6109:
5934:
6095:
6034:
5762:
6137:
3890:
2214:
6067:
5734:
2070:
5851:
6046:
6015:
5419:
2016:
1620:
4250:
3818:
5625:
4520:
5379:
5009:
2268:
1818:
5802:
4286:
1980:
5458:
2862:
5823:
4052:
4412:
1746:
2196:
5445:
2340:
5866:
1470:. Under such a system, executive power is shared by an elected head of state (a president) and a legislature-appointed head of government (a prime minister or premier). The amount of power each figure holds may vary, and a semi-presidential system may lean closer to one system over the other. The president typically retains authority over foreign policy in a semi-presidential system. A pure presidential system may also have mechanisms that resemble those of a parliamentary system as part of
3692:
4538:
5774:
5230:
3746:
3564:
3456:
5297:
4556:
5668:
5598:
4394:
2610:
6081:
5528:
5284:
4466:
4106:
3980:
3908:
1890:
5035:
4970:
4142:
3546:
3474:
2322:
2106:
1512:
798:
5681:
5546:
4124:
27:
9803:
9287:
9276:
5973:
5946:
5788:
5572:
5489:
5257:
5243:
4983:
4592:
4376:
4304:
4088:
3962:
3366:
3276:
3006:
2934:
2124:
1998:
1692:
1656:
5048:
4358:
3402:
3168:
3150:
1358:
potential candidates. This allows presidents the ability to select cabinet members based as much or more on their ability and competency to lead a particular department as on their loyalty to the president, as opposed to parliamentary cabinets, which might be filled by legislators chosen for no better reason than their perceived loyalty to the prime minister. Supporters of the presidential system note that parliamentary systems are prone to disruptive "
5165:
4178:
3655:
3636:
3492:
3132:
5701:
5323:
5100:
5074:
4892:
4628:
3998:
3294:
2754:
2682:
2574:
1584:
1710:
5349:
5217:
5087:
4718:
4034:
3710:
3348:
3204:
2664:
2412:
1944:
1872:
1836:
6000:
5585:
5432:
5406:
5139:
4957:
4700:
4340:
4322:
4214:
4016:
3782:
3618:
3222:
2394:
2250:
2088:
1962:
2448:
6123:
5748:
5611:
5393:
5178:
5113:
5022:
4918:
4502:
4430:
3528:
3330:
3096:
2880:
2808:
2718:
2700:
2358:
2286:
2142:
1926:
1908:
1800:
1728:
1674:
1602:
5920:
5837:
5515:
5310:
4646:
4610:
4574:
4070:
3926:
3836:
3420:
3384:
3078:
3060:
2502:
2376:
2232:
1638:
1548:
1530:
4764:
5271:
4996:
4448:
3944:
3042:
2988:
2916:
2826:
2628:
2178:
5884:
5639:
5502:
5336:
5204:
5152:
5126:
4879:
4682:
4484:
3872:
3674:
3582:
3312:
3186:
2970:
2592:
2556:
1782:
1566:
5898:
4196:
2646:
2484:
5987:
5714:
5559:
5471:
5191:
5061:
4944:
4905:
4664:
4268:
3800:
3510:
3438:
3258:
3114:
2952:
2538:
2304:
2052:
1764:
2520:
3600:
2430:
2160:
5960:
3728:
3240:
3024:
2790:
2772:
2034:
4232:
4931:
3764:
1854:
3854:
2466:
2844:
4160:
2898:
2736:
9815:
1285:, maintained that a single chief executive would provide for greater public accountability than a group and thereby protect against tyranny by making it plain who was responsible for executive actions. He also submitted that a singular chief executive was necessary to ensure promptness and consistency and guard against deadlock, which could be essential in times of national emergency.
1183:
democratic nature of presidential elections, the advantages of separation of powers, the efficiency of a unitary executive, and the stability provided by fixed-terms. Opponents of presidential systems cite the potential for gridlock, the difficulty of changing leadership, and concerns that a unitary executive can give way to a dictatorship.
