 September 2001 across the Atlantic Ocean. A 4937:(the latter in 1791). However, "offences against 3864:. Legislators in the National Assembly, known as 3410:various coastal islands, of which the largest is 2703:. Military defeats following the outbreak of the 2560:kept growing, however, with acquisitions such as 2213:During the 9th and 10th centuries, threatened by 248:Location of France (blue or dark green) 26494:Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean 26435: 18349: 18325: 18323: 18321: 17102: 17100: 17098: 16888:"Enquêtes annuelles de recensement 2004 et 2005" 16869:"Répartition des immigrés par pays de naissance" 15399:"TGV – The French High-speed Train Service" 13605:"France involvement in peace-keeping operations" 12400:. Inventaire Forestier National . Archived from 12189:. New Haven, CT: Yale University. Archived from 11558: 11292: 11119:The French Revolution and the Birth of Modernity 8309:. Modern pop music has seen the rise of popular 5672:or tramway services complementing bus services. 5038:wearing of face-covering Islamic veils in public 4874:French law is divided into two principal areas: 2977:invaded by Germany and defended by Great Britain 2374:, rather than Edward of Plantagenet, who became 2325:was launched in 1209 to eliminate the heretical 2051:and was baptised in 508. Clovis I was the first 1047:reports the total as 643,801 km (248,573 sq mi). 19465:Beale, Victoria; Boxell, James (16 July 2011). 18899: 18125:In the heart of the main European Business area 17459:"Evolution de l'espérance de vie à divers âges" 16958: 16956: 16954: 16456:"Europe's Minority Politicians in Short Supply" 14857:French Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs 14621:These are the world's most innovative countries 13231:"Membership of the Security Councils of the UN" 13134: 11927: 11750:"French Government Revives Assimilation Policy" 9939:War in the Modern Great Power System, 1495–1975 9904: 9902: 9010:France has a close association with the Modern 8829:). A meal typically consists of three courses, 7791:are unknown. Three famous medieval authors are 7725:. Some famous modern French architects include 6094:France is a highly urbanised country, with its 5969:in 1998 by an international team that included 5664:, connects with the United Kingdom through the 4713:. The French nuclear force (formerly known as " 3130:(1946–1958), which saw strong economic growth ( 2580:supported America with money, fleets and armies 687:543,940.9 km (210,016.8 sq mi) ( 637:643,801 km (248,573 sq mi) ( 25783:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 19487:"Michelin 3 Star Restaurants around the world" 18985: 17061:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 15159:"PRIS – Miscellaneous reports – Nuclear Share" 15018:"Chateaux deluxe: 5 best Loire Valley castles" 11774: 11188:(April 1998). "Napoleon and German identity". 11059:"Scholarly bibliography by Colin Jones (2002)" 10797: 10280: 9256:For information about regional languages, see 7774:The earliest French literature dates from the 7209:Programme for International Student Assessment 7146:Care is generally free for people affected by 6931:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 6845:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 5536:. France derives most of its electricity from 4383:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 4228:. The regions are further subdivided into 101 3377:in the southeast. Its land borders consist of 2916:The first (light blue) and second (dark blue) 2869:of 1830, which established the constitutional 2194:and its cultural grandeur. Charlemagne's son, 2139:(head of household). One mayor of the palace, 1319:in 1870. This led to the establishment of the 26290:Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique 25767: 25346: 24992: 24839: 24653: 24379: 24167: 23861: 23799:Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue 23310: 22739: 22552: 22115: 21475: 21274: 21260: 20166: 19761:. Manchester University Press ND. p. 5. 18318: 17141:. University of Virginia Press. p. 419. 17095: 16351: 16349: 15694: 15562:on 17 May 2008 – via BDP International. 15530:"How France is testing free public transport" 14708: 14487: 14239:(in French). IFOP. p. 22. Archived from 13783:. CTBTO Preparatory Commission. 26 May 2010. 12967: 12677:Democracy Web: Comparative studies in Freedom 12215:Traynor, Ian; Gow, David (21 February 2007). 10828:Historical dynamics: why states rise and fall 10097: 9074:with the idea of a French deaf car mechanic, 8778:are usually made to accompany French cuisine. 8595:), more than any other country in the world. 7250:École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris 7022:, 34-38% of the French population adhered to 6879:The official language of France is French, a 6693:the Institut national d'études démographiques 6179: 4263:. These cantons are then divided into 36,658 3070:Provisional Government of the French Republic 2348:, then built an "empire" from England to the 2233:High and Late Middle Ages (10th–15th century) 1315:'s takeover. His empire collapsed during the 1133:to the south, and a maritime border with the 23125:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 22706:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 21841:autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark 20542: 20521: 20381: 19630:"All you need to know about sport in France" 19278:Chronologie de la politique de l'audiovisuel 19269: 19267: 18908:"The Birthplace Celebrates Film's Big 1–0–0" 17737:Le néo-impressionnisme de Seurat à Paul Klee 17215: 16951: 16675:(in French). 3 November 2010. Archived from 16669:"Flux d'immigration par continent d'origine" 16319: 15787:. World Intellectual Property Organization. 15219:IAEA | PRIS Power Reactor Information System 14759: 14148: 13886:[Sales of weapons explode in 2009]. 13607:. Delegfrance-onu-geneve.org. Archived from 11752:. Migration Policy Institute. Archived from 11415: 10749:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 10654: 10650: 10648: 10016:Webster's Third New International Dictionary 9949: 9947: 9899: 9748: 9746: 9744: 9742: 9342:, but have their own country calling codes: 8626:In 2021, regional daily newspapers, such as 8404:France has historical and strong links with 7744: 7708:In the 20th century, French-Swiss architect 7657:. Built during the first French Empire, the 7252:that produce high-profile engineers, or the 7246:École des hautes études en sciences sociales 6928: 6053:from a nadir of 1.7 in 1994 to 2.0 in 2010. 5864:, one of the first naturalists to recognize 5515:that hosts several million visitors a year. 5484: 5358: 4912:and administrative courts are headed by the 4799:Direction générale de la Sécurité intérieure 4791:Direction générale de la sécurité extérieure 4692:eighth biggest military spender in the world 4641: 4627: 4458:International Bureau of Weights and Measures 4380: 4361:permanent members of the UN Security Council 4259:, which are, in turn, subdivided into 2,054 4255:The 101 departments are subdivided into 335 3875:French Section of the Workers' International 2303:. French Crusaders imported French into the 1369:close economic and military ties with France 1280: 99: 43: 26331:Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie 22568:Countries and dependencies of South America 19789: 19787: 19785: 18761:"French music has the whole planet singing" 18480:"Who Were the Most Famous Existentialists?" 17996:Histoire et splendeurs du baroque en France 17022:"French: one of the world's main languages" 16325: 16025: 15659: 15307: 14737:"French companies by market capitalization" 13353:"About the Association of Caribbean States" 12619:. Maison de la France. 2008. Archived from 12504:"Parks and other protected areas in France" 12137:(in French). 7 January 2008. Archived from 11906:"French policies provoke terrorist attacks" 11198: 11180: 11178: 10946: 10511: 10149: 8894:, and the world's most famous cycling race. 6697:the French National Institute of Statistics 6049:in 1973 and coincides with the rise of the 6026:, the third-most populous in Europe (after 5010:is constitutionally guaranteed by the 1789 4919:Journal officiel de la République française 3936: 3682:in France. A regional nature park (French: 3342:at background, the highest mountain in the 3185:French overseas departments and territories 3167:, the weak Fourth Republic gave way to the 2494:and made France the leading European power. 1910: 1818:Antiquity (6th century BC – 5th century AD) 1672:in British English. The pronunciation with 1492: 1176:Metropolitan France was settled during the 669:551,695 km (213,011 sq mi) ( 26514:States and territories established in 1792 26285:Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie 25774: 25760: 25353: 25339: 24999: 24985: 24846: 24832: 24660: 24646: 24386: 24372: 24174: 24160: 23868: 23854: 23317: 23303: 22746: 22732: 22559: 22545: 22122: 22108: 21482: 21468: 21267: 21253: 20173: 20159: 20111:Official site of the French public service 19542:"Rum and Reunion Island – La Saga du Rhum" 18967: 18965: 18507:"The subversive philosophy of Simone Weil" 16820:"Le regard des Français sur l'immigration" 16639:De Azevedo, Raimondo Cagiano, ed. (1994). 16638: 16346: 15784:Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition 14704: 14702: 12374:. International Statistics. Archived from 12269:"France Sets Carbon Tax at 17 Euros a Ton" 12214: 11587:. Cambridge University Press. p. 46. 11006:"The Origins and Authors of the Code Noir" 10805:. University of California Press. p. 10721: 10719: 9681: 9679: 9677: 7685:in English, the term being taken from the 6972:is the Roman Catholic cathedral where the 6186: 6172: 4636:as supreme commander. They consist of the 4236:. Among the 101 French departments, five ( 3775:The executive branch has two leaders. The 2436:to flee to Protestant regions such as the 2254:to several important victories during the 1228:, France was a powerful but decentralized 239:Show France, its overseas territories and 233: 223: 210: 200: 26464:French-speaking countries and territories 25411:Commission against Racism and Intolerance 19351:Véronique MARTINACHE (30 November 2009). 19264: 19230: 19212:Lancement des états généraux de la presse 18926:"Cannes – a festival virgin's guide" 18575:"Debussy's 'La Mer' Marks 100th Birthday" 18143: 17885:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t063666 17755:National Gallery of Art (United States), 16763: 15700: 15580:(in French). 27 June 2009. Archived from 15333:"Chiffres clés du transport Édition 2010" 15070:"The ten biggest power companies in 2018" 14877: 14674: 13479:Pierre-Louis Germain (12 November 2009). 13030:"The makeover of France's National Rally" 12479: 12330:"Why France's forests are getting bigger" 12297: 11949: 11947: 11945: 11943: 11941: 11939: 11453: 11142: 11093:Making Democracy in the French Revolution 10743: 10708:. New York. 28 April 1961. Archived from 10645: 9944: 9739: 8089:who came to embody the Enlightenment and 7545:. During this era, France had been using 6146:is a metropolitan area separate from the 5757:List of French inventions and discoveries 5746: 5408:(7.7 million visitors in 2022), the 4795:Directorate-General for Internal Security 4787:Directorate-General for External Security 3881:(in 1969); and the other right-wing, the 3799:, appointed by the President to lead the 3608:due to the country's heavy investment in 2738:. About 16,000 people were executed in a 2070:'s conversion to Catholicism in 498, the 2049:regained the southwest from the Visigoths 2035:The first leader to unite all Franks was 1173:and main cultural and commercial centre. 887: 25406:Commission for the Efficiency of Justice 23346:List of Oceanian countries by population 22063:which has sovereignty over Vatican City. 19985:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 19968: 19782: 19446:"Fading stars – Michelin Red Guide" 19323: 19231:Chrisafis, Angelique (23 January 2009). 19093: 19091: 18753: 18683:"Composer-Conductor Pierre Boulez at 85" 18680: 18572: 18455: 17675: 17485:"Nombre de médecins pour 1000 habitants" 17313: 17155: 16861: 16453: 16210:Jean-Louis Brunaux (2008). Seuil (ed.). 15705:. Interface Surgical Technologies, LLC. 14644:"The Global Competitiveness Report 2019" 13497: 12582: 11545: 11421: 11184: 11175: 11095:. Harvard University Press. p. 19. 10156:. Multilingual Matters Ltd. p. 96. 10098:Tarassuk, Leonid; Blair, Claude (1982). 9776: 9591:"Surface water and surface water change" 9570:"État des lieux de la laïcité en France" 9239:does not specify a national emblem. The 8998: 8881: 8770: 8608: 8508: 8374: 8222:'s best-known works are his piano suite 8134: 7868:is best known as the main editor of the 7758: 7513: 7292: 7171: 7109: 6964: 6848: 6766: 6636:origin, with a significant admixture of 6010: 5760: 5620: 5567:, France has pursued a strong policy of 5528: 5136:France's economy is highly diversified; 5061: 4861: 4475:. Since 1904, France has maintained an " 4473:most influential driving force of the EU 4415: 4389: 4375:(COI). It is an associate member of the 3817: 3641: 3475: 3330: 3103: 2962: 2911: 2905:of 1870, and his regime replaced by the 2775: 2623: 2482: 2291:The nobility played a prominent role in 2242: 2061: 1880: 1810:sites from the Neolithic, including the 742: 709: 205: 26295:Agence universitaire de la Francophonie 24853: 19015:La Fin de l'exception culturelle ? 18962: 18538:Pollard, Christopher (26 August 2019). 18537: 18236: 17161: 16879: 16851:"Être né en France d'un parent immigré" 16619: 16590: 16360:The Cambridge Survey of World Migration 16232:; Laurence Méhaignerie (January 2004). 15496: 15469: 14699: 14426: 14034: 13855: 13773: 13761:La fin du service militaire obligatoire 13684: 13682: 13177:. Thetahititraveler.com. Archived from 11626:. Oxford University Press. p. 38. 11613: 11204: 11090: 10981:. Nakedtranslations.com. Archived from 10822: 10725: 10716: 10600: 10366:Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome, p. 325 10198: 9674: 8922:. France has hosted events such as the 6034:), and the second most populous in the 6024:20th most populous country in the world 5540:, the highest percentage in the world. 4980:to be too broad or severe, undermining 4882:. Private law includes, in particular, 4387:(OIF) of 84 French-speaking countries. 4275:Overseas territories and collectivities 3951:(located in Europe and overseas), five 3947:The French Republic is divided into 18 3829:, the lower legislative chamber of the 3717:executive relative to the legislature. 3326: 3308:, France's military efforts to contain 3111:, a hero of World War I, leader of the 3084:occupying Germany (1945–1949/1991) and 2394:Early modern period (15th century–1789) 2329:in the southwest of modern-day France. 1686:is mostly confined to accents with the 1412:high nominal per capita income globally 26479:Member states of the Council of Europe 26436: 20117:Official site of the National Assembly 19878: 19444:Fairburn, Carolyn (29 February 1992). 19324:Ferguson, Priscilla Parkhurst (2006). 19296: 18905: 18733:Musique. December 2010. Archived from 18504: 18105: 17870: 17841: 17663:from the original on 29 September 2021 17641: 17639: 17637: 17622:from the original on 29 September 2021 17555:from the original on 15 September 2011 17259:. Understandfrance.org. Archived from 17202:"Observatoire du patrimoine religieux" 17011:, Éditions Jean-Paul Gisserot, p. 113. 16912: 16885: 16683: 16641:Migration and development co-operation 16533: 16434: 16386:"France's crisis of national identity" 15727: 15632: 15472:"France builds world's tallest bridge" 15279: 15277: 15275: 15244: 15242: 15240: 15221:. International Atomic Energy Agency. 15123: 15121: 15119: 15117: 14863:from the original on 14 January 2010. 14675:Vautherot, Audrey (19 November 2007). 14420: 13884:"Les ventes d'armes explosent en 2009" 13787:from the original on 25 September 2011 13781:"Status of signature and ratification" 13430:Francophonie et diplomatie d'influence 12700: 12698: 12275:. France. Reuters. 10 September 2009. 12244:"Per-Capita Emissions Rising in China" 12241: 12184:"2016 Environmental Performance Index" 11936: 11916:from the original on 22 September 2023 11406:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 10830:. Princeton University Press. p. 10413: 10411: 10064: 7972:Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas 7633:. On the military architectural side, 5989:was first done on 27 November 2005 by 5945:, who remain famous for their work on 5581:number of operational nuclear reactors 5460:. With 6 million tourists a year, the 5412:(3.3 million), mostly devoted to 5234:, the world's largest stock exchange. 4890:. Public law includes, in particular, 4705:since 1960. It is a party to both the 4394:88 states and governments are part of 3885:, whose name changed over time to the 3658:network. The left bank is part of the 3270:, in northwest Africa) to permanently 3034:, the government-in-exile led by 2606:is advocated as the primary source of 2024:; the Armorican peninsula was renamed 25755: 25360: 25334: 24980: 24827: 24641: 24367: 24155: 23849: 23298: 22727: 22540: 22103: 21463: 21248: 21203: 20154: 19656:"History of the World Cup Final Draw" 19491:Andy Hayler's 3 Star Restaurant Guide 19233:"Sarkozy pledges €600m to newspapers" 19088: 18597:"Debussy's Musical Game of Deception" 18456:Williams, David Lay (1 August 2012). 18337:from the original on 17 November 2021 18260: 18190:. Humanistictexts.org. Archived from 18008: 17327:from the original on 11 November 2020 17310:Clinical Trials. Paris. February 2003 17289:from the original on 25 December 2018 17283:"Commission d'enquête sur les sectes" 16857:from the original on 3 February 2012. 16830:from the original on 26 November 2023 16800:from the original on 26 December 2020 16484: 16355: 16108: 16085:"World Factbook EUROPE : FRANCE" 15969: 15869:from the original on 2 September 2021 15839:from the original on 2 September 2021 15736:from the original on 18 February 2024 15709:from the original on 18 February 2024 15429:"Country comparison :: roadways" 15369:"Country comparison :: railways" 14922: 14687:from the original on 8 September 2011 14427:Andrews, Edmund L. (1 January 2002). 14289:"GDP, PPP (current international $ )" 14208:"France votes to ban full-face veils" 13979:International Telecommunication Union 13968:Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) 2018 13909: 13554: 13313:Secretariate of the Pacific Community 13289:from the original on 29 December 2009 12734: 12605: 12552:"The regional nature Parks of France" 12416:"La forêt en France et dans le monde" 12300:"France Abandons Plan for Carbon Tax" 11983:from the original on 14 February 2023 11856:from the original on 20 November 2015 11843: 11832:from the original on 19 November 2015 11293:Crémieux-Brilhac, Jean-Louis (1996). 11241:. London: BBC News. 20 January 2008. 11115: 10856:"Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day" 10668:. St. Martin's Press. pp. 34ff. 10287:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 62. 10131: 10104:. Simon & Schuster. p. 186. 10030: 10028: 10026: 9851: 9849: 9810: 9311: 9302: 9286:data, which exclude lakes, ponds and 9247:for diplomatic and consular purposes. 9216: 9191: 8817:, etc. France is most famous for its 8361:, have reached worldwide popularity. 8056:Medieval philosophy was dominated by 7590:, from 1450 as a first reference the 6980:France is a secular country in which 5841:, founded in the mid-17th century by 5579:, ranking second in the world by the 4984:. France has laws against racism and 4727:submarine-launched ballistic missiles 4707:Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty 2991:and social reforms introduced by the 2953:Early to mid-20th century (1914–1946) 2862:with new constitutional limitations. 2772:France in the long nineteenth century 2766:Napoleon and 19th century (1799–1914) 2039:, who began his reign as king of the 1917:("Our Province"), which evolved into 1719: 1402:, receiving 100 million foreign 206:France on the globe centred on Europe 23833:United States Minor Outlying Islands 21282: 21204: 20060:Key Development Forecasts for France 19879:Clarey, Christopher (30 June 2001). 19754: 19303:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 18838: 18822:"In Pictures: Chic Cannes Hideaways" 18784:"Cannes International Film Festival" 18519:from the original on 7 December 2023 17811:"History of the painting collection" 17685:Les grandes écoles dans la tourmente 17136: 17050:Qu'est-ce que la Francophonie ? 16622:"For Pieds-Noirs, the Anger Endures" 16466:from the original on 16 January 2021 16454:Richburg, Keith B. (24 April 2005). 16240:The forgotten of equal opportunities 16235:Les oubliés de l'égalité des chances 16039:from the original on 19 January 2021 15809:from the original on 22 October 2023 15780: 15762:from the original on 2 December 2005 15614:from the original on 15 January 2020 15295:from the original on 5 February 2022 15260:from the original on 5 February 2022 15139:from the original on 7 February 2016 15024:from the original on 10 October 2018 14998:from the original on 10 October 2018 14829:from the original on 13 January 2022 14747:from the original on 29 October 2023 14498: 14397: 14188:from the original on 1 November 2008 14179: 14015:from the original on 28 October 2023 13894:from the original on 7 December 2016 13739:Trends in World Military Expenditure 13679: 13536:from the original on 10 October 2017 13498:Lasserre, Isabelle (11 March 2009). 13010:from the original on 24 January 2023 12980:from the original on 24 January 2023 12779:from the original on 12 August 2010. 12298:Saltmarsh, Matthew (23 March 2010). 12133:[Nuclear energy in France]. 12106: 11802:from the original on 18 January 2023 11649:. New York: Oxford University Press. 11336:from the original on 21 January 2024 11245:from the original on 28 October 2016 11046:from the original on 17 October 2018 11020:from the original on 24 January 2023 10959:from the original on 24 January 2023 9983:. Discoverfrance.net. Archived from 9961:from the original on 22 October 2014 9955:"Europa Official Site – France" 9825:United Nations Development Programme 9727:from the original on 18 January 2024 9697:from the original on 18 January 2024 9332: 9276: 9273:data, which includes bodies of water 9014:; it was a French aristocrat, Baron 7906:. At the start of the 19th century, 7222:Higher education is divided between 6874: Secondary or cultural language 6195:Largest metropolitan areas in France 5860:was marked by the work of biologist 5648:, and high-speed trains include the 5406:most visited art museum in the world 5361:Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle 4348: 3462:overseas departments and territories 3272:settle in France with their families 2807:(1804–1814; 1815). Changing sets of 1980:Early Middle Ages (5th–10th century) 1511:("free"): the latter stems from the 1216:of 843 partitioned the empire, with 1208:, which became the heartland of the 1067:Its overseas regions and territories 1061:, is a country located primarily in 26499:Member states of the United Nations 26484:Member states of the European Union 23811:Australian Indian Ocean Territories 23806:States and territories of Australia 19261:. Landmarks of Radio France company 18819: 18800: 18661: 18458:"Review of Rousseau and Revolution" 18085:. Lonely Planet. 2008. p. 48. 17634: 17521:Where Nobel winners get their start 17115:(official statistics) (in French). 16497:from the original on 27 August 2016 16309:"'Trajectories and Origins' Survey" 16148:from the original on 27 August 2019 15951:from the original on 21 August 2019 15478:from the original on 10 August 2011 15272: 15237: 15169:from the original on 6 January 2024 15114: 14985: 14880:"France learns to speak 'touriste'" 14849:"Key figures of the French economy" 14713:. Ambafrance-us.org. Archived from 14656:from the original on 9 October 2019 14572:from the original on 28 August 2021 14404:World Trade Statistical Review 2019 14149:Niewiarowski, Erik (5 March 2024). 13567:from the original on 26 August 2016 13530:"France ends four-decade Nato rift" 13359:from the original on 22 August 2012 12695: 12514:from the original on 23 August 2004 12348:from the original on 21 August 2019 12279:from the original on 5 October 2022 12181: 12075: 11844:Syeed, Nafeesa (15 November 2015). 11454:Kimmelman, Michael (4 March 2009). 