Republic - Knowledge

6960: 1010: 1705: 3503: 1774: 2018: 2334: 2327: 2320: 2313: 2306: 2620: 3594: 2032: 2049: 1507: 1878:. In those areas that held elections, property qualifications or guild membership limited both who could vote and who could run. In many states no direct elections were held and council members were hereditary or appointed by the existing council. This left the great majority of the population without political power, and riots and revolts by the lower classes were common. The late Middle Ages saw more than 200 such risings in the towns of the Holy Roman Empire. Similar revolts occurred in Italy, notably the 3606:

and prohibited to the states. The founders of the country intended most domestic laws to be handled by the states. Requiring the states to be a republic in form was seen as protecting the citizens' rights and preventing a state from becoming a dictatorship or monarchy, and reflected unwillingness on the part of the original 13 states (all independent republics) to unite with other states that were not republics. Additionally, this requirement ensured that only other republics could join the union.

2695: 2498: 7152: 2445: 4985: 854: 2983: 1259: 3442: 7166: 3564: 7140: 7128: 5035:'s definition of the republic was "the rightly ordered government of a number of families, and of those things which are their common concern, by a sovereign power." Oligarchies and monarchies could also be included as they were also organised toward 'public' shared interests. In medieval texts, 'republic' was used to refer to the body of shared interest with the king at its head. For instance, the 2706:, most of the remaining European colonies gained their independence, and most became republics. The two largest colonial powers were France and the United Kingdom. Republican France encouraged the establishment of republics in its former colonies. The United Kingdom attempted to follow the model it had for its earlier settler colonies of creating independent 5179:'s dictionary of 1828. It was a novel meaning to the term; representative democracy was not an idea mentioned by Machiavelli and did not exist in the classical republics. There is also evidence that contemporaries of Madison considered the meaning of "republic" to reflect the broader definition found elsewhere, as is the case with a quotation of 1548:(chief), and a deliberative assembly. The assembly met regularly. It discussed all major state decisions. At least in some states, attendance was open to all free men. This body also had full financial, administrative, and judicial authority. Other officers, who rarely receive any mention, obeyed the decisions of the assembly. Elected by the 3314:, presidents are elected, either directly by the people or indirectly by a parliament or council. Typically in presidential and semi-presidential systems the president is directly elected by the people or is indirectly elected as done in the United States. In that country, the president is officially elected by an 5306:

A state in which power rests with the people or their representatives; specifically a state without a monarchy. Also: a government, or system of government, of such a state; a period of government of this type. The term is often (especially in the 18th and 19th centuries) taken to imply a state with

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Beyond these basic definitions, the word republic has a number of other connotations. W. Paul Adams observes that republic is most often used in the United States as a synonym for "state" or "government," but with more positive connotations than either of those terms. Republicanism is often referred

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upon the president and gives the office much of its political power. However, this concept of legitimacy differs from that expressed in the United States Constitution which established the legitimacy of the United States president as resulting from the signing of the Constitution by nine states. The

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States of the United States are required, like the federal government, to be republican in form, with final authority resting with the people. This was required because the states were intended to create and enforce most domestic laws, with the exception of areas delegated to the federal government

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has been used interchangeably with the term republic by some, others have made sharp distinctions between the two for millennia. "Montesquieu, founder of the modern constitutional state, repeated in his The Spirit of the Laws of 1748 the insight that Aristotle had expressed two millennia earlier,

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Calvinism played an important role in the republican revolts in England and the Netherlands. Like the city-states of Italy and the Hanseatic League, both were important trading centres, with a large merchant class prospering from the trade with the New World. Large parts of the population of both

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Italy was the most densely populated area of Europe, and also one with the weakest central government. Many of the towns thus gained considerable independence and adopted commune forms of government. Completely free of feudal control, the Italian city-states expanded, gaining control of the rural

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Scholars differ over how best to describe these governments, and the vague, sporadic quality of the evidence allows for wide disagreements. Some emphasize the central role of the assemblies and thus tout them as democracies; other scholars focus on the upper-class domination of the leadership and

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was a federal entity composed of six republics (Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia). Each republic had its parliament, government, institute of citizenship, constitution, etc., but certain functions were delegated to the federation

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None of these states are typically referred to as republics. The current usage of the republic in Muslim countries is borrowed from the Western meaning, adopted into the language in the late 19th century. The 20th century saw republicanism become an important idea in much of the Middle East, as

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However, the term republic is not synonymous with the republican form. The republican form is defined as one in which the powers of sovereignty are vested in the people and are exercised by the people, either directly, or through representatives chosen by the people, to whom those powers are

3318:, chosen by the States. All U.S. States have chosen electors by popular election since 1832. The indirect election of the president through the electoral college conforms to the concept of the republic as one with a system of indirect election. In the opinion of some, direct election confers 3355:

of the former British Empire and Western Europe today have almost all real political power vested in the elected representatives, with the monarchs only holding either theoretical powers, no powers or rarely used reserve powers. Real legitimacy for political decisions comes from the elected

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There are also self-proclaimed republics that act similarly to absolute monarchies with absolute power vested in the leader and passed down from father to son. North Korea and Syria are two notable examples where a son has inherited political control. Neither of these states are officially

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as a descriptive term for states that were not monarchies. These writers, such as Machiavelli, also wrote important prescriptive works describing how such governments should function. These ideas of how a government and society should be structured is the basis for an ideology known as

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The Holy Bible Containing the Old and New Testaments: The Text Printed from the Most Correct Copies of the Present Authorized Translation Including the Marginal Readings and Parallel Texts with a Commentary and Critical Notes Designed as a Help to a Better Understanding of the Sacred

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a democratic or representative constitution and without a hereditary nobility, but more recently it has also been used of autocratic or dictatorial states not ruled by a monarch. It is now chiefly used to denote any non-monarchical state headed by an elected or appointed president.

3327:, whose actual result was manifest in the clause that provides voters in smaller states with more representation in presidential selection than those in large states; for example citizens of Wyoming in 2016 had 3.6 times as much electoral vote representation as citizens of 1387:

is not commonly used to refer to pre-classical city-states, especially if outside Europe and the area which was under Graeco-Roman influence. However some early states outside Europe had governments that are sometimes today considered similar to republics.

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has argued that a distinct republican tradition stretches from the classical world to the present. Other scholars disagree. Paul Rahe, for instance, argues that the classical republics had a form of government with few links to those in any modern country.

2132:(1755–1769) and described his ideal political structure of small, self-governing communes. Montesquieu felt that a city-state should ideally be a republic, but maintained that a limited monarchy was better suited to a state with a larger territory. 3334:

In states with a parliamentary system, the president is usually elected by the parliament. This indirect election subordinates the president to the parliament, and also gives the president limited legitimacy and turns most presidential powers into

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had, courtesy of geography, also been largely excluded from central control. Unlike Italy and Germany, much of the rural area was thus not controlled by feudal barons, but by independent farmers who also used communal forms of government. When the

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Representation in a republic may or may not be freely elected by the general citizenry. In many historical republics, representation has been based on personal status and the role of elections has been limited. This remains true today; among the

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states after the American Revolution, each having a republican form of government. These independent states initially formed a loose confederation called the United States and then later formed the current United States by ratifying the current

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Les nouveaux cantons de la Suisse latine choisirent le titre de république, qui soulignait leur indépendance, alors que "canton" met l'accent sur l'appartenance à la Confédération; Genève, Neuchâtel et le Tessin l'ont conservé jusqu'à nos

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The rules for appointing the president and the leader of the government, in some republics permit the appointment of a president and a prime minister who have opposing political convictions: in France, when the members of the ruling

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means 'assembly'—which may have existed as early as the 6th century BC and persisted in some areas until the 4th century AD in India. The evidence for this is scattered, however, and no pure historical source exists for that period.

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the leaders of the revolt firmly rejected the monarchy and embraced republicanism. The leaders of the revolution were well-versed in the writings of the French liberal thinkers, and also in the history of the classical republics.

6485:[The new cantons of Latin Switzerland chose the title of republic, which underlined their independence, while "canton" emphasizes membership of the Confederation; Geneva, Neuchâtel and Ticino have kept it to this day.] 3402:

under the age of 80. While rare today, elective monarchs were common in the past. The Holy Roman Empire is an important example, where each new emperor was chosen by a group of electors. Islamic states also rarely employed

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overthrew a number of monarchs and installed republics. Several monarchies remain, and the Middle East is the only part of the world where several large states are ruled by monarchs with almost complete political control.

5194:, but it does appear in Article IV of the Constitution, which "guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican form of Government." What exactly the writers of the constitution felt this should mean is uncertain. The 3418:, had developed as a method for powerful landowners to control the crown. The proponents of this system looked to classical examples, and the writings of the Italian Renaissance, and called their elective monarchy a 2275:, both the main instigator of the revolts and one of its most important theorists, was sympathetic to liberal ideals but felt that Latin America lacked the social cohesion for such a system to function and advocated 1282:. While the structure and governance of these states was different from that of any modern republic, there is debate about the extent to which classical, medieval, and modern republics form a historical continuum. 3356:

representatives and is derived from the will of the people. While hereditary monarchies remain in place, political power is derived from the people as in a republic. These states are thus sometimes referred to as

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replaced the limited and decentralized monarchies that had existed in most of the Middle Ages. It also saw a reaction against the total control of the monarch as a series of writers created the ideology known as

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praised republics, and looked on the city-states of Greece as a model. However, both also felt that a state like France, with 20 million people, would be impossible to govern as a republic. Rousseau admired the

1751:. Each were large trading ports, and further expanded by using naval power to control large parts of the Mediterranean. It was in Italy that an ideology advocating for republics first developed. Writers such as 1726:

In Europe new republics appeared in the late Middle Ages when a number of small states embraced republican systems of government. These were generally small, but wealthy, trading states, like the Mediterranean

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in 1000, where the Althing decreed that all Icelanders must be baptized into Christianity, and forbade celebration of pagan rituals. Contrary to most states, the Icelandic Commonwealth had no official leader.

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as the Byzantines did not regard monarchy as a contradiction to republicanism. Instead, republics were defined as any state based on popular sovereignty and whose institutions were based on shared values.

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most power was held locally and many adopted republican forms of government. The same rights to imperial immediacy were secured by the major trading cities of Switzerland. The towns and villages of alpine

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who in 1975 argued that a series of scholars had expressed a consistent set of republican ideals. These writers included Machiavelli, Milton, Montesquieu and the founders of the United States of America.

1048:(or similar terms in various European languages). The term can literally be translated as 'public matter'. It was used by Roman writers to refer to the state and government, even during the period of the 6853:

GOVERNMENT (Republican Form of Government) – One in which the powers of sovereignty are vested in the people and are exercised by the people ... directly ... Black's Law Dictionary, Sixth Edition, p. 695

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was a combination of parliament and supreme court where disputes appealed from lower courts were settled, laws were decided, and decisions of national importance were taken. One such example was the

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dominated by the rural land owners, and across Europe began to advocate for their own privileges and powers. The more centralized states, such as France and England, granted limited city charters.

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Samuel has the distinction of being the first self-conscious republican in his society of whom we have nearly contemporary written record and of whose actual existence we can be reasonably sure.

2147:, the monarch's branding of those requesting redress as traitors, and his support for sending combat troops to demonstrate authority resulted in widespread perception of the British monarchy as 1908:

did not call for the abolition of monarchy, but he advanced the doctrine that the faithful had the duty to overthrow irreligious monarchs. Advocacy for republics appeared in the writings of the

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can be considered to have a republican form of government, with constitutions, legislatures, executives and courts; many of them being originally sovereign states. As a consequence, several

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in 1873–74, but the monarchy was soon restored. By the start of the 20th century France, Switzerland and San Marino remained the only republics in Europe. This changed when, after the 1908

3199:. Originally used to refer to the presiding officer of a committee or governing body in Great Britain the usage was also applied to political leaders, including the leaders of some of the 3026: 941:

in their official names as of 2017, and other states formally constituted as republics, are states that narrowly constrain both the right of representation and the process of election.

