6952:
1002:
1697:
3495:
1766:
2010:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2612:
3586:
2024:
2041:
1499:
1870:. In those areas that held elections, property qualifications or guild membership limited both who could vote and who could run. In many states no direct elections were held and council members were hereditary or appointed by the existing council. This left the great majority of the population without political power, and riots and revolts by the lower classes were common. The late Middle Ages saw more than 200 such risings in the towns of the Holy Roman Empire. Similar revolts occurred in Italy, notably the
3598:
and prohibited to the states. The founders of the country intended most domestic laws to be handled by the states. Requiring the states to be a republic in form was seen as protecting the citizens' rights and preventing a state from becoming a dictatorship or monarchy, and reflected unwillingness on the part of the original 13 states (all independent republics) to unite with other states that were not republics. Additionally, this requirement ensured that only other republics could join the union.
2687:
2490:
7144:
2437:
4977:
846:
2975:
1251:
3434:
7158:
3556:
7132:
7120:
5027:'s definition of the republic was "the rightly ordered government of a number of families, and of those things which are their common concern, by a sovereign power." Oligarchies and monarchies could also be included as they were also organised toward 'public' shared interests. In medieval texts, 'republic' was used to refer to the body of shared interest with the king at its head. For instance, the
2698:, most of the remaining European colonies gained their independence, and most became republics. The two largest colonial powers were France and the United Kingdom. Republican France encouraged the establishment of republics in its former colonies. The United Kingdom attempted to follow the model it had for its earlier settler colonies of creating independent
5171:'s dictionary of 1828. It was a novel meaning to the term; representative democracy was not an idea mentioned by Machiavelli and did not exist in the classical republics. There is also evidence that contemporaries of Madison considered the meaning of "republic" to reflect the broader definition found elsewhere, as is the case with a quotation of
1540:(chief), and a deliberative assembly. The assembly met regularly. It discussed all major state decisions. At least in some states, attendance was open to all free men. This body also had full financial, administrative, and judicial authority. Other officers, who rarely receive any mention, obeyed the decisions of the assembly. Elected by the
3306:, presidents are elected, either directly by the people or indirectly by a parliament or council. Typically in presidential and semi-presidential systems the president is directly elected by the people or is indirectly elected as done in the United States. In that country, the president is officially elected by an
5298:
A state in which power rests with the people or their representatives; specifically a state without a monarchy. Also: a government, or system of government, of such a state; a period of government of this type. The term is often (especially in the 18th and 19th centuries) taken to imply a state with
5217:
Beyond these basic definitions, the word republic has a number of other connotations. W. Paul Adams observes that republic is most often used in the United States as a synonym for "state" or "government," but with more positive connotations than either of those terms. Republicanism is often referred
3314:
upon the president and gives the office much of its political power. However, this concept of legitimacy differs from that expressed in the United States
Constitution which established the legitimacy of the United States president as resulting from the signing of the Constitution by nine states. The
3597:
States of the United States are required, like the federal government, to be republican in form, with final authority resting with the people. This was required because the states were intended to create and enforce most domestic laws, with the exception of areas delegated to the federal government
5062:
has been used interchangeably with the term republic by some, others have made sharp distinctions between the two for millennia. "Montesquieu, founder of the modern constitutional state, repeated in his The Spirit of the Laws of 1748 the insight that
Aristotle had expressed two millennia earlier,
1911:
Calvinism played an important role in the republican revolts in
England and the Netherlands. Like the city-states of Italy and the Hanseatic League, both were important trading centres, with a large merchant class prospering from the trade with the New World. Large parts of the population of both
1734:
Italy was the most densely populated area of Europe, and also one with the weakest central government. Many of the towns thus gained considerable independence and adopted commune forms of government. Completely free of feudal control, the
Italian city-states expanded, gaining control of the rural
1618:
Scholars differ over how best to describe these governments, and the vague, sporadic quality of the evidence allows for wide disagreements. Some emphasize the central role of the assemblies and thus tout them as democracies; other scholars focus on the upper-class domination of the leadership and
3539:
was a federal entity composed of six republics (Socialist
Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia). Each republic had its parliament, government, institute of citizenship, constitution, etc., but certain functions were delegated to the federation
2896:
None of these states are typically referred to as republics. The current usage of the republic in Muslim countries is borrowed from the
Western meaning, adopted into the language in the late 19th century. The 20th century saw republicanism become an important idea in much of the Middle East, as
5213:
However, the term republic is not synonymous with the republican form. The republican form is defined as one in which the powers of sovereignty are vested in the people and are exercised by the people, either directly, or through representatives chosen by the people, to whom those powers are
3310:, chosen by the States. All U.S. States have chosen electors by popular election since 1832. The indirect election of the president through the electoral college conforms to the concept of the republic as one with a system of indirect election. In the opinion of some, direct election confers
3347:
of the former
British Empire and Western Europe today have almost all real political power vested in the elected representatives, with the monarchs only holding either theoretical powers, no powers or rarely used reserve powers. Real legitimacy for political decisions comes from the elected
3358:
There are also self-proclaimed republics that act similarly to absolute monarchies with absolute power vested in the leader and passed down from father to son. North Korea and Syria are two notable examples where a son has inherited political control. Neither of these states are officially
5101:
as a descriptive term for states that were not monarchies. These writers, such as
Machiavelli, also wrote important prescriptive works describing how such governments should function. These ideas of how a government and society should be structured is the basis for an ideology known as
5672:
The Holy Bible
Containing the Old and New Testaments: The Text Printed from the Most Correct Copies of the Present Authorized Translation Including the Marginal Readings and Parallel Texts with a Commentary and Critical Notes Designed as a Help to a Better Understanding of the Sacred
5299:
a democratic or representative constitution and without a hereditary nobility, but more recently it has also been used of autocratic or dictatorial states not ruled by a monarch. It is now chiefly used to denote any non-monarchical state headed by an elected or appointed president.
3319:, whose actual result was manifest in the clause that provides voters in smaller states with more representation in presidential selection than those in large states; for example citizens of Wyoming in 2016 had 3.6 times as much electoral vote representation as citizens of
1379:
is not commonly used to refer to pre-classical city-states, especially if outside Europe and the area which was under Graeco-Roman influence. However some early states outside Europe had governments that are sometimes today considered similar to republics.
1278:
has argued that a distinct republican tradition stretches from the classical world to the present. Other scholars disagree. Paul Rahe, for instance, argues that the classical republics had a form of government with few links to those in any modern country.
2124:(1755–1769) and described his ideal political structure of small, self-governing communes. Montesquieu felt that a city-state should ideally be a republic, but maintained that a limited monarchy was better suited to a state with a larger territory.
3326:
In states with a parliamentary system, the president is usually elected by the parliament. This indirect election subordinates the president to the parliament, and also gives the president limited legitimacy and turns most presidential powers into
1809:
had, courtesy of geography, also been largely excluded from central control. Unlike Italy and
Germany, much of the rural area was thus not controlled by feudal barons, but by independent farmers who also used communal forms of government. When the
924:
Representation in a republic may or may not be freely elected by the general citizenry. In many historical republics, representation has been based on personal status and the role of elections has been limited. This remains true today; among the
3609:
states after the American Revolution, each having a republican form of government. These independent states initially formed a loose confederation called the United States and then later formed the current United States by ratifying the current
6474:
Les nouveaux cantons de la Suisse latine choisirent le titre de république, qui soulignait leur indépendance, alors que "canton" met l'accent sur l'appartenance à la Confédération; Genève, Neuchâtel et le Tessin l'ont conservé jusqu'à nos
3260:
The rules for appointing the president and the leader of the government, in some republics permit the appointment of a president and a prime minister who have opposing political convictions: in France, when the members of the ruling
1482:
means 'assembly'—which may have existed as early as the 6th century BC and persisted in some areas until the 4th century AD in India. The evidence for this is scattered, however, and no pure historical source exists for that period.
2150:
the leaders of the revolt firmly rejected the monarchy and embraced republicanism. The leaders of the revolution were well-versed in the writings of the French liberal thinkers, and also in the history of the classical republics.
6477:[The new cantons of Latin Switzerland chose the title of republic, which underlined their independence, while "canton" emphasizes membership of the Confederation; Geneva, Neuchâtel and Ticino have kept it to this day.]
3394:
under the age of 80. While rare today, elective monarchs were common in the past. The Holy Roman Empire is an important example, where each new emperor was chosen by a group of electors. Islamic states also rarely employed
2757:
overthrew a number of monarchs and installed republics. Several monarchies remain, and the Middle East is the only part of the world where several large states are ruled by monarchs with almost complete political control.
5186:, but it does appear in Article IV of the Constitution, which "guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican form of Government." What exactly the writers of the constitution felt this should mean is uncertain. The
3410:, had developed as a method for powerful landowners to control the crown. The proponents of this system looked to classical examples, and the writings of the Italian Renaissance, and called their elective monarchy a
2267:, both the main instigator of the revolts and one of its most important theorists, was sympathetic to liberal ideals but felt that Latin America lacked the social cohesion for such a system to function and advocated
1274:. While the structure and governance of these states was different from that of any modern republic, there is debate about the extent to which classical, medieval, and modern republics form a historical continuum.
3348:
representatives and is derived from the will of the people. While hereditary monarchies remain in place, political power is derived from the people as in a republic. These states are thus sometimes referred to as
2077:
replaced the limited and decentralized monarchies that had existed in most of the Middle Ages. It also saw a reaction against the total control of the monarch as a series of writers created the ideology known as
2119:
praised republics, and looked on the city-states of Greece as a model. However, both also felt that a state like France, with 20 million people, would be impossible to govern as a republic. Rousseau admired the
1743:. Each were large trading ports, and further expanded by using naval power to control large parts of the Mediterranean. It was in Italy that an ideology advocating for republics first developed. Writers such as
1718:
In Europe new republics appeared in the late Middle Ages when a number of small states embraced republican systems of government. These were generally small, but wealthy, trading states, like the Mediterranean
1668:
in 1000, where the Althing decreed that all Icelanders must be baptized into Christianity, and forbade celebration of pagan rituals. Contrary to most states, the Icelandic Commonwealth had no official leader.
5043:
as the Byzantines did not regard monarchy as a contradiction to republicanism. Instead, republics were defined as any state based on popular sovereignty and whose institutions were based on shared values.
1804:
most power was held locally and many adopted republican forms of government. The same rights to imperial immediacy were secured by the major trading cities of Switzerland. The towns and villages of alpine
5129:
who in 1975 argued that a series of scholars had expressed a consistent set of republican ideals. These writers included Machiavelli, Milton, Montesquieu and the founders of the United States of America.
1040:(or similar terms in various European languages). The term can literally be translated as 'public matter'. It was used by Roman writers to refer to the state and government, even during the period of the
6845:
GOVERNMENT (Republican Form of Government) – One in which the powers of sovereignty are vested in the people and are exercised by the people ... directly ... Black's Law Dictionary, Sixth Edition, p. 695
6884:
1664:
was a combination of parliament and supreme court where disputes appealed from lower courts were settled, laws were decided, and decisions of national importance were taken. One such example was the
1762:
dominated by the rural land owners, and across Europe began to advocate for their own privileges and powers. The more centralized states, such as France and England, granted limited city charters.
5732:
Samuel has the distinction of being the first self-conscious republican in his society of whom we have nearly contemporary written record and of whose actual existence we can be reasonably sure.
2139:, the monarch's branding of those requesting redress as traitors, and his support for sending combat troops to demonstrate authority resulted in widespread perception of the British monarchy as
1900:
did not call for the abolition of monarchy, but he advanced the doctrine that the faithful had the duty to overthrow irreligious monarchs. Advocacy for republics appeared in the writings of the
3570:
can be considered to have a republican form of government, with constitutions, legislatures, executives and courts; many of them being originally sovereign states. As a consequence, several
2474:
in 1873–74, but the monarchy was soon restored. By the start of the 20th century France, Switzerland and San Marino remained the only republics in Europe. This changed when, after the 1908
3191:. Originally used to refer to the presiding officer of a committee or governing body in Great Britain the usage was also applied to political leaders, including the leaders of some of the
3018:
933:
in their official names as of 2017, and other states formally constituted as republics, are states that narrowly constrain both the right of representation and the process of election.
7053:
1491:'s invasion of India (now Pakistan and northwest India) mentions, without offering any detail, that independent and democratic states existed in India. Modern scholars note the word
1282:
The political philosophy of the classical republics has influenced republican thought throughout the subsequent centuries. Philosophers and politicians advocating republics, such as
2247:
allowed the states of Latin America to gain their independence. Liberal ideology had only a limited impact on these new republics. The main impetus was the local European-descended
5229:
began to argue that republicanism was just as, or even more important than liberalism in the creation of the United States. This issue is still much disputed and scholars like
2796:
ideology. Communism was wholly opposed to monarchy and became an important element of many republican movements during the 20th century. The Russian Revolution spread into
2893:) maintained the principles of an elected ruler, later states became hereditary or military dictatorships though many maintained some pretence of a consultative shura.
5435:
5218:
to as the founding ideology of the United States. Traditionally scholars believed this American republicanism was a derivation of the classical liberal ideologies of
5133:
Pocock argued that this was an ideology with a history and principles distinct from liberalism. These ideas were embraced by a number of different writers, including
5079:, who said of the new French Republic, "What use is it to us, that we have broken the aristocracy of the nobles, if that is replaced by the aristocracy of the rich?"