4745:
Subnational governments may be structured as presidential systems. All of the state governments in the United States use the presidential system, even though this is not constitutionally required. In these cases instead of the title of
President the role has the title of Governor. On a local level, a
1436:
stated that an official should be elected based on "his unbiased opinion, his mature judgment, his enlightened conscience", and therefore should reflect on the arguments for and against certain policies and then do what he believes is best for his constituents and country as a whole, even if it means
1403:
The consistency of a presidency may be seen as beneficial during times of crisis. When in a time of crisis, countries may be better off being led by a president with a fixed term than rotating premierships. Some critics, however, argue that the presidential system is weaker because it does not allow
1383:
Fixed-terms in a presidential system may also be considered a check on the powers of the executive, contrasting parliamentary systems, which may allow the prime minister to call elections whenever they see fit or orchestrate their own vote of no confidence to trigger an election when they cannot get
1378:
The danger that zero-sum presidential elections pose is compounded by the rigidity of the president's fixed term in office. Winners and losers are sharply defined for the entire period of the presidential mandate ... losers must wait four or five years without any access to executive power and
1316:
said of the
American system, "the executive is crippled by not getting the law it needs, and the legislature is spoiled by having to act without responsibility: the executive becomes unfit for its name, since it cannot execute what it decides on; the legislature is demoralized by liberty, by taking
1392:
Unlike in parliamentary systems, the legislature does not have the power to recall a president under the presidential system. However, presidential systems may have methods to remove presidents under extraordinary circumstances, such as a president committing a crime or becoming incapacitated. In
1222:
Separation of powers is sometimes held up as an advantage, in that each branch may scrutinize the actions of the other. This is in contrast with a parliamentary system, where the majority party in the legislature that also serves as the executive is unlikely to scrutinize its own actions. Writing
1292:
when the president and the legislature are in opposition. This rarely happens in a parliamentary system, as the prime minister is always a member of the party in power. This gridlock is common occurrence, as the electorate often expects more rapid results than are possible from new policies and
1449:
The separation of the executive and the legislature is the key difference between a presidential system and a parliamentary system. The presidential system elects a head of government independently of the legislature, while in contrast, the head of government in a parliamentary system answers
1399:
The inability to remove a president early is also the subject of criticism. Even if a president is "proved to be inefficient, even if he becomes unpopular, even if his policy is unacceptable to the majority of his countrymen, he and his methods must be endured until the moment comes for a new
1357:
Proponents of the presidential system also argue that stability extends to the cabinets chosen under the system. In most parliamentary systems, cabinets must be drawn from within the legislative branch. Under the presidential system, cabinet members can be selected from a much larger pool of
1182:
There are several characteristics that are unique to presidential systems or prominent in countries that use presidential systems. The defining aspect of presidential systems is the separation of powers that divides the executive and the legislature. Advocates of presidential systems cite the
1344:
Presidential systems are typically understood as having a head of government elected by citizens to serve one or more fixed-terms. Fixed-terms are praised for providing a level of stability that other systems lack. Although most parliamentary governments go long periods of time without a no
1239:
Another stated benefit of the separation of powers is the ability of the legislature to enforce limits on the powers of the executive. In a parliamentary system, if important legislation proposed by the incumbent prime minister and his cabinet is "voted down" by a majority of the members of
1374:, presidential systems have fallen into authoritarianism in nearly every country they've been attempted. The list of the world's 22 older democracies includes only two countries (Costa Rica and the United States) with presidential systems. Yale political scientist Juan Linz argues that:
1369:
Some political scientists dispute this concept of stability, arguing that presidential systems have difficulty sustaining democratic practices and that they have slipped into authoritarianism in many of the countries in which they have been implemented. According to political scientist
1252:
When an action is within the scope of a president's power, a presidential system can respond more rapidly to emerging situations than parliamentary ones. A prime minister, when taking action, needs to retain the support of the legislature, but a president is often less constrained. In
5369:
The following countries have presidential systems where the post of prime minister (official title may vary) exists alongside that of the president. The president is still both the head of state and government and the prime minister's role is mostly to assist the president.
1297:, argue that in such cases of gridlock, presidential systems do not offer voters the kind of accountability seen in parliamentary systems, and that this inherent political instability can cause democracies to fail, as seen in such cases as Brazil and
1201:
is elected to work alongside, but not as a part of, the legislature. There are several types of powers that are traditionally delegated to the president. Under a presidential system, the president may have the power to challenge legislation through a
1431:
criticizes the office of the
President of the United States as essentially undemocratic and characterizes presidentialism as worship of the president by citizens, which she believes undermines civic participation. British-Irish philosopher and MP
1450:
directly to the legislature. Presidential systems necessarily operate under the principle of structural separation of powers, while parliamentary systems do not; however, the degree of functional separation of powers exhibited in each varies โ
1335:
used in the United States. This aspect of presidential systems is sometimes touted as more democratic, as it provides a broader mandate for the president. Once elected, a president typically remains in office until the conclusion of a term.
1231:
said "don't think a
Watergate couldn't happen here, you just wouldn't hear about it." The extent of this effect is debated. Some commentators argue that the effect is mitigated when the president's party is in power, while others note that
4746:
presidential system might be organized with the office of Mayor acting as the president. Some countries without a presidential system at the national level use a form of this system at a subnational or local level. One example is
6890:
1384:
a legislative item passed. The presidential model is said to discourage this sort of opportunism, and instead forces the executive to operate within the confines of a term they cannot alter to suit their own needs.