11149:. Greenwood Publishing. p. 6. 11040:"BBC History: Louis XV (1710–1774)" 10940: 10884: 10424: 10408: 9798:from the original on 9 October 2020 9381: 9293: 9263: 8575:According to 2017 data compiled by 7697:designed many bridges, such as the 7559:meaning "French work", was born in 5924:names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower 5036:since 2004. In 2010, it banned the 4335:French Southern and Antarctic Lands 3891:Union of Democrats for the Republic 3472:Geology, topography and hydrography 3137:). France was a founding member of 3126:A new constitution resulted in the 2596:hot air balloon carrying passengers 2295:to restore Christian access to the 1901:) and is one of the best-preserved 1573:In English, 'France' is pronounced 1400:world's leading tourist destination 219:(European part of France) in Europe 13: 25272:Presidency of the Security Council 23341:List of Oceanian countries by area 20141:. Journal, University of Illinois. 20104:– official site of the government 19955: 19921: 19862:"Fédération Française de Football" 19744:Site officiel du 24 heures du Mans 18781: 18540:"Explainer: the ideas of Foucault" 18015:. Ashgate Publishing. p. 86. 17612:"Compare your country – PISA 2018" 17083:from the original on 24 April 2018 17024:. About-france.com. Archived from 16947:from the original on 13 July 2023. 16620:Markham, James M. (6 April 1988). 16572:from the original on 20 March 2019 16534:Astier, Henri (13 February 2014). 16416:Identité Nationale, Amer Ministère 16396:from the original on 20 March 2019 16257:from the original on 21 April 2013 16122:from the original on 10 March 2018 16097:from the original on 16 March 2022 16061:(in French). Insee. Archived from 16013:from the original on 3 August 2017 15921:(in French). Insee. Archived from 15470:Bockman, Chris (4 November 2003). 15189:"Nuclear share figures, 2006–2016" 15080:from the original on 20 March 2019 14957:"The French Riviera Tourist Board" 14882:. Associated Press. Archived from 14347:from the original on 14 March 2023 14180:Roth, Kenneth (26 February 2004). 14051:"Country Ranking - Rainbow Europe" 13770: – La documentation française 13748:SIPRI. Retrieved 18 December 2019. 13641:from the original on 24 March 2021 13315:. 12 February 2010. Archived from 12957:from the original on 18 June 2010. 12827:from the original on 24 April 2022 12426:from the original on 27 July 2010. 12310:from the original on 30 April 2011 12119:from the original on 21 June 2010. 11886:from the original on 22 March 2019 11779:. Associated Press. Archived from 11662:(McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2017). 11645:Referring to Evans, Martin. 2012. 11239:"France's oldest WWI veteran dies" 10578:. Historyworld.net. Archived from 10223:from the original on 19 April 2023 10023: 9846: 9834:from the original on 13 March 2024 9818:"Human Development Report 2023/24" 9597:from the original on 24 March 2021 9250: 9229: 9026:. Paris was the first home of the 8399:Berlin International Film Festival 7851:. Another 16th-century author was 7226:and the prestigious and selective 6815:ancestry. In 2008, France granted 5573:heavy investment in nuclear energy 5218:The Paris stock exchange (French: 4785:One French intelligence unit, the 4488:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 4379:(ACS) and a leading member of the 3943:Administrative divisions of France 3143:regain control of French Indochina 2356:would last a hundred years, until 2190:, Charlemagne tried to revive the 2094:The Franks embraced the Christian 1456:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 503:President of the National Assembly 254: (green & dark grey) 14: 26525: 25741:Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006) 23876:Countries and territories of the 20180: 19932: 19689:. Associated Press. 11 April 2003 19071:Kelly, 181. DeJean, chapters 2–4. 18954:. Whatsonwhen.com. Archived from 18906:Riding, Alan (28 February 1995). 18573:Huizenga, Tom (14 October 2005). 18421:. Oxford University Press. pp. 40 18382:. 22 January 2019. Archived from 17965: 17714:from the original on 16 July 2009 17503:"Dépenses de santé par habitants" 17465:from the original on 30 July 2016 17439:from the original on 29 June 2011 17422:The World Health Report 2000: WHO 17204:. 1 February 2012. Archived from 17137:Wolf, John Baptiste Wolf (1962). 16974:from the original on 17 July 2016 16886:Borrel, Catherine (August 2006). 16736:American Journal of Public Health 16711:from the original on 14 June 2007 16542:from the original on 3 March 2024 16184: 15895:. 28 October 2013. Archived from 15756:"Woman has first face transplant" 15728:Austin, Naomi (17 October 2006). 15527: 15409:from the original on 16 July 2012 14878:Dilorenzo, Sarah (18 July 2013). 14799:from the original on 4 April 2023 14602:from the original on 14 June 2015 14539:from the original on 13 June 2018 14469:from the original on 14 June 2015 14161:from the original on 5 March 2024 14087:from the original on 25 July 2019 13929:from the original on 1 March 2024 13856:Gadault, Thierry (13 June 2002). 13667:from the original on 23 June 2018 13510:from the original on 2 March 2017 13070:from the original on 14 June 2015 13040:from the original on 12 June 2023 12857:from the original on 19 June 2023 12716:from the original on 14 June 2015 12585:Sustainable communities in Europe 12080:. In Cleveland, Cutler J. (ed.). 11747: 11213:. Yale University Press. p. 10430:Carpentier et al. 2000, pp. 76–77 9883:R.R. Palmer; Joel Colton (1978). 9856:Hargreaves, Alan G., ed. (2005). 9550:from the original on 26 June 2019 9518:from the original on 7 April 2024 9325:). For further information, view 7264:have been criticised for alleged 7139:spent by countries in Europe but 6946:and carried out in France by the 6691:A 2008 poll conducted jointly by 5993:. France ranked 11th in the 2023 5575:. It is one of 32 countries with 5487:Les Plus Beaux Villages de France 5475:France has 52 sites inscribed in 4847:system). Basic principles of the 4680:largest armed forces in the world 3578:just after Bordeaux, forming the 2648:in 1799 and the formation of the 2600:voyages of scientific exploration 2404:France in the early modern period 2018:Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain 1866:and his troops made their way to 108:("Liberty, Equality, Fraternity") 26380: 26379: 25881:Democratic Republic of the Congo 25315: 25314: 24451: 24336: 23823:Commonwealth (U.S. insular area) 23818:Territories of the United States 23542: 23276: 23265: 23264: 23072:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 23049: 22830:Democratic Republic of the Congo 22683: 22516: 22359: 22258:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 22081: 22070: 22069: 21764: 21436: 21425: 21416: 21404: 21390: 21381: 21372: 21363: 21354: 21347: 21332: 21318: 21309: 21298: 21287: 20130:Contemporary French Civilization 20044: 20034: 19967: 19905: 19872: 19854: 19832: 19813: 19799: 19748: 19726: 19692: 19680: 19648: 19622: 19617:Les licences sportives en France 19607: 19581: 19555: 19534: 19509: 19479: 19458: 19437: 19419: 19397: 19367: 19344: 19317: 19290: 19251: 19224: 19204: 19186: 19164: 19142: 19124: 19106: 19074: 19065: 19041: 19029: 19007: 18944: 18918: 18884: 18851: 18832: 18813: 18794: 18775: 18715: 18697: 18674: 18655: 18633: 18611: 18589: 18566: 18557: 18531: 18498: 18472: 18449: 18424: 18411: 18398: 18372: 18282: 18206: 18180: 18137: 18118: 18099: 18073: 18051: 18029: 18002: 17985: 17959: 17934: 17918:. Justfrance.org. Archived from 17908: 17864: 17825: 17803: 17791: 17768: 17749: 17726: 17700: 17604: 17589: 17567: 17537: 17513: 17495: 17477: 17451: 17425: 17416: 17358: 17339: 17301: 17275: 17249: 17237: 17194: 17184: 17170: 17130: 17065: 17040: 17014: 17001: 16986: 16929: 16906: 16842: 16812: 16780: 16723: 16661: 16632: 16613: 16584: 16554: 16527: 16509: 16485:Sachs, Susan (12 January 2007). 16478: 16447: 16428: 16408: 16378: 16301: 16289:from the original on 26 May 2018 16269: 16222: 16203: 16178: 16160: 16134: 16077: 16051: 15999: 15963: 15937: 15911: 15881: 15851: 15821: 15774: 15748: 15721: 15650: 15641: 15626: 15596: 15566: 15548: 15536:from the original on 1 June 2021 15521: 15509:from the original on 2 June 2021 15490: 15463: 15451: 15421: 15391: 15361: 15325: 15225:from the original on 1 July 2018 15207: 15181: 15151: 15092: 15062: 15050:from the original on 8 July 2021 15036: 15010: 14979: 14949: 14916: 14898: 14871: 14841: 14811: 14781: 14729: 14668: 14636: 14614: 14584: 14521: 14481: 14451: 14374: 14359: 14329: 14307: 14295:from the original on 4 July 2015 14258: 14222: 14200: 14173: 14142: 14127: 14099: 14073: 14061:from the original on 21 May 2019 14043: 14027: 13997: 13983: 13961: 13941: 13876: 13849: 13823: 13799: 13751: 13732: 13653: 13623: 13597: 13579: 13555:Roger, Patrick (11 March 2009). 13548: 13522: 13491: 13472: 13450: 13422: 13397: 13371: 13345: 13333:[IOC member countries]. 13323: 13301: 13271: 13241: 13223: 13193: 13167: 13108: 13082: 13052: 13022: 12992: 12961: 12943: 12913: 12891: 12869: 12839: 12809: 12783: 12765: 12728: 12665: 12635: 12576: 12544: 12526: 12496: 12408: 12390: 12360: 12322: 12291: 12261: 12235: 12208: 12175: 12145: 12123: 12100: 11647:Algeria: France's Undeclared War 11601:from the original on 18 May 2024 11466:from the original on 23 May 2023 11442:from the original on 18 May 2024 11163:from the original on 18 May 2024 11004:Vernon Valentine Palmer (1996). 10905:from the original on 18 May 2024 10682:from the original on 18 May 2024 10633:from the original on 18 May 2024 10357:Polybius, The Histories, 2.18.19 10339:from the original on 12 May 2024 10134:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 10046:from the original on 15 May 2024 9640: 9446: 9154: 9140: 8539:) dates largely to the reign of 8272:contributed to the evolution of 7254:École nationale d'administration 6613: 6260: 6250: 6015:Population density in France by 5851:national scientific institutions 5845:to encourage and protect French 5753:Science and technology in France 5317: 5297: 5279: 5226:, which in 2007 merged with the 4711:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 4606: 4584: 4564: 3981: 3836:The legislature consists of the 3751: 3729: 3672:Forest Landscape Integrity Index 3606:19th by carbon dioxide emissions 3596:Regional natural parks of France 3592:List of national parks of France 2959:History of France (1900–present) 2750:. Four years later in 1799, the 2614:Revolutionary France (1789–1799) 2460:cost France 300,000 casualties. 2278:hierarchically conceived society 2112:his capital and established the 2057:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 1779:era, and its inhabitants became 1742:era but were slowly replaced by 1674: 1641: 1608: 1575: 1480:Originally applied to the whole 1289:Declaration of the Rights of Man 1192:in 51 BC, leading to a distinct 911: 886: 864: 863: 845: 844: 812: 811: 793: 792: 741: 708: 189: 124: 78: 64: 24004:States with limited recognition 20095:– official French tourism site 20086: 19563:"Union Cycliste Internationale" 19330:. University of Chicago Press. 19153:Presse Magazine – Synthèse 18890: 18681:Schwartz, Lloyd (24 May 2010). 18432:"VOLTAIRE - University of Kent" 18406:A History of Western Philosophy 18290:"All-Time 100 Best Novels List" 17832:The top 10 museums in the world 15497:Damiani, Anne (15 April 2021). 14439:from the original on 1 May 2011 14394:(latest Update: September 2020) 13922:French Ministry of the Interior 12793:. 13 March 2013. Archived from 12131:"L'énergie nucléaire en France" 12069: 12039: 12029:"Protection of the Environment" 12021: 11995: 11965: 11898: 11868: 11814: 11768: 11741: 11728: 11691: 11665: 11652: 11531:"From Fourth to Fifth Republic" 11523: 11478: 11367: 11311: 11297:(in French). Paris: Gallimard. 11286: 11257: 11231: 11136: 11109: 11083: 11032: 10997: 10930: 10917: 10891:. Amberley Publishing Limited. 10888:Tudors: The Illustrated History 10878: 10866:from the original on 4 May 2015 10848: 10803:The French peasantry, 1450–1660 10791: 10737: 10694: 10594: 10568: 10542: 10485: 10472: 10459: 10446: 10433: 10395: 10369: 10360: 10351: 10321: 10308: 10248: 10235: 10192: 10125: 10091: 10058: 9999: 9973: 9931: 9876: 9709: 9652: 9469:The 2020 survey of religion by 9340:French telephone numbering plan 9206: 9182: 9028:International Olympic Committee 8393:" film festivals alongside the 7837:, who wrote five popular early 7679:Haussmann's renovation of Paris 7503: 7130:largely financed by government 6079: 6000: 5833:; both were key figures of the 5556:'s electricity, primarily from 5432:(3 million), dedicated to 5347:world's top tourist destination 5087:sizeable government involvement 4725:class submarines equipped with 4377:Association of Caribbean States 3809:June 2022 legislative elections 3618:Environmental Performance Index 3550:, and wide sandy plains in the 3099: 3090:United Nations Security Council 3078:purge collaborators from office 2983:emerged victorious against the 2848:died during the Napoleonic Wars 2844:uprising of European monarchies 2584:independence from Great Britain 2098:, and ancient Gaul was renamed 1972:settling in the southwest, the 1968:tribes invaded the region, the 1814:site (approximately 3,300 BC). 1712:For a chronological guide, see 1532:borrowing of the reconstructed 1507:is related to the English word 1264:. France was successful in the 760:122/km (316.0/sq mi) ( 26321:International Francophonie Day 25282:Reform of the Security Council 20512:Government of National Defense 19257:Radio France, "L'entreprise", 18767:. 22 June 2009. Archived from 18705:"100人の偉大なアーティスト - No. 62" 17813:. Musee-orsay.fr. 31 July 2007 16970:(in French). 2 December 2014. 16913:Swalec, Andrea (6 July 2010). 16364:. Cambridge University Press. 15829:"Global Innovation Index 2019" 15758:. BBC News. 30 November 2005. 15322:. Retrieved 12 September 2018. 14819:"Topic: Agriculture in France" 14230:"L'image de l'islam en France" 14214:. 13 July 2010. Archived from 13958:, 13 November 2019, Securworld 13890:(in French). 8 February 2010. 13419:, retrieved on 26 January 2020 12968:Romain Brunet (29 June 2020). 12739:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 12107:Remy, Morgane (18 June 2010). 10609:American Philosophical Society 10069:. Belknap Press. p. 425. 9862:. Lexington Books. p. 1. 9827:. 13 March 2024. p. 288. 9583: 9562: 9530: 9504: 9491: 9126:; it takes part in the annual 8938:. The country also hosted the 7665:represent the best example of 7141:less than in the United States 6992:separation of church and state 6783:encampment in the vicinity of 6745: 5825:became famous for his work on 5534:Belleville Nuclear Power Plant 5040:; human rights groups such as 3585: 3283:1995 public transport bombings 3149:in 1954. France faced another 2989:intense international tensions 2709:insurrection of 10 August 1792 2707:in April 1792 resulted in the 2524:most populous European country 2502:'s minority, trouble known as 1929:in 52 BC. Gaul was divided by 912: 1: 26454:1792 establishments in Europe 26449:1792 establishments in France 25401:Commissioner for Human Rights 25026:Charter of the United Nations 22025:country of the United Kingdom 21405: 21333: 20421:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 20416:War of the Spanish Succession 19796: – World Atlas of Travel 19755:Hill, Christopher R. (1996). 19381:. 17 May 2008. Archived from 18711:(in Japanese). 21 April 2003. 18619:"Biography of Claude Debussy" 18505:Norman, Max (11 April 2021). 18106:Seckel, Henri (8 July 2008). 18059:"Official site of the UNESCO" 17972:loirevalley-worldheritage.org 17178:"Christian Majesty, His Most" 16568:. New York. 4 November 2005. 16491:The Christian Science Monitor 15730:"My face transplant saved me" 15250:"Topic: Hydropower in France" 13447:2010/4 (n° 55), pages 39 à 56 13233:. 6 July 2010. Archived from 12583:Lafferty, William M. (2001). 12242:Kanter, James (1 July 2010). 12182:Hsu, A.; et al. (2016). 11798:. BBC News. 12 January 2015. 11555:. Springer. 2009. p. 75. 10257:The Cambridge ancient history 10036:"Origin and meaning of Frank" 9887:A History of the Modern World 9484: 9271:National Geographic Institute 7549:like most of Western Europe. 7496:, which moved in 1976 to the 7351:French artists developed the 6868: Administrative language 5872:, who discovered the role of 5213:Global Competitiveness Report 4694:. There has been no national 4664:Armée de l'Air et de l’Espace 4576:Armée de l'Air et de l'Espace 3877:, which was succeeded by the 3720: 3546:, coastal cliffs such as the 3535:, located in the Alps on the 3302:Madrid train bombings in 2004 3204:nuclear development programme 2860:Bourbon monarchy was restored 2676:, which was converted into a 2317:("Frankish language") of the 1870:, defeated the Romans in the 1765: 1450:, as well as a member of the 25277:Chapter VI of the UN Charter 24673:Group of Eight + Five (G8+5) 24396:European Economic Area (EEA) 23772:British Overseas Territories 22504:United States Virgin Islands 21364: 21348: 20122: 20069: 19886:International Herald Tribune 19822: – Tourism in Lausanne 18803:"They'll Always Have Cannes" 18641:"Biography of Maurice Ravel" 17852:Sites touristiques en France 17323:. Who.int. 8 December 2010. 17246:, Sam Jordison, 2006, p. 166 16562:"Paris Riots in Perspective" 16418:, L'Harmattan, 2010, p. 112 16392:. London. 25 November 2009. 16311:. Ined. 2008. Archived from 15556:"Strikes block French ports" 13587:"L'empire colonial français" 13331:"Les pays membres de la COI" 13175:"Currency and Exchange Rate" 11561:Encyclopedia of Human Rights 11143:Thackeray, Frank W. (1996). 10009:American Heritage Dictionary 9620:"Field Listing :: Area" 9441:Catalan-speaking territories 8605:Telecommunications in France 8581:Louis Vuitton Moet Hennessey 8274:contemporary classical music 7878:. During that same century, 7861:, started a literary genre. 7805:Duke William IX of Aquitaine 7693:. In the late 19th century, 7494:Musée National d'Art Moderne 7161: 7152:affections de longues durées 6974:Kings of France were crowned 5997:, compared to 16th in 2019. 5610: 5477:UNESCO's World Heritage List 3899:Union for a Popular Movement 3315: 3018:. France was divided into a 3012:invaded and quickly defeated 2544:(r. 1715–1774), France lost 1469: 704:• January 2024 estimate 679:• Metropolitan France ( 241:its exclusive economic zones 102:Liberté, égalité, fraternité 7: 26077:French Community of Belgium 25088:Counter-Terrorism Committee 23603:Ashmore and Cartier Islands 20049:Geographic data related to 19736:(in French). Archived from 19173:Observatoire de la Presse, 19151:Observatoire de la Presse, 19038: – Ministry of Culture 18801:Lim, Dennis (15 May 2012). 18404:Russell, Bertrand (2004) . 18134: – NCI Business Center 18110:. MYTF1News. Archived from 17879:. Oxford University Press. 17616:www2.compareyourcountry.org 17398:"WHO country facts: France" 16826:(in French). 16 June 2023. 16439:. Afrik.com. Archived from 15635:"Lives of the Necromancers" 14923:Rubin, Judith, ed. (2009). 14767:"France – Agriculture" 14037:Mondoperaio Edizione Online 13864:(in French). Archived from 13532:. BBC News. 12 March 2009. 13379:"84 États et gouvernements" 13337:(in French). Archived from 12053:. July 2011. Archived from 11675:. Elysee.fr. Archived from 10284:A history of ancient Greece 10040:Online Etymology Dictionary 9762:International Monetary Fund 9133: 8952:2019 FIFA Women's World Cup 8890:is the most prestigious of 8487:As part of its advocacy of 8225:Trois mouvements perpétuels 7946:The Hunchback of Notre Dame 7617:has many Baroque features. 7383:defined the style known as 7379:and the highly influential 7248:for social studies and the 6954: 6830: 6731:. France has a significant 6681:French Constitution of 1958 5630:tallest bridge in the world 5462:castles of the Loire Valley 5383:Château du Haut-Kœnigsbourg 5215:(up two places from 2018). 4943:contraires aux bonnes mœurs 4549: 4442:international organisations 4400:, which promotes values of 4355:Foreign relations of France 4291:Overseas territory (France) 4234:vehicle registration plates 3959:, one special collectivity— 3919:Europe Ecology – The Greens 3825:, the meeting place of the 3693: 3480:Geological formations near 3298:November 2015 Paris attacks 3292:in 2015 which provoked the 2529:revoked the Edict of Nantes 2414:official language of France 2332:From the 11th century, the 1396:UNESCO World Heritage Sites 1307:which was succeeded by the 1244:saw culture flourish and a 1240:. In the 16th century, the 1081:in the North Atlantic, the 10: 26530: 25726:Czechoslovakia (1991–1992) 24617: 24347: 23787:Overseas country of France 22289:San Andrés and Providencia 22131:Countries and dependencies 21873:British Overseas Territory 21491:Countries and dependencies 20902:French subdivisions by GDP 20649:2022 presidential election 20634:2017 presidential election 19925: 19210:French government portal, 18037:"Fortifications of Vauban" 17285:. Assemblee-nationale.fr. 16033:"Bilan démographique 2020" 16007:"Bilan démographique 2016" 15680:10.1016/j.trim.2007.03.002 14083:. France 24. 18 May 2013. 13458:"Embassies and consulates" 12921:"The senatorial elections" 12464:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 12078:"Energy profile of France" 12076:Eia (10 September 2010) . 11581:Elizabeth Schmidt (2013). 11428:. Routledge. p. 131. 10601:Babbitt, Susan M. (1985). 10495:. Wf-f.org. Archived from 10383:. 13 July 1953. p. 77 9917:World Tourism Organization 9218:[ʁepyblikfʁɑ̃sɛːz] 8940:1960 European Nations' Cup 8875: 8764: 8760: 8602: 8502: 8498: 8368: 8128: 8080:. Descartes was the first 7855:, whose most famous work, 7748: 7641:After the Revolution, the 7507: 7286: 7275: 7271: 7165: 7154:) such as cancer, AIDS or 7116:Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital 7103: 6958: 6834: 6749: 6617: 6398:Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 6364:Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 6348:Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 6249: 6164: 6083: 6004: 5981:by French surgeons led by 5910:laying the foundations of 5849:, was one of the earliest 5839:French Academy of Sciences 5750: 5614: 5550:electric utility companies 5522: 5268: 5264: 5209:Bloomberg Innovation Index 5055: 5051: 4978:hate speech laws in France 4925:France does not recognise 4828: 4803:cybersecurity capabilities 4660:French Air and Space Force 4553: 4486:France is a member of the 4352: 4284: 4278: 3974: 3970: 3940: 3887:Rally of the French People 3805:2022 presidential election 3710:semi-presidential republic 3697: 3589: 3319: 3250:in 1992, establishing the 3145:, but was defeated by the 2956: 2873:; French troops began the 2769: 2736:Committee of Public Safety 2617: 2492:absolute monarch of France 2490:, the "Sun King", was the 2397: 2236: 1997: 1983: 1821: 1794:, initially working gold, 1723: 1714:Timeline of French history 1711: 1705: 1701: 1473: 1303:until the founding of the 1163:semi-presidential republic 573:Kingdom of the West Franks 445:semi-presidential republic 18: 26375: 26354: 26303: 26277: 26257: 26131: 26095: 26070:National/regional members 26069: 25798: 25789: 25718: 25672: 25429: 25368: 25310: 25259: 25217: 25179: 25141: 25132: 25106: 25068: 25018: 24861: 24785: 24747: 24731: 24679: 24615: 24460: 24449: 24402: 24345: 24334: 24193: 24071: 24025: 24002: 23884: 23767: 23700: 23682: 23664: 23631: 23593: 23576: 23551: 23540: 23444: 23363: 23354: 23336: 23326:Countries and territories 23260: 23240: 23209: 23188: 23167: 23146: 23135: 23119: 23103: 23090: 23058: 23047: 22765: 22755:Countries and territories 22692: 22681: 22656: 22585: 22574: 22512: 22491: 22450: 22424: 22393: 22377: 22368: 22357: 22276: 22150: 22141: 22042: 21998: 21973: 21948: 21935: 21882: 21858: 21851: 21828: 21815: 21773: 21762: 21501: 21280: 21275:Places adjacent to France 21210: 21163: 21053: 20963: 20954: 20850: 20841: 20743: 20734: 20672: 20663: 20584: 20465: 20434: 20406:Second Hundred Years' War 20357: 20310: 20277: 20256: 20248:Liberalism and radicalism 20200: 20191: 20040:Wikimedia Atlas of France 19820:Lausanne, olympic capital 19180:29 September 2010 at the 19158:29 September 2010 at the 18723:"Biography of Noir Désir" 18310:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 18146:Sixteenth Century Journal 17871:Brodie, Allan M. (2003). 17400:. Who.int. Archived from 15889:"Global Innovation Index" 15781:WIPO (12 December 2023). 