5023:
Before the 17th Century, the term 'republic' could be used to refer to states of any form of government as long as it was not a tyrannical regime. French philosopher
1603:, existed as early as the 6th century BC and persisted in some areas until the 4th century AD. The most famous clan amongst the ruling confederate clans of the Vajji
2526:
Republican ideas were spreading, especially in Asia. The United States began to have considerable influence in East Asia in the later part of the 19th century, with
3058:
3574:
cantons are still officially referred to as republics, reflecting their history and will of independence within the Swiss Confederation. Notable examples are the
5686:
The persons called Judges were the heads or chiefs of the Israelites who governed the Hebrew Republic from the days of Moses and Joshua, till the time of Saul.
2290:
lasted until 1889. In many other Latin American states various forms of autocratic republic existed until most were liberalized at the end of the 20th century.
2652:
of Italy, as their unitary symbol to be used in the electoral campaign and on the referendum ballot on the institutional form of the State, in contrast to the
1623:. Despite the assembly's obvious power, it has not yet been established whether the composition and participation were truly popular. This is reflected in the
3222:. There are a number of forms of presidential government. A full-presidential system has a president with substantial authority and a central political role.
2656:, which represented the monarchy. On June 2, 1946 the republican side won 54.3% of the vote and Italy officially became a republic, a day celebrated since as
3510:
as for the state to be ruled by the people it cannot be controlled by a foreign power. There are important exceptions to this, for example, republics in the
1506:
were the sixteen most powerful and vast kingdoms and republics of the era; there were also a number of smaller kingdoms stretching the length and breadth of
2511:
during the 19th century, and a number of protest movements developed calling for constitutional monarchy. The most important leader of these efforts was
874:
1638:, which includes injunctions on manipulating the noble leaders, yet it does not mention how to influence the mass of the citizens, indicating that the
1262:
The modern type of republic itself is different from any type of state found in the classical world. Nevertheless, there are a number of states of the
3257:
have a president as an active head of state with important powers, but they also have a prime minister as a head of government with important powers.
6781:"SEARCHING -word- for [republic] :: Search the 1828 Noah Webster's Dictionary of the English Language (FREE) :: 1828.mshaffer.com"
6592:
6432:
6035:"Latin American Republicanism" New Dictionary of the History of Ideas. Ed. Maryanne Cline Horowitz. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2005.
5005:
3528:
It is sometimes argued that the former Soviet Union was also a supra-national republic, based on the claim that the member states were different
3172:
2135:
over the colonies, not of the monarchy. The failure of the British monarch to protect the colonies from what they considered the infringement of
1731:, Europe was divided with those states controlled by a landed elite being monarchies and those controlled by a commercial elite being republics.
1495:
at the time of the 3rd century BC and later suffered from degradation and could mean any autonomous state, no matter how aristocratic in nature.
1423:
has been cited as one of the earliest known examples of a republic, in which the people, rather than a monarch, are described as sovereign. The
3051:: Executive president is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature
1688:") in 1262. This effectively brought the Commonwealth to an end. The Althing, however, is still Iceland's parliament, almost 800 years later.
2178:
3331:
that can only be exercised under rare circumstances. There are exceptions where elected presidents have only ceremonial powers, such as in
6401:
1363:. The Roman Republic expanded dramatically, conquering the other states of the Mediterranean that could be considered republics, such as
6951:
6057:
5183:
3366:
where ultimate power is vested in a monarch, but the monarch is chosen by some manner of election. A current example of such a state is
3284:, the head of state is not a single person but a committee (council) of several persons holding that office. The Roman Republic had two
1833:—also adopted republican forms of government in 12th and 13th centuries, respectively, which ended when the republics were conquered by
2530:
missionaries playing a central role. The liberal and republican writers of the West also exerted influence. These combined with native
1611:
included republican communities such as the community of Rajakumara. Villages had their own assemblies under their local chiefs called
7176:
6448:. "The Identity of the Bourgeois Liberal Republic". The Invention of the Modern Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
1983:
was short-lived, and the monarchy was soon restored. The Dutch Republic continued in name until 1795, but by the mid-18th century the
5759:
2147:
2116:
926:
91:
2800:
and overthrew its theocratic monarchy in 1924. In the aftermath of the Second World War, the communists gradually gained control of
1758:
Across Europe a wealthy merchant class developed in the important trading cities. Despite their wealth they had little power in the
1680:
for the Icelanders to rejoin the Norwegian "family", led the Icelandic chieftains to accept Haakon IV as king by the signing of the
7049:
5928:
5145:. These subsequent writers have further explored the history of the idea, and also outlined how a modern republic should function.
3536:
2809:
2719:
1924:
rule. However, the country did not adopt the republican form of government immediately: in the formal declaration of independence (
1676:, the Commonwealth began to suffer from long conflicts between warring clans. This, combined with pressure from the Norwegian king
305:
2534:
inspired political philosophy that had long argued that the populace had the right to reject unjust governments that had lost the
1111:
can also be used in a general way to refer to any regime, or to refer specifically to governments which work for the public good.
4562:
3359:
monarchies. There is no constitutional requirement that power be passed down within one family, but it has occurred in practice.
3249:
where the power of the monarch is also greatly circumscribed. In parliamentary systems the head of government, most often titled
867:
2725:
Britain followed a different model in the Middle East; it installed local monarchies in several colonies and mandates including
1355:
Over time, the classical republics became empires or were conquered by empires. Most of the Greek republics were annexed to the
6872:
6660:
3706:
2155:
had notably written a book on republics throughout history. In addition, the widely distributed and popularly read-aloud tract
1001:
2642:
to decide whether Italy should remain a monarchy or become a republic. The supporters of the republic chose the effigy of the
6271:
6127:
5650:
5615:
4713:
4653:
3524:
be named after at least one million people of the ethnic group which should make up the majority population of said republic.
3225:
In other states the legislature is dominant and the presidential role is almost purely ceremonial and apolitical, such as in
3200:
2639:
2616:
5391:
6899:
6462:
4786:
2228:". Throughout the Napoleonic period, the victors extinguished many of the oldest republics on the continent, including the
4703:
6213:
5159:
A distinct set of definitions of the term "republic" evolved in the United States, where the term is often equated with "
4998:
4856:
4482:
4173:
3165:
2789:
1696:
1224:
there was already a long history of city states with a wide variety of constitutions, not only in Greece but also in the
1888:
While the classical writers had been the primary ideological source for the republics of Italy, in Northern Europe, the
1555:. The chief coordinated his activities with the assembly; in some states, he did so with a council of other nobles. The
5187:
5154:
4873:
4683:
4143:
3403:
953:
860:
3195:(originally Virginia in 1608); in full, the "President of the Council". The first republic to adopt the title was the
2572:(1922) were all replaced by republics. New states gained independence during this turmoil, and many of these, such as
1196:
commonly means a system of government which derives its power from the people rather than from another basis, such as
6719:
6615:
6576:
6551:
6526:
6499:
5844:
5718:
5590:
4963:
4428:
4213:
3481:
2520:
2166:
3463:
1979:
became some of the first writers to argue for rejecting monarchy and embracing a republican form of government. The
1896:
theology, which developed in the Swiss Confederacy, one of the largest and most powerful of the medieval republics.
6135:
5110:. This ideology is based on the Roman Republic and the city states of Ancient Greece and focuses on ideals such as
4831:
4502:
2466:
was established in 1870 when a civil revolutionary committee refused to accept Napoleon III's surrender during the
2414:
2394:
2374:
2354:
2334:
4743:
3307:
2589:
2494:
983:
entities that are referred to as republics, or that have governments that are described as republican in nature.
941:
745:
6898:
Hutchins, Thomas; Washington, George; Paine, Thomas; Jefferson, Thomas; Adams, John; Fadden, Will (2008-04-12).
3518:
be on the periphery of the Soviet Union so as to be able to take advantage of their theoretical right to secede;
2823:
Communism also intermingled with other ideologies. It was embraced by many national liberation movements during
2255:—governors sent from overseas. The majority of the population in most of Latin America was of either African or
1991:
monarch. Calvinists were also some of the earliest settlers of the British and Dutch colonies of North America.
4991:
3837:
3459:
3311:
3204:
3158:
2781:
2516:
2165:, succinctly and eloquently laid out the case for republican ideals and independence to the larger public. The
2062:! death to the king / Republic Republic the People. Brunkeberg this evening". The writer's identity is unknown.
1138:
caused writers to prefer classical terminology. To describe non-monarchical states, writers (most importantly,
552:
507:
7162:
4758:
1099:: "When the citizens at large govern for the public good, it is called by the name common to all governments (
6566:
5642:
5163:." This narrower understanding of the term was originally developed by James Madison and notably employed in
4128:
2667:
2631:
1629:, an ancient handbook for monarchs on how to rule efficiently. It contains a chapter on how to deal with the
378:
4738:
1765:
4953:
4916:
4836:
4796:
4698:
4693:
3184:
2873:
Islamic political philosophy has a long history of opposition to absolute monarchy, notably in the work of
2182:
906:
6955:
Speech of U.S. Senator against the Mexican–American War characterizing it as imperialist and presidential.
1814:
tried to reassert control over the region both rural farmers and town merchants joined the rebellion. The
6937:
Republicanism and Bourgeois Radicalism: Political Ideology in Late Eighteenth-Century England and America
5206:
4688:
3545:
3061:: Head of government (president or directory) is elected by the legislature, but is not accountable to it
2897:
monarchies were removed in many states of the region. Iraq became a secular state. Some nations, such as
2132:
1952:, the representative assembly at the time) decided to vest the sovereignty of the country in themselves.
1665:
572:
87:
6680:
McCormick, John P. "Machiavelli against Republicanism: On the Cambridge School's 'Guicciardinian Moments
1134:, a free people. The terminology changed in the 15th century as the renewed interest in the writings of
7136:
6402:"Voters In Wyoming Have 3.6 Times The Voting Power That I Have. It's Time To End The Electoral College"
5125:
is one of the main theses of the Cambridge School of historical analysis. This grew out of the work of
4791:
4492:
4163:
3611:
3549:
3048:
2630:
with a destroyed economy, a divided society, and anger against the monarchy for its endorsement of the
968:
of all free citizens, possessing the power to elect magistrates from the populace and pass laws; and a
393:
34:
3494:
2702:
still linked under the same monarch. While most of the settler colonies and the smaller states in the
7124:
6160:
5210:(1875), the court ruled that the "equal rights of citizens" were inherent to the idea of a republic.
4801:
4768:
4668:
4663:
4333:
3950:
3455:
3344:
3266:
2546:
2483:
2479:
2205:
2054:
he is not fit to be a king: Long live the Republic! The Reform! down with the Royal house, long live
1968:
1883:
1700:
59:
30:
1866:
The dominant form of government for these early republics was control by a limited council of elite
1159:
has a set of interrelated meanings in the original Latin. In subsequent centuries, the English word
5160:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4718:
4293:
3696:
3444:
3254:
2649:
2593:
1867:
143:
6422:
regularly used the term crowned republic to describe the United Kingdom, for instance in his work
4073:
3355:
Terms such as "liberal republic" are also used to describe all of the modern liberal democracies.
6092:; however, member states of the German Confederation are also separately counted (35 monarchies).
5377:
5242:
5103:
4851:
4841:
4806:
4522:
4168:
3759:
3671:
3448:
3083:
2998:
2946:
2597:
2565:
2157:
2090:
1905:
1845:
1600:
914:
801:
368:
3406:
had an elective monarchy, with a wide suffrage of some 500,000 nobles. The system, known as the
3116:: Committee of military leaders controls the government; constitutional provisions are suspended
2784:
was established in its place on the lines of a liberal republic, but this was overthrown by the
1298:, relied heavily on classical Greek and Roman sources which described various types of regimes.
7200:
6073:
5204:" in which it would not intervene. In two later cases, it did establish a basic definition. In
5072:
5063:'Voting by lot is in the nature of democracy; voting by choice is in the nature of aristocracy.
4861:
4846:
4378:
4313:
3862:
3852:
3789:
3567:
3391:
3316:
3273:
3242:
3123:
3073:
3008:
2658:
2577:
2471:
2455:
2447:
2259:
descent, and the Creole elite had little interest in giving these groups power and broad-based
2209:
1937:
1933:
1889:
1685:
816:
383:
6516:
6489:
6069:
5834:
5638:
3975:
1727:, in which the merchant class had risen to prominence. Knud Haakonssen has noted that, by the
1283:
7072:
J. G. A. Pocock, "Between Gog and Magog: The Republican Thesis and the Ideologia Americana",
6427:
5880:
5710:
5068:
4906:
4728:
4542:
4423:
4035:
4015:
3925:
3769:
3651:
3371:
2820:, ensuring that the states were reestablished as socialist republics rather than monarchies.
2663:
2463:
2217:
2112:
1834:
1822:
was proclaimed, and Switzerland has retained a republican form of government to the present.
1755:, and Leonardo Bruni saw the medieval city-states as heirs to the legacy of Greece and Rome.
1436:
1388:
1201:
811:
674:
271:
7067:
The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition
6817:"1593. Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790). Respectfully Quoted: A Dictionary of Quotations. 1989"
6699:
The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition
5556:
The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition
3203:
was the leader of the original congress. When the new constitution was written the title of
2240:. They were eventually transformed into monarchies or absorbed into neighboring monarchies.
1155:
used the term to describe the states of Northern Italy, which were not monarchies, the term
7172:
6089:
6085:
6061:
4891:
4633:
4572:
3935:
3857:
3764:
3731:
3618:
that was a republic. Any state joining the union later was also required to be a republic.
