1495:: "A society organized strictly in accordance with the Xeer is technically a “kritarchy,” as opposed to a democracy, theocracy, monarchy, oligarchy, or other form of political government. The term, a little-used nineteenth-century word compounded from the Greek, literally means “rule by judges.” Many stateless societies have been kritarchies, including the well-known example of the Old Testament Jews during the time of the Judges. The proposed free enclaves also would be kritarchies, since they would be founded solely on the principles of successful modern commerce and the traditional Xeer."
1138:
798:
1103:
975:
989:
1070:) is not, strictly, that of rule by judges, judges not being a formal political class but rather people selected at random to perform that task ad hoc; but rather is that of a legal and political system whose closest analogue in other societies is that of a system based entirely upon customary rather than statutory law.
1007:, on which he sat, was a dikastocracy; using the name to denote what they asserted the Court not to be. It was used in a 1996 Court opinion that rejected the "horizontal" application (between citizens as opposed to "vertical" application between citizens and the government) of the RSA constitution's
1032:
that he initially dissented from, asking his clerk (John
Fassett) who argued with the direction to write a dissenting opinion whether he (Fassett) favoured a kritarchy. Fassett was unfamiliar with the word, and Reed told him to look it up. Fassett could not find it in several dictionaries, finally
1507:: "But tribal government remained the government of choice for Somalis. According to my friends, this indigenous government, composed of part-time police and law courts, had been effective during the past seven years in keeping the peace in the rural areas."
1074:
referred to this as a "near-Kritarchy". Van Notten himself argues that with few exceptions, the system of government which he denotes a kritarchy is "harmonious with the concept of
1939:
1121:
Many legal scholars and commentators have spoken of the potential for systems to move to a form of kritarchy, viewing such in a negative light. A specific example is the
1878:
2195:
2293:
1159:, the Brehons being the class of judges keeping an oral tradition of secular law from pre-Christian Ireland. A kritarchy system was also present in medieval
1388:
2147:
1094:, the kritarchy represents the governance of stateless societies, explaining that Somali tribal governments were made up of courts and part-time police.
826:
2302:
1008:
929:
1968:
43:
1947:
257:
1838:
943:
819:
1808:
2164:
1866:
1813:
1004:
2030:
1087:
882:
870:
2253:
2070:
2062:
1015:
812:
2435:
2410:
2341:
2274:
2225:
2088:
1998:
1976:
1929:
1903:
1749:
1723:
1697:
1014:
Others have similarly used this as an inverse definition to denote what they assert their form of government is not.
2377:
2363:
1122:
697:
2440:
2139:
504:
459:
2056:
330:
1768:
1182:
1024:
928:
in the modern sense as well. To contrast such a rule by (modern) judges with the actual form of the 1996
524:
39:
1238:
345:
899:
2368:
2294:
Africa: Rivista trimestrale di studi e documentazione dell'Istituto italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente
1035:
2058:
The Most
Dangerous Branch: How the Supreme Court of Canada Has Undermined Our Law and Our Democracy
1921:
1117:, was later occupied by the MacEgan juristic family and served as a school of Irish law under them.
95:
1842:
1834:
1042:
The actual term that Reed used was "krytocracy" and he described it as a "government by judges."
753:
320:
2109:
1167:
768:
335:
1763:
1078:" and "very close to what in philosophy might be called 'the natural order of human beings'".
2402:
2009:
1990:
763:
626:
223:
1715:
1198:
1155:
Ireland had a system of kritarchy from the 5th century BCE to the 5th century CE under the
1011:
and warned that "horizontal" application would turn the republic into such a dikastocracy.