14626:24 September 2021 at the 14510:19 September 2020 at the 13871:behind the USA and Russia 13698: – France Diplomatie 13090:"La réforme territoriale" 12749:10.1007/978-0-230-36688-6 12157:epi.envirocenter.yale.edu 12051:World Nuclear Association 12047:"Nuclear Power in France" 11977:The Sydney Morning Herald 11559:David P Forsythe (2009). 11422:Macqueen, Norrie (2014). 10913:– via Google Books. 10202:A Brief History of France 10136:(3rd ed.). Longman. 9910:"World Tourism Barometer" 9364:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 9091:national rugby union team 8871: 8364: 8244:and orchestra, the opera 8016:The Charterhouse of Parma 7962:The Count of Monte-Cristo 7745:Literature and philosophy 7136:World Health Organization 7132:national health insurance 7124:French health care system 7099: 7086:Order of the Solar Temple 6929: 6703:(5 million), followed by 6066:12th highest in the world 6043:natural population growth 5725:Charles de Gaulle Airport 5518: 5359: 5170:foreign direct investment 5117:, with membership in the 5075:central business district 4634:President of the Republic 4626:The French Armed Forces ( 4540:French Development Agency 4381: 4313:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 4269:municipal arrondissements 3980: 3777:President of the Republic 3523:in the southwest and the 3515:ranges and the island of 3453:in the south-central and 3246:, notably by signing the 2879:French Revolution of 1848 2817:battles of Jena-Auerstadt 2813:wars on Napoleon's empire 2789:vast empire across Europe 2705:French Revolutionary Wars 2690:Catholic Church in France 2688:, state control over the 2478:transatlantic slave trade 2444:. The wars were ended by 2239:France in the Middle Ages 2004:France in the Middle Ages 1958:converted to Christianity 1738:occupied the region into 1343:, but it surrendered and 1281: 1159:eighteen integral regions 1079:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 1040: 1028: 1016: 1004: 980: 962: 931: 901: 876: 857: 838: 824: 805: 786: 768: 754: 735: 721: 702: 695: 677: 655: 645: 631: 624: 620: 607:Current constitution 603: 586: 569: 565: 558: 543: 528: 518: 514: 499: 484: 469: 454: 450: 437: 425: 355: 351: 325: 311: 267: 197: 182: 113: 100: 94: 60: 38: 29:Lafrance (disambiguation) 16:Country in Western Europe 25866:Central African Republic 25098:Military Staff Committee 25083:Peacebuilding Commission 23750:Northern Mariana Islands 22815:Central African Republic 22523:North America portal 22483:Turks and Caicos Islands 20677:Administrative divisions 18214:"Le Symbolisme français" 17944:Histoire et Architecture 17708:"Guide to Impressionism" 17526:15 February 2021 at the 16748:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301136 16698:UNHCR Global Report 2005 16536:"France's unwanted Roma" 16212:Nos ancêtres les Gaulois 15633:Godwin, William (1876). 15104:25 February 2021 at the 14494:. p. National, 1.A. 14415:World Trade Organization 14386:19 February 2021 at the 14291:. The World Bank Group. 13283:World Trade Organization 12643:"Découvrir les 54 Parcs" 12613:"Regional Natural Parks" 11535:University of Sunderland 10979:"Language and Diplomacy" 10947:Cécil Vidal (May 2021). 10799:Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel 10731:France: A Modern History 10207:Little, Brown Book Group 9891:(5th ed.). p. 9175: 9128:Six Nations Championship 9042:both in Paris and three 8598: 8247:Dialogues des Carmélites 8157:Michel-Richard Delalande 8149:Marc-Antoine Charpentier 8124: 8045:Antoine de Saint-Exupéry 7735:Christian de Portzamparc 7457:and the Spanish painter 7180:produces among the most 6086:Functional area (France) 5714:greenhouse gas emissions 5644:. It is operated by the 5446:Walt Disney Studios Park 5123:industrialised countries 5026:except in Alsace-Moselle 4951:trouble à l'ordre public 4750:Super Étendard Modernisé 4703:recognised nuclear state 4674:), which serves as both 4629:Forces armées françaises 4596:aircraft carrier of the 4365:World Trade Organization 3937:Administrative divisions 3911:La République En Marche! 3706:representative democracy 3600:Climate change in France 3574:. The Garonne meets the 3361:. It is bordered by the 3260:received many immigrants 3254:in 1999 and signing the 3074:wage war against Germany 3038:, was set up in London. 2993:Popular Front government 2883:Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte 2682:Storming of the Bastille 2630:Storming of the Bastille 2552:after its defeat in the 2145:Umayyad invasion of Gaul 1606:in American English and 1426:, being one of the five 1327:. France was one of the 229:France and its neighbors 26326:Jeux de la Francophonie 25736:Saar (assoc. 1950–1956) 25386:Parliamentary Assembly 25381:Committee of Ministers 23613:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 22416:St. Pierre and Miquelon 22029:British-Irish Agreement 20897:Franc (former currency) 20502:Coup of 2 December 1851 20475:Long nineteenth century 19734:"Une course légendaire" 19521:www.regionguadeloupe.fr 19297:Trubek, Amy B. (2000). 19118:Encyclopædia Britannica 18980:Horizons philosophiques 18417:Kenny, Anthony (2006). 18361:18 October 2014 at the 18268:"Victor Hugo 1802–1885" 17966:Loire, Mission Val de. 17784:10 October 2017 at the 17779:Vlaminck, version fauve 17762:5 November 2010 at the 17742:10 October 2017 at the 17549:Encyclopædia Britannica 17119:(INSEE). Archived from 17007:Abalain, Hervé, (2007) 16216:Our ancestors the Gauls 16170:. Insee. Archived from 15947:. European Commission. 14789:"Country Memo – France" 14596:Encyclopedia Britannica 14463:Encyclopedia Britannica 14314:Country profile: France 13409:28 October 2019 at the 13404:La Francophonie en bref 13279:"Members and Observers" 13116:"Departments of France" 13064:Encyclopedia Britannica 12710:Encyclopedia Britannica 11955:"Europe :: France" 11736:International Migration 11194:. Vol. 48. London. 11091:Livesey, James (2001). 10860:Encyclopædia Britannica 10281:Claude Orrieux (1999). 10132:Wells, John C. (2008). 9660:"France Métropolitaine" 8060:until the emergence of 7547:Romanesque architecture 7498:Centre Georges Pompidou 7381:Académie des Beaux-Arts 7326:School of Fontainebleau 7236:for political studies, 7046:Fille aînée de l'Église 5995:Global Innovation Index 5809:to much of Europe. The 5692:. France possesses the 5430:Centre Georges Pompidou 5253:its total land area is 5228:New York stock exchange 5103:purchasing power parity 4947:disturbing public order 4503:former African colonies 4373:Indian Ocean Commission 4297:overseas collectivities 3953:overseas collectivities 3708:organised as a unitary 3466:exclusive economic zone 3216:Franco-German relations 3024:Italian occupation zone 2642:Estates General of 1789 2430:French Wars of Religion 2000:List of French monarchs 1560: 1541: 1516: 1254:French Wars of Religion 488:President of the Senate 25:France (disambiguation) 26316:UN French Language Day 26149:Bosnia and Herzegovina 25469:Bosnia and Herzegovina 25287:Security Council mural 25114:United Nations Command 23904:Bosnia and Herzegovina 23462:Juan Fernández Islands 22468:British Virgin Islands 21865:(Sovereign Base Areas) 21546:Bosnia and Herzegovina 20917:Science and technology 20574:Provisional Government 20543: 20522: 20382: 20137:27 August 2007 at the 20081:OECD France statistics 19963: 19939:Listen to this article 19928:Bibliography of France 19826:6 October 2007 at the 17799:From station to museum 17351:5 January 2010 at the 14741:companiesmarketcap.com 14366:Country profil: France 14319:1 October 2020 at the 14184:. Human Rights Watch. 13833:. Yale. Archived from 12899:"Election of deputies" 11961:. CIA. 3 January 2018. 11738:(2006) 44#2 pp. 23–34. 11116:Fehér, Ferenc (1990). 10927:(McFarland, 2017) p.40 10702:"Massacre of the Pure" 9919:. May 2024. p. 19 9666:. 2011. Archived from 9499:Constitution of France 9237:Constitution of France 9213: 9087:national football team 9007: 8895: 8886:Starting in 1903, the 8779: 8623: 8545: 8536: 8521: 8401: 8143: 8029:Louis-Ferdinand Céline 7771: 7663:Sainte Marie-Madeleine 7619:Jules Hardouin Mansart 7569:Notre-Dame de Chartres 7526: 7305: 7282: 7189: 7119: 7054:Most Christian Majesty 6977: 6876: 6788: 6713:European ethnic groups 6672:in the northeast, and 6660:elements in the west, 6019: 6007:Demographics of France 5782: 5769:, which conceived the 5747:Science and technology 5633: 5541: 5485: 5219: 5207:countries in the 2020 5183:Under the doctrine of 5161:European single market 5078: 5069:was in 2017 ranked by 4871: 4824: 4774:aircraft carrier, the 4737:air-to-ground missiles 4642: 4628: 4525:Northern Mali conflict 4434:third-largest assembly 4429: 4413: 3895:Rally for the Republic 3833: 3768:since 5 September 2024 3683: 3666: 3484: 3449:in the southeast, the 3401:in the southeast, and 3369:in the northwest, the 3354: 3294:largest public rallies 3240:economies in the world 3123: 3053:. On 6 June 1944, the 3020:German occupation zone 2972: 2947:officially established 2920: 2918:French colonial empire 2792: 2721:Louis XVI was executed 2713:monarchy was abolished 2686:abolition of feudalism 2637: 2495: 2426:French colonial empire 2259: 2184:historical association 2130:last Merovingian kings 2091: 1911: 1906: 1806:. France has numerous 1786:After demographic and 1771:BC. At the end of the 1692:Received Pronunciation 1493: 1363:was formed in 1958 by 1349:its liberation in 1944 1341:Allies of World War II 1305:French Second Republic 1279:of 1789 overthrew the 1246:French colonial empire 1204:formed the Kingdom of 1171:country's largest city 1085:, and many islands in 849:$ 3.130 trillion ( 797:$ 3.988 trillion ( 44: 23:. For other uses, see 26474:Member states of NATO 26026:São Tomé and Príncipe 25886:Republic of the Congo 25396:Court of Human Rights 25292:Arria formula meeting 24350:Potential enlargement 24036:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 24029:and other territories 23782:Overseas collectivity 22976:São Tomé and Príncipe 22835:Republic of the Congo 22313:Caribbean Netherlands 22248:Saint Kitts and Nevis 21892:Bailiwick of Guernsey 21863:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 20064:International Futures 20015:UCB Libraries GovPubs 19962: 19840:"Deaflympics lowdown" 19013:Joëlle Farchy (1999) 18865:(20 September 2018). 18039:. UNESCO. 8 July 2008 18009:Hills, Helen (2003). 17850:Ministry of Tourism, 17690:15 April 2016 at the 17582:29 April 2011 at the 17208:on 26 November 2013. 16356:Cohen, Robin (1995). 16174:on 27 September 2013. 15435:. CIA. Archived from 15375:. CIA. Archived from 15020:. CNN. 12 July 2017. 14212:Amnesty International 13954:15 April 2021 at the 13766:8 August 2010 at the 13207:. CIA. Archived from 12735:Drake, Helen (2011). 12587:. Earthscan. p. 12444:Nature Communications 12082:Encyclopedia of Earth 11850:The Irish Independent 11488:International Affairs 11205:Kiernan, Ben (2007). 10885:Rex, Richard (2014). 9626:. CIA. Archived from 9512:"THE LICTOR'S FASCES" 9099:French tricolour flag 9030:, before it moved to 9002: 8885: 8774: 8698:Le Nouvel Observateur 8612: 8512: 8378: 8138: 8091:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 8010:The Red and the Black 7843:Marguerite de Navarre 7770:writer and politician 7762: 7691:Eugène Viollet-le-Duc 7600:Château de Chenonceau 7592:Château de Montsoreau 7517: 7365:Jean-Honoré Fragonard 7296: 7211:, coordinated by the 7175: 7128:universal health care 7113: 6968: 6862: Native language 6852: 6770: 6752:Immigration to France 6014: 5971:Jean-Michel Dubernard 5896:Industrial Revolution 5866:ecological succession 5835:Scientific Revolution 5767:European Space Agency 5764: 5624: 5546:Électricité de France 5532: 5523:Further information: 5355:Château de Versailles 5099:world's ninth-largest 5083:social market economy 5065: 5042:Amnesty International 4865: 4672:Gendarmerie nationale 4419: 4393: 4287:Overseas collectivity 4285:Further information: 3977:Departments of France 3975:Further information: 3821: 3684:parc naturel régional 3645: 3479: 3334: 3177:Algerian independence 3175:in 1962 which led to 3107: 3060:, and in August they 2966: 2915: 2785:Emperor of the French 2779: 2717:French First Republic 2694:declaration of rights 2644:, and ended with the 2627: 2594:(1778) and the first 2510:as a reaction to the 2486: 2376:Edward III of England 2364:to the Plantagenets. 2246: 2227:William the Conqueror 2065: 1884: 1740:the Upper Paleolithic 1730:The oldest traces of 1337:it emerged victorious 1321:Third French Republic 1190:Rome annexed the area 647:• Water (%) 611:French Fifth Republic 594:French First Republic 315:and national language 26123:United Arab Emirates 23794:Realm of New Zealand 22345:Federal Dependencies 20722:World Heritage Sites 20639:Coronavirus pandemic 19994:More spoken articles 19357:Agence France-Presse 19217:25 June 2010 at the 19003:on 13 December 2014. 18932:on 12 September 2016 18839:Larousse, Éditions. 18771:on 22 December 2010. 18130:29 July 2010 at the 17953:17 July 2016 at the 17757:The Fauves (dossier) 17710:. National Gallery. 17601:. Assemblé Nationale 17509:on 12 December 2009. 17461:(in French). Insee. 17435:(in French). Insee. 17263:on 16 September 2009 17055:23 June 2011 at the 16435:Gbadamassi, Falila. 16118:(in French). Insee. 16035:(in French). Insee. 16009:(in French). Insee. 15981:Gapminder Foundation 14912:on 24 December 2007. 14771:Nations Encyclopedia 14533:www.banque-france.fr 14491:St. Petersburg Times 14409:30 June 2022 at the 14343:. 25 February 2020. 14341:World Economic Forum 14270:18 July 2020 at the 14182:"Human Rights Watch" 14114:on 22 September 2013 13837:on 20 September 2011 13817:25 July 2011 at the 13744:8 March 2020 at the 13694:22 July 2010 at the 13563:(in French). Paris. 13468:on 8 September 2010. 13428:Anne Gazeau-Secret, 13267:on 20 November 2015. 11912:. 14 December 2015. 11882:. 19 November 2015. 11828:. 14 November 2015. 11010:Louisiana Law Review 10923:Michael Clodfelter, 9514:. 15 December 2022. 9214:République française 9076:Eugène Rubens-Alcais 9040:2024 Summer Olympics 9036:1924 Summer Olympics 8984:tournaments. French 8936:2023 Rugby World Cup 8932:2007 Rugby World Cup 8928:1998 FIFA World Cups 8434:Krzysztof Kieślowski 8395:Venice Film Festival 8387:Cannes Film Festival 8169:Jean-Philippe Rameau 8064:in the Renaissance. 7956:The Three Musketeers 7687:Second French Empire 7669:architecture. Under 7655:Capitole de Toulouse 7615:Palace of Versailles 7611:Baroque architecture 7565:Saint Denis Basilica 7539:Château de Vincennes 7371:favoured artists of 6937:overseas territories 6534:Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 6500:Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 6314:Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 6296:Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes 6051:total fertility rate 5963:Hand transplantation 5858:Age of Enlightenment 5771:Ariane rocket family 5577:nuclear power plants 5418:Musée de l'Orangerie 5373:(1.2 million), 5369:(1.5 million), 5357:(2.8 million), 5353:(6.2 million), 5336:World Heritage Sites 4719:") consists of four 4668:National Gendarmerie 4492:Special Relationship 3663:regional nature park 3482:Roussillon, Vaucluse 3460:Due to its numerous 3373:in the west and the 3327:Location and borders 3220:supranational Europe 3208:fourth nuclear power 3206:and made France the 3010:In 1940, France was 2925:colonial possessions 2877:. Unrest led to the 2719:in September, while 2715:and replaced by the 2520:Palace of Versailles 2512:royal absolute power 2334:House of Plantagenet 2192:Western Roman Empire 2137:mayors of the palace 2055:conqueror after the 1889:was a temple of the 1726:Prehistory of France 1432:nuclear-weapon state 1420:largest in the world 1416:its advanced economy 1309:Second French Empire 1165:with its capital in 1101:shares borders with 982:• Summer ( 45:République française 26459:Countries in Europe 26416: / 26362:Francophone economy 24855:G20 major economies 24669:Group of Eight (G8) 23232:Plazas de soberanía 23136:African territories 23076:unclear sovereignty 23061:States with limited 22263:Trinidad and Tobago 22158:Antigua and Barbuda 21985:unincorporated area 21914:Bailiwick of Jersey 21776:States with limited 21227: / 20860:Automotive industry 20644:2021 labor protests 20401:Peace of Westphalia 20269:History of Normandy 20264:History of Brittany 19740:on 16 January 2013. 19668:on 26 February 2008 19569:on 14 November 2012 19385:on 11 February 2010 19283:13 May 2011 at the 19084:. About-France.com. 18974:Damien Rousselière 18599:. NPR. 12 July 2008 18408:. Routledge. p. 511 18114:on 29 October 2010. 17916:"The Gothic Period" 17857:11 May 2011 at the 17404:on 11 November 2013 17233:on 6 February 2011. 16998: – Légifrance. 16943:. 27 January 2023. 16925:on 12 January 2012. 16894:on 12 December 2006 16875:on 26 October 2011. 16460:The Washington Post 16315:on 2 December 2011. 16218:]. p. 261. 16093:, 4 February 2021, 15970:Roser, Max (2014), 15899:on 2 September 2021 15793:10.34667/tind.46596 15584:on 14 November 2012 14709:Embassy of France. 14566:lloydsbanktrade.com 14218:on 7 December 2014. 13720:on 15 February 2018 13487:on 23 January 2010. 13435:14 May 2023 at the 13249:"The Soft Power 30" 13096:on 30 December 2015 13036:. 16 October 2022. 12903:Assemblée Nationale 12887:on 5 December 2008. 12881:Assemblée Nationale 12737:Contemporary France 12456:2020NatCo..11.5978G 11979:. 6 November 2009. 11271:18 May 2024 at the 10745:Templeman, Geoffrey 10712:on 20 January 2008. 10665:The Story of French 10656:Nadeau, Jean-Benoit 10377:"Provence in Stone" 9981:"History of France" 9723:. 16 January 2024. 9693:. 16 January 2023. 9475:Metropolitan France 9258:Languages of France 9110:Stade Roland-Garros 9016:Pierre de Coubertin 8964:24 Hours of Le Mans 8837:(main course), and 8620:newspaper of record 8516:'s headquarters on 8450:Alexandre Alexeieff 8228:(1919), the ballet 8200:Impressionist music 8161:Jean-Baptiste Lully 8142:, a French composer 8111:Claude Lévi-Strauss 8105:, contributions to 8082:Western philosopher 8078:Nicolas Malebranche 7982:Les Rougon-Macquart 7853:Michel de Montaigne 7596:Château de Chambord 7577:Notre-Dame de Reims 7573:Notre-Dame d'Amiens 7555:, originally named 7553:Gothic architecture 7510:French architecture 7448:Maurice de Vlaminck 7377:Jacques-Louis David 7316:at the time of the 7256:for careers in the 7224:public universities 7168:Education in France 6982:freedom of religion 6970:Notre-Dame de Reims 6841:Languages of France 6709:Sub-Saharan African 6602:Centre-Val de Loire 6432:Centre-Val de Loire 6062:population is aging 5991:Bernard Devauchelle 5957:, co-discoverer of 5847:scientific research 5811:University of Paris 5617:Transport in France 5497:Ministry of Culture 5191:indicative planning 5133:largest economies. 5095:consistently ranked 5085:, characterised by 5032:since 1995 and has 5008:Freedom of religion 4556:French Armed Forces 4438:diplomatic missions 4422:European Parliament 4218:metropolitan France 3927:Right-wing populist 3854:Assemblée nationale 3813:minority government 3688:national government 3654:and is part of the 3650:is classified as a 3537:France–Italy border 3359:Metropolitan France 3350:on the border with 3322:Geography of France 3154:conflict in Algeria 3121:President of France 3051:concentration camps 3045:, were deported to 3005:women in government 3001:eight-hour workdays 2903:Franco-Prussian War 2875:conquest of Algeria 2809:European coalitions 2732:National Convention 2728:revolt in June 1793 2701:economic depression 2646:coup of 18 Brumaire 2582:, helping them win 2368:Charles IV the Fair 2358:Philip II of France 2323:Albigensian Crusade 2157:Carolingian dynasty 2114:Merovingian dynasty 2096:Gallo-Roman culture 2082:until then, became 1994:Carolingian dynasty 1990:Merovingian dynasty 1962:Barbarian Invasions 1874:, and besieged and 1872:Battle of the Allia 1792:metallurgy appeared 1773:Last Glacial Period 1499:, or "realm of the 1347:in 1940. Following 1317:Franco-Prussian War 1301:Bourbon Restoration 1297:First French Empire 1194:Gallo-Roman culture 1099:Metropolitan France 659:Metropolitan France 292: / 217:Metropolitan France 26367:Senghor University 26164:Dominican Republic 25731:Russia (1996–2022) 25119:Unified Task Force 24490:provisional member 24404:EFTA member states 23140:non-African states 22198:Dominican Republic 21884:Crown Dependencies 20927:Telecommunications 20629:2015 Paris attacks 20492:Revolution of 1848 20320:Visigothic Kingdom 19964: 19893:on 16 October 2007 19842:. 29 December 2004 19433:on 27 August 2010. 18982:Vol. 15 No. 2 2005 18912:The New York Times 18871:The New York Times 18807:The New York Times 18788:The New York Times 18386:on 22 January 2019 17873:"Opus francigenum" 17838:, 6 September 2018 17788:, 25 February 2008 16626:The New York Times 16443:on 2 October 2013. 16248:Institut Montaigne 16090:The World Factbook 15703:"Media Collection" 15433:The World Factbook 15373:The World Factbook 14777:on 4 January 2011. 14592:"France – Economy" 14459:"France – Finance" 14433:The New York Times 14381:France: the market 14370:CIA World factbook 14055:rainbow-europe.org 13973:1 May 2024 at the 13868:on 11 March 2012. 13716:AG. Archived from 13319:on 28 August 2010. 13205:The World Factbook 12951:"Le role du Sénat" 12304:The New York Times 12273:The New York Times 12248:The New York Times 12135:La France en Chine 12003:"Close to ESTUARY" 11959:The World Factbook 11783:on 11 January 2015 11756:on 30 January 2015 11703:La France à l'Otan 11679:on 25 October 2005 11563:. OUP US. p. 11460:The New York Times 11388:on 9 November 2014 11355:on 6 December 2014 10550:"Treaty of Verdun" 10529:on 6 February 2011 9670:on 28 August 2015. 9630:on 31 January 2014 9624:The World Factbook 9497:Article II of the 9439:domain is used in 9080:Summer Deaflympics 9008: 8980:, one of the four 8896: 8790:in the Southwest, 8780: 8728:Le Canard Enchaîné 8624: 8522: 8489:cultural exception 8446:Edgardo Cozarinsky 8402: 8345:and more recently 8144: 8115:post-structuralist 8099:Simone de Beauvoir 7992:La Comédie humaine 7912:Charles Baudelaire 7797:Christine de Pizan 7793:Chrétien de Troyes 7782:Tristan and Iseult 7772: 7731:Dominique Perrault 7584:French Renaissance 7541:and the so-called 7527: 7348:, lived in Italy. 7306: 7260:of the state. The 7190: 7120: 7082:Unification Church 6978: 6961:Religion in France 6915:(German dialect), 6889:Académie française 6887:. Since 1635, the 6877: 6789: 6676:in the southeast. 6668:in the northwest, 6664:in the southwest, 6450:Nouvelle-Aquitaine 6020: 5783: 5662:Eurotunnel Shuttle 5634: 5542: 5493:Remarkable Gardens 5377:(1 million), 5365:(2 million), 5220:La Bourse de Paris 5091:economic diversity 5079: 5046:Human Rights Watch 4910:Court of Cassation 4896:constitutional law 4892:administrative law 4872: 4701:France has been a 4654:, formerly called 4544:sub-Saharan Africa 4523:government in the 4430: 4414: 4410:cultural diversity 4331:overseas territory 3957:overseas territory 3917:(RN). Since 2020, 3844:body made up of a 3834: 3797:head of government 3700:Politics of France 3667: 3652:marine nature park 3485: 3457:in the southwest. 3385:in the northeast, 3365:in the north, the 3355: 3124: 3082:four Allied Powers 2973: 2921: 2856:Battle of Waterloo 2799:in 1799 and later 2793: 2754:seized power in a 2744:ended in July 1794 2638: 2558:European territory 2550:Indian possessions 2540:Under the wars of 2496: 2469:Cardinal Richelieu 2410:French Renaissance 2380:Hundred Years' War 2354:Plantagenet empire 2268:king of the Franks 2260: 2256:Hundred Years' War 2223:Battle of Hastings 2176:Holy Roman Emperor 2092: 2045:Visigothic Kingdom 2020:, settled in west 1935:Gallo-Roman period 1907: 1720:Pre-6th century BC 1505:name of the Franks 1351:, the short-lived 1329:major participants 1293:Napoleon Bonaparte 1242:French Renaissance 1238:Hundred Years' War 1220:evolving into the 1210:Carolingian Empire 1125:to the southeast, 1113:to the northeast, 1083:French West Indies 1045:The World Factbook 834:2024 estimate 782:2024 estimate 418:1% Other religions 26399: 26398: 26393: 26392: 26273: 26272: 26258:Suspended members 26096:Associate members 25906:Equatorial Guinea 25749: 25748: 25416:Venice Commission 25376:Secretary General 25362:Council of Europe 25328: 25327: 25255: 25254: 25078:Military Observer 24974: 24973: 24821: 24820: 24635: 24634: 24493: 24444: 24432: 24420: 24361: 24360: 24149: 24148: 23878:Mediterranean Sea 23843: 23842: 23763: 23762: 23656:Wallis and Futuna 23641:Clipperton Island 23618:Coral Sea Islands 23554:Associated states 23538: 23537: 23474:Galápagos Islands 23292: 23291: 23256: 23255: 23131: 23130: 22851:Equatorial Guinea 22721: 22720: 22679: 22678: 22534: 22533: 22530: 22529: 22401:Clipperton Island 22355: 22354: 22097: 22096: 22038: 22037: 21960:autonomous region 21931: 21930: 21927: 21926: 21457: 21456: 21452: 21451: 21447:Mediterranean Sea 21197: 21196: 21159: 21158: 20950: 20949: 20837: 20836: 20829:Political parties 20765:Foreign relations 20730: 20729: 20659: 20658: 20442:French Revolution 20396:Thirty Years' War 20377:Absolute monarchy 20342:Kingdom of France 20238:Foreign relations 20218:Political history 19960: 19768:978-0-7190-4451-9 19375:"Wines of France" 19363:on 25 April 2011. 