3606:
3375:
3262:
3246:
2987:
2945:
is a way to highlight an emphasis on the separation of powers in a given republic, as with
2938:
2793:
2767:
2275:
2136:
2086:
2029:
1980:
1964:
1744:
1673:
1306:
1095:
1073:
6216:(recognised only by Turkey) and all other unrecognised states are excluded from the count.
5763:
5167:. This meaning was widely adopted early in the history of the United States, including in
2325:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2297:
8:
7173:"From State to Freestate: The Meaning of the Word Republic from Jean Bodin to John Adams"
6081:
6065:
5053:
4866:
4811:
4733:
4643:
4532:
4045:
3827:
3817:
3812:
3701:
3499:
3332:
3238:
3219:
3024:
2675:
2635:
2542:
2508:
2467:
2260:
2201:
2128:
2070:
2047:
2009:
1728:
1705:
1677:
1488:
1360:
735:
644:
601:
388:
153:
6458:
3315:
idea that direct election is required for legitimacy also contradicts the spirit of the
2611:
6586:
6445:
6309:
6197:
6193:
6185:
6148:
5504:
5396:
5257:
5247:
5201:
4947:
4921:
4763:
4753:
4723:
4678:
4623:
4609:
4472:
4413:
4188:
4103:
3822:
3541:
3383:
3290:
3215:
3029:
Head of government (president) is popularly elected and independent of the legislature
2910:
2890:
2828:
2777:
2699:
2634:. These frustrations contributed to a revival of the Italian republican movement. King
2264:
2229:
2197:
1941:
1929:
1801:
1797:
1785:
1781:
1752:
1736:
1720:
1711:
1615:. Their administrations were divided into executive, judicial, and military functions.
1608:
1584:
1458:
1452:
1245:
373:
158:
133:
6567:
Giuliano Amato, Enzo Moavero-Milanesi, Gianfranco Pasquino, Lucrezia Reichlin (2019).
5338:
5311:
936:
The term developed its modern meaning in reference to the constitution of the ancient
7205:
7108:(The Making of Modern Freedom series), Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1994.
6715:
6611:
6572:
6547:
6522:
6495:
6267:
6205:
6168:
6131:
5840:
5714:
5703:
5646:
5611:
5586:
5252:
5172:
5164:
5122:
5028:
4958:
4931:
4708:
4648:
4628:
4512:
4283:
4193:
3945:
3842:
3630:
3571:
3363:
3192:
3093:
2950:
2934:
2918:
2848:
2601:
2535:
2233:
2193:
2121:
2097:
had discredited republicanism, and most thinkers felt that republics ended in either
2074:
2051:
1956:
1925:
1852:
1838:
1826:
1819:
1793:
1740:
1384:
1356:
980:
806:
527:
358:
310:
138:
71:
4228:
3686:
2440:
7168:
6780:
6657:
6123:
6013:. By Martin van Gelderen and Quentin Skinner. Cambridge University Press, 2002 p. 1
5698:
5262:
5192:
5036:
4941:
4901:
4618:
4452:
4358:
4258:
4243:
4153:
4083:
3990:
3985:
3960:
3867:
3847:
3832:
3691:
3585:
3575:
3349:
3208:
2914:
2868:
2627:
2287:
2225:
2170:
2094:
2023:
1724:
1576:
1556:
1551:
1523:
1440:
1327:
1267:
1213:
1174:
1127:
1119:
1063:, and it does not necessarily imply any specific type of regime as the modern word
965:
639:
562:
532:
406:
148:
128:
7148:
7009:
Regicide and Republicanism: Politics and Ethics in the English Republic, 1646–1649
4273:
4183:
3265:
and the president come from opposing political factions, this situation is called
1892:
would be used as justification for establishing new republics. Most important was
7180:
7092:
Republics Ancient and Modern: Classical Republicanism and the American Revolution
6961:
6664:
6370:
Governments of the World: A Global Guide to Citizens' Rights and Responsibilities
5670:
5632:
5134:
5126:
5076:
4981:
4673:
4658:
4298:
4178:
4138:
4113:
4093:
4040:
4025:
3877:
3872:
3741:
3736:
3726:
3681:
3656:
3615:
3103:
2992:
Head of government is elected or nominated by and accountable to the legislature
2771:
2605:
2475:
2244:
2221:
2046:
A revolutionary Republican hand-written bill from the Stockholm riots during the
1972:
1748:
1657:
1432:
1428:
1275:
1178:
976:
850:
823:
679:
669:
466:
363:
6518:
Politics and History in the Tenth Century: The Work and World of Richer of Reims
6324:
Anderson, Lisa. "Absolutism and the Resilience of Monarchy in the Middle East."
4078:
3905:
3399:, instead relying on various forms of election to choose a monarch's successor.
2541:
During this period, two short-lived republics were proclaimed in East Asia; the
2200:
removed most of the remaining sympathy for the king was a republic declared and
2040:
6106:
6102:
6049:
6045:
5230:
5226:
5107:
4911:
4638:
4604:
4403:
4393:
4348:
4308:
4303:
4248:
4238:
4233:
4218:
4148:
4133:
4118:
4108:
4020:
3920:
3910:
3900:
3560:
3412:
3407:
3250:
3113:
2851:
led to the end of monarchy and the proclamation of republics in states such as
2840:
2824:
2653:
2644:
2585:
2573:
2569:
2557:
2279:
2237:
2186:
1921:
1917:
1830:
1596:
1580:
1271:
1255:
1217:
1139:
1115:
1013:
969:
937:
902:
828:
759:
664:
497:
411:
6608:
Ethnography After Antiquity: Foreign Lands and Peoples in Byzantine Literature
4203:
1399:
coast starting from the 11th century BC. In ancient Phoenicia, the concept of
54:
This article is about the form of government. For the political ideology, see
7194:
7037:
James Hankins, "Exclusivist Republicanism and the Non-Monarchical Republic",
6732:
6372:. Ed. C. Neal Tate. Vol. 4. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2006. pp. 7–11.
6337:
6287:
6172:
5830:
5709:(2 ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press (published 2000). p.
5176:
5142:
5138:
5088:
4748:
4582:
4552:
4462:
4368:
4363:
4338:
4318:
4158:
4030:
4005:
3980:
3965:
3955:
3940:
3895:
3661:
3637:
3396:
3328:
3196:
3188:
3038:
2561:
2174:
1871:
1660:. The Commonwealth consisted of a number of clans run by chieftains, and the
1604:
1572:
1519:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1435:
has also been considered a type of republic. The system of government of the
1412:
1348:
1295:
1263:
715:
610:
512:
502:
343:
55:
2710:
retained this system, it was rejected by the newly independent countries in
2674:
forces that contributed to the defeat of Nazi and Fascist forces during the
6201:
6164:
6156:
6119:
5458:
Rubinstein, Nicolai. "Machiavelli and Florentine Republican Experience" in
5168:
5111:
4418:
4398:
4383:
4343:
4328:
4288:
4223:
4208:
4098:
4000:
3666:
3529:
3514:
were member states which had to meet three criteria to be named republics:
3511:
3379:
3343:
The distinction between a republic and a monarchy is not always clear. The
2930:
2695:
2671:
2623:
2489:
2459:
2283:
2252:
2248:
2208:
saw republics spread by force of arms across much of Europe as a series of
2162:
2102:
1913:
1815:
1625:
1161:
1135:
1041:
957:
949:
764:
691:
685:
659:
654:
630:
620:
557:
446:
266:
190:
2937:, meaning that it is constituted by a set of institutions which provide a
2881:
took precedence over the will of the ruler, and electing rulers using the
2519:
combined American, European, and Chinese ideas. Under his leadership, the
2436:
2181:
ratified in 1781. The first ten amendments to the Constitution called the
1081:. However, apart from the title, modern translations are generally used.
6419:
5666:
5418:
5121:
This understanding of a republic as a form of government distinct from a
5115:
5098:
4896:
4433:
4373:
4323:
4268:
4063:
3995:
3721:
3716:
3507:
3281:
2776:
In the wake of the First World War, the Russian monarchy fell during the
2686:
2588:, chose republican forms of government. Following Greece's defeat in the
2553:
2512:
2501:
2497:
2057:
1984:
1976:
1945:
1897:
1806:
1620:
1546:, the chief apparently always belonged to a family of the noble class of
1335:
1287:
1229:
1225:
1185:
was the most common term to call the new monarchless state, but the word
1152:
1144:
1032:
992:
961:
945:
897:
769:
754:
696:
567:
431:
230:
225:
205:
195:
185:
7143:
6900:"Founded on a Set of Beliefs - Creating the United States | Exhibitions"
6263:
Donna Italia. L'allegoria della Penisola dall'antichità ai giorni nostri
5283:
4976:
2843:
contributed to a series of revolts and coups that saw the monarchies of
1169:, and its use in English was comparable to how the Romans used the term
845:
6816:
6756:
6209:
6200:(recognised by most other European states) as an independent republic,
6077:
5571:, three volumes, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1994.
5219:
5024:
4936:
4926:
4388:
4353:
4278:
4263:
4198:
4123:
4068:
3970:
3915:
3794:
3779:
3590:
3521:
be economically strong enough to be self-sufficient upon secession; and
3320:
3294:, consisting of all adult, freeborn males who could prove citizenship.
3277:
2980:
2954:
2902:
2878:
2785:
2527:
2256:
2152:
2109:
opposed absolutism while at the same time being strongly pro-monarchy.
2079:
1592:
1343:
1291:
1052:
774:
730:
725:
720:
706:
547:
338:
220:
215:
79:
6544:
The Making of Europe: An Introduction to the History of European Unity
6313:
5701:(1983). "Samuel and Solon: The Origins of the Republic in Tribalism".
5478:. Robert E. Goodin and Philip Pettit. eds. Cambridge: Blackwell, 1995.
2974:
2282:, the Portuguese court was relocated to Brazil in 1808. Brazil gained
1944:, one after another, to replace Philip. It took until 1588 before the
1652:
The Icelandic Commonwealth was established in 930 AD by refugees from
1583:, had the assembly open to all men, rich and poor. Early republics or
6986:
Willi Paul Adams, "Republicanism in Political Rhetoric before 1776",
5059:
4408:
4088:
3784:
3676:
3303:
3069:
2898:
2886:
2874:
2703:
2531:
2274:
In Mexico, this autocracy briefly took the form of a monarchy in the
2268:
1963:
and funded by the merchants of London, the revolt was a success, and
1901:
1893:
1811:
1759:
1548:
1424:
1392:
1319:
1315:
1301:
1221:
1082:
577:
471:
461:
456:
441:
436:
426:
300:
261:
250:
245:
235:
200:
168:
112:
107:
6304:
Smyth, Howard McGaw Italy: From Fascism to the Republic (1943–1946)
6261:
5284:"Republic | Definition of Republic by the Oxford English Dictionary"
3433:
1071:'s major works on political philosophy, usually known in English as
7046:
L'idée de République et la jurisprudence du Conseil constitutionnel
6231:
4253:
4010:
3774:
3602:
3367:
3149:
2958:
2856:
2836:
2805:
2797:
2213:
2106:
1960:
1563:, the heads of the most important families. On the other hand, the
1484:
1364:
1331:
1323:
1250:
1197:
1123:
1018:
918:
649:
210:
180:
123:
7157:
6854:
W. Paul Adams "Republicanism in Political Rhetoric Before 1776".
3555:
3226:
3141:
2852:
2847:, Iraq, Libya, and Yemen ousted. In Africa, Marxism–Leninism and
2817:
2813:
2801:
2738:
2707:
2581:
2140:
2098:
1661:
1416:
1400:
1339:
1085:
was apparently the first classical writer to state that the term
996:
451:
288:
278:
6897:
2493:
A 1920s poster that commemorates the permanent President of the
2189:
fundamental to republican ideals that justified the Revolution.
1863:
that is sometimes compared to the Italian mercantile republics.
1419:(judges), who remained in power for short mandates of 6 years".
1322:. He argued that this was one of the ideal forms of government.
1310:
discusses various forms of government. One form Aristotle named
7131:
7119:
6189:
6152:
6053:
5760:"Concepts of Democracy and Democratization in Africa Revisited"
5634:
Black Athena Writes Back: Martin Bernal Responds to His Critics
5610:. Beirut: Anis Commercial Printing Press s.a.l. pp. 1–30.
3930:
3579:
3285:
2734:
2730:
2711:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1653:
1568:
1564:
1515:
1511:
1475:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1326:
expanded on many of these ideas, again focusing on the idea of
1233:
1060:
1056:
1023:
1006:
910:
615:
5532:
ed. Biancamaria Fontana. Cambridge University Press, 1994 p. 6
5179:
where the question is put forth, "a Republic or a Monarchy?".
3106:: Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party
2243:
Outside Europe, another group of republics was created as the
2204:
sent to the guillotine. The stunning success of France in the
2169:, which went into effect in 1789, created a relatively strong
1932:
was only declared vacant, and the Dutch magistrates asked the
1710:, 1748–1750. This painting is an allegory of the power of the
1487:, a Greek historian who wrote two centuries after the time of
1346:. The most important Roman work in this tradition is Cicero's
1330:
and differentiated basic forms of government between "benign"
6926:. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1967.
6212:
is not shown on this map and is excluded from the count. The
3601:
In the example of the United States, the original 13 British
3234:
3230:
2882:
2844:
2750:
2746:
1420:
1391:
achieved collective rule. Republic city-states flourished in
1266:
that are today still called republics. This includes ancient
1068:
892:
3540:(army, monetary matters). Each republic also had a right of
2556:
when several of the largest European empires collapsed: the
1443:
has been described as "direct and participatory democracy".