7061: 1499:'s invasion of India (now Pakistan and northwest India) mentions, without offering any detail, that independent and democratic states existed in India. Modern scholars note the word 1290:

The political philosophy of the classical republics has influenced republican thought throughout the subsequent centuries. Philosophers and politicians advocating republics, such as

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allowed the states of Latin America to gain their independence. Liberal ideology had only a limited impact on these new republics. The main impetus was the local European-descended

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began to argue that republicanism was just as, or even more important than liberalism in the creation of the United States. This issue is still much disputed and scholars like

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ideology. Communism was wholly opposed to monarchy and became an important element of many republican movements during the 20th century. The Russian Revolution spread into

2901:) maintained the principles of an elected ruler, later states became hereditary or military dictatorships though many maintained some pretence of a consultative shura. 5443: 5226:

to as the founding ideology of the United States. Traditionally scholars believed this American republicanism was a derivation of the classical liberal ideologies of

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Pocock argued that this was an ideology with a history and principles distinct from liberalism. These ideas were embraced by a number of different writers, including

5087:, who said of the new French Republic, "What use is it to us, that we have broken the aristocracy of the nobles, if that is replaced by the aristocracy of the rich?" 5031:

Before the 17th Century, the term 'republic' could be used to refer to states of any form of government as long as it was not a tyrannical regime. French philosopher

1611:, existed as early as the 6th century BC and persisted in some areas until the 4th century AD. The most famous clan amongst the ruling confederate clans of the Vajji 2534:

Republican ideas were spreading, especially in Asia. The United States began to have considerable influence in East Asia in the later part of the 19th century, with

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cantons are still officially referred to as republics, reflecting their history and will of independence within the Swiss Confederation. Notable examples are the

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The persons called Judges were the heads or chiefs of the Israelites who governed the Hebrew Republic from the days of Moses and Joshua, till the time of Saul.

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lasted until 1889. In many other Latin American states various forms of autocratic republic existed until most were liberalized at the end of the 20th century.

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of Italy, as their unitary symbol to be used in the electoral campaign and on the referendum ballot on the institutional form of the State, in contrast to the

1631:. Despite the assembly's obvious power, it has not yet been established whether the composition and participation were truly popular. This is reflected in the 3230:. There are a number of forms of presidential government. A full-presidential system has a president with substantial authority and a central political role. 2664:, which represented the monarchy. On June 2, 1946 the republican side won 54.3% of the vote and Italy officially became a republic, a day celebrated since as 3518:

as for the state to be ruled by the people it cannot be controlled by a foreign power. There are important exceptions to this, for example, republics in the

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were the sixteen most powerful and vast kingdoms and republics of the era; there were also a number of smaller kingdoms stretching the length and breadth of

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during the 19th century, and a number of protest movements developed calling for constitutional monarchy. The most important leader of these efforts was

882: 1646:, which includes injunctions on manipulating the noble leaders, yet it does not mention how to influence the mass of the citizens, indicating that the 1270:

The modern type of republic itself is different from any type of state found in the classical world. Nevertheless, there are a number of states of the

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have a president as an active head of state with important powers, but they also have a prime minister as a head of government with important powers.

6789:"SEARCHING -word- for [republic] :: Search the 1828 Noah Webster's Dictionary of the English Language (FREE) :: 1828.mshaffer.com" 6600: 6440: 6043:"Latin American Republicanism" New Dictionary of the History of Ideas. Ed. Maryanne Cline Horowitz. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2005. 5013: 3536:

It is sometimes argued that the former Soviet Union was also a supra-national republic, based on the claim that the member states were different

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over the colonies, not of the monarchy. The failure of the British monarch to protect the colonies from what they considered the infringement of

1739:, Europe was divided with those states controlled by a landed elite being monarchies and those controlled by a commercial elite being republics. 1503:

at the time of the 3rd century BC and later suffered from degradation and could mean any autonomous state, no matter how aristocratic in nature.

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has been cited as one of the earliest known examples of a republic, in which the people, rather than a monarch, are described as sovereign. The

3059:: Executive president is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature 1696:") in 1262. This effectively brought the Commonwealth to an end. The Althing, however, is still Iceland's parliament, almost 800 years later. 2186: 3339:

that can only be exercised under rare circumstances. There are exceptions where elected presidents have only ceremonial powers, such as in

6409: 1371:. The Roman Republic expanded dramatically, conquering the other states of the Mediterranean that could be considered republics, such as 6959: 6065: 5191: 3374:

where ultimate power is vested in a monarch, but the monarch is chosen by some manner of election. A current example of such a state is

3292:, the head of state is not a single person but a committee (council) of several persons holding that office. The Roman Republic had two 1841:—also adopted republican forms of government in 12th and 13th centuries, respectively, which ended when the republics were conquered by 2538:

missionaries playing a central role. The liberal and republican writers of the West also exerted influence. These combined with native

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included republican communities such as the community of Rajakumara. Villages had their own assemblies under their local chiefs called

7184: 6456:. "The Identity of the Bourgeois Liberal Republic". The Invention of the Modern Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. 1991:

was short-lived, and the monarchy was soon restored. The Dutch Republic continued in name until 1795, but by the mid-18th century the

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and overthrew its theocratic monarchy in 1924. In the aftermath of the Second World War, the communists gradually gained control of

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Across Europe a wealthy merchant class developed in the important trading cities. Despite their wealth they had little power in the

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for the Icelanders to rejoin the Norwegian "family", led the Icelandic chieftains to accept Haakon IV as king by the signing of the

7057: 5936: 5153:. These subsequent writers have further explored the history of the idea, and also outlined how a modern republic should function. 3544: 2817: 2727: 1932:

rule. However, the country did not adopt the republican form of government immediately: in the formal declaration of independence (

1684:, the Commonwealth began to suffer from long conflicts between warring clans. This, combined with pressure from the Norwegian king 313: 2542:

inspired political philosophy that had long argued that the populace had the right to reject unjust governments that had lost the

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can also be used in a general way to refer to any regime, or to refer specifically to governments which work for the public good.

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monarchies. There is no constitutional requirement that power be passed down within one family, but it has occurred in practice.

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where the power of the monarch is also greatly circumscribed. In parliamentary systems the head of government, most often titled

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Britain followed a different model in the Middle East; it installed local monarchies in several colonies and mandates including

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Over time, the classical republics became empires or were conquered by empires. Most of the Greek republics were annexed to the

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had notably written a book on republics throughout history. In addition, the widely distributed and popularly read-aloud tract

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to decide whether Italy should remain a monarchy or become a republic. The supporters of the republic chose the effigy of the

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be named after at least one million people of the ethnic group which should make up the majority population of said republic.

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In other states the legislature is dominant and the presidential role is almost purely ceremonial and apolitical, such as in

3208: 2647: 2624: 5399: 6907: 6470: 4794: 2236:". Throughout the Napoleonic period, the victors extinguished many of the oldest republics on the continent, including the 4711: 6221: 5167:

A distinct set of definitions of the term "republic" evolved in the United States, where the term is often equated with "

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there was already a long history of city states with a wide variety of constitutions, not only in Greece but also in the

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While the classical writers had been the primary ideological source for the republics of Italy, in Northern Europe, the

1563:. The chief coordinated his activities with the assembly; in some states, he did so with a council of other nobles. The 5195: 5162: 4881: 4691: 4151: 3411: 961: 868: 3203:(originally Virginia in 1608); in full, the "President of the Council". The first republic to adopt the title was the 2580:(1922) were all replaced by republics. New states gained independence during this turmoil, and many of these, such as 1204:

commonly means a system of government which derives its power from the people rather than from another basis, such as

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became some of the first writers to argue for rejecting monarchy and embracing a republican form of government. The

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theology, which developed in the Swiss Confederacy, one of the largest and most powerful of the medieval republics.

6143: 5118:. This ideology is based on the Roman Republic and the city states of Ancient Greece and focuses on ideals such as 4839: 4510: 2474:

was established in 1870 when a civil revolutionary committee refused to accept Napoleon III's surrender during the

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entities that are referred to as republics, or that have governments that are described as republican in nature.

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Hutchins, Thomas; Washington, George; Paine, Thomas; Jefferson, Thomas; Adams, John; Fadden, Will (2008-04-12).

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be on the periphery of the Soviet Union so as to be able to take advantage of their theoretical right to secede;

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Communism also intermingled with other ideologies. It was embraced by many national liberation movements during

2263:—governors sent from overseas. The majority of the population in most of Latin America was of either African or 1999:

monarch. Calvinists were also some of the earliest settlers of the British and Dutch colonies of North America.

4999: 3845: 3467: 3319: 3212: 3166: 2789: 2524: 2173:, succinctly and eloquently laid out the case for republican ideals and independence to the larger public. The 2070:! death to the king / Republic Republic the People. Brunkeberg this evening". The writer's identity is unknown. 1146:

caused writers to prefer classical terminology. To describe non-monarchical states, writers (most importantly,

560: 515: 7170: 4766: 1107:: "When the citizens at large govern for the public good, it is called by the name common to all governments ( 6574: 5650: 5171:." This narrower understanding of the term was originally developed by James Madison and notably employed in 4136: 2675: 2639: 1637:, an ancient handbook for monarchs on how to rule efficiently. It contains a chapter on how to deal with the 386: 4746: 1773: 4961: 4924: 4844: 4804: 4706: 4701: 3192: 2881:

Islamic political philosophy has a long history of opposition to absolute monarchy, notably in the work of

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Speech of U.S. Senator against the Mexican–American War characterizing it as imperialist and presidential.

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tried to reassert control over the region both rural farmers and town merchants joined the rebellion. The

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Republicanism and Bourgeois Radicalism: Political Ideology in Late Eighteenth-Century England and America

5214: 4696: 3553: 3069:: Head of government (president or directory) is elected by the legislature, but is not accountable to it 2905:

monarchies were removed in many states of the region. Iraq became a secular state. Some nations, such as

2140: 1960:, the representative assembly at the time) decided to vest the sovereignty of the country in themselves. 1673: 580: 95: 6688:

McCormick, John P. "Machiavelli against Republicanism: On the Cambridge School's 'Guicciardinian Moments

1142:, a free people. The terminology changed in the 15th century as the renewed interest in the writings of 42: 7144: 6410:"Voters In Wyoming Have 3.6 Times The Voting Power That I Have. It's Time To End The Electoral College" 5133:

is one of the main theses of the Cambridge School of historical analysis. This grew out of the work of

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with a destroyed economy, a divided society, and anger against the monarchy for its endorsement of the

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of all free citizens, possessing the power to elect magistrates from the populace and pass laws; and a

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still linked under the same monarch. While most of the settler colonies and the smaller states in the

7132: 6168: 5218:(1875), the court ruled that the "equal rights of citizens" were inherent to the idea of a republic. 4809: 4776: 4676: 4671: 4341: 3958: 3463: 3352: 3274: 2554: 2491: 2487: 2213: 2062:

he is not fit to be a king: Long live the Republic! The Reform! down with the Royal house, long live

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The dominant form of government for these early republics was control by a limited council of elite

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has a set of interrelated meanings in the original Latin. In subsequent centuries, the English word

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regularly used the term crowned republic to describe the United Kingdom, for instance in his work

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Terms such as "liberal republic" are also used to describe all of the modern liberal democracies.

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had an elective monarchy, with a wide suffrage of some 500,000 nobles. The system, known as the

3124:: Committee of military leaders controls the government; constitutional provisions are suspended 2792:

was established in its place on the lines of a liberal republic, but this was overthrown by the

1306:, relied heavily on classical Greek and Roman sources which described various types of regimes. 7208: 6081: 5212:" in which it would not intervene. In two later cases, it did establish a basic definition. In 5080: 5071:'Voting by lot is in the nature of democracy; voting by choice is in the nature of aristocracy. 4869: 4854: 4386: 4321: 3870: 3860: 3797: 3575: 3399: 3324: 3281: 3250: 3131: 3081: 3016: 2666: 2585: 2479: 2463: 2455: 2267:

descent, and the Creole elite had little interest in giving these groups power and broad-based

2217: 1945: 1941: 1897: 1693: 824: 391: 6524: 6497: 6077: 5842: 5646: 3983: 1735:, in which the merchant class had risen to prominence. Knud Haakonssen has noted that, by the 1291: 7080:

J. G. A. Pocock, "Between Gog and Magog: The Republican Thesis and the Ideologia Americana",

6435: 5888: 5718: 5076: 4914: 4736: 4550: 4431: 4043: 4023: 3933: 3777: 3659: 3379: 2828:, ensuring that the states were reestablished as socialist republics rather than monarchies. 2671: 2471: 2225: 2120: 1842: 1830:

was proclaimed, and Switzerland has retained a republican form of government to the present.

1763:, and Leonardo Bruni saw the medieval city-states as heirs to the legacy of Greece and Rome. 1444: 1396: 1209: 819: 682: 279: 7075:

The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition

6825:"1593. Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790). Respectfully Quoted: A Dictionary of Quotations. 1989" 6707:

The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition

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The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition

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was the leader of the original congress. When the new constitution was written the title of

2248:. They were eventually transformed into monarchies or absorbed into neighboring monarchies. 1163:

used the term to describe the states of Northern Italy, which were not monarchies, the term

7180: 6097: 6093: 6069: 4899: 4641: 4580: 3943: 3865: 3772: 3739: 3626:

that was a republic. Any state joining the union later was also required to be a republic.

