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Position on Political Reforms provided grounds for amending the Constitution. The amended Constitution restored the office of the President of the Polish People's Republic and the Senate – both to be elected in free and democratic elections. In the Sejm, the opposition was allocated 35% of the mandates. Thus the so called "contract" elections could not be fully democratic. The Sejm (first chamber) became superior to the Senate (second chamber). In addition, the institution of National Assembly was established, consisting of the Sejm and the Senate sitting jointly to elect the President of the Polish People's Republic. A declaration of the Solidarity Citizens' Committee heralded the prompt enactment of a new, democratic constitution and electoral law. As a result of Solidarity's success in elections to the Sejm and the Senate, profound reforms of the political system were undertaken by adopting an amendment to the Constitution on 29 December 1989. In the Constitution, the Republic of Poland was defined as a democratic state ruled by law. As the provisional constitution lasted too long, it was decided to adopt a provisional regulation in the form of the so called Small Constitution. The President signed it on 17 October 1992. The Small Constitution regulated above all the relationship between the executive and legislative powers, on the basis of the doctrine of separation of powers. A bicameral parliament was maintained.
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Republic. That was the first
Constitution of the Third Republic. The act defined the position of the Sejm and the Senate within the system without using the term "parliament". It adopted the doctrine of separation of powers, which provided for a balance between the legislative and executive powers. In practice the binding provisions of the Constitution ensure the supremacy of the legislative power. Both chambers are autonomous bodies, independent of each other, with their own powers. The Constitution retained the principle of bicameralism of the legislature. The Sejm and the Senate sitting jointly constitute the National Assembly. Characteristically, the new Constitution conferred very extensive powers on the Sejm. On the other hand, the powers of the Senate are limited, as in the Constitutions of 1921 and 1992.
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body reduced the royal prerogatives of kings like Henry VIII and the importance of their whims. For example, Henry VIII could not simply establish supremacy by proclamation; he required
Parliament to enforce statutes and add felonies and treasons. An important liberty for Parliament was its freedom of speech; Henry allowed anything to be spoken openly within Parliament and speakers could not face arrest – a fact which they exploited incessantly. Nevertheless, Parliament in Henry VIII's time offered up very little objection to the monarch's desires. Under his and
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significant shifts in foreign policy (e.g. ratify treaties), or settle matters of royal succession, issues where the cooperation and assent of the towns was thought necessary. Changing taxation (especially requesting war subsidies), was probably the most frequent reason for convening the Cortes. As the nobles and clergy were largely tax-exempt, setting taxation involved intensive negotiations between the royal council and the
2294:
2656:. The House of Commons is composed of 650 members who are directly elected by British citizens to represent single-member constituencies. The leader of a party that wins more than half the seats, or less than half but is able to gain the support of smaller parties to achieve a majority in the house, is invited by the Monarch to form a government. The House of Lords is a body of long-serving, unelected members:
2358:, the inviolability of domicile, the right to appeal to justice opposite the King and the obligation of the King to consult the Cortes before entering a war. Prelates, nobles, and commoners met separately in the three estates of the Cortes. In this meeting, new laws were approved to protect commoners against the arbitrarities of nobles, prelates, and the king. This important set of laws is known as the
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1021:. This established that the king may not levy or collect any taxes (except the feudal taxes to which they were hitherto accustomed), save with the consent of a council. It was also established that the most important tenants-in-chief and ecclesiastics be summoned to the council by personal writs from the sovereign, and that all others be summoned to the council by general writs from the
1597:, the Diet was essentially convened by the king. However, under the rule of heavy handed kings like Louis the Great and during reign of the early absolutist Matthias Corvinus the parliaments were often convened to announce the royal decisions, and had no significant power of its own. Since the reign of the Jagiellonian dynasty, the parliament has regained most of its former power.
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2354:). This was a medieval organization composed of aristocrats and bishops but because of the seriousness of the situation and the need to maximize political support, Alfonso IX took the decision to also call the representatives of the urban middle class from the most important cities of the kingdom to the assembly. León's Cortes dealt with matters like the right to
2394:, their Cortes were united as well in 1258. The Castilian Cortes had representatives from Burgos, Toledo, León, Seville, Córdoba, Murcia, Jaén, Zamora, Segovia, Ávila, Salamanca, Cuenca, Toro, Valladolid, Soria, Madrid, Guadalajara and Granada (after 1492). The Cortes' assent was required to pass new taxes, and could also advise the king on other matters. The
1582:, which reaffirmed the rights of the smaller nobles of the old and new classes of royal servants (servientes regis) against both the crown and the magnates, and to defend the rights of the whole nation against the crown by restricting the powers of the latter in certain fields and legalizing refusal to obey its unlawful/unconstitutional commands (the "
3955:—Flemish (Dutch, competent in Flanders and for the Dutch-speaking inhabitants of Brussels), Francophone (French, for Wallonia and for Francophones in Brussels) and German (for speakers of that language in a few designated municipalities in the east of the Walloon Region, living alongside Francophones but under two different regimes):
1868:(chapters). In a Cortes-Gerais, petitions were discussed and voted upon separately by each estate and required the approval of at least two of the three estates before being passed up to the royal council. The proposal was then subject to royal veto (either accepted or rejected by the king in its entirety) before becoming law.
2740:, holding only those powers devolved to them by Westminster from 1997. They cannot legislate on defence issues, currency, or national taxation (e.g. VAT, or Income Tax). Additionally, the bodies can be theoretically dissolved, at any given time, by the British Parliament without the consent of the devolved government.
1406:. There were consequently, hierarchies of things, so that the local things were represented at the thing for a larger area, for a province or land. At the thing, disputes were solved and political decisions were made. The place for the thing was often also the place for public religious rites and for commerce.
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After long years of legislative work, on 2 April 1997, the
National Assembly adopted The Constitution of the Republic of Poland. It entered into force on 17 October 1997. The new Constitution introduced a "rationalised" parliamentary-cabinet system in Poland. It is the first Constitution of the Third
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Much of this compliance stemmed from how the
English viewed and traditionally understood authority. As Williams described it, "King and parliament were not separate entities, but a single body, of which the monarch was the senior partner and the Lords and the Commons the lesser, but still essential,
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The rise of
Parliament proved especially important in the sense that it limited the repercussions of dynastic complications that had so often plunged England into civil war. Parliament still ran the country even in the absence of suitable heirs to the throne, and its legitimacy as a decision-making
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because it set the pattern for later
Parliaments. The significant difference between the Model Parliament and the earlier Curia Regis was the addition of the Commons: that is, the inclusion of elected representatives of rural landowners and of townsmen. In 1307, Edward agreed not to collect certain
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In addition to the three readings a bill also goes through a committee stage where it is considered in great detail. Once the bill has been passed by one house it goes to the other and essentially repeats the process. If after the two sets of readings, there are disagreements between the versions
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Nonetheless, the exact extent of Cortes power was ambiguous. Kings insisted on their ancient prerogative to promulgate laws independently of the Cortes. The compromise, in theory, was that ordinances enacted in Cortes could only be modified or repealed by Cortes. But even that principle was often
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Changes in Poland's internal situation in the 1980s led to the Round Table Talks which ended in the signing of the famous Round Table
Agreement on 5 April 1989. The Agreement spearheaded the evolutionary transformation of the country's political system; independence was regained once again. The
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in 1256, 1261 and 1273, always by royal summon. Medieval Kings of
Portugal continued to rely on small assemblies of notables, and only summoned the full Cortes on extraordinary occasions. A Cortes would be called if the king wanted to introduce new taxes, change some fundamental laws, announce
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This can be particularly dangerous to a government when the distribution of seats among different parties is relatively even, in which case a new election is often called shortly thereafter. However, in case of general discontent with the head of government, their replacement can be made very
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consisted of three estates – the King of Poland, the Senate (consisting of
Ministers, Palatines, Castellans and Roman Catholic Bishops) and the Chamber of Envoys comprising 170 nobles acting on behalf of their holdings as well as representatives of major cities, who did not possess any voting
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could issue regulatory decrees for the application of royal edicts or of customary practices; they could also refuse to register laws that they judged contrary to fundamental law or simply as being untimely. Parliamentary power in France was suppressed more so than in England as a result of
1852:) not only considered the king's proposals, but, in turn, also used the Cortes to submit petitions of their own to the royal council on a myriad of matters, e.g. extending and confirming town privileges, punishing abuses of officials, introducing new price controls, constraints on
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The term "sejm" comes from an old Polish expression denoting a meeting of the populace. The power of early sejms grew between 1146 and 1295, when the power of individual rulers waned and various councils grew stronger. Since the 14th century irregular sejms (described in various
794:. The meaning evolved over time, originally referring to any discussion, conversation, or negotiation through various kinds of deliberative or judicial groups, often summoned by a monarch. By the 15th century, in Britain, it had come to specifically mean the legislature.
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of Kent around 600, the earliest document which survives in sustained Old English prose; however, the Witan was certainly in existence long before then. The Witan, along with the folkmoots (local assemblies), is an important ancestor of the modern English parliament.
2109:. In effect, the movement sought – ultimately, in vain – to create an All-Catholic Parliament. Its struggle with the Papacy had many points in common with the struggle of parliaments in specific countries against the authority of Kings and other secular rulers.
2903:). They are commonly the leader of the majority party in the lower house of parliament, but only hold the office as long as the "confidence of the house" is maintained. If members of the lower house lose faith in the leader for whatever reason, they can call a
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1562:. The name of the legislative body was originally "Parlamentum" during the Middle Ages, the "Diet" expression gained mostly in the Early Modern period. It convened at regular intervals with interruptions during the period of 1527 to 1918, and again until 1946.
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in the next several decades, the Sejm's powers systematically increased. Poland was among the few countries in Europe where the parliament played an especially important role in its national identity as it contributed to the unity of the nation and the state.
6143:
Drozd, O., Romanov, M., Moroz, V., Stremenovskyi, S., & Zelenyi, V. (2022). The right of citizens to assemble peacefully, unarmed, to hold rallies and demonstrations: historical origins and genesis of formation. Amazonia Investiga, 11(51), 257-266.
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who formally opens and closes parliament, a large elected lower house and a smaller, upper house. The Parliament of the United Kingdom has been described as characterised by the stability of its governing institutions and its capacity to absorb change.
1574:"the Learned", assemblies were held on a national scale where both ecclesiastic and secular dignitaries made appearances. The first exact written mention of the word "parlamentum" (Parliament) for the nation-wide assembly originated during the reign of
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in 1188. According to the UNESCO, the Decreta of Leon of 1188 is the oldest documentary manifestation of the European parliamentary system. In addition, UNESCO granted the 1188 Cortes of Alfonso IX the title of "Memory of the World" and the city of
2163:—naming a successor in the lifetime of a king—made the second less than common. These early assemblies cannot be considered "parliaments" in the later sense of the word, and were entirely separate from the later, Norman-influenced, institution.
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relied almost wholly upon the bourgeoisie for his power. For a period after the 1383–1385 Crisis, the Cortes were convened almost annually. But as time went on, they became less important. Portuguese monarchs, tapping into the riches of the
1766:): protection of the king's property, stipulation of measures for the administration of justice and the rights of his subjects to be protected from abuses by royal officials, and confirming the clerical donations of the previous king
2071:, although it is more likely that the common procedure was more complex. This bell was a symbol of republican sovereignty and independence. The whole population of the city—boyars, merchants, and common citizens—then gathered at
1770:. These Cortes also affirmed the validity of canon law for the Church in Portugal, while introducing the prohibition of the purchase of lands by churches or monasteries (although they can be acquired by donations and legacies).