1126:
based governments. In the late Middle Ages, writers such as
7094:, 3 v., Chapel Hill: U. of North Carolina Press 1992, 1994.
6993:
Joyce Appleby, "Republicanism in Old and New Contexts", in
6249:(in French). Presses universitaires de France. p. 121.
5742:
5740:
3387:
2906:
2832:
2754:
2742:
2726:
2715:
2073:
also saw a great increase in monarchical power. The era of
1777:
1771:
1467:
1036:, and it was in turn translated by Renaissance scholars as
7014:
Gisela Bock, Quentin Skinner & Maurizio Viroli, eds.,
6970:
Republicanism and Constitutionalism in Early Modern Europe
5944:
5942:
3132: Dependent territories and places without governments
3086:: Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power
2177:
under the first attempt at a national government with the
1367:. The Roman Republic itself then became the Roman Empire.
7106:
Republicanism, Liberty, and Commercial Society, 1649–1776
7032:
Le concept de république en France (XVIe – XVIIIe siècle)
6491:
Medieval Latin: An Introduction and Bibliographical Guide
6353:
5676:. Vol. 2. New-York: N. Bangs and J. Emory. p. 3
5380:. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2005. p. 2099
5326:
a government having a chief of state who is not a monarch
2552:
Republicanism expanded significantly in the aftermath of
7024:
The End of Kings: A History of Republics and Republicans
5737:
5705:
The End of Kings: A History of Republics and Republicans
3245:
and operate similarly to constitutional monarchies with
1656:
who had fled the unification of that country under King
1457:
Early republican institutions come from the independent
5939:
1415:
abolished the king system and adopted "a system of the
6569:
The History of the European Union: Constructing Utopia
6118:
The Republic of Turkey is counted amongst Europe, the
5637:. History / Classics. Duke University Press. pp.
5528:
Nippel, Wilfried. "Ancient and Modern Republicanism".
4610:
2792:(USSR). This was the first republic established under
2196:
was also not republican at its outset. Only after the
1859:
merchant fraternities established a state centered on
1644:
are more of an aristocratic republic, than democracy.
1639:
1630:
1585:
1541:
1531:
1476:
1468:
1459:
1089:
can be used to refer more specifically to one type of
6873:"Classical Republicanism and the American Revolution"
6390:
Article II, Para 2, Constitution of the United States
3183:
With no monarch, most modern republics use the title
3126:: No constitutionally defined basis to current regime
2839:
were overthrown by communist movements in the 1970s.
2827:. In Vietnam, communist republicans pushed aside the
972:
with varying types of civil and political authority.
7026:(2nd ed.), Chicago: University of Chicago Press
5929:"Iceland seeks to become sanctuary for free speech"
3199:. Keeping its usage as the head of a committee the
1314:, which consisted of a mixture of the other forms,
6981:The Values of Republicanism in Early Modern Europe
6924:The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution
6541:
6488:Mantello, Frank Anthony Carl; Rigg, A. G. (1996).
5702:
3019:Parliamentary republic with an executive president
2131:began as a rejection only of the authority of the
1825:Two Russian cities with a powerful merchant class—
1510:. Among the mahajanapadas and smaller states, the
1012:The term originates from the Latin translation of
7099:Republics in ancient India, c. 1500 B.C.–500 B.C.
7060:Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government
6975:Martin van Gelderen & Quentin Skinner, eds.,
6712:Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government
6605:
5985:The History of Government from the Earliest Times
5950:The History of Government from the Earliest Times
5885:. Brill Archive. pp. 93–. GGKEY:HYY6LT5CFT0.
5543:International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences
3559:The Swiss cantons displayed on the cupola of the
3076:holds significant executive and legislative power
1212:While the philosophical terminology developed in
7192:
6997:, 3rd series, 43 (January, 1986), pp. 3–34.
6610:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 14.
6266:(in Italian). Angelo Colla Editore. p. 72.
5476:A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy
5047:
3390:is selected by cardinal-electors, currently all
1841:at the end of 15th – beginning of 16th century.
964:wielding significant influence; several popular
7062:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997, pp. x and 304.
5606:Medlej, Youmna Jazzar; Medlej, Joumana (2010).
5585:. Beirut: Librairie Orientale. pp. 57–99.
3214:If the head of state of a republic is also the
2718:, which revised their constitutions and became
2450:. Oil on canvas, 73 x 60 cm., The Louvre, Paris
7011:, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1998.
6757:"What Is a Democracy? [ushistory.org]"
6381:Article VII, Constitution of the United States
5839:. University of California. pp. 146–150.
3378:composed of the nine hereditary rulers of the
2500:and the provisional President of the Republic
2212:were set up across the continent. The rise of
2089:thinkers were far more interested in ideas of
7069:, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975
7000:Joyce Appleby, ed., "Republicanism" issue of
6344:, New Series, Vol. 4, Issue 1 (1955), pp. 1–9
4999:
3166:
2179:Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union
2069:Along with these initial republican revolts,
2055:
1411:(539–332 BC), Phoenician city-states such as
868:
7083:Revisited: A Study in History and Ideology"
6832:, 139 U.S. 449, 11 S.Ct. 573, 35 L.Ed. 219;
6591:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6487:
5605:
5470:
5468:
2933:but is often constitutional in the sense of
2596:(1924–35). In 1931, the proclamation of the
2462:who proclaimed himself Emperor in 1852. The
2286:as a monarchy on September 7, 1822, and the
1619:possible control of the assembly and see an
1599:(or Vṛjika) League, centered in the city of
1591:, such as Mallakas, centered in the city of
1232:, many free cities developed again, such as
6521:. Cambridge University Press. p. 246.
6308:vol. 1 no. 3 (pp. 205–222), September 1948.
5630:
5390:Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879).
5368:
5366:
5364:
5362:
5360:
3462:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3253:, exercises the most real political power.
3147:
3139:
2885:was an important doctrine. While the early
2592:, the monarchy was briefly replaced by the
2015:An allegory of the French Republic in Paris
1735:hinterland. The two most powerful were the
1130:described these states using terms such as
15:
6858:, Vol. 85, No. 3 (Sep., 1970), pp. 397–421
6399:
6328:, Vol. 106, No. 1 (Spring, 1991), pp. 1–15
6244:
5952:Oxford University Press, 1999. pp. 950–55.
5481:
5389:
5067:" Additional critics of elections include
5006:
4992:
3173:
3159:
2507:In East Asia, China had seen considerable
1912:areas also embraced Calvinism. During the
1370:
1338:, and democracy, and the "malignant"
875:
861:
16:
6977:Republicanism: A Shared European Heritage
6966:Republicanism: A Shared European Heritage
6939:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990.
6688:, Vol. 31, No. 5 (Oct., 2003), pp. 615–43
6011:Republicanism: a Shared European Heritage
5987:. Oxford University Press, 1999. p. 1020.
5870:, Calcutta: University of Calcutta, p.107
5669:(1825). "PREFACE To The BOOK OF JUDGES".
5465:
5182:The term republic does not appear in the
3506:In general being a republic also implies
3482:Learn how and when to remove this message
3423:
2670:formed by the representatives of all the
2446:(1848), a symbolic representation of the
2148:United States Declaration of Independence
2137:their rights to representative government
1647:
1228:. After the classical period, during the
92:List of countries by system of government
7021:
6950:
6803:
6400:Petrocelli, William (10 November 2016).
5836:Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300
5746:
5697:
5580:
5498:
5496:
5487:
5357:
5196:(1849), declared that the definition of
3584:
3554:
3537:Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
3493:
2973:
2753:. In subsequent decades revolutions and
2685:
2610:
2488:
2435:
2002:Liberal republics in early modern Europe
1800:. While still under the dominion of the
1764:
1695:
1497:
1249:
1026:, among other Latin writers, translated
1000:
24:This is an accepted version of this page
7034:, Aix/Marseille, 1998, pp. 205–45.
6836:, 88 U.S. (21 Wall.) 162, 22 L.Ed. 627.
6340:. "The Concept of an Islamic Republic"
6259:
5889:
5082:
4563:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch
2929:A republic does not necessarily have a
1691:
14:
7193:
6294:(in Italian). Rizzoli. pp. 14–16.
5898:
5829:
5823:
5665:
5548:
5374:New Dictionary of the History of Ideas
2979:World's states coloured by systems of
2913:overthrew the monarchy and created an
2761:
1877:
1708:offers the wealth of the sea to Venice
1559:had a primary governing body of 7,077
1446:
1239:
6866:
6864:
6571:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 17.
6514:
6286:
6128:Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949
6126:as an independent monarchy (see also
5493:
4714:1946 Italian institutional referendum
4654:Spanish American wars of independence
3288:, elected for a one-year term by the
3207:was conferred on the head of the new
3201:President of the Continental Congress
2640:1946 Italian institutional referendum
2617:1946 Italian institutional referendum
2458:was created in 1848 but abolished by
1774:. Election of the first Head-Alderman
6870:
6733:"Democracy - Democracy or republic?"
6463:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
5561:
5530:The Invention of the Modern Republic
3544:according to the conclusions of the
3460:adding citations to reliable sources
3427:
2862:
1994:
1165:came to be used as a translation of
6669:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
6647:(p. 85). Seven Stories Press. 2016.
6634:(p. 75). Seven Stories Press. 2016.
6214:Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
6157:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
6120:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
5961:Ferdinand Joseph Maria Feldbrugge.
5926:
5474:Haakonssen, Knud. "Republicanism."
5097:originated from the writers of the
4483:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates
3374:is elected every five years by the
2790:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
2690:A map of the Commonwealth republics
2523:was proclaimed on January 1, 1912.
1101:to koinon onoma pasōn tōn politeiōn
48:
7018:, Cambridge: Cambridge U.P., 1990.
6946:
6861:
6637:
6624:
6078:Most Serene Republic of San Marino
5868:Political History of Ancient India
5757:
5304:
5276:
5155:Republicanism in the United States
5018:
2604:leading to the establishment of a
1107:)". In later Latin works the term
975:Most often a republic is a single
49:
7217:
7112:
6983:, Cambridge: Cambridge U.P., 2002
6972:, Cambridge: Cambridge U.P., 2002
6887:from the original on Mar 7, 2023.
6228:Dizionario enciclopedico italiano
6024:Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment
5998:Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment
5502:
5462:Cambridge University Press, 1993.
5400:. Oxford: Oxford University Press
3621:
2831:, and monarchies in neighbouring
2681:
2662:. Italy has a written democratic
2167:Constitution of the United States
1796:, 51 of the largest towns became
7183:(7th ISECS, Budapest, 7/31/87).
7156:
7142:
7130:
7118:
6722:; Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997.
6292:Storia della Repubblica italiana
5866:Raychaudhuri Hemchandra (1972),
5631:Bernal, M.; Moore, D.C. (2001).
5222:and others developed in Europe.
5148:
4975:
4503:Discourses Concerning Government
3432:
2964:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2251:population in conflict with the
2122:republican experiment in Corsica
2039:
2022:
2008:
1427:confederation of the era of the
844:
7074:Journal of the History of Ideas
6929:
6916:
6891:
6848:
6839:
6823:
6809:
6797:
6773:
6749:
6725:
6704:
6691:
6674:
6650:
6599:
6560:
6535:
6508:
6481:
6451:
6439:
6412:
6393:
6384:
6375:
6362:
6347:
6331:
6318:
6306:The Western Political Quarterly
6298:
6280:
6253:
6238:
6219:
6178:
6141:
6112:
6095:
6056:. Counted as republics are the
6038:
6029:
6016:
6003:
5990:
5977:
5968:
5955:
5920:
5907:
5895:Bongard-Levin, 1996, pp. 61–106
5873:
5860:
5814:
5805:
5796:
5787:
5778:
5751:
5691:
5659:
5624:
5599:
5583:TYRE Through The Ages (3rd ed.)
5574:
5535:
5522:
5425:. Basic Books, 1991. pp. 439–40
5035:, the Holy Roman Republic. The
4769:Barbadian Republic Proclamation
3146:systems of government, not the
2924:
2666:, resulting from the work of a
2173:to replace the relatively weak
1672:In the early 13th century, the
1526:followed republican government.
1093:, asserting in Book III of his
5452:
5428:
5412:
5383:
5331:
5039:also continued calling itself
4704:1935 Greek coup d'état attempt
4684:German Revolution of 1918–1919
3404:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
3338:
3205:President of the United States
2782:Russian Provisional Government
2517:Three Principles of the People
1844:Following the collapse of the
1192:At the present time, the term
1118:, a number of city states had
553:Intergovernmental organisation
508:Separation of church and state
13:
1:
7169:Everdell, William R. Everdell
7147:The dictionary definition of
7022:Everdell, William R. (2000),
7016:Machiavelli and Republicanism
5915:Kautilya and the Arthashastra
5569:Republics, Ancient and Modern
5460:Machiavelli and Republicanism
5436:"Republic | Encyclopedia.com"
5269:
5233:completely reject this view.
5048:Democracy vs. republic debate
3580:Republic and Canton of Ticino
3576:Republic and Canton of Geneva
3096:: Monarch has unlimited power
3059:Assembly-independent republic
2788:who went on to establish the
1792:In the more loosely governed
1776:in 1289, by Auguste Migette.
1770:Beginning of the Republic of
6995:William & Mary Quarterly
6424:A Short History of the World
6230:(in Italian), vol. VI,
6163:as an independent republic,
5927:Chu, Henry (April 2, 2011).