19337:978-0-226-24327-6 19310:978-0-8122-1776-6 19120:. 5 October 2023. 19061:on 27 April 2011. 19025:978-2-271-05633-7 18782:Dargis, Manohla. 18765:France Diplomatie 18643:. Classicfm.co.uk 18621:. Classicfm.co.uk 18092:978-1-74059-850-7 18082:Paris: City Guide 18022:978-0-7546-0309-2 17894:978-1-884446-05-4 17877:Oxford Art Online 17126:on 30 March 2023. 16654:978-92-871-2611-5 16606:978-0-87169-817-9 16424:978-2-296-10839-4 16371:978-0-521-44405-7 16285:. 26 March 2009. 15977:Our World in Data 15405:. 22 April 2002. 15379:on 4 October 2013 15195:on 1 October 2013 15133:world-nuclear.org 15076:. 19 March 2019. 14886:on 22 August 2013 14853:France Diplomatie 14717:on 9 October 2011 14011:. 28 April 2013. 13689:France priorities 13593:on 25 April 2011. 13462:France Diplomatie 13385:on 3 October 2009 12823:. 24 April 2022. 12758:978-0-333-79243-8 12683:on 28 August 2013 12653:on 19 August 2019 12598:978-1-85383-791-3 12378:on 8 January 2018 12196:on 4 October 2017 12035:on 25 April 2011. 11932:. Berghahn Books. 11930:France After 2012 11699:"France and NATO" 11594:978-1-107-31065-0 11574:978-0-19-533402-9 11435:978-1-317-86480-6 11325:on 16 April 2014. 11282:978-1-85109-420-2 11224:978-0-300-10098-3 11156:978-0-313-29076-3 11129:978-0-5200-7120-9 11102:978-0-6740-0624-9 10898:978-1-4456-4403-5 10841:978-0-691-11669-3 10816:978-0-520-05523-0 10675:978-1-4299-3240-0 10618:978-0-871-69751-6 10333:perseus.tufts.edu 10294:978-0-631-20309-4 10267:978-0-521-08691-2 10188:978-2-02-010879-9 10163:978-1-85359-032-0 10143:978-1-4058-8118-0 10111:978-0-671-42257-8 10076:978-0-674-39974-7 9987:on 24 August 2011 9869:978-0-7391-0821-5 9395:and territories: 9376:Wallis and Futuna 9323:Wallis and Futana 9170:Outline of France 8343:Les Rita Mitsouko 8286:chanson française 8237:Concert champêtre 8153:François Couperin 8066:Modern philosophy 8050:The Little Prince 8001:Théophile Gautier 7997:Guy de Maupassant 7920:Stéphane Mallarmé 7835:François Rabelais 7823:chansons de geste 7813:Carolingian cycle 7755:French philosophy 7751:French literature 7651:Parisian Pantheon 7604:Château d'Amboise 7475:Wassily Kandinsky 7471:Amedeo Modigliani 7300:, founder of the 7278:Culture of France 7234:Sciences Po Paris 7088:, are considered 6757:1.6 million 6705:Northwest African 6685:Institut Montaign 6610: 6609: 6100:metropolitan area 6038:(after Germany). 5983:Jacques Marescaux 5965:was developed in 5953:; and virologist 5793:reintroduced the 5791:Pope Sylvester II 5698:Pont de Normandie 5571:, namely through 5428:, as well as the 5375:Mont Saint-Michel 5325:Mont-Saint-Michel 5271:Tourism in France 5248:Sociéte Générale. 5200:Trente Glorieuses 5142:industrial sector 5071:Ernst & Young 5058:Economy of France 5018:is the basis for 4988:, while the 1990 4982:freedom of speech 4966:same-sex marriage 4851:were laid in the 4772:Charles de Gaulle 4768:aerospace sectors 4760:Charles de Gaulle 4593:Charles de Gaulle 4369:Pacific Community 4349:Foreign relations 4339:Clipperton Island 4317:Wallis and Futuna 3850:National Assembly 3838:French Parliament 3831:French Parliament 3827:National Assembly 3766: 3746:since 14 May 2017 3744: 3422:, and longitudes 3375:Mediterranean Sea 3306:Opération Chammal 3248:Maastricht Treaty 3224:sovereign nations 3141:and attempted to 3134:Trente Glorieuses 3109:Charles de Gaulle 3066:French Resistance 3064:. The Allies and 3036:Charles de Gaulle 3022:in the north, an 2823:. Members of the 2723:in January 1793. 2678:National Assembly 2654:liberal democracy 2634:French Revolution 2620:French Revolution 2570:French Revolution 2556:(1756–1763). Its 2474:Thirty Years' War 2418:House of Habsburg 2106:Romanic languages 2072:Frankish monarchy 1947:fortified borders 1708:History of France 1408:developed country 1365:Charles de Gaulle 1287:and produced the 1277:French Revolution 1266:Thirty Years' War 1250:House of Habsburg 1222:Kingdom of France 1198:Early Middle Ages 1147:Mediterranean Sea 1057:, officially the 1052: 1051: 859:• Per capita 807:• Per capita 599:22 September 1792 553:National Assembly 376:Roman Catholicism 312:Official language 185:Diplomatic emblem 175: 26521: 26431: 26430: 26428: 26427: 26426: 26421: 26417: 26414: 26413: 26412: 26409: 26383: 26382: 25796: 25795: 25776: 25769: 25762: 25753: 25752: 25355: 25348: 25341: 25332: 25331: 25318: 25317: 25302:Small Five Group 25139: 25138: 25008:Security Council 25001: 24994: 24987: 24978: 24977: 24848: 24841: 24834: 24825: 24824: 24662: 24655: 24648: 24639: 24638: 24487: 24462:EU member states 24455: 24438: 24426: 24414: 24388: 24381: 24374: 24365: 24364: 24340: 24176: 24169: 24162: 24153: 24152: 24064: 24052: 24044: 23886:Sovereign states 23870: 23863: 23856: 23847: 23846: 23692:Pitcairn Islands 23646:French Polynesia 23608:Christmas Island 23591: 23590: 23546: 23411:Papua New Guinea 23386:Marshall Islands 23361: 23360: 23356:Sovereign states 23319: 23312: 23305: 23296: 23295: 23280: 23268: 23267: 23144: 23143: 23101: 23100: 23053: 22847:(partly in Asia) 22767:Sovereign states 22748: 22741: 22734: 22725: 22724: 22702:Falkland Islands 22687: 22583: 22582: 22561: 22554: 22547: 22538: 22537: 22521: 22520: 22519: 22375: 22374: 22363: 22148: 22147: 22143:Sovereign states 22124: 22117: 22110: 22101: 22100: 22085: 22073: 22072: 22059:Governed by the 22021:Northern Ireland 21964:Åland convention 21946: 21945: 21856: 21855: 21826: 21825: 21768: 21503:Sovereign states 21484: 21477: 21470: 21461: 21460: 21442: 21440: 21439: 21431: 21429: 21428: 21422: 21420: 21419: 21408: 21407: 21396: 21394: 21393: 21387: 21385: 21384: 21378: 21376: 21375: 21367: 21366: 21360: 21358: 21357: 21351: 21350: 21336: 21335: 21324: 21322: 21321: 21315: 21313: 21312: 21304: 21302: 21301: 21293: 21291: 21290: 21283: 21269: 21262: 21255: 21246: 21245: 21242: 21241: 21239: 21238: 21237: 21232: 21228: 21225: 21224: 21223: 21220: 21205:Related articles 21201: 21200: 20961: 20960: 20877:Economic history 20848: 20847: 20741: 20740: 20670: 20669: 20548: 20527: 20426:Seven Years' War 20391:Wars of Religion 20387: 20372:House of Bourbon 20367:Early modern era 20347:Fundamental laws 20223:Military history 20198: 20197: 20175: 20168: 20161: 20152: 20151: 20107: 20098: 20048: 20047: 20038: 20037: 19984: 19982: 19971: 19970: 19961: 19951: 19949: 19945: 19940: 19915: 19909: 19903: 19902: 19900: 19898: 19889:. Archived from 19876: 19870: 19869: 19858: 19852: 19851: 19849: 19847: 19836: 19830: 19817: 19811: 19810: 19803: 19797: 19791: 19780: 19779: 19777: 19775: 19758:Olympic Politics 19752: 19746: 19741: 19730: 19724: 19723: 19721: 19719: 19696: 19690: 19684: 19678: 19677: 19675: 19673: 19667: 19661:. Archived from 19660: 19652: 19646: 19645: 19643: 19641: 19632:. Archived from 19626: 19620: 19615: 19611: 19605: 19604: 19602: 19600: 19585: 19579: 19578: 19576: 19574: 19565:. Archived from 19559: 19553: 19552: 19550: 19548: 19538: 19532: 19531: 19529: 19527: 19513: 19507: 19506: 19504: 19502: 19493:. Archived from 19483: 19477: 19476: 19462: 19456: 19455: 19441: 19435: 19434: 19429:. Archived from 19423: 19417: 19416: 19414: 19412: 19401: 19395: 19394: 19392: 19390: 19371: 19365: 19364: 19359:. Archived from 19348: 19342: 19341: 19321: 19315: 19314: 19294: 19288: 19275: 19271: 19262: 19255: 19249: 19248: 19246: 19244: 19228: 19222: 19208: 19202: 19190: 19184: 19172: 19168: 19162: 19150: 19146: 19140: 19139: 19128: 19122: 19121: 19110: 19104: 19095: 19086: 19085: 19082:"French perfume" 19078: 19072: 19069: 19063: 19062: 19060: 19053: 19045: 19039: 19033: 19027: 19011: 19005: 19004: 18999:. Archived from 18989: 18983: 18973: 18969: 18960: 18959: 18958:on 10 June 2012. 18948: 18942: 18941: 18939: 18937: 18922: 18916: 18915: 18903: 18897: 18896: 18893:"UIS Statistics" 18888: 18882: 18881: 18879: 18877: 18855: 18849: 18848: 18836: 18830: 18829: 18817: 18811: 18810: 18798: 18792: 18791: 18779: 18773: 18772: 18757: 18751: 18750: 18744: 18742: 18737:on 30 April 2016 18719: 18713: 18712: 18701: 18695: 18694: 18692: 18690: 18678: 18672: 18671: 18662:Schrott, Allen. 18659: 18653: 18652: 18650: 18648: 18637: 18631: 18630: 18628: 18626: 18615: 18609: 18608: 18606: 18604: 18593: 18587: 18586: 18584: 18582: 18570: 18564: 18561: 18555: 18554: 18552: 18550: 18544:The Conversation 18535: 18529: 18528: 18526: 18524: 18502: 18496: 18495: 18493: 18491: 18476: 18470: 18469: 18453: 18447: 18446: 18444: 18442: 18428: 18422: 18415: 18409: 18402: 18396: 18395: 18393: 18391: 18376: 18370: 18369:, 9 October 2014 18353: 18347: 18346: 18344: 18342: 18327: 18316: 18315: 18309: 18301: 18299: 18297: 18286: 18280: 18279: 18277: 18275: 18264: 18258: 18257: 18256:on 23 July 2013. 18255: 18249:. Archived from 18248: 18240: 18234: 18233: 18231: 18229: 18220:. Archived from 18210: 18204: 18203: 18201: 18199: 18184: 18178: 18177: 18158:10.2307/20061415 18141: 18135: 18122: 18116: 18115: 18103: 18097: 18096: 18077: 18071: 18070: 18068: 18066: 18055: 18049: 18048: 18046: 18044: 18033: 18027: 18026: 18006: 18000: 17993: 17989: 17983: 17982: 17980: 17978: 17963: 17957: 17942: 17938: 17932: 17931: 17929: 17927: 17912: 17906: 17905: 17903: 17901: 17868: 17862: 17849: 17845: 17839: 17829: 17823: 17822: 17820: 17818: 17807: 17801: 17795: 17789: 17776: 17772: 17766: 17753: 17747: 17734: 17730: 17724: 17723: 17721: 17719: 17704: 17698: 17683: 17679: 17673: 17672: 17670: 17668: 17662: 17651: 17643: 17632: 17631: 17629: 17627: 17608: 17602: 17597: 17593: 17587: 17575: 17571: 17565: 17564: 17562: 17560: 17541: 17535: 17534:, 7 October 2016 17517: 17511: 17510: 17499: 17493: 17492: 17491:on 5 March 2010. 17481: 17475: 17474: 17472: 17470: 17455: 17449: 17448: 17446: 17444: 17429: 17423: 17420: 17414: 17413: 17411: 17409: 17394: 17388: 17387: 17385: 17383: 17378:on 5 August 2011 17377: 17371:. Archived from 17370: 17362: 17356: 17343: 17337: 17336: 17334: 17332: 17317: 17311: 17305: 17299: 17298: 17296: 17294: 17279: 17273: 17272: 17270: 17268: 17253: 17247: 17241: 17235: 17234: 17229:. Archived from 17219: 17213: 17212: 17198: 17192: 17188: 17182: 17181: 17174: 17168: 17167: 17159: 17153: 17152: 17134: 17128: 17127: 17125: 17114: 17104: 17093: 17092: 17090: 17088: 17069: 17063: 17048: 17044: 17038: 17037: 17035: 17033: 17018: 17012: 17005: 16999: 16994: 16990: 16984: 16983: 16981: 16979: 16960: 16949: 16948: 16933: 16927: 16926: 16921:. Archived from 16910: 16904: 16903: 16901: 16899: 16883: 16877: 16876: 16865: 16859: 16858: 16846: 16840: 16839: 16837: 16835: 16816: 16810: 16809: 16807: 16805: 16799: 16792: 16784: 16778: 16777: 16767: 16727: 16721: 16720: 16718: 16716: 16710: 16695: 16691:"Western Europe" 16687: 16681: 16680: 16665: 16659: 16658: 16636: 16630: 16629: 16617: 16611: 16610: 16588: 16582: 16581: 16579: 16577: 16558: 16552: 16551: 16549: 16547: 16531: 16525: 16524: 16523:on 6 March 2016. 16519:. Archived from 16513: 16507: 16506: 16504: 16502: 16482: 16476: 16475: 16473: 16471: 16451: 16445: 16444: 16432: 16426: 16412: 16406: 16405: 16403: 16401: 16382: 16376: 16375: 16363: 16353: 16344: 16343: 16323: 16317: 16316: 16305: 16299: 16298: 16296: 16294: 16273: 16267: 16266: 16264: 16262: 16256: 16245: 16226: 16220: 16219: 16207: 16201: 16200: 16198: 16196: 16182: 16176: 16175: 16164: 16158: 16157: 16155: 16153: 16138: 16132: 16131: 16129: 16127: 16112: 16106: 16105: 16104: 16102: 16081: 16075: 16074: 16072: 16070: 16065:on 27 April 2011 16055: 16049: 16048: 16046: 16044: 16029: 16023: 16022: 16020: 16018: 16003: 15997: 15996: 15995: 15993: 15984:, archived from 15967: 15961: 15960: 15958: 15956: 15941: 15935: 15934: 15932: 15930: 15915: 15909: 15908: 15906: 15904: 15893:INSEAD Knowledge 15885: 15879: 15878: 15876: 15874: 15855: 15849: 15848: 15846: 15844: 15825: 15819: 15818: 15816: 15814: 15778: 15772: 15771: 15769: 15767: 15752: 15746: 15745: 15743: 15741: 15725: 15719: 15718: 15716: 15714: 15698: 15692: 15691: 15663: 15657: 15654: 15648: 15645: 15639: 15638: 15630: 15624: 15623: 15621: 15619: 15600: 15594: 15593: 15591: 15589: 15570: 15564: 15563: 15552: 15546: 15545: 15543: 15541: 15525: 15519: 15518: 15516: 15514: 15494: 15488: 15487: 15485: 15483: 15467: 15461: 15459: 15455: 15449: 15448: 15446: 15444: 15425: 15419: 15418: 15416: 15414: 15395: 15389: 15388: 15386: 15384: 15365: 15359: 15358: 15356: 15354: 15348: 15342:. Archived from 15337: 15329: 15323: 15311: 15305: 15304: 15302: 15300: 15281: 15270: 15269: 15267: 15265: 15246: 15235: 15234: 15232: 15230: 15211: 15205: 15204: 15202: 15200: 15185: 15179: 15178: 15176: 15174: 15155: 15149: 15148: 15146: 15144: 15125: 15112: 15096: 15090: 15089: 15087: 15085: 15074:Power Technology 15066: 15060: 15059: 15057: 15055: 15040: 15034: 15033: 15031: 15029: 15014: 15008: 15007: 15005: 15003: 14983: 14977: 14976: 14974: 14972: 14967:on 25 April 2011 14963:. Archived from 14953: 14947: 14946: 14944: 14942: 14936: 14929: 14920: 14914: 14913: 14902: 14896: 14895: 14893: 14891: 14875: 14869: 14868: 14845: 14839: 14838: 14836: 14834: 14815: 14809: 14808: 14806: 14804: 14785: 14779: 14778: 14773:. Archived from 14763: 14757: 14756: 14754: 14752: 14733: 14727: 14726: 14724: 14722: 14706: 14697: 14696: 14694: 14692: 14672: 14666: 14665: 14663: 14661: 14655: 14648: 14640: 14634: 14632:Business Insider 14618: 14612: 14611: 14609: 14607: 14588: 14582: 14581: 14579: 14577: 14558: 14549: 14548: 14546: 14544: 14525: 14519: 14502: 14496: 14495: 14485: 14479: 14478: 14476: 14474: 14455: 14449: 14448: 14446: 14444: 14424: 14418: 14401: 14395: 14392:Société Générale 14378: 14372: 14363: 14357: 14356: 14354: 14352: 14333: 14327: 14311: 14305: 14304: 14302: 14300: 14285: 14279: 14262: 14256: 14255: 14253: 14251: 14246:on 12 March 2014 14245: 14234: 14226: 14220: 14219: 14204: 14198: 14197: 14195: 14193: 14177: 14171: 14170: 14168: 14166: 14146: 14140: 14135: 14131: 14125: 14123: 14121: 14119: 14110:. Archived from 14103: 14097: 14096: 14094: 14092: 14077: 14071: 14070: 14068: 14066: 14047: 14041: 14040: 14031: 14025: 14024: 14022: 14020: 14001: 13995: 13994: 13987: 13981: 13965: 13959: 13945: 13939: 13938: 13936: 13934: 13913: 13907: 13906: 13901: 13899: 13880: 13874: 13873: 13853: 13847: 13846: 13844: 13842: 13827: 13821: 13807: 13803: 13797: 13796: 13794: 13792: 13777: 13771: 13759: 13755: 13749: 13736: 13730: 13729: 13727: 13725: 13705: 13699: 13686: 13677: 13676: 13674: 13672: 13657: 13651: 13650: 13648: 13646: 13627: 13621: 13620: 13618: 13616: 13611:on 25 April 2011 13601: 13595: 13594: 13589:. Archived from 13583: 13577: 13576: 13574: 13572: 13552: 13546: 13545: 13543: 13541: 13526: 13520: 13519: 13517: 13515: 13495: 13489: 13488: 13476: 13470: 13469: 13454: 13448: 13426: 13420: 13401: 13395: 13394: 13392: 13390: 13375: 13369: 13368: 13366: 13364: 13349: 13343: 13342: 13341:on 2 April 2012. 13327: 13321: 13320: 13305: 13299: 13298: 13296: 13294: 13275: 13269: 13268: 13266: 13260:. Archived from 13253: 13245: 13239: 13238: 13227: 13221: 13220: 13218: 13216: 13197: 13191: 13190: 13188: 13186: 13171: 13165: 13164: 13162: 13160: 13155:on 30 April 2014 13151:. Archived from 13141: 13132: 13131: 13129: 13127: 13112: 13106: 13105: 13103: 13101: 13086: 13080: 13079: 13077: 13075: 13056: 13050: 13049: 13047: 13045: 13026: 13020: 13019: 13017: 13015: 13006:. 20 June 2022. 12996: 12990: 12989: 12987: 12985: 12965: 12959: 12958: 12947: 12941: 12940: 12938: 12936: 12927:. Archived from 12917: 12911: 12910: 12905:. Archived from 12895: 12889: 12888: 12883:. Archived from 12873: 12867: 12866: 12864: 12862: 12843: 12837: 12836: 12834: 12832: 12813: 12807: 12806: 12804: 12802: 12797:on 13 March 2013 12787: 12781: 12780: 12769: 12763: 12762: 12732: 12726: 12725: 12723: 12721: 12702: 12693: 12692: 12690: 12688: 12679:. Archived from 12669: 12663: 12662: 12660: 12658: 12649:. Archived from 12639: 12633: 12632: 12630: 12628: 12609: 12603: 12602: 12580: 12574: 12573: 12571: 12569: 12563: 12556: 12548: 12542: 12541: 12540:on 12 July 2010. 12530: 12524: 12523: 12521: 12519: 12500: 12494: 12493: 12483: 12434: 12428: 12427: 12412: 12406: 12405: 12394: 12388: 12387: 12385: 12383: 12372:Nationmaster.com 12364: 12358: 12357: 12355: 12353: 12336:. 18 July 2019. 12326: 12320: 12319: 12317: 12315: 12295: 12289: 12288: 12286: 12284: 12265: 12259: 12258: 12256: 12254: 12239: 12233: 12232: 12230: 12228: 12212: 12206: 12205: 12203: 12201: 12195: 12188: 12179: 12173: 12172: 12170: 12168: 12159:. Archived from 12149: 12143: 12142: 12127: 12121: 12120: 12113:L'Usine Nouvelle 12104: 12098: 12097: 12095: 12093: 12088:on 29 April 2011 12073: 12067: 12066: 12064: 12062: 12043: 12037: 12036: 12031:. Archived from 12025: 12019: 12018: 12016: 12014: 12005:. Archived from 11999: 11993: 11992: 11990: 11988: 11969: 11963: 11962: 11951: 11934: 11933: 11925: 11923: 11921: 11902: 11896: 11895: 11893: 11891: 11872: 11866: 11865: 11863: 11861: 11841: 11839: 11837: 11818: 11812: 11811: 11809: 11807: 11792: 11790: 11788: 11772: 11766: 11765: 11763: 11761: 11745: 11739: 11732: 11726: 11720: 11711: 11710: 11705:. Archived from 11695: 11689: 11688: 11686: 11684: 11669: 11663: 11656: 11650: 11644: 11642: 11640: 11617: 11611: 11610: 11608: 11606: 11578: 11556: 11549: 11543: 11542: 11537:. Archived from 11527: 11521: 11520: 11482: 11476: 11475: 11473: 11471: 11451: 11449: 11447: 11419: 11413: 11411: 11405: 11397: 11395: 11393: 11387: 11381:. Archived from 11380: 11371: 11365: 11364: 11362: 11360: 11351:. Archived from 11345: 11343: 11341: 11326: 11321:. Archived from 11315: 11309: 11308: 11290: 11284: 11261: 11255: 11254: 11252: 11250: 11235: 11229: 11228: 11212: 11202: 11196: 11195: 11182: 11173: 11172: 11170: 11168: 11140: 11134: 11133: 11113: 11107: 11106: 11087: 11081: 11080: 11078: 11076: 11070: 11064:. Archived from 11063: 11055: 11053: 11051: 11036: 11030: 11029: 11027: 11025: 11001: 10995: 10994: 10992: 10990: 10975: 10969: 10968: 10966: 10964: 10944: 10938: 10934: 10928: 10921: 10915: 10914: 10912: 10910: 10882: 10876: 10875: 10873: 10871: 10852: 10846: 10845: 10820: 10795: 10789: 10788: 10741: 10735: 10734: 10723: 10714: 10713: 10698: 10692: 10691: 10689: 10687: 10652: 10643: 10642: 10640: 10638: 10598: 10592: 10591: 10589: 10587: 10582:on 6 August 2011 10572: 10566: 10565: 10563: 10561: 10546: 10540: 10538: 10536: 10534: 10525:. Archived from 10515: 10509: 10508: 10506: 10504: 10489: 10483: 10482:2000, pp. 84–88. 10476: 10470: 10463: 10457: 10450: 10444: 10443:2000, pp. 79–82. 10437: 10431: 10428: 10422: 10421:2000, pp. 53–55. 10415: 10406: 10405:2000, pp. 44–45. 10399: 10393: 10392: 10390: 10388: 10373: 10367: 10364: 10358: 10355: 10349: 10348: 10346: 10344: 10325: 10319: 10312: 10306: 10305: 10303: 10301: 10278: 10276: 10274: 10252: 10246: 10245:2000, pp. 20–24. 10239: 10233: 10232: 10230: 10228: 10196: 10190: 10179: 10168: 10167: 10147: 10129: 10123: 10122: 10120: 10118: 10095: 10089: 10088: 10062: 10056: 10055: 10053: 10051: 10032: 10021: 10019: 10012: 10003: 9997: 9996: 9994: 9992: 9977: 9971: 9970: 9968: 9966: 9951: 9942: 9935: 9929: 9928: 9926: 9924: 9914: 9906: 9897: 9896: 9890: 9880: 9874: 9873: 9853: 9844: 9843: 9841: 9839: 9833: 9822: 9814: 9808: 9807: 9805: 9803: 9780: 9774: 9773: 9771: 9769: 9750: 9737: 9736: 9734: 9732: 9713: 9707: 9706: 9704: 9702: 9683: 9672: 9671: 9656: 9650: 9644: 9643: 9639: 9637: 9635: 9616: 9607: 9606: 9604: 9602: 9587: 9581: 9580: 9577:www.info.gouv.fr 9574: 9566: 9560: 9559: 9557: 9555: 9534: 9528: 9527: 9525: 9523: 9508: 9502: 9495: 9478: 9467: 9461: 9450: 9444: 9385: 9379: 9372:French Polynesia 9336: 9330: 9319:French Polynesia 9315: 9309: 9306: 9300: 9297: 9291: 9280: 9274: 9267: 9261: 9254: 9248: 9245:different emblem 9233: 9221: 9220: 9210: 9204: 9203: 9202: 9201: 9195: 9190: 9186: 9164: 9159: 9158: 9157: 9150: 9145: 9144: 9143: 8804:beef bourguignon 8549: 8530:fashion capitals 8474:Jacques Tourneur 8438:Andrzej Żuławski 8414:Alice Guy-Blaché 8410:Lumière Brothers 8371:Cinema of France 8307:Serge Gainsbourg 8303:Charles Aznavour 8295:Georges Brassens 8281:French pop music 8266:Pierre Schaeffer 8178:In the field of 8041:Jean-Paul Sartre 7987:Honoré de Balzac 7908:symbolist poetry 7880:Charles Perrault 7845:, author of the 7557:Opus Francigenum 7535:Château d'Angers 7463:Vincent van Gogh 7428:Toulouse-Lautrec 7400:Camille Pissarro 7373:neoclassic style 7361:François Boucher 7334:Rosso Fiorentino 7148:chronic diseases 7106:Health in France 6934: 6933: 6881:Romance language 6873: 6867: 6861: 6798:Eastern European 6495:Clermont-Ferrand 6484:Pays de la Loire 6264: 6254: 6196: 6188: 6181: 6174: 6162: 6161: 6058:replacement rate 5902:founding modern 5900:Augustin Fresnel 5799:armillary sphere 5773:, launched from 5601:Étang de Soulcem 5588:renewable energy 5525:Energy in France 5511:, a town in the 5505:way to St. James 5490: 5438:Disneyland Paris 5434:contemporary art 5364: 5363: 5321: 5301: 5283: 5159:and the broader 5129:(OECD), and the 4994:Holocaust denial 4976:. Some consider 4914:Council of State 4778:missile and the 4756:aircraft carrier 4741:nuclear warheads 4690:, making it the 4652:Marine Nationale 4645: 4631: 4610: 4598:Marine nationale 4588: 4568: 4477:Entente cordiale 4444:, including the 4386: 4385: 4305:Saint Barthélemy 4301:French Polynesia 3985: 3907:radical centrist 3762: 3755: 3740: 3733: 3633:carbon emissions 3497:Armorican Massif 3489:Hercynian uplift 3338:valley with the 3256:Treaty of Lisbon 3226:. The revolt of 3151:anti-colonialist 3062:invaded Provence 3058:invaded Normandy 3028:Vichy government 2943:state secularism 2795:Napoleon became 2650:French Consulate 2592:naming of oxygen 2554:Seven Years' War 2508:sovereign courts 2372:Philip of Valois 2336:, rulers of the 2311:the base of the 2215:Viking invasions 2151:(732). His son, 1916: 1913:Provincia Nostra 1770: 1767: 1685: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1669: 1664: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1636: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1603: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1563: 1544: 1519: 1498: 1430:and an official 1418:ranks among the 1404:visitors in 2023 1286: 1285: 1226:High Middle Ages 1214:Treaty of Verdun 995: 971: 922: 921: 915: 914: 908: 897: 896: 890: 889: 883: 867: 866: 848: 847: 831: 815: 814: 796: 795: 779: 745: 744: 713:68,373,433 ( 712: 711: 577:Treaty of Verdun 509:Yaël Braun-Pivet 329: 316: 307: 306: 304: 303: 302: 297: 296:48.850°N 2.350°E 293: 290: 289: 288: 285: 270:and largest city 243: 237: 230: 227: 220: 214: 207: 204: 193: 177: 176: 105: 104: 82: 68: 55: 47: 36: 35: 21:French Republics 26529: 26528: 26524: 26523: 26522: 26520: 26519: 26518: 26434: 26433: 26424: 26422: 26418: 26415: 26410: 26407: 26405: 26403: 26402: 26400: 26395: 26394: 26389: 26371: 26350: 26311:French language 26299: 26269: 26253: 26127: 26091: 26065: 25961:North Macedonia 25785: 25780: 25750: 25745: 25714: 25668: 25594:North Macedonia 25425: 25364: 25359: 25329: 25324: 25306: 25251: 25213: 25175: 25128: 25102: 25064: 25014: 25005: 24975: 24970: 24857: 24852: 24822: 24817: 24781: 24743: 24727: 24675: 24666: 24636: 24631: 24630: 24628:UK–EU relations 24624:CH–EU relations 24611: 24456: 24447: 24398: 24394:Members of the 24392: 24362: 24357: 24356: 24341: 24332: 24189: 24180: 24150: 24145: 24131:Sea of Sardinia 24067: 24062: 24050: 24038: 24021: 24012:Northern Cyprus 23998: 23880: 23874: 23844: 23839: 23777:Overseas France 23759: 23696: 23678: 23660: 23627: 23587: 23582: 23572: 23556: 23547: 23534: 23506:Southwest Papua 23440: 23421:Solomon Islands 23350: 23332: 23323: 23293: 23288: 23252: 23236: 23205: 23184: 23180:Pelagie Islands 23163: 23139: 23137: 23127: 23115: 23097: 23094: 23086: 23065: 23062: 23054: 23045: 22761: 22752: 22722: 22717: 22688: 22675: 22652: 22577: 22570: 22565: 22535: 22526: 22517: 22515: 22508: 22487: 22446: 22420: 22389: 22364: 22351: 22272: 22137: 22128: 22098: 22093: 22066: 22054:Oceanic islands 22034: 22027:subject to the 21994: 