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there was a primitive democratic government where the kings were assessed by council. The same has been said about ancient India, where some form of deliberative assemblies existed, and therefore there was some form of
1565:
Some researchers have traced the roots of the Hungarian institution of national assemblies as far back as the 11th century. This based on documentary evidence that, on certain "important occasions" under the reigns of
741:, the Decreta of Leon of 1188 is the oldest documentary manifestation of the European parliamentary system. In addition, UNESCO granted the 1188 Cortes of Alfonso IX the title of "Memory of the World" and the city of
3995:, for various matters split up by linguistic community but under Brussels' regional competence, and even "joint community commissions" consisting of both for certain institutions that could be split up but are not.
1142:. It also provided the country with unprecedented stability. More stability, in turn, helped assure more effective management, organisation, and efficiency. Parliament printed statutes and devised a more coherent
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Emmanuel Karagiannis (2016) Ukrainian volunteer fighters in the eastern front: ideas, political-social norms and emotions as mobilization mechanisms, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 16:1, 139-153, DOI:
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1856:, pledges on coinage, etc. The royal response to these petitions became enshrined as ordinances and statutes, thus giving the Cortes the aspect of a legislature. These petitions were originally referred to as
2063:-like Council of Lords was also created, with title membership for all former city magistrates. Some sources indicate that veche membership may have become full-time, and parliament deputies were now called
1911:(r.1640-1656). But by the end of the 17th century, it found itself sidelined once again. The last Cortes met in 1698, for the mere formality of confirming the appointment of Infante John (future
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which falls between parliamentary and congressional systems, combining a powerful head of state (president) with a head of government, the prime minister, who is responsible to parliament.
2223:, war, and all manner of other legislation, whether political, ecclesiastical, social or economic. Parliamentary business was also carried out by "sister" institutions, before c. 1500 by
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2698:(i.e. acts raising taxes and similar) then the Lords can only block it for a month. If an ordinary bill originates in the Commons the Lords can only block it for a maximum of one
2671:, in each house. First reading is merely a formality. Second reading is where the bill as a whole is considered. Third reading is detailed consideration of clauses of the bill.
6037:"International Memory of the World Register [Nomination form] – The Decreta of León of 1188 – The oldest documentary manifestation of the European parliamentary system"
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for much of the law of the United Kingdom—a combination of judicial and legislative function that recalls its origin in the Curia Regis. This changed in October 2009 when the
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and burgh commissioners sitting in a single chamber, the Scottish parliament acquired significant powers over particular issues. Most obviously it was needed for consent for
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Yermolaiev, V. (2002). Viche in Kievan Rus: issues of competence (9th – middle of the 12th century). Bulletin of the Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine, No. 4, pp. 45–55.
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Although its role in government had expanded significantly in the mid 16th century, the Parliament of England saw some of its most important gains in the 17th century. A
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did not become universal, the taxed peasantry was represented in Parliament, although with little influence and commoners without taxed property had no suffrage at all.
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2231:. These could carry out much business also dealt with by Parliament – taxation, legislation and policy-making – but lacked the ultimate authority of a full parliament.
2660:(92 of whom inherit their titles, of whom 90 are elected internally by members of the House to lifetime seats), 588 of whom have been appointed to lifetime seats, and
729:
Historically, parliaments included various kinds of deliberative, consultative, and judicial assemblies. What is considered to be the first modern parliament, was the
2314:
Although there are documented councils held in 873, 1020, 1050 and 1063, there was no representation of commoners. What is considered to be the first parliament, the
1964:. Three categories of population, comparable to the Estates-General of France but with the numbering of the first two Estates reversed, participated in the assembly:
1949:(Russian: зе́мский собо́р) was the first Russian parliament of the feudal Estates type, in the 16th and 17th centuries. The term roughly means assembly of the land.
2926:, whereby the executive does not form part of, nor is it appointed by, the parliamentary or legislative body. In such a system, congresses do not select or dismiss
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was reconvened on 1 July 1999, although with much more limited powers than its 18th-century predecessor. The parliament has sat since 2004 at its newly constructed
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but also as a form of protect against policies of the Princes. The tradition of viche contributed to the culture of peaceful assemblies in contemporary Ukraine.
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1115:. Originally its methods were primarily medieval, and the monarch still possessed a form of inarguable dominion over its decisions. According to Elton, it was
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In the federal (bicameral) kingdom of Belgium, there is a curious asymmetrical constellation serving as directly elected legislatures for three "territorial"
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that the two houses passed it is returned to the first house for consideration of the amendments made by the second. If it passes through the amendment stage
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serves both the Flemish Community and the region of Flanders (in all matters of regional competence, its decisions have no effect in Brussels-Capital Region)
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1919:. Thereafter, Portuguese kings ruled as absolute monarchs and no Cortes were assembled for over a century. This state of affairs came to an end with the
1923:, which set in motion the introduction of a new constitution, and a permanent and proper parliament, that however inherited the name of Cortes Gerais.
1904:
2410:, Charles's son, the Castilian Cortes had come under functionally complete royal control, with its delegates dependent on the Crown for their income.
1899:
Curiously, the Cortes gained a new importance with the Iberian Union of 1581, finding a role as the representative of Portuguese interests to the new
958:, and sought the advice of the Curia Regis before making laws. This is the original body from which the Parliament, the higher courts of law, and the
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Later national diets with chambers for different estates developed, e.g. in Sweden and in Finland (which was part of Sweden until 1809), each with a
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Catedrático de la Universidad Estatal de León López González, Hermenegildo; Catedrático de la Universidad Internacional en Moscú Raytarovskiy, V.V.
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Since ancient times, when societies were tribal, there were councils or a headman whose decisions were assessed by village elders. This is called
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2486:(from Proto-Slavonic *větje , meaning 'council', 'counsel' or 'talk') functioned not only as a form of self-organization in cities of medieval
1990:(which is better known than the Federal Assembly itself, and is often mistaken for the entirety of the parliament) comes from the Russian word
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have created many other parliaments. Many nations with parliaments have to some degree emulated the British "three-tier" model known as the
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The parliament, which is also referred to as the Estates of Scotland, the Three Estates, the Scots Parliament or the auld Scots Parliament (
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Most historians date the emergence of a parliament with some degree of power, to which the throne had to defer, no later than the reign of
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1586:"). The lesser nobles also began to present Andrew with grievances, a practice that evolved into the institution of the Hungarian Diet.
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of their counties. Modern government has its origins in the Curia Regis; parliament descends from the Great Council, later known as the
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from old and newly incorporated municipalities. This inclusion establishes the Cortes of Leiria of 1254 as the second sample of modern
1200:, Cromwell is nonetheless regarded as essential to the growth of democracy in England. The years of the Commonwealth, coupled with the
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of Paris covered the entire kingdom. In the thirteenth century, judicial functions were added. In 1443, following the turmoil of the
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2051:, the veche became the supreme state authority. After the reforms of 1410, the veche was restructured on a model similar to that of
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included elected representatives from shires and towns. Thus these parliaments are considered forerunners of the modern parliament.
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Today the term lives on in the official names of national legislatures and other institutions in the North Germanic countries. In
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876:, the carrying out of capital punishment, the declaration of war and peace, and the creation (or dissolution) of alliances. The
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which held that final authority in spiritual matters resided with the Roman Church as corporation of Christians, embodied by a
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in 1521. The Cortes maintained some power, however, though it became more of a consultative entity. However, by the time of
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2159:. Popular assemblies, as in Ireland, were involved in law-making, and sometimes in king-making, although the introduction of
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Cecil Marcus Knatchbull-Hugessen Brabourne (4th Baron): The political evolution of the Hungarian nation: (Volume I. in 1908)
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kingdoms retained their power to control the king's spending with regard to the finances of those kingdoms. But after the
887:(a method of taking decisions in Islamic societies) is analogous to the parliament. However, other scholars (notably from
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as well as Denmark, replicating Viking government systems in the conquered territories, such as those represented by the
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Jacobsen, T. (July 1943). "Primitive Democracy in Ancient Mesopotamia". Journal of Near Eastern Studies 2 (3): 159–172.
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1087:. Knights had been summoned to previous councils, but it was unprecedented for the boroughs to be represented. In 1295,
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England has long had a tradition of a body of men who would assist and advise the king on important matters. Under the
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Bailkey, N. (July 1967). "Early Mesopotamian Constitutional Development". American History Review 72 (4): 1211–1236.
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to parliamentary systems, while others use the word for any elected legislative body. Parliaments usually consist of
1817:(the traditional revision of the face value of coinage by the Crown every seven years). These Cortes also introduced
1659:) have been convened by Poland's monarchs. From 1374, the king had to receive permission from that assembly to raise
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from the King's Council of Bishops and Earls. The unicameral parliament is first found on record, referred to as a
2075:. Separate assemblies could be held in the districts of Novgorod. In Pskov the veche assembled in the court of the
1111:
The purpose and structure of Parliament in Tudor England underwent a significant transformation under the reign of
1103:, however, Parliament had grown closer to its modern form, with the legislative body having two separate chambers.
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93:
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3947:(bilingual, certain peculiarities of competence, also the only region not comprising any of the 10 provinces) and
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Legislation can originate from either the Lords or the Commons. It is voted on in several distinct stages, called
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2690:. These Acts removed the veto power of the Lords over a great deal of legislation. If a bill is certified by the
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973:. Like previous kings, Edward called leading nobles and church leaders to discuss government matters, especially
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2930:, and governments cannot request an early dissolution as may be the case for parliaments. Some states, such as
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In addition to functioning as the second chamber of Parliament, the House of Lords was also the final court of
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482:
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891:) highlight what they consider fundamental differences between the shura system and the parliamentary system.
690:, making laws, and overseeing the government via hearings and inquiries. The term is similar to the idea of a
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1119:, 1st Earl of Essex, then chief minister to Henry VIII, who initiated still other changes within parliament.
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Byrd, Robert (1995). The Senate of the Roman Republic. US Government Printing Office Senate Document 103–23.
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2702:. The exceptions to this rule are things like bills to prolong the life of a Parliament beyond five years.
2452:, where it operated as a government in exile as at that time most of the rest of Spain was in the hands of
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The first Cortes representing the whole of Spain (and the Spanish empire of the day) assembled in 1812, in
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Following this event, new Cortes would appear in the other different territories that would make up Spain:
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and Cabinet descend. Of these, the legislature is formally the High Court of Parliament; judges sit in the
246:
78:
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6062:"The Leones parliament of 1188: The first parliament of the western world (The Magna Carta of Alfonso IX)"
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The tenants-in-chief often struggled for power with the ecclesiastics and the king. In 1215, they secured
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Abbott, Frank Frost (1901). A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions. Elibron Classics.
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was one of the longest-lived representative bodies in history, continuing from the 13th century to 1848.
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outside of Paris, whose jurisdiction extended over the most part of southern France. From 1443 until the
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Liebermann, Felix, The National Assembly in the Anglo-Saxon Period (Halle, 1913; repr. New York, 1961).
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An institutionalized Hungarian parliament emerged during the 14th and 15th centuries. Beginning under
922:ƿitena ȝemōt, or witena gemōt, for "meeting of wise men". The first recorded act of a witenagemot was
6345:
6315:
6285:
5873:
5316:
5298:
5135:
5120:
5021:
4977:
4967:
4829:
4186:
3771:
3557:
3530:
3176:
2839:
is constitutionally answerable to the parliament from the genetic moment of the birth of Government (
2368:
1721:
1478:
683:
605:
210:
4344:
2568:
5960:
Michael Burger: The Shaping of Western Civilization: From Antiquity To the Enlightenment. Page: 190
5211:
Michael Burger: The Shaping of Western Civilization: From Antiquity To the Enlightenment. Page: 190
4994:
4685:
4404:
4206:
3895:
3750:
3715:
3260:
2935:
2645:
2563:
2537:
1429:
1311:
1237:
644:
325:
215:
5969:
Susana Galera: Judicial Review: A Comparative Analysis Inside the European Legal System. Page: 21
5741:
5220:
Susana Galera: Judicial Review: A Comparative Analysis Inside the European Legal System. Page: 21
5150:
4379:
3819:
3804:
3511:
2844:
2633:
2395:
1972:
1657:
contentio generalis, conventio magna, conventio solemna, parlamentum, parlamentum generale, dieta
1182:
1143:
821:. However, these claims are not accepted by other scholars, who see these forms of government as
255:
3117:
2911:
smoothly without all the complications that it represents in the case of a presidential system.