913:
2334:
The Law of the
Somalis: A Stable Foundation for Economic Development in the Horn of Africa
8:
2122:
1019:
980:
687:
596:
553:
340:
105:
2430:
2395:
2325:
2306:
2284:
2213:
2169:
1846:
1785:
1142:
1063:
325:
110:
85:
2039:
2406:
2359:
2347:
2337:
2329:
2270:
2221:
2066:
1972:
1925:
1899:
1862:
1804:
1759:
1745:
1719:
1693:
1171:
1029:
840:
758:
479:
310:
262:
90:
23:
1789:
2364:"Every Day Is a Good Day for a Judge to Lay Down His Professional Life for Justice"
2178:
2034:
1986:
1777:
1733:
1689:
1663:
1657:
1175:
1110:
1091:
591:
514:
484:
358:
100:
80:
2018:
2263:
Indigenous
Peoples, Customary Law and Human Rights — Why Living Law Matters
2084:
1192:
1055:
854:
802:
775:
631:
621:
418:
315:
1125:
which allows for direct rule by the
Supreme Court should the Executive commit a
1918:
Towards
Juristocracy: The Origins and Consequences of the New Constitutionalism
1681:
1106:
1071:
893:
878:
780:
711:
616:
449:
363:
2424:
2250:
Proceedings of the Bar and
Officers of the Supreme Court of the United States
1215:
1067:
667:
562:
464:
454:
295:
2076:
1707:
716:
643:
637:
611:
606:
582:
572:
509:
398:
218:
142:
1137:
1913:
1219:
1075:
994:
933:
721:
706:
648:
519:
383:
182:
177:
157:
147:
137:
2310:
2288:
1389:"Supreme Court Law Clerks' Recollections of Brown v. Board of Education"
797:
1156:
726:
682:
677:
672:
658:
499:
290:
172:
167:
31:
2196:"A response to the Commission on a Bill of Rights Second Consultation"
2266:
1741:
1170:
between the 9th and 13th century has been labelled as a kritarchy by
529:
423:
413:
408:
393:
388:
378:
252:
213:
202:
197:
187:
120:
64:
59:
2107:
Morissette, Yves-Marie (1998). "Canada as a post-modern
Kritarchy".
1353:
1351:
1349:
1781:
1630:
601:
162:
132:
75:
2351:
2019:"Kritarchy as a special form of state (on the example of Somalia)"
2133:] (in Swedish). Translated by Johnson, Cilla. Stockholm: Pan.
1346:
1160:
1114:
1102:
1051:
403:
240:
230:
2241:
Historical studies on
Sardinian institutions in the Middle Ages
1188:
988:
974:
567:
2289:"From Nation-State to Stateless Nation: The Somali Experience"
2218:
The New Color Line: How Quotas and
Privilege Destroy Democracy
1185:, also called the Judicates, from the 10th to 14th centuries.
924:("to rule"), its colloquial use has expanded to cover rule by
1965:
Chasing the rainbow: South Africa's move from Mandela to Zuma
1618:
1570:
1298:
1050:
This form of rule (in the non-Biblical sense) is the case of
941:
925:
874:
1764:"Private creation and enforcement of law: a historical case"
1201:
from 1994 to 2006 in Somalia, following the legal system of
2237:
Studi storici sulle istituzioni della Sardegna nel Medioevo
1582:
1202:
1059:
886:
1474:
2265:. Routledge Studies in Law and Sustainable Development.
1594:
1447:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1022:, the last dissenter to be convinced in the decision on
2165:"Constitutional Kritarchy Under the Grave Abuse Clause"
1833:
1636:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1322:
1464:
1462:
1435:
1310:
1423:
1411:
1267:
2243:] (in Italian). Cagliari: Società storica sarda.
2194:
Radlett, Susan; Radlett, David (17 September 2012).
1940:"Ireland's Brehon Laws were way ahead of their time"
1363:
1334:
1255:
1243:
952:
for being an admixture of Latin and Greek. The word
2212:
1459:
1357:
2394:
1546:
1286:
1606:
1534:
1195:, in the 16th century had a system of kritarchy.
16:Ancient Israeli system of rule by Biblical judges
2422:
2140:"Worldbuilding: 36 Types of Government (Part 2)"
1732:
1304:
1146:
2330:"Appendix: What is Kritarchy? (Frank van Dun)"
2248:"In Memoriam, Honorable Stanley Forman Reed".
2193:
1738:Albie Sachs and Transformation in South Africa
1558:
1516:
1867:"A charter of rights or a charter of wrongs?"
820:
1861:
1686:Indigenous African Institutions: 2nd Edition
1520:
1003:Sachs and others rejected the idea that the
964:
930:Constitution of the Republic of South Africa
864:
858:
1222:franchise, can be described as a kritarchy.
919:
911:
905:
897:
2324:
2303:Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente
2283:
2121:
2106:
1624:
1600:
1576:
1524:
1453:
1441:
1045:
827:
813:
2397:-Ologies and -isms: a thematic dictionary
2358:
2038:
2016:
1985:
1969:South African Institute of Race Relations
1673:
1528:
1504:
1492:
1429:
1417:
44:List of countries by system of government
2393:Zettler, Howard G. (1978). "kritarchy".
