Direct democracy - Knowledge

1178:, empowers members of the general public to propose, by petition, specific statutory measures or constitutional reforms to the government and, as with other referendums, the vote may be binding or simply advisory. Initiatives may be direct or indirect: with the direct initiative, a successful proposition is placed directly on the ballot to be subject to vote (as exemplified by California's system). With an indirect initiative, a successful proposition is first presented to the legislature for their consideration; however, if no acceptable action is taken after a designated period of time, the proposition moves to direct popular vote. 2655: 2643:, by Fishkin's definition, allows inclusive participation and deliberation, but at a cost of sacrificing equality, because if widespread participation is allowed, sufficient resources rarely will be available to compensate people who sacrifice their time to participate in the deliberation. Therefore, participants tend to be those with a strong interest in the issue to be decided and often will not therefore be representative of the overall population. Fishkin instead argues that random sampling should be used to select a small, but still representative, number of people from the general public. 2493: 1248:

representative, not direct, do not resemble the Athenian system. Moreover, the Athenian democracy was exclusive. For example, in Athens in the middle of the 4th century there were about 100,000 citizens (Athenian citizenship was limited to men and women whose parents had also been Athenian citizens), about 10,000 metoikoi, or “resident foreigners,” and 150,000 slaves. Out of all those people, only male citizens who were older than 18 were a part of the demos, meaning only about 40,000 people could participate in the democratic process.

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world a valuable experience-base with the national-level constitutional amendment initiative. In the past 120 years, more than 240 initiatives have been put to referendums. Most popular initiatives are discussed and approved by the Parliament before the referendum. Out of the remaining initiatives that go to the referendum, only about 10% are approved by voters; in addition, voters often opt for a version of the initiative rewritten by the government. (See

2331: 2205: 2169: 2061: 2025: 2259: 2241: 2475: 2007: 2457: 2043: 2565: 2313: 2133: 2097: 2079: 1989: 2583: 2421: 2115: 1971: 2439: 2223: 2547: 2295: 2277: 2187: 2385: 2151: 1635:, former Kansas elected official, claims that Switzerland has had tandem successes both socially and economically which are matched by only a few other nations. Kobach states at the end of his book, "Too often, observers deem Switzerland an oddity among political systems. It is more appropriate to regard it as a pioneer." Finally, the Swiss political system, including its direct democratic devices in a 1286:– depending on the assembly – and cast votes on various matters, including elections and laws, proposed before them by their elected magistrates. Some classicists have argued that the Roman republic deserves the label of "democracy", with universal suffrage for adult male citizens, popular sovereignty, and transparent deliberation of public affairs. Many historians mark the end of the Republic with the 1378:. Other Greek cities set up democracies, and even though most followed an Athenian model, none were as powerful, stable, or well-documented as that of Athens. In the direct democracy of Athens, the citizens did not nominate representatives to vote on legislation and executive bills on their behalf (as in the United States) but instead voted as individuals. The 1705:

grow up of necessity in civilized nations, and divide them into different classes, actuated by different sentiments and views. The regulation of these various and interfering interests forms the principal task of modern legislation and involves the spirit of party and faction in the necessary and ordinary operations of the government.

1408:(462 BC) all contributed to the development of Athenian democracy. Historians differ on which of them was responsible for which institution, and which of them most represented a truly democratic movement. It is most usual to date Athenian democracy from Cleisthenes since Solon's constitution fell and was replaced by the tyranny of 1710:

pure democracy, by which I mean a society consisting of a small number of citizens, who assemble and administer the government in person, can admit no cure for the mischiefs of faction. A common passion or interest will be felt by a majority, and there is nothing to check the inducements to sacrifice

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in 1903. Typically, the process involves the collection of citizen petitions for the recall of an elected official; if a sufficient number of valid signatures are collected and verified, a recall election is triggered. There have been four gubernatorial recall elections in U.S. history (two of which

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is a constitutionally defined petition process of "proposed constitutional law", which, if successful, results in its provisions being written directly into the state's constitution. Since constitutional law cannot be altered by state legislatures, this direct democracy component gives the people an

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or optional referendums on each political level are generally much longer in Switzerland than in any other country; for example, any amendment to the constitution must automatically be voted on by the Swiss electorate and cantons, on cantonal/communal levels often any financial decision of a certain

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not only in the sense that the assembled people made decisions, but also in the sense that the people – through the assembly, boulê, and law courts – controlled the entire political process, and a large proportion of citizens were involved constantly in public affairs. Most modern democracies, being

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individuals, Muslims and non-Muslims, Greeks, Arabs, Berbers, Africans and Amerindians, have lived according to the principles of a type of direct democracy in their societies. In the West, since the great revolutions, from the English in the 17th century, the American and French of the end of the

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was quoted saying "that a pure democracy, if it were practicable, would be the most perfect government. Experience has proved that no position is falser than this. The ancient democracies in which the people themselves deliberated never possessed one good feature of government. Their very character