1813:
was introduced: a fixed sum was to be paid by the burghers to the Crown as a substitute for the
1684:
1193:. Frustrated with its decisions, Cromwell purged and suspended Parliament on several occasions.
1134:
The power of Parliament, in its relationship with the monarch, increased considerably after the
986:
taxes without the "consent of the realm" through parliament. He also enlarged the court system.
5072:
5011:
4861:
4364:
4171:
3975:
3910:
3890:
3859:
3740:
3695:
3637:
3572:
3452:
3070:
2919:
2865:
2592:
2176:
2167:
2118:
1837:
1786:
1567:
1482:
1373:
1217:
492:
434:
380:
5907:
András Gergely, Gábor Máthé: The Hungarian state: thousand years in Europe (published in 2000)
5480:
5186:
4280:
1875:
The Cortes probably had their heyday in the 14th and 15th centuries, reaching their apex when
6432:
6195:
5155:
5115:
4904:
3755:
3745:
3729:
3515:
3501:
3428:
3250:
3168:
3055:
2904:
2848:
2699:
2668:
2612:
2600:
2573:
2247:
2228:
2098:
2067:. It is recounted that the Novgorod assembly could be summoned by anyone who rung the veche
1893:
1759:
1259:
1255:
1247:
1246:, born out of the Curia Regis in 1307, and located inside the medieval royal palace, now the
1154:'s reign, the legislative body complied willingly with the majority of the kings' decisions.
1100:
1041:
900:
754:
312:
145:
6168:
1335:
1161:
5978:
Gaines Post: Studies in Medieval Legal Thought: Public Law And the State, 1100–1322 Page 62
5763:
5229:
Gaines Post: Studies in Medieval Legal Thought: Public Law And the State, 1100–1322 Page 62
5130:
4414:
4191:
3723:
3577:
3388:
3274:
3256:
3147:
3025:
2923:
2840:
2832:
2763:
2498:
2298:
1916:
1889:
1767:
1739:
1704:
1590:
1575:
1178:
1096:
1037:
935:
711:
422:
293:
283:
268:
195:
113:
6381:
6068:
4276:
923:
8:
5078:
5026:
4972:
4394:
4211:
3775:
3765:
3760:
3649:
3632:
3600:
3326:
3284:
3201:
3163:
3099:
2947:
2915:
2717:
2380:
2270:
2128:
2072:
1908:
1885:
1778:
1751:
1579:
1559:
1517:
1410:
1205:
1151:
1139:
1088:
970:
719:
715:
534:
444:
298:
200:
150:
88:
1208:, helped reinforce and strengthen Parliament as an institution separate from the Crown.
5411:
5386:
5337:
4359:
4349:
4176:
3959:
3627:
3581:
2927:
2629:
2596:
2588:
2549:
2407:
2384:
2372:
2335:
2302:
2243:
2102:
1912:
1888:(r.1481-1495) used them to break the high nobility, but dispensed with them otherwise.
1876:
1571:
1539:
1400:
1365:
1243:
1221:
1201:
854:
572:
165:
2516:, or the Central Rada, founded on March 4, 1917, was the All-Ukrainian council of the
2319:
1743:
734:
6203:
6174:
6115:
6087:
5850:
5793:
5650:
5510:
5490:
5449:
5432:
5361:
5192:
5090:
4436:
4399:
4299:
3523:
3436:
3316:
3190:
2680:
2625:
2502:
2426:
2376:
2262:
2068:
2037:
2015:
2011:
1953:
1884:
overseas, grew less dependent on Cortes subsidies and convened them less frequently.
1881:
1833:
1826:
1790:
1733:
1664:
1594:
1521:
1346:, built in 1880–1881, home of one of the oldest still-acting parliaments in the world
1315:
1307:
1283:
1174:
1135:
1123:
836:
567:
241:
103:
98:
59:
32:
3320:
2536:
The development of the modern concept of parliamentary government dates back to the
2315:
1806:
1703:, convened at the king's discretion. Hence, the year 1493 marked the beginning of a
872:, who had the final say regarding the election of magistrates, the enactment of new
730:
6107:
5403:
5378:
5353:
5329:
4480:
4369:
3824:
3585:
3466:
3264:
2856:
2836:
2442:
2422:
2391:
2355:
2309:
2235:
2019:
1747:
1694:
1538:
The Diet of Hungary, or originally Parlamentum Publicum and Parlamentum Generale (
1481:
for the nobility. In both these countries, the national parliaments are now called
1425:
1352:
1092:
982:
517:
273:
127:
5916:
2097:" or the "conciliar movement", was a reform movement in the 14th and 15th century
1228:
in 1707. The Parliament of the United Kingdom followed at the union with Ireland.
6416:
5644:
5585:
5563:
5466:
5428:
5357:
3790:
3709:
3478:
3020:
3013:
2661:
2434:
2414:
2204:
2136:
1802:
1620:
1533:
1389:
1186:
1166:
1116:
1080:
1018:
943:
931:
595:
577:
402:
387:
6264:
La crescente procedimentalizzazione dell’atto parlamentare di indirizzo politico
5448:
Bongard-Levin, G.M. (1986). A complex study of Ancient India. South Asia Books.
2953:
Countries with more than a specific percentage of women in parliament as of 2017
2620:, who remarked in 1865 that "England is the Mother of Parliaments") because the
1339:
659:
4518:
4431:
3940:
3853:
3617:
3562:
3122:
3050:
2892:
2771:
2749:
2657:
2649:
2525:
2477:
2399:
2347:
2220:
2192:
2041:
1708:
1385:
1190:
946:, the few nobles who "rented" great estates directly from the king, along with
888:
865:
828:
473:
392:
346:
288:
2487:
2324:
1892:(r.1495-1521) convened them only four times in his long reign. By the time of
1091:
adopted De Montfort's ideas for representation and election in the so-called "
742:
6426:
6376:
6246:
5402:
Larsen, J.A.O. (Jan. 1973). "Demokratia". Classical Philology 68 (1): 45–46.
4588:
4553:
3621:
3142:
2884:
2878:
2686:
The House of Lords is the less powerful of the two houses as a result of the
2637:
2282:
1680:
1628:
1551:
1414:
959:
951:
397:
375:
350:
180:
6145:
5285:
3065:
2398:
intended a stronger role for the Cortes, but were defeated by the forces of
1424:
The Icelandic, Faroese and Manx parliaments trace their origins back to the
687:
5896:
Mazara dopo i Musulmani fino alle Signorie – Dal Vescovado all'Inquisizione
4451:
4322:
4260:
3035:
2874:
2775:
2676:
2506:
2094:
2088:
2048:
2003:
1946:
1818:
1671:(nobles) unprecedented concessions and authority. The General Sejm (Polish
1504:
areas of England, which were subject to Norse invasion and settlement, the
1417:, and judged according to the law, which was memorised and recited by the "
947:
877:
160:
5719:
4426:
1343:
942:("King's Council"). Membership of the Curia was largely restricted to the
5919:: The Magna Carta of the English And of the Hungarian Constitution (1904)
5646:
War Justice and Public Order: England and France in the Later Middle Ages
5140:
4628:
4593:
4583:
4523:
3657:
2759:
2733:
2617:
2343:
2171:
1842:
1822:
1798:
1782:
1699:
1418:
1013:
1003:
966:. Only the executive government is no longer conducted in a royal court.
939:
919:
915:
911:
853:
could take part in the discussions. Slaves and women could not. However,
822:
813:
679:
668:
464:
429:
332:
320:
185:
6411:
6224:"How the Westminster Parliamentary System was exported around the World"
5536:
3004:
1462:
1322:, a legislative body whose existence is independent of the royal power.
1169:, as it stands outside the House of Commons at the Palace of Westminster
682:
body of government. Generally, a modern parliament has three functions:
632:
590:
6196:"A Globalizing Constitutionalism? Views from the Postcolony, 1945–2000"
5390:
5303:
5125:
4642:
4612:
4568:
4306:
3983:(within the capital's regional assembly, however, there also exist two
3566:
3549:
3364:
3304:
2695:
2331:
2278:
2181:
2152:
1999:
1987:
1961:
1935:
1489:), a word used since the Middle Ages and equivalent of the German word
1399:
The thing was the assembly of the free men of a country, province or a
1393:
1112:
1056:
758:
723:
703:
554:
544:
539:
278:
140:
19:
This article is about the legislative institution. For other uses, see
5415:
5341:
4265:
3719:
2036:
was the highest legislature and judicial authority in the republic of
1605:
1448:
4573:
4558:
4533:
4508:
4503:
3667:
3653:
3534:
3354:
3270:
3240:
3230:
3127:
3111:
3089:
3009:
2767:
2758:, the half-century period of parliamentary government beginning with
2721:
2664:(26 bishops, who are part of the house while they remain in office).
2505:
in 1648, it was officially known as the General Military Council, or
2494:
2438:
2185:
2156:
2141:
1615:
1505:
1497:
1361:
1263:
880:
controlled money, administration, and the details of foreign policy.
832:
818:
809:
764:
439:
337:
220:
175:
155:
5382:
1392:
societies, made up of the free men of the community and presided by
1330:
5598:
5407:
5333:
5110:
4543:
4160:
3948:
3944:
3936:
3794:
3446:
3422:
3394:
3151:
3107:
3044:
2806:
2782:
2713:
opened and acquired the former jurisdiction of the House of Lords.
2453:
2339:
2212:
2208:
2160:
2147:
1900:
1668:
1624:
1467:
1433:
1295:
1291:
1275:
978:
955:
699:
562:
522:
205:
190:
170:
39:
6114:. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 227.
4287:
2293:
2211:(although taxation was only raised irregularly in Scotland in the
6380:
6015:"La Unesco reconoce a León Como Cuna Mundial del parlamentarismo"
5266:"La Unesco reconoce a León Como Cuna Mundial del parlamentarismo"
4578:
4538:
4528:
4475:
4470:
4331:
4318:
3734:
3686:
3643:
3484:
3308:
3298:
3278:
3244:
3234:
3136:
3132:
2729:
2653:
2624:
has been the model for most other parliamentary systems, and its
2501:
from the 16th to the 18th century. With the establishment of the
2216:
2200:
2056:
1982:
The name of the parliament of nowadays Russian Federation is the
1774:
1755:
1738:
After its self-proclamation as an independent kingdom in 1139 by
1501:
1455:
1441:
1084:
1022:
974:
873:
850:
477:
135:
6112:
The Comuneros of Castile: The Forging of a Revolution, 1475–1521
2778:
were expanded and power shifted from the monarch to parliament.