1758:
1588:
1136:
1101:
1097:
2392:
2083:
1962:
1912:
1896:The Wordsworth Book of Intriguing Words
1893:
1680:
1648:
1480:
1386:
1340:
1292:
1280:
1261:
1249:
2423:
2247:
2054:
2023:Juridical Journal of Samara University
1803:
1552:
1374:
1316:
1132:
892:Because the name is a compound of the
2332:. In MacCallum, Spencer Heath (ed.).
2260:
2234:
2162:
2137:
1814:University of Pennsylvania Law Review
1706:
1652:
1612:
1540:
1468:
1328:
1208:
1081:
2216:; Stratton Jr., Lawrence M. (1997).
1898:. Wordsworth reference. Wordsworth.
1809:"The Ancient Brehon Laws of Ireland"
1005:Constitutional Court of South Africa
2031:Samara National Research University
1894:Hellweg, Paul (1993). "kritarchy".
1028:used kritarchy as the name for the
859:
13:
2254:Supreme Court of the United States
1938:
1564:
1016:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
2452:
2163:Orosa, Theoben Jerdan C. (2004).
2138:Olson, Matthew A. (5 July 2020).
2040:10.18287/2542-047X-2020-6-4-17-25
1999:Foundation for Economic Education
948:("judge"), rejecting the coinage
2378:Fordham University School of Law
2127:Från ättegemenskap till klasstat
2017:Makutchev, Alexander V. (2020).
987:
973:
881:, before the establishment of a
796:
2150:from the original on 5 May 2021
2063:McGill-Queen's University Press
1991:"A Peaceful Ferment in Somalia"
1642:
1510:
1498:
1486:
1380:
1358:Roberts & Stratton Jr. 1997
1218:, the focus of setting for the
1129:, which is not defined in law.
1123:Constitution of the Philippines
1946:. 14 July 2016. Archived from
1232:
959:
956:has also been used by others.
505:Intergovernmental organisation
460:Separation of church and state
1:
2089:"The politics of Judge Dredd"
1387:Fassett, John (Summer 2004).
1226:
1062:. The definition employed by
1769:The Journal of Legal Studies
1637:Harvard Divinity School 2016
1517:Radlett & Radlett (2012)
1305:Cornell & van Marle 2014
853:, was the system of rule by
302:(socio-political ideologies)
7:
1736:; van Marle, Karin (2014).
1183:Sardinian medieval kingdoms
1054:, ruled by judges with the
1025:Brown v. Board of Education
920:
906:
865:
370:(socio-economic ideologies)
40:List of forms of government
10:
2457:
2055:Martin, Robert I. (2005).
1839:"The Islamic Courts Union"
942:
838:
2369:Fordham Urban Law Journal
1036:Oxford English Dictionary
965:Contrast to extant system
912:
898:
491:(geo-cultural ideologies)
2436:Ancient Israel and Judah
1987:MacCallum, Spencer Heath
1963:Jeffery, Anthea (2010).
1922:Harvard University Press
1879:Sandstone Academic Press
1214:The fictional regime of
1163:until the 13th century.
1113:, although built by the
2261:Tobin, Brendan (2014).
1843:Harvard Divinity School
1835:Harvard Divinity School
1046:According to van Notten
754:Administrative division
698:International relations
2220:. Regnery Publishing.
2110:Australian Law Journal
1674:Reference bibliography
1168:Icelandic Commonwealth
1152:
1147:
1118:
2441:Religion and politics
2403:Gale Research Company
2010:Independent Institute
1916:(30 September 2007).
1393:St. John's Law Review
1140:
1105:
1098:Potential kritarchies
764:Democratic transition
627:Self-governing colony
224:Military dictatorship
2181:on 27 September 2021
2131:From family to class
1716:Penguin Random House
1199:Islamic Courts Union
1191:, at the end of the
839:For other uses, see
2326:van Notten, Michael
2285:van Notten, Michael
2214:Roberts, Paul Craig
2177:(2). Archived from
1950:on 13 February 2017
1871:Original Law Review
1521:Hatzistergos (2009)
1483:, pp. 120–123.
1331:, pp. 905–906.
1133:Historical examples
1066:(based upon one by
1033:locating it in the
1020:Stanley Forman Reed
803:Politics portal
688:Supranational union
597:Dependent territory
510:National government
2360:Weinstein, Jack B.