21989:Svalbard Treaty 21987:subject to the 21969: 21962:subject to the 21942: 21940: 21938: 21923: 21878: 21847: 21822: 21819: 21811: 21797:Northern Cyprus 21780: 21777: 21769: 21760: 21676:North Macedonia 21497: 21488: 21458: 21453: 21437: 21435: 21426: 21424: 21417: 21415: 21391: 21389: 21382: 21380: 21373: 21371: 21368: 21355: 21353: 21319: 21317: 21310: 21308: 21299: 21297: 21288: 21286: 21276: 21273: 21235: 21233: 21229: 21226: 21221: 21218: 21216: 21214: 21213: 21206: 21198: 21193: 21192: 21173: 21155: 21136:Public holidays 21049: 21008:Life expectancy 20946: 20833: 20726: 20655: 20624:Great Recession 20597:Fourth Republic 20592:1900 to present 20580: 20497:Second Republic 20461: 20430: 20353: 20306: 20273: 20252: 20187: 20179: 20139:Wayback Machine 20125: 20105: 20102:Gouvernement.fr 20096: 20089: 20072: 20045: 20035: 19998: 19997: 19986: 19980: 19978: 19975:This audio file 19972: 19965: 19956: 19953: 19947: 19943: 19942: 19938: 19935: 19930: 19924: 19922:Further reading 19919: 19918: 19910: 19906: 19896: 19894: 19877: 19873: 19860: 19859: 19855: 19845: 19843: 19838: 19837: 19833: 19828:Wayback Machine 19818: 19814: 19805: 19804: 19800: 19794:Olympic History 19792: 19783: 19773: 19771: 19769: 19753: 19749: 19732: 19731: 19727: 19717: 19715: 19697: 19693: 19685: 19681: 19671: 19669: 19665: 19658: 19654: 19653: 19649: 19639: 19637: 19636:on 10 June 2017 19628: 19627: 19623: 19613: 19612: 19608: 19598: 19596: 19587: 19586: 19582: 19572: 19570: 19561: 19560: 19556: 19546: 19544: 19540: 19539: 19535: 19525: 19523: 19515: 19514: 19510: 19500: 19498: 19497:on 24 July 2010 19485: 19484: 19480: 19472:Financial Times 19467:"Falling stars" 19463: 19459: 19442: 19438: 19427:"French Cheese" 19425: 19424: 19420: 19410: 19408: 19405:"French Cheese" 19403: 19402: 19398: 19388: 19386: 19373: 19372: 19368: 19349: 19345: 19338: 19322: 19318: 19311: 19295: 19291: 19287:20 August 2004 19285:Wayback Machine 19273: 19272: 19265: 19256: 19252: 19242: 19240: 19229: 19225: 19221:2 October 2008 19219:Wayback Machine 19209: 19205: 19191: 19187: 19182:Wayback Machine 19170: 19169: 19165: 19160:Wayback Machine 19148: 19147: 19143: 19130: 19129: 19125: 19112: 19111: 19107: 19096: 19089: 19080: 19079: 19075: 19070: 19066: 19058: 19051: 19047: 19046: 19042: 19034: 19030: 19012: 19008: 18991: 18990: 18986: 18971: 18970: 18963: 18950: 18949: 18945: 18935: 18933: 18924: 18923: 18919: 18904: 18900: 18889: 18885: 18875: 18873: 18859:Dargis, Manohla 18856: 18852: 18837: 18833: 18820:Woolsey, Matt. 18818: 18814: 18799: 18795: 18780: 18776: 18759: 18758: 18754: 18740: 18738: 18721: 18720: 18716: 18703: 18702: 18698: 18688: 18686: 18679: 18675: 18660: 18656: 18646: 18644: 18639: 18638: 18634: 18624: 18622: 18617: 18616: 18612: 18602: 18600: 18595: 18594: 18590: 18580: 18578: 18571: 18567: 18562: 18558: 18548: 18546: 18536: 18532: 18522: 18520: 18503: 18499: 18489: 18487: 18478: 18477: 18473: 18454: 18450: 18440: 18438: 18430: 18429: 18425: 18416: 18412: 18403: 18399: 18389: 18387: 18378: 18377: 18373: 18363:Wayback Machine 18354: 18350: 18340: 18338: 18329: 18328: 18319: 18303: 18302: 18295: 18293: 18288: 18287: 18283: 18273: 18271: 18266: 18265: 18261: 18253: 18246: 18242: 18241: 18237: 18227: 18225: 18224:on 7 March 2018 18218:users.skynet.be 18212: 18211: 18207: 18197: 18195: 18186: 18185: 18181: 18142: 18138: 18132:Wayback Machine 18123: 18119: 18104: 18100: 18093: 18079: 18078: 18074: 18064: 18062: 18057: 18056: 18052: 18042: 18040: 18035: 18034: 18030: 18023: 18007: 18003: 17991: 17990: 17986: 17976: 17974: 17964: 17960: 17955:Wayback Machine 17940: 17939: 17935: 17925: 17923: 17922:on 18 July 2011 17914: 17913: 17909: 17899: 17897: 17895: 17869: 17865: 17859:Wayback Machine 17847: 17846: 17842: 17836:The Independent 17830: 17826: 17816: 17814: 17809: 17808: 17804: 17796: 17792: 17786:Wayback 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17041: 17031: 17029: 17020: 17019: 17015: 17006: 17002: 16992: 16991: 16987: 16977: 16975: 16962: 16961: 16952: 16935: 16934: 16930: 16911: 16907: 16897: 16895: 16884: 16880: 16867: 16866: 16862: 16847: 16843: 16833: 16831: 16818: 16817: 16813: 16803: 16801: 16797: 16790: 16786: 16785: 16781: 16728: 16724: 16714: 16712: 16708: 16693: 16689: 16688: 16684: 16679:on 23 May 2012. 16667: 16666: 16662: 16655: 16637: 16633: 16618: 16614: 16607: 16589: 16585: 16575: 16573: 16560: 16559: 16555: 16545: 16543: 16532: 16528: 16515: 16514: 16510: 16500: 16498: 16483: 16479: 16469: 16467: 16452: 16448: 16433: 16429: 16413: 16409: 16399: 16397: 16390:The Independent 16384: 16383: 16379: 16372: 16354: 16347: 16324: 16320: 16307: 16306: 16302: 16292: 16290: 16275: 16274: 16270: 16260: 16258: 16254: 16243: 16227: 16223: 16208: 16204: 16194: 16192: 16183: 16179: 16166: 16165: 16161: 16151: 16149: 16140: 16139: 16135: 16125: 16123: 16114: 16113: 16109: 16100: 16098: 16083: 16082: 16078: 16068: 16066: 16057: 16056: 16052: 16042: 16040: 16031: 16030: 16026: 16016: 16014: 16005: 16004: 16000: 15991: 15989: 15968: 15964: 15954: 15952: 15943: 15942: 15938: 15928: 15926: 15917: 15916: 15912: 15902: 15900: 15887: 15886: 15882: 15872: 15870: 15857: 15856: 15852: 15842: 15840: 15827: 15826: 15822: 15812: 15810: 15803: 15779: 15775: 15765: 15763: 15754: 15753: 15749: 15739: 15737: 15726: 15722: 15712: 15710: 15701:Dr. Ghodoussi. 15699: 15695: 15668:Transpl Immunol 15664: 15660: 15655: 15651: 15646: 15642: 15631: 15627: 15617: 15615: 15602: 15601: 15597: 15587: 15585: 15572: 15571: 15567: 15554: 15553: 15549: 15539: 15537: 15526: 15522: 15512: 15510: 15495: 15491: 15481: 15479: 15468: 15464: 15457: 15456: 15452: 15442: 15440: 15427: 15426: 15422: 15412: 15410: 15397: 15396: 15392: 15382: 15380: 15367: 15366: 15362: 15352: 15350: 15346: 15335: 15331: 15330: 15326: 15312: 15308: 15298: 15296: 15283: 15282: 15273: 15263: 15261: 15248: 15247: 15238: 15228: 15226: 15213: 15212: 15208: 15198: 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14335: 14334: 14330: 14321:Wayback Machine 14312: 14308: 14298: 14296: 14287: 14286: 14282: 14278:, November 2017 14272:Wayback Machine 14263: 14259: 14249: 14247: 14243: 14232: 14228: 14227: 14223: 14206: 14205: 14201: 14191: 14189: 14178: 14174: 14164: 14162: 14147: 14143: 14133: 14132: 14128: 14117: 14115: 14106: 14104: 14100: 14090: 14088: 14079: 14078: 14074: 14064: 14062: 14049: 14048: 14044: 14032: 14028: 14018: 14016: 14003: 14002: 13998: 13993:. 26 July 2023. 13989: 13988: 13984: 13975:Wayback Machine 13966: 13962: 13956:Wayback Machine 13947:Bruce Sussman, 13946: 13942: 13932: 13930: 13915: 13914: 13910: 13897: 13895: 13882: 13881: 13877: 13854: 13850: 13840: 13838: 13829: 13828: 13824: 13819:Wayback Machine 13805: 13804: 13800: 13790: 13788: 13779: 13778: 13774: 13768:Wayback Machine 13757: 13756: 13752: 13746:Wayback Machine 13737: 13733: 13723: 13721: 13706: 13702: 13696:Wayback Machine 13687: 13680: 13670: 13668: 13659: 13658: 13654: 13644: 13642: 13629: 13628: 13624: 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12860: 12858: 12853:. 2 July 2022. 12845: 12844: 12840: 12830: 12828: 12815: 12814: 12810: 12800: 12798: 12789: 12788: 12784: 12771: 12770: 12766: 12759: 12733: 12729: 12719: 12717: 12704: 12703: 12696: 12686: 12684: 12671: 12670: 12666: 12656: 12654: 12641: 12640: 12636: 12626: 12624: 12623:on 5 April 2012 12611: 12610: 12606: 12599: 12581: 12577: 12567: 12565: 12564:on 22 July 2013 12561: 12554: 12550: 12549: 12545: 12532: 12531: 12527: 12517: 12515: 12502: 12501: 12497: 12435: 12431: 12414: 12413: 12409: 12404:on 13 May 2011. 12396: 12395: 12391: 12381: 12379: 12366: 12365: 12361: 12351: 12349: 12328: 12327: 12323: 12313: 12311: 12296: 12292: 12282: 12280: 12267: 12266: 12262: 12252: 12250: 12240: 12236: 12226: 12224: 12213: 12209: 12199: 12197: 12193: 12186: 12180: 12176: 12166: 12164: 12163:on 23 July 2019 12151: 12150: 12146: 12141:on 1 July 2010. 12129: 12128: 12124: 12105: 12101: 12091: 12089: 12074: 12070: 12060: 12058: 12057:on 19 July 2011 12045: 12044: 12040: 12027: 12026: 12022: 12012: 12010: 12001: 12000: 11996: 11986: 11984: 11971: 11970: 11966: 11953: 11952: 11937: 11919: 11917: 11904: 11903: 11899: 11889: 11887: 11880:The Irish Times 11874: 11873: 11869: 11859: 11857: 11835: 11833: 11820: 11819: 11815: 11805: 11803: 11794: 11786: 11784: 11773: 11769: 11759: 11757: 11748:Zappi, Sylvia. 11746: 11742: 11733: 11729: 11721: 11714: 11697: 11696: 11692: 11682: 11680: 11671: 11670: 11666: 11657: 11653: 11638: 11636: 11634: 11618: 11614: 11604: 11602: 11595: 11575: 11551: 11550: 11546: 11541:on 23 May 2008. 11529: 11528: 11524: 11501:10.2307/2610008 11483: 11479: 11469: 11467: 11445: 11443: 11436: 11420: 11416: 11399: 11398: 11391: 11389: 11385: 11378: 11376:"Archived copy" 11374: 11372: 11368: 11358: 11356: 11347: 11339: 11337: 11328: 11317: 11316: 11312: 11305: 11295:La France libre 11291: 11287: 11273:Wayback Machine 11262: 11258: 11248: 11246: 11237: 11236: 11232: 11225: 11203: 11199: 11183: 11176: 11166: 11164: 11157: 11141: 11137: 11130: 11114: 11110: 11103: 11088: 11084: 11074: 11072: 11071:on 25 July 2011 11068: 11061: 11057: 11049: 11047: 11038: 11037: 11033: 11023: 11021: 11002: 10998: 10988: 10986: 10985:on 21 July 2011 10977: 10976: 10972: 10962: 10960: 10945: 10941: 10935: 10931: 10922: 10918: 10908: 10906: 10899: 10883: 10879: 10869: 10867: 10854: 10853: 10849: 10842: 10817: 10796: 10792: 10761:10.2307/3678784 10742: 10738: 10727:Guerard, Albert 10724: 10717: 10700: 10699: 10695: 10685: 10683: 10676: 10653: 10646: 10636: 10634: 10619: 10599: 10595: 10585: 10583: 10574: 10573: 10569: 10559: 10557: 10556:on 16 July 2011 10548: 10547: 10543: 10532: 10530: 10517: 10516: 10512: 10502: 10500: 10499:on 22 July 2011 10491: 10490: 10486: 10477: 10473: 10464: 10460: 10451: 10447: 10438: 10434: 10429: 10425: 10416: 10409: 10400: 10396: 10386: 10384: 10375: 10374: 10370: 10365: 10361: 10356: 10352: 10342: 10340: 10327: 10326: 10322: 10313: 10309: 10299: 10297: 10295: 10272: 10270: 10268: 10254: 10253: 10249: 10240: 10236: 10226: 10224: 10217: 10197: 10193: 10180: 10171: 10164: 10144: 10130: 10126: 10116: 10114: 10112: 10096: 10092: 10077: 10063: 10059: 10049: 10047: 10034: 10033: 10024: 10013: 10006: 10004: 10000: 9990: 9988: 9979: 9978: 9974: 9964: 9962: 9953: 9952: 9945: 9936: 9932: 9922: 9920: 9912: 9908: 9907: 9900: 9881: 9877: 9870: 9854: 9847: 9837: 9835: 9831: 9820: 9816: 9815: 9811: 9801: 9799: 9782: 9781: 9777: 9767: 9765: 9764:. 16 April 2024 9752: 9751: 9740: 9730: 9728: 9715: 9714: 9710: 9700: 9698: 9685: 9684: 9675: 9658: 9657: 9653: 9641: 9633: 9631: 9618: 9617: 9610: 9600: 9598: 9589: 9588: 9584: 9572: 9568: 9567: 9563: 9553: 9551: 9536: 9535: 9531: 9521: 9519: 9510: 9509: 9505: 9496: 9492: 9487: 9482: 9481: 9468: 9464: 9451: 9447: 9387:In addition to 9386: 9382: 9337: 9333: 9316: 9312: 9307: 9303: 9298: 9294: 9281: 9277: 9268: 9264: 9255: 9251: 9241:lictor's fasces 9234: 9230: 9225: 9224: 9211: 9207: 9197: 9196: 9193:[fʁɑ̃s] 9188: 9187: 9183: 9178: 9160: 9155: 9153: 9146: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9124:Rugby World Cup 9093:are nicknamed " 8956:Stade de France 8880: 8878:Sport in France 8874: 8850:quality of life 8800:Lorraine region 8769: 8763: 8750:economic crisis 8707:and right-wing 8647:Dauphiné Libéré 8641:La Voix du Nord 8607: 8601: 8556:houses such as 8547: 8507: 8501: 8466:Otar Iosseliani 8460:) and Georgia ( 8422:Cannes Festival 8373: 8367: 8250:(1957) and the 8220:Francis Poulenc 8180:classical music 8133: 8131:Music of France 8127: 8119:Michel Foucault 8109:including from 7951:Alexandre Dumas 7927:literary genres 7897:Sleeping Beauty 7827:Roman de Renart 7757: 7749:Main articles: 7747: 7699:Garabit viaduct 7659:Arc de Triomphe 7627:Place Stanislas 7523:Sainte-Chapelle 7512: 7506: 7482:Musée du Louvre 7357:Antoine Watteau 7342:Nicolas Poussin 7291: 7285: 7280: 7274: 7240:for economics, 7170: 7164: 7156:cystic fibrosis 7108: 7102: 7078:Children of God 6963: 6957: 6875: 6871: 6869: 6865: 6863: 6859: 6847: 6837:French language 6835:Main articles: 6833: 6781:illegal migrant 6754: 6748: 6707:(3–6 million), 6628:were mainly of 6622: 6616: 6611: 6382:Hauts-de-France 6265: 6259: 6255: 6201: 6200: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6167: 6142:considers that 6134:(823,120), and 6092: 6082: 6009: 6003: 5987:face transplant 5979:first performed 5935:Henri Becquerel 5831:fluid mechanics 5803:Arabic numerals 5801:and introduced 5759: 5751:Main articles: 5749: 5638:railway network 5619: 5613: 5605:Lac de Vouglans 5569:energy security 5565:1973 oil crisis 5527: 5521: 5513:Hautes-Pyrénées 5442:Disneyland Park 5404:, which is the 5393:(441,000), and 5379:Sainte-Chapelle 5371:Arc de Triomphe 5343: 5342: 5341: 5340: 5339: 5331:were listed as 5322: 5313: 5312: 5311: 5302: 5293: 5292: 5291: 5284: 5273: 5267: 5195:nationalisation 5131:Group of Twenty 5107:seventh-largest 5073:as the leading 5060: 5054: 4906:ordinary courts 4853:Napoleonic Code 4833: 4827: 4716:Force de Frappe 4709:(CTBT) and the 4676:military police 4624: 4623: 4622: 4621: 4620: 4611: 4602: 4601: 4600: 4589: 4580: 4579: 4578: 4572:Dassault Rafale 4569: 4558: 4552: 4532:development aid 4496:Nicolas Sarkozy 4465:founding member 4460:, and the OIF. 4406:multilingualism 4397:La Francophonie 4357: 4351: 4293: 4283: 4281:Overseas France 4277: 4257:arrondissements 4214: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4191: 4186: 4179: 4172: 4165: 4158: 4151: 4144: 4137: 4130: 4123: 4116: 4109: 4102: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4056: 4051: 4048: 4044: 4041: 4037: 4032: 4029: 4025: 4022: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4009: 4004: 4001: 3997: 3992: 3989: 3979: 3973: 3945: 3939: 3903:The Republicans 3879:Socialist Party 3781:Emmanuel Macron 3773: 3772: 3771: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3761: 3756: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3739: 3737:Emmanuel Macron 3734: 3723: 3702: 3696: 3648:Gironde estuary 3614:1973 oil crisis 3602: 3588: 3580:Gironde estuary 3521:Aquitaine Basin 3474: 3367:English Channel 3329: 3324: 3318: 3264:foreign workers 3165:May 1958 crisis 3128:Fourth Republic 3102: 3094:social security 2961: 2955: 2867:July Revolution 2840:attacked Russia 2836:Napoleonic Code 2774: 2768: 2740:Reign of Terror 2674:Estates General 2622: 2616: 2578:(r. 1774–1793) 2450:Edict of Nantes 2406: 2398:Main articles: 2396: 2338:County of Anjou 2319:Crusader states 2280:distinguishing 2241: 2235: 2188:Catholic Church 2159:. Pepin's son, 2153:Pepin the Short 2149:Battle of Tours 2006: 1996: 1984:Main articles: 1982: 1834: 1822:Main articles: 1820: 1768: 1760:, including at 1728: 1722: 1717: 1710: 1704: 1696:Cardiff English 1688:trap-bath split 1677: 1673: 1667: 1644: 1640: 1634: 1611: 1607: 1601: 1578: 1574: 1488:comes from the 1482:Frankish Empire 1478: 1472: 1353:Fourth Republic 1151:English Channel 1059:French Republic 1048: 990: 987: 966: 958: 919: 918: 917: 906: 894: 893: 892: 881: 860: 841: 829: 808: 789: 773: 757: 738: 724: 705: 684: 666: 648: 634: 613: 596: 590:French Republic 579: 549: 534: 505: 490: 475: 464:Emmanuel Macron 460: 421: 388: 359: 347: 327: 314: 313: 300: 298: 294: 291: 286: 283: 281: 279: 278: 277: 271: 263: 262: 255: 245: 244: 238: 231: 228: 221: 215: 208: 188: 178: 125: 122: 119:La Marseillaise 109: 90: 89: 88: 83: 75: 74: 69: 56: 49: 41: 40:French Republic 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 26527: 26517: 26516: 26511: 26506: 26501: 26496: 26491: 26486: 26481: 26476: 26471: 26466: 26461: 26456: 26451: 26446: 26397: 26396: 26391: 26390: 26388: 26387: 26376: 26373: 26372: 26370: 26369: 26364: 26358: 26356: 26352: 26351: 26349: 26348: 26343: 26338: 26333: 26328: 26323: 26318: 26313: 26307: 26305: 26301: 26300: 26298: 26297: 26292: 26287: 26281: 26279: 26275: 26274: 26271: 26270: 26268: 26267: 26261: 26259: 26255: 26254: 26252: 26251: 26246: 26241: 26236: 26231: 26226: 26221: 26216: 26211: 26206: 26201: 26196: 26191: 26186: 26181: 26176: 26171: 26166: 26161: 26159:Czech Republic 26156: 26151: 26146: 26141: 26135: 26133: 26129: 26128: 26126: 26125: 26120: 26115: 26110: 26105: 26099: 26097: 26093: 26092: 26090: 26089: 26084: 26079: 26073: 26071: 26067: 26066: 26064: 26063: 26058: 26053: 26048: 26043: 26038: 26033: 26028: 26023: 26018: 26013: 26008: 26003: 25998: 25993: 25988: 25983: 25978: 25973: 25968: 25963: 25958: 25953: 25948: 25943: 25938: 25933: 25928: 25923: 25918: 25913: 25908: 25903: 25898: 25893: 25888: 25883: 25878: 25873: 25868: 25863: 25858: 25853: 25848: 25843: 25838: 25833: 25828: 25823: 25818: 25813: 25808: 25802: 25800: 25793: 25787: 25786: 25779: 25778: 25771: 25764: 25756: 25747: 25746: 25744: 25743: 25738: 25733: 25728: 25722: 25720: 25719:Former members 25716: 25715: 25713: 25712: 25707: 25702: 25697: 25692: 25687: 25682: 25676: 25674: 25670: 25669: 25667: 25666: 25664:United Kingdom 25661: 25656: 25651: 25646: 25641: 25636: 25631: 25626: 25621: 25616: 25611: 25606: 25601: 25596: 25591: 25586: 25581: 25576: 25571: 25566: 25561: 25556: 25551: 25546: 25541: 25536: 25531: 25526: 25521: 25516: 25511: 25506: 25501: 25496: 25491: 25489:Czech Republic 25486: 25481: 25476: 25471: 25466: 25461: 25456: 25451: 25446: 25441: 25435: 25433: 25427: 25426: 25424: 25423: 25421:Pompidou Group 25418: 25413: 25408: 25403: 25398: 25393: 25388: 25383: 25378: 25372: 25370: 25366: 25365: 25358: 25357: 25350: 25343: 25335: 25326: 25325: 25323: 25322: 25311: 25308: 25307: 25305: 25304: 25299: 25294: 25289: 25284: 25279: 25274: 25269: 25263: 25261: 25257: 25256: 25253: 25252: 25250: 25249: 25244: 25239: 25234: 25229: 25223: 25221: 25215: 25214: 25212: 25211: 25206: 25201: 25196: 25191: 25185: 25183: 25177: 25176: 25174: 25173: 25168: 25166:United Kingdom 25163: 25158: 25153: 25147: 25145: 25136: 25130: 25129: 25127: 25126: 25121: 25116: 25110: 25108: 25104: 25103: 25101: 25100: 25095: 25090: 25085: 25080: 25074: 25072: 25066: 25065: 25063: 25062: 25061: 25060: 25055: 25045: 25044: 25043: 25038: 25033: 25022: 25020: 25016: 25015: 25012:United Nations 25004: 25003: 24996: 24989: 24981: 24972: 24971: 24969: 24968: 24963: 24961:United Kingdom 24958: 24953: 24948: 24943: 24938: 24933: 24928: 24923: 24918: 24913: 24908: 24903: 24898: 24896:European Union 24893: 24888: 24883: 24878: 24873: 24868: 24862: 24859: 24858: 24851: 24850: 24843: 24836: 24828: 24819: 24818: 24816: 24815: 24810: 24805: 24800: 24795: 24789: 24787: 24783: 24782: 24780: 24779: 24774: 24769: 24764: 24759: 24753: 24751: 24745: 24744: 24742: 24741: 24739:European Union 24735: 24733: 24732:Representative 24729: 24728: 24726: 24725: 24720: 24718:United Kingdom 24715: 24709: 24704: 24699: 24694: 24689: 24683: 24681: 24677: 24676: 24665: 24664: 24657: 24650: 24642: 24633: 24632: 24616: 24613: 24612: 24610: 24609: 24604: 24599: 24594: 24589: 24584: 24579: 24574: 24569: 24564: 24559: 24554: 24549: 24544: 24539: 24534: 24529: 24524: 24519: 24514: 24509: 24504: 24502:Czech Republic 24499: 24494: 24482: 24477: 24472: 24466: 24464: 24458: 24457: 24450: 24448: 24446: 24445: 24433: 24421: 24408: 24406: 24400: 24399: 24391: 24390: 24383: 24376: 24368: 24359: 24358: 24354:Former members 24346: 24343: 24342: 24335: 24333: 24331: 24330: 24325: 24320: 24315: 24310: 24305: 24300: 24295: 24290: 24285: 24280: 24275: 24270: 24265: 24260: 24255: 24250: 24245: 24240: 24235: 24230: 24225: 24223:Czech Republic 24220: 24215: 24210: 24205: 24200: 24194: 24191: 24190: 24187:European Union 24179: 24178: 24171: 24164: 24156: 24147: 24146: 24144: 24143: 24141:Tyrrhenian Sea 24138: 24133: 24128: 24126:Sea of Marmara 24123: 24118: 24113: 24108: 24103: 24098: 24093: 24088: 24083: 24077: 24075: 24069: 24068: 24066: 24065: 24053: 24045: 24032: 24030: 24023: 24022: 24020: 24019: 24014: 24008: 24006: 24000: 23999: 23997: 23996: 23991: 23986: 23981: 23976: 23971: 23966: 23961: 23956: 23951: 23946: 23941: 23936: 23931: 23926: 23921: 23916: 23911: 23906: 23901: 23896: 23890: 23888: 23882: 23881: 23873: 23872: 23865: 23858: 23850: 23841: 23840: 23838: 23837: 23836: 23835: 23830: 23825: 23815: 23814: 23813: 23803: 23802: 23801: 23791: 23790: 23789: 23784: 23774: 23768: 23765: 23764: 23761: 23760: 23758: 23757: 23752: 23747: 23742: 23737: 23735:Johnston Atoll 23732: 23727: 23725:Howland Island 23722: 23717: 23712: 23710:American Samoa 23706: 23704: 23698: 23697: 23695: 23694: 23688: 23686: 23684:United Kingdom 23680: 23679: 23677: 23676: 23670: 23668: 23662: 23661: 23659: 23658: 23653: 23648: 23643: 23637: 23635: 23629: 23628: 23626: 23625: 23623:Norfolk Island 23620: 23615: 23610: 23605: 23599: 23597: 23588: 23577: 23574: 23573: 23571: 23570: 23565: 23559: 23557: 23552: 23549: 23548: 23541: 23539: 23536: 23535: 23533: 23532: 23531: 23530: 23525: 23515: 23514: 23513: 23508: 23503: 23498: 23493: 23491:Highland Papua 23488: 23478: 23477: 23476: 23466: 23465: 23464: 23459: 23448: 23446: 23442: 23441: 23439: 23438: 23433: 23428: 23423: 23418: 23413: 23408: 23403: 23398: 23393: 23388: 23383: 23378: 23373: 23367: 23365: 23358: 23352: 23351: 23349: 23348: 23343: 23337: 23334: 23333: 23322: 23321: 23314: 23307: 23299: 23290: 23289: 23287: 23286: 23274: 23261: 23258: 23257: 23254: 23253: 23251: 23250: 23244: 23242: 23238: 23237: 23235: 23234: 23229: 23224: 23219: 23217:Canary Islands 23213: 23211: 23207: 23206: 23204: 23203: 23201:Savage Islands 23198: 23192: 23190: 23186: 23185: 23183: 23182: 23177: 23171: 23169: 23165: 23164: 23162: 23161: 23156: 23150: 23148: 23141: 23133: 23132: 23129: 23128: 23123: 23121: 23120:United Kingdom 23117: 23116: 23114: 23113: 23107: 23105: 23098: 23091: 23088: 23087: 23085: 23084: 23079: 23068: 23066: 23059: 23056: 23055: 23048: 23046: 23044: 23043: 23038: 23033: 23028: 23023: 23018: 23013: 23008: 23003: 22998: 22993: 22988: 22983: 22978: 22973: 22968: 22963: 22958: 22953: 22948: 22943: 22938: 22933: 22928: 22923: 22918: 22913: 22908: 22903: 22898: 22893: 22888: 22883: 22878: 22873: 22868: 22863: 22858: 22853: 22848: 22842: 22837: 22832: 22827: 22822: 22817: 22812: 22807: 22802: 22797: 22792: 22787: 22782: 22777: 22771: 22769: 22763: 22762: 22751: 22750: 22743: 22736: 22728: 22719: 22718: 22716: 22715: 22714: 22713: 22698: 22696: 22690: 22689: 22682: 22680: 22677: 22676: 22674: 22673: 22672: 22671: 22660: 22658: 22654: 22653: 22651: 22650: 22645: 22640: 22635: 22630: 22625: 22620: 22615: 22610: 22605: 22600: 22595: 22589: 22587: 22580: 22572: 22571: 22564: 22563: 22556: 22549: 22541: 22532: 22531: 22528: 22527: 22513: 22510: 22509: 22507: 22506: 22501: 22495: 22493: 22489: 22488: 22486: 22485: 22480: 22475: 22473:Cayman Islands 22470: 22465: 22460: 22454: 22452: 22451:United Kingdom 22448: 22447: 22445: 22444: 22439: 22434: 22428: 22426: 22422: 22421: 22419: 22418: 22413: 22408: 22406:St. Barthélemy 22403: 22397: 22395: 22391: 22390: 22388: 22387: 22381: 22379: 22372: 22366: 22365: 22358: 22356: 22353: 22352: 22350: 22349: 22348: 22347: 22342: 22332: 22331: 22330: 22328:Sint Eustatius 22325: 22320: 22310: 22309: 22308: 22303: 22293: 22292: 22291: 22280: 22278: 22274: 22273: 22271: 22270: 22265: 22260: 22255: 22250: 22245: 22240: 22235: 22230: 22225: 22220: 22215: 22210: 22205: 22200: 22195: 22190: 22185: 22180: 22175: 22170: 22165: 22160: 22154: 22152: 22145: 22139: 22138: 22127: 22126: 22119: 22112: 22104: 22095: 22094: 22092: 22091: 22079: 22065: 22064: 22057: 22051: 22048: 22044: 22043: 22040: 22039: 22036: 22035: 22033: 22032: 22018: 22013: 22008: 22002: 22000: 21999:United Kingdom 21996: 21995: 21993: 21992: 21977: 21975: 21971: 21970: 21968: 21967: 21952: 21950: 21943: 21936: 21933: 21932: 21929: 21928: 21925: 21924: 21922: 21921: 21916: 21911: 21910: 21909: 21904: 21899: 21888: 21886: 21880: 21879: 21877: 21876: 21866: 21859: 21853: 21852:United Kingdom 21849: 21848: 21846: 21845: 21844: 21843: 21832: 21830: 21823: 21816: 21813: 21812: 21810: 21809: 21804: 21799: 21794: 21789: 21783: 21781: 21774: 21771: 21770: 21763: 21761: 21759: 21758: 21753: 21751:United Kingdom 21748: 21743: 21738: 21733: 21728: 21723: 21718: 21713: 21708: 21703: 21698: 21693: 21688: 21683: 21678: 21673: 21668: 21663: 21658: 21653: 21648: 21643: 21638: 21633: 21628: 21623: 21618: 21613: 21608: 21603: 21598: 21593: 21588: 21583: 21578: 21573: 21568: 21566:Czech Republic 21563: 21558: 21553: 21548: 21543: 21538: 21533: 21528: 21523: 21518: 21513: 21507: 21505: 21499: 21498: 21487: 21486: 21479: 21472: 21464: 21455: 21454: 21450: 21449: 21444: 21433: 21412: 21411: 21409: 21402: 21399: 21398: 21369: 21346: 21344: 21343:Atlantic Ocean 21340: 21339: 21337: 21330: 21327: 21326: 21306: 21305:United Kingdom 21295: 21294:United Kingdom 21281: 21278: 21277: 21272: 21271: 21264: 21257: 21249: 21211: 21208: 21207: 21195: 21194: 21191: 21190: 21185: 21180: 21174: 21172: 21171: 21165: 21164: 21161: 21160: 21157: 21156: 21154: 21153: 21148: 21143: 21138: 21133: 21128: 21123: 21118: 21113: 21108: 21103: 21098: 21093: 21092:Cultural icons 21090: 21085: 21080: 21075: 21070: 21065: 21059: 21057: 21051: 21050: 21048: 21047: 21042: 21037: 21032: 21031: 21030: 21020: 21015: 21010: 21005: 21000: 20995: 20990: 20985: 20980: 20975: 20970: 20964: 20958: 20952: 20951: 20948: 20947: 20945: 20944: 20939: 20934: 20929: 20924: 20919: 20914: 20912:Stock exchange 20909: 20904: 20899: 20894: 20889: 20884: 20879: 20874: 20873: 20872: 20862: 20857: 20851: 20845: 20839: 20838: 20835: 20834: 20832: 20831: 20826: 20821: 20816: 20815: 20814: 20809: 20804: 20794: 20789: 20788: 20787: 20782: 20772: 20767: 20762: 20761: 20760: 20750: 20744: 20738: 20732: 20731: 20728: 20727: 20725: 20724: 20719: 20714: 20712:National parks 20709: 20704: 20699: 20694: 20689: 20687:Climate change 20684: 20679: 20673: 20667: 20661: 20660: 20657: 20656: 20654: 20653: 20652: 20651: 20646: 20641: 20636: 20631: 20626: 20621: 20616: 20609:Fifth Republic 20606: 20605: 20604: 20594: 20588: 20586: 20582: 20581: 20579: 20578: 20577: 20576: 20571: 20566: 20561: 20551: 20550: 20549: 20535: 20530: 20529: 20528: 20517:Third Republic 20514: 20509: 20504: 20499: 20494: 20488: 20487: 20482: 20477: 20471: 20469: 20463: 20462: 20460: 20459: 20454: 20452:First Republic 20449: 20447:Napoleonic era 20444: 20438: 20436: 20432: 20431: 20429: 20428: 20423: 20418: 20413: 20408: 20403: 20398: 20393: 20388: 20379: 20374: 20369: 20363: 20361: 20355: 20354: 20352: 20351: 20350: 20349: 20339: 20334: 20333: 20332: 20322: 20316: 20314: 20308: 20307: 20305: 20304: 20299: 20294: 20292:Greek colonies 20289: 20283: 20281: 20275: 20274: 20272: 20271: 20266: 20260: 20258: 20254: 20253: 20251: 20250: 20245: 20240: 20235: 20230: 20225: 20220: 20215: 20210: 20204: 20202: 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18179: 18152:(2): 395–408. 