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Those who hold and those who are without property have ever formed distinct interests in society. Those who are creditors, and those who are debtors, fall under a like discrimination. A landed interest, a manufacturing interest, a mercantile interest, a moneyed interest, with many lesser interests,

1620:) cannot be passed at the federal level if a majority of the people approve but a majority of the cantons disapprove. For referendums or propositions in general terms (like the principle of a general revision of the Constitution), a majority of those voting is sufficient (Swiss Constitution, 2005). 1934:

is available in Nevada. It allows the voters to collect signatures to place on the ballot a question asking the state citizens to affirm a standing state law. Should the law get affirmed by a majority of state citizens, the state legislature will be barred from ever amending the law, and it can be

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from the 13th century. In 1847 the Swiss added the "statute referendum" to their national constitution. They soon discovered that merely having the power to veto Parliament's laws was not enough. In 1891 they added the "constitutional amendment initiative". Swiss politics since 1891 have given the

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Swiss citizens vote regularly on any kind of issue on every political level, such as financial approvals of a schoolhouse or the building of a new street, or the change of the policy regarding sexual work, or on constitutional changes, or on the foreign policy of Switzerland, four times a year.

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empowers citizens to make a petition that calls existing legislation to a vote by the citizens. Institutions specify the timeframe for a valid petition and the number of signatures required and may require signatures from diverse communities to protect minority interests. This form of direct

1891:(Cronin, 1989). In Utah, there is no constitutional provision for citizen lawmaking. All of Utah's I&R law is in the state statutes (Zimmerman, December 1999). In most states, there is no special protection for citizen-made statutes; the legislature can begin to amend them immediately. 1897:

is a constitutionally defined, citizen-initiated petition process of the "proposed veto of all or part of a legislature-made law", which, if successful, repeals the standing law. It is used at the state level in twenty-four states: Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Idaho,

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The core criticism of direct democracy coincides with democracy's overall criticism. Critics have historically expressed doubts of the populace's capacity of participation, deeming its advocates utopian. Despite this, instances of direct democracy - such as the

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is a constitutionally defined, citizen-initiated petition process of "proposed statute law", which, if successful, results in law being written directly into the state's statutes. The statute initiative is used at the state level in twenty-one states:

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in 476 AD, it did not embody a purely democratic approach, being made up – during the late republic – of former elected officials, providing advice rather than creating law. The democratic aspect of the constitution resided in the Roman

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is a referendum that increases public deliberation through purposeful institutional design. Power of recall gives the public the power to remove elected officials from office before the end of their designated standard term of office.

1860:(Cronin, 1989). Among these states, there are three main types of the constitutional amendment initiative, with different degrees of involvement of the state legislature distinguishing between the types (Zimmerman, December 1999). 1494:

and information brochure for each vote and election and can return it by post. Switzerland has various directly democratic instruments; votes are organized about four times a year. Here, the papers received by every citizen of

1099:. The theory and practice of direct democracy and participation as its common characteristic constituted the core of the work of many theorists, philosophers, politicians, and social critics, among whom the most important are 1711:

the weaker party. Hence it is, that democracies have ever been found incompatible with personal security or the rights of property; and have, in general, been as short in their lives as they have been violent in their deaths.

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Between January 1995 and June 2005, Swiss citizens voted 31 times, on 103 federal questions besides many more cantonal and municipal questions. During the same period, French citizens participated in only two referendums.

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is a semi-direct democracy (representative democracy with strong instruments of direct democracy). The nature of direct democracy in Switzerland is fundamentally complemented by its federal governmental structures (in

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Despite the framers' intentions at the beginning of the republic, ballot measures and their corresponding referendums have been widely used at the state and sub-state level. There is much state and federal

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in November 2008 about five national, two cantonal, four municipal referendums, and two elections (government and parliament of the City of Berne) of 23 competing parties to take care of at the same time.

1723:, said: "Pure democracy cannot subsist long nor be carried far into the departments of state – it is very subject to caprice and the madness of popular rage." At the New York Ratifying Convention, 3443: 4277: 3682:

Fishkin suggests they may even have been directly mobilized by interest groups or be largely composed of people who have fallen for political propaganda and so have inflamed and distorted opinions.

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A double majority requires approval by a majority of individuals voting, and also by a majority of cantons. Thus, in Switzerland, a citizen-proposed amendment to the federal constitution (i.e.

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The Federalist No. 10 – The Utility of the Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection (continued) – Daily Advertiser – November 22, 1787 – James Madison

1155:. The first two forms—referendums and initiatives—are examples of direct legislation. As of 2019, thirty countries allowed for referendums initiated by the population on the national level. 3417: 2646:

Fishkin concedes it is possible to imagine a system that transcends the trilemma, but it would require very radical reforms if such a system were to be integrated into mainstream politics.

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from dozens of studies suggests deliberation leads to better decision making. The most popularly disputed form of direct popular participation is the referendum on constitutional matters.

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Serdült, Uwe (2014) Referendums in Switzerland, in Qvortrup, Matt (Ed.) Referendums Around the World: The Continued Growth of Direct Democracy. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 65–121.