1177:
between the Crown and Parliament culminated in the execution of
6369:
5038:
4563:
4548:
4513:
4497:
4314:
4310:
3828:
3690:
3488:
3398:
3350:
3344:
3340:
3288:
3210:
3029:
2931:
2755:
2725:
2706:
2636:
have similarly organised parliaments with a largely ceremonial
2577:
2430:
2060:
2052:
1907:, and enjoyed a brief period of resurgence during the reign of
1794:
1689:
1687:, evolved from earlier regional and provincial meetings called
1076:
1060:
738:
714:, although it is also used to describe the legislature in some
691:
527:
469:
367:
5358:
The First Democracies: Early Popular Government Outside Athens
2482:
Stemming from the tribal assemblies of the ancient Slavs, the
2390:
After the union of the Kingdoms of Leon and Castile under the
2191:
By the early fourteenth century the attendance of knights and
1593:, continuing under subsequent kings through into the reign of
4457:
4446:
4441:
3470:
3374:
3093:
3074:
3059:
3016:
is the oldest Parliament buildings in the world still in use.
2524:
in 1918. The contemporary Ukrainian parliament is called the
2449:
2196:
2032:
2007:
1652:
1633:
1310:, and parliaments were eventually overshadowed by the larger
1072:
1064:
884:
857:
was not representative, but rather direct, and therefore the
840:
702:
and is commonly used in countries that are current or former
695:
653:
5467:
Aspects of Political Ideas and Institutions in Ancient India
4156:
Legislative assemblies of Canadian provinces and territories
3613:
National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China
2199:
commissioners attended. Consisting of the Three Estates; of
1106:
757:
and dates to the 14th century, coming from the 11th century
2106:
1978:
Representatives of merchants and townspeople (third estate)
1853:
1762:. These established the first general laws of the kingdom (
1750:
of 1143), the first historically established Cortes of the
1643:
1068:
5940:"The Historic Origins of the National Assembly in Hungary"
1896:(r.1554–1578), the Cortes was practically an irrelevance.
1318:, when the last Estates General transformed itself into a
1126:
established the monarch as head of the Church of England.
849:) was the most important institution, and every free male
6372:. A dataset on over 67,000 legislators from 16 countries.
4988:
4465:
1660:
640:
are said to contribute to an adversarial style of debate.
5989:"Ayuntamiento de León – León, cradle of parliamentarism"
5671:"Birth of the English Parliament: The first Parliaments"
5240:"Ayuntamiento de León – León, cradle of parliamentarism"
2847:), through all the commitments that can be added to the
2327:
has been recognized as the "Cradle of Parliamentarism".
2047:
Since the Novgorod revolution of 1137 ousted the ruling
1409:
The thing met at regular intervals, legislated, elected
745:
has been recognized as the "Cradle of Parliamentarism".
1968:
Nobility and high bureaucracy, including the Boyar Duma
1720:
privileges. In 1573, a convocation sejm established an
1609:
The First Sejm in Łęczyca. Recording of laws. A.D. 1180
1216:
The Parliament of England met until it merged with the
989:
6248:
The House of Lords and the British political tradition
5816:"Isle of Man Marks Millennium with Pomp, Circumstance"
5712:"Was Oliver Cromwell the father of British democracy?"
5056:(elected, legislative upper house with limited powers)
6400:
4812:
2881:
although more complex models exist, or have existed (
1641:
led to the development of the Polish parliament, the
1546:), became the supreme legislative institution in the
938:, did away with the Witenagemot, replacing it with a
4643:
Indian states and territorial legislative assemblies
3877:
Parliaments of the Australian states and territories
3157:
2591:
that replaced the former parliaments of England and
2531:
2520:, which declared its full state independence in the
1829:at the expense of the old episcopal city of Porto.
1520:, dating to 1097, evolved as the legislature of the
5032:
2610:The British Parliament is often referred to as the
1055:of his supporters without royal authorisation. The
6261:For the latter instruments see Giampiero Buonomo,
5566:, Al-Khilafa Publications, 1423 AH – 2002 CE, p.61
5537:"The Shura Principle in Islam – by Sadek Sulaiman"
3865:
2914:The parliamentary system can be contrasted with a
2644:In the United Kingdom, Parliament consists of the
1903:monarch. The Cortes played a critical role in the
5840:
4222:Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories
3916:Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly
3595:The federal government of Canada has a bicameral
2736:do not have complete power over their respective
2522:Fourth Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council
2215:period), but it also had a strong influence over
6424:
3839:Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration
1325:
1051:, then in rebellion against Henry III, summoned
2993:
2599:united the Parliament of Great Britain and the
1007:, as featured on display at the British Library
6200:Constitutionalism and political reconstruction
6173:. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 3.
6167:Seidle, F. Leslie; Docherty, David C. (2003).
6166:
5698:Learning to Read and Write in Colonial America
4905:Parliament of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region
4350:Bürgerschaft der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg
1181:in 1649. For a brief period, England became a
5843:The Isle of Man: celebrating a sense of place
5429:The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World
4217:General Assembly of Newfoundland and Labrador
2421:and the victory of another royal house – the
1550:from the 1290s, and in its successor states,
861:was different from the parliamentary system.
706:. Some contexts restrict the use of the word
613:
6391:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
6092:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5841:Robinson, Vaughan; McCarroll, Danny (1990),
5191:. Manchester University Press. p. 141.
4957:List of cantonal legislatures of Switzerland
4159:
2820: Nations with a unicameral legislature.
1707:. With the subsequent development of Polish
883:Some Muslim scholars argue that the Islamic
779:
762:
4143:Legislative Chamber of the Federal District
4103:Legislative Assembly of Rio Grande do Norte
3971:Parliament of the German-speaking Community
3786:Assembly of the Republic of North Macedonia
3405:National Assembly of the Republic of Poland
2843:), to the final moment of his termination (
2814: Nations with a bicameral legislature.
2359:
1508:was another name for the same institution.
6244:
6226:. University of Cambridge. 2 December 2013
5097:National Assembly of the Republic of China
4894:Subnational parliamentary system in Norway
4063:Legislative Assembly of Mato Grosso do Sul
4006:Legislative Assemblies of Brazilian states
2679:is granted and the bill becomes law as an
2277:in Edinburgh, situated at the foot of the
2246:merged the Parliament of Scotland and the
1458:, which claims to be over 1,000 years old.
1290:were created in some provinces of France (
914:kings, there was an advisory council, the
905:
620:
606:
6251:(Ph.D. thesis). University of Birmingham.
6193:
6146:https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2022.51.03.26
4108:Legislative Assembly of Rio Grande do Sul
3981:Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region
2429:, their Cortes were suppressed (those of
2334:, facing an attack by his two neighbors,
1107:Parliament under Henry VIII and Edward VI
6375:
5695:
4866:State legislative assemblies of Malaysia
4275:
4202:General Assembly of Prince Edward Island
3141:
3116:
3098:
3080:
3064:
3049:
3034:
3019:
3003:
2907:and force the prime minister to resign.
2899:), whereas in others they are not (e.g.
2805:
2567:
2292:
2122:
2082:
2044:, a separate veche operated until 1510.
1930:
1705:bicameral legislative body of government
1604:
1461:
1329:
1160:
996:
981:. A meeting in 1295 became known as the
812:. Some scholars suggest that in ancient
658:
643:
631:
5898:, Angelo Mazzotta Editore, 2001, p. 30.
5870:"Storia del Parlamento – Il Parlamento"
5642:
5052:(elected, legislative lower house) and
2801:
2127:The debating chamber of the reconvened
2018:, who transferred its functions to the
1129:
1099:debated independently; by the reign of
6425:
6267:, Questione giustizia, 7 ottobre 2021.
5950:from the original on 22 November 2015.
5813:
5776:from the original on 26 November 2023.
5752:from the original on 14 December 2023.
5742:"Viking-age Laws and Legal Procedures"
5555:The System of Islam, (Nidham ul Islam)
5166:List of current presidents of assembly
4989:Contemporary supranational parliaments
4706:Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly
4661:Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly
4123:Legislative Assembly of Santa Catarina
4098:Legislative Assembly of Rio de Janeiro
4043:Legislative Assembly of Espírito Santo
2941:
2732:. However, these national, unicameral
1189:the de facto ruler, with the title of
924:the law code issued by King Æthelberht
638:House of Commons of the United Kingdom
6034:
4934:List of Spanish regional legislatures
4701:Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly
4649:State legislative assemblies of India
2025:
1872:circumvented or ignored in practice.
1196:A controversial figure notorious for
6012:
5700:. University of Massachusetts Press.
5478:
5263:
5184:
4983:
4167:Canada's provinces and territories:
4068:Legislative Assembly of Minas Gerais
3921:Parliament of the Northern Territory
3881:Australia's States and territories:
3552:, which has a unicameral parliament.
2895:is a member of the parliament (e.g.
2859:. Some restrict the use of the word
2195:had become important, and from 1326
2059:chamber of the parliament. An upper
1805:in the history of Europe (after the
1742:(followed by the recognition by the
1623:, the first legendary Polish ruler,
797:
5814:Downie, Leonard Jr. (6 July 1979).
5161:Parliament of the World's Religions
4961:
4819:State legislative councils of India
4726:Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly
4656:Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly
4329:, all state parliaments are called
4058:Legislative Assembly of Mato Grosso
3737:, the parliament of the Isle of Man
2891:In some parliamentary systems, the
2711:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
2632:. Most countries in Europe and the
2259:1997 Scottish devolution referendum
674:In modern politics, and history, a
13:
6338:"30% Share of women in parliament"
6308:"20% Share of women in parliament"
6278:"10% Share of women in parliament"
5937:
4917:Legislative Assembly of the Azores
4825:Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council
4813:Indian states legislative councils
4796:Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly
4088:Legislative Assembly of Pernambuco
3966:Parliament of the French Community
3682:Council of Representatives of Iraq
2922:, which operates under a stricter
2826: Nations with no legislature.
14:
6454:
6363:
6170:Reforming parliamentary democracy
4882:States General of the Netherlands
4850:Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council
4676:Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly
4385:Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia
4375:Landtag of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
4138:Legislative Assembly of Tocantins
4133:Legislative Assembly of São Paulo
3849:Grand National Assembly of Turkey
3844:Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago
3381:States General of the Netherlands
3158:Parliaments of the European Union
2762:'s death in 1718 and ending with
2543:
2532:Development of modern parliaments
2040:until 1478. In its sister state,
1825:, favoring the new royal city of
950:. William brought to England the
753:The English term is derived from
488:Biology and political orientation
6410:
6370:Comparative Legislators Database
6198:. In Arjomand, Saïd Amir (ed.).
5033:Equivalent national legislatures
4950:
4877:Provincial council (Netherlands)
4806:West Bengal Legislative Assembly
4801:Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly
4731:Maharashtra Legislative Assembly
4425:
4244:Legislative Council of Hong Kong
4113:Legislative Assembly of Rondonia
4053:Legislative Assembly of Maranhão
4028:Legislative Assembly of Amazonas
3815:National Assembly of South Korea
3217:Parliament of the Czech Republic
2981:
2969:
2957:
2605:Parliament of the United Kingdom
2558:Parliament of the United Kingdom
2497:(council) was an institution of
2267:Parliament of the United Kingdom
1986:. The term for its lower house,
1388:) was the governing assembly in
1334:Iceland's parliament house, the
1211:
589:
6330:
6300:
6270:
6255:
6238:
6216:
6187:
6160:
6150:
6137:
6128:
6100:
6053:
6028:
6006:
5981:
5972:
5963:
5954:
5931:
5922:
5910:
5901:
5888:
5862:
5834:
5807:
5780:
5756:
5734:
5704:
5689:
5673:. Parliament.uk. Archived from
5663:
5636:
5618:
5609:
5591:
5569:
5547:
5529:
5520:
5503:
5472:
5459:
5442:
5421:
5396:
5371:
5347:
5322:
5054:Regional Representative Council
5050:People's Representative Council
4999:Inter-parliamentary institution
4945:Provincial Councils (Sri Lanka)
4922:Legislative Assembly of Madeira
4840:Maharashtra Legislative Council
4781:Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
4761:Puducherry Legislative Assembly
4390:Landtag of Rhineland-Palatinate
4232:Legislative Assembly of Nunavut
4182:General Assembly of Nova Scotia
4128:Legislative Assembly of Sergipe
4118:Legislative Assembly of Roraima
4078:Legislative Assembly of Paraíba
4018:Legislative Assembly of Alagoas
3901:Parliament of Western Australia
3866:List of subnational parliaments
3676:Regional Representative Council
3672:People's Representative Council
3644:Althing (Parliament of Iceland)
3000:List of legislatures by country
2831:Many parliaments are part of a
2738:countries of the United Kingdom
2692:Speaker of the House of Commons
2014:. The Duma was discontinued by
2002:was an advisory council to the
1952:It could be summoned either by
1451:, dating from a similar period.