18136: 18117: 18098: 18091: 18072: 18050: 18028: 18021: 18001: 17984: 17958: 17933: 17907: 17893: 17863: 17840: 17824: 17802: 17790: 17767: 17748: 17725: 17699: 17674: 17633: 17603: 17588: 17566: 17536: 17512: 17494: 17476: 17450: 17424: 17415: 17389: 17357: 17338: 17312: 17300: 17274: 17248: 17236: 17214: 17193: 17183: 17169: 17154: 17147: 17129: 17094: 17064: 17039: 17028:on 16 May 2016 17013: 17000: 16985: 16950: 16928: 16905: 16878: 16860: 16841: 16811: 16779: 16742:(3): e30–e42. 16722: 16682: 16660: 16653: 16631: 16612: 16605: 16583: 16553: 16526: 16508: 16477: 16446: 16427: 16407: 16377: 16370: 16345: 16334:(2): 735–752. 16318: 16300: 16268: 16221: 16202: 16177: 16159: 16144:. World Bank. 16133: 16107: 16076: 16050: 16024: 15998: 15988:on 8 July 2019 15962: 15936: 15925:on 8 July 2017 15910: 15880: 15850: 15820: 15801: 15773: 15747: 15720: 15693: 15658: 15649: 15640: 15637:. p. 232. 15625: 15595: 15565: 15547: 15528:Yeung, Peter. 15520: 15489: 15462: 15450: 15439:on 13 May 2012 15420: 15390: 15360: 15349:on 1 June 2010 15324: 15314:Millau Viaduct 15306: 15289:hydropower.org 15271: 15236: 15206: 15180: 15150: 15113: 15091: 15061: 15035: 15009: 14978: 14948: 14937:on 2 June 2010 14915: 14897: 14870: 14840: 14810: 14780: 14758: 14728: 14698: 14667: 14635: 14613: 14583: 14550: 14520: 14497: 14480: 14450: 14419: 14396: 14373: 14358: 14328: 14306: 14280: 14257: 14221: 14199: 14172: 14141: 14126: 14098: 14072: 14042: 14026: 13996: 13982: 13960: 13940: 13908: 13875: 13848: 13822: 13798: 13772: 13750: 13731: 13700: 13678: 13652: 13622: 13596: 13578: 13547: 13521: 13490: 13471: 13449: 13421: 13396: 13370: 13344: 13322: 13300: 13270: 13240: 13222: 13211:on 13 May 2012 13192: 13166: 13133: 13107: 13081: 13051: 13021: 12991: 12960: 12942: 12912: 12890: 12868: 12838: 12808: 12782: 12764: 12757: 12727: 12694: 12664: 12634: 12604: 12597: 12575: 12543: 12525: 12495: 12429: 12407: 12389: 12359: 12321: 12290: 12260: 12234: 12207: 12174: 12144: 12122: 12099: 12068: 12038: 12020: 12009:on 9 July 2023 11994: 11964: 11935: 11897: 11867: 11813: 11767: 11740: 11727: 11712: 11709:on 9 May 2014. 11690: 11664: 11658:Julian Bourg, 11651: 11633:978-0199241040 11632: 11612: 11593: 11573: 11544: 11522: 11495:(3): 310–321. 11477: 11434: 11414: 11366: 11310: 11303: 11285: 11256: 11230: 11223: 11197: 11174: 11155: 11135: 11128: 11108: 11101: 11082: 11031: 10996: 10970: 10939: 10929: 10916: 10897: 10877: 10847: 10840: 10824:Turchin, Peter 10815: 10790: 10736: 10715: 10693: 10674: 10644: 10617: 10611:. p. 39. 10593: 10567: 10541: 10510: 10484: 10471: 10458: 10445: 10432: 10423: 10407: 10394: 10368: 10359: 10350: 10320: 10307: 10293: 10266: 10247: 10234: 10216:978-1849018128 10215: 10191: 10169: 10162: 10142: 10124: 10110: 10090: 10075: 10057: 10022: 9998: 9972: 9943: 9941:, (2014) p. 29 9937:Jack S. Levy, 9930: 9898: 9875: 9868: 9845: 9809: 9775: 9738: 9708: 9673: 9651: 9608: 9582: 9561: 9529: 9503: 9489: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9480: 9479: 9462: 9460:, 29 May 1825. 9445: 9380: 9331: 9327:Time in France 9310: 9301: 9292: 9275: 9262: 9249: 9227: 9226: 9223: 9222: 9205: 9180: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9173: 9172: 9166: 9165: 9151: 9135: 9132: 8970:endurance race 8948:UEFA Euro 2016 8944:UEFA Euro 1984 8900:Tour de France 8888:Tour de France 8876:Main article: 8873: 8870: 8858:Michelin stars 8854:Michelin guide 8835:plat principal 8767:French cuisine 8765:Main article: 8762: 8759: 8603:Main article: 8600: 8597: 8505:French fashion 8503:Main article: 8500: 8497: 8458:Michael Haneke 8454:Anatole Litvak 8440:), Argentina ( 8430:Roman Polanski 8418:Nouvelle Vague 8389:, one of the " 8369:Main article: 8366: 8363: 8311:French hip hop 8196:Hector Berlioz 8188:Claude Debussy 8140:Claude Debussy 8129:Main article: 8126: 8123: 8095:existentialist 8070:René Descartes 7940:Les Misérables 7818:Song of Roland 7815:, such as the 7788:Lancelot-Grail 7746: 7743: 7723:Millau Viaduct 7714:Louvre Pyramid 7695:Gustave Eiffel 7675:Palais Garnier 7543:Cathar castles 7537:, the massive 7508:Main article: 7505: 7502: 7455:Georges Braque 7432:Georges Seurat 7416:Auguste Renoir 7346:Claude Lorrain 7287:Main article: 7284: 7281: 7276:Main article: 7273: 7270: 7262:Grandes écoles 7229:Grandes écoles 7166:Main article: 7163: 7160: 7104:Main article: 7101: 7098: 7050:King of France 7042:state religion 6959:Main article: 6956: 6953: 6944:European Union 6870: 6864: 6858: 6832: 6829: 6750:Main article: 6747: 6744: 6733:Gitan (Romani) 6624:Historically, 6618:Main article: 6615: 6612: 6608: 6607: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6591: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6574: 6573: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6557: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6540: 6539: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6523: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6506: 6505: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6489: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6472: 6471: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6455: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6438: 6437: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6421: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6404: 6403: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6387: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6370: 6369: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6353: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6336: 6335: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6319: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6302: 6301: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6285: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6269: 6247: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6203: 6202: 6198: 6193: 6191: 6190: 6183: 6176: 6168: 6165: 6160: 6096:largest cities 6081: 6078: 6036:European Union 6017:arrondissement 6005:Main article: 6002: 5999: 5955:Luc Montagnier 5931:Henri Poincaré 5912:thermodynamics 5888:published the 5868:, and chemist 5815:René Descartes 5748: 5745: 5719:There are 464 5694:Millau Viaduct 5666:Channel Tunnel 5626:Millau Viaduct 5615:Main article: 5612: 5609: 5554:European Union 5520: 5517: 5450:French Riviera 5323: 5316: 5315: 5314: 5309:French Riviera 5303: 5296: 5295: 5294: 5285: 5278: 5277: 5276: 5275: 5274: 5269:Main article: 5266: 5263: 5236:Euronext Paris 5174:Bank of France 5150:primary sector 5119:Group of Seven 5115:economic power 5056:Main article: 5053: 5050: 4974:as old as 1881 4960:. Since 1999, 4939:public decency 4835:France uses a 4829:Main article: 4826: 4823: 4643:Armée de Terre 4618:Armée de terre 4612: 4605: 4604: 4603: 4590: 4583: 4582: 4581: 4570: 4563: 4562: 4561: 4560: 4559: 4554:Main article: 4551: 4548: 4371:(SPC) and the 4353:Main article: 4350: 4347: 4325:collectivity ( 4279:Main article: 4276: 4273: 4240:, Guadeloupe, 4205: 4196: 4187: 4180: 4173: 4166: 4159: 4152: 4148:United Kingdom 4145: 4138: 4131: 4124: 4117: 4110: 4103: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4057: 4052: 4045: 4038: 4033: 4026: 4019: 4010: 4005: 3998: 3993: 3986: 3972: 3969: 3941:Main article: 3938: 3935: 3915:National Rally 3883:Gaullist Party 3823:Palais Bourbon 3793:Michel Barnier 3789:Prime Minister 3764:Prime Minister 3759:Michel Barnier 3757: 3750: 3749: 3735: 3728: 3727: 3726: 3725: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3698:Main article: 3695: 3692: 3676:national parks 3612:following the 3587: 3584: 3548:Côte d'Albâtre 3544:French Riviera 3501:Massif Central 3473: 3470: 3451:Massif Central 3439:European Union 3371:Atlantic Ocean 3348:Western Europe 3328: 3325: 3320:Main article: 3317: 3314: 3244:European Union 3169:Fifth Republic 3101: 3098: 2985:Central Powers 2957:Main article: 2954: 2951: 2933:British Empire 2907:Third Republic 2770:Main article: 2767: 2764: 2726:After another 2618:Main article: 2615: 2612: 2432:. This forced 2395: 2392: 2284:, clergy, and 2234: 2231: 2204:Middle Francia 2169:Central Europe 2143:, defeated an 2141:Charles Martel 2108:. Clovis made 2030:Celtic culture 2016:, fleeing the 2014:Celtic Britons 2010:Late antiquity 1981: 1978: 1819: 1816: 1732:archaic humans 1724:Main article: 1721: 1718: 1706:Main article: 1703: 1700: 1555:Proto-Germanic 1522:Medieval Latin 1476:Name of France 1474:Main article: 1471: 1468: 1452:Group of Seven 1444:European Union 1442:member of the 1434:. France is a 1406:. France is a 1392:fourth-largest 1361:Fifth Republic 1359:. The current 1143:Atlantic Ocean 1135:United Kingdom 1109:to the north, 1063:Western Europe 1050: 1049: 1041: 1038: 1037: 1032: 1026: 1025: 1020: 1014: 1013: 1008: 1002: 1001: 988: 981: 978: 977: 964: 960: 959: 957: 956: 950: 935: 933: 929: 928: 909: 899: 898: 895:low inequality 884: 874: 873: 868:$ 47,359 ( 861: 858: 855: 854: 842: 839: 836: 835: 832: 822: 821: 816:$ 60,339 ( 809: 806: 803: 802: 790: 787: 784: 783: 780: 766: 765: 758: 756:• Density 755: 752: 751: 739: 736: 733: 732: 727:106.20274/km ( 725: 723:• Density 722: 719: 718: 706: 703: 700: 699: 693: 692: 685: 678: 675: 674: 667: 656: 653: 652: 649: 646: 643: 642: 635: 632: 629: 628: 622: 621: 618: 617: 616:4 October 1958 614: 604: 601: 600: 597: 587: 584: 583: 580: 570: 567: 566: 563: 562: 556: 555: 550: 544: 541: 540: 535: 529: 526: 525: 520: 516: 515: 512: 511: 506: 500: 497: 496: 494:Gérard Larcher 491: 485: 482: 481: 479:Michel Barnier 476: 473:Prime Minister 470: 467: 466: 461: 455: 452: 451: 448: 447: 441: 435: 434: 429: 423: 422: 420: 419: 416: 413: 407: 401: 395: 389: 387: 386: 385: 384: 378: 369: 362: 360: 357: 353: 352: 349: 348: 346: 345: 339: 332: 330: 323: 322: 317: 309: 308: 272: 269: 265: 264: 258:European Union 256:– in the 247: 246: 232: 222: 209: 199: 198: 195: 194: 180: 179: 123: 111: 110: 107: 92: 91: 84: 77: 76: 70: 63: 62: 61: 58: 57: 42: 39: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 26526: 26515: 26512: 26510: 26507: 26505: 26502: 26500: 26497: 26495: 26492: 26490: 26487: 26485: 26482: 26480: 26477: 26475: 26472: 26470: 26467: 26465: 26462: 26460: 26457: 26455: 26452: 26450: 26447: 26445: 26442: 26441: 26439: 26432: 26429: 26386: 26378: 26377: 26374: 26368: 26365: 26363: 26360: 26359: 26357: 26353: 26347: 26344: 26342: 26339: 26337: 26334: 26332: 26329: 26327: 26324: 26322: 26319: 26317: 26314: 26312: 26309: 26308: 26306: 26302: 26296: 26293: 26291: 26288: 26286: 26283: 26282: 26280: 26276: 26266: 26263: 26262: 26260: 26256: 26250: 26247: 26245: 26242: 26240: 26237: 26235: 26232: 26230: 26227: 26225: 26222: 26220: 26217: 26215: 26212: 26210: 26207: 26205: 26202: 26200: 26197: 26195: 26192: 26190: 26187: 26185: 26182: 26180: 26177: 26175: 26172: 26170: 26167: 26165: 26162: 26160: 26157: 26155: 26152: 26150: 26147: 26145: 26142: 26140: 26137: 26136: 26134: 26130: 26124: 26121: 26119: 26116: 26114: 26111: 26109: 26106: 26104: 26101: 26100: 26098: 26094: 26088: 26085: 26083: 26082:New Brunswick 26080: 26078: 26075: 26074: 26072: 26068: 26062: 26059: 26057: 26054: 26052: 26049: 26047: 26044: 26042: 26039: 26037: 26034: 26032: 26029: 26027: 26024: 26022: 26019: 26017: 26014: 26012: 26009: 26007: 26004: 26002: 25999: 25997: 25994: 25992: 25989: 25987: 25984: 25982: 25979: 25977: 25974: 25972: 25969: 25967: 25964: 25962: 25959: 25957: 25954: 25952: 25949: 25947: 25944: 25942: 25939: 25937: 25934: 25932: 25931:Guinea-Bissau 25929: 25927: 25924: 25922: 25919: 25917: 25914: 25912: 25909: 25907: 25904: 25902: 25899: 25897: 25894: 25892: 25889: 25887: 25884: 25882: 25879: 25877: 25874: 25872: 25869: 25867: 25864: 25862: 25859: 25857: 25854: 25852: 25849: 25847: 25844: 25842: 25839: 25837: 25834: 25832: 25829: 25827: 25824: 25822: 25819: 25817: 25814: 25812: 25809: 25807: 25804: 25803: 25801: 25797: 25794: 25792: 25788: 25784: 25777: 25772: 25770: 25765: 25763: 25758: 25757: 25754: 25742: 25739: 25737: 25734: 25732: 25729: 25727: 25724: 25723: 25721: 25717: 25711: 25708: 25706: 25705:United States 25703: 25701: 25698: 25696: 25693: 25691: 25688: 25686: 25683: 25681: 25678: 25677: 25675: 25671: 25665: 25662: 25660: 25657: 25655: 25652: 25650: 25647: 25645: 25642: 25640: 25637: 25635: 25632: 25630: 25627: 25625: 25622: 25620: 25617: 25615: 25612: 25610: 25607: 25605: 25602: 25600: 25597: 25595: 25592: 25590: 25587: 25585: 25582: 25580: 25577: 25575: 25572: 25570: 25567: 25565: 25562: 25560: 25557: 25555: 25554:Liechtenstein 25552: 25550: 25547: 25545: 25542: 25540: 25537: 25535: 25532: 25530: 25527: 25525: 25522: 25520: 25517: 25515: 25512: 25510: 25507: 25505: 25502: 25500: 25497: 25495: 25492: 25490: 25487: 25485: 25482: 25480: 25477: 25475: 25472: 25470: 25467: 25465: 25462: 25460: 25457: 25455: 25452: 25450: 25447: 25445: 25442: 25440: 25437: 25436: 25434: 25432: 25428: 25422: 25419: 25417: 25414: 25412: 25409: 25407: 25404: 25402: 25399: 25397: 25394: 25392: 25389: 25387: 25384: 25382: 25379: 25377: 25374: 25373: 25371: 25367: 25363: 25356: 25351: 25349: 25344: 25342: 25337: 25336: 25333: 25321: 25313: 25312: 25309: 25303: 25300: 25298: 25295: 25293: 25290: 25288: 25285: 25283: 25280: 25278: 25275: 25273: 25270: 25268: 25265: 25264: 25262: 25258: 25248: 25245: 25243: 25240: 25238: 25235: 25233: 25230: 25228: 25225: 25224: 25222: 25220: 25216: 25210: 25207: 25205: 25202: 25200: 25197: 25195: 25192: 25190: 25187: 25186: 25184: 25182: 25178: 25172: 25171:United States 25169: 25167: 25164: 25162: 25159: 25157: 25154: 25152: 25149: 25148: 25146: 25144: 25140: 25137: 25135: 25131: 25125: 25122: 25120: 25117: 25115: 25112: 25111: 25109: 25105: 25099: 25096: 25094: 25091: 25089: 25086: 25084: 25081: 25079: 25076: 25075: 25073: 25071: 25067: 25059: 25056: 25054: 25051: 25050: 25049: 25046: 25042: 25039: 25037: 25034: 25032: 25029: 25028: 25027: 25024: 25023: 25021: 25017: 25013: 25009: 25002: 24997: 24995: 24990: 24988: 24983: 24982: 24979: 24967: 24966:United States 24964: 24962: 24959: 24957: 24954: 24952: 24949: 24947: 24944: 24942: 24939: 24937: 24934: 24932: 24929: 24927: 24924: 24922: 24919: 24917: 24914: 24912: 24909: 24907: 24904: 24902: 24899: 24897: 24894: 24892: 24889: 24887: 24884: 24882: 24879: 24877: 24874: 24872: 24869: 24867: 24866:African Union 24864: 24863: 24860: 24856: 24849: 24844: 24842: 24837: 24835: 24830: 24829: 24826: 24814: 24811: 24809: 24806: 24804: 24801: 24799: 24796: 24794: 24791: 24790: 24788: 24784: 24778: 24775: 24773: 24770: 24768: 24765: 24763: 24760: 24758: 24755: 24754: 24752: 24750: 24746: 24740: 24737: 24736: 24734: 24730: 24724: 24723:United States 24721: 24719: 24716: 24713: 24710: 24708: 24705: 24703: 24700: 24698: 24695: 24693: 24690: 24688: 24685: 24684: 24682: 24678: 24674: 24670: 24663: 24658: 24656: 24651: 24649: 24644: 24643: 24640: 24629: 24625: 24621: 24620:UK membership 24614: 24608: 24605: 24603: 24600: 24598: 24595: 24593: 24590: 24588: 24585: 24583: 24580: 24578: 24575: 24573: 24570: 24568: 24565: 24563: 24560: 24558: 24555: 24553: 24550: 24548: 24545: 24543: 24540: 24538: 24535: 24533: 24530: 24528: 24525: 24523: 24520: 24518: 24515: 24513: 24510: 24508: 24505: 24503: 24500: 24498: 24495: 24491: 24486: 24483: 24481: 24478: 24476: 24473: 24471: 24468: 24467: 24465: 24463: 24459: 24454: 24442: 24437: 24434: 24430: 24425: 24424:Liechtenstein 24422: 24418: 24413: 24410: 24409: 24407: 24405: 24401: 24397: 24389: 24384: 24382: 24377: 24375: 24370: 24369: 24366: 24355: 24351: 24344: 24339: 24329: 24326: 24324: 24321: 24319: 24316: 24314: 24311: 24309: 24306: 24304: 24301: 24299: 24296: 24294: 24291: 24289: 24286: 24284: 24281: 24279: 24276: 24274: 24271: 24269: 24266: 24264: 24261: 24259: 24256: 24254: 24251: 24249: 24246: 24244: 24241: 24239: 24236: 24234: 24231: 24229: 24226: 24224: 24221: 24219: 24216: 24214: 24211: 24209: 24206: 24204: 24201: 24199: 24196: 24195: 24192: 24188: 24184: 24183:Member states 24177: 24172: 24170: 24165: 24163: 24158: 24157: 24154: 24142: 24139: 24137: 24134: 24132: 24129: 24127: 24124: 24122: 24119: 24117: 24114: 24112: 24109: 24107: 24106:Levantine Sea 24104: 24102: 24099: 24097: 24094: 24092: 24089: 24087: 24084: 24082: 24079: 24078: 24076: 24074: 24073:Marginal seas 24070: 24061: 24057: 24054: 24049: 24046: 24042: 24037: 24034: 24033: 24031: 24028: 24024: 24018: 24015: 24013: 24010: 24009: 24007: 24005: 24001: 23995: 23992: 23990: 23987: 23985: 23982: 23980: 23977: 23975: 23972: 23970: 23967: 23965: 23962: 23960: 23957: 23955: 23952: 23950: 23947: 23945: 23942: 23940: 23937: 23935: 23932: 23930: 23927: 23925: 23922: 23920: 23917: 23915: 23912: 23910: 23907: 23905: 23902: 23900: 23897: 23895: 23892: 23891: 23889: 23887: 23883: 23879: 23871: 23866: 23864: 23859: 23857: 23852: 23851: 23848: 23834: 23831: 23829: 23826: 23824: 23821: 23820: 23819: 23816: 23812: 23809: 23808: 23807: 23804: 23800: 23797: 23796: 23795: 23792: 23788: 23785: 23783: 23780: 23779: 23778: 23775: 23773: 23770: 23769: 23766: 23756: 23753: 23751: 23748: 23746: 23743: 23741: 23738: 23736: 23733: 23731: 23730:Jarvis Island 23728: 23726: 23723: 23721: 23718: 23716: 23713: 23711: 23708: 23707: 23705: 23703: 23702:United States 23699: 23693: 23690: 23689: 23687: 23685: 23681: 23675: 23672: 23671: 23669: 23667: 23663: 23657: 23654: 23652: 23651:New Caledonia 23649: 23647: 23644: 23642: 23639: 23638: 23636: 23634: 23630: 23624: 23621: 23619: 23616: 23614: 23611: 23609: 23606: 23604: 23601: 23600: 23598: 23596: 23592: 23589: 23586: 23580: 23575: 23569: 23566: 23564: 23561: 23560: 23558: 23555: 23550: 23545: 23529: 23528:Palmyra Atoll 23526: 23524: 23521: 23520: 23519: 23518:United States 23516: 23512: 23509: 23507: 23504: 23502: 23499: 23497: 23494: 23492: 23489: 23487: 23486:Central Papua 23484: 23483: 23482: 23479: 23475: 23472: 23471: 23470: 23467: 23463: 23460: 23458: 23457:Easter Island 23455: 23454: 23453: 23450: 23449: 23447: 23443: 23437: 23434: 23432: 23429: 23427: 23424: 23422: 23419: 23417: 23414: 23412: 23409: 23407: 23404: 23402: 23399: 23397: 23394: 23392: 23389: 23387: 23384: 23382: 23379: 23377: 23374: 23372: 23369: 23368: 23366: 23362: 23359: 23357: 23353: 23347: 23344: 23342: 23339: 23338: 23335: 23331: 23327: 23320: 23315: 23313: 23308: 23306: 23301: 23300: 23297: 23285: 23284: 23283:Africa portal 23279: 23275: 23273: 23272: 23263: 23262: 23259: 23249: 23246: 23245: 23243: 23239: 23233: 23230: 23228: 23225: 23223: 23220: 23218: 23215: 23214: 23212: 23208: 23202: 23199: 23197: 23194: 23193: 23191: 23187: 23181: 23178: 23176: 23173: 23172: 23170: 23166: 23160: 23157: 23155: 23152: 23151: 23149: 23145: 23142: 23138:fully part of 23134: 23126: 23122: 23118: 23112: 23109: 23108: 23106: 23102: 23099: 23096: 23089: 23083: 23080: 23077: 23073: 23070: 23069: 23067: 23064: 23057: 23052: 23042: 23039: 23037: 23034: 23032: 23029: 23027: 23024: 23022: 23019: 23017: 23014: 23012: 23009: 23007: 23004: 23002: 22999: 22997: 22994: 22992: 22989: 22987: 22984: 22982: 22979: 22977: 22974: 22972: 22969: 22967: 22964: 22962: 22959: 22957: 22954: 22952: 22949: 22947: 22944: 22942: 22939: 22937: 22934: 22932: 22929: 22927: 22924: 22922: 22919: 22917: 22914: 22912: 22909: 22907: 22904: 22902: 22899: 22897: 22894: 22892: 22891:Guinea-Bissau 22889: 22887: 22884: 22882: 22879: 22877: 22874: 22872: 22869: 22867: 22864: 22862: 22859: 22857: 22854: 22852: 22849: 22846: 22843: 22841: 22838: 22836: 22833: 22831: 22828: 22826: 22823: 22821: 22818: 22816: 22813: 22811: 22808: 22806: 22803: 22801: 22798: 22796: 22793: 22791: 22788: 22786: 22783: 22781: 22778: 22776: 22773: 22772: 22770: 22768: 22764: 22760: 22756: 22749: 22744: 22742: 22737: 22735: 22730: 22729: 22726: 22712: 22709: 22708: 22707: 22703: 22700: 22699: 22697: 22695: 22691: 22686: 22670: 22669:French Guiana 22667: 22666: 22665: 22662: 22661: 22659: 22655: 22649: 22646: 22644: 22641: 22639: 22636: 22634: 22631: 22629: 22626: 22624: 22621: 22619: 22616: 22614: 22611: 22609: 22606: 22604: 22601: 22599: 22596: 22594: 22591: 22590: 22588: 22584: 22581: 22579: 22573: 22569: 22562: 22557: 22555: 22550: 22548: 22543: 22542: 22539: 22525: 22524: 22511: 22505: 22502: 22500: 22497: 22496: 22494: 22492:United States 22490: 22484: 22481: 22479: 22476: 22474: 22471: 22469: 22466: 22464: 22461: 22459: 22456: 22455: 22453: 22449: 22443: 22440: 22438: 22435: 22433: 22430: 22429: 22427: 22423: 22417: 22414: 22412: 22409: 22407: 22404: 22402: 22399: 22398: 22396: 22392: 22386: 22383: 22382: 22380: 22376: 22373: 22371: 22367: 22362: 22346: 22343: 22341: 22340:Nueva Esparta 22338: 22337: 22336: 22333: 22329: 22326: 22324: 22321: 22319: 22316: 22315: 22314: 22311: 22307: 22304: 22302: 22299: 22298: 22297: 22294: 22290: 22287: 22286: 22285: 22282: 22281: 22279: 22275: 22269: 22268:United States 22266: 22264: 22261: 22259: 22256: 22254: 22251: 22249: 22246: 22244: 22241: 22239: 22236: 22234: 22231: 22229: 22226: 22224: 22221: 22219: 22216: 22214: 22211: 22209: 22206: 22204: 22201: 22199: 22196: 22194: 22191: 22189: 22186: 22184: 22181: 22179: 22176: 22174: 22171: 22169: 22166: 22164: 22161: 22159: 22156: 22155: 22153: 22149: 22146: 22144: 22140: 22136: 22135:North America 22132: 22125: 22120: 22118: 22113: 22111: 22106: 22105: 22102: 22090: 22089: 22088:Europe portal 22084: 22080: 22078: 22077: 22068: 22067: 22062: 22058: 22055: 22052: 22049: 22046: 22045: 22041: 22030: 22026: 22022: 22019: 22017: 22014: 22012: 22009: 22007: 22004: 22003: 22001: 21997: 21990: 21986: 21982: 21979: 21978: 21976: 21972: 21965: 21961: 21957: 21954: 21953: 21951: 21947: 21944: 21937:Special areas 21934: 21920: 21917: 21915: 21912: 21908: 21905: 21903: 21900: 21898: 21895: 21894: 21893: 21890: 21889: 21887: 21885: 21881: 21874: 21870: 21867: 21864: 21861: 21860: 21857: 21854: 21850: 21842: 21839: 21838: 21837: 21836:Faroe Islands 21834: 21833: 21831: 21827: 21824: 21821: 21814: 21808: 21805: 21803: 21802:South Ossetia 21800: 21798: 21795: 21793: 21790: 21788: 21785: 21784: 21782: 21779: 21772: 21767: 21757: 21754: 21752: 21749: 21747: 21744: 21742: 21739: 21737: 21734: 21732: 21729: 21727: 21724: 21722: 21719: 21717: 21714: 21712: 21709: 21707: 21704: 21702: 21699: 21697: 21694: 21692: 21689: 21687: 21684: 21682: 21679: 21677: 21674: 21672: 21669: 21667: 21664: 21662: 21659: 21657: 21654: 21652: 21649: 21647: 21644: 21642: 21639: 21637: 21636:Liechtenstein 21634: 21632: 21629: 21627: 21624: 21622: 21619: 21617: 21614: 21612: 21609: 21607: 21604: 21602: 21599: 21597: 21594: 21592: 21589: 21587: 21584: 21582: 21579: 21577: 21574: 21572: 21569: 21567: 21564: 21562: 21559: 21557: 21554: 21552: 