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is a form of direct democracy which satisfies the requirement for deliberation and equality but does not make provision to involve everyone who wants to be included in the discussion.

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had only about 30,000 male citizens, but several thousand of them were politically active in each year and many of them quite regularly for years on end. The Athenian democracy was

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people vote for representatives who then enact policy initiatives. Depending on the particular system in use, direct democracy might entail passing executive decisions, the use of

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is a citizen-initiated process which, if successful, removes an elected official from office and replaces him or her. The first recall device in the United States was adopted in

1928:

have a recall function for state officials. Additional states have recall functions for local jurisdictions. Some states require specific grounds for a recall petition campaign.

1757:, stated: "I believe in the Initiative and Referendum, which should be used not to destroy representative government, but to correct it whenever it becomes misrepresentative." 1623:

In 1890, when the provisions for Swiss national citizen lawmaking were being debated by civil society and government, the Swiss adopted the idea of double majorities from the

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character of elections, disdain for parliament, the non-toleration of autonomous powers within the government and a failure to attract or suffer independent political minds."

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due to the presence of three desirable characteristics of an ideal system of direct democracy, which are challenging to deliver all at once. These three characteristics are

1736:, from the early 1900s to the 1990s, that protects the people's right to each of these direct democracy governance components (Magleby, 1984, and Zimmerman, 1999). The first 3073:

18th century, elites and then all the people have gradually experimented with a liberal democracy whose principles are indisputably different from those of tribal democracy.

1954:. A higher index indicates more direct democracy popular initiatives and referendums, shown below for individual countries. Only countries with index above 0 are shown. 2742:

had demonstrated the feasibility of non-liberal democracy, critics have continued to deride its presumed mobocratic nature, although there are no recorded instances of

1143:. Semi-direct democracies, in which representatives administer day-to-day governance, but the citizens remain the sovereign, allow for three forms of popular action: 3328: 2631:

needs to be involved or there needs to be a representative random sample of people chosen to take part in the discussion. In the definition used by scholars such as

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Sigman, Rachel, and Staffan I. Lindberg. "Neopatrimonialism and democracy: An empirical investigation of Africa's political regimes." V-Dem Working Paper 56 (2017).

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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367379858_Eight_Billion_Cheers_for_Direct_Democracy_Direct_Democracy_is_Humanity's_Last_Best_and_Only_Hope/references

4303:. Oxford University, The Great Histories Series, Ed., Hugh R. Trevor-Roper, and E. Badian. Translated by Mortimer Chambers. Washington Square Press, Inc (1966). 3447: 1158:

A compulsory referendum subjects the legislation drafted by political elites to a binding popular vote. This is the most common form of direct legislation. A

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The strength of direct democracy in individual countries can be quantitatively compared by the Citizen-initiated component of direct popular vote index in

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by the legislature to the people of "proposed statute laws" (constitutionally used in all 50 states – Initiative & Referendum Institute, 2004).

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Nissani, M., (2023), "Eight Billion Cheers for Direct Democracy: Direct Democracy is Humankind’s Last, Best, and Only Hope." Dying of the Light Press.

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resolve conflicts and make school policy decisions through full school meetings in which the votes of students and staff are weighted equally.

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automatic superiority and sovereignty, over representative government (Magelby, 1984). It is utilized at the state level in nineteen states:

1017: 3928: 4270: 1273: 1012: 3395: 1566:). Citizens have more power than in a representative democracy. On any political level citizens can propose changes to the constitution ( 1059: 1924:

resulted in the recall of the governor) and 38 recall elections for state legislators (55% of which succeeded). Nineteen states and the

1700:, advocates a constitutional republic over direct democracy precisely to protect the individual from the will of the majority. He says, 422: 1334:

to the governance of people, allowing the entire populace to participate in government directly, as much or as little as they please.

1720: 1267:. While the Roman senate was the main body with historical longevity, lasting from the Roman kingdom until after the collapse of the 286: 4204: 3314: 2620:– all members of the population on whose behalf decisions are taken have an equal chance of having their views taken into account. 1677:. This is the oldest form of direct democracy in the United States and predates the founding of the country by at least a century. 4266:

Matsusaka, John G. (2020). Let The People Rule: How Direct Democracy Can Meet the Populist Challenge, Princeton University Press.

1439:; the most detailed accounts are of this 4th-century modification rather than of the Periclean system. It was suppressed by the 1259:, traditionally founded around 509 BC. Rome displayed many aspects of democracy, both direct and indirect, from the era of 1239:, composed of 500 citizens; and the law courts, composed of a massive number of jurors chosen by lot, with no judges. Ancient 3371: 1767:

by the legislature to the people of "proposed constitutional amendments" (constitutionally used in 49 states, excepting only

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Cherkaoui, Mohamed (29 October 2019). "Islam and Democracy: Comparative Analysis of Individual and Collective Preferences".

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in 322 BC. The Athenian institutions were later revived, but the extent to which they were a real democracy is debatable.