1494:
and presidential power scores. The table below shows for individual countries the V-Dem presidentialism index, where higher values indicate higher concentration of political power in the hands of one individual.
1349:
have all experienced difficulties maintaining stability. When parliamentary systems have multiple parties, and governments are forced to rely on coalitions, as they often do in nations that use a system of
1462:
require it. Heads of government under the presidential system do not depend on the approval of the legislature as they do in a parliamentary system (with the exception of mechanisms such as impeachment).
1130:
from the
Netherlands in 1945. While it nominally used a presidential system, it was in effect a dictatorship where the president controlled all branches of government. A true presidential system was
1490:
Presidentialism metrics allow a quantitative comparison of the strength of presidential system characteristics for individual countries. Presidentialism metrics include the presidentialism index in
6437:
A presidential republic (1960โ1991, 2023-present), military dictatorship (1968โ1991,1991โ1992, 2012, 2020-present) single-party state (1960โ1968, 1974โ1991) semi-presidential republic (1991โ2023).
8744:
1140:
in the 1950s and 1960s brought with it significant expansion of the presidential system. During this time, several new presidential republics were formed in Africa. Cyprus, the
Maldives, and
70:
1308:
said "the president blames
Congress, the Congress blames the president, and the public remains confused and disgusted with government in Washington". Years before becoming president,
1408:
argues that the ideal ruler in times of calm is different from the ideal ruler in times of crisis, criticizing the presidential system for having no mechanism to make such a change.
9176:
1126:
in the formation of a presidential government. However, the early years of the South Korean presidency were marked by dictatorial control. At the same time, Indonesia declared
6508:
and the Rada's ability to dismiss the government by a vote of no confidence. Both of these provisions were restored upon the passage of a permanent constitution in 1996.
1331:
In a presidential system, the president is elected independently of the legislature. This may be done directly through a popular vote or indirectly such as through the
8737:
1144:
also adopted the presidential system following decolonization. Pakistan and
Bangladesh did so as well, but they changed their governmental systems shortly afterward.
1394:
1379:
patronage. The zero-sum game in presidential regimes raises the stakes of presidential elections and inevitably exacerbates their attendant tension and polarization.
1163:
in 1991, the presidential system was adopted by the new states that were created, though most of them adopted other governmental systems over the following decades.
110:
1147:
Several more countries adopted the presidential system in the final decades of the 20th century. A modified version of the presidential system was implemented in
913:. Likewise, the title is sometimes used by other systems. It originated from a time when such a person personally presided over the governing body, as with the
8663:
1095:
as its first president. Latin
American presidential systems have experienced varying levels of stability, with many experiencing periods of dictatorial rule.
8730:
1304:
It is easy for either the president or the legislature to escape blame by shifting it to the other. Describing the United States, former
Treasury Secretary
6312:
5811:
1424:. This is in contrast to most parliamentary governments where the head of state is separate from the head of government and plays a largely symbolic role.
7060:
Depauw, Sam; Martin, Shane (2008). "Legislative party discipline and cohesion in comparative perspective". In Giannetti, Daniela; Benoit, Kenneth (eds.).
4862:
7499:
1155:
serves as the head of state and is the absolute power in this country. In 1981, Palau achieved independence and adopted a presidential system. When the
1060:
advocated for a unitary executive figure that would become the role of the president. The United States became the first presidential republic when the
7358:
7598:
224:
1083:
after that of the United States, and the presidential system became the dominant political system in the Americas. Following several decades of
8910:
103:: Executive president is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature
1103:
Following the pattern of other Spanish colonies, the Philippines established the first presidential system in Asia in 1898, but it fell under
9181:
9171:
6810:
6446:
A one-party presidential republic (1960โ1978), military dictatorship (1978โ1992, 2005โ2007, 2008โ2009) semi-presidential republic since 1992.
7237:
6039:
918:
7532:
5537:
9280:
9191:
1244:. The presidential system has no such mechanism, and the legislature has little incentive to appease the president beyond saving face.
826:
9323:
9246:
7711:
6055:
1282:
1037:
6588:
Sundquist, James L. (1997). "The U.S. Presidential System as a Model for the World". In Baaklini, Abdo I.; Desfosses, Helen (eds.).
8807:
8608:
1454:
such as the Netherlands, Sweden and Slovakia forbid members of the legislature from serving in the executive simultaneously, while
4828:
9540:
1127:
4800:
9186:
9127:
8797:
4740:
1171:
6476:
All South Korean constitutions since 1963 provided for a strong executive Presidency; in addition, the formally-authoritarian
7591:
7372:
7103:
1088:
1072:
1053:
914:
20:
9221:
9206:
7008:
7004:"Decision Making in Political Systems: Veto Players in Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, Multicameralism and Multipartyism"
5767:
4807:
4781:
998:
6910:
9201:
9137:
921:, prior to the executive function being split into a separate branch of government. It may also be used by presidents in
217:
7939:
9256:
8905:
6978:
6537:
6186:
9236:
9231:
9211:
9036:
7323:
7256:
Riggs, Fred W. (1997). "Presidentialism versus Parliamentarism: Implications for Representativeness and Legitimacy".