21549: 21547: 21544: 21542: 21539: 21537: 21534: 21532: 21529: 21527: 21524: 21522: 21519: 21517: 21514: 21512: 21509: 21508: 21506: 21504: 21500: 21496: 21492: 21485: 21480: 21478: 21473: 21471: 21466: 21465: 21462: 21448: 21445: 21434: 21414: 21413: 21410: 21403: 21401: 21400: 21370: 21362: 21345: 21342: 21341: 21338: 21331: 21329: 21328: 21307: 21296: 21285: 21284: 21279: 21270: 21265: 21263: 21258: 21256: 21251: 21250: 21247: 21243: 21240: 21209: 21202: 21189: 21186: 21184: 21181: 21179: 21176: 21175: 21170: 21167: 21166: 21162: 21152: 21149: 21147: 21144: 21142: 21139: 21137: 21134: 21132: 21129: 21127: 21124: 21122: 21119: 21117: 21114: 21112: 21109: 21107: 21104: 21102: 21099: 21097: 21094: 21091: 21089: 21086: 21084: 21081: 21079: 21076: 21074: 21071: 21069: 21066: 21064: 21061: 21060: 21058: 21056: 21052: 21046: 21043: 21041: 21038: 21036: 21033: 21029: 21026: 21025: 21024: 21021: 21019: 21016: 21014: 21011: 21009: 21006: 21004: 21001: 20999: 20996: 20994: 20991: 20989: 20986: 20984: 20981: 20979: 20976: 20974: 20973:Birth control 20971: 20969: 20966: 20965: 20962: 20959: 20957: 20953: 20943: 20940: 20938: 20935: 20933: 20930: 20928: 20925: 20923: 20920: 20918: 20915: 20913: 20910: 20908: 20905: 20903: 20900: 20898: 20895: 20893: 20890: 20888: 20885: 20883: 20880: 20878: 20875: 20871: 20868: 20867: 20866: 20863: 20861: 20858: 20856: 20853: 20852: 20849: 20846: 20844: 20840: 20830: 20827: 20825: 20822: 20820: 20817: 20813: 20810: 20808: 20805: 20803: 20800: 20799: 20798: 20795: 20793: 20790: 20786: 20783: 20781: 20778: 20777: 20776: 20773: 20771: 20768: 20766: 20763: 20759: 20756: 20755: 20754: 20751: 20749: 20748:Constitutions 20746: 20745: 20742: 20739: 20737: 20733: 20723: 20720: 20718: 20715: 20713: 20710: 20708: 20705: 20703: 20700: 20698: 20695: 20693: 20690: 20688: 20685: 20683: 20680: 20678: 20675: 20674: 20671: 20668: 20666: 20662: 20650: 20647: 20645: 20642: 20640: 20637: 20635: 20632: 20630: 20627: 20625: 20622: 20620: 20617: 20615: 20612: 20611: 20610: 20607: 20603: 20600: 20599: 20598: 20595: 20593: 20590: 20589: 20587: 20583: 20575: 20572: 20570: 20567: 20565: 20562: 20560: 20557: 20556: 20555: 20552: 20547: 20546: 20545:Années folles 20541: 20540: 20539: 20536: 20534: 20531: 20526: 20525: 20520: 20519: 20518: 20515: 20513: 20510: 20508: 20507:Second Empire 20505: 20503: 20500: 20498: 20495: 20493: 20490: 20489: 20486: 20485:July Monarchy 20483: 20481: 20478: 20476: 20473: 20472: 20470: 20468: 20464: 20458: 20455: 20453: 20450: 20448: 20445: 20443: 20440: 20439: 20437: 20433: 20427: 20424: 20422: 20419: 20417: 20414: 20412: 20409: 20407: 20404: 20402: 20399: 20397: 20394: 20392: 20389: 20386: 20385: 20384:Ancien Régime 20380: 20378: 20375: 20373: 20370: 20368: 20365: 20364: 20362: 20360: 20356: 20348: 20345: 20344: 20343: 20340: 20338: 20335: 20331: 20328: 20327: 20326: 20323: 20321: 20318: 20317: 20315: 20313: 20309: 20303: 20300: 20298: 20295: 20293: 20290: 20288: 20285: 20284: 20282: 20280: 20276: 20270: 20267: 20265: 20262: 20261: 20259: 20255: 20249: 20246: 20244: 20241: 20239: 20236: 20234: 20231: 20229: 20226: 20224: 20221: 20219: 20216: 20214: 20211: 20209: 20206: 20205: 20203: 20199: 20196: 20194: 20190: 20186: 20183: 20176: 20171: 20169: 20164: 20162: 20157: 20156: 20153: 20146: 20143: 20140: 20136: 20132: 20131: 20127: 20126: 20118: 20115: 20112: 20109: 20103: 20100: 20094: 20091: 20090: 20082: 20079: 20077: 20074: 20073: 20065: 20061: 20058: 20056: 20055:OpenStreetMap 20052: 20043: 20041: 20033: 20030: 20027: 20025: 20021: 20018: 20016: 20012: 20009: 20007: 20003: 20000: 19999: 19995: 19991: 19976: 19929: 19913: 19908: 19892: 19888: 19887: 19882: 19875: 19867: 19863: 19857: 19841: 19835: 19829: 19825: 19821: 19816: 19808: 19802: 19795: 19790: 19788: 19786: 19770: 19764: 19760: 19759: 19751: 19745: 19739: 19735: 19729: 19714: 19710: 19706: 19702: 19695: 19688: 19683: 19664: 19657: 19651: 19635: 19631: 19625: 19619: – Insee 19618: 19610: 19595:. 6 July 2019 19594: 19590: 19584: 19568: 19564: 19558: 19543: 19537: 19522: 19518: 19512: 19496: 19492: 19488: 19482: 19474: 19473: 19468: 19461: 19453: 19452: 19447: 19440: 19432: 19428: 19422: 19407:. Goodcooking 19406: 19400: 19384: 19380: 19376: 19370: 19362: 19358: 19354: 19347: 19339: 19333: 19329: 19328: 19320: 19312: 19306: 19302: 19301: 19293: 19286: 19282: 19279: 19270: 19268: 19260: 19254: 19238: 19234: 19227: 19220: 19216: 19213: 19207: 19200: 19196: 19195: 19194:The Telegraph 19189: 19183: 19179: 19176: 19167: 19161: 19157: 19154: 19145: 19137: 19133: 19127: 19119: 19115: 19109: 19103: 19099: 19094: 19092: 19083: 19077: 19068: 19057: 19050: 19044: 19037: 19032: 19026: 19022: 19019: 19016: 19010: 19002: 18998: 18997:unifrance.org 18994: 18988: 18981: 18977: 18968: 18966: 18957: 18953: 18947: 18931: 18927: 18921: 18913: 18909: 18902: 18894: 18887: 18872: 18868: 18864: 18860: 18854: 18846: 18842: 18835: 18827: 18823: 18816: 18808: 18804: 18797: 18789: 18785: 18778: 18770: 18766: 18762: 18756: 18749: 18736: 18732: 18728: 18724: 18718: 18710: 18706: 18700: 18684: 18677: 18669: 18665: 18658: 18642: 18636: 18620: 18614: 18598: 18592: 18576: 18569: 18560: 18545: 18541: 18534: 18518: 18514: 18513: 18508: 18501: 18486:. 7 July 2022 18485: 18481: 18475: 18467: 18463: 18459: 18452: 18437: 18433: 18427: 18420: 18414: 18407: 18401: 18385: 18381: 18375: 18368: 18364: 18360: 18357: 18352: 18336: 18332: 18326: 18324: 18322: 18313: 18307: 18291: 18285: 18269: 18263: 18252: 18245: 18239: 18223: 18219: 18215: 18209: 18193: 18189: 18183: 18175: 18171: 18167: 18163: 18159: 18155: 18151: 18147: 18140: 18133: 18129: 18126: 18121: 18113: 18109: 18102: 18094: 18088: 18084: 18083: 18076: 18060: 18054: 18038: 18032: 18024: 18018: 18014: 18013: 18005: 17997: 17988: 17973: 17969: 17962: 17956: 17952: 17949: 17945: 17937: 17921: 17917: 17911: 17896: 17890: 17886: 17882: 17878: 17874: 17867: 17860: 17856: 17853: 17844: 17837: 17833: 17828: 17812: 17806: 17800: 17794: 17787: 17783: 17780: 17771: 17765: 17761: 17758: 17752: 17746:15 March 2005 17745: 17741: 17738: 17729: 17713: 17709: 17703: 17697: 17693: 17689: 17686: 17678: 17659: 17655: 17648: 17642: 17640: 17638: 17621: 17617: 17613: 17607: 17600: 17592: 17585: 17581: 17578: 17570: 17554: 17550: 17546: 17540: 17533: 17529: 17525: 17522: 17516: 17508: 17504: 17498: 17490: 17486: 17480: 17464: 17460: 17454: 17438: 17434: 17428: 17419: 17403: 17399: 17393: 17374: 17367: 17361: 17354: 17350: 17347: 17342: 17326: 17322: 17316: 17309: 17304: 17288: 17284: 17278: 17262: 17258: 17252: 17245: 17240: 17232: 17228: 17224: 17218: 17211: 17207: 17203: 17197: 17187: 17179: 17173: 17165: 17158: 17150: 17148:9789733203162 17144: 17140: 17133: 17122: 17118: 17110: 17103: 17101: 17099: 17082: 17078: 17074: 17068: 17062: 17058: 17054: 17051: 17043: 17027: 17023: 17017: 17010: 17004: 16997: 16989: 16973: 16969: 16965: 16959: 16957: 16955: 16946: 16942: 16938: 16932: 16924: 16920: 16916: 16909: 16893: 16889: 16882: 16874: 16870: 16864: 16856: 16852: 16845: 16829: 16825: 16821: 16815: 16796: 16789: 16783: 16775: 16771: 16766: 16761: 16757: 16753: 16749: 16745: 16741: 16737: 16733: 16726: 16707: 16703: 16699: 16692: 16686: 16678: 16674: 16670: 16664: 16656: 16650: 16646: 16642: 16635: 16627: 16623: 16616: 16608: 16602: 16598: 16594: 16587: 16571: 16567: 16563: 16557: 16541: 16537: 16530: 16522: 16518: 16512: 16496: 16492: 16488: 16481: 16465: 16461: 16457: 16450: 16442: 16438: 16431: 16425: 16421: 16417: 16411: 16395: 16391: 16387: 16381: 16373: 16367: 16362: 16361: 16352: 16350: 16341: 16337: 16333: 16329: 16322: 16314: 16310: 16304: 16288: 16284: 16283: 16282:The Economist 16278: 16272: 16253: 16249: 16246:(in French). 16241: 16237: 16236: 16231: 16225: 16217: 16213: 16206: 16191: 16187: 16181: 16173: 16169: 16163: 16147: 16143: 16137: 16121: 16117: 16111: 16096: 16092: 16091: 16086: 16080: 16064: 16060: 16054: 16038: 16034: 16028: 16012: 16008: 16002: 15987: 15983: 15982: 15978: 15973: 15966: 15950: 15946: 15940: 15924: 15920: 15914: 15898: 15894: 15890: 15884: 15868: 15864: 15860: 15854: 15838: 15834: 15830: 15824: 15808: 15804: 15802:9789280534320 15798: 15794: 15790: 15786: 15785: 15777: 15761: 15757: 15751: 15735: 15731: 15724: 15708: 15704: 15697: 15689: 15685: 15681: 15677: 15673: 15669: 15662: 15653: 15644: 15636: 15629: 15613: 15609: 15605: 15599: 15583: 15579: 15575: 15569: 15561: 15557: 15551: 15535: 15531: 15524: 15508: 15504: 15500: 15493: 15477: 15473: 15466: 15454: 15438: 15434: 15430: 15424: 15408: 15404: 15400: 15394: 15378: 15374: 15370: 15364: 15345: 15341: 15338:(in French). 15334: 15328: 15321: 15320: 15315: 15310: 15294: 15290: 15286: 15280: 15278: 15276: 15259: 15255: 15251: 15245: 15243: 15241: 15224: 15220: 15216: 15210: 15194: 15190: 15184: 15168: 15164: 15163:pris.iaea.org 15160: 15154: 15138: 15134: 15130: 15124: 15122: 15120: 15118: 15111: 15107: 15103: 15100: 15095: 15079: 15075: 15071: 15065: 15049: 15045: 15039: 15023: 15019: 15013: 14997: 14994:(in French). 14993: 14989: 14982: 14966: 14962: 14958: 14952: 14933: 14926: 14919: 14911: 14907: 14901: 14885: 14881: 14874: 14867: 14862: 14858: 14854: 14850: 14844: 14828: 14824: 14820: 14814: 14798: 14794: 14790: 14784: 14776: 14772: 14768: 14762: 14746: 14742: 14738: 14732: 14716: 14712: 14705: 14703: 14686: 14683:(in French). 14682: 14678: 14671: 14652: 14645: 14639: 14633: 14629: 14625: 14622: 14617: 14601: 14597: 14593: 14587: 14571: 14567: 14563: 14557: 14555: 14538: 14534: 14530: 14524: 14518:, 28 May 2020 14517: 14513: 14509: 14506: 14501: 14493: 14492: 14484: 14468: 14464: 14460: 14454: 14438: 14434: 14430: 14423: 14416: 14412: 14408: 14405: 14400: 14393: 14389: 14385: 14382: 14377: 14371: 14367: 14362: 14346: 14342: 14338: 14332: 14326: 14322: 14318: 14315: 14310: 14294: 14290: 14284: 14277: 14273: 14269: 14266: 14261: 14242: 14238: 14231: 14225: 14217: 14213: 14209: 14203: 14187: 14183: 14176: 14160: 14156: 14152: 14145: 14138: 14130: 14113: 14109: 14102: 14086: 14082: 14076: 14060: 14056: 14052: 14046: 14038: 14030: 14014: 14010: 14006: 14000: 13992: 13986: 13980: 13976: 13972: 13969: 13964: 13957: 13953: 13950: 13944: 13928: 13925:(in French). 13924: 13923: 13918: 13912: 13905: 13893: 13889: 13885: 13879: 13872: 13867: 13863: 13859: 13852: 13836: 13832: 13826: 13820: 13816: 13813: 13812: 13802: 13786: 13782: 13776: 13769: 13765: 13762: 13754: 13747: 13743: 13740: 13735: 13719: 13715: 13714:Credit Suisse 13711: 13704: 13697: 13693: 13690: 13685: 13683: 13666: 13662: 13656: 13640: 13636: 13632: 13626: 13610: 13606: 13600: 13592: 13588: 13582: 13566: 13562: 13558: 13551: 13535: 13531: 13525: 13509: 13506:(in French). 13505: 13501: 13494: 13486: 13482: 13475: 13467: 13463: 13459: 13453: 13446: 13442: 13438: 13434: 13431: 13425: 13418: 13417: 13412: 13408: 13405: 13400: 13384: 13380: 13374: 13358: 13354: 13348: 13340: 13336: 13332: 13326: 13318: 13314: 13310: 13304: 13288: 13284: 13280: 13274: 13263: 13259: 13258: 13250: 13244: 13236: 13232: 13226: 13210: 13206: 13202: 13196: 13180: 13176: 13170: 13154: 13150: 13146: 13140: 13138: 13121: 13117: 13111: 13095: 13091: 13085: 13069: 13065: 13061: 13055: 13039: 13035: 13031: 13025: 13009: 13005: 13001: 12995: 12979: 12975: 12971: 12964: 12956: 12952: 12946: 12930: 12926: 12922: 12916: 12908: 12904: 12900: 12894: 12886: 12882: 12878: 12872: 12856: 12852: 12848: 12842: 12826: 12822: 12818: 12812: 12796: 12792: 12786: 12778: 12774: 12768: 12760: 12754: 12750: 12746: 12742: 12738: 12731: 12715: 12711: 12707: 12701: 12699: 12682: 12678: 12674: 12668: 12652: 12648: 12644: 12638: 12622: 12618: 12614: 12608: 12600: 12594: 12590: 12586: 12579: 12560: 12553: 12547: 12539: 12535: 12529: 12513: 12509: 12505: 12499: 12491: 12487: 12482: 12477: 12473: 12469: 12465: 12461: 12457: 12453: 12449: 12445: 12441: 12433: 12425: 12422:(in French). 12421: 12417: 12411: 12403: 12399: 12393: 12377: 12373: 12369: 12363: 12347: 12343: 12339: 12335: 12334:The Economist 12331: 12325: 12309: 12305: 12301: 12294: 12278: 12274: 12270: 12264: 12249: 12245: 12238: 12222: 12218: 12211: 12192: 12185: 12178: 12162: 12158: 12154: 12148: 12140: 12136: 12132: 12126: 12118: 12115:(in French). 12114: 12110: 12103: 12087: 12083: 12079: 12072: 12056: 12052: 12048: 12042: 12034: 12030: 12024: 12008: 12004: 11998: 11982: 11978: 11974: 11968: 11960: 11956: 11950: 11948: 11946: 11944: 11942: 11940: 11931: 11915: 11911: 11907: 11901: 11885: 11881: 11877: 11871: 11855: 11851: 11847: 11831: 11827: 11823: 11817: 11801: 11797: 11782: 11778: 11771: 11755: 11751: 11744: 11737: 11731: 11725: 11719: 11717: 11708: 11704: 11700: 11694: 11678: 11674: 11668: 11661: 11655: 11648: 11635: 11629: 11625: 11624: 11616: 11600: 11596: 11590: 11586: 11585: 11576: 11570: 11566: 11562: 11554: 11548: 11540: 11536: 11532: 11526: 11518: 11514: 11510: 11506: 11502: 11498: 11494: 11490: 11489: 11481: 11465: 11461: 11457: 11441: 11437: 11431: 11427: 11426: 11418: 11409: 11403: 11384: 11377: 11370: 11354: 11350: 11335: 11331: 11324: 11320: 11314: 11306: 11304:2-07-073032-8 11300: 11296: 11289: 11283: 11279: 11275: 11274: 11270: 11267: 11260: 11244: 11240: 11234: 11226: 11220: 11216: 11211: 11210: 11201: 11193: 11192: 11191:History Today 11187: 11186:Blanning, Tim 11181: 11179: 11162: 11158: 11152: 11148: 11147: 11139: 11131: 11125: 11121: 11120: 11112: 11104: 11098: 11094: 11086: 11067: 11060: 11045: 11041: 11035: 11019: 11015: 11011: 11007: 11000: 10984: 10980: 10974: 10958: 10954: 10950: 10949:"Slave trade" 10943: 10933: 10926: 10920: 10904: 10900: 10894: 10890: 10889: 10881: 10865: 10861: 10857: 10851: 10843: 10837: 10833: 10829: 10825: 10818: 10812: 10808: 10804: 10800: 10794: 10786: 10782: 10778: 10774: 10770: 10766: 10762: 10758: 10754: 10750: 10746: 10740: 10732: 10728: 10722: 10720: 10711: 10707: 10703: 10697: 10681: 10677: 10671: 10667: 10666: 10661: 10660:Barlow, Julie 10657: 10651: 10649: 10632: 10628: 10624: 10620: 10614: 10610: 10606: 10605: 10597: 10581: 10577: 10571: 10555: 10551: 10545: 10528: 10524: 10520: 10514: 10498: 10494: 10488: 10481: 10475: 10468: 10462: 10455: 10449: 10442: 10436: 10427: 10420: 10414: 10412: 10404: 10398: 10382: 10378: 10372: 10363: 10354: 10338: 10334: 10330: 10324: 10317: 10311: 10296: 10290: 10286: 10285: 10269: 10263: 10259: 10258: 10251: 10244: 10238: 10222: 10218: 10212: 10209:. p. 6. 10208: 10204: 10203: 10195: 10189: 10185: 10178: 10176: 10174: 10165: 10159: 10155: 10154: 10145: 10139: 10135: 10128: 10113: 10107: 10103: 10102: 10094: 10086: 10082: 10078: 10072: 10068: 10061: 10045: 10041: 10037: 10031: 10029: 10027: 10017: 10010: 10002: 9986: 9982: 9976: 9960: 9956: 9950: 9948: 9940: 9934: 9918: 9911: 9905: 9903: 9894: 9889: 9888: 9879: 9871: 9865: 9861: 9860: 9852: 9850: 9830: 9826: 9819: 9813: 9797: 9793: 9789: 9785: 9779: 9763: 9759: 9755: 9749: 9747: 9745: 9743: 9726: 9722: 9718: 9712: 9696: 9692: 9688: 9682: 9680: 9678: 9669: 9665: 9661: 9655: 9648: 9647:public domain 9629: 9625: 9621: 9615: 9613: 9596: 9592: 9586: 9578: 9571: 9565: 9549: 9545: 9544: 9539: 9533: 9517: 9513: 9507: 9500: 9494: 9490: 9476: 9472: 9466: 9459: 9455: 9449: 9442: 9438: 9434: 9430: 9426: 9422: 9418: 9414: 9410: 9406: 9402: 9398: 9394: 9390: 9384: 9377: 9373: 9369: 9368:New Caledonia 9365: 9361: 9357: 9353: 9352:French Guiana 9349: 9345: 9341: 9335: 9328: 9324: 9321:) to UTC+12 ( 9320: 9314: 9305: 9296: 9289: 9285: 9284:Land Register 9279: 9272: 9266: 9259: 9253: 9246: 9242: 9238: 9232: 9228: 9219: 9215: 9209: 9200: 9194: 9185: 9181: 9171: 9168: 9167: 9163: 9162:Europe portal 9152: 9149: 9148:France portal 9138: 9131: 9129: 9125: 9121: 9117: 9116:tournaments. 9115: 9111: 9107: 9102: 9100: 9096: 9092: 9088: 9083: 9081: 9077: 9073: 9069: 9065: 9061: 9057: 9053: 9049: 9045: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9013: 9012:Olympic Games 9005: 9001: 8997: 8995: 8991: 8987: 8983: 8979: 8975: 8974:Paris Masters 8971: 8968: 8965: 8961: 8957: 8953: 8949: 8945: 8941: 8937: 8933: 8929: 8925: 8921: 8917: 8913: 8909: 8905: 8901: 8893: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8869: 8867: 8862: 8859: 8855: 8851: 8846: 8844: 8840: 8836: 8832: 8828: 8824: 8820: 8816: 8813: 8809: 8805: 8801: 8797: 8793: 8789: 8785: 8777: 8773: 8768: 8758: 8755: 8751: 8746: 8745:severe crisis 8742: 8741: 8737:, as well as 8736: 8735: 8734:Charlie Hebdo 8730: 8729: 8724: 8723: 8718: 8717: 8712: 8711: 8706: 8705: 8700: 8699: 8693: 8691: 8690: 8685: 8684: 8679: 8678: 8673: 8672: 8667: 8666: 8661: 8660: 8655: 8654: 8653:Le Télégramme 8649: 8648: 8643: 8642: 8637: 8636: 8631: 8630: 8621: 8617: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8596: 8594: 8590: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8573: 8571: 8567: 8563: 8559: 8555: 8551: 8550:haute couture 8542: 8538: 8533: 8531: 8527: 8526:haute couture 8519: 8518:Place Vendôme 8515: 8511: 8506: 8496: 8494: 8490: 8485: 8483: 8482:United States 8479: 8478:Francis Veber 8475: 8471: 8467: 8463: 8462:Géla Babluani 8459: 8455: 8451: 8447: 8443: 8439: 8435: 8431: 8425: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8411: 8407: 8400: 8396: 8392: 8388: 8384: 8383: 8377: 8372: 8362: 8360: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8324: 8320: 8316: 8312: 8308: 8304: 8300: 8296: 8292: 8288: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8275: 8271: 8270:Pierre Boulez 8267: 8263: 8262:Maurice Ohana 8259: 8255: 8254: 8249: 8248: 8243: 8239: 8238: 8233: 8232: 8227: 8226: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8205: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8192:Maurice Ravel 8189: 8185: 8184:Gabriel Fauré 8181: 8176: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8150: 8141: 8137: 8132: 8122: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8108: 8107:structuralism 8104: 8100: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8074:Blaise Pascal 8071: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8058:Scholasticism 8054: 8052: 8051: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8025:Marcel Proust 8020: 8018: 8017: 8012: 8011: 8006: 8002: 7998: 7994: 7993: 7988: 7984: 7983: 7978: 7974: 7973: 7968: 7964: 7963: 7958: 7957: 7952: 7948: 7947: 7942: 7941: 7936: 7932: 7928: 7923: 7921: 7917: 7916:Paul Verlaine 7913: 7909: 7905: 7904: 7899: 7898: 7893: 7892: 7887: 7886: 7885:Puss in Boots 7881: 7877: 7873: 7872: 7867: 7866:Denis Diderot 7862: 7860: 7859: 7854: 7850: 7849: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7819: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7789: 7784: 7783: 7777: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7756: 7752: 7742: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7715: 7711: 7706: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7683:Second Empire 7680: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7647:Neoclassicism 7644: 7639: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7623:Les Invalides 7620: 7616: 7612: 7607: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7580: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7561:Île-de-France 7558: 7554: 7550: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7511: 7501: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7486:Musée d'Orsay 7483: 7478: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7459:Pablo Picasso 7456: 7451: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7440:Henri Matisse 7437: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7404:Édouard Manet 7401: 7397: 7393: 7392:Impressionism 7388: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7362: 7358: 7354: 7349: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7303: 7302:Impressionist 7299: 7295: 7290: 7279: 7269: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7242:Polytechnique 7239: 7235: 7231: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7205: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7188:in the world. 7187: 7183: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7159: 7157: 7153: 7149: 7144: 7142: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7097: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7069: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6988: 6983: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6962: 6952: 6949: 6945: 6940: 6938: 6932: 6924: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6883:derived from 6882: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6828: 6824: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6807:In 2008, the 6805: 6803: 6799: 6794: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6773:Calais Jungle 6769: 6765: 6762: 6761: 6753: 6743: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6689: 6686: 6682: 6677: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6626:French people 6621: 6620:French people 6614:Ethnic groups 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6576: 6575: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6542: 6541: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6529:Saint-Étienne 6527: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6474: 6473: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6440: 6439: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6338: 6337: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6280:Île-de-France 6278: 6276: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6204: 6189: 6184: 6182: 6177: 6175: 6170: 6169: 6163: 6159: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6126:(1,031,953), 6125: 6122:(1,393,764), 6121: 6118:(1,490,640), 6117: 6114:(1,521,660), 6113: 6110:(1,888,788), 6109: 6106:(2,308,818), 6105: 6101: 6098:(in terms of 6097: 6091: 6087: 6077: 6075: 6069: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6054: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6039: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6018: 6013: 6008: 5998: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5951:Paul Langevin 5948: 5947:radioactivity 5944: 5940: 5936: 5933:; physicists 5932: 5927: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5916:Louis Pasteur 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5892: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5854: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5823:Blaise Pascal 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5780: 5776: 5775:French Guiana 5772: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5754: 5744: 5742: 5738: 5737:Canal du Midi 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5717: 5715: 5711: 5710:air pollution 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5673: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5618: 5608: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5593: 5589: 5584: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5561: 5559: 5558:nuclear power 5555: 5551: 5547: 5539: 5538:nuclear power 5535: 5531: 5526: 5516: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5489: 5488: 5482: 5481:green tourism 5478: 5473: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5414:Impressionism 5411: 5410:Musée d'Orsay 5407: 5403: 5398: 5396: 5392: 5391:Musée Picasso 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5362: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5337: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5320: 5310: 5306: 5300: 5289: 5282: 5272: 5262: 5260: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5232:NYSE Euronext 5229: 5225: 5221: 5216: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5201: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5187: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5166: 5165:protectionist 5162: 5158: 5153: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5134: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5081:France has a 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5059: 5049: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5022: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4970:LGBT adoption 4967: 4963: 4959: 4954: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4927:religious law 4923: 4921: 4920: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4902: 4901:ex post facto 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4869: 4864: 4860: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4832: 4831:Law of France 4822: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4806: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4783: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4764: 4762: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4751: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4735:medium-range 4734: 4733: 4728: 4724: 4723: 4718: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4699: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4684:Crédit Suisse 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4619: 4615: 4609: 4599: 4595: 4594: 4587: 4577: 4573: 4567: 4557: 4547: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4528: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4461: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4427: 4423: 4418: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4398: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4356: 4346: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4327:New Caledonia 4324: 4323: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4292: 4288: 4282: 4272: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4253: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4238:French Guiana 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4212: 4211: 4208:Mediterranean 4203: 4202: 4194: 4193: 4185: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4171: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4143: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4127:Liechtenstein 4122: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4073:French Guiana 4069: 4064: 4055: 4050: 4043: 4036: 4031: 4024: 4017: 4008: 4003: 3996: 3991: 3984: 3978: 3968: 3966: 3962: 3961:New Caledonia 3958: 3954: 3950: 3944: 3934: 3930: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3869: 3868: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3785:head of state 3782: 3778: 3765: 3760: 3754: 3743: 3738: 3732: 3718: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3701: 3691: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3680:natural parks 3677: 3673: 3664: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3644: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3627: 3623: 3620:conducted by 3619: 3615: 3611: 3610:nuclear power 3607: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3583: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3493:Paleozoic Era 3490: 3483: 3478: 3469: 3467: 3463: 3458: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3393:in the east, 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3323: 3313: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3289: 3288:Charlie Hebdo 3284: 3279: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3262:, often male 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3234: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3200:Eastern blocs 3197: 3193: 3188: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3173:Évian Accords 3170: 3166: 3161: 3159: 3155: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3135: 3129: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3097: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2950: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2939: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2919: 2914: 2910: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2887:Second Empire 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2871:July Monarchy 2868: 2863: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2832:metric system 2828: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2805:French Empire 2802: 2798: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2680:in June. 