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Pimbert, Michel (2010). Reclaiming citizenship: empowering civil society in policy-making. In: Towards Food Sovereignty.

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Matsusaka, John G. (2004). For the Many or the Few: The Initiative, Public Policy, and American Democracy, Chicago Press.

3968: 3948: 3908: 3888: 4411: 1631:. According to its supporters, this "legitimacy-rich" approach to national citizen lawmaking has been very successful. 1431:; after his death, Athenian democracy was twice briefly interrupted by an oligarchic revolution towards the end of the 4214: 3572: 4145: 4126: 4088: 4054: 4025: 3993: 3867: 3839: 3820: 3783: 3703: 3488: 3184: 3097: 3058: 2869: 233: 143: 20: 3446:. Berne, Switzerland: swissinfo.ch – the international service of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from 3420:. Berne, Switzerland: swissinfo.ch – the international service of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from 1879:, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, 3132: 2663: 1617: 1567: 969: 869: 370: 218: 148: 1474:

Despite being a monarchy, direct democracy is considered to be an engrained element on Liechtensteiner politics.

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e-books, Free download: Politics without politicians – Big Business, Big Government or Direct Democracy.

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Fuller, Roslyn, 2015, "Beasts and Gods: How Democracy Changed Its Meaning and Lost its Purpose." Zed Books.

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Democratic Innovations: Designing Institutions for Citizen Participation (Theories of Institutional Design)

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In direct democracy the people decide on policies without any intermediary or representative, whereas in a

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Towards an Inclusive Democracy: The Crisis of the Growth Economy and the Need for a New Liberatory Project

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is a rare example of a country with instruments of direct democracy (at the levels of the municipalities,

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The Leaderless Revolution: How Ordinary People Can Take Power and Change Politics in the 21st Century

408: 4338: 2746:. It is of note that direct democracy's critics have emerged from Hobbesian and liberal philosophy. 1424:, who were subsequently honored by the Athenians for their alleged restoration of Athenian freedom. 1689: 1120: 1096: 949: 794: 654: 183: 133: 4375: 1910:, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington and Wyoming (Cronin, 1989). 1375: 4250:

A Theoretical Examination of the Dichotomy between Democratic Constitutions and Political Reality

3964: 3944: 3924: 3904: 3884: 3812: 2801: 2796: 2743: 2739: 2640: 1951: 1685: 1563: 1504: 1186: 1136: 954: 889: 799: 774: 629: 365: 281: 261: 213: 4308: 3651: 4421: 2901: 2781: 2636: 2616:– a rational discussion where all major points of view are weighted according to evidence; and 1945: 1636: 1624: 1606: 1559: 1527: 1343: 1331: 1327: 1236: 1140: 779: 769: 736: 664: 619: 599: 580: 520: 510: 505: 485: 238: 158: 126: 4327: 4118: 2857: 2654: 3853: 3725: 3693: 2786: 2776: 1531: 1508: 1487: 1391: 1224:

One strand of thought sees direct democracy as common and widespread in pre-state societies.

1100: 834: 814: 789: 784: 764: 726: 701: 350: 304: 228: 223: 208: 198: 173: 153: 138: 4110: 3478: 2893: 4431: 4234: 4007: 2821: 1925: 1627:, in which House votes were to represent the people and Senate votes were to represent the 1590: 1387: 1268: 1214: 1095:

as proxies. This differs from the majority of currently established democracies, which are

1007: 809: 711: 644: 575: 570: 550: 456: 266: 178: 163: 113: 93: 4173:

De Vos et al (2014) South African Constitutional Law – In Context: Oxford University Press

8: 4199: 3053:. Youth in a Globalizing World - Volume 10. Leiden: Brill (published 2019). p. 201. 1571: 1539: 1202: 1198: 1002: 992: 829: 804: 741: 721: 691: 674: 669: 659: 634: 589: 565: 540: 515: 500: 168: 88: 3266: 3834:. Illustrated by Mix & Remix. Le Mont-sur-Lausanne: Éditions loisirs et pédagogie. 3229: 2680: 2621: 1884: 1750: 1724: 1458:

direction. Professor of law Gerhard Casper writes, "Weber employed the term to stress,

1354: 1228: 1175: 1159: 1148: 974: 904: 894: 839: 614: 609: 530: 495: 490: 478: 322: 108: 98: 3979:, Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA, Presence Switzerland – via YouTube 3959:, Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA, Presence Switzerland – via YouTube 3939:, Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA, Presence Switzerland – via YouTube 3919:, Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA, Presence Switzerland – via YouTube 3899:, Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA, Presence Switzerland – via YouTube 3086:

Glassman, Ronald M. (19 June 2017). "The Emergence of Democracy in Bands and Tribes".

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amended or repealed only if approved by a majority of state citizens in a direct vote.

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are public voting gatherings, and are one of the oldest examples of direct democracy.