3614: 3383: 3270: 3254: 2995: 2953:

is a way to highlight an emphasis on the separation of powers in a given republic, as with

2946: 2801: 2775: 2283: 2144: 2094: 2037: 1988: 1972: 1752: 1681: 1314: 1103: 1081: 6224:(recognised only by Turkey) and all other unrecognised states are excluded from the count. 5771: 5175:. This meaning was widely adopted early in the history of the United States, including in 2333: 2326: 2319: 2312: 2305: 8: 7181:"From State to Freestate: The Meaning of the Word Republic from Jean Bodin to John Adams" 6089: 6073: 5061: 4874: 4819: 4741: 4651: 4540: 4053: 3835: 3825: 3820: 3709: 3507: 3340: 3246: 3227: 3032: 2683: 2643: 2550: 2516: 2475: 2268: 2209: 2136: 2078: 2055: 2017: 1736: 1713: 1685: 1496: 1368: 743: 652: 609: 396: 161: 6466: 3323:

idea that direct election is required for legitimacy also contradicts the spirit of the

2619: 6594: 6453: 6317: 6205: 6201: 6193: 6156: 5512: 5404: 5265: 5255: 5209: 4955: 4929: 4771: 4761: 4731: 4686: 4631: 4617: 4480: 4421: 4196: 4111: 3830: 3549: 3391: 3298: 3223: 3037:

Head of government (president) is popularly elected and independent of the legislature

2918: 2898: 2836: 2785: 2707: 2642:. These frustrations contributed to a revival of the Italian republican movement. King 2272: 2237: 2205: 1949: 1937: 1809: 1805: 1793: 1789: 1760: 1744: 1728: 1719: 1623:. Their administrations were divided into executive, judicial, and military functions. 1616: 1592: 1466: 1460: 1253: 381: 166: 141: 6575:

Giuliano Amato, Enzo Moavero-Milanesi, Gianfranco Pasquino, Lucrezia Reichlin (2019).

5346: 5319: 944:

The term developed its modern meaning in reference to the constitution of the ancient

7213: 7116:(The Making of Modern Freedom series), Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1994. 6723: 6619: 6580: 6555: 6530: 6503: 6275: 6213: 6176: 6139: 5848: 5722: 5711: 5654: 5619: 5594: 5260: 5180: 5172: 5130: 5036: 4966: 4939: 4716: 4656: 4636: 4520: 4291: 4201: 3953: 3850: 3638: 3579: 3371: 3200: 3101: 2958: 2942: 2926: 2856: 2609: 2543: 2241: 2201: 2129: 2105:

had discredited republicanism, and most thinkers felt that republics ended in either

2082: 2059: 1964: 1933: 1860: 1846: 1834: 1827: 1801: 1748: 1392: 1364: 988: 814: 535: 366: 318: 146: 79: 4236: 3694: 2448: 7176: 6788: 6665: 6131: 6021:. By Martin van Gelderen and Quentin Skinner. Cambridge University Press, 2002 p. 1 5706: 5270: 5200: 5044: 4949: 4909: 4626: 4460: 4366: 4266: 4251: 4161: 4091: 3998: 3993: 3968: 3875: 3855: 3840: 3699: 3593: 3583: 3357: 3216: 2922: 2876: 2635: 2295: 2233: 2178: 2102: 2031: 1732: 1584: 1564: 1559: 1531: 1448: 1335: 1275: 1221: 1182: 1135: 1127: 1071:, and it does not necessarily imply any specific type of regime as the modern word 973: 647: 570: 540: 414: 156: 136: 7156: 7017:

Regicide and Republicanism: Politics and Ethics in the English Republic, 1646–1649

4281: 4191: 3273:

and the president come from opposing political factions, this situation is called

1900:

would be used as justification for establishing new republics. Most important was

7188: 7100:

Republics Ancient and Modern: Classical Republicanism and the American Revolution

6969: 6672: 6378:

Governments of the World: A Global Guide to Citizens' Rights and Responsibilities

5678: 5640: 5142: 5134: 5084: 4989: 4681: 4666: 4306: 4186: 4146: 4121: 4101: 4048: 4033: 3885: 3880: 3749: 3744: 3734: 3689: 3664: 3623: 3111: 3000:

Head of government is elected or nominated by and accountable to the legislature

2779: 2613: 2483: 2252: 2229: 2054:

A revolutionary Republican hand-written bill from the Stockholm riots during the

1980: 1756: 1665: 1440: 1436: 1283: 1186: 984: 858: 831: 687: 677: 474: 371: 6526:

Politics and History in the Tenth Century: The Work and World of Richer of Reims

6332:

Anderson, Lisa. "Absolutism and the Resilience of Monarchy in the Middle East."

4086: 3913: 3407:, instead relying on various forms of election to choose a monarch's successor. 2549:

During this period, two short-lived republics were proclaimed in East Asia; the

2208:

removed most of the remaining sympathy for the king was a republic declared and

2048: 6114: 6110: 6057: 6053: 5238: 5234: 5115: 4919: 4646: 4612: 4411: 4401: 4356: 4316: 4311: 4256: 4246: 4241: 4226: 4156: 4141: 4126: 4116: 4028: 3928: 3918: 3908: 3568: 3420: 3415: 3258: 3121: 2859:

led to the end of monarchy and the proclamation of republics in states such as

2848: 2832: 2661: 2652: 2593: 2581: 2577: 2565: 2287: 2245: 2194: 1929: 1925: 1838: 1604: 1588: 1279: 1263: 1225: 1147: 1123: 1021: 977: 945: 910: 836: 767: 672: 505: 419: 6616:

Ethnography After Antiquity: Foreign Lands and Peoples in Byzantine Literature

4211: 1407:

coast starting from the 11th century BC. In ancient Phoenicia, the concept of

62:

This article is about the form of government. For the political ideology, see

7202: 7045:

James Hankins, "Exclusivist Republicanism and the Non-Monarchical Republic",

6740: 6380:. Ed. C. Neal Tate. Vol. 4. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2006. pp. 7–11. 6345: 6295: 6180: 5838: 5717:(2 ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press (published 2000). p. 5184: 5150: 5146: 5096: 4756: 4590: 4560: 4470: 4376: 4371: 4346: 4326: 4166: 4038: 4013: 3988: 3973: 3963: 3948: 3903: 3669: 3645: 3404: 3336: 3204: 3196: 3046: 2569: 2182: 1879: 1668:. The Commonwealth consisted of a number of clans run by chieftains, and the 1612: 1580: 1527: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1443:

has also been considered a type of republic. The system of government of the

1420: 1356: 1303: 1271: 723: 618: 520: 510: 351: 63: 2718:

retained this system, it was rejected by the newly independent countries in

2682:

forces that contributed to the defeat of Nazi and Fascist forces during the

6209: 6172: 6164: 6127: 5466:

Rubinstein, Nicolai. "Machiavelli and Florentine Republican Experience" in

5176: 5119: 4426: 4406: 4391: 4351: 4336: 4296: 4231: 4216: 4106: 4008: 3674: 3537: 3522:

were member states which had to meet three criteria to be named republics:

3519: 3387: 3351:

The distinction between a republic and a monarchy is not always clear. The

2938: 2703: 2679: 2631: 2497: 2467: 2291: 2260: 2256: 2216:

saw republics spread by force of arms across much of Europe as a series of

2170: 2110: 1921: 1823: 1633: 1169: 1143: 1049: 965: 957: 772: 699: 693: 667: 662: 638: 628: 565: 454: 274: 198: 2945:, meaning that it is constituted by a set of institutions which provide a 2889:

took precedence over the will of the ruler, and electing rulers using the

2527:

combined American, European, and Chinese ideas. Under his leadership, the

2444: 2189:

ratified in 1781. The first ten amendments to the Constitution called the

1089:. However, apart from the title, modern translations are generally used. 6427: 5674: 5426: 5129:

This understanding of a republic as a form of government distinct from a

5123: 5106: 4904: 4441: 4381: 4331: 4276: 4071: 4003: 3729: 3724: 3515: 3289: 2784:

In the wake of the First World War, the Russian monarchy fell during the

2694: 2596:, chose republican forms of government. Following Greece's defeat in the 2561: 2520: 2509: 2505: 2065: 1992: 1984: 1953: 1905: 1814: 1628: 1554:, the chief apparently always belonged to a family of the noble class of 1343: 1295: 1237: 1233: 1193:

was the most common term to call the new monarchless state, but the word

1160: 1152: 1040: 1000: 969: 953: 905: 777: 762: 704: 575: 439: 238: 233: 213: 203: 193: 7151: 6908:"Founded on a Set of Beliefs - Creating the United States | Exhibitions" 6271:

Donna Italia. L'allegoria della Penisola dall'antichità ai giorni nostri

5291: 4984: 2851:

contributed to a series of revolts and coups that saw the monarchies of

1177:, and its use in English was comparable to how the Romans used the term 853: 6824: 6764: 6217: 6208:(recognised by most other European states) as an independent republic, 6085: 5579:, three volumes, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1994. 5227: 5032: 4944: 4934: 4396: 4361: 4286: 4271: 4206: 4131: 4076: 3978: 3923: 3802: 3787: 3598: 3529:

be economically strong enough to be self-sufficient upon secession; and

3328: 3302:, consisting of all adult, freeborn males who could prove citizenship. 3285: 2988: 2962: 2910: 2886: 2793: 2535: 2264: 2160: 2117:

opposed absolutism while at the same time being strongly pro-monarchy.

2087: 1600: 1351: 1299: 1060: 782: 738: 733: 728: 714: 555: 346: 228: 223: 87: 6552:

The Making of Europe: An Introduction to the History of European Unity

6321: 5709:(1983). "Samuel and Solon: The Origins of the Republic in Tribalism". 5486:. Robert E. Goodin and Philip Pettit. eds. Cambridge: Blackwell, 1995. 2982: 2290:, the Portuguese court was relocated to Brazil in 1808. Brazil gained 1952:, one after another, to replace Philip. It took until 1588 before the 1660:

The Icelandic Commonwealth was established in 930 AD by refugees from

1591:, had the assembly open to all men, rich and poor. Early republics or 6994:

Willi Paul Adams, "Republicanism in Political Rhetoric before 1776",

5067: 4416: 4096: 3792: 3684: 3311: 3077: 2906: 2894: 2882: 2711: 2539: 2282:

In Mexico, this autocracy briefly took the form of a monarchy in the

2276: 1971:

and funded by the merchants of London, the revolt was a success, and

1909: 1901: 1819: 1767: 1556: 1432: 1400: 1327: 1323: 1309: 1229: 1090: 585: 479: 469: 464: 449: 444: 434: 308: 269: 258: 253: 243: 208: 176: 120: 115: 6312:

Smyth, Howard McGaw Italy: From Fascism to the Republic (1943–1946)

6269: 5292:"Republic | Definition of Republic by the Oxford English Dictionary" 3441: 1079:'s major works on political philosophy, usually known in English as 7054:

L'idée de République et la jurisprudence du Conseil constitutionnel

6239: 4261: 4018: 3782: 3610: 3375: 3157: 2966: 2864: 2844: 2813: 2805: 2221: 2114: 1968: 1571:, the heads of the most important families. On the other hand, the 1492: 1372: 1339: 1331: 1258: 1205: 1131: 1026: 926: 657: 218: 188: 131: 7165: 6862:

W. Paul Adams "Republicanism in Political Rhetoric Before 1776".

3563: 3234: 3149: 2860: 2855:, Iraq, Libya, and Yemen ousted. In Africa, Marxism–Leninism and 2825: 2821: 2809: 2746: 2715: 2589: 2148: 2106: 1669: 1424: 1408: 1347: 1093:

was apparently the first classical writer to state that the term

1004: 459: 296: 286: 6905: 2501:

A 1920s poster that commemorates the permanent President of the

2197:

fundamental to republican ideals that justified the Revolution.

1871:

that is sometimes compared to the Italian mercantile republics.

1427:(judges), who remained in power for short mandates of 6 years". 1330:. He argued that this was one of the ideal forms of government. 1318:

discusses various forms of government. One form Aristotle named

7139: 7127: 6197: 6160: 6061: 5768:"Concepts of Democracy and Democratization in Africa Revisited" 5642:

Black Athena Writes Back: Martin Bernal Responds to His Critics

5618:. Beirut: Anis Commercial Printing Press s.a.l. pp. 1–30. 3938: 3587: 3293: 2742: 2738: 2719: 1868: 1864: 1857: 1661: 1576: 1572: 1523: 1519: 1483: 1416: 1412: 1404: 1334:

expanded on many of these ideas, again focusing on the idea of

1241: 1068: 1064: 1031: 1014: 918: 623: 5540:

ed. Biancamaria Fontana. Cambridge University Press, 1994 p. 6

5187:

where the question is put forth, "a Republic or a Monarchy?".

