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for four years, and is composed of seven members, among whom one is president and one is vice-president on a rotating basis, although these positions are symbolic in normal circumstances. The link between the Swiss managerial system and the presidential system is even more evident for the cantonal
781:
might appear to be a typical parliamentary government; technically, however, it is not a meeting of ministers, but a college of heads of state. The current
President of the Confederation is in fact only a
788:(first among equals) with representative functions in particular for diplomacy with other States, without any power either of direction or of coordination of the activity of colleagues. The
951:
862:(first among equals). Variants of this form of government, based on the French model, were also established in the European regions conquered by France during the
610:
1114:
817:, is applied to high collegial institutions of state composed of members styled director. Early directorial systems were the
685:
1330:
1110:
870:
value compared to presidential systems due to lower concentration of political power in the hands of one individual.
853:
838:
478:
84:
1070:
1008:
793:
603:
473:
251:
99:
1340:
856:, which prominently featured a collegial 12-member Supreme Executive Council with the President in fact only
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governments, where currently all directors are all individually directly elected by the voters.
1335:
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1021:
774:
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681:
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1215:"Fiscal performance and the re-election of finance ministers–evidence from the Swiss cantons"
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789:
778:
663:
631:
303:
136:
1281:"Neopatrimonialism and Democracy: An Empirical Investigation of Africa's Political Regimes"
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8:
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1178:"Switzerland | History, Flag, Map, Capital, Population, & Facts"
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differ from the directorial system by not being elected. Utilizing
553:
513:
196:
181:
161:
30:
1106:
773:), where directories rule all levels of administration, federal,
711:
667:
659:
468:
126:
878:
to select multiple executives can lead to a directorial system.
1088:
846:
518:
460:
358:
952:
Supreme
Executive Council of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
1279:
Sigman, Rachel; Lindberg, Staffan I. (November 1, 2017).
886:
In the past, countries with elected directories include:
760:
630:
is a country ruled by a college of several people who
1040:The Town's Legates Junta and High Government Junta
16:Socio-political system with shared executive power
765:One country now using this form of government is
1317:
1278:
645:
1194:
881:
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1291:– via Social Science Research Network.
811:
1213:Buchs, Aurélia; Soguel, Nils (2022-04-01).
1212:
611:
597:
1230:
852:The French Directory was inspired by the
1188:
1318:
777:and municipal. On the face of it, the
1200:Swiss Politics for Complete Beginners
1272:
686:Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
866:. Directorial systems have a lower
761:Directorial republic in Switzerland
13:
1111:National Council of Administration
732:and equivalent executives of each
14:
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1302:Directory (Ukrainian ruling body)
854:Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776
839:Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776
479:Biology and political orientation
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474:Theories of political behavior
100:Political history of the world
1:
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489:Critique of political economy
934:First Stadtholderless Period
831:First Stadtholderless Period
624:File:Forms of government.svg
70:Outline of political science
7:
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1071:Ukrainian People's Republic
646:Current directorial systems
10:
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1262:Directory (French history)
1232:10.1007/s11127-021-00949-z
1009:Roman Republic (1798–1799)
882:Former directorial systems
829:(1643–1686), partially in
800:
75:Index of politics articles
1331:Collective heads of state
1138:Government of Switzerland
904:New England Confederation
864:French Revolutionary Wars
827:New England Confederation
769:(and to a lesser extent,
1143:Government of San Marino
1307:Encyclopædia Britannica
1267:Encyclopædia Britannica
1182:Encyclopedia Britannica
1128:Politics of Switzerland
917:Commonwealth of England
484:Political organisations
247:International relations
85:Politics by subdivision
1148:Executive (government)
1133:Politics of San Marino
1093:Nationalist Government
1075:Directorate of Ukraine
1022:Parthenopaean Republic
868:presidentialism metric
843:Directory of 1795–1799
812:
682:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1053:Roman Republic (1849)
966:First French Republic
790:Swiss Federal Council
779:Swiss Federal Council
564:Political campaigning
304:Public administration
137:Collective leadership
1341:Separation of powers
1289:10.2139/ssrn.3066654
1202:. Ginevra: Slatkine.
628:directorial republic
414:Separation of powers
285:Political psychology
260:Comparative politics
238:political scientists
225:Academic disciplines
105:Political philosophy
1095:- from 1928 to 1947
1055:from 1849 to 1850 (
755:European Commission
587:Politics portal
436:Election commission
407:Government branches
290:Political sociology
142:Confessional system
80:Politics by country
1346:Types of democracy
1158:Athenian democracy
996:Cispadane Republic
983:Cisalpine Republic
859:primus inter pares
819:Ambrosian Republic
792:is elected by the
785:primus inter pares
640:head of government
270:Political analysis
202:Semi-parliamentary
1117:from 1952 to 1967
1089:Republic of China
1077:from 1918 to 1920
1042:from 1821 to 1823
1011:from 1798 to 1799
998:from 1796 to 1797
985:from 1795 to 1799
972:from 1795 to 1799
954:from 1777 to 1790
936:from 1650 to 1672
919:from 1649 to 1653
906:from 1643 to 1686
893:from 1618 to 1620
821:(1447-1450), the
621:
620:
569:Political parties
509:Electoral systems
233:Political science
207:Semi-presidential
119:Political systems
95:Political history
90:Political economy
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634:the powers of a
632:jointly exercise
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265:Election science
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823:Bohemian Revolt
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730:Federal Council
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708:Captains Regent
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389:Civil society
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367:Public policy
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172:Hybrid regime
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36:
35:
32:
29:
28:
25:
21:
20:
1305:
1297:
1274:
1265:
1257:
1225:(1): 31–49.
1222:
1218:
1208:
1199:
1190:
1181:
1172:
1153:Collegiality
948:Pennsylvania
885:
857:
851:
810:
809:, in French
806:
804:
783:
764:
723:
627:
622:
317:street-level
192:Presidential
156:
152:Dictatorship
22:Part of the
1057:Triumvirate
767:Switzerland
726:Switzerland
690:Triumvirate
456:Sovereignty
421:Legislature
324:Technocracy
312:Bureaucracy
177:Meritocracy
157:Directorial
1320:Categories
1164:References
1036:Costa Rica
813:directoire
771:San Marino
704:San Marino
664:Co-princes
546:Governance
536:Government
531:Federalism
132:City-state
1249:246371550
1241:1573-7101
876:sortition
807:directory
638:and/or a
526:Unitarism
514:Elections
502:Subseries
431:Judiciary
426:Executive
329:Adhocracy
212:Theocracy
167:Feudalism
147:Democracy
1326:Republic
1198:(2014).
1122:See also
841:and the
775:cantonal
554:Ideology
372:doctrine
333:Service
197:Republic
182:Monarchy
162:Federacy
51:Category
31:Politics
1304:at the
1264:at the
1107:Uruguay
1024:in 1799
801:History
712:Diarchy
668:diarchy
660:Andorra
559:Culture
469:Country
127:Anarchy
41:Outline
1247:
1239:
1104:
1086:
1068:
1033:
963:
945:
847:France
744:
734:canton
701:
679:
657:
519:voting
461:Polity
359:Policy
338:Public
252:theory
1245:S2CID
542:forms
465:State
342:Civil
46:Index
1237:ISSN
1113:and
753:and
1285:doi
1227:doi
1223:191
849:.
845:in
833:of
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1243:.
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626:A
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612:e
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