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The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes: Structure, Principles and Ideology

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The Populist Paradox: Interest Group Influence And The Promise Of Direct Legislation

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Practicing direct democracy – voting on Nuit Debout, Place de la République, Paris

2612:– widespread participation in the decision-making process by the people affected; 1312:

Some of the issues surrounding the related notion of a direct democracy using the

4354: 3857: 3087: 3048: 2763: 2731:, had managed itself successfully prior to being overrun by drug cartels, as did 2712: 2372: 1915: 1610: 1544: 1152: 1035: 859: 819: 604: 398: 345: 4309:"An Interactional Model of Direct Democracy - Lessons from the Swiss Experience" 4244: 3510: 1692:

in the form of a constitutional republic over a direct democracy. For example,

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Arnon, Harel (January 2008). "A Theory of Direct Legislation" (LFB Scholarly)

4080: 4013: 3775: 3652:"Popular initiatives as means of altering the core of the Republic of Latvia" 1813: 1693: 1514: 1491: 1412:, whereas Ephialtes revised Cleisthenes' constitution relatively peacefully. 1260: 1194: 1108: 864: 731: 684: 560: 32: 4075:. Cambridge Studies in the Theory of Democracy. Cambridge University Press. 3212:

Gruen, Erich S. (2000). "Review of The Crowd in Rome in the Late Republic".

1182:, Liechtenstein or Uruguay goes through such a form of indirect initiative. 461: 26: 4064: 4002:

Marabello, Thomas Quinn. (2023) "The Origins of Democracy in Switzerland",

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substantial amount decreed by legislative and/or executive bodies as well.

1409: 1292:, passed on 27 November 43 BC, which eliminated many oversight provisions. 1264: 1252: 375: 3599: 3287:

Sommerstein, A.H.; S. Halliwell; J. Henderson; B. Zimmerman, eds. (1993).

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of the 5th century BC. The main bodies in the Athenian democracy were the

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Ethics and the Community of Inquiry: Education for Deliberative Democracy

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concedes that a majority of academics in the field agree with this view.

3092:. Vol. 1. Cham, Switzerland: Springer (published 2017). p. 4. 3050:

Essay on Islamization: Changes in Religious Practice in Muslim Societies

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When Citizens Decide by Themselves: An Introduction to Direct Democracy

2811: 2336: 2264: 2210: 2174: 2066: 2030: 1907: 1793: 1628: 1459: 1363: 1316:

and other communications technologies are dealt with in the article on

1144: 1092: 919: 849: 716: 4258:

Direct Legislation: Voting on Ballot Propositions in The United States

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For the system to respect the principle of political equality, either

1760:

In various states, referendums through which the people rule include:

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Direct Democracy: The Politics Of Initiative, Referendum, And Recall.

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The Politics of Size: Representation in the United States, 1776–1850

3164:(3 ed.). New York: Noble Offset Printers Inc. pp. 157–165. 1496: 4296: 3748:

Direct Democracy: The Politics of Initiative, Referendum and Recall

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Also relevant to the history of direct democracy is the history of

939: 909: 874: 696: 3018:"Consensus and direct democracy:Conceptual and empirical linkages" 1963:

Citizen-initiated component of direct popular vote index for 2021

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decide local affairs through the direct democratic process of the

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The Origins of Democracy in Tribes, City-States and Nation-States

2588: 2570: 2426: 2318: 2138: 2102: 2084: 1994: 1976: 1888: 1829: 1801: 1785: 1670: 1370:, comprising the city of Athens and the surrounding territory of 4215:"Liberal and Socialist 'Democracies' versus Inclusive Democracy" 2700:- lack documented incidents involving participation deficits or 1906:, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, 1227:

The earliest well-documented direct democracy is said to be the

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Switzerland & the EU: The Bilateral Agreements – Report 5

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Real Democracy: The New England Town Meeting and How It Works

2724: 2282: 2192: 2156: 1876: 1872: 1397: 1132: 3575:, National Conference of State Legislatures (March 8, 2016). 3392:

ch.ch – A service of the Confederation, cantons and communes

3315:"Caesarism in Democratic Politics: Reflections on Max Weber" 1131:, directly electing or dismissing officials, and conducting 4036:

Bastards of Utopia: Living Radical Politics After Socialism

3609: 3607: 3329:"The Princely House Of Liechtenstein: 900 Years Of History" 2916:"Popular or citizens initiative: Legal Designs - Navigator" 2534: 2390: 1880: 1845: 1164: 3162:

A History and Descriptions of Roman Political Institutions

2723:, painting a narrative of misinformation and impulsivity. 1639:

context, becomes increasingly interesting for scholars of

3394:. Berne, Switzerland: Swiss Confederation. Archived from 2984: 2982: 2980: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2711:

standpoint, restraining popular influence stonewalls the

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https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol59/iss1/4

3604: 3537:"New York Ratifying Convention, First Speech of June 21" 3133:"Ancient Greek Democracy ‑ Athenian, Definition, Modern" 1743:

Pacific States Telephone and Telegraph Company v. Oregon

1605:, simple majorities are sufficient at the municipal and 3343:"Liechtenstein's referendum on COVID-19 measures fails" 3271:. Project Gutenburg: Project Gutenberg Self-Publishing. 2719:. Adversaries of greater democratization cast doubt on 1490:, with no need to register, every citizen receives the 1435:. It was modified somewhat after it was restored under 1427:

The greatest and longest-lasting democratic leader was

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Modern-era citizen-lawmaking occurs in the cantons of

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Hamilton, Alexander; Childs, Francis (21 June 1788).