3114:: Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party 2251:

Outside Europe, another group of republics was created as the

2212:

sent to the guillotine. The stunning success of France in the

2177:, which went into effect in 1789, created a relatively strong 1940:

was only declared vacant, and the Dutch magistrates asked the

1718:, 1748–1750. This painting is an allegory of the power of the 1495:, a Greek historian who wrote two centuries after the time of 1354:. The most important Roman work in this tradition is Cicero's 1338:

and differentiated basic forms of government between "benign"

6934:. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1967. 6220:

is not shown on this map and is excluded from the count. The

3609:

In the example of the United States, the original 13 British

3242: 3238: 2890: 2852: 2758: 2754: 1428: 1399:

achieved collective rule. Republic city-states flourished in

1274:

that are today still called republics. This includes ancient

1076: 900: 3548:(army, monetary matters). Each republic also had a right of 2564:

when several of the largest European empires collapsed: the

1451:

has been described as "direct and participatory democracy".

1134:

based governments. In the late Middle Ages, writers such as

7102:, 3 v., Chapel Hill: U. of North Carolina Press 1992, 1994. 7001:

Joyce Appleby, "Republicanism in Old and New Contexts", in

6257:(in French). Presses universitaires de France. p. 121. 5750: 5748: 3395: 2914: 2840: 2762: 2750: 2734: 2723: 2081:

also saw a great increase in monarchical power. The era of

1785: 1779: 1475: 1044:, and it was in turn translated by Renaissance scholars as 7022:

Gisela Bock, Quentin Skinner & Maurizio Viroli, eds.,

6978:

Republicanism and Constitutionalism in Early Modern Europe

5952: 5950: 3140: Dependent territories and places without governments 3094:: Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power 2185:

under the first attempt at a national government with the

1375:. The Roman Republic itself then became the Roman Empire. 7114:

Republicanism, Liberty, and Commercial Society, 1649–1776

7040:

Le concept de république en France (XVIe – XVIIIe siècle)

6499:

Medieval Latin: An Introduction and Bibliographical Guide

6361: 5684:. Vol. 2. New-York: N. Bangs and J. Emory. p. 3 5388:. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2005. p. 2099 5334:

a government having a chief of state who is not a monarch

2560:

Republicanism expanded significantly in the aftermath of

7032:

The End of Kings: A History of Republics and Republicans

5745: 5713:

The End of Kings: A History of Republics and Republicans

3253:

and operate similarly to constitutional monarchies with

1664:

who had fled the unification of that country under King

1465:

Early republican institutions come from the independent

5947: 1423:

abolished the king system and adopted "a system of the

6577:

The History of the European Union: Constructing Utopia

6126:

The Republic of Turkey is counted amongst Europe, the

5645:. History / Classics. Duke University Press. pp. 5536:

Nippel, Wilfried. "Ancient and Modern Republicanism".

4618: 2800:(USSR). This was the first republic established under 2204:

was also not republican at its outset. Only after the

1867:

merchant fraternities established a state centered on

1652:

are more of an aristocratic republic, than democracy.

1647: 1638: 1593: 1549: 1539: 1484: 1476: 1467: 1097:

can be used to refer more specifically to one type of

6881:"Classical Republicanism and the American Revolution" 6398:

Article II, Para 2, Constitution of the United States

3191:

With no monarch, most modern republics use the title

3134:: No constitutionally defined basis to current regime 2847:

were overthrown by communist movements in the 1970s.

2835:. In Vietnam, communist republicans pushed aside the 980:

with varying types of civil and political authority.