7126:
6114:
5939:
5907:
4847:
4814:
1061:
694:
7551:
9819:
9290:
9226:
8758:
8195:
7584:
6485:
2219:
1197:
The presidential system is defined by the separation of the executive branch from other aspects of government. The
300:
9261:
6142:
6100:
5739:
1438:
1332:
1160:
4796:
9196:
8953:
8641:
8444:
6986:
6822:
6679:
6619:
6601:
4785:
1298:
1278:
1057:
819:
689:
467:
315:
210:
1021:. Additional executive officials such as constables and messengers were then appointed. At the same time, the
9867:
9600:
9454:
9316:
9107:
8575:
7506:
7392:
7364:
1131:
1111:. The presidential system was restored after the United States granted the Philippines independence in 1946.
704:
3895:
9216:
8772:
8697:
8630:
8449:
8175:
7119:
Government in America: People, Politics, and Policy, AP* Edition โ 2016 Presidential Election, 17th Edition
6405:
6345:
6337:
6295:
856:
453:
285:
256:
9872:
9683:
9241:
9122:
9003:
8883:
8702:
8597:
7706:
7003:
6840:
6206:
1351:
1166:
The presidential system continues to be adopted in the 21st century. Following its independence in 2011,
1104:
1010:
757:
113:: Head of government (president or directory) is elected by the legislature, but is not accountable to it
9852:
9155:
9117:
8948:
8707:
8586:
6869:
6366:
6275:
6263:
6238:
6230:
6166:
1362:" where legislators are moved between portfolios, whereas in presidential system cabinets (such as the
1002:
290:
261:
100:
8722:
6488:, nominally counterbalanced by a vote of no confidence. Both of these provisions were retained by the
1354:, extremist parties can theoretically use the threat of leaving a coalition to further their agendas.
9708:
9660:
9250:
8674:
7866:
7655:
1119:
895:
812:
417:
9807:
9703:
9512:
9459:
9309:
9102:
8652:
8085:
7891:
7147:
6814:
6567:
Vile, M. J. (1967). The separation of powers. In: Greene, J. P., & Pole, J. R. (Eds.). (2008).
6481:
6464:
6409:
6210:
6190:
6170:
5424:
2021:
1467:
1108:
922:
872:
532:
422:
7299:"Conceptual homogenization of a heterogeneous field: Presidentialism in comparative perspective".
7235:
Sargentich, Thomas O. (1993). "The Presidential and Parliamentary Models of National Government".
9404:
8993:
8933:
8858:
8150:
7675:
7397:
6493:
6489:
6389:
6279:
5480:
4821:
4774:
1491:
462:
135:
50:
6930:
Adar, Sinem; Seufert, Gรผnter (2021). "Turkey's Presidential System after Two and a Half Years".
168:: Committee of military leaders controls the government; constitutional provisions are suspended
9862:
9439:
7944:
7881:
7876:
7533:"The Executive Authorities and the Legislature in the Political Structure of the Hong Kong SAR"
7183:
6755:
6421:
6393:
6308:
6291:
6242:
6020:
1823:
1346:
1152:
1014:
926:
891:
860:
699:
641:
587:
175:
125:
60:
9552:
9495:
9389:
9374:
8998:
8958:
8822:
8787:
8754:
8557:
8055:
7791:
7557:
6915:
6460:
6271:
6259:
6234:
3823:
1363:
1241:
519:
352:
1312:
famously wrote "how is the schoolmaster, the nation, to know which boy needs the whipping?"
9535:
9053:
8988:
8888:
8190:
7851:
7423:"Neopatrimonialism and Democracy: An Empirical Investigation of Africa's Political Regimes"
6718:
6381:
6202:
6182:
4525:
1192:
1018:
961:
899:
868:
629:
500:
490:
475:
402:
320:
39:
8:
9857:
9788:
9557:
9545:
9502:
9112:
9070:
9024:
8938:
8878:
8619:
8235:
8060:
7934:
7871:
6753:
Ker-Lindsay, James (2006). "Presidential Power and Authority in the Republic of Cyprus".
6477:
6267:
6162:
4417:
2813:
1471:
1326:
1289:
1268:
741:
651:
505:
357:
295:
6888:
Diehl, Katharina; van der Horst, Judith (2013). "The New Electoral Law in South Sudan".