4954:Republic without republicans
4699:11 September 1922 Revolution
4694:Mongolian Revolution of 1921
3297:
3084:Semi-constitutional monarchy
2969:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2183:United States Bill of Rights
1387:, a number of cities of the
986:
948:to the establishment of the
350:(socio-political ideologies)
7:
7041:38.4 (August 2010), 452–82.
6990:85(1970), pp. 397–421.
6988:Political Science Quarterly
6871:Wood, Gordon (April 1990).
6856:Political Science Quarterly
6542:Christopher Dawson (2002).
6326:Political Science Quarterly
6260:Bazzano, Nicoletta (2011).
6109:are counted amongst Europe.
5541:Reno, Jeffrey. "republic".
5236:
5207:United States v. Cruikshank
5184:Declaration of Independence
4689:Turkish War of Independence
4611:
3546:second session of the AVNOJ
3034: Presidential republic
3011:with a ceremonial president
2590:Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)
2470:. Spain briefly became the
1666:Christianisation of Iceland
1640:
1631:
1586:
1579:, during the period around
1542:
1532:
1530:Key characteristics of the
1477:
1469:
1460:
1342:, oligarchy, and
1142:) adopted the Latin phrase
418:(socio-economic ideologies)
88:List of forms of government
10:
7222:
6960:Martin van Gelderen &
6606:Anthony Kaldellis (2013).
6546:. CUA Press. p. 101.
6494:. CUA Press. p. 209.
6418:The novelist and essayist
6210:The Republic of Kazakhstan
6196:as a single republic, the
6159:as a single republic, the
6122:as a single republic, the
5882:Republics in ancient India
5802:de Sainte, 2006, pp. 321–3
5316:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
5152:
5086:
5051:
4744:1970 Cambodian coup d'état
4493:The Commonwealth of Oceana
3049:Semi-presidential republic
2953:highlighting the absolute
2866:
2765:
2638:was pressured to call the
2600:(1931–39) resulted in the
2412:
2392:
2372:
2352:
2332:
1959:began. Spearheaded by the
1920:emerged from rejection of
1881:
1450:
1243:
1207:
990:
53:
7085:Journal of Modern History
6714:, NY: Oxford U.P., 1997,
6245:Guichonnet, Paul (1975).
6161:Free Territory of Trieste
5288:Oxford English Dictionary
4917:The Emperor's New Clothes
4669:5 October 1910 revolution
4664:French Revolution of 1848
3687:Liberty as non-domination
3345:constitutional monarchies
3255:Semi-presidential systems
3001:with a ceremonial monarch
2547:First Philippine Republic
2480:5 October 1910 revolution
2206:French Revolutionary Wars
2105:. Thus philosophers like
2056:
2032:flag from the early 1800s
1967:was executed. In England
1916:(beginning in 1566), the
1884:European wars of religion
1848:and establishment of the
1818:were victorious, and the
1701:Giovanni Battista Tiepolo
1189:was also in common use.
929:states that use the word
539:(geo-cultural ideologies)
60:Republic (disambiguation)
7081:The Machiavellian Moment
7048:– Paris: L.G.D.J., 2004
5699:Everdell, William Romeyn
5312:"Definition of Republic"
5265:of the U.S. Constitution
5225:In the 1960s and 1970s,
5175:taken from the notes of
5161:representative democracy
5033:Sancta Respublica Romana
4759:1987 Fijian coups d'état
4719:1952 Egyptian revolution
3697:Political representation
3593:, a sub-national entity.
3589:Flag of the US state of
3272:In some countries, like
3197:United States of America
2650:national personification
2615:Electoral ballot of the
2594:Second Hellenic Republic
1607:were the Licchavis. The
901:('public affair'), is a
31:latest accepted revision
6877:Chicago-Kent Law Review
6737:Encyclopedia Britannica
6368:"Presidential Systems"
5904:Sharma 1968, pp. 109–22
5793:Larsen, 1973, pp. 45–46
5581:Jidejian, Nina (2018).
5509:Encyclopedia Britannica
5378:Maryanne Cline Horowitz
5165:Federalist Paper No. 10
5104:classical republicanism
4739:1969 Libyan coup d'état
4523:Discourse on Inequality
3672:Consent of the governed
3243:parliamentary republics
2999:Constitutional monarchy
2947:constitutional monarchy
2943:constitutional republic
2905:, began as secular. In
2694:In the years following
2598:Second Spanish Republic
2566:Austro-Hungarian Empire
2415:European states in 2015
2395:European states in 1950
2375:European states in 1930
2355:European states in 1914
2335:European states in 1815
2093:than in republics. The
2091:constitutional monarchy
1928:, 1581), the throne of
1906:French Wars of Religion
1846:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
1371:Other ancient republics
1067:sometimes does. One of
956:was characterized by a
802:Administrative division
746:International relations
7161:Quotations related to
7076:48 (1987), p. 341
6956:
6643:Van Reybrouck, David.
6630:Van Reybrouck, David.
6175:as a nominal monarchy.
6138:as a nominal monarchy.
6130:), Vatican City as an
6062:Free Cities of Hamburg
5965:, IDC Publishers, 2009
5963:Law in Medieval Russia
5118:and mixed government.
5031:was also known as the
3594:
3563:
3503:
3424:Sub-national republics
3274:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3180:
3148:
3140:
3138:this chart represents
3124:Provisional government
3009:Parliamentary republic
2917:based on the ideas of
2691:
2659:Festa della Repubblica
2619:
2504:
2472:First Spanish Republic
2456:French Second Republic
2451:
2448:French Second Republic
1890:Protestant Reformation
1789:
1715:
1648:Icelandic Commonwealth
1527:
1403:was very similar to a
1259:
1220:, as already noted by
1009:
970:series of magistracies
942:overthrow of the kings
58:. For other uses, see
6954:
6701:Princeton: 1975, 2003
6515:Glenn, Jason (2004).
6428:Alfred, Lord Tennyson
5820:Robinson, 1997, p. 23
5811:Robinson, 1997, p. 22
5345:. Merrium-Webster Inc
5214:specially delegated.
4907:Criticism of monarchy
4729:North Yemen civil war
4543:The Federalist Papers
3838:Federal parliamentary
3588:
3558:
3548:and according to the
3497:
3372:Yang di-Pertuan Agong
3247:parliamentary systems
3154:degree of democracy.
2988:Parliamentary systems
2977:
2689:
2614:
2492:
2464:French Third Republic
2439:
2422: Monarchies (12)
2402: Monarchies (13)
2382: Monarchies (20)
2362: Monarchies (22)
2342: Monarchies (55)
2218:French First Republic
2185:, guaranteed certain
2113:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
2050:, reading: "Dethrone
1768:
1699:
1501:
1389:Eastern Mediterranean
1253:
1051:can be translated as
1004:
979:, but there are also
812:Democratic transition
675:Self-governing colony
272:Military dictatorship
7185:Valley Forge Journal
7139:at Wikimedia Commons
7127:at Wikimedia Commons
7104:David Wootton, ed.,
6247:Histoire de l'Italie
6090:German Confederation
6086:Septinsular Republic
6052:are counted amongst
5608:Tyre and its history
5558:(1975; new ed. 2003)
5440:www.encyclopedia.com
5083:Political philosophy
4892:Classical radicalism
4634:Republic of Florence
4573:Democracy in America
3732:Separation of powers
3707:Public participation
3550:federal constitution
3456:improve this section
3376:Conference of Rulers
2939:separation of powers
2668:Constituent Assembly
2428: Republics (35)
2408: Republics (21)
2388: Republics (15)
2276:First Mexican Empire
2224:, each replaced by "
2030:Septinsular Republic
1981:English Commonwealth
1938:Elizabeth of England
1798:free imperial cities
1745:Bartholomew of Lucca
1692:Mercantile republics
1674:Age of the Sturlungs
960:composed of wealthy
7097:Jagdish P. Sharma,
6904:Library of Congress
6834:Minor v. Happersett
6342:Die Welt des Islams
6234:, 1970, p. 456
6188:is counted amongst
6151:is counted amongst
6082:Republic of Cospaia
6058:Swiss Confederation
5974:Finer, pp. 955–956.
5758:Nwauwa, Apollos O.
5054:Democratic republic
4982:Politics portal
4787:Antigua and Barbuda
4734:Zanzibar Revolution
4644:American Revolution
4533:The Social Contract
3702:Popular sovereignty
3500:Republics of Russia
3364:elective monarchies
3241:. These states are
3239:Trinidad and Tobago
3220:presidential system
3218:, this is called a
3025:Presidential system
2762:Socialist republics
2700:Commonwealth realms
2676:liberation of Italy
2543:Republic of Formosa
2509:anti-Qing sentiment
2484:Portuguese Republic
2468:Franco-Prussian War
2368: Republics (4)
2348: Republics (9)
2261:popular sovereignty
2216:saw the end of the
2129:American Revolution
2071:early modern Europe
2048:Revolutions of 1848
1878:Calvinist republics
1489:Alexander the Great
1447:Indian subcontinent
1240:Classical republics
940:, lasting from the
851:Politics portal
736:Supranational union
645:Dependent territory
558:National government
21:Page version status
7179:2019-03-24 at the
7079:J. G. A. Pocock, "
7002:American Quarterly
6957:
6663:2018-03-09 at the
6433:Idylls of the King
6406:huffingtonpost.com
6198:Republic of Kosovo
6194:Russian Federation
6186:Republic of Turkey
6149:Republic of Turkey
6136:Kingdom of Hungary
5397:A Latin Dictionary
5248:Primus inter pares
5202:political question
5041:the Roman Republic
4948:Primus inter pares
4764:Nepalese Civil War
4754:Iranian Revolution
4724:14 July Revolution
4679:Russian Revolution
4674:Chinese Revolution
4624:Republic of Venice
4473:Discourses on Livy
3595:
3564:
3542:self-determination
3504:
3384:Vatican City-State
3291:comitia centuriata
3216:head of government
3181:
2891:Rashidun Caliphate
2778:Russian Revolution
2692:
2654:Savoy coat of arms
2620:
2505:
2452:
2230:Republic of Venice
2226:popular monarchies
2198:Flight to Varennes
2133:British Parliament
1802:Holy Roman Emperor
1790:
1786:Holy Roman Emperor
1782:free imperial city
1753:Marsilius of Padua
1739:and its rival the
1737:Republic of Venice
1721:maritime republics
1716:
1712:Republic of Venice
1536:seem to include a
1528:
1474:means 'tribe' and
1260:
1246:Classical republic
1173:. Notably, during
1053:form of government
1010:
917:—in contrast to a
51:Form of government
27:
7135:Media related to
7123:Media related to
7065:J. G. A. Pocock,
7044:Frédéric Monera,
6935:Kramnick, Isaac.
6922:Bailyn, Bernard.
6785:1828.mshaffer.com
6761:www.ushistory.org
6645:Against Elections
6632:Against Elections
6273:978-88-96817-06-3
6206:elective monarchy
6169:elective monarchy
6132:elective monarchy
6022:"Republicanism".
5996:"Republicanism".
5933:Los Angeles Times
5913:Trautmann T. R.,
5766:on 14 August 2012
5652:978-0-8223-2717-2
5617:978-9953-0-1849-2
5253:List of republics
5173:Benjamin Franklin
5123:liberal democracy
5029:Holy Roman Empire
5016:
5015:
4959:Republican empire
4932:List of republics
4781:National variants
4709:Spanish Civil War
4649:French Revolution
4629:Republic of Genoa
4513:The Spirit of Law
4446:Theoretical works
3790:Neo-republicanism
3612:U.S. Constitution
3492:
3491:
3484:
3350:crowned republics
3308:electoral college
3193:Thirteen Colonies
3094:Absolute monarchy
2951:absolute monarchy
2935:constitutionalism
2919:Islamic democracy
2863:Islamic republics
2849:African socialism
2768:People's Republic
2622:The aftermath of
2602:Spanish Civil War
2536:Mandate of Heaven
2521:Republic of China
2495:Republic of China
2434:
2433:
2430:
2410:
2390:
2370:
2350:
2234:Republic of Genoa
2194:French Revolution
2075:absolute monarchy
1995:Liberal republics
1957:English Civil War
1942:William of Orange
1926:Act of Abjuration
1853:Anatolian Beyliks
1820:Swiss Confederacy
1794:Holy Roman Empire
1741:Republic of Genoa
1609:Empire of Magadha
1385:ancient Near East
1357:Macedonian Empire
981:subnational state
885:
884:
836:
835:
807:Democracy indices
782:
781:
585:
584:
394:Semi-presidential
319:
318:
39:17 September 2024
18:
7213:
7160:
7146:
7134:
7122:
7039:Political Theory
7027:
7004:37 (Fall, 1985).
6940:
6933:
6927:
6920:
6914:
6913:
6911:
6910:
6895:
6889:
6888:
6868:
6859:
6852:
6846:
6843:
6837:
6827:
6821:
6820:
6813:
6807:
6801:
6795:
6794:
6792:
6791:
6777:
6771:
6770:
6768:
6767:
6753:
6747:
6746:
6744:
6743:
6729:
6723:
6708:
6702:
6697:Pocock, J. G. A
6695:
6689:
6686:Political Theory
6683:
6678:
6672:
6654:
6648:
6641:
6635:
6628:
6622:
6621:
6603:
6597:
6596:
6590:
6582:
6564:
6558:
6557:
6539:
6533:
6532:
6512:
6506:
6505:
6485:
6479:
6478:
6471:
6469:
6455:
6449:
6443:
6437:
6416:
6410:
6409:
6397:
6391:
6388:
6382:
6379:
6373:
6366:
6360:
6351:
6345:
6335:
6329:
6322:
6316:
6302:
6296:
6295:
6284:
6278:
6277:
6257:
6251:
6250:
6242:
6236:
6235:
6223:
6217:
6182:
6176:
6145:
6139:
6124:Irish Free State
6116:
6110:
6099:
6093:
6042:
6036:
6033:
6027:
6020:
6014:
6009:"Introduction".