3193: 1771: – Initiative & Referendum Institute, 2004). 1523:

The pure form of direct democracy exists only in the

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of the book with the same title published in Greek).

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How Direct Democracy Works In Switzerland – Report 3

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remaining tranquil with self-managed organizations.

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Most western countries have representative systems.

4269:

National Conference of State Legislatures (2004). "

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A History Of Rome: Down To The Reign Of Constantine

3119: 1746:, 223 U.S. 118 in 1912 (Zimmerman, December 1999). 2999: 2997: 2900:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1167:on laws adopted by the elected legislature, as in 4347:The New England Town Meeting: Democracy In Action 3444:"How direct democracy has grown over the decades" 1680:Direct democracy was not what the framers of the 1163:democracy effectively grants the voting public a 4398: 4219:The International Journal of INCLUSIVE DEMOCRACY 3766:. Cambridge Studies in the Theory of Democracy. 3736: 3441: 1740:ruling in favor of the citizen lawmaking was in 1684:envisioned for the nation. They saw a danger in 1657:Initiatives and referendums in the United States 1653:History of direct democracy in the United States 1321: 3986:The Referendum: Direct Democracy In Switzerland 3848: 2994: 2860:. In Clarke, Paul A.B.; Foweraker, Joe (eds.). 1174:A citizen-initiated referendum, also called an 4241:. University of Oklahoma, Norman (orig. 1991). 4113:Dictionary of American Government and Politics 3534: 3179:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 3. 2649: 1939: 1753:, in his "Charter of Democracy" speech to the 3732:(2nd ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 2599: 1053: 416: 4020:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 3745: 3723: 3418:"The Swiss vote more than any other country" 3415: 3148: 1715:Other framers spoke against pure democracy. 1135:. Two leading forms of direct democracy are 4016:; Ober, Josiah; Wallace, Robert W. (2007). 3972: 3952: 3932: 3912: 3892: 2988: 2971: 2954: 2937: 1871:, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, 3750:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 3698:. Cengage Learning Australia. p. 98. 3649: 3619: 3240: 1060: 1046: 423: 409: 4038:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 3956:How People in Switzerland Vote – Report 4 3862:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 3685: 3636:Even Susan Strokes in her critical essay 3382: 3380: 3144: 3142: 3113: 3046: 4004:Swiss American Historical Society Review 3595: 3593: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3264: 3085: 2653: 1481: 1180:Constitutional amendments in Switzerland 25: 4391:What are the main features of democracy 4385:INIREF Campaign for Direct Democracy GB 4135: 3803: 3522: 3366:, Éditions loisirs et pédagogie, 2008. 3199: 3174: 3168: 3003: 2604:Democratic theorists have identified a 1728:was tyranny; their figure, deformity." 1613:are required on constitutional issues. 1374:, around 600 BC. Athens was one of the 4399: 4360:Zimmerman, Joseph F. (December 1999). 4063: 4018:Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece 3983: 3754: 3625: 3377: 3301: 3253: 3177:The Constitution of the Roman Republic 3159: 3139: 3022:European Journal of Political Research 3015: 4341:e-book in 8 languages. Free download. 4306: 4108: 3829: 3691: 3590: 3560: 3476: 3349: 3211: 2891: 2855: 2840: 1755:Ohio Constitutional Convention (1912) 4291:http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/G02612.pdf 4041: 3613: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 1359:Athenian democracy developed in the 1193:Mandatory referendums correspond to 4344:Zimmerman, Joseph F. (March 1999). 2662:For a more comprehensive list, see 1781:Constitutional amendment initiative 1574:to be held on any law voted by the 1263:all the way to the collapse of the 13: 4362:The Initiative: Citizen Law-Making 4156: 2920:www.direct-democracy-navigator.org 1276:, where the people organized into 14: 4443: 4369: 4260:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 4190:(London & NY: Cassell, 1997). 4006:, Vol. 59: No. 1, Available at: 3477:Bryan, Frank M. (15 March 2010). 3442:Duc-Quang Nguyen (17 June 2015). 