1436:near Bergen in western Norway:
1242:Originally, there was only the
722:), even where it is not in the
5696:Monaghan, E. Jennifer (2002).
5319:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
5310:
5291:
5279:
5257:
5232:
5223:
5214:
5205:
5178:
5085:Parliament of Northern Ireland
5067:Parliament of Southern Ireland
5046:People's Consultative Assembly
4898:
4870:
4786:Telangana Legislative Assembly
4771:Rajasthan Legislative Assembly
4741:Meghalaya Legislative Assembly
4716:Karnataka Legislative Assembly
4711:Jharkhand Legislative Assembly
4197:Parliament of British Columbia
4083:Legislative Assembly of Paraná
3664:People's Consultative Assembly
3529:The federal government of the
2459:
2281:, next to the royal palace of
1809:in 1188). In these Cortes the
1717:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1715:The general parliament of the
483:Theories of political behavior
109:Political history of the world
16:Legislative body of government
1:
6157:10.1080/14683857.2016.1148413
5172:
5146:Non-human electoral candidate
4910:
4845:Telangana Legislative Council
4835:Karnataka Legislative Council
4751:Nagaland Legislative Assembly
4410:Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein
4300:State legislatures of Germany
4249:Legislative Assembly of Macau
4093:Legislative Assembly of Piauí
4048:Legislative Assembly of Goiás
4038:Legislative Assembly of Ceará
4033:Legislative Assembly of Bahia
4023:Legislative Assembly of Amapá
3906:Parliament of South Australia
3886:Parliament of New South Wales
3834:National Assembly of Thailand
3646:- Oldest surviving parliament
3197:National Assembly of Bulgaria
3041:Hungarian Parliament Building
2920:American congressional system
2716:Since 1999, there has been a
2688:Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949
2419:War of the Spanish Succession
1326:Germanic and Nordic countries
1224:. This union created the new
498:Critique of political economy
6245:Mc Manamon, Anthony (2012).
6013:Internet, Unidad Editorial.
5643:Kaeuper, Richard W. (1988).
5431:. Cornell University Press.
5427:de Sainte, C.G.E.M. (2006).
5288:Online Etymology Dictionary.
5264:Internet, Unidad Editorial.
4938:
4791:Tripura Legislative Assembly
4746:Mizoram Legislative Assembly
4736:Manipur Legislative Assembly
4696:Haryana Legislative Assembly
4691:Gujarat Legislative Assembly
4355:Landtag of Baden-Württemberg
4073:Legislative Assembly of Pará
4013:Legislative Assembly of Acre
3951:(French)—and three cultural
3870:
3584:, an Upper House styled the
2994:List of national parliaments
2835:of government, in which the
2330:After coming to power, King
2275:Scottish Parliament Building
918:. The name derives from the
748:
79:Outline of political science
7:
5649:. Oxford University Press.
5469:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
5103:
5017:Central American Parliament
4855:
4776:Sikkim Legislative Assembly
4766:Punjab Legislative Assembly
4756:Odisha Legislative Assembly
4721:Kerala Legislative Assembly
3800:National Assembly of Serbia
2788:
2616:(in fact a misquotation of
2585:Parliament of Great Britain
2554:Parliament of Great Britain
2518:Ukrainian People's Republic
2466:Federal Diet of Switzerland
2252:Parliament of Great Britain
2112:
1727:
1697:was founded on the earlier
1631:, was chosen by an ancient
1556:Habsburg kingdom of Hungary
1548:medieval kingdom of Hungary
1472:Parliament House of Finland
1226:Parliament of Great Britain
1206:Glorious Revolution of 1688
1204:in 1660 and the subsequent
1202:restoration of the monarchy
1075:were summoned, as were two
964:Supreme Court of Judicature
21:Parliament (disambiguation)
10:
6459:
6106:
5847:Liverpool University Press
5579:, by Taqiuddin an-Nabhani
5489:. Atlantic Monthly Press.
5060:
4992:
4954:
4931:
4927:
4891:
4859:
4816:
4681:Delhi Legislative Assembly
4671:Bihar Legislative Assembly
4666:Assam Legislative Assembly
4646:
4620:Dadra and Nagar Haveli and
4340:Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin
4293:
4271:
4254:
4227:Yukon Legislative Assembly
4153:
4003:
3926:
3874:
3810:Parliament of South Africa
3507:General Council of Andorra
3385:Chamber of Representatives
3187:Chamber of Representatives
3183:Belgian Federal Parliament
2997:
2945:
2851:from time to time through
2747:
2587:was formed in 1707 by the
2561:
2547:
2514:Central Council of Ukraine
2475:
2471:
2307:
2135:From the 10th century the
2116:
2086:
1984:Federal Assembly of Russia
1940:Federal Assembly of Russia
1921:Liberal Revolution of 1820
1864:(articles) and eventually
1731:
1531:
1527:
1250:. The jurisdiction of the
1235:
898:
894:
841:
804:History of parliamentarism
801:
737:in 1188. According to the
636:The facing benches of the
84:Index of politics articles
18:
6396:United Kingdom Parliament
6202:. Brill. pp. 92–94.
5792:, Tynwald, archived from
5584:13 September 2022 at the
5562:13 September 2022 at the
5299:Oxford English Dictionary
5136:Inter-Parliamentary Union
5121:Democratic mundialization
5022:Latin American Parliament
4978:Senedd (Welsh Parliament)
4968:Northern Ireland Assembly
4887:
4830:Bihar Legislative Council
4424:
4187:New Brunswick Legislature
4149:
3999:
3772:Parliament of New Zealand
3558:Parliament of The Bahamas
3531:Commonwealth of Australia
3495:
2873:, and are usually either
2743:
2369:Principality of Catalonia
2301:, the lower house of the
2261:, and the passing of the
1926:
1845:delegates at the Cortes.
1679:), first convoked by the
1637:council. The idea of the
1600:
1231:
5764:"The Faroese Parliament"
5360:. Franz Steiner Verlag.
4995:International parliament
4686:Goa Legislative Assembly
4420:
4405:Landtag of Saxony-Anhalt
4237:
4207:Saskatchewan Legislature
3896:Parliament of Queensland
3780:House of Representatives
3751:Parliament of Montenegro
3716:Parliament of Kazakhstan
3700:House of Representatives
3520:House of Representatives
3419:Assembly of the Republic
3371:House of Representatives
3207:House of Representatives
3024:The centre block of the
2936:semi-presidential system
2770:in 1772 is known as the
2728:—or Welsh Parliament—in
2564:Parliament in the Making
2538:Kingdom of Great Britain
2342:, decided to summon his
2288:
2155:, real or nominal, of a
1797:, with the inclusion of
1511:
1430:petty kingdoms of Norway
1238:Estates General (France)
1079:from each shire and two
993:and the model parliament
650:House of Representatives
6443:Parliamentary procedure
6388:Encyclopædia Britannica
6035:Spain (February 2012).
5944:Historia Constitucional
5557:by Taqiuddin an-Nabhani
5302:, Third Edition, 2005,
5151:Parliamentary procedure
4380:Landtag of Lower Saxony
3820:Parliament of Sri Lanka
3805:Parliament of Singapore
3512:Parliament of Australia
2845:Motion of no confidence
2131:from the public gallery
1971:The Holy Sobor of high
1144:parliamentary procedure
906:Early forms of assembly
493:Political organisations
256:International relations
94:Politics by subdivision
5185:Rush, Michael (2005).
5012:Pan-African Parliament
5005:List is not exhaustive
4862:Parliament of Malaysia
4365:Landtag of Brandenburg
4345:Bremische Bürgerschaft
4283:
4164:
3976:Parliament of Wallonia
3911:Parliament of Tasmania
3891:Parliament of Victoria
3860:Parliament of Zimbabwe
3768:(recently reorganised)
3741:Parliament of Malaysia
3696:National Diet of Japan
3638:States of Deliberation
3573:Parliament of Barbados
3542:Australia's six states
3453:Parliament of Slovenia
3154:
3139:
3114:
3096:
3078:
3071:National Diet Building
3062:
3047:
3032:
3017:
2828:
2774:. During this period,
2580:
2499:Cossack administration
2437:in 1707, and those of
2360:
2351:
2305:
2227:and thereafter by the
2168:Parliament of Scotland
2132:
2119:Parliament of Scotland
2103:general church council
1942:
1915:) as the successor of
1838:Afonso III of Portugal
1787:Afonso III of Portugal
1773:After the conquest of
1693:. Simultaneously, the
1610:
1543:
1474:
1404:(hundare/härad/herred)
1369:
1347:
1218:Parliament of Scotland
1198:his actions in Ireland
1170:
1008:
870:legislative assemblies
780:
763:
671:
656:
641:
5718:. BBC. Archived from
5626:"Anglo-Saxon origins"
5599:"Shura and Democracy"
5465:Sharma, J.P. (1968).
5156:Parliamentary records
5116:Delegated legislation
4279:
4172:Parliament of Ontario
4163:
3985:Community Commissions
3756:Parliament of Morocco
3746:Parliament of Moldova
3730:Parliament of Lebanon
3601:Canada's 10 provinces
3502:Parliament of Albania
3473:) (consisting of the
3429:Parliament of Romania
3311:) (consisting of the
3251:Parliament of Finland
3169:Parliament of Austria
3145:
3120:
3102:
3084:
3068:
3056:Parliament of Morocco
3053:
3038:
3023:
3007:
2905:vote of no confidence
2897:in the United Kingdom
2809:
2724:, and, since 2020, a
2700:session of Parliament
2613:Mother of Parliaments
2601:Parliament of Ireland
2597:further union in 1801
2574:Palace of Westminster
2571:
2296:
2248:Parliament of England
2229:Convention of Estates
2139:was ruled by chiefs (
2126:
2099:Roman Catholic Church
2083:Roman Catholic Church
1934:
1836:met again under King
1760:Afonso II of Portugal
1724:in the Commonwealth.
1608:
1465:
1428:originating from the
1333:
1260:Charles VII of France
1248:Paris Hall of Justice
1164:
1000:
901:Parliament of England
773:discussion, discourse
712:parliamentary systems
662:
647:
635:
573:Political campaigning
313:Public administration
146:Collective leadership
5484:Democracy: A History
5131:History of democracy
4415:Landtag of Thuringia
4192:Manitoba Legislature
3704:House of Councillors
3578:Parliament of Canada
3475:Congress of Deputies
3313:President of Ireland
3257:Parliament of France
3148:Parliament of Tuvalu
3026:Parliament of Canada
2928:heads of governments
2924:separation of powers
2841:Motion of confidence
2833:parliamentary system
2802:Parliamentary system
2299:Congress of Deputies
1998:), "to think". The
1917:Peter II of Portugal
1768:Sancho I of Portugal
1764:Leis Gerais do Reino
1754:occurred in 1211 in
1740:Afonso I of Portugal
1470:session hall of the
1270:by establishing the
1130:Civil War and beyond
1036:During the reign of
1019:King John of England
716:presidential systems
423:Separation of powers
294:Political psychology
269:Comparative politics
247:political scientists
234:Academic disciplines
114:Political philosophy
6348:on 15 February 2020
6318:on 15 February 2020
6288:on 15 February 2020
5820:The Washington Post
5722:on 21 November 2015
5577:The System of Islam
5479:Dunn, John (2005).