6007:
6001:
5994:
5988:
5981:
5975:
5972:
5966:
5959:
5953:
5946:
5937:
5936:
5924:
5918:
5911:
5905:
5902:
5896:
5893:
5887:
5886:
5877:
5871:
5864:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5853:
5827:
5821:
5818:
5812:
5809:
5803:
5800:
5794:
5791:
5785:
5782:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5771:
5762:. Archived from
5755:
5749:
5744:
5735:
5734:
5729:
5727:
5708:
5695:
5689:
5688:
5683:
5681:
5663:
5657:
5656:
5628:
5622:
5621:
5603:
5597:
5596:
5578:
5572:
5565:
5559:
5552:
5546:
5539:
5533:
5526:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5515:
5500:
5491:
5485:
5479:
5472:
5463:
5456:
5450:
5449:
5447:
5446:
5432:
5426:
5416:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5387:
5381:
5370:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5350:
5335:
5329:
5328:
5323:
5322:
5308:
5302:
5301:
5295:
5294:
5280:
5263:Guarantee Clause
5258:Index: Republics
5193:Luther v. Borden
5066:
5037:Byzantine Empire
5008:
5001:
4994:
4980:
4979:
4964:Republican Party
4942:Peasant republic
4902:Communitarianism
4619:Classical Athens
4614:
4588:
4578:
4568:
4558:
4548:
4538:
4528:
4518:
4508:
4498:
4488:
4478:
4468:
4458:
3692:Mixed government
3626:
3625:
3572:Romance-speaking
3566:In Switzerland,
3487:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3467:
3436:
3428:
3317:Great Compromise
3209:executive branch
3175:
3168:
3161:
3153:
3145:
3131:
3121:
3111:
3101:
3091:
3081:
3067:
3056:
3046:
3033:
3016:
3006:
2996:
2915:Islamic republic
2869:Islamic republic
2794:Marxist–Leninist
2606:Francoist regime
2482:established the
2427:
2421:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2333:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2292:
2288:Empire of Brazil
2222:Sister Republics
2210:client republics
2171:federal republic
2061:
2060:
2043:
2026:
2012:
1969:James Harrington
1922:Spanish Habsburg
1725:Hanseatic League
1643:
1634:
1589:
1545:
1535:
1480:
1472:
1463:
1328:mixed government
1214:classical Greece
1175:The Protectorate
1151:While Bruni and
1128:Giovanni Villani
877:
870:
863:
849:
848:
796:
795:
640:Associated state
598:
597:
573:Internationalism
563:World government
540:
419:
351:
332:
331:
306:Free association
293:
254:
173:
116:
104:
103:
67:
66:
7221:
7220:
7216:
7215:
7214:
7212:
7211:
7210:
7191:
7190:
7181:Wayback Machine
7115:
7058:Philip Pettit,
6962:Quentin Skinner
6949:
6947:Further reading
6944:
6943:
6934:
6930:
6921:
6917:
6908:
6906:
6896:
6892:
6869:
6862:
6853:
6849:
6844:
6840:
6828:
6824:
6819:. 25 June 2022.
6815:
6814:
6810:
6804:Everdell (2000)
6802:
6798:
6789:
6787:
6779:
6778:
6774:
6765:
6763:
6755:
6754:
6750:
6741:
6739:
6731:
6730:
6726:
6710:Philip Pettit,
6709:
6705:
6696:
6692:
6681:
6679:
6675:
6665:Wayback Machine
6655:
6651:
6642:
6638:
6629:
6625:
6618:
6604:
6600:
6584:
6583:
6579:
6565:
6561:
6554:
6540:
6536:
6529:
6513:
6509:
6502:
6486:
6482:
6467:
6465:
6457:
6456:
6452:
6444:
6440:
6417:
6413:
6398:
6394:
6389:
6385:
6380:
6376:
6367:
6363:
6352:
6348:
6336:
6332:
6323:
6319:
6303:
6299:
6285:
6281:
6274:
6258:
6254:
6243:
6239:
6225:
6224:
6220:
6183:
6179:
6146:
6142:
6117:
6113:
6100:
6096:
6043:
6039:
6034:
6030:
6021:
6017:
6008:
6004:
5995:
5991:
5983:Finer, Samuel.
5982:
5978:
5973:
5969:
5960:
5956:
5948:Finer, Samuel.
5947:
5940:
5925:
5921:
5912:
5908:
5903:
5899:
5894:
5890:
5879:
5878:
5874:
5865:
5861:
5851:
5849:
5847:
5828:
5824:
5819:
5815:
5810:
5806:
5801:
5797:
5792:
5788:
5783:
5779:
5769:
5767:
5756:
5752:
5747:Everdell (2000)
5745:
5738:
5725:
5723:
5721:
5696:
5692:
5679:
5677:
5664:
5660:
5653:
5629:
5625:
5618:
5604:
5600:
5593:
5579:
5575:
5566:
5562:
5554:Pocock, J.G.A.
5553:
5549:
5540:
5536:
5527:
5523:
5513:
5511:
5501:
5494:
5488:Everdell (2000)
5486:
5482:
5473:
5466:
5457:
5453:
5444:
5442:
5434:
5433:
5429:
5417:
5413:
5403:
5401:
5388:
5384:
5371:
5358:
5348:
5346:
5343:Merriam Webster
5337:
5336:
5332:
5320:
5318:
5310:
5309:
5305:
5292:
5290:
5282:
5281:
5277:
5272:
5239:
5157:
5151:
5135:Quentin Skinner
5127:J. G. A. Pocock
5091:
5085:
5064:
5058:While the term
5056:
5050:
5021:
5019:Archaic meaning
5012:
4974:
4969:
4968:
4887:
4879:
4878:
4782:
4774:
4773:
4659:Trienio Liberal
4600:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4576:
4566:
4556:
4546:
4536:
4526:
4516:
4506:
4496:
4486:
4476:
4466:
4456:
4447:
4439:
4438:
4174:Flynn (Stephen)
4059:
4051:
4050:
3891:
3883:
3882:
3808:
3800:
3799:
3755:
3747:
3746:
3742:Social equality
3737:Social contract
3727:Self-governance
3682:Democratization
3657:Anti-corruption
3652:Anti-monarchism
3647:
3631:Politics series
3624:
3488:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3453:
3437:
3426:
3362:There are also
3341:
3300:
3179:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3127:
3119:
3117:
3109:
3107:
3104:One-party state
3099:
3097:
3089:
3087:
3079:
3077:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3054:
3052:
3044:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3022:
3021:
3014:
3012:
3004:
3002:
2994:
2985:
2972:
2967:
2957:character of a
2927:
2911:1979 revolution
2871:
2865:
2774:
2772:Socialist state
2764:
2684:
2476:Lisbon Regicide
2429:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2417:
2409:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2397:
2389:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2377:
2369:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2357:
2349:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2337:
2245:Napoleonic Wars
2095:Cromwell regime
2067:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2044:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2027:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2004:
2003:
1997:
1973:Algernon Sidney
1886:
1880:
1749:Brunetto Latini
1694:
1658:Harald Fairhair
1650:
1455:
1449:
1439:in what is now
1433:United Monarchy
1373:
1276:J. G. A. Pocock
1248:
1242:
1210:
1179:Oliver Cromwell
1132:libertas populi
1103:), government (
999:
989:
977:sovereign state
952:in 27 BC. This
915:representatives
913:through their
909:rests with the
907:political power
891:, based on the
881:
843:
838:
837:
824:Democratisation
817:Autocratization
793:
785:
784:
783:
740:
701:
680:Tributary state
670:Satellite state
625:
595:
594:Power structure
587:
586:
538:
537:
519:
490:
476:
467:Totalitarianism
417:
416:
398:
349:
348:
329:
321:
320:
315:
291:
283:
248:
240:
171:
163:
110:
101:
100:Source of power
78:Basic forms of
72:Politics series
63:
52:
47:
46:
45:
44:
43:
42:
26:
12:
11:
5:
7219:
7209:
7208:
7203:
7189:
7188:
7166:
7154:
7140:
7128:
7114:
7113:External links
7111:
7110:
7109:
7102:
7095:
7090:Paul A. Rahe,
7088:
7077:
7070:
7063:
7056:
7042:
7035:
7030:Eric Gojosso,
7028:
7019:
7012:
7007:Sarah Barber,
7005:
6998:
6991:
6984:
6973:
6948:
6945:
6942:
6941:
6928:
6915:
6890:
6860:
6847:
6838:
6822:
6808:
6796:
6772:
6748:
6724:
6703:
6690:
6673:
6671:. Jun 19, 2006
6649:
6636:
6623:
6616:
6598:
6577:
6559:
6552:
6534:
6527:
6507:
6500:
6480:
6450:
6438:
6411:
6392:
6383:
6374:
6361:
6346:
6330:
6317:
6297:
6288:Bocca, Giorgio
6279:
6272:
6252:
6237:
6218:
6177:
6140:
6111:
6107:Russian Empire
6103:Ottoman Empire
6094:
6050:Russian Empire
6046:Ottoman Empire
6037:
6028:
6015:
6002:
5989:
5976:
5967:
5954:
5938:
5919:
5906:
5897:
5888:
5872:
5859:
5845:
5831:Thapar, Romila
5822:
5813:
5804:
5795:
5786:
5777:
5750:
5736:
5719:
5690:
5658:
5651:
5623:
5616:
5598:
5591:
5573:
5567:Paul A. Rahe,
5560:
5547:
5534:
5521:
5503:Munro, André.
5492:
5480:
5464:
5451:
5427:
5411:
5382:
5356:
5330:
5303:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5266:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5238:
5235:
5231:Isaac Kramnick
5227:Bernard Bailyn
5153:Main article:
5150:
5147:
5108:civic humanism
5087:Main article:
5084:
5081:
5049:
5046:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5010:
5003:
4996:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4971:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4912:Egalitarianism
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4888:
4886:Related topics
4885:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4864:
4857:United Kingdom
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4639:Dutch Republic
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4607:
4605:Roman Republic
4601:
4598:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4579:
4569:
4559:
4549:
4539:
4529:
4519:
4509:
4499:
4489:
4479:
4469:
4459:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4046:Wollstonecraft
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3623:
3622:Other meanings
3620:
3561:Federal Palace
3526:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3490:
3489:
3440:
3438:
3431:
3425:
3422:
3413:rzeczpospolita
3408:Golden Liberty
3340:
3337:
3329:reserve powers
3299:
3296:
3251:prime minister
3178:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3155:
3128:
3118:
3114:Military junta
3108:
3098:
3088:
3078:
3074:Supreme Leader
3064:
3053:
3043:
3039:Hybrid systems
3030:
3013:
3003:
2993:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2926:
2923:
2867:Main article:
2864:
2861:
2841:Arab socialism
2829:Nguyễn dynasty
2825:decolonization
2763:
2760:
2683:
2682:Decolonization
2680:
2645:Italia turrita
2632:Fascist regime
2586:Czechoslovakia
2570:Ottoman Empire
2558:Russian Empire
2441:Honoré Daumier
2432:
2431:
2424:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2338:
2330:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2280:Peninsular War
2271:as necessary.
2238:Dutch Republic
2187:natural rights
2085:Most of these
2045:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2028:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1965:King Charles I
1918:Dutch Republic
1879:
1876:
1693:
1690:
1682:Gamli sáttmáli
1649:
1646:
1581:Gautama Buddha
1451:Main article:
1448:
1445:
1372:
1369:
1272:Roman Republic
1256:Roman Republic
1244:Main article:
1241:
1238:
1209:
1206:
1140:Leonardo Bruni
1116:Northern Italy
1077:, was titled
1030:into Latin as
988:
985:
938:Roman Republic
883:
882:
880:
879:
872:
865:
857:
854:
853:
840:
839:
834:
833:
832:
831:
829:Hybrid regimes
826:
821:
820:
819:
809:
804:
794:
791:
790:
787:
786:
780:
779:
778:
777:
772:
767:
762:
760:Regional power
757:
749:
748:
742:
741:
739:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
710:
709:
703:
702:
700:
699:
694:
689:
682:
677:
672:
667:
665:Puppet monarch
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
634:
633:
627:
626:
624:
623:
618:
613:
605:
604:
596:
593:
592:
589:
588:
583:
582:
581:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
542:
541:
536:
535:
530:
524:
521:
520:
518:
517:
516:
515:
510:
500:
498:State religion
492:
491:
489:
488:
485:
481:
478:
477:
475:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
421:
420:
415:
414:
409:
403:
400:
399:
397:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
369:Constitutional
366:
361:
353:
352:
347:
346:
341:
335:
330:
328:Power ideology
327:
326:
323:
322:
317:
316:
314:
313:
308:
303:
295:
294:
292:(rule by none)
285:
284:
282:
281:
276:
275:
274:
264:
256:
255:
242:
241:
239:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
175:
174:
165:
164:
162:
161:
156:
151:
146:
144:Representative
141:
136:
131:
126:
118:
117:
102:
99:
98:
95:
94:
83:
82:
75:
74:
50:
28:
22:
19:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7218:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7201:Republicanism
7199:
7198:
7196:
7186:
7182:
7178:
7174:
7170:
7167:
7164:
7159:
7155:
7153:at Wiktionary
7152:
7151:
7145:
7141:
7138:
7133:
7129:
7126:
7121:
7117:
7116:
7107:
7103:
7100:
7096:
7093:
7089:
7086:
7082:
7078:
7075:
7071:
7068:
7064:
7061:
7057:
7055:
7051:
7047:
7043:
7040:
7036:
7033:
7029:
7025:
7020:
7017:
7013:
7010:
7006:
7003:
6999:
6996:
6992:
6989:
6985:
6982:
6978:
6974:
6971:
6967:
6963:
6959:
6958:
6953:
6938:
6932:
6925:
6919:
6905:
6901:
6894:
6886:
6882:
6878:
6874:
6867:
6865:
6857:
6851:
6842:
6835:
6831:
6826:
6818:
6812:
6805:
6800:
6786:
6782:
6776:
6762:
6758:
6752:
6738:
6734:
6728:
6721:
6720:0-19-829083-7
6717:
6713:
6707:
6700:
6694:
6687:
6677:
6670:
6666:
6662:
6659:
6658:Republicanism
6653:
6646:
6640:
6633:
6627:
6619:
6617:9780812208405
6613:
6609:
6602:
6594:
6588:
6580:
6578:9781509917426
6574:
6570:
6563:
6555:
6553:9780813210834
6549:
6545:
6538:
6530:
6528:9780521834872
6524:
6520:
6519:
6511:
6503:
6501:9780813208428
6497:
6493:
6492:
6484:
6476:
6464:
6461:(in French).