3283:Comic Hero versus Political Elite 3120:Raaflaub, Ober & Wallace 2007 2878: 2862:Encyclopedia of Political Thought 1326:. More concisely, the concept of 1307:"Direct democracy in Switzerland" 1235:, composed of male citizens; the 21:Direct democracy (disambiguation) 4198:The Multidimensional Crisis and 4117:. Edinburgh University. p. 4049:. London: Simon & Schuster. 3988:. Dartmouth Publishing Company. 3672:from the original on 2014-07-18. 3362:Vincent Golay and Mix et Remix, 2756: 2664:List of direct democracy parties 2581: 2563: 2545: 2527: 2509: 2491: 2473: 2455: 2437: 2419: 2401: 2383: 2365: 2347: 2329: 2311: 2293: 2275: 2257: 2239: 2221: 2203: 2185: 2167: 2149: 2131: 2113: 2095: 2077: 2059: 2041: 2023: 2005: 1987: 1969: 1688:. As a result, they advocated a 1646: 1469: 1382:of voters was influenced by the 1306: 1029: 392: 371:List of direct democracy parties 70: 4337:Verhulst Jos en Nijeboer Arjen 4307:Reich, Johannes (5 June 2008). 3716: 3676: 3643: 3630: 3578: 3566: 3554: 3528: 3516: 3504: 3483:. University of Chicago Press. 3470: 3461: 3435: 3409: 3335: 3321: 3307: 3295: 3275: 3258: 3205: 3153: 3125: 3078: 3040: 3009: 1348: 1197:while optional referendums and 1013:Latin America and the Caribbean 4253:. University Center Luxemburg. 4221:, vol.2, no.2, (January 2006). 3737:Benedikter, Thomas E. (2021). 2908: 2849: 2834: 1477: 36:, "cantonal assembly", in the 1: 4231:. Princeton University Press. 4227:Gerber, Elisabeth R. (1999). 4069:"Pathologies of Deliberation" 3916:The Swiss Government Report 2 3896:The Swiss Government Report 1 3650:Jarinovska, Kristine (2013). 3416:Julia Slater (28 June 2013). 3289:Tragedy, Comedy and the Polis 3160:Abbott, Frank Frost (1963) . 2827: 2669: 1665:region of the United States, 1295: 825:Democracy and economic growth 4203:. (Athens: Gordios, 2005). ( 4178:Democracy Ancient And Modern 3832:Swiss Political Institutions 3364:Swiss political institutions 2690: 1719:, one of the signers of the 1609:level, at the federal level 1416:, the brother of the tyrant 1320:and below under the heading 1219: 1018:Middle East and North Africa 885:Peaceful transition of power 7: 4180:. Rutgers University Press. 4136:Zagarri, Rosemarie (2010). 3859:Why Deliberative Democracy? 3638:Pathologies of Deliberation 2749: 2650:Relation to other movements 1940:Direct democracy by country 1738:United States Supreme Court 1721:Declaration of Independence 1337: 1323:Electronic direct democracy 1114: 915:Proportional representation 317:History of direct democracy 10: 4448: 4256:Magleby, David B. (1984). 4166:Cronin, Thomas E. (1989). 3973:Hirschbühl, Tina (2011e), 3953:Hirschbühl, Tina (2011d), 3933:Hirschbühl, Tina (2011c), 3913:Hirschbühl, Tina (2011b), 3893:Hirschbühl, Tina (2011a), 3768:Cambridge University Press 3746:Cronin, Thomas E. (1989). 3265:Rushkoff, Douglas (2004). 2673: 2661: 2600:Democratic reform trilemma 1943: 1682:United States Constitution 1650: 1519:Federal popular initiative 1512: 1502: 1422:Harmodius and Aristogeiton 1352: 1341: 1330:applies principles of the 1255:, specifically during the 1212: 1208: 1097:representative democracies 18: 4412:Society of ancient Greece 4293:? e-book. Free download. 4271:Recall of State Officials 4170:Harvard University Press. 3573:Recall of State Officials 3500:– via Google Books. 2845:. Routledge. p. 181. 4081:10.1017/CBO9781139175005 4071:. In Elster, Jon (ed.). 3984:Kobach, Kris W. (1993). 3776:10.1017/CBO9781139175005 3762:. In Elster, Jon (ed.). 3291:. Bari: Levante Editori. 3175:Lintott, Andrew (2003). 3149:Cary & Scullard 1967 2864:. Taylor & Francis. 2843:Encyclopedia of the City 1690:representative democracy 1121:representative democracy 970:Wars between democracies 950:Territorial peace theory 795:Democratic confederalism 4280:. E-book free download. 3830:Golay, Vincent (2008). 3813:Oxford University Press 3692:Burgh, Gilbert (2006). 3513:. Retrieved 2007-09-07. 3034:10.1023/A:1007137026336 3016:Vatter, Adrian (2000). 2802:Participatory economics 2797:Participatory democracy 2744:tyranny of the majority 2740:Revolutionary Catalonia 2641:Participatory democracy 1952:V-Dem Democracy indices 1932:Statute law affirmation 1686:tyranny of the majority 1505:Politics of Switzerland 1376:first known democracies 1187:deliberative referendum 1137:participatory democracy 1093:elected representatives 955:Tyranny of the majority 890:Political demonstration 800:Democratic peace theory 775:Deliberative referendum 366:Participatory budgeting 4140:. Cornell University. 4109:Watts, Duncan (2010). 4073:Deliberative Democracy 4034:Razsa, Maple. (2015) 3764:Deliberative Democracy 3659:Juridica International 2892:Smith, Graham (2009). 