7034:(2nd ed.), Chicago: University of Chicago Press 5937:"Iceland seeks to become sanctuary for free speech" 3207:. Keeping its usage as the head of a committee the 1322:, which consisted of a mixture of the other forms, 6989:The Values of Republicanism in Early Modern Europe 6932:The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution 6549: 6496:Mantello, Frank Anthony Carl; Rigg, A. G. (1996). 5710: 3027:Parliamentary republic with an executive president 2139:began as a rejection only of the authority of the 1833:Two Russian cities with a powerful merchant class— 1518:. Among the mahajanapadas and smaller states, the 1020:The term originates from the Latin translation of 7107:Republics in ancient India, c. 1500 B.C.–500 B.C. 7068:Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government 6983:Martin van Gelderen & Quentin Skinner, eds., 6720:Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government 6613: 5993:The History of Government from the Earliest Times 5958:The History of Government from the Earliest Times 5893:. Brill Archive. pp. 93–. GGKEY:HYY6LT5CFT0. 5551:International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 3567:The Swiss cantons displayed on the cupola of the 3084:holds significant executive and legislative power 1220:While the philosophical terminology developed in 7200: 7005:, 3rd series, 43 (January, 1986), pp. 3–34. 6618:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 14. 6274:(in Italian). Angelo Colla Editore. p. 72. 5484:A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy 5055: 3398:is selected by cardinal-electors, currently all 1849:at the end of 15th – beginning of 16th century. 972:wielding significant influence; several popular 7070:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997, pp. x and 304. 5614:Medlej, Youmna Jazzar; Medlej, Joumana (2010). 5593:. Beirut: Librairie Orientale. pp. 57–99. 3222:If the head of state of a republic is also the 2726:, which revised their constitutions and became 2458:. Oil on canvas, 73 x 60 cm., The Louvre, Paris 7019:, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1998. 6765:"What Is a Democracy? [ushistory.org]" 6389:Article VII, Constitution of the United States 5847:. University of California. pp. 146–150. 3386:composed of the nine hereditary rulers of the 2508:and the provisional President of the Republic 2220:were set up across the continent. The rise of 2097:thinkers were far more interested in ideas of 7077:, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975 7008:Joyce Appleby, ed., "Republicanism" issue of 6352:, New Series, Vol. 4, Issue 1 (1955), pp. 1–9 5007: 3174: 2187:Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union 2077:Along with these initial republican revolts, 2063: 1419:(539–332 BC), Phoenician city-states such as 876: 7091:Revisited: A Study in History and Ideology" 6840:, 139 U.S. 449, 11 S.Ct. 573, 35 L.Ed. 219; 6599:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6495: 5613: 5478: 5476: 2941:but is often constitutional in the sense of 2604:(1924–35). In 1931, the proclamation of the 2470:who proclaimed himself Emperor in 1852. The 2294:as a monarchy on September 7, 1822, and the 1627:possible control of the assembly and see an 1607:(or Vṛjika) League, centered in the city of 1599:, such as Mallakas, centered in the city of 1240:, many free cities developed again, such as 6529:. Cambridge University Press. p. 246. 6316:vol. 1 no. 3 (pp. 205–222), September 1948. 5638: 5398:Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879). 5376: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5368: 3470:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3261:, exercises the most real political power. 3155: 3147: 2893:was an important doctrine. While the early 2600:, the monarchy was briefly replaced by the 2023:An allegory of the French Republic in Paris 1743:hinterland. The two most powerful were the 1138:described these states using terms such as 23: 6866:, Vol. 85, No. 3 (Sep., 1970), pp. 397–421 6407: 6336:, Vol. 106, No. 1 (Spring, 1991), pp. 1–15 6252: 5960:Oxford University Press, 1999. pp. 950–55. 5489: 5397: 5075:" Additional critics of elections include 5014: 5000: 3181: 3167: 2515:In East Asia, China had seen considerable 1920:areas also embraced Calvinism. During the 1378: 1346:, and democracy, and the "malignant" 883: 869: 24: 6985:Republicanism: A Shared European Heritage 6974:Republicanism: A Shared European Heritage 6947:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990. 6696:, Vol. 31, No. 5 (Oct., 2003), pp. 615–43 6019:Republicanism: a Shared European Heritage 5995:. Oxford University Press, 1999. p. 1020. 5878:, Calcutta: University of Calcutta, p.107 5677:(1825). "PREFACE To The BOOK OF JUDGES". 5473: 5190:The term republic does not appear in the 3514:In general being a republic also implies 3490:Learn how and when to remove this message 3431: 2678:formed by the representatives of all the 2454:(1848), a symbolic representation of the 2156:United States Declaration of Independence 2145:their rights to representative government 1655: 1236:. After the classical period, during the 100:List of countries by system of government 7029: 6958: 6811: 6408:Petrocelli, William (10 November 2016). 5844:Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 5754: 5705: 5588: 5506: 5504: 5495: 5365: 5204:(1849), declared that the definition of 3592: 3562: 3545:Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 3501: 2981: 2761:. In subsequent decades revolutions and 2693: 2618: 2496: 2443: 2010:Liberal republics in early modern Europe 1808:. While still under the dominion of the 1772: 1703: 1505: 1257: 1034:, among other Latin writers, translated 1008: 32:This is an accepted version of this page 7042:, Aix/Marseille, 1998, pp. 205–45. 6844:, 88 U.S. (21 Wall.) 162, 22 L.Ed. 627. 6348:. "The Concept of an Islamic Republic" 6267: 5897: 5090: 4571:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch 2937:A republic does not necessarily have a 1699: 14: 7201: 6302:(in Italian). Rizzoli. pp. 14–16. 5906: 5837: 5831: 5673: 5556: 5382:New Dictionary of the History of Ideas 2987:World's states coloured by systems of 2921:overthrew the monarchy and created an 2769: 1885: 1716:offers the wealth of the sea to Venice 1567:had a primary governing body of 7,077 1454: 1247: 6874: 6872: 6579:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 17. 6522: 6294: 6136:Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949 6134:as an independent monarchy (see also 5501: 4722:1946 Italian institutional referendum 4662:Spanish American wars of independence 3296:, elected for a one-year term by the 3215:was conferred on the head of the new 3209:President of the Continental Congress 2648:1946 Italian institutional referendum 2625:1946 Italian institutional referendum 2466:was created in 1848 but abolished by 1782:. Election of the first Head-Alderman 6878: 6741:"Democracy - Democracy or republic?" 6471:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland 5569: 5538:The Invention of the Modern Republic 3552:according to the conclusions of the 3468:adding citations to reliable sources 3435: 2870: 2002: 1173:came to be used as a translation of 6677:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 6655:(p. 85). Seven Stories Press. 2016. 6642:(p. 75). Seven Stories Press. 2016. 6222:Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus 6165:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 6128:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 5969:Ferdinand Joseph Maria Feldbrugge. 5934: 5482:Haakonssen, Knud. "Republicanism." 5105:originated from the writers of the 4491:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates 3382:is elected every five years by the 2798:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 2698:A map of the Commonwealth republics 2531:was proclaimed on January 1, 1912. 1109:to koinon onoma pasōn tōn politeiōn 56: 7026:, Cambridge: Cambridge U.P., 1990. 6954: 6869: 6645: 6632: 6086:Most Serene Republic of San Marino 5876:Political History of Ancient India 5765: 5312: 5284: 5163:Republicanism in the United States 5026: 2612:leading to the establishment of a 1115:)". In later Latin works the term 983:Most often a republic is a single 57: 7225: 7120: 6991:, Cambridge: Cambridge U.P., 2002 6980:, Cambridge: Cambridge U.P., 2002 6895:from the original on Mar 7, 2023. 6236:Dizionario enciclopedico italiano 6032:Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment 6006:Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment 5510: 5470:Cambridge University Press, 1993. 5408:. Oxford: Oxford University Press 3629: 2839:, and monarchies in neighbouring 2689: 2670:. Italy has a written democratic 2175:Constitution of the United States 1804:, 51 of the largest towns became 7191:(7th ISECS, Budapest, 7/31/87). 7164: 7150: 7138: 7126: 6730:; Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997. 6300:Storia della Repubblica italiana 5874:Raychaudhuri Hemchandra (1972), 5639:Bernal, M.; Moore, D.C. (2001). 5230:and others developed in Europe. 5156: 4983: 4511:Discourses Concerning Government 3440: 2972: 2332: 2325: 2318: 2311: 2304: 2259:population in conflict with the 2130:republican experiment in Corsica 2047: 2030: 2016: 1435:confederation of the era of the 852: 7082:Journal of the History of Ideas 6937: 6924: 6899: 6856: 6847: 6831: 6817: 6805: 6781: 6757: 6733: 6712: 6699: 6682: 6658: 6607: 6568: 6543: 6516: 6489: 6459: 6447: 6420: 6401: 6392: 6383: 6370: 6355: 6339: 6326: 6314:The Western Political Quarterly 6306: 6288: 6261: 6246: 6227: 6186: 6149: 6120: 6103: 6064:. Counted as republics are the 6046: 6037: 6024: 6011: 5998: 5985: 5976: 5963: 5928: 5915: 5903:Bongard-Levin, 1996, pp. 61–106 5881: 5868: 5822: 5813: 5804: 5795: 5786: 5759: 5699: 5667: 5632: 5607: 5591:TYRE Through The Ages (3rd ed.) 5582: 5543: 5530: 5433:. Basic Books, 1991. pp. 439–40 5043:, the Holy Roman Republic. The 4777:Barbadian Republic Proclamation 3154:systems of government, not the 2932: 2674:, resulting from the work of a 2181:to replace the relatively weak 1680:In the early 13th century, the 1534:followed republican government. 1101:, asserting in Book III of his 5460: 5436: 5420: 5391: 5339: 5047:also continued calling itself 4712:1935 Greek coup d'état attempt 4692:German Revolution of 1918–1919 3412:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 3346: 3213:President of the United States 2790:Russian Provisional Government 2525:Three Principles of the People 1852:Following the collapse of the 1200:At the present time, the term 1126:, a number of city states had 561:Intergovernmental organisation 516:Separation of church and state 13: 1: 7177:Everdell, William R. Everdell 7155:The dictionary definition of 7030:Everdell, William R. (2000), 7024:Machiavelli and Republicanism 5923:Kautilya and the Arthashastra 5577:Republics, Ancient and Modern 5468:Machiavelli and Republicanism 5444:"Republic | Encyclopedia.com" 5277: 5241:completely reject this view. 5056:Democracy vs. republic debate 3588:Republic and Canton of Ticino 3584:Republic and Canton of Geneva 3104:: Monarch has unlimited power 3067:Assembly-independent republic 2796:who went on to establish the 1800:In the more loosely governed 1784:in 1289, by Auguste Migette. 1778:Beginning of the Republic of 7003:William & Mary Quarterly 6432:A Short History of the World 6238:(in Italian), vol. VI, 6171:as an independent republic, 5935:Chu, Henry (April 2, 2011). 4962:Republic without republicans 4707:11 September 1922 Revolution 4702:Mongolian Revolution of 1921 3305: 3092:Semi-constitutional monarchy 2977: 2331: 2324: 2317: 2310: 2303: 2191:United States Bill of Rights 1395:, a number of cities of the 994: 956:to the establishment of the 358:(socio-political ideologies) 7: 7049:38.4 (August 2010), 452–82. 6998:85(1970), pp. 397–421. 6996:Political Science Quarterly 6879:Wood, Gordon (April 1990). 6864:Political Science Quarterly 6550:Christopher Dawson (2002). 6334:Political Science Quarterly 6268:Bazzano, Nicoletta (2011). 6117:are counted amongst Europe. 5549:Reno, Jeffrey. "republic". 5244: 5215:United States v. Cruikshank 5192:Declaration of Independence 4697:Turkish War of Independence 4619: 3554:second session of the AVNOJ 3042: Presidential republic 3019:with a ceremonial president 2598:Greco-Turkish War (1919–22) 2478:. Spain briefly became the 1674:Christianisation of Iceland 1648: 1639: 1594: 1587:, during the period around 1550: 1540: 1538:Key characteristics of the 1485: 1477: 1468: 1350:, oligarchy, and 1150:) adopted the Latin phrase 426:(socio-economic ideologies) 96:List of forms of government 10: 7230: 6968:Martin van Gelderen & 6614:Anthony Kaldellis (2013). 6554:. CUA Press. p. 101. 6502:. CUA Press. p. 209. 6426:The novelist and essayist 6218:The Republic of Kazakhstan 6204:as a single republic, the 6167:as a single republic, the 6130:as a single republic, the 5890:Republics in ancient India 5810:de Sainte, 2006, pp. 321–3 5324:Merriam-Webster Dictionary 5160: 5094: 5059: 4752:1970 Cambodian coup d'état 4501:The Commonwealth of Oceana 3057:Semi-presidential republic 2961:highlighting the absolute 2874: 2773: 2646:was pressured to call the 2608:(1931–39) resulted in the 2420: 2400: 2380: 2360: 2340: 1967:began. Spearheaded by the 1928:emerged from rejection of 1889: 1458: 1251: 1215: 998: 61: 7093:Journal of Modern History 6722:, NY: Oxford U.P., 1997, 6253:Guichonnet, Paul (1975). 