5079:Silesian Parliament
5073:People's Parliament
5027:European Parliament
4973:Scottish Parliament
4395:Landtag of Saarland
4281:Parliament of Åland
4212:Alberta Legislature
3774:(consisting of the
3766:Parliament of Nepal
3761:Parliament of Nauru
3718:(consisting of the
3698:(consisting of the
3670:(consisting of the
3652:(consisting of the
3650:Parliament of India
3633:Parliament of Ghana
3580:(consisting of the
3514:(consisting of the
3455:(consisting of the
3433:Chamber of Deputies
3431:(consisting of the
3407:(consisting of the
3383:(consisting of the
3361:Chamber of Deputies
3331:Chamber of Deputies
3329:(consisting of the
3327:Parliament of Italy
3285:Hellenic Parliament
3259:(consisting of the
3221:Chamber of Deputies
3219:(consisting of the
3202:Croatian Parliament
3185:(consisting of the
3171:(consisting of the
3164:European Parliament
2948:Women in government
2942:Women in parliament
2916:presidential system
2849:government contract
2718:Scottish Parliament
2381:Kingdom of Valencia
2361:Carta Magna Leonesa
2271:Scottish Parliament
2250:, creating the new
2170:evolved during the
2129:Scottish Parliament
1909:John IV of Portugal
1779:Kingdom of Portugal
1752:Kingdom of Portugal
1580:Golden Bull of 1222
1560:Early Modern period
1518:Sicilian Parliament
1175:series of conflicts
1140:Glorious Revolution
1138:, and again at the
1042:English Parliaments
720:Parliament of Ghana
596:Politics portal
445:Election commission
416:Government branches
299:Political sociology
151:Confessional system
89:Politics by country
6438:Westminster system
6382:"Parliament"
6194:Julian Go (2007).
5677:on 13 October 2010
4360:Landtag of Bavaria
4284:
4177:Quebec Legislature
4165:
3989:Dutch-speaking one
3960:Flemish Parliament
3628:Parliament of Fiji
3319:(Lower House) and
3155:
3140:
3115:
3097:
3079:
3063:
3048:
3033:
3018:
2901:in the Netherlands
2829:
2630:Westminster system
2622:British Parliament
2581:
2550:Westminster system
2413:The Cortes of the
2385:Kingdom of Navarre
2373:Kingdom of Castile
2318:, was held in the
2306:
2303:Spanish Parliament
2184:(a village now in
2133:
2026:Novgorod and Pskov
1943:
1913:John V of Portugal
1877:John I of Portugal
1860:(grievances) then
1647:, in around 1180.
1611:
1475:
1444:, dating from 930.
1348:
1256:Hundred Years' War
1244:Parlement of Paris
1171:
1095:". At first, each
1009:
1001:A 1215 edition of
855:Athenian democracy
831:was the cradle of
672:
657:
642:
279:Political analysis
211:Semi-parliamentary
6342:Our World in Data
6312:Our World in Data
6282:Our World in Data
6108:Haliczer, Stephen
5856:978-0-85323-036-6
5091:Batasang Pambansâ
4984:Other parliaments
4460:Capital Territory
4437:Arunachal Pradesh
4400:Landtag of Saxony
3603:has a unicameral
3457:National Assembly
3295:National Assembly
3261:National Assembly
2988:Greater than 30%
2681:Act of Parliament
2503:Cossack Hetmanate
2377:Kingdom of Aragon
2263:Scotland Act 1998
2242:), met until the
2077:Trinity cathedral
1882:Portuguese empire
1834:Portuguese Cortes
1827:Vila Nova de Gaia
1791:Portuguese Cortes
1758:by initiative of
1734:Portuguese Cortes
1722:elective monarchy
1665:Nieszawa Statutes
1613:According to the
1522:Kingdom of Sicily
1485:(in Finland also
1320:National Assembly
1316:French Revolution
1284:French Revolution
1124:Acts of Supremacy
1049:Simon de Montfort
1029:, established by
837:Athenian assembly
798:Early parliaments
630:
629:
578:Political parties
518:Electoral systems
242:Political science
216:Semi-presidential
128:Political systems
104:Political history
99:Political economy
6450:
6415:
6414:
6406:
6392:
6384:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6353:
6344:. Archived from
6334:
6328:
6327:
6325:
6323:
6314:. Archived from
6304:
6298:
6297:
6295:
6293:
6284:. Archived from
6274:
6268:
6259:
6253:
6252:
6242:
6236:
6235:
6233:
6231:
6220:
6214:
6213:
6191:
6185:
6184:
6164:
6158:
6154:
6148:
6141:
6135:
6132:
6126:
6125:
6104:
6098:
6097:
6091:
6083:
6081:
6079:
6073:
6067:. Archived from
6066:
6057:
6051:
6050:
6048:
6046:
6041:
6032:
6026:
6025:
6023:
6021:
6010:
6004:
6003:
6001:
5999:
5985:
5979:
5976:
5970:
5967:
5961:
5958:
5952:
5951:
5938:Szente, Zoltán.
5935:
5929:
5926:
5920:
5914:
5908:
5905:
5899:
5894:Enzo Gancitano,
5892:
5886:
5885:
5883:
5881:
5872:. Archived from
5866:
5860:
5859:
5838:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5827:
5811:
5805:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5784:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5768:
5760:
5754:
5753:
5738:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5708:
5702:
5701:
5693:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5682:
5667:
5661:
5660:
5640:
5634:
5633:
5622:
5616:
5613:
5607:
5606:
5595:
5589:
5573:
5567:
5551:
5545:
5544:
5533:
5527:
5524:
5518:
5507:
5501:
5500:
5476:
5470:
5463:
5457:
5446:
5440:
5425:
5419:
5400:
5394:
5375:
5369:
5351:
5345:
5326:
5320:
5317:Political System
5314:
5308:
5295:
5289:
5283:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5272:
5261:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5236:
5230:
5227:
5221:
5218:
5212:
5209:
5203:
5202:
5188:Parliament Today
5182:
4481:Himachal Pradesh
4429:
4370:Landtag of Hesse
4327:state parliament
3825:Legislative Yuan
3590:House of Commons
3544:has a bicameral
3467:Cortes Generales
3461:National Council
3443:National Council
3173:National Council
3123:Parliament House
3104:Parliament House
3086:Parliament House
2985:
2976:Greater than 20%
2973:
2964:Greater than 10%
2961:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2646:House of Commons
2443:Balearic islands
2392:Crown of Castile
2363:
2356:private property
2310:Cortes Generales
2205:tenants-in-chief
2145:) and subkings (
2073:Yaroslav's Court
2020:Governing Senate
1905:1640 Restoration
1748:Treaty of Zamora
1627:, who began the
1568:King Ladislaus I
1479:House of Knights
1426:Viking expansion
1093:Model Parliament
1040:(13th century),
983:Model Parliament
944:tenants-in-chief
934:, the new king,
844:
843:
793:
790:
787:
783:
777:
774:
771:
768:
665:National Council
622:
615:
608:
594:
593:
384:
329:
284:Political theory
274:Election science
264:
250:
28:
27:
6458:
6457:
6453:
6452:
6451:
6449:
6448:
6447:
6423:
6422:
6421:
6409:
6401:
6366:
6361:
6351:
6349:
6336:
6335:
6331:
6321:
6319:
6306:
6305:
6301:
6291:
6289:
6276:
6275:
6271:
6260:
6256:
6243:
6239:
6229:
6227:
6222:
6221:
6217:
6210:
6192:
6188:
6181:
6165:
6161:
6155:
6151:
6142:
6138:
6133:
6129:
6122:
6105:
6101:
6085:
6084:
6077:
6075:
6074:on 4 March 2016
6071:
6064:
6058:
6054:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6033:
6029:
6019:
6017:
6011:
6007:
5997:
5995:
5993:www.aytoleon.es
5987:
5986:
5982:
5977:
5973:
5968:
5964:
5959:
5955:
5936:
5932:
5927:
5923:
5915:
5911:
5906:
5902:
5893:
5889:
5879:
5877:
5876:on 27 June 2022
5868:
5867:
5863:
5857:
5849:, p. 123,
5839:
5835:
5825:
5823:
5822:. Washington DC
5812:
5808:
5799:
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5785:
5781:
5773:
5766:
5762:
5761:
5757:
5740:
5739:
5735:
5725:
5723:
5710:
5709:
5705:
5694:
5690:
5680:
5678:
5669:
5668:
5664:
5657:
5641:
5637:
5624:
5623:
5619:
5614:
5610:
5597:
5596:
5592:
5586:Wayback Machine
5574:
5570:
5564:Wayback Machine
5552:
5548:
5535:
5534:
5530:
5525:
5521:
5508:
5504:
5497:
5477:
5473:
5464:
5460:
5447:
5443:
5426:
5422:
5401:
5397:
5383:10.2307/1847791
5376:
5372:
5354:Robinson, E. W.
5352:
5348:
5327:
5323:
5315:
5311:
5296:
5292:
5284:
5280:
5270:
5268:
5262:
5258:
5248:
5246:
5244:www.aytoleon.es
5238:
5237:
5233:
5228:
5224:
5219:
5215:
5210:
5206:
5199:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5170:
5106:
5063:
5035:
5001:
4993:Main articles:
4991:
4986:
4964:
4959:
4953:
4941:
4936:
4930:
4913:
4901:
4896:
4890:
4873:
4868:
4860:Main articles:
4858:
4821:
4815:
4810:
4651:
4645:
4640:
4639:
4632:
4625:
4621:
4616:
4609:
4606:Nicobar Islands
4605:
4603:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4494:
4490:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4423:
4305:Except for the
4296:
4274:
4257:
4240:
4158:
4152:
4147:
4008:
4002:
3993:Francophone one
3929:
3879:
3873:
3868:
3791:Majlis-e-Shoora
3710:States Assembly
3498:
3177:Federal Council
3160:
3014:The Netherlands
3002:
2996:
2989:
2986:
2977:
2974:
2965:
2962:
2950:
2944:
2827:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2791:
2752:
2746:
2662:Lords Spiritual
2566:
2560:
2548:Main articles:
2546:
2534:
2509:, until 1750.
2480:
2474:
2462:
2415:Crown of Aragon
2396:comunero rebels
2320:Kingdom of León
2312:
2291:
2225:General Council
2137:Kingdom of Alba
2121:
2115:
2105:, not with the
2091:
2085:
2055:, becoming the
2028:
2016:Peter the Great
1929:
1803:parliamentarism
1785:. In 1254 King
1744:Kingdom of León
1736:
1730:
1621:Gallus Anonymus
1603:
1595:King Matthias I
1558:throughout the
1536:
1534:Diet of Hungary
1530:
1514:
1468:Art Deco-styled
1421:" (the judge).
1372:; other modern
1328:
1314:, up until the
1312:Estates General
1240:
1234:
1214:
1187:Oliver Cromwell
1167:Oliver Cromwell
1132:
1117:Thomas Cromwell
1109:
995:
932:Norman Conquest
930:As part of the
908:
903:
897:
806:
800:
791:
788:
785:
775:
772:
769:
751:
735:Kingdom of León
626:
588:
583:
582:
513:
512:
503:
502:
460:
459:
450:
449:
418:
417:
408:
407:
403:Public interest
388:Domestic policy
378:
371:
370:
359:
358:
323:
316:
315:
304:
303:
265:
258:
251:
244:
236:
235:
226:
225:
131:
130:
119:
118:
74:
73:
64:
33:Politics series
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6456:
6446:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6420:
6419:
6399:
6398:
6393:
6379:, ed. (1911).