2782:Deliberative democracy 2659: 2637:deliberative democracy 1946:Referendums by country 1895:Statute law referendum 1864:Statute law initiative 1713: 1637:multi-level governance 1625:United States Congress 1500: 1344:Referendums by country 1332:free software movement 1328:open-source governance 1141:deliberative democracy 780:Democratic backsliding 770:Criticism of democracy 127:Referendums by country 49: 4364:. Praeger Publishers. 4357:. Praeger Publishers. 4235:Hansen, Mogens Herman 4176:Finley, M.I. (1973). 3809:When the People Speak 3281:Henderson, J. (1996) 3268:Open Source Democracy 3006:, Chapters 2 & 3. 2841:Caves, R. W. (2004). 2787:Libertarian socialism 2657: 1702: 1549:Subsidiaritätsprinzip 1532:Appenzell Innerrhoden 1513:Further information: 1509:Voting in Switzerland 1485: 1342:Further information: 1101:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 835:Electoral competition 815:Democratic transition 790:Democratic centralism 785:Democratic capitalism 299:Referendums by method 29: 4320:10.2139/ssrn.1154019 3450:on 21 September 2015 1926:District of Columbia 1450:believed that every 1269:Western Roman Empire 1215:History of democracy 1205:(e.g. Switzerland). 810:Democratic socialism 256:Referendums by issue 114:Mandatory referendum 94:Legislative referral 19:For other uses, see 4427:Popular sovereignty 4205:English translation 4200:Inclusive Democracy 3854:Thompson, Dennis F. 3585:Statute affirmation 3214:Classical Philology 2856:Budge, Ian (2001). 1572:optional referendum 1540:Swiss Confederation 1404:(508–507 BCE), and 1203:consensus democracy 1199:popular initiatives 1036:Politics portal 830:Democracy promotion 805:Democratic republic 399:Politics portal 89:Optional referendum 4353:2011-11-23 at the 2989:Hirschbühl (2011d) 2972:Hirschbühl (2011c) 2955:Hirschbühl (2011b) 2938:Hirschbühl (2011a) 2858:"Direct democracy" 2777:Citizens' assembly 2709:liberal democratic 2681:Democratic schools 2660: 2622:Empirical evidence 1751:Theodore Roosevelt 1725:Alexander Hamilton 1669:in states such as 1618:popular initiative 1586:legislative body. 1582:parliament and/or 1568:popular initiative 1501: 1355:Athenian democracy 1274:popular assemblies 1229:Athenian democracy 1160:popular referendum 1087:decides on policy 975:Waves of democracy 935:Right to candidacy 905:Popular referendum 895:Political equality 765:Citizens' assembly 351:Citizens' assembly 323:Athenian democracy 109:Popular referendum 99:Popular initiative 50: 4211:Fotopoulos, Takis 4194:Fotopoulos, Takis 4184:Fotopoulos, Takis 4014:Raaflaub, Kurt A. 3805:Fishkin, James S. 3741:. Bozen: POLITiS. 3541:National Archives 3372:978-2-606-01295-3 2822:Workers' councils 2772:Anarcho-communism 2685:Summerhill School 2676:Democratic school 2597: 2596: 1698:Federalist No. 10 1611:double majorities 1433:Peloponnesian War 1070: 1069: 925:Right to petition 433: 432: 104:Recall referendum 16:Form of democracy 4439: 4407:Direct democracy 4376:Direct democracy 4339:Direct Democracy 4331: 4313: 4151: 4132: 4116: 4105: 4103: 4102: 4093:. Archived from 4065:Stokes, Susan C. 4060: 4031: 3999: 3980: 3960: 3940: 3920: 3900: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3845: 3826: 3800: 3798: 3797: 3788:. 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2686: 2682: 2677: 2665: 2656: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2633:James Fishkin 2630: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2610:participation 2607: 2592: 2590: 2579: 2578: 2574: 2572: 2561: 2560: 2556: 2554: 2543: 2542: 2538: 2536: 2525: 2524: 2520: 2518: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2500: 2489: 2488: 2484: 2482: 2471: 2470: 2466: 2464: 2453: 2452: 2448: 2446: 2435: 2434: 2430: 2428: 2417: 2416: 2412: 2410: 2399: 2398: 2394: 2392: 2381: 2380: 2376: 2374: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2356: 2345: 2344: 2340: 2338: 2327: 2326: 2322: 2320: 2309: 2308: 2304: 2302: 2291: 2290: 2286: 2284: 2273: 2272: 2268: 2266: 2255: 2254: 2250: 2248: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2230: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2212: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2194: 2183: 2182: 2178: 2176: 2165: 2164: 2160: 2158: 2147: 2146: 2142: 2140: 2129: 2128: 2124: 2122: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2104: 2093: 2092: 2088: 2086: 2075: 2074: 2070: 2068: 2057: 2056: 2052: 2050: 2039: 2038: 2034: 2032: 2021: 2020: 2016: 2014: 2003: 2002: 1998: 1996: 1985: 1984: 1980: 1978: 1967: 1966: 1962: 1959: 1958: 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