1437:
short-term backlash. Thus defenders of presidential systems hold that sometimes what is
944:, with 17 of its 22 sovereign states being presidential republics, the exceptions being
9753:
9092:
9080:
9075:
9031:
8981:
8838:
8817:
8812:
8346:
8165:
8090:
7861:
7650:
7640:
7448:
7281:
7273:
7176:
7025:
6772:
6735:
6698:
6655:
6504:
An interim constitution passed in 1995 removed the President's ability to dissolve the
6025:
5014:
3660:
3641:
2273:
1475:
1455:
1451:
1417:
1211:
1198:
1092:
1041:
981:
977:
957:
949:
945:
864:
852:
848:
779:
372:
81:
Head of government (president) is popularly elected and independent of the legislature
902:, where the head of government comes to power by gaining the confidence of an elected
9847:
9655:
9635:
9580:
9132:
9087:
9063:
9046:
8943:
8928:
8898:
8893:
8843:
8511:
8474:
8405:
8356:
8230:
7959:
7670:
7452:
7368:
7319:
7285:
7122:
6982:
6818:
6776:
6702:
6659:
6597:
6533:
6349:
6341:
6333:
5856:
5450:
2507:
2345:
1305:
1255:
1224:
1118:
established presidential systems in two countries. After the United States ended the
1065:
774:
448:
310:
305:
266:
239:
145:
7029:
6739:
6554:
898:
the president except in extraordinary cases. A presidential system contrasts with a
19:"Presidential Republic" redirects here. For the period in the history of Chile, see
9715:
9562:
9530:
9507:
9343:
9097:
9058:
9019:
8521:
8376:
8065:
8045:
7979:
7949:
7924:
7886:
7665:
7479:
7438:
7430:
7265:
7156:
7045:
7017:
6849:
6764:
6727:
6688:
6647:
5925:
5911:
3697:
1272:
1233:
1084:
1026:
1009:, established a system that utilized an independent executive branch. Each year, a
953:
724:
480:
334:
7558:
Presidential Control of High Courts in Latin America: A Long-term View (1904-2006)
1474:. The legislature may have oversight of some of the president's decisions through
9778:
9768:
9725:
9675:
9625:
9620:
9615:
9485:
9480:
9424:
9414:
9353:
9348:
9041:
8976:
8848:
8361:
8115:
8095:
8050:
7836:
6945:
6456:
6370:
5871:
4057:
3569:
1359:
1264:
1260:
1006:
934:
802:
784:
609:
594:
155:
44:
Head of government is elected or nominated by and accountable to the legislature
1466:
The presidential system and the parliamentary system can also be blended into a
1210:
crimes, authority over foreign policy, authority to command the military as the
9763:
9732:
9720:
9688:
9630:
9595:
9590:
9522:
9384:
9379:
9332:
8853:
8792:
8782:
8777:
8531:
8526:
8410:
8180:
8105:
8009:
7974:
7625:
7354:
7269:
6853:
6617:
McCarthy, Daniel J. (1987). "James Wilson and the Creation of the Presidency".
6505:
6255:
5673:
4543:
2201:
1482:
may allow the legislature to remove the president under drastic circumstances.
1459:
1428:
1405:
1313:
1309:
1137:
1030:
965:
680:
599:
553:
495:
165:
7484:
7467:
7021:
6768:
6693:
6674:
9841:
9773:
9698:
9650:
9475:
9434:
9429:
9409:
9399:
8552:
8160:
8019:
7811:
7741:
7645:
7468:"Maximizing the Reliability of Cross-National Measures of Presidential Power"
6353:
6329:
6226:
6086:
5302:
4561:
2615:
1421:
1228:
1141:
1076:
1022:
882:. In a presidential system, the head of government is directly or indirectly
879:
604:
582:
557:
387:
90:
9758:
9693:
9645:
9640:
9572:
9449:
9444:
8562:
8371:
8276:
8140:
7969:
7954:
7680:
7388:
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but repealed upon the transition to democracy and the establishment of the
6385:
6377:
6374:
6325:
6223:
5630:
5533:
5289:
4471:
4111:
3985:
3913:
1895:
1433:
1156:
1115:
1080:
973:
940:
The presidential system is the dominant form of government in the mainland
367:
7576:
7422:
7160:
6731:
6651:
1040:
in 1787. Drawing inspiration from the previous colonial governments, from
1036:
The first true presidential system was developed during the United States
9610:
9585:
9419:
9369:
8536:
8469:
8286:
8205:
7989:
7964:
7914:
7826:
7786:
7781:
7761:
7756:
7746:
7731:
7726:
7434:
6072:
5686:
5551:
5463:
5235:
5040:
4255:
4147:
4129:
3751:
3551:
3479:
3461:
2867:
2327:
1517:
1479:
1167:
1123:
1049:
976:. By contrast, there are very few presidential republics in Europe, with
969:
903:
887:
671:
636:
539:
527:
392:
7360:
Bad for Democracy: How the Presidency Undermines the Power of the People
6638:
Sondrol, Paul (2005). "The Presidentialist Tradition in Latin America".