2235:Solmi, A. (1965).
2170:Ateneo Law Journal
1863:Hatzistergos, John
1760:Friedman, David D.
1712:Odyssey to Freedom
1627:, p. 187-196.
1591:, p. 399–415.
1579:, p. 187–196.
1531:, p. 101–102.
1209:In popular culture
1153:
1119:
1086:In the opinion of
1082:Heterodox opinions
1064:Michael van Notten
2362:(December 2004).
2336:. Red Sea Press.
2123:Olgeirsson, Einar
2087:(10 March 2017).
1807:(February 1913).
1734:Cornell, Drucilla
1525:Morissette (1998)
1172:David D. Friedman
1056:polycentric legal
1030:judicial activism
877:according to the
841:Judicial activism
837:
836:
788:
787:
759:Democracy indices
734:
733:
537:
536:
346:Semi-presidential
271:
270:
2448:
2416:
2400:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2355:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2280:
2257:
2244:
2231:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2200:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2134:
2118:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2085:Molcher, Michael
2080:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2042:
2013:
2007:
2005:
1982:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1935:
1909:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1845:. Archived from
1830:
1828:
1826:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1755:
1729:
1703:
1688:(2nd ed.).
1668:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1529:Weinstein (2004)
1514:
1508:
1505:MacCallum (1998)
1502:
1496:
1493:MacCallum (1998)
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1361:
1355:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1319:, p. xviii.
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1236:
1176:Einar Olgeirsson
1150:
1111:County Tipperary
1092:Spencer McCallum
991:
977:
947:
946:
936:coined the term
923:
917:
916:
909:
903:
902:
868:
862:
861:
829:
822:
815:
801:
800:
748:
747:
592:Associated state
550:
549:
525:Internationalism
515:World government
492:
371:
303:
284:
283:
258:Free association
245:
206:
125:
68:
56:
55:
19:
18:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2413:
2383:
2381:
2344:
2315:
2313:
2277:
2228:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2184:
2182:
2153:
2151:
2144:Chatoicanwriter
2097:
2095:
2073:
2045:
2043:
2003:
2001:
1989:(1 June 1998).
1979:
1953:
1951:
1932:
1906:
1884:
1882:
1852:
1850:
1849:on 30 July 2020
1824:
1822:
1794:
1792:
1752:
1726:
1700:
1682:Ayittey, George
1676:
1671:
1647:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1625:van Notten 2005
1623:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1601:Olgeirsson 1971
1599:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1577:van Notten 2005
1575:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1551:
1547:
1539:
1535:
1515:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1460:
1454:van Notten 2005
1452:
1448:
1442:van Notten 2003
1440:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1402:
1400:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1364:
1356:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1327:
1323:
1315:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1291:
1287:
1283:, pp. 305.
1279:
1268:
1260:
1256:
1248:
1244:
1239:Exodus 18:13–26
1237:
1233:
1229:
1211:
1193:Frisian freedom
1141:The Judicates (
1135:
1100:
1090:anthropologist
1084:
1048:
1001:
1000:
999:
998:
997:
992:
984:
983:
978:
967:
962:
883:united monarchy
855:Biblical judges
844:
833:
795:
790:
789:
776:Democratisation
769:Autocratization
745:
737:
736:
735:
692:
653:
632:Tributary state
622:Satellite state
577:
547:
546:Power structure
539:
538:
490:
489:
471:
442:
428:
419:Totalitarianism
369:
368:
350:
301:
300:
281:
273:
272:
267:
243:
235:
200:
192:
123:
115:
62:
53:
52:Source of power
30:Basic forms of
24:Politics series
17:
12:
11:
5:
2454:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2418:
2417:
2411:
2390:
2356:
2342:
2322:
2281:
2275:
2258:
2245:
2232:
2226:
2210:
2191:
2160:
2135:
2119:
2104:
2093:politics.co.uk
2081:
2072:978-0773529175
2071:
2052:
2014:
1983:
1977:
1960:
1936:
1930:
1910:
1904:
1891:
1859:
1831:
1801:
1782:10.1086/467615
1776:(2): 399–415.
1762:(March 1979).
1756:
1750:
1730:
1724:
1718:South Africa.