6169:Free Territory of Trieste 5296:Oxford English Dictionary 4925:The Emperor's New Clothes 4677:5 October 1910 revolution 4672:French Revolution of 1848 3695:Liberty as non-domination 3353:constitutional monarchies 3263:Semi-presidential systems 3009:with a ceremonial monarch 2555:First Philippine Republic 2488:5 October 1910 revolution 2214:French Revolutionary Wars 2113:. Thus philosophers like 2064: 2040:flag from the early 1800s 1975:was executed. In England 1924:(beginning in 1566), the 1892:European wars of religion 1856:and establishment of the 1826:were victorious, and the 1709:Giovanni Battista Tiepolo 1197:was also in common use. 937:states that use the word 547:(geo-cultural ideologies) 68:Republic (disambiguation) 7089:The Machiavellian Moment 7056:– Paris: L.G.D.J., 2004 5707:Everdell, William Romeyn 5320:"Definition of Republic" 5273:of the U.S. Constitution 5233:In the 1960s and 1970s, 5183:taken from the notes of 5169:representative democracy 5041:Sancta Respublica Romana 4767:1987 Fijian coups d'état 4727:1952 Egyptian revolution 3705:Political representation 3601:, a sub-national entity. 3597:Flag of the US state of 3280:In some countries, like 3205:United States of America 2658:national personification 2623:Electoral ballot of the 2602:Second Hellenic Republic 1615:were the Licchavis. The 909:('public affair'), is a 39:latest accepted revision 6885:Chicago-Kent Law Review 6745:Encyclopedia Britannica 6376:"Presidential Systems" 5912:Sharma 1968, pp. 109–22 5801:Larsen, 1973, pp. 45–46 5589:Jidejian, Nina (2018). 5517:Encyclopedia Britannica 5386:Maryanne Cline Horowitz 5173:Federalist Paper No. 10 5112:classical republicanism 4747:1969 Libyan coup d'état 4531:Discourse on Inequality 3680:Consent of the governed 3251:parliamentary republics 3007:Constitutional monarchy 2955:constitutional monarchy 2951:constitutional republic 2913:, began as secular. In 2702:In the years following 2606:Second Spanish Republic 2574:Austro-Hungarian Empire 2423:European states in 2015 2403:European states in 1950 2383:European states in 1930 2363:European states in 1914 2343:European states in 1815 2101:than in republics. The 2099:constitutional monarchy 1936:, 1581), the throne of 1914:French Wars of Religion 1854:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum 1379:Other ancient republics 1075:sometimes does. One of 964:was characterized by a 810:Administrative division 754:International relations 7169:Quotations related to 7084:48 (1987), p. 341 6964: 6651:Van Reybrouck, David. 6638:Van Reybrouck, David. 6183:as a nominal monarchy. 6146:as a nominal monarchy. 6138:), Vatican City as an 6070:Free Cities of Hamburg 5973:, IDC Publishers, 2009 5971:Law in Medieval Russia 5126:and mixed government. 5039:was also known as the 3602: 3571: 3511: 3432:Sub-national republics 3282:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3188: 3156: 3148: 3146:this chart represents 3132:Provisional government 3017:Parliamentary republic 2925:based on the ideas of 2699: 2667:Festa della Repubblica 2627: 2512: 2480:First Spanish Republic 2464:French Second Republic 2459: 2456:French Second Republic 1898:Protestant Reformation 1797: 1723: 1656:Icelandic Commonwealth 1535: 1411:was very similar to a 1267: 1228:, as already noted by 1017: 978:series of magistracies 950:overthrow of the kings 66:. For other uses, see 6962: 6709:Princeton: 1975, 2003 6523:Glenn, Jason (2004). 6436:Alfred, Lord Tennyson 5828:Robinson, 1997, p. 23 5819:Robinson, 1997, p. 22 5353:. Merrium-Webster Inc 5222:specially delegated. 4915:Criticism of monarchy 4737:North Yemen civil war 4551:The Federalist Papers 3846:Federal parliamentary 3596: 3566: 3556:and according to the 3505: 3380:Yang di-Pertuan Agong 3255:parliamentary systems 3162:degree of democracy. 2996:Parliamentary systems 2985: 2697: 2622: 2500: 2472:French Third Republic 2447: 2430: Monarchies (12) 2410: Monarchies (13) 2390: Monarchies (20) 2370: Monarchies (22) 2350: Monarchies (55) 2226:French First Republic 2193:, guaranteed certain 2121:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 2058:, reading: "Dethrone 1776: 1707: 1509: 1397:Eastern Mediterranean 1261: 1059:can be translated as 1012: 987:, but there are also 820:Democratic transition 683:Self-governing colony 280:Military dictatorship 7193:Valley Forge Journal 7147:at Wikimedia Commons 7135:at Wikimedia Commons 7112:David Wootton, ed., 6255:Histoire de l'Italie 6098:German Confederation 6094:Septinsular Republic 6060:are counted amongst 5616:Tyre and its history 5566:(1975; new ed. 2003) 5448:www.encyclopedia.com 5091:Political philosophy 4900:Classical radicalism 4642:Republic of Florence 4581:Democracy in America 3740:Separation of powers 3715:Public participation 3558:federal constitution 3464:improve this section 3384:Conference of Rulers 2947:separation of powers 2676:Constituent Assembly 2436: Republics (35) 2416: Republics (21) 2396: Republics (15) 2284:First Mexican Empire 2232:, each replaced by " 2038:Septinsular Republic 1989:English Commonwealth 1946:Elizabeth of England 1806:free imperial cities 1753:Bartholomew of Lucca 1700:Mercantile republics 1682:Age of the Sturlungs 968:composed of wealthy 7105:Jagdish P. Sharma, 6912:Library of Congress 6842:Minor v. Happersett 6350:Die Welt des Islams 6242:, 1970, p. 456 6196:is counted amongst 6159:is counted amongst 6090:Republic of Cospaia 6066:Swiss Confederation 5982:Finer, pp. 955–956. 5766:Nwauwa, Apollos O. 5062:Democratic republic 4990:Politics portal 4795:Antigua and Barbuda 4742:Zanzibar Revolution 4652:American Revolution 4541:The Social Contract 3710:Popular sovereignty 3508:Republics of Russia 3372:elective monarchies 3249:. These states are 3247:Trinidad and Tobago 3228:presidential system 3226:, this is called a 3033:Presidential system 2770:Socialist republics 2708:Commonwealth realms 2684:liberation of Italy 2551:Republic of Formosa 2517:anti-Qing sentiment 2492:Portuguese Republic 2476:Franco-Prussian War 2376: Republics (4) 2356: Republics (9) 2269:popular sovereignty 2224:saw the end of the 2137:American Revolution 2079:early modern Europe 2056:Revolutions of 1848 1886:Calvinist republics 1497:Alexander the Great 1455:Indian subcontinent 1248:Classical republics 948:, lasting from the 859:Politics portal 744:Supranational union 653:Dependent territory 566:National government 29:Page version status 7187:2019-03-24 at the 7087:J. G. A. Pocock, " 7010:American Quarterly 6965: 6671:2018-03-09 at the 6441:Idylls of the King 6414:huffingtonpost.com 6206:Republic of Kosovo 6202:Russian Federation 6194:Republic of Turkey 6157:Republic of Turkey 6144:Kingdom of Hungary 5405:A Latin Dictionary 5256:Primus inter pares 5210:political question 5049:the Roman Republic 4956:Primus inter pares 4772:Nepalese Civil War 4762:Iranian Revolution 4732:14 July Revolution 4687:Russian Revolution 4682:Chinese Revolution 4632:Republic of Venice 4481:Discourses on Livy 3603: 3572: 3550:self-determination 3512: 3392:Vatican City-State 3299:comitia centuriata 3224:head of government 3189: 2899:Rashidun Caliphate 2786:Russian Revolution 2700: 2662:Savoy coat of arms 2628: 2513: 2460: 2238:Republic of Venice 2234:popular monarchies 2206:Flight to Varennes 2141:British Parliament 1810:Holy Roman Emperor 1798: 1794:Holy Roman Emperor 1790:free imperial city 1761:Marsilius of Padua 1747:and its rival the 1745:Republic of Venice 1729:maritime republics 1724: 1720:Republic of Venice 1544:seem to include a 1536: 1482:means 'tribe' and 1268: 1254:Classical republic 1181:. Notably, during 1061:form of government 1018: 925:—in contrast to a 59:Form of government 35: 7143:Media related to 7131:Media related to 7073:J. G. A. Pocock, 7052:Frédéric Monera, 6943:Kramnick, Isaac. 6930:Bailyn, Bernard. 6793:1828.mshaffer.com 6769:www.ushistory.org 6653:Against Elections 6640:Against Elections 6281:978-88-96817-06-3 6214:elective monarchy 6177:elective monarchy 6140:elective monarchy 6030:"Republicanism". 6004:"Republicanism". 5941:Los Angeles Times 5921:Trautmann T. R., 5774:on 14 August 2012 5660:978-0-8223-2717-2 5625:978-9953-0-1849-2 5261:List of republics 5181:Benjamin Franklin 5131:liberal democracy 5037:Holy Roman Empire 5024: 5023: 4967:Republican empire 4940:List of republics 4789:National variants 4717:Spanish Civil War 4657:French Revolution 4637:Republic of Genoa 4521:The Spirit of Law 4454:Theoretical works 3798:Neo-republicanism 3620:U.S. Constitution 3500: 3499: 3492: 3358:crowned republics 3316:electoral college 3201:Thirteen Colonies 3102:Absolute monarchy 2959:absolute monarchy 2943:constitutionalism 2927:Islamic democracy 2871:Islamic republics 2857:African socialism 2776:People's Republic 2630:The aftermath of 2610:Spanish Civil War 2544:Mandate of Heaven 2529:Republic of China 2503:Republic of China 2442: 2441: 2438: 2418: 2398: 2378: 2358: 2242:Republic of Genoa 2202:French Revolution 2083:absolute monarchy 2003:Liberal republics 1965:English Civil War 1950:William of Orange 1934:Act of Abjuration 1861:Anatolian Beyliks 1828:Swiss Confederacy 1802:Holy Roman Empire 1749:Republic of Genoa 1617:Empire of Magadha 1393:ancient Near East 1365:Macedonian Empire 989:subnational state 893: 892: 844: 843: 815:Democracy indices 790: 789: 593: 592: 402:Semi-presidential 327: 326: 47:17 September 2024 26: 16:(Redirected from 7221: 7168: 7154: 7142: 7130: 7047:Political Theory 7035: 7012:37 (Fall, 1985). 6948: 6941: 6935: 6928: 6922: 6921: 6919: 6918: 6903: 6897: 6896: 6876: 6867: 6860: 6854: 6851: 6845: 6835: 6829: 6828: 6821: 6815: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6799: 6785: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6775: 6761: 6755: 6754: 6752: 6751: 6737: 6731: 6716: 6710: 6705:Pocock, J. G. A 6703: 6697: 6694:Political Theory 6691: 6686: 6680: 6662: 6656: 6649: 6643: 6636: 6630: 6629: 6611: 6605: 6604: 6598: 6590: 6572: 6566: 6565: 6547: 6541: 6540: 6520: 6514: 6513: 6493: 6487: 6486: 6479: 6477: 6463: 6457: 6451: 6445: 6424: 6418: 6417: 6405: 6399: 6396: 6390: 6387: 6381: 6374: 6368: 6359: 6353: 6343: 6337: 6330: 6324: 6310: 6304: 6303: 6292: 6286: 6285: 6265: 6259: 6258: 6250: 6244: 6243: 6231: 6225: 6190: 6184: 6153: 6147: 6132:Irish Free State 6124: 6118: 6107: 6101: 6050: 6044: 6041: 6035: 6028: 6022: 6017:"Introduction". 6015: 6009: 6002: 5996: 5989: 5983: 5980: 5974: 5967: 5961: 5954: 5945: 5944: 5932: 5926: 5919: 5913: 5910: 5904: 5901: 5895: 5894: 5885: 5879: 5872: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5835: 5829: 5826: 5820: 5817: 5811: 5808: 5802: 5799: 5793: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5770:. Archived from 5763: 5757: 5752: 5743: 5742: 5737: 5735: 5716: 5703: 5697: 5696: 5691: 5689: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5636: 5630: 5629: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5586: 5580: 5573: 5567: 5560: 5554: 5547: 5541: 5534: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5508: 5499: 5493: 5487: 5480: 5471: 5464: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5454: 5440: 5434: 5424: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5395: 5389: 5378: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5331: 5330: 5316: 5310: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5288: 5271:Guarantee Clause 5266:Index: Republics 5201:Luther v. Borden 5074: 5045:Byzantine Empire 5016: 5009: 5002: 4988: 4987: 4972:Republican Party 4950:Peasant republic 4910:Communitarianism 4627:Classical Athens 4622: 4596: 4586: 4576: 4566: 4556: 4546: 4536: 4526: 4516: 4506: 4496: 4486: 4476: 4466: 3700:Mixed government 3634: 3633: 3580:Romance-speaking 3574:In Switzerland, 3495: 3488: 3484: 3481: 3475: 3444: 3436: 3325:Great Compromise 3217:executive branch 3183: 3176: 3169: 3161: 3153: 3139: 3129: 3119: 3109: 3099: 3089: 3075: 3064: 3054: 3041: 3024: 3014: 3004: 2923:Islamic republic 2877:Islamic republic 2802:Marxist–Leninist 2614:Francoist regime 2490:established the 2435: 2429: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2401: 2395: 2389: 2381: 2375: 2369: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2341: 2336: 2329: 2322: 2315: 2308: 2301: 2300: 2296:Empire of Brazil 2230:Sister Republics 2218:client republics 2179:federal republic 2069: 2068: 2051: 2034: 2020: 1977:James Harrington 1930:Spanish Habsburg 1733:Hanseatic League 1651: 1642: 1597: 1553: 1543: 1488: 1480: 1471: 1336:mixed government 1222:classical Greece 1183:The Protectorate 1159:While Bruni and 1136:Giovanni Villani 885: 878: 871: 857: 856: 804: 803: 648:Associated state 606: 605: 581:Internationalism 571:World government 548: 427: 359: 340: 339: 314:Free association 301: 262: 181: 124: 112: 111: 75: 74: 21: 7229: 7228: 7224: 7223: 7222: 7220: 7219: 7218: 7199: 7198: 7189:Wayback Machine 7123: 7066:Philip Pettit, 6970:Quentin Skinner 6957: 6955:Further reading 6952: 6951: 6942: 6938: 6929: 6925: 6916: 6914: 6904: 6900: 6877: 6870: 6861: 6857: 6852: 6848: 6836: 6832: 6827:. 25 June 2022. 6823: 6822: 6818: 6812:Everdell (2000) 6810: 6806: 6797: 6795: 6787: 6786: 6782: 6773: 6771: 6763: 6762: 6758: 6749: 6747: 6739: 6738: 6734: 6718:Philip Pettit, 6717: 6713: 6704: 6700: 6689: 6687: 6683: 6673:Wayback Machine 6663: 6659: 6650: 6646: 6637: 6633: 6626: 6612: 6608: 6592: 6591: 6587: 6573: 6569: 6562: 6548: 6544: 6537: 6521: 6517: 6510: 6494: 6490: 6475: 6473: 6465: 6464: 6460: 6452: 6448: 6425: 6421: 6406: 6402: 6397: 6393: 6388: 6384: 6375: 6371: 6360: 6356: 6344: 6340: 6331: 6327: 6311: 6307: 6293: 6289: 6282: 6266: 6262: 6251: 6247: 6233: 6232: 6228: 6191: 6187: 6154: 6150: 6125: 6121: 6108: 6104: 6051: 6047: 6042: 6038: 6029: 6025: 6016: 6012: 6003: 5999: 5991:Finer, Samuel. 5990: 5986: 5981: 5977: 5968: 5964: 5956:Finer, Samuel. 