797:
9783:
9665:
9605:
9394:
8752:
8291:
8220:
8110:
8029:
8014:
7994:
7806:
7776:
7766:
7736:
7611:
7277:
5978:
5951:
5793:
5779:
5577:
5494:
5262:
5248:
5053:
4988:
4788: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4597:
4381:
4363:
4309:
4093:
3967:
3407:
3371:
3281:
3173:
3155:
3011:
2939:
2129:
2003:
1697:
1661:
1371:
1045:
761:
751:
746:
485:
347:
32:
7443:
6716:
Valenzuela, Arturo (2004). "Latin American Presidencies Interrupted".
1056:
developed what is now known as the presidential system. Most notably,
937:, whether popularly elected or not, are also often called presidents.
26:
8495:
8415:
8334:
8309:
8271:
8200:
8075:
7984:
7919:
7844:
7831:
7816:
7801:
7771:
7751:
7065:
6867:
Hale, Henry E. (2012). "Two Decades of Post-Soviet Regime Dynamics".
6593:
6590:
Designs for Democratic Stability: Studies in Viable Constitutionalism
5706:
5328:
5170:
5105:
5079:
4897:
4633:
4183:
4003:
3497:
3299:
3137:
2759:
2687:
2579:
1625:
1589:
1294:
1214:, and authority over advisors and employees of the executive branch.
646:
544:
427:
382:
362:
121:
6946:"Turkey elections: How powerful will the next Turkish president be?"
4763:
1293:
switches to a different party at the next election. Critics such as
8459:
8215:
8070:
8004:
7929:
7896:
7796:
7685:
7607:
6005:
5590:
5437:
5411:
5384:
5354:
5222:
5144:
5092:
4962:
4723:
4705:
4345:
4327:
4219:
4039:
4021:
3787:
3715:
3623:
3353:
3227:
3209:
2669:
2417:
2399:
2255:
2093:
1967:
1949:
1877:
1841:
1715:
941:
930:
883:
769:
729:
412:
397:
377:
246:
201:
9301:
5654:
4869:
4753:
9748:
8802:
8501:
8266:
8225:
8170:
8145:
7999:
7821:
7721:
6838:
Shuster, Donald R. (1983). "Elections in the Republic of Palau".
6128:
5842:
5753:
5616:
5520:
5398:
5315:
5183:
5118:
5027:
4975:
4923:
4651:
4615:
4579:
4507:
4435:
4075:
3931:
3841:
3533:
3425:
3389:
3335:
3101:
3083:
3065:
2885:
2723:
2705:
2525:
2453:
2381:
2363:
2291:
2237:
2147:
2111:
1931:
1913:
1805:
1751:
1733:
1679:
1643:
1607:
1553:
1535:
684:
342:
193:
4863:
List of countries by system of government ยง Presidential systems
8506:
8341:
8296:
7635:
7630:
6051:
5889:
5807:
5644:
5507:
5364:
5341:
5276:
5209:
5157:
5131:
5001:
4936:
4884:
4750:, where the national government uses the parliamentary system.
4687:
4489:
4453:
4291:
4237:
3949:
3877:
3859:
3769:
3679:
3587:
3317:
3191:
3047:
2993:
2975:
2921:
2831:
2633:
2597:
2561:
2471:
2183:
1985:
1859:
1787:
1571:
1271:
were constrained by the need to maintain the confidence of the
1207:
997:
The presidential system has its roots in the governance of the
734:
676:
574:
6807:
Who Rules Iran? The Structure of Power in the Islamic Republic
1427:
The president's status is sometimes the subject of criticism.
158:: Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party
7563:
5991:
5903:
5719:
5564:
5476:
5196:
5066:
4949:
4910:
4747:
4669:
4273:
4201:
4165:
3805:
3515:
3443:
3263:
3119:
2957:
2903:
2849:
2741:
2651:
2543:
2489:
2309:
2075:
2057:
1769:
1071:
During the 1810s and 1820s, Spanish colonies in the Americas
7043:
Schlesinger, Arthur (1974). "No Way to Curb the Executive".
9490:
5964:
5828:
5603:
4399:
3733:
3605:
3245:
3029:
2795:
2777:
2435:
2165:
2039:
1203:
1148:
929:, largely ceremonial in most cases, are called presidents.