1704:
1698:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1649:Molcher (2017)
1641:
1629:
1617:
1605:
1593:
1581:
1569:
1557:
1545:
1533:
1509:
1497:
1485:
1473:
1458:
1446:
1434:
1430:Makutchev 2020
1422:
1418:MacCallum 1998
1410:
1379:
1362:
1345:
1333:
1321:
1309:
1297:
1285:
1266:
1254:
1242:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1210:
1207:
1151:) of Sardinia.
1134:
1131:
1107:Redwood Castle
1099:
1096:
1083:
1080:
1047:
1044:
1009:Bill of Rights
993:
986:
985:
979:
972:
971:
970:
969:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
910:("judge") and
879:Book of Exodus
871:ancient Israel
849:, also called
835:
834:
832:
831:
824:
817:
809:
806:
805:
792:
791:
786:
785:
784:
783:
781:Hybrid regimes
778:
773:
772:
771:
761:
756:
746:
743:
742:
739:
738:
732:
731:
730:
729:
724:
719:
714:
712:Regional power
709:
701:
700:
694:
693:
691:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
662:
661:
655:
654:
652:
651:
646:
641:
634:
629:
624:
619:
617:Puppet monarch
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
586:
585:
579:
578:
576:
575:
570:
565:
557:
556:
548:
545:
544:
541:
540:
535:
534:
533:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
494:
493:
488:
487:
482:
476:
473:
472:
470:
469:
468:
467:
462:
452:
450:State religion
444:
443:
441:
440:
437:
433:
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321:Constitutional
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280:Power ideology
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244:(rule by none)
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2015:
2011:
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1996:
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1980:
1978:9781869825829
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1931:9780674025479
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1905:9781853263125
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1865:(July 2009).
1864:
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1753:
1751:9781317819585
1747:
1743:
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1735:
1731:
1727:
1725:9781415203071
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1708:Bizos, George
1705:
1701:
1699:9789047440031
1695:
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1660:
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1638:
1633:
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1614:
1609:
1603:, p. 44.
1602:
1597:
1590:
1589:Friedman 1979
1585:
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1566:
1561:
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1530:
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1471:, p. 73.
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1456:, p. 73.
1455:
1450:
1443:
1438:
1431:
1426:
1419:
1414:
1398:
1394:
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1383:
1377:, p. 38.
1376:
1371:
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1360:, p. 43.
1359:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1343:, p. 49.
1342:
1337:
1330:
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1318:
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1307:, p. 90.
1306:
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1289:
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1277:
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1271:
1264:, p. 71.
1263:
1258:
1252:, p. 84.
1251:
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1217:
1216:Mega-city One
1213:
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1128:
1127:"grave abuse"
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1116:
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1095:
1093:
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1079:
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1069:
1068:Frank van Dun
1065:
1061:
1058:tradition of
1057:
1053:
1043:
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1038:
1037:
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940:for it, from
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563:Unitary state
561:
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531:
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486:
483:
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465:State atheism
463:
461:
458:
457:
456:
455:Secular state
453:
451:
448:
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435:
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431:
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359:Authoritarian
357:
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128:
124:(rule by few)
122:
119:
118:
112:
109:
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89:
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84:
82:
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66:
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57:
49:
48:
45:
42:
41:
37:
36:
33:
29:
28:
25:
21:
20:
2396:
2382:. Retrieved
2373:
2367:
2333:
2316:27 September
2314:. Retrieved
2298:
2292:
2262:
2249:
2240:
2236:
2217:
2204:27 September
2202:. Retrieved
2185:27 September
2183:. Retrieved
2179:the original
2174:
2168:
2152:. Retrieved
2143:
2130:
2126:
2114:
2108:
2096:. Retrieved
2092:
2077:Google Books
2075:– via
2057:
2046:27 September
2044:. Retrieved
2026:
2022:
2008:– via
2002:. Retrieved
1994:
1964:
1952:. Retrieved
1948:the original
1944:IrishCentral
1943:
1917:
1914:Hirschl, Ran
1895:
1883:. Retrieved
1874:
1870:
1853:30 September
1851:. Retrieved
1847:the original
1823:. Retrieved
1818:
1812:
1805:Gorman, M.J.