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His novel 7924: 7901: 7895: 7889: 7883: 7876:obscurantism 7871:Encyclopédie 7869: 7863: 7856: 7846: 7826: 7816: 7801:langue d'oïl 7786: 7780: 7773: 7717:district is 7710:Le Corbusier 7707: 7703:Eiffel Tower 7671:Napoleon III 7667:Empire-style 7640: 7608: 7588:Loire Valley 7581: 7556: 7551: 7528: 7504:Architecture 7490:Gare d'Orsay 7479: 7467:Marc Chagall 7452: 7444:André Derain 7424:Paul Gauguin 7420:Paul Cézanne 7412:Claude Monet 7389: 7350: 7322:Jean Fouquet 7307: 7298:Claude Monet 7261: 7258:Grands Corps 7227: 7221: 7206: 7196:created the 7191: 7151: 7145: 7121: 7093: 7070: 7065: 7053: 7045: 7036: 7024:Christianity 6985: 6979: 6941: 6925: 6878: 6825: 6806: 6790: 6758: 6755: 6690: 6684: 6678: 6666:Scandinavian 6623: 6156:Rural flight 6093: 6080:Major cities 6074:foreign-born 6070: 6055: 6040: 6021: 6001:Demographics 5949:; physicist 5928: 5920:microbiology 5891:Encyclopédie 5889: 5855: 5853:in history. 5784: 5718: 5674: 5635: 5585: 5562: 5543: 5474: 5470:Loire Valley 5465: 5458:Paris Region 5453: 5426:Claude Monet 5399: 5367:Pont du Gard 5351:Eiffel Tower 5344: 5288:Eiffel Tower 5259:EU subsidies 5251: 5217: 5198: 5185: 5182: 5178:Paris Region 5154: 5135: 5080: 5019: 5006: 5002:constitution 4986:antisemitism 4962:civil unions 4955: 4950: 4942: 4924: 4917: 4899: 4888:criminal law 4873: 4834: 4807: 4798: 4790: 4784: 4771: 4765: 4759: 4749: 4745:Mirage 2000N 4731: 4721: 4714: 4700: 4698:since 1997. 4696:conscription 4671: 4663: 4656:Armée de Mer 4655: 4651: 4625: 4616:tank of the 4591: 4529: 4508:Françafrique 4506: 4500: 4485: 4467:. Since the 4462: 4431: 4395: 4358: 4320: 4309:Saint Martin 4294: 4254: 4224:), and five 4215: 4207: 4198: 4189: 4182: 4175: 4168: 4161: 4154: 4147: 4140: 4133: 4126: 4119: 4112: 4105: 4098: 4023:Val de Loire 3946: 3931: 3897:(1976), the 3893:(1958), the 3889:(1947), the 3872: 3865: 3853: 3835: 3791:, currently 3779:, currently 3774: 3704:France is a 3703: 3668: 3630: 3603: 3541: 3529:Rhône Valley 3486: 3459: 3436: 3356: 3287: 3280: 3276:assimilation 3237: 3222:, favouring 3189: 3162: 3131: 3125: 3117:World War II 3100:1946–present 3040: 3016:Nazi Germany 3009: 2997:annual leave 2974: 2938:Belle Époque 2936: 2922: 2864: 2852:brief return 2850:. After his 2829: 2797:First Consul 2794: 2725: 2698: 2663: 2658: 2639: 2574: 2539: 2532: 2497: 2462: 2422:Italian Wars 2407: 2366: 2331: 2312: 2300: 2290: 2272: 2266:was crowned 2261: 2212: 2208:West Francia 2200:East Francia 2180:Pope Leo III 2173: 2099: 2093: 2088:divine right 2034: 2007: 1949:attacked by 1937:, including 1908: 1847:founded the 1835: 1788:agricultural 1785: 1745:Homo sapiens 1743: 1736:Neanderthals 1729: 1572: 1565: 1550: 1525: 1508: 1485: 1479: 1464:Francophonie 1462:(OECD), and 1373: 1357:Algerian War 1345:was occupied 1325:Belle Époque 1313:Napoleon III 1274: 1218:West Francia 1175: 1093:, giving it 1091:Indian Ocean 1058: 1054: 1053: 1030:Internet TLD 1006:Calling code 840:• Total 788:• Total 746:66,142,961 ( 633:• Total 367:Christianity 326:Nationality 249: 183: 114: 96:Motto: 95: 86:Coat of arms 33: 26469:G20 members 26423: / 26346:LGBT rights 26239:South Korea 26041:Switzerland 26021:Saint Lucia 25941:Ivory Coast 25649:Switzerland 25589:Netherlands 25237:South Korea 25209:Switzerland 25036:Chapter VII 24951:South Korea 24808:G4 (Europe) 24714:(suspended) 24572:Netherlands 24293:Netherlands 24091:Alboran Sea 23755:Wake Island 23666:New Zealand 23585:territories 23501:South Papua 23401:New Zealand 23175:Pantelleria 23095:territories 23063:recognition 23006:South Sudan 22896:Ivory Coast 22499:Puerto Rico 22425:Netherlands 22253:Saint Lucia 22203:El Salvador 22163:The Bahamas 21941:sovereignty 21939:of internal 21919:Isle of Man 21820:territories 21778:recognition 21736:Switzerland 21671:Netherlands 21388:Switzerland 21234: / 21188:WikiProject 21003:Immigration 20993:Health care 20855:Agriculture 20807:enforcement 20564:Free France 20533:World War I 20480:Restoration 20467:Late Modern 20337:Middle Ages 20312:Middle Ages 20297:Celtic Gaul 20145:FranceGuide 20106:(in French) 19897:26 February 19640:11 February 19614:(in French) 19547:7 September 19526:7 September 19274:(in French) 19175:Presse News 19171:(in French) 19149:(in French) 19114:"Le Figaro" 18972:(in French) 18863:Scott, A.O. 18845:larousse.fr 18523:16 December 18367:Global Post 18188:"Montaigne" 17992:(in French) 17941:(in French) 17848:(in French) 17775:(in French) 17733:(in French) 17682:(in French) 17596:(in French) 17574:(in French) 17408:11 November 17355:photius.com 17293:11 February 17047:(in French) 16993:(in French) 16941:Le Monde.fr 16898:14 December 16715:14 December 16230:Yazid Sabeg 15903:2 September 15873:2 September 15843:2 September 15766:13 December 15740:25 November 15713:14 November 15578:La Provence 15458:(in French) 14961:CÔTE D'AZUR 14351:10 February 14134:(in French) 14118:18 February 13806:(in French) 13758:(in French) 13445:Géoéconomie 12450:(1): 5978. 12420:lepapier.fr 12200:14 December 11910:The Matador 11890:19 November 11860:19 November 11836:19 November 11425:Colonialism 10637:16 November 10533:14 December 10478:Carpentier 10465:Carpentier 10452:Carpentier 10439:Carpentier 10417:Carpentier 10401:Carpentier 10314:Carpentier 10241:Carpentier 9802:25 November 9758:www.imf.org 9554:9 September 9120:Rugby union 9068:Albertville 8978:French Open 8960:Saint-Denis 8916:rugby union 8833:(starter), 8794:in Alsace, 8740:Paris Match 8701:, centrist 8683:Le Parisien 8448:), Russia ( 8315:French rock 8283:, known as 8256:(1959) for 8242:harpsichord 8240:(1928) for 8216:avant-garde 8103:Simone Weil 7967:Jules Verne 7809:langue d'oc 7776:Middle Ages 7766:, a French 7764:Victor Hugo 7739:Paul Andreu 7727:Jean Nouvel 7643:Republicans 7519:Saint Louis 7408:Edgar Degas 7338:Baroque era 7330:Primaticcio 7318:Renaissance 7314:Italian art 7310:Flemish art 7219:countries. 7202:Jules Ferry 7182:Nobel Prize 7074:Scientology 7058:Gallicanism 7048:), and the 7038:Catholicism 7012:Catholicism 7008:Lutheranism 6990:, a strict 6976:until 1825. 6855:Francophone 6853:Map of the 6817:citizenship 6760:pieds noirs 6746:Immigration 6654:Middle Ages 6547:Montpellier 6199:2021 census 6132:Montpellier 6130:(864,993), 5975:Telesurgery 5943:Marie Curie 5918:pioneering 5908:Sadi Carnot 5827:probability 5787:Middle Ages 5723:in France. 5670:underground 5454:Côte d'Azur 5397:(362,000). 5395:Carcassonne 5389:(500,000), 5387:Puy de Dôme 5385:(549,000), 5381:(683,000), 5111:nominal GDP 4990:Gayssot Act 4958:LGBT rights 4935:sodomy laws 4876:private law 4849:rule of law 4837:civil legal 4666:), and the 4648:French Navy 4638:French Army 4614:AMX Leclerc 4513:Ivory Coast 4367:(WTO), the 4322:sui generis 4230:departments 4220:(including 4120:Switzerland 4063:Côte d'Azur 4049:Rhône-Alpes 3901:(2007) and 3858:upper house 3846:lower house 3656:Natura 2000 3586:Environment 3525:Paris Basin 3443:Adélie Land 3391:Switzerland 3190:During the 3163:During the 3113:Free French 3043:75,000 Jews 3032:Free France 2975:France was 2923:France had 2670:convocation 2442:Switzerland 2420:during the 2388:Black Death 2384:Joan of Arc 2252:French Army 2248:Joan of Arc 2174:Proclaimed 2161:Charlemagne 1974:Burgundians 1921:in French. 1891:Gallo-Roman 1868:Roman Italy 1836:In 600 BC, 1764:, dated to 1484:, the name 1424:great power 1398:and is the 1333:World War I 1115:Switzerland 916: 0.910 547:Lower house 532:Upper house 519:Legislature 299: / 26438:Categories 26214:Mozambique 26209:Montenegro 26036:Seychelles 25976:Mauritania 25966:Madagascar 25956:Luxembourg 25861:Cape Verde 25619:San Marino 25584:Montenegro 25564:Luxembourg 25459:Azerbaijan 25204:Mozambique 25124:UN Mandate 25048:Resolution 24680:G8 members 24618:See also: 24562:Luxembourg 24348:See also: 24283:Luxembourg 24111:Libyan Sea 24101:Ionian Sea 24086:Aegean Sea 23964:Montenegro 23511:West Papua 23391:Micronesia 23082:Somaliland 22986:Seychelles 22951:Mozambique 22936:Mauritania 22921:Madagascar 22876:The Gambia 22810:Cape Verde 22478:Montserrat 22411:St. Martin 22306:Martinique 22301:Guadeloupe 22183:Costa Rica 21706:San Marino 21666:Montenegro 21646:Luxembourg 21626:Kazakhstan 21531:Azerbaijan 21325:Luxembourg 21131:Philosophy 21116:Literature 21028:secularism 20824:Parliament 20619:2005 riots 20569:Liberation 20435:Revolution 20302:Roman Gaul 20287:Prehistory 20243:Journalism 20087:Government 19990:Audio help 19981:2023-04-08 19946:hours and 19718:12 January 19501:30 October 18876:4 December 18741:11 January 17977:10 October 17900:13 January 17586:. Sénat.fr 17191:1254–1255. 16834:20 January 16643:. p. 16493:. Boston. 16126:20 January 16069:20 January 16043:19 January 16017:19 January 15929:22 January 15813:17 October 15674:(1): 1–6. 15319:Structurae 15299:5 February 15264:5 February 15173:5 February 15143:5 February 15084:5 February 15054:5 February 15028:10 October 15002:10 October 14971:23 January 14833:13 January 14793:globalEDGE 14751:29 October 14660:29 January 14543:28 October 14299:1 November 14250:16 January 14192:31 January 14065:28 October 14019:28 October 13888:20 minutes 13712:(Report). 13441:Cairn.info 13293:30 October 13201:"2085rank" 13014:24 January 12984:24 January 12657:16 October 12627:27 October 11806:12 January 11787:11 January 11760:30 January 11639:13 January 11392:14 October 11359:16 October 11024:24 January 10963:24 January 10387:23 January 10300:23 January 10273:23 January 10020:And so on. 10005:Examples: 9965:28 October 9731:2 February 9701:2 February 9634:1 November 9601:11 October 9485:References 9348:Martinique 9344:Guadeloupe 9114:Grand Slam 9082:in Paris. 8982:Grand Slam 8967:sports car 8934:, and the 8866:French rum 8792:choucroute 8680:(sports), 8659:Le Progrès 8470:Luc Besson 8442:Gaspar Noé 8382:Palme d'Or 8359:Shaka Ponk 8335:Mano Negra 8331:Noir Désir 8291:Édith Piaf 8231:Les biches 8212:Erik Satie 7977:Émile Zola 7891:Cinderella 7848:Heptameron 7839:picaresque 7719:La Défense 7289:French art 7232:, such as 7186:per capita 7184:laureates 7126:is one of 7084:, and the 7030:, 0.5% to 6911:dialect), 6721:Portuguese 6662:Aquitanian 6513:Strasbourg 6284:13,171,056 6128:Strasbourg 6090:Urban unit 6084:See also: 5886:D'Alembert 5878:combustion 5817:pioneered 5785:Since the 5781:pictured). 5729:Air France 5592:Hydropower 5563:Since the 5468:) and the 5424:murals by 5422:Water Lily 5205:innovative 5067:La Défense 4992:prohibits 4880:public law 4845:common law 4722:Triomphant 4688:of its GDP 4481:militarily 4426:Strasbourg 4242:Martinique 4106:Luxembourg 4083:Martinique 4078:Guadeloupe 4012:Bourgogne- 3965:Clipperton 3801:government 3721:Government 3714:referendum 3637:carbon tax 3590:See also: 3533:Mont Blanc 3383:Luxembourg 3340:Mont Blanc 3281:Since the 2858:, and the 2821:Austerlitz 2787:, built a 2660:Its causes 2608:legitimacy 2546:New France 2504:The Fronde 2465:Louis XIII 2309:Old French 2264:Hugh Capet 2237:See also: 2133:lost power 2084:hereditary 1998:See also: 1951:barbarians 1832:Roman Gaul 1808:megalithic 1530:Late Latin 1513:Old French 1422:. It is a 1394:number of 1384:philosophy 1107:Luxembourg 891: 29.8 697:Population 523:Parliament 439:Government 427:Demonym(s) 393:Irreligion 250:– in 26509:Republics 26199:Louisiana 26194:Lithuania 26139:Argentina 26132:Observers 25981:Mauritius 25673:Observers 25559:Lithuania 25267:Elections 25219:2024–2025 25181:2023–2024 25143:Permanent 25031:Chapter V 24916:Indonesia 24876:Australia 24871:Argentina 24557:Lithuania 24278:Lithuania 24048:Gibraltar 24017:Palestine 23595:Australia 23481:Indonesia 23371:Australia 23093:Dependent 22941:Mauritius 22648:Venezuela 22593:Argentina 22576:Sovereign 22385:Greenland 22335:Venezuela 22238:Nicaragua 22213:Guatemala 21869:Gibraltar 21818:Dependent 21641:Lithuania 20988:Education 20942:Transport 20792:Judiciary 20753:Elections 20707:Mountains 20665:Geography 20411:Louis XIV 20201:Overviews 20093:France.fr 20031:at the EU 19713:0261-3077 19451:The Times 18895:. UNESCO. 18727:rfi Music 18549:30 August 18490:30 August 18466:1538-1617 18441:30 August 18390:30 August 18341:28 August 18174:163972746 17696:Le Figaro 17667:4 October 17626:4 October 17469:1 January 17331:6 January 17077:gesis.org 16756:0090-0036 16501:15 August 16470:22 August 16400:22 August 16152:27 August 15955:21 August 15604:"Funding" 15353:7 October 15229:8 January 15199:8 January 14986:Foucher. 14941:7 October 14606:28 August 14576:28 August 14473:28 August 13898:6 January 13862:L'express 13645:20 August 13504:Le Figaro 13309:"History" 13100:1 January 13074:27 August 13004:France 24 12801:27 August 12720:27 August 12472:2041-1723 12382:7 January 12352:20 August 12342:0013-0613 12167:20 August 11517:153591784 10785:161389883 10769:0080-4401 10755:: 69–88. 10014:"frank". 10007:"frank". 9458:Charles X 9452:The last 9095:Les Bleus 9085:Both the 8856:, awards 8812:provençal 8788:cassoulet 8784:olive oil 8704:L'Express 8689:Les Echos 8671:Le Figaro 8635:Sud Ouest 8615:Le Figaro 8589:Kering SA 8554:couturier 8541:Louis XIV 8391:Big Three 8385:from the 8299:Léo Ferré 8208:atonality 8117:works by 8097:works of 7903:Bluebeard 7645:favoured 7602:, or the 7396:Symbolism 7385:Academism 7238:HEC Paris 7192:In 1802, 7162:Education 7004:local law 6715:, namely 6670:Alemannic 6552:Occitania 6518:Grand Est 6488:1,031,953 6466:Grand Est 6454:1,393,764 6420:1,490,640 6416:Occitania 6386:1,521,660 6352:1,888,788 6343:Marseille 6318:2,308,818 6108:Marseille 6047:baby boom 5870:Lavoisier 5843:Louis XIV 5733:Marseille 5636:France's 5611:Transport 5503:on their 5464:(French: 5452:(French: 5186:Dirigisme 4933:laws and 4931:blasphemy 4884:civil law 4857:Louis XIV 4402:democracy 4343:CFP franc 4059:Provence- 4054:Occitania 4047:Auvergne- 4042:Aquitaine 4040:Nouvelle- 4007:Grand Est 3988:Hauts-de- 3856:) and an 3842:bicameral 3795:, is the 3783:, is the 3742:President 3552:Languedoc 3432:temperate 3363:North Sea 3316:Geography 3158:Pied-Noir 3147:Viet Minh 2825:Bonaparte 2811:declared 2752:Consulate 2748:Directory 2576:Louis XVI 2548:and most 2534:Code Noir 2516:courtiers 2500:Louis XIV 2488:Louis XIV 2434:Huguenots 2362:Aquitaine 2307:, making 2297:Holy Land 2286:commoners 2225:in 1066, 2219:feudalism 2186:with the 2135:to their 1970:Visigoths 1964:resumed. 1861:chieftain 1857:Marseille 1781:sedentary 1777:Neolithic 1567:francisca 1470:Etymology 1270:Louis XIV 1262:Huguenots 1258:Catholics 1224:. In the 1196:. In the 1184:known as 1155:North Sea 963:Time zone 953:CFP franc 920:very high 830:(nominal) 458:President 382:Christian 380:3% Other 356:Religion 26420:47°N 2°E 26385:Category 26341:TV5Monde 26265:Thailand 26234:Slovenia 26229:Slovakia 25896:Dominica 25891:Djibouti 25851:Cameroon 25846:Cambodia 25831:Bulgaria 25685:Holy See 25634:Slovenia 25629:Slovakia 25609:Portugal 25474:Bulgaria 25391:Congress 25320:Category 25247:Slovenia 25107:Missions 24786:See also 24597:Slovenia 24592:Slovakia 24582:Portugal 24480:Bulgaria 24318:Slovenia 24313:Slovakia 24303:Portugal 24208:Bulgaria 23974:Slovenia 23381:Kiribati 23271:Category 23189:Portugal 23041:Zimbabwe 23016:Tanzania 22866:Ethiopia 22861:Eswatini 22840:Djibouti 22805:Cameroon 22790:Botswana 22638:Suriname 22628:Paraguay 22613:Colombia 22458:Anguilla 22284:Colombia 22223:Honduras 22193:Dominica 22168:Barbados 22076:Category 22061:Holy See 22011:Scotland 21981:Svalbard 21966:of 1921) 21902:Guernsey 21897:Alderney 21787:Abkhazia 21721:Slovenia 21716:Slovakia 21691:Portugal 21551:Bulgaria 21231:47°N 2°E 21178:Category 21111:Language 21023:Religion 20968:Abortion 20922:Taxation 20819:Military 20780:Intersex 20770:Politics 20736:Politics 20538:Interwar 20233:Economic 20228:Language 20213:Timeline 20135:Archived 19992: · 19824:Archived 19742: – 19389:9 August 19281:Archived 19239:. London 19215:Archived 19178:Archived 19156:Archived 19102:Deloitte 18709:ローチケHMV 18668:AllMusic 18517:Archived 18512:Prospect 18359:Archived 18335:Archived 18306:cite web 18166:20061415 18128:Archived 18065:9 August 18061:. UNESCO 18043:9 August 17999:France!" 17951:Archived 17946: – 17855:Archived 17782:Archived 17760:Archived 17740:Archived 17712:Archived 17694: – 17688:Archived 17658:Archived 17620:Archived 17580:Archived 17553:Archived 17524:Archived 17463:Archived 17437:Archived 17349:Archived 17325:Archived 17287:Archived 17223:"France" 17087:24 April 17081:Archived 17059: – 17053:Archived 16972:Archived 16968:SudOuest 16945:Archived 16855:Archived 16828:Archived 16795:Archived 16793:. 2017. 16774:23327250 16706:Archived 16570:Archived 16566:ABC News 16540:Archived 16495:Archived 16464:Archived 16394:Archived 16293:25 April 16287:Archived 16252:Archived 16146:Archived 16120:Archived 16095:archived 16037:Archived 16011:Archived 15949:Archived 15867:Archived 15837:Archived 15807:Archived 15760:Archived 15734:Archived 15707:Archived 15688:17584595 15618:26 March 15612:Archived 15534:Archived 15507:Archived 15476:Archived 15407:Archived 15293:Archived 15285:"France" 15258:Archived 15254:Statista 15223:Archived 15215:"France" 15167:Archived 15137:Archived 15110:Eurostat 15102:Archived 15078:Archived 15048:Archived 15022:Archived 14996:Archived 14861:Archived 14827:Archived 14823:Statista 14797:Archived 14745:Archived 14685:Archived 14651:Archived 14624:Archived 14600:Archived 14570:Archived 14537:Archived 14508:Archived 14467:Archived 14443:18 March 14437:Archived 14407:Archived 14384:Archived 14345:Archived 14317:Archived 14293:Archived 14268:Archived 14186:Archived 14159:Archived 14155:PinkNews 14085:Archived 14059:Archived 14013:Archived 13971:Archived 13952:Archived 13927:Archived 13892:Archived 13815:Archived 13785:Archived 13764:Archived 13742:Archived 13692:Archived 13665:Archived 13663:. OECD. 13639:Archived 13615:9 August 13565:Archived 13561:Le Monde 13534:Archived 13508:Archived 13433:Archived 13407:Archived 13357:Archived 13287:Archived 13068:Archived 13038:Archived 13034:Politico 13008:Archived 12978:Archived 12974:France24 12955:Archived 12855:Archived 12851:Politico 12825:Archived 12777:Archived 12714:Archived 12512:Archived 12508:Parks.it 12490:33293507 12424:Archived 12346:Archived 12308:Archived 12277:Archived 12223:. London 12117:Archived 11987:9 August 11981:Archived 11914:Archived 11884:Archived 11854:Archived 11830:Archived 11800:Archived 11599:Archived 11464:Archived 11440:Archived 11412:(French) 11402:cite web 11349:"France" 11334:Archived 11269:Archived 11243:Archived 11161:Archived 11044:Archived 11018:Archived 10957:Archived 10903:Archived 10864:Archived 10826:(2003). 10801:(1987). 10729:(1959). 10680:Archived 10662:(2008). 10631:Archived 10627:2874232M 10519:"France" 10337:Archived 10227:19 April 10221:Archived 10085:59830199 10044:Archived 9959:Archived 9838:13 March 9829:Archived 9796:Archived 9792:Eurostat 9768:16 April 9725:Archived 9695:Archived 9595:Archived 9548:Archived 9516:Archived 9288:glaciers 9212:French: 9134:See also 9089:and the 9060:Grenoble 9052:Chamonix 9032:Lausanne 8988:include 8976:and the 8920:pétanque 8904:football 8815:tapenade 8808:Burgundy 8710:Le Point 8677:L'Équipe 8665:Le Monde 8577:Deloitte 8566:Givenchy 8546:couture 8347:Superbus 8113:and the 8087:Voltaire 8062:Humanism 8005:Stendhal 7821:and the 7768:Romantic 7438:artists 7375:such as 7369:Napoleon 7304:movement 7194:Napoleon 7032:Buddhism 6955:Religion 6921:Corsican 6913:Alsatian 6831:Language 6813:Maghrebi 6674:Ligurian 6646:Germanic 6606:456,452 6586:Brittany 6572:478,105 6568:Normandy 6538:500,562 6504:508,699 6470:508,793 6445:Bordeaux 6436:522,597 6411:Toulouse 6402:581,948 6368:626,218 6334:709,065 6330:Normandy 6300:722,904 6291:Grenoble 6120:Bordeaux 6116:Toulouse 5959:HIV AIDS 5821:, while 5779:Ariane 5 5721:airports 5678:road tax 5654:Eurostar 5507:, or to 5501:pilgrims 5466:châteaux 5338:in 1979. 5255:farmland 5230:to form 5224:Euronext 5157:eurozone 5138:services 5121:leading 4998:abortion 4841:case law 4811:Dassault 4550:Military 4454:Interpol 4265:communes 4226:overseas 4199:Ligurian 4169:Suriname 4035:Brittany 4030:la Loire 4028:Pays de 4014:Franche- 3995:Normandy 3694:Politics 3626:Columbia 3576:Dordogne 3572:Camargue 3513:Ardennes 3455:Pyrenees 3336:Chamonix 3252:eurozone 3233:Gaullist 3228:May 1968 3214:cordial 3212:restored 3192:Cold War 3096:system. 2781:Napoleon 2760:Napoleon 2742:, which 2692:, and a 2562:Lorraine 2542:Louis XV 2446:Henry IV 2350:Pyrenees 2346:Touraine 2293:Crusades 2282:nobility 2250:led the 2122:Soissons 2076:elective 2053:Germanic 2037:Clovis I 2026:Brittany 2022:Armorica 1966:Teutonic 1939:Lugdunum 1931:Augustus 1919:Provence 1905:anywhere 1895:Nemausus 1893:city of 1876:ransomed 1853:Massalia 1758:Pyrenees 1754:Dordogne 1690:such as 1534:Frankish 1458:(NATO), 1448:eurozone 1446:and the 1436:founding 1388:It hosts 1256:between 1252:and the 1178:Iron Age 1153:and the 1089:and the 1069:include 932:Currency 681:Cadastre 443:Unitary 405:Buddhism 26355:Related 26304:Culture 26249:Uruguay 26244:Ukraine 26219:Ontario 26179:Ireland 26174:Hungary 26169:Georgia 26154:Croatia 26144:Austria 26061:Vietnam 26056:Vanuatu 26051:Tunisia 26031:Senegal 26011:Romania 25996:Morocco 25986:Moldova 25951:Lebanon 25876:Comoros 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