5955: 5948: 5933: 5929: 5920: 5916: 5911: 5907: 5902: 5898: 5887: 5886: 5882: 5873: 5869: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5836: 5832: 5827: 5823: 5818: 5814: 5809: 5805: 5800: 5796: 5791: 5787: 5777: 5775: 5764: 5760: 5755:Everdell (2000) 5753: 5746: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5704: 5700: 5687: 5685: 5672: 5668: 5661: 5637: 5633: 5626: 5612: 5608: 5601: 5587: 5583: 5574: 5570: 5562:Pocock, J.G.A. 5561: 5557: 5548: 5544: 5535: 5531: 5521: 5519: 5509: 5502: 5496:Everdell (2000) 5494: 5490: 5481: 5474: 5465: 5461: 5452: 5450: 5442: 5441: 5437: 5425: 5421: 5411: 5409: 5396: 5392: 5379: 5366: 5356: 5354: 5351:Merriam Webster 5345: 5344: 5340: 5328: 5326: 5318: 5317: 5313: 5300: 5298: 5290: 5289: 5285: 5280: 5247: 5165: 5159: 5143:Quentin Skinner 5135:J. G. A. Pocock 5099: 5093: 5072: 5066:While the term 5064: 5058: 5029: 5027:Archaic meaning 5020: 4982: 4977: 4976: 4895: 4887: 4886: 4790: 4782: 4781: 4667:Trienio Liberal 4608: 4600: 4599: 4594: 4584: 4574: 4564: 4554: 4544: 4534: 4524: 4514: 4504: 4494: 4484: 4474: 4464: 4455: 4447: 4446: 4182:Flynn (Stephen) 4067: 4059: 4058: 3899: 3891: 3890: 3816: 3808: 3807: 3763: 3755: 3754: 3750:Social equality 3745:Social contract 3735:Self-governance 3690:Democratization 3665:Anti-corruption 3660:Anti-monarchism 3655: 3639:Politics series 3632: 3496: 3485: 3479: 3476: 3461: 3445: 3434: 3370:There are also 3349: 3308: 3187: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3135: 3127: 3125: 3117: 3115: 3112:One-party state 3107: 3105: 3097: 3095: 3087: 3085: 3073: 3071: 3070: 3062: 3060: 3052: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3030: 3029: 3022: 3020: 3012: 3010: 3002: 2993: 2980: 2975: 2965:character of a 2935: 2919:1979 revolution 2879: 2873: 2782: 2780:Socialist state 2772: 2692: 2484:Lisbon Regicide 2437: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2425: 2417: 2413: 2411: 2407: 2405: 2397: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2385: 2377: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2365: 2357: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2345: 2253:Napoleonic Wars 2103:Cromwell regime 2075: 2074: 2073: 2072: 2071: 2052: 2043: 2042: 2041: 2035: 2026: 2025: 2024: 2021: 2012: 2011: 2005: 1981:Algernon Sidney 1894: 1888: 1757:Brunetto Latini 1702: 1666:Harald Fairhair 1658: 1463: 1457: 1447:in what is now 1441:United Monarchy 1381: 1284:J. G. A. Pocock 1256: 1250: 1218: 1187:Oliver Cromwell 1140:libertas populi 1111:), government ( 1007: 997: 985:sovereign state 960:in 27 BC. This 923:representatives 921:through their 917:rests with the 915:political power 899:, based on the 889: 851: 846: 845: 832:Democratisation 825:Autocratization 801: 793: 792: 791: 748: 709: 688:Tributary state 678:Satellite state 633: 603: 602:Power structure 595: 594: 546: 545: 527: 498: 484: 475:Totalitarianism 425: 424: 406: 357: 356: 337: 329: 328: 323: 299: 291: 256: 248: 179: 171: 118: 109: 108:Source of power 86:Basic forms of 80:Politics series 71: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7227: 7217: 7216: 7211: 7197: 7196: 7174: 7162: 7148: 7136: 7122: 7121:External links 7119: 7118: 7117: 7110: 7103: 7098:Paul A. Rahe, 7096: 7085: 7078: 7071: 7064: 7050: 7043: 7038:Eric Gojosso, 7036: 7027: 7020: 7015:Sarah Barber, 7013: 7006: 6999: 6992: 6981: 6956: 6953: 6950: 6949: 6936: 6923: 6898: 6868: 6855: 6846: 6830: 6816: 6804: 6780: 6756: 6732: 6711: 6698: 6681: 6679:. Jun 19, 2006 6657: 6644: 6631: 6624: 6606: 6585: 6567: 6560: 6542: 6535: 6515: 6508: 6488: 6458: 6446: 6419: 6400: 6391: 6382: 6369: 6354: 6338: 6325: 6305: 6296:Bocca, Giorgio 6287: 6280: 6260: 6245: 6226: 6185: 6148: 6119: 6115:Russian Empire 6111:Ottoman Empire 6102: 6058:Russian Empire 6054:Ottoman Empire 6045: 6036: 6023: 6010: 5997: 5984: 5975: 5962: 5946: 5927: 5914: 5905: 5896: 5880: 5867: 5853: 5839:Thapar, Romila 5830: 5821: 5812: 5803: 5794: 5785: 5758: 5744: 5727: 5698: 5666: 5659: 5631: 5624: 5606: 5599: 5581: 5575:Paul A. Rahe, 5568: 5555: 5542: 5529: 5511:Munro, André. 5500: 5488: 5472: 5459: 5435: 5419: 5390: 5364: 5338: 5311: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5275: 5274: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5246: 5243: 5239:Isaac Kramnick 5235:Bernard Bailyn 5161:Main article: 5158: 5155: 5116:civic humanism 5095:Main article: 5092: 5089: 5057: 5054: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5018: 5011: 5004: 4996: 4993: 4992: 4979: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4920:Egalitarianism 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4896: 4894:Related topics 4893: 4892: 4889: 4888: 4885: 4884: 4879: 4878: 4877: 4872: 4865:United Kingdom 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4791: 4788: 4787: 4784: 4783: 4780: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4647:Dutch Republic 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4615: 4613:Roman Republic 4609: 4606: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4587: 4577: 4567: 4557: 4547: 4537: 4527: 4517: 4507: 4497: 4487: 4477: 4467: 4456: 4453: 4452: 4449: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4068: 4065: 4064: 4061: 4060: 4057: 4056: 4054:Wollstonecraft 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3900: 3897: 3896: 3893: 3892: 3889: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3817: 3814: 3813: 3810: 3809: 3806: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3764: 3761: 3760: 3757: 3756: 3753: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3656: 3653: 3652: 3649: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3631: 3630:Other meanings 3628: 3569:Federal Palace 3534: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3498: 3497: 3448: 3446: 3439: 3433: 3430: 3421:rzeczpospolita 3416:Golden Liberty 3348: 3345: 3337:reserve powers 3307: 3304: 3259:prime minister 3186: 3185: 3178: 3171: 3163: 3136: 3126: 3122:Military junta 3116: 3106: 3096: 3086: 3082:Supreme Leader 3072: 3061: 3051: 3047:Hybrid systems 3038: 3021: 3011: 3001: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2934: 2931: 2875:Main article: 2872: 2869: 2849:Arab socialism 2837:Nguyễn dynasty 2833:decolonization 2771: 2768: 2691: 2690:Decolonization 2688: 2653:Italia turrita 2640:Fascist regime 2594:Czechoslovakia 2578:Ottoman Empire 2566:Russian Empire 2449:Honoré Daumier 2440: 2439: 2432: 2426: 2419: 2412: 2406: 2399: 2392: 2386: 2379: 2372: 2366: 2359: 2352: 2346: 2338: 2337: 2330: 2323: 2316: 2309: 2288:Peninsular War 2279:as necessary. 2246:Dutch Republic 2195:natural rights 2093:Most of these 2053: 2046: 2045: 2044: 2036: 2029: 2028: 2027: 2022: 2015: 2014: 2013: 2009: 2008: 2007: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1973:King Charles I 1926:Dutch Republic 1887: 1884: 1701: 1698: 1690:Gamli sáttmáli 1657: 1654: 1589:Gautama Buddha 1459:Main article: 1456: 1453: 1380: 1377: 1280:Roman Republic 1264:Roman Republic 1252:Main article: 1249: 1246: 1217: 1214: 1148:Leonardo Bruni 1124:Northern Italy 1085:, was titled 1038:into Latin as 996: 993: 946:Roman Republic 891: 890: 888: 887: 880: 873: 865: 862: 861: 848: 847: 842: 841: 840: 839: 837:Hybrid regimes 834: 829: 828: 827: 817: 812: 802: 799: 798: 795: 794: 788: 787: 786: 785: 780: 775: 770: 768:Regional power 765: 757: 756: 750: 749: 747: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 718: 717: 711: 710: 708: 707: 702: 697: 690: 685: 680: 675: 673:Puppet monarch 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 642: 641: 635: 634: 632: 631: 626: 621: 613: 612: 604: 601: 600: 597: 596: 591: 590: 589: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 550: 549: 544: 543: 538: 532: 529: 528: 526: 525: 524: 523: 518: 508: 506:State religion 500: 499: 497: 496: 493: 489: 486: 485: 483: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 429: 428: 423: 422: 417: 411: 408: 407: 405: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 377:Constitutional 374: 369: 361: 360: 355: 354: 349: 343: 338: 336:Power ideology 335: 334: 331: 330: 325: 324: 322: 321: 316: 311: 303: 302: 300:(rule by none) 293: 292: 290: 289: 284: 283: 282: 272: 264: 263: 250: 249: 247: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 183: 182: 173: 172: 170: 169: 164: 159: 154: 152:Representative 149: 144: 139: 134: 126: 125: 110: 107: 106: 103: 102: 91: 90: 83: 82: 58: 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7226: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7209:Republicanism 7207: 7206: 7204: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7175: 7172: 7167: 7163: 7161:at Wiktionary 7160: 7159: 7153: 7149: 7146: 7141: 7137: 7134: 7129: 7125: 7124: 7115: 7111: 7108: 7104: 7101: 7097: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7083: 7079: 7076: 7072: 7069: 7065: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7048: 7044: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7028: 7025: 7021: 7018: 7014: 7011: 7007: 7004: 7000: 6997: 6993: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6966: 6961: 6946: 6940: 6933: 6927: 6913: 6909: 6902: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6875: 6873: 6865: 6859: 6850: 6843: 6839: 6834: 6826: 6820: 6813: 6808: 6794: 6790: 6784: 6770: 6766: 6760: 6746: 6742: 6736: 6729: 6728:0-19-829083-7 6725: 6721: 6715: 6708: 6702: 6695: 6685: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6667: 6666:Republicanism 6661: 6654: 6648: 6641: 6635: 6627: 6625:9780812208405 6621: 6617: 6610: 6602: 6596: 6588: 6586:9781509917426 6582: 6578: 6571: 6563: 6561:9780813210834 6557: 6553: 6546: 6538: 6536:9780521834872 6532: 6528: 6527: 6519: 6511: 6509:9780813208428 6505: 6501: 6500: 6492: 6484: 6472: 6469:(in French). 6468: 6462: 6455: 6450: 6443: 6442: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6423: 6415: 6411: 6404: 6395: 6386: 6379: 6373: 6367: 6363: 6358: 6351: 6347: 6346:Bernard Lewis 6342: 6335: 6329: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6309: 6301: 6297: 6291: 6283: 6277: 6273: 6272: 6264: 6256: 6249: 6241: 6237: 6230: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6189: 6182: 6181:Spanish State 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6152: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6123: 6116: 6112: 6106: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6049: 6040: 6033: 6027: 6020: 6014: 6007: 6001: 5994: 5988: 5979: 5972: 5966: 5959: 5953: 5951: 5942: 5938: 5931: 5925:, Leiden 1971 5924: 5918: 5909: 5900: 5892: 5891: 5884: 5877: 5871: 5856: 5854:9780520242258 5850: 5846: 5845: 5840: 5834: 5825: 5816: 5807: 5798: 5792:Diodorus 2.39 5789: 5773: 5769: 5762: 5756: 5751: 5749: 5741: 5730: 5728:9780226224824 5724: 5720: 5715: 5714: 5708: 5702: 5695: 5683: 5682: 5676: 5670: 5662: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5643: 5635: 5627: 5621: 5617: 5610: 5602: 5600:9789953171050 5596: 5592: 5585: 5578: 5572: 5565: 5559: 5552: 5546: 5539: 5533: 5518: 5514: 5507: 5505: 5497: 5492: 5485: 5479: 5477: 5469: 5463: 5449: 5445: 5439: 5432: 5428: 5423: 5407: 5406: 5401: 5394: 5387: 5383: 5380:"Republic"j, 5377: 5375: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5352: 5348: 5342: 5335: 5325: 5321: 5315: 5308: 5297: 5293: 5287: 5283: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5248: 5242: 5240: 5236: 5231: 5229: 5223: 5219: 5217: 5216: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5202: 5197: 5196:Supreme Court 5193: 5188: 5186: 5185:James McHenry 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5164: 5157:United States 5154: 5152: 5151:Cass Sunstein 5148: 5147:Philip Pettit 5144: 5139: 5136: 5132: 5127: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5108: 5104: 5098: 5097:Republicanism 5088: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5069: 5063: 5053: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5017: 5012: 5010: 5005: 5003: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4994: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4980: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4957: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4897: 4891: 4890: 4883: 4882:United States 4880: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4792: 4786: 4785: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4757:Metapolitefsi 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4593: 4592: 4591:On Revolution 4588: 4583: 4582: 4578: 4573: 4572: 4568: 4563: 4562: 4561:Rights of Man 4558: 4553: 4552: 4548: 4543: 4542: 4538: 4533: 4532: 4528: 4523: 4522: 4518: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4503: 4502: 4498: 4493: 4492: 4488: 4483: 4482: 4478: 4473: 4472: 4471:De re publica 4468: 4463: 4462: 4458: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4277:Jones (Lynne) 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4072:Adams (Gerry) 4070: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3871:Revolutionary 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3861:Parliamentary 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3670:Civil society 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3647: 3646:Republicanism 3644: 3643: 3640: 3636: 3635: 3627: 3625: 3622:, creating a 3621: 3616: 3612: 3607: 3600: 3595: 3591: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3570: 3565: 3561: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3539: 3538:nation states 3531: 3528: 3525: 3524: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3509: 3504: 3494: 3491: 3483: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3454: 3449:This section 3447: 3443: 3438: 3437: 3429: 3427: 3423: 3422: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3406: 3405:primogeniture 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3354: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3332: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3303: 3301: 3300: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3276: 3272: 3266: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3231: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3197:head of state 3194: 3184: 3179: 3177: 3172: 3170: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3159: 3152: 3151: 3145: 3133: 3123: 3113: 3103: 3093: 3083: 3079: 3068: 3058: 3050: 3048: 3036: 3034: 3028: 3018: 3008: 2999: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2984: 2973:Head of state 2970: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2930: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2878: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2781: 2777: 2767: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2696: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2668: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2654: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2570:German Empire 2567: 2563: 2558: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2511: 2507: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2457: 2453: 2450: 2446: 2424: 2404: 2384: 2364: 2344: 2339: 2335: 2328: 2321: 2314: 2307: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2286:. Due to the 2285: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2273:Simón Bolívar 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2198: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2183:confederation 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2095:Enlightenment 2091: 2089: 2084: 2080: 2067: 2061: 2057: 2050: 2039: 2033: 2019: 2000: 1998: 1995:had become a 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1942:Duke of Anjou 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1893: 1883: 1882:in Florence. 