6460:
6454:
6447:
6442:
6435:
6434:
6429:
6425:
6421:
6415:
6407:
6403:
6396:
6387:
6378:
6371:
6365:
6359:
6355:
6350:
6343:
6339:
6338:Bernard Lewis
6334:
6327:
6321:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6301:
6293:
6289:
6283:
6275:
6269:
6265:
6264:
6256:
6248:
6241:
6233:
6229:
6222:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6181:
6174:
6173:Spanish State
6170:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6144:
6137:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6115:
6108:
6104:
6098:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6041:
6032:
6025:
6019:
6012:
6006:
5999:
5993:
5986:
5980:
5971:
5964:
5958:
5951:
5945:
5943:
5934:
5930:
5923:
5917:, Leiden 1971
5916:
5910:
5901:
5892:
5884:
5883:
5876:
5869:
5863:
5848:
5846:9780520242258
5842:
5838:
5837:
5832:
5826:
5817:
5808:
5799:
5790:
5784:Diodorus 2.39
5781:
5765:
5761:
5754:
5748:
5743:
5741:
5733:
5722:
5720:9780226224824
5716:
5712:
5707:
5706:
5700:
5694:
5687:
5675:
5674:
5668:
5662:
5654:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5635:
5627:
5619:
5613:
5609:
5602:
5594:
5592:9789953171050
5588:
5584:
5577:
5570:
5564:
5557:
5551:
5544:
5538:
5531:
5525:
5510:
5506:
5499:
5497:
5489:
5484:
5477:
5471:
5469:
5461:
5455:
5441:
5437:
5431:
5424:
5420:
5415:
5399:
5398:
5393:
5386:
5379:
5375:
5372:"Republic"j,
5369:
5367:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5344:
5340:
5334:
5327:
5317:
5313:
5307:
5300:
5289:
5285:
5279:
5275:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5234:
5232:
5228:
5223:
5221:
5215:
5211:
5209:
5208:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5194:
5189:
5188:Supreme Court
5185:
5180:
5178:
5177:James McHenry
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5156:
5149:United States
5146:
5144:
5143:Cass Sunstein
5140:
5139:Philip Pettit
5136:
5131:
5128:
5124:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5100:
5096:
5090:
5089:Republicanism
5080:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5061:
5055:
5045:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5009:
5004:
5002:
4997:
4995:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4986:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4972:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4883:
4882:
4875:
4874:United States
4872:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4749:Metapolitefsi
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4585:
4584:
4583:On Revolution
4580:
4575:
4574:
4570:
4565:
4564:
4560:
4555:
4554:
4553:Rights of Man
4550:
4545:
4544:
4540:
4535:
4534:
4530:
4525:
4524:
4520:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4495:
4494:
4490:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4465:
4464:
4463:De re publica
4460:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4449:
4443:
4442:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4269:Jones (Lynne)
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4064:Adams (Gerry)
4062:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3863:Revolutionary
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3853:Parliamentary
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3662:Civil society
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3638:Republicanism
3636:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3619:
3617:
3614:, creating a
3613:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3592:
3587:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3531:
3530:nation states
3523:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3501:
3496:
3486:
3483:
3475:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3441:This section
3439:
3435:
3430:
3429:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3398:
3397:primogeniture
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3346:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3189:head of state
3186:
3176:
3171:
3169:
3164:
3162:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3151:
3144:
3143:
3137:
3125:
3115:
3105:
3095:
3085:
3075:
3071:
3060:
3050:
3042:
3040:
3028:
3026:
3020:
3010:
3000:
2991:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2976:
2965:Head of state
2962:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2870:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2769:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2688:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2562:German Empire
2559:
2555:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2416:
2396:
2376:
2356:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2278:. Due to the
2277:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2265:Simón Bolívar
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2175:confederation
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2087:Enlightenment
2083:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2059:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2031:
2025:
2011:
1992:
1990:
1987:had become a
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1934:Duke of Anjou
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1875:
1874:in Florence.
1873:
1872:Ciompi Revolt
1869:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1773:
1767:
1763:
1761:
1760:feudal system
1756:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1713:
1709:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1645:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1588:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1508:Ancient India
1505:
1504:Mahajanapadas
1500:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1473:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1454:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1378:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1349:De re publica
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1264:classical era
1257:
1254:A map of the
1252:
1247:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1008:
1005:Sculpture of
1003:
998:
994:
984:
982:
978:
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
934:
932:
928:
922:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
899:
894:
890:
878:
873:
871:
866:
864:
859:
858:
856:
855:
852:
847:
842:
841:
830:
827:
825:
822:
818:
815:
814:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
799:
798:
797:
789:
788:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
752:
751:
750:
747:
744:
743:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
716:Confederation
714:
713:
712:
711:
708:
705:
704:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
687:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
636:
635:
632:
629:
628:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
611:Unitary state
609:
608:
607:
606:
603:
600:
599:
591:
590:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
545:
544:
543:
534:
531:
529:
526:
525:
523:
522:
514:
513:State atheism
511:
509:
506:
505:
504:
503:Secular state
501:
499:
496:
495:
494:
493:
486:
483:
482:
480:
479:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
424:
423:
422:
413:
410:
408:
407:Authoritarian
405:
404:
402:
401:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
384:Parliamentary
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
356:
355:
354:
345:
342:
340:
337:
336:
334:
333:
325:
324:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
298:
297:
296:
290:
287:
286:
280:
277:
273:
270:
269:
268:
265:
263:
260:
259:
258:
257:
252:
247:
244:
243:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
178:
177:
176:
172:(rule by few)
170:
167:
166:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
121:
120:
119:
114:
109:
106:
105:
97:
96:
93:
90:
89:
85:
84:
81:
77:
76:
73:
69:
68:
65:
61:
57:
56:Republicanism
40:
36:
32:
25:
20:
7187:. June 1991.
7184:
7165:at Wikiquote
7149:
7105:
7098:
7091:
7084:
7080:
7073:
7066:
7059:
7045:
7038:
7031:
7023:
7015:
7008:
7001:
6994:
6987:
6980:
6976:
6969:
6965:
6936:
6931:
6923:
6918:
6907:. Retrieved
6903:
6893:
6880:
6876:
6855:
6850:
6841:
6833:
6830:In re Duncan
6829:
6825:
6811:
6799:
6788:. Retrieved
6784:
6775:
6764:. Retrieved
6760:
6751:
6740:. Retrieved
6736:
6727:
6711:
6706:
6698:
6693:
6685:
6676:
6668:
6652:
6644:
6639:
6631:
6626:
6607:
6601:
6568:
6562:
6543:
6537:
6517:
6510:
6490:
6483:
6473:
6466:. Retrieved
6459:"République"
6453:
6441:
6431:
6430:in his poem
6423:
6414:
6405:
6395:
6386:
6377:
6369:
6364:
6357:
6349:
6341:
6333:
6325:
6320:
6305:
6300:
6291:
6282:
6262:
6255:
6246:
6240:
6227:
6221:
6202:Vatican City
6180:
6165:Vatican City
6143:
6114:
6097:
6040:
6031:
6023:
6018:
6010:
6005:
5997:
5992:
5984:
5979:
5970:
5962:
5957:
5949:
5932:
5922:
5914:
5909:
5900:
5891:
5881:
5875:
5867:
5862:
5850:. Retrieved
5835:
5825:
5816:
5807:
5798:
5789:
5780:
5768:. Retrieved
5764:the original
5753:
5731:
5724:. Retrieved
5704:
5693:
5685:
5678:. Retrieved
5671:
5667:Clarke, Adam
5661:
5633:
5626:
5607:
5601:
5582:
5576:
5568:
5563:
5555:
5550:
5542:
5537:
5529:
5524:
5512:. Retrieved
5508:
5483:
5475:
5459:
5454:
5443:. Retrieved
5439:
5430:
5423:The Republic
5422:
5419:Bloom, Allan
5414:
5402:. Retrieved
5395:
5385:
5373:
5347:. Retrieved
5342:
5333:
5325:
5319:. Retrieved
5315:
5306:
5297:
5291:. Retrieved
5287:
5278:
5224:
5216:
5212:
5205:
5197:
5191:
5181:
5169:Noah Webster
5158:
5132:
5120:
5112:civic virtue
5094:
5092:
5057:
5040:
5032:
5022:
4946:
4581:
4571:
4561:
4551:
4541:
4531:
4521:
4511:
4501:
4491:
4481:
4471:
4461:
4451:
4264:Jones (Elin)
4169:Flynn (Paul)
4129:Clarke (Tom)
4124:Clark (Katy)
4069:Adams (John)
3890:Philosophers
3711:
3667:Civic virtue
3629:Part of the
3600:
3596:
3565:
3534:
3527:
3512:Soviet Union
3505:
3478:
3469:
3454:Please help
3442:
3417:
3411:
3401:
3386:, where the
3380:Malay states
3361:
3357:
3354:
3342:
3325:
3301:
3289:
3271:
3267:cohabitation
3259:
3224:
3213:
3182:
3135:
3037:
3023:
2986:
2978:
2942:
2931:constitution
2928:
2925:Constitution
2895:
2872:
2822:
2775:
2724:
2696:World War II
2693:
2672:anti-fascist
2664:constitution
2657:
2643:
2624:World War II
2621:
2568:(1918), and
2551:
2540:
2525:
2506:
2460:Napoleon III
2453:
2444:The Republic
2443:
2284:independence
2273:
2253:Peninsulares
2242:
2191:
2163:Thomas Paine
2158:Common Sense
2156:
2145:
2126:
2111:
2084:
2068:
1988:
1955:In 1641 the
1954:
1949:
1914:Dutch Revolt
1910:
1887:
1865:
1843:
1824:
1791:
1769:
1757:
1733:
1717:
1704:
1686:Old Covenant
1681:
1671:
1651:
1635:
1626:Arthashastra
1624:
1617:
1612:
1605:Mahajanapada
1561:gaṇa mukhyas
1560:
1547:
1537:
1529:
1492:
1456:
1409:Persian rule
1405:Roman consul
1382:
1376:
1374:
1354:
1347:
1311:
1305:
1300:
1281:
1261:
1211:
1202:divine right
1193:
1191:
1186:
1183:commonwealth
1182:
1170:
1166:
1162:commonwealth
1160:
1156:
1150:
1143:
1136:Ancient Rome
1131:
1114:In medieval
1113:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1074:The Republic
1072:
1064:
1048:
1046:
1042:Roman Empire
1037:
1031:
1027:
1017:
1011:
974:
954:constitution
935:
930:
923:
896:
888:
886:
765:Middle power
692:Vassal state
686:Buffer state
684:
660:Puppet state
655:Protectorate
631:Client state
621:Principality
447:Distributism
389:Presidential
267:Dictatorship
191:Gerontocracy
113:rule by many
86:
70:Part of the
64:
38:
29:This is the
23:
6420:H. G. Wells
5392:"res, II.K"
5116:rule of law
5099:Renaissance
5073:Robespierre
4897:Common good
4837:New Zealand
4832:Netherlands
4577:(1835–1840)
4547:(1787–1788)
4457:(c. 375 BC)
4379:Robespierre
4154:Etherington
4089:Benn (Tony)
4058:Politicians
4036:Tocqueville
3996:Montesquieu
3976:Machiavelli
3722:Rule of law
3717:Res publica
3607:independent
3568:all cantons
3508:sovereignty
3418:res publica
3416:, based on
3339:Ambiguities
3304:democracies
3282:Switzerland
2941:. The term
2554:World War I
2513:Sun Yat-sen
2502:Sun Yat-sen
2498:Yuan Shikai
2117:Montesquieu
2058:Aftonbladet
1985:stadtholder
1977:John Milton
1940:and prince
1930:king Philip
1904:during the
1898:John Calvin
1807:Switzerland
1780:was then a
1729:Renaissance
1621:aristocracy
1538:gaṇa mukhya
1437:Igbo people
1431:before the
1336:aristocracy
1288:Montesquieu
1284:Machiavelli
1230:Middle Ages
1226:Middle East
1171:res publica
1167:res publica
1157:res publica
1153:Machiavelli
1145:res publica
1033:res publica
993:Res publica
962:aristocrats
898:res publica
770:Great power
755:Small power
697:Viceroyalty
568:Nationalism
432:Colonialism
412:Libertarian
374:Directorial
251:rule by one
231:Technocracy
226:Stratocracy
206:Meritocracy
196:Kleptocracy
186:Aristocracy
7195:Categories
6909:2021-06-27
6790:2021-06-27
6766:2021-06-27
6742:2021-06-27
6468:1 February
6446:Dunn, John
6226:"Italia",
5852:28 October
5505:"republic"
5445:2018-10-20
5404:August 14,
5339:"Republic"
5321:2017-02-18
5293:2022-05-10
5270:References
5243:Free state
5220:John Locke
5052:See also:
5025:Jean Bodin
4937:Monarchism
4927:Liberalism
4922:Jacobinism
4612:Gaṇasaṅgha
4467:(54–51 BC)
3951:Harrington
3828:Democratic
3818:Capitalist
3813:Autonomous
3795:Venizelism
3780:Khomeinism
3591:California
3382:, and the
3370:where the
3321:California
3312:legitimacy
3278:San Marino
3072:republic:
3070:Theocratic
2981:government
2955:autocratic
2903:Azerbaijan
2879:Sharia law
2810:Yugoslavia
2786:Bolsheviks
2766:See also:
2636:Umberto II
2528:Protestant
2257:Amerindian
2236:, and the
2153:John Adams
2141:tyrannical
2080:liberalism
1882:See also:
1868:patricians
1641:gaṇasaṅgha
1595:, and the
1593:Kusinagara
1587:gaṇasaṅgha
1461:gaṇasaṅgha
1453:Gaṇasaṅgha
1395:along the
1344:ochlocracy
991:See also:
966:assemblies
775:Superpower
731:Superstate
726:Federation
721:Devolution
707:Federalism
548:City-state
221:Plutocracy
216:Particracy
80:government
7137:Republics
7087:53 (1981)
6883:: 13–20.