1793:. Retrieved
1773:
1767:
1737:
1711:
1685:
1662:
1656:
1653:Olson (2020)
1644:
1632:
1620:
1608:
1596:
1584:
1572:
1560:
1548:
1536:
1512:
1500:
1488:
1481:Ayittey 2006
1476:
1449:
1437:
1425:
1413:
1401:. Retrieved
1396:
1392:
1382:
1341:Jeffery 2010
1336:
1324:
1312:
1300:
1293:Hirschl 2007
1288:
1281:Ayittey 2006
1262:Hellweg 1993
1257:
1250:Zettler 1978
1245:
1234:
1197:
1187:
1180:
1165:
1154:
1126:
1120:
1085:
1049:
1041:
1034:
1023:
1013:
1002:
981:Stanley Reed
953:
950:juristocracy
949:
938:dikastocracy
937:
891:
850:
846:
845:
717:Middle power
644:Vassal state
638:Buffer state
636:
612:Puppet state
607:Protectorate
583:Client state
573:Principality
399:Distributism
341:Presidential
219:Dictatorship
152:
143:Gerontocracy
65:rule by many
38:
22:Part of the
2305:: 147–157.
1995:The Freeman
1954:12 February
1825:12 February
1795:12 February
1553:Gorman 1913
1403:12 December
1375:SCOTUS 1980
1317:Martin 2005
1220:Judge Dredd
1088:libertarian
1076:natural law
995:Albie Sachs
960:Definitions
934:Albie Sachs
722:Great power
707:Small power
649:Viceroyalty
520:Nationalism
384:Colonialism
364:Libertarian
326:Directorial
203:rule by one
183:Technocracy
178:Stratocracy
158:Meritocracy
148:Kleptocracy
138:Aristocracy
2425:Categories
2384:3 December
2352:2005018531
1613:Solmi 1965
1541:Orosa 2004
1469:Tobin 2014
1329:Bizos 2011
1227:References
1157:Brehon Law
851:kritocracy
727:Superpower
683:Superstate
678:Federation
673:Devolution
659:Federalism
500:City-state
173:Plutocracy
168:Particracy
32:government
2431:Oligarchy
2380:: 101–138
2267:Routledge
2033:: 17–25.
1885:1 October
1742:CRC Press
1148:Judicadus
1143:Sardinian
954:jurocracy
847:Kritarchy
554:Unitarism
530:Globalism
436:Religious
424:Tribalism
414:Socialism
409:Feudalism
394:Despotism
389:Communism
379:Anarchism
316:Communist
263:Stateless
253:Anarchism
214:Despotism
198:Autocracy
188:Theocracy
153:Kritarchy
121:Oligarchy
106:Socialist
60:Democracy
2328:(2005).
2311:40761688
2287:(2003).
2148:Archived
2125:(1971).
1837:(2016).
1790:59062557
1710:(2011).
1684:(2006).
1399:(3): 528
1018:justice
944:δικαστής
932:, judge
602:Dominion
331:Legalist
311:Absolute
296:Republic
291:Monarchy
163:Noocracy
133:Anocracy
86:Economic
76:Demarchy
2256:. 1980.
2098:16 June
1664:2000 AD
1661:#2118;
1658:2000 AD
1565:IC 2017
1161:Ireland
1115:Normans
1072:Ayittey
1052:Somalia
866:shoftim
744:Related
439:Secular
404:Fascism
241:Anarchy
231:Tyranny
91:Liberal
2409:
2350:
2340:
2309:
2273:
2224:
2069:
2004:25 May
1975:
1928:
1902:
1788:
1748:
1722:
1696:
1189:Frisia
926:judges
907:krites
900:κριτής
896:words
885:under
860:שופטים
568:Empire
480:Global
111:Others
101:Social
81:Direct
2376:(1).
2307:JSTOR
2301:(2).
2239:[
2199:(PDF)
2154:5 May
2129:[
2029:(4).
1877:(3).
1786:S2CID
1690:BRILL
1667:#1744
921:árkhō
894:Greek
875:Moses
869:) in
485:Local
2407:ISBN
2386:2021
2348:LCCN
2338:ISBN
2318:2021
2271:ISBN
2222:ISBN
2206:2021
2187:2021
2156:2021
2100:2020
2067:ISBN
2048:2021
2006:2022
1973:ISBN
1956:2017
1926:ISBN
1900:ISBN
1887:2021
1881:: 85
1855:2020
1827:2017
1797:2017
1746:ISBN
1720:ISBN
1694:ISBN
1405:2023
1203:xeer
1181:The
1174:and
1166:The
1060:xeer
914:ἄρχω
887:Saul
2035:doi
1821:(4)
1778:doi
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2061:.
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1997:.
1993:.
1971:.
1967:.
1942:.
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1920:.
1873:.
1869:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.