6307:
De facto Presidential system in 1948โ1991 under a de jure
6229:
in 1990โ1991, Soviet age and after independence, it was a
1075:, and several new Spanish-speaking governments emerged in
1001:
of the 17th century in what is now the United States. The
184: Dependent territories and places without governments
138:: Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power
8302:
6463:(1974โ1993, 1996โ1999, 1999, 2010โ2011, 2023-present), a
1017:, as well as several assistants, analogous to modern day
7560:, in Journal of Politics in Latin America, Hamburg 2009.
1068:
became the first president under a presidential system.
6911:"Turkey's new presidential system and a changing west"
6373:
in 1918โ1930, a presidential republic in 1930โ1933, a
1411:
1033:
served as an executive leader similar to a president.
1317:
decisions of which others will suffer the effects".
1236:
is not as strictly enforced in presidential systems.
1151:
following constitutional reform in 1989 in which the
178:: No constitutionally defined basis to current regime
7145:
Linz, Juan (1990). "The perils of presidentialism".
6313:
Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion
1416:
In many cases, the president is elected as both the
7301:Comparing Nations: Concepts, Strategies, Substance
7175:
6891:Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America
6887:
1439:wisest may not always be the most popular decision
1404:a transfer of power in the event of an emergency.
1247:
1170:adopted a presidential system. In 2018, after the
878:This head of government is in most cases also the
71:Parliamentary republic with an executive president
8813:Cabinet department / Office of the prime minister
6975:Presidential Institutions and Democratic Politics
6484:established a presidential power to dissolve the
1281:, who advocated for a presidential system at the
128:holds significant executive and legislative power
9839:
7116:
6459:presidential republic (1960โ1974, 1989โ1993), a
5725:
1387:
5655:Presidential system in administrative divisions
4870:Presidential republics without a prime minister
4754:States with a presidential system of government
894:to the legislature, and the legislature cannot
7420:
7178:Constitutional Reform and Effective Government
7062:Intra-Party Politics and Coalition Governments
6972:
6640:International Journal of Public Administration
1288:Conversely, a presidential system can produce
992:
909:Not all presidential systems use the title of
9317:
8738:
8664:Autonomous types of first-tier administration
7592:
7421:Sigman, Rachel; Lindberg, Staffan I. (2017).
7393:"Why cult of presidency is bad for democracy"
7190:
6908:
6811:The Washington Institute for Near East Policy
1025:underwent a brief period of republicanism as
820:
218:
7552:The Great Debate: Parliament versus Congress
7381:
7316:How Democratic Is the American Constitution?
7238:American University International Law Review
7117:George, Edwards; Warrenberg, Martin (2016).
7059:
5365:Presidential republics with a prime minister
5361:Non-UN members or observers are in italics.
7606:
7347:
7042:
6929:
6789:
6752:
6583:
6581:
6579:
6577:
6298:in 1975โ1991, and parliamentary since 1991.
5650:Non-UN members or observers are in italics.
199:
191:
9324:
9310:
8859:Assistant minister/Parliamentary secretary
8745:
8731:
7599:
7585:
7465:
7234:
7208:
7206:
6715:
6672:
6467:republic (1993โ1996, 1999โ2010, 2011โ2023)
4734:
1485:
871:. This system was first introduced in the
827:
813:
225:
211:
7483:
7442:
7173:
7102:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFYoo2019 (
6692:
6587:
5862:
4848:Learn how and when to remove this message
1320:
7556:Castagnola, Andrea/Pรฉrez-Liรฑรกn, Anรญbal:
7416:
7414:
7121:. Pearson Higher Education. p. 16.
7001:
6616:
6574:
6011:
1345:confidence vote, Italy, Israel, and the
1174:, Turkey adopted a presidential system.
25:
7203:
7182:. Brookings Institution Press. p.
7078:
6837:
6637:
6209:are elected directly by the people via
6189:are elected directly by the people via
6169:are elected directly by the people via
5693:Special administrative regions of China
1444:
1186:
9840:
7387:
7353:
7258:International Political Science Review
6804:
6790:Heath-Brown, Nick (2015). "Maldives".
6569:A companion to the American Revolution
6528:"Varieties of public representation".
4741:State governments of the United States
1456:Westminster-type parliamentary systems
1217:
1172:2017 Turkish constitutional referendum
31:World's states coloured by systems of
9305:
8726:
7580:
7567:
7500:"CONSTITUIรรO DA REPรBLICA DE ANGOLA"
7411:
7255:
7230:
7228:
7226:
7224:
7140:
7138:
6968:
6966:
6909:Kiriลci, Kemal; Toygรผr, Ilke (2019).
1098:
1091:the presidential system in 1889 with
915:President of the Continental Congress
9814:
7530:
7472:British Journal of Political Science
7466:Doyle, David; Elgie, Robert (2016).