1881: 1880:Ciompi Revolt 1877: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1781: 1775: 1771: 1769: 1768:feudal system 1764: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1721: 1717: 1715: 1710: 1706: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1653: 1650: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1635: 1630: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1596: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1561: 1558: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1516:Ancient India 1513: 1512:Mahajanapadas 1508: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1489: 1487: 1481: 1479: 1473: 1470: 1462: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1386: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1361: 1359: 1358: 1357:De re publica 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1272:classical era 1265: 1262:A map of the 1260: 1255: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1171: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1155: 1154: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1105: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1042: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1028: 1023: 1016: 1013:Sculpture of 1011: 1006: 1002: 992: 990: 986: 981: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 942: 940: 936: 930: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 907: 902: 898: 886: 881: 879: 874: 872: 867: 866: 864: 863: 860: 855: 850: 849: 838: 835: 833: 830: 826: 823: 822: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 807: 806: 805: 797: 796: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 760: 759: 758: 755: 752: 751: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 724:Confederation 722: 721: 720: 719: 716: 713: 712: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 695: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 645: 644: 643: 640: 637: 636: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 619:Unitary state 617: 616: 615: 614: 611: 608: 607: 599: 598: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 553: 552: 551: 542: 539: 537: 534: 533: 531: 530: 522: 521:State atheism 519: 517: 514: 513: 512: 511:Secular state 509: 507: 504: 503: 502: 501: 494: 491: 490: 488: 487: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 432: 431: 430: 421: 418: 416: 415:Authoritarian 413: 412: 410: 409: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 392:Parliamentary 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 364: 363: 362: 353: 350: 348: 345: 344: 342: 341: 333: 332: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 306: 305: 304: 298: 295: 294: 288: 285: 281: 278: 277: 276: 273: 271: 268: 267: 266: 265: 260: 255: 252: 251: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 186: 185: 184: 180:(rule by few) 178: 175: 174: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 129: 128: 127: 122: 117: 114: 113: 105: 104: 101: 98: 97: 93: 92: 89: 85: 84: 81: 77: 76: 73: 69: 65: 64:Republicanism 48: 44: 40: 33: 28: 19: 7195:. June 1991. 7192: 7173:at Wikiquote 7157: 7113: 7106: 7099: 7092: 7088: 7081: 7074: 7067: 7053: 7046: 7039: 7031: 7023: 7016: 7009: 7002: 6995: 6988: 6984: 6977: 6973: 6944: 6939: 6931: 6926: 6915:. Retrieved 6911: 6901: 6888: 6884: 6863: 6858: 6849: 6841: 6838:In re Duncan 6837: 6833: 6819: 6807: 6796:. Retrieved 6792: 6783: 6772:. Retrieved 6768: 6759: 6748:. Retrieved 6744: 6735: 6719: 6714: 6706: 6701: 6693: 6684: 6676: 6660: 6652: 6647: 6639: 6634: 6615: 6609: 6576: 6570: 6551: 6545: 6525: 6518: 6498: 6491: 6481: 6474:. Retrieved 6467:"République" 6461: 6449: 6439: 6438:in his poem 6431: 6422: 6413: 6403: 6394: 6385: 6377: 6372: 6365: 6357: 6349: 6341: 6333: 6328: 6313: 6308: 6299: 6290: 6270: 6263: 6254: 6248: 6235: 6229: 6210:Vatican City 6188: 6173:Vatican City 6151: 6122: 6105: 6048: 6039: 6031: 6026: 6018: 6013: 6005: 6000: 5992: 5987: 5978: 5970: 5965: 5957: 5940: 5930: 5922: 5917: 5908: 5899: 5889: 5883: 5875: 5870: 5858:. Retrieved 5843: 5833: 5824: 5815: 5806: 5797: 5788: 5776:. Retrieved 5772:the original 5761: 5739: 5732:. Retrieved 5712: 5701: 5693: 5686:. Retrieved 5679: 5675:Clarke, Adam 5669: 5641: 5634: 5615: 5609: 5590: 5584: 5576: 5571: 5563: 5558: 5550: 5545: 5537: 5532: 5520:. Retrieved 5516: 5491: 5483: 5467: 5462: 5451:. Retrieved 5447: 5438: 5431:The Republic 5430: 5427:Bloom, Allan 5422: 5410:. Retrieved 5403: 5393: 5381: 5355:. Retrieved 5350: 5341: 5333: 5327:. Retrieved 5323: 5314: 5305: 5299:. Retrieved 5295: 5286: 5232: 5224: 5220: 5213: 5205: 5199: 5189: 5177:Noah Webster 5166: 5140: 5128: 5120:civic virtue 5102: 5100: 5065: 5048: 5040: 5030: 4954: 4589: 4579: 4569: 4559: 4549: 4539: 4529: 4519: 4509: 4499: 4489: 4479: 4469: 4459: 4272:Jones (Elin) 4177:Flynn (Paul) 4137:Clarke (Tom) 4132:Clark (Katy) 4077:Adams (John) 3898:Philosophers 3719: 3675:Civic virtue 3637:Part of the 3608: 3604: 3573: 3542: 3535: 3520:Soviet Union 3513: 3486: 3477: 3462:Please help 3450: 3425: 3419: 3409: 3394:, where the 3388:Malay states 3369: 3365: 3362: 3350: 3333: 3309: 3297: 3279: 3275:cohabitation 3267: 3232: 3221: 3190: 3143: 3045: 3031: 2994: 2986: 2950: 2939:constitution 2936: 2933:Constitution 2903: 2880: 2830: 2783: 2732: 2704:World War II 2701: 2680:anti-fascist 2672:constitution 2665: 2651: 2632:World War II 2629: 2576:(1918), and 2559: 2548: 2533: 2514: 2468:Napoleon III 2461: 2452:The Republic 2451: 2292:independence 2281: 2261:Peninsulares 2250: 2199: 2171:Thomas Paine 2166:Common Sense 2164: 2153: 2134: 2119: 2092: 2076: 1996: 1963:In 1641 the 1962: 1957: 1922:Dutch Revolt 1918: 1895: 1873: 1851: 1832: 1799: 1777: 1765: 1741: 1725: 1712: 1694:Old Covenant 1689: 1679: 1659: 1643: 1634:Arthashastra 1632: 1625: 1620: 1613:Mahajanapada 1569:gaṇa mukhyas 1568: 1555: 1545: 1537: 1500: 1464: 1417:Persian rule 1413:Roman consul 1390: 1384: 1382: 1362: 1355: 1319: 1313: 1308: 1289: 1269: 1219: 1210:divine right 1201: 1199: 1194: 1191:commonwealth 1190: 1178: 1174: 1170:commonwealth 1168: 1164: 1158: 1151: 1144:Ancient Rome 1139: 1122:In medieval 1121: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1086: 1082:The Republic 1080: 1072: 1056: 1054: 1050:Roman Empire 1045: 1039: 1035: 1025: 1019: 982: 962:constitution 943: 938: 931: 904: 896: 894: 773:Middle power 700:Vassal state 694:Buffer state 692: 668:Puppet state 663:Protectorate 639:Client state 629:Principality 455:Distributism 397:Presidential 275:Dictatorship 199:Gerontocracy 121:rule by many 94: 78:Part of the 72: 46: 37:This is the 31: 6428:H. G. Wells 5400:"res, II.K" 5124:rule of law 5107:Renaissance 5081:Robespierre 4905:Common good 4845:New Zealand 4840:Netherlands 4585:(1835–1840) 4555:(1787–1788) 4465:(c. 375 BC) 4387:Robespierre 4162:Etherington 4097:Benn (Tony) 4066:Politicians 4044:Tocqueville 4004:Montesquieu 3984:Machiavelli 3730:Rule of law 3725:Res publica 3615:independent 3576:all cantons 3516:sovereignty 3426:res publica 3424:, based on 3347:Ambiguities 3312:democracies 3290:Switzerland 2949:. The term 2562:World War I 2521:Sun Yat-sen 2510:Sun Yat-sen 2506:Yuan Shikai 2125:Montesquieu 2066:Aftonbladet 1993:stadtholder 1985:John Milton 1948:and prince 1938:king Philip 1912:during the 1906:John Calvin 1815:Switzerland 1788:was then a 1737:Renaissance 1629:aristocracy 1546:gaṇa mukhya 1445:Igbo people 1439:before the 1344:aristocracy 1296:Montesquieu 1292:Machiavelli 1238:Middle Ages 1234:Middle East 1179:res publica 1175:res publica 1165:res publica 1161:Machiavelli 1153:res publica 1041:res publica 1001:Res publica 970:aristocrats 906:res publica 778:Great power 763:Small power 705:Viceroyalty 576:Nationalism 440:Colonialism 420:Libertarian 382:Directorial 259:rule by one 239:Technocracy 234:Stratocracy 214:Meritocracy 204:Kleptocracy 194:Aristocracy 7203:Categories 6917:2021-06-27 6798:2021-06-27 6774:2021-06-27 6750:2021-06-27 6476:1 February 6454:Dunn, John 6234:"Italia", 5860:28 October 5513:"republic" 5453:2018-10-20 5412:August 14, 5347:"Republic" 5329:2017-02-18 5301:2022-05-10 5278:References 5251:Free state 5228:John Locke 5060:See also: 5033:Jean Bodin 4945:Monarchism 4935:Liberalism 4930:Jacobinism 4620:Gaṇasaṅgha 4475:(54–51 BC) 3959:Harrington 3836:Democratic 3826:Capitalist 3821:Autonomous 3803:Venizelism 3788:Khomeinism 3599:California 3390:, and the 3378:where the 3329:California 3320:legitimacy 3286:San Marino 3080:republic: 3078:Theocratic 2989:government 2963:autocratic 2911:Azerbaijan 2887:Sharia law 2818:Yugoslavia 2794:Bolsheviks 2774:See also: 2644:Umberto II 2536:Protestant 2265:Amerindian 2244:, and the 2161:John Adams 2149:tyrannical 2088:liberalism 1890:See also: 1876:patricians 1649:gaṇasaṅgha 1603:, and the 1601:Kusinagara 1595:gaṇasaṅgha 1469:gaṇasaṅgha 1461:Gaṇasaṅgha 1403:along the 1352:ochlocracy 999:See also: 974:assemblies 783:Superpower 739:Superstate 734:Federation 729:Devolution 715:Federalism 556:City-state 229:Plutocracy 224:Particracy 88:government 7145:Republics 7095:53 (1981) 6891:: 13–20. 6595:cite book 6082:Frankfurt 5498:p. xxiii. 5101:The term 5068:democracy 4800:Australia 4432:Venizelos 4422:Spadolini 4412:Slaughter 4357:McDonnell 4322:Mackenzie 4267:Jefferson 4222:Griffiths 4202:de Gaulle 4197:Garibaldi 4157:Drakeford 4049:Warburton 3969:Jefferson 3964:Honderich 3944:Condorcet 3831:Christian 3793:Nasserism 3768:Classical 3685:Democracy 3480:June 2015 3451:does not 3400:cardinals 3306:Elections 3193:president 2978:Structure 2907:Indonesia 2895:caliphate 2883:Al-Farabi 2730:instead. 2728:republics 2712:Caribbean 2540:Confucian 2277:autocracy 2210:Louis XVI 2154:With the 1910:Huguenots 1902:Calvinist 1820:Habsburgs 1686:Haakon IV 1585:Licchavis 1565:Licchavis 1557:Kshatriya 1532:Licchavis 1501:democracy 1433:Israelite 1405:Levantine 1401:Phoenicia 1383:The term 1369:Alexander 1328:democracy 1324:oligarchy 1310:Aristotle 1230:Aristotle 1189:the word 1091:Aristotle 1055:The term 995:Etymology 913:in which 610:Unitarism 586:Globalism 492:Religious 480:Tribalism 470:Socialism 465:Feudalism 450:Despotism 445:Communism 435:Anarchism 372:Communist 319:Stateless 309:Anarchism 270:Despotism 254:Autocracy 244:Theocracy 209:Kritarchy 177:Oligarchy 162:Socialist 116:Democracy 18:Republics 7214:Republic 7185:Archived 7171:Republic 7158:republic 7133:Republic 6987:, v. 2, 6976:, v. 1, 6972:, eds., 6893:Archived 6669:Archived 6298:(1981). 6240:Treccani 6096:and the 5841:(2002). 5681:Writings 5245:See also 5206:republic 5103:republic 5077:Rousseau 4870:Scotland 4810:Barbados 4461:Republic 4377:Prescott 4347:Naysmith 4337:McKechin 4297:La Malfa 4292:Khomeini 4252:Iorwerth 4217:Griffith 4192:Gambetta 4187:Galloway 4172:Ferguson 4152:Davidson 4147:Cromwell 4142:Connolly 4122:Campbell 4039:Sunstein 4024:Rousseau 4019:Polybius 3954:Franklin 3934:Chappell 3929:Cattaneo 3866:People's 3851:Imperial 3783:Kemalism 3720:Republic 3654:Concepts 3611:colonies 3586:and the 3376:Malaysia 3195:for the 3158:de facto 2967:monarchy 2865:Ethiopia 2845:Cambodia 2814:Bulgaria 2806:Mongolia 2714:and the 2572:(1918), 2568:(1917), 2553:and the 2523:, whose 2228:and her 2222:Napoleon 2115:Voltaire 1997:de facto 1969:Puritans 1944:, queen 1835:Novgorod 1731:and the 1621:gramakas 1609:Vaishali 1581:Mallakas 1528:Mallakas 1493:Diodorus 1425:suffetes 1415:. Under 1385:republic 1373:Carthage 1340:monarchy 1332:Polybius 1320:politeia 1315:Politics 1278:and the 1266:in 45 BC 1206:heredity 1202:republic 1195:republic 1132:signoria 1117:republic 1113:politeia 1104:Politics 1099:politeia 1095:politeia 1087:Politeia 1073:republic 1057:politeia 1046:republic 1036:politeia 1027:politeia 939:republic 927:monarchy 897:republic 658:Dominion 387:Legalist 367:Absolute 352:Republic 347:Monarchy 219:Noocracy 189:Anocracy 142:Economic 132:Demarchy 43:reviewed 7062:LGDJ.fr 5778:8 March 5734:10 June 5688:10 June 5208:was a " 4835:Morocco 4825:Jamaica 4820:Ireland 4805:Bahamas 4607:History 4427:Taverne 4402:Skinner 4382:Ritchie 4327:Madison 4307:Lincoln 4257:Jackson 4247:Huppert 4242:Hopkins 4167:Fabiani 4127:Chapman 4112:Bolívar 4102:Bennett 4092:Bartley 4082:Atatürk 3994:Mazzini 3989:Madison 3919:Bentham 3909:Baggini 3876:Secular 3856:Islamic 3841:Federal 3778:Federal 3762:Schools 3613:became 3472:removed 3457:sources 3341:Ireland 3294:consuls 3271:cabinet 3235:Germany 3150:de jure 2861:Burundi 2826:Albania 2822:Hungary 2810:Romania 2747:Bahrain 2716:Pacific 2590:Finland 2582:Ireland 2111:tyranny 2107:anarchy 1954:Estates 1858:Turkish 1843:Muscovy 1792:of the 1714:Neptune 1670:Althing 1605:Vajjika 1577:Koliyas 1573:Shakyas 1524:Koliyas 1520:Shakyas 1449:Nigeria 1409:Shophet 1391:In the 1348:tyranny 1342:, 1304:Madison 1216:History 1128:commune 1005:Civitas 952:in 509 903:phrase 800:Related 495:Secular 460:Fascism 297:Anarchy 287:Tyranny 147:Liberal 7109:, 1968 6726: 6622: 6583: 6558: 6533: 6506: 6483:jours. 6322:442274 6320: 6278: 6212:as an 6200:, the 6198:Europe 6179:, the 6175:as an 6163:, the 6161:Europe 6142:, the 6092:, the 6088:, the 6084:, the 6078:Lübeck 6074:Bremen 6068:, the 6062:Europe 6034:p. 431 6008:p. 435 5851: 5725: 5657: 5622: 5597: 5553:p. 184 5522:15 Dec 5384:. 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