6377:Chisholm, Hugh
6373:
6365:
6364:External links
6362:
6360:
6359:
6329:
6299:
6269:
6254:
6237:
6215:
6209:978-9004151741
6208:
6186:
6179:
6159:
6149:
6136:
6127:
6120:
6099:
6052:
6027:
6005:
5980:
5971:
5962:
5953:
5930:
5921:
5909:
5900:
5887:
5861:
5855:
5833:
5806:
5796:on 2 June 2012
5779:
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5703:
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5662:
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5617:
5608:
5590:
5568:
5546:
5528:
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5502:
5495:
5471:
5458:
5441:
5420:
5408:10.1086/365921
5395:
5370:
5346:
5334:10.1086/370672
5321:
5309:
5290:
5278:
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5231:
5222:
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5174:
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5128:
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5118:
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5107:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5100:
5094:
5088:
5082:
5076:
5070:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5057:
5048:, consists of
5044:in Indonesia:
5042:
5041:, e.g. in Iran
5034:
5031:
5030:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5008:
5007:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4963:
4962:United Kingdom
4960:
4955:Main article:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4947:
4940:
4937:
4932:Main article:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4924:
4919:
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4909:
4908:
4907:
4900:
4897:
4892:Main article:
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4869:
4857:
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4853:
4852:
4847:
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4827:
4817:Main article:
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4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
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4673:
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4658:
4652:
4647:Main article:
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4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4519:Madhya Pradesh
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4495:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4432:Andhra Pradesh
4430:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4303:
4302:
4295:
4292:
4291:
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4270:
4269:
4268:
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4256:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4246:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4154:Main article:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4009:
4004:Main article:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3875:Main article:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3854:Verkhovna Rada
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3788:
3783:
3769:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3732:
3727:
3713:
3707:
3693:
3684:
3679:
3661:
3647:
3641:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3615:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3599:, and each of
3575:
3570:
3563:Jatiya Sangsad
3560:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3509:
3504:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3482:
3464:
3450:
3440:
3426:
3416:
3402:
3392:
3378:
3368:
3358:
3348:
3338:
3324:
3321:Seanad Éireann
3302:
3292:
3282:
3268:
3254:
3248:
3238:
3228:
3214:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3180:
3166:
3159:
3156:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2956:
2954:
2946:Main article:
2943:
2940:
2918:, such as the
2893:prime minister
2822:
2816:
2810:
2803:
2800:
2790:
2787:
2772:Age of Liberty
2750:Age of Liberty
2748:Main article:
2745:
2742:
2658:Lords Temporal
2650:House of Lords
2545:
2544:United Kingdom
2542:
2533:
2530:
2526:Verkhovna Rada
2478:Verkhovna Rada
2476:Main article:
2473:
2470:
2461:
2458:
2408:King Philip II
2316:Cortes of León
2308:Main article:
2290:
2287:
2257:Following the
2221:foreign policy
2117:Main article:
2114:
2111:
2087:Main article:
2084:
2081:
2027:
2024:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1969:
1928:
1925:
1807:Cortes of León
1781:completed its
1732:Main article:
1729:
1726:
1709:Golden Liberty
1673:sejm generalny
1602:
1599:
1591:King Charles I
1584:ius resistendi
1576:King Andrew II
1532:Main article:
1529:
1526:
1513:
1510:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1440:The Icelandic
1327:
1324:
1286:several other
1236:Main article:
1233:
1230:
1213:
1210:
1191:Lord Protector
1179:King Charles I
1165:The statue of
1131:
1128:
1108:
1105:
1038:King Henry III
994:
988:
954:of his native
907:
904:
899:Main article:
896:
893:
889:Hizb ut-Tahrir
866:Roman Republic
829:Ancient Athens
799:
796:
750:
747:
733:, held in the
731:Cortes of León
628:
627:
625:
624:
617:
610:
602:
599:
598:
585:
584:
581:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
559:
558:
542:
537:
532:
531:
530:
520:
514:
510:
509:
508:
505:
504:
501:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
467:
461:
458:Related topics
457:
456:
455:
452:
451:
448:
447:
442:
437:
432:
426:
425:
419:
415:
414:
413:
410:
409:
406:
405:
400:
395:
393:Foreign policy
390:
385:
372:
366:
365:
364:
361:
360:
357:
356:
355:
354:
340:
335:
330:
317:
311:
310:
309:
306:
305:
302:
301:
296:
291:
289:Policy studies
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
254:
252:
240:
237:
233:
232:
231:
228:
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126:
125:
124:
121:
120:
117:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
75:
72:Primary topics
71:
70:
69:
66:
65:
63:
62:
57:
52:
46:
43:
42:
36:
35:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6455:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6407:
6404:
6397:
6394:
6390:
6389:
6383:
6378:
6374:
6371:
6368:
6367:
6347:
6343:
6339:
6333:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6303:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6273:
6266:
6265:
6258:
6250:
6249:
6241:
6225:
6219:
6211:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6190:
6182:
6180:9780773525085
6176:
6172:
6171:
6163:
6153:
6147:
6140:
6131:
6123:
6121:0-299-08500-7
6117:
6113:
6109:
6103:
6095:
6089:
6070:
6063:
6056:
6038:
6031:
6016:
6009:
5994:
5990:
5984:
5975:
5966:
5957:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5934:
5925:
5918:
5917:Elemér Hantos
5913:
5904:
5897:
5891:
5875:
5871:
5865:
5858:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5837:
5821:
5817:
5810:
5795:
5791:
5790:
5783:
5772:
5765:
5759:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5737:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5707:
5699:
5692:
5676:
5672:
5666:
5658:
5656:9780198228738
5652:
5648:
5647:
5639:
5631:
5630:UK Parliament
5627:
5621:
5612:
5604:
5600:
5594:
5587:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5572:
5565:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5550:
5542:
5538:
5532:
5523:
5516:
5515:0-543-92749-0
5512:
5506:
5498:
5496:9780871139313
5492:
5488:
5487:
5483:
5475:
5468:
5462:
5455:
5454:81-202-0141-8
5451:
5445:
5438:
5437:0-8014-1442-3
5434:
5430:
5424:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5399:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5374:
5367:
5366:3-515-06951-8
5363:
5359:
5355:
5350:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5325:
5318:
5313:
5307:
5306:
5301:
5300:
5294:
5287:
5282:
5267:
5260:
5245:
5241:
5235:
5226:
5217:
5208:
5200:
5198:9780719057953
5194:
5190:
5189:
5181:
5177:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
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5134:
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5129:
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5122:
5119:
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5112:
5109:
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5095:
5092:
5089:
5086:
5083:
5080:
5077:
5074:
5071:
5068:
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5064:
5055:
5051:
5047:
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5040:
5037:
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5018:
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5009:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4979:
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4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
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4946:
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4942:
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4920:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4895:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4867:
4863:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
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4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
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4699:
4697:
4694:
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4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
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4674:
4672:
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4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4650:
4638:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4622:Daman and Diu
4615:
4614:
4608:
4607:
4597:
4590:
4589:Uttar Pradesh
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
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4505:
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4493:
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4482:
4477:
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4467:
4462:
4461:
4453:
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4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
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4343:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4333:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4278:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4162:
4157:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4007:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3622:Faroe Islands
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2984:
2979:
2972:
2967:
2960:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2885:Tricameralism
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2808:
2799:
2795:
2786:
2784:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2639:
2638:head of state
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2589:Acts of Union
2586:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2541:
2540:(1707–1800).
2539:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2469:
2467:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2371:in 1192, the
2370:
2365:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2344:royal council
2341:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2286:
2284:
2283:Holyroodhouse
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2244:Acts of Union
2241:
2237:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2180:, in 1235 at
2179:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2004:grand princes
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1858:aggravamentos
1855:
1851:
1846:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1777:in 1249, the
1776:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1725:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1683:in 1493 near
1682:
1681:John I Albert
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1663:and the 1454
1662:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1629:Piast dynasty
1626:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1607:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1552:Royal Hungary
1549:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1336:Alþingishúsið
1332:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1222:Acts of Union
1219:
1212:Acts of Union
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1127:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1006:
1005:
999:
992:
987:
984:
980:
976:
972:
967:
965:
961:
960:Privy Council
957:
953:
952:feudal system
949:
948:ecclesiastics
945:
941:
937:
933:
928:
925:
921:
917:
913:
902:
892:
890:
886:
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
862:
860:
856:
852:
848:
838:
834:
830:
826:
824:
820:
815:
811:
805:
795:
782:
767:
766:
760:
756:
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
727:
725:
724:official name
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
670:
666:
661:
655:
651:
646:
639:
634:
623:
618:
616:
611:
609:
604:
603:
601:
600:
597:
592:
587:
586:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
556:
552:
548:
547:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
529:
526:
525:
524:
521:
519:
516:
515:
507:
506:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
475:
471:
468:
466:
463:
462:
454:
453:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
427:
424:
421:
420:
412:
411:
404:
401:
399:
398:Civil society
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
382:
377:
376:Public policy
374:
373:
369:
363:
362:
352:
348:
344:
343:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
327:
322:
319:
318:
314:
308:
307:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
262:
257:
253:
248:
243:
239:
238:
230:
229:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
196:Parliamentary
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
181:Hybrid regime
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
133:
129:
123:
122:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
76:
68:
67:
61:
58:
56:
53:
51:
48:
47:
45:
44:
41:
38:
37:
34:
30:
29:
26:
22:
6433:Legislatures
6386:
6350:. Retrieved
6346:the original
6341:
6332:
6320:. Retrieved
6316:the original
6311:
6302:
6290:. Retrieved
6286:the original
6281:
6272:
6263:
6257:
6247:
6240:
6228:. Retrieved
6218:
6199:
6189:
6169:
6162:
6152:
6139:
6130:
6111:
6102:
6076:. Retrieved
6069:the original
6055:
6043:. Retrieved
6030:
6018:. Retrieved
6008:
5996:. Retrieved
5992:
5983:
5974:
5965:
5956:
5943:
5933:
5924:
5912:
5903:
5895:
5890:
5878:. Retrieved
5874:the original
5864:
5842:
5836:
5824:. Retrieved
5819:
5809:
5798:, retrieved
5794:the original
5788:
5782:
5758:
5745:
5736:
5724:. Retrieved
5720:the original
5715:
5706:
5697:
5691:
5679:. Retrieved
5675:the original
5665:
5645:
5638:
5629:
5620:
5611:
5602:
5593:
5576:
5571:
5554:
5549:
5540:
5531:
5522:
5505:
5485:
5481:
5474:
5461:
5444:
5423:
5398:
5373:
5349:
5324:
5312:
5304:
5297:
5293:
5281:
5269:. Retrieved
5259:
5247:. Retrieved
5243:
5234:
5225:
5216:
5207:
5187:
5180:
5004:
4634:
4627:
4618:
4611:
4600:
4496:
4485:
4456:
4452:Chhattisgarh
4330:
4325:is also the
4323:city council
4321:, where the
4304:
4261:Inatsisartut
4166:
3984:
3952:
3932:
3930:
3880:
3604:
3596:
3545:
3540:and each of
3537:
3317:Dáil Éireann
3126:
3028:Building in
2913:
2909:
2890:
2882:
2870:
2864:
2860:
2830:
2796:
2792:
2780:
2776:civil rights
2753:
2734:legislatures
2715:
2704:
2685:
2677:Royal Assent
2673:
2666:
2643:
2634:Commonwealth
2611:
2609:
2582:
2535:
2528:of Ukraine.