7313:
7144:
7009:British Journal of Political Science
6866:
6532:. Cambridge University Press. 2010.
4786:adding citations to reliable sources
4757:
1263:argued that British prime ministers
1005:, permitted to govern themselves in
9331:
8818:Speaker / President of the assembly
7338:
7212:
7097:
6552:
1412:Head of government as head of state
1240:parliament then it is considered a
13:
8906:International development minister
7221:
7135:
7110:
6979:The Johns Hopkins University Press
6963:
6675:"Presidentialism in Latin America"
6428:), and presidential again in 2021.
14:
9884:
9281:Government ministers by portfolio
9037:Ministry of Education and Culture
7545:
6932:Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik
6555:"Plymouth Colony Legal Structure"
5660:Dependencies of the United States
1366:), cabinet shuffles are unusual.
1062:Constitution of the United States
695:Biology and political orientation
21:Presidential Republic (1925โ1973)
9813:
9802:
9801:
9286:
9285:
9275:
9274:
6571:, Ch. 87. John Wiley & Sons.
6135:
6121:
6107:
6093:
6079:
6065:
6044:
6032:
6013:
6008:(1958โ1973,1978โ1985, 2001โ2002)
5998:
5985:
5971:
5958:
5944:
5932:
5918:
5896:
5882:
5864:
5849:
5835:
5821:
5800:
5786:
5772:
5760:
5746:
5732:
5712:
5699:
5679:
5666:
5637:
5623:
5609:
5596:
5583:
5570:
5557:
5544:
5526:
5513:
5500:
5487:
5469:
5456:
5443:
5430:
5417:
5404:
5391:
5377:
5347:
5334:
5321:
5308:
5295:
5282:
5269:
5255:
5241:
5228:
5215:
5202:
5189:
5176:
5163:
5150:
5137:
5124:
5111:
5098:
5085:
5072:
5059:
5046:
5033:
5020:
5007:
4994:
4981:
4968:
4955:
4942:
4929:
4916:
4903:
4890:
4877:
4861:This section is an excerpt from
4762:
4716:
4698:
4680:
4662:
4644:
4626:
4608:
4590:
4572:
4554:
4536:
4518:
4500:
4482:
4464:
4446:
4428:
4410:
4392:
4374:
4356:
4338:
4320:
4302:
4284:
4266:
4248:
4230:
4212:
4194:
4176:
4158:
4140:
4122:
4104:
4086:
4068:
4050:
4032:
4014:
3996:
3978:
3960:
3942:
3924:
3906:
3888:
3870:
3852:
3834:
3816:
3798:
3780:
3762:
3744:
3726:
3708:
3690:
3672:
3653:
3634:
3616:
3598:
3580:
3562:
3544:
3526:
3508:
3490:
3472:
3454:
3436:
3418:
3400:
3382:
3364:
3346:
3328:
3310:
3292:
3274:
3256:
3238:
3220:
3202:
3184:
3166:
3148:
3130:
3112:
3094:
3076:
3058:
3040:
3022:
3004:
2986:
2968:
2950:
2932:
2914:
2896:
2878:
2860:
2842:
2824:
2806:
2788:
2770:
2752:
2734:
2716:
2698:
2680:
2662:
2644:
2626:
2608:
2590:
2572:
2554:
2536:
2518:
2500:
2482:
2464:
2446:
2428:
2410:
2392:
2374:
2356:
2338:
2320:
2302:
2284:
2266:
2248:
2230:
2220:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2212:
2194:
2176:
2158:
2140:
2122:
2104:
2086:
2068:
2050:
2032:
2014:
1996:
1978:
1960:
1942:
1924:
1906:
1888:
1870:
1852:
1834:
1816:
1798:
1780:
1762:
1744:
1726:
1708:
1690:
1672:
1654:
1636:
1618:
1600:
1582:
1564:
1546:
1528:
1510:
1079:. These countries modeled their
1044:, and from philosophers such as
796:
8609:Social and political philosophy
7524:
7492:
7459:
7332:
7307:
7292:
7249:
7167:
7091:
7072:
7053:
7036:
6995:
6938:
6923:
6902:
6881:
6860:
6831:
6798:
6783:
6498:
6470:
6449:
6440:
6431:
6399:
6359:
6318:
6301:
6285:
6248:
6216:
6196:
6176:
6156:
5740:Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
4773:needs additional citations for
1504:Presidentialism Index for 2021
1452:dualistic parliamentary systems
1393:some countries, presidents are
1248:Efficiencies and inefficiencies
198:systems of government, not the
8954:Ministry of trade and industry
8445:Political history of the world
7568:
7531:Chen, Albert Hung Yee (n.d.).
6746:
6709:
6680:Latin American Research Review
6666:
6631:
6620:Presidential