6587:cite book
6074:Frankfurt
5490:p. xxiii.
5093:The term
5060:democracy
4792:Australia
4424:Venizelos
4414:Spadolini
4404:Slaughter
4349:McDonnell
4314:Mackenzie
4259:Jefferson
4214:Griffiths
4194:de Gaulle
4189:Garibaldi
4149:Drakeford
4041:Warburton
3961:Jefferson
3956:Honderich
3936:Condorcet
3823:Christian
3785:Nasserism
3760:Classical
3677:Democracy
3472:June 2015
3443:does not
3392:cardinals
3298:Elections
3185:president
2970:Structure
2899:Indonesia
2887:caliphate
2875:Al-Farabi
2722:instead.
2720:republics
2704:Caribbean
2532:Confucian
2269:autocracy
2202:Louis XVI
2146:With the
1902:Huguenots
1894:Calvinist
1812:Habsburgs
1678:Haakon IV
1577:Licchavis
1557:Licchavis
1549:Kshatriya
1524:Licchavis
1493:democracy
1425:Israelite
1397:Levantine
1393:Phoenicia
1375:The term
1361:Alexander
1320:democracy
1316:oligarchy
1302:Aristotle
1222:Aristotle
1181:the word
1083:Aristotle
1047:The term
987:Etymology
905:in which
602:Unitarism
578:Globalism
484:Religious
472:Tribalism
462:Socialism
457:Feudalism
442:Despotism
437:Communism
427:Anarchism
364:Communist
311:Stateless
301:Anarchism
262:Despotism
246:Autocracy
236:Theocracy
201:Kritarchy
169:Oligarchy
154:Socialist
108:Democracy
7206:Republic
7177:Archived
7163:Republic
7150:republic
7125:Republic
6979:, v. 2,
6968:, v. 1,
6964:, eds.,
6885:Archived
6661:Archived
6290:(1981).
6232:Treccani
6088:and the
5833:(2002).
5673:Writings
5237:See also
5198:republic
5095:republic
5069:Rousseau
4862:Scotland
4802:Barbados
4453:Republic
4369:Prescott
4339:Naysmith
4329:McKechin
4289:La Malfa
4284:Khomeini
4244:Iorwerth
4209:Griffith
4184:Gambetta
4179:Galloway
4164:Ferguson
4144:Davidson
4139:Cromwell
4134:Connolly
4114:Campbell
4031:Sunstein
4016:Rousseau
4011:Polybius
3946:Franklin
3926:Chappell
3921:Cattaneo
3858:People's
3843:Imperial
3775:Kemalism
3712:Republic
3646:Concepts
3603:colonies
3578:and the
3368:Malaysia
3187:for the
3150:de facto
2959:monarchy
2857:Ethiopia
2837:Cambodia
2806:Bulgaria
2798:Mongolia
2706:and the
2564:(1918),
2560:(1917),
2545:and the
2515:, whose
2220:and her
2214:Napoleon
2107:Voltaire
1989:de facto
1961:Puritans
1936:, queen
1827:Novgorod
1723:and the
1613:gramakas
1601:Vaishali
1573:Mallakas
1520:Mallakas
1485:Diodorus
1417:suffetes
1407:. Under
1377:republic
1365:Carthage
1332:monarchy
1324:Polybius
1312:politeia
1307:Politics
1270:and the
1258:in 45 BC
1198:heredity
1194:republic
1187:republic
1124:signoria
1109:republic
1105:politeia
1096:Politics
1091:politeia
1087:politeia
1079:Politeia
1065:republic
1049:politeia
1038:republic
1028:politeia
1019:politeia
931:republic
919:monarchy
889:republic
650:Dominion
379:Legalist
359:Absolute
344:Republic
339:Monarchy
211:Noocracy
181:Anocracy
134:Economic
124:Demarchy
35:reviewed
7054:LGDJ.fr
5770:8 March
5726:10 June
5680:10 June
5200:was a "
4827:Morocco
4817:Jamaica
4812:Ireland
4797:Bahamas
4599:History
4419:Taverne
4394:Skinner
4374:Ritchie
4319:Madison
4299:Lincoln
4249:Jackson
4239:Huppert
4234:Hopkins
4159:Fabiani
4119:Chapman
4104:Bolívar
4094:Bennett
4084:Bartley
4074:Atatürk
3986:Mazzini
3981:Madison
3911:Bentham
3901:Baggini
3868:Secular
3848:Islamic
3833:Federal
3770:Federal
3754:Schools
3605:became
3464:removed
3449:sources
3333:Ireland
3286:consuls
3263:cabinet
3227:Germany
3142:de jure
2853:Burundi
2818:Albania
2814:Hungary
2802:Romania
2739:Bahrain
2708:Pacific
2582:Finland
2574:Ireland
2103:tyranny
2099:anarchy
1946:Estates
1850:Turkish
1835:Muscovy
1784:of the
1706:Neptune
1662:Althing
1597:Vajjika
1569:Koliyas
1565:Shakyas
1516:Koliyas
1512:Shakyas
1441:Nigeria
1401:Shophet
1383:In the
1340:tyranny
1334:,
1296:Madison
1208:History
1120:commune
997:Civitas
944:in 509
895:phrase
792:Related
487:Secular
452:Fascism
289:Anarchy
279:Tyranny
139:Liberal
7101:, 1968
6718:
6614:
6575:
6550:
6525:
6498:
6475:jours.
6314:442274
6312:
6270:
6204:as an
6192:, the
6190:Europe
6171:, the
6167:as an
6155:, the
6153:Europe
6134:, the
6084:, the
6080:, the
6076:, the
6070:Lübeck
6066:Bremen
6060:, the
6054:Europe
6026:p. 431
6000:p. 435
5843:
5717:
5649:
5614:
5589:
5545:p. 184
5514:15 Dec
5376:. Ed.
5349:5 June
5075:, and
4852:Sweden
4842:Norway
4807:Canada
4587:(1963)
4567:(1794)
4557:(1791)
4537:(1762)
4527:(1755)
4517:(1748)
4507:(1698)
4497:(1656)
4487:(1649)
4477:(1531)
4429:Wilson
4399:Slater
4389:Skates
4344:Mannin
4334:Mullin
4309:Mackay
4274:Juárez
4229:Hébert
4224:Hatton
4219:Harvie
4109:Burgon
4026:Sidney
4021:Sandel
4006:Pettit
3931:Cicero
3896:Arendt
3878:Soviet
3873:Sister
3765:Modern
3280:, and
3237:, and
3130:
3122:
3120:
3112:
3110:
3102:
3100:
3092:
3090:
3082:
3080:
3068:
3066:
3057:
3055:
3047:
3045:
3032:
3017:
3015:
3007:
3005:
2997:
2995:
2909:, the
2780:. The
2735:Kuwait
2731:Jordan
2712:Africa
2648:, the
2578:Poland
2478:, the
2426:
2420:
2406:
2400:
2386:
2380:
2366:
2360:
2346:
2340:
2249:Creole
2232:, the
1975:, and
1950:Staten
1861:Ankara
1857:Ahiler
1855:, the
1839:Russia
1654:Norway
1632:saṅgha
1575:, and
1522:, and
1478:saṅgha
1429:Judges
1294:, and
1268:Athens
1234:Venice
1061:regime
1057:polity
1024:Cicero
1007:Cicero
958:Senate
950:Empire
911:public
616:Empire
528:Global
159:Others
149:Social
129:Direct
6358:s. v.
6310:JSTOR
5190:, in
5077:Marat
4867:Wales
4847:Spain
4822:Japan
4409:Smith
4384:Sayed
4364:Pound
4359:Nehru
4354:Nandy
4324:Magid
4304:Lucas
4294:Lewis
4204:Grévy
4199:Greer
4099:Black
4079:Azaña
4001:Paine
3971:Locke
3941:Crick
3916:Bodin
3906:Bello
3807:Types
3616:union
3498:The "
3235:India
3231:Italy
3136:Note:
2889:(see
2883:Shura
2845:Egypt
2755:coups
2751:Libya
2747:Yemen
2628:Italy
2626:left
2161:, by
2052:Oscar
1948:(the
1831:Pskov
1816:Swiss
1552:Varna
1421:Arwad
1292:Adams
1069:Plato
1059:, or
1016:word
1014:Greek
903:state
893:Latin
533:Local
7050:Fnac
6806:p. 6
6716:ISBN
6612:ISBN
6593:link
6573:ISBN
6548:ISBN
6523:ISBN
6496:ISBN
6470:2021
6268:ISBN
6184:The
6147:The
6105:and
6101:The
6072:and
6048:and
6044:The
5854:2013
5841:ISBN
5772:2022
5728:2019
5715:ISBN
5682:2019
5647:ISBN
5612:ISBN
5587:ISBN
5516:2021
5406:2010
5351:2019
5141:and
4434:Wood
4279:Kane
3991:Mill
3966:Kant
3535:The
3447:any
3445:cite
3402:The
3388:pope
2907:Iran
2901:and
2855:and
2835:and
2833:Laos
2816:and
2770:and
2749:and
2743:Oman
2727:Iraq
2716:Asia
2714:and
2584:and
2454:The
2192:The
2127:The
2115:and
1829:and
1778:Metz
1772:Metz
1543:gaṇa
1533:gaṇa
1502:The
1470:gaṇa
1413:Tyre
1318:and
1218:Rome
1216:and
995:and
6354:OED
5643:357
5639:356
5106:or
4254:Jay
3458:by
3302:In
2949:or
2101:or
1359:of
1304:'s
1200:or
1177:of
1122:or
927:159
37:on
7197::
7175:.
7171:.
7052:,
6902:.
6881:66
6879:.
6875:.
6863:^
6783:.
6759:.
6735:.
6684:"
6667:"
6589:}}
6585:{{
6472:.
6426:.
6404:.
6356:,
6208:.
6068:,
6064:,
5941:^
5931:.
5739:^
5730:.
5713:.
5711:18
5684:.
5645:.
5507:.
5495:^
5467:^
5438:.
5421:.
5394:.
5359:^
5341:.
5324:.
5314:.
5296:.
5286:.
5137:,
5114:,
5071:,
3582:.
3552:.
3532:.
3420:.
3352:.
3335:.
3323:.
3276:,
3269:.
3233:,
3229:,
3211:.
2984::
2961:.
2921:.
2877:.
2859:.
2812:,
2808:,
2804:,
2745:,
2741:,
2737:,
2733:,
2729:,
2678:.
2608:.
2580:,
2576:,
2549:.
2538:.
2486:.
2263:.
2143:.
2082:.
1971:,
1908:.
1751:,
1747:,
1703:,
1684:("
1571:,
1567:,
1518:,
1514:,
1352:.
1290:,
1286:,
1236:.
1204:.
1148:.
1055:,
1044:.
1022:.
946:BC
921:.
887:A
33:,
6912:.
6793:.
6769:.
6745:.
6682:'
6656:"
6620:.
6595:)
6581:.
6556:.
6531:.
6504:.
6436:.
6408:.
6276:.
5935:.
5856:.
5774:.
5655:.
5641:-
5620:.
5595:.
5518:.
5448:.
5408:.
5353:.
5065:'
5007:e
5000:t
4993:v
3502:"
3485:)
3479:(
3474:)
3470:(
3466:.
3452:.
3174:e
3167:t
3160:v
3041::
3027::
2990::
1837:/
1788:.
1714:.
1636:s
1466:—
1464:s
876:e
869:t
862:v
253:)
249:(
115:)
111:(
62:.
41:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.