2511:
2507:Cossack Rada
2492:
2483:
2481:
2463:
2447:
2412:
2389:
2383:in 1283 and
2366:
2329:
2313:
2256:
2239:
2233:
2190:
2175:
2165:
2151:) under the
2146:
2140:
2134:
2095:Conciliarism
2092:
2089:Conciliarism
2064:
2049:grand prince
2046:
2031:
2029:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1951:
1947:zemsky sobor
1944:
1898:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1850:procuradores
1849:
1847:
1831:
1821:laws on the
1772:
1763:
1737:
1714:
1698:
1688:
1676:
1672:
1667:granted the
1656:
1649:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1614:
1612:
1588:
1583:
1572:King Coloman
1564:
1544:Országgyűlés
1537:
1515:
1495:
1486:
1476:
1447:The Faroese
1423:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1381:
1377:
1374:Scandinavian
1357:
1351:
1349:
1340:Austurvöllur
1302:
1300:
1287:
1279:
1278:, the first
1271:
1267:
1251:
1241:
1215:
1195:
1183:commonwealth
1172:
1156:
1148:
1133:
1121:
1110:
1053:a parliament
1046:
1035:
1030:
1027:parliamentum
1026:
1012:
1010:
1002:
990:
968:
929:
909:
882:
878:Roman Senate
863:
858:
846:
827:
807:
755:Anglo-Norman
752:
728:
707:
684:representing
675:
673:
326:street-level
201:Presidential
161:Dictatorship
31:Part of the
25:
6352:15 February
6322:15 February
6292:15 February
6230:16 December
6020:22 February
5998:22 February
5800:14 November
5769:. Løgting.
5603:ijtihad.org
5541:alhewar.com
5271:22 February
5249:22 February
5141:Legislation
5099:(1913–2005)
5093:(1978–1986)
5087:(1921–1973)
5081:(1922–1945)
5069:(1921–1922)
4951:Switzerland
4899:Philippines
4871:Netherlands
4629:Lakshadweep
4584:Uttarakhand
4524:Maharashtra
4307:city-states
3953:communities
3658:Rajya Sabha
3640:of Guernsey
3548:except for
3253:(Eduskunta)
2857:resolutions
2760:Charles XII
2618:John Bright
2488:Kievan Rusʹ
2460:Switzerland
2425:– and King
2352:curia regis
2193:freeholders
2172:Middle Ages
1848:Delegates (
1823:Douro River
1783:Reconquista
1700:curia regis
1655:sources as
1500:and former
1419:law speaker
1394:lawspeakers
1303:parliaments
1288:parliaments
1057:archbishops
1031:Magna Carta
1014:Magna Carta
1004:Magna Carta
991:Magna Carta
940:Curia Regis
920:Old English
916:Witenagemot
912:Anglo-Saxon
823:oligarchies
814:Mesopotamia
718:(e.g., the
680:legislative
669:Switzerland
465:Sovereignty
430:Legislature
333:Technocracy
321:Bureaucracy
186:Meritocracy
166:Directorial
6427:Categories
5726:5 November
5482:John Dunn:
5286:Parliament
5173:References
5126:Government
4636:Puducherry
4613:Chandigarh
4569:Tamil Nadu
3856:of Ukraine
3605:parliament
3597:parliament
3588:, and the
3567:Bangladesh
3550:Queensland
3546:parliament
3538:parliament
3522:, and the
3365:Luxembourg
3305:Oireachtas
2998:See also:
2879:unicameral
2861:parliament
2764:Gustav III
2696:money bill
2652:, and the
2562:See also:
2445:in 1714).
2332:Alfonso IX
2279:Royal Mile
2182:Kirkliston
2177:colloquium
2153:suzerainty
2000:Boyar Duma
1988:State Duma
1962:Boyar Duma
1936:State Duma
1815:septennium
1677:sejm walny
1616:Chronicles
1411:chieftains
1308:absolutism
1280:parliament
1272:Parliament
1268:parliament
1252:Parliament
1220:under the
1158:members."
1113:Henry VIII
1101:Edward III
1083:from each
802:See also:
759:Old French
708:parliament
704:monarchies
688:electorate
676:parliament
555:Governance
545:Government
540:Federalism
141:City-state
4939:Sri Lanka
4574:Telangana
4559:Rajasthan
4534:Meghalaya
4509:Karnataka
4504:Jharkhand
3871:Australia
3712:of Jersey
3668:Indonesia
3654:Lok Sabha
3618:Løgtingið
3535:bicameral
3355:Lithuania
3323:(Senate))
3275:Bundesrat
3271:Bundestag
3241:Riigikogu
3231:Folketing
3128:Riigikogu
3112:Australia
3090:New Delhi
3010:Binnenhof
2934:, have a
2875:bicameral
2837:executive
2768:self-coup
2722:Edinburgh
2495:Sich Rada
2456:'s army.
2439:Catalonia
2404:Charles V
2387:in 1300.
2379:in 1274,
2375:in 1250,
2254:in 1707.
2186:Edinburgh
2157:High King
2022:in 1711.
1960:, or the
1958:patriarch
1894:Sebastian
1866:capitulos
1811:monetagio
1789:summoned
1540:Hungarian
1506:wapentake
1498:Yorkshire
1491:Reichstag
1487:eduskunta
1454:The Manx
1366:Icelandic
1362:Old Norse
1344:Reykjavík
1264:Languedoc
1136:Civil War
1081:burgesses
1047:In 1265,
936:William I
833:democracy
819:democracy
810:tribalism
765:parlement
749:Etymology
535:Unitarism
523:Elections
511:Subseries
440:Judiciary
435:Executive
338:Adhocracy
221:Theocracy
176:Feudalism
156:Democracy
6417:Politics
6110:(1981).
6088:cite web
5948:Archived
5880:24 March
5826:24 March
5771:Archived
5750:Archived
5746:Hurstwic
5582:Archived
5560:Archived
5356:(1997).
5111:Congress
5104:See also
4911:Portugal
4856:Malaysia
4544:Nagaland
4458:National
3949:Wallonia
3945:Brussels
3937:Flanders
3795:Pakistan
3722:and the
3702:and the
3674:and the
3656:and the
3477:and the
3459:and the
3447:Slovakia
3435:and the
3423:Portugal
3411:and the
3395:Storting
3387:and the
3333:and the
3263:and the
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3189:and the
3175:and the
3152:Funafuti
3108:Canberra
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2669:readings
2593:Scotland
2454:Napoleon
2441:and the
2435:Valencia
2427:Philip V
2423:Bourbons
2402:Emperor
2400:Habsburg
2340:Portugal
2213:medieval
2209:taxation
2161:tanistry
2148:mormaers
2142:toisechs
2113:Scotland
2065:vechniks
2038:Novgorod
1973:Orthodox
1901:Habsburg
1890:Manuel I
1799:burghers
1728:Portugal
1685:Piotrków
1669:szlachta
1625:Siemowit
1554:and the
1434:Gulating
1390:Germanic
1301:All the
1296:Bordeaux
1292:Grenoble
1276:Toulouse
1266:its own
1262:granted
1089:Edward I
1023:sheriffs
979:taxation
971:Edward I
956:Normandy
874:statutes
859:ekklesia
847:ekklesia
842:ἐκκλησία
700:congress
563:Ideology
381:doctrine
342:Service
206:Republic
191:Monarchy
171:Federacy
60:Category
40:Politics
5716:iWonder
5391:1847791
5075:(1940s)
5061:Defunct
4602:Andaman
4579:Tripura
4539:Mizoram
4529:Manipur
4491:Kashmir
4476:Haryana
4471:Gujarat
4332:Landtag
4319:Hamburg
4294:Germany
4272:Finland
4266:Løgting
4255:Denmark
3933:regions
3927:Belgium
3735:Tynwald
3720:Mäjilis
3687:Knesset
3485:Riksdag
3309:Ireland
3299:Hungary
3279:Germany
3245:Estonia
3235:Denmark
3137:Estonia
3133:Tallinn
3077:, Japan
2853:motions
2730:Cardiff
2654:Monarch
2603:into a
2472:Ukraine
2336:Castile
2265:by the
2217:justice
2201:clerics
2057:Commons
2012:Muscovy
1938:of the
1886:John II
1862:artigos
1843:burgher
1775:Algarve
1756:Coimbra
1746:in the
1690:sejmiks
1578:in the
1528:Hungary
1502:Danelaw
1483:riksdag
1456:Tynwald
1449:Løgting
1442:Althing
1401:hundred
1258:, King
1185:, with
1085:borough
1077:knights
1061:bishops
975:finance
895:England
851:citizen
789:to talk
778:, from
568:Culture
478:Country
136:Anarchy
50:Outline
6403:Portal
6206:
6177:
6118:
6078:21 May
6045:21 May
5853:
5681:13 May
5653:
5588:, p.39
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5486:, p.24
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5039:Majlis
4888:Norway
4596:Bengal
4564:Sikkim
4554:Punjab
4549:Odisha
4514:Kerala
4498:Ladakh
4315:Bremen
4311:Berlin
4150:Canada
4000:Brazil
3991:and a
3829:Taiwan
3724:Senate
3691:Israel
3586:Senate
3533:has a
3524:Senate
3518:, the
3496:Others
3489:Sweden
3479:Senate
3437:Senate
3413:Senate
3399:Norway
3389:Senate
3351:Seimas
3345:Latvia
3341:Saeima
3335:Senate
3289:Greece
3265:Senate
3225:Senate
3211:Cyprus
3191:Senate
3030:Ottawa
2932:France
2871:houses
2824:
2818:
2812:
2789:Poland
2781:While
2756:Sweden
2744:Sweden
2726:Senedd
2707:appeal
2648:, the
2578:London
2556:, and
2431:Aragon
2269:, the
2203:, lay
2061:Senate
2053:Venice
1992:думать
1975:clergy
1927:Russia
1819:staple
1795:Leiria
1695:Senate
1601:Poland
1232:France
1152:Edward
1097:estate
1073:barons
1071:, and
1065:abbots
835:. The
781:parler
739:UNESCO
692:senate
528:voting
470:Polity
368:Policy
347:Public
261:theory
6072:(PDF)
6065:(PDF)
6040:(PDF)
5789:About
5774:(PDF)
5767:(PDF)
5412:JSTOR
5387:JSTOR
5338:JSTOR
4928:Spain
4487:Jammu
4447:Bihar
4442:Assam
4421:India
4288:Åland
4238:China
3941:Dutch
3471:Spain
3375:Malta
3094:India
3075:Tokyo
3060:Rabat
2694:as a
2484:viche
2450:Cadiz
2348:Latin
2289:Spain
2197:burgh
2042:Pskov
2033:veche
2008:tsars
1996:dumat
1956:, or
1661:taxes
1653:Latin
1512:Italy
1415:kings
1386:Dutch
1353:thing
1338:, at
1069:earls
1017:from
885:shura
761:word
696:synod
678:is a
654:Japan
551:forms
474:State
351:Civil
55:Index
6354:2020
6324:2020
6294:2020
6232:2013
6204:ISBN
6175:ISBN
6116:ISBN
6094:link
6080:2016
6047:2016
6022:2018
6000:2018
5882:2014
5851:ISBN
5828:2013
5802:2011
5728:2015
5683:2010
5651:ISBN
5511:ISBN
5491:ISBN
5450:ISBN
5433:ISBN
5362:ISBN
5305:s.v.
5273:2018
5251:2018
5193:ISBN
4997:and
4864:and
4594:West
4317:and
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3778:and
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3582:King
3516:King
3409:Sejm
3273:and
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3121:The
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3039:The
3008:The
2883:see
2855:and
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2595:. A
2583:The
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2006:and
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1945:The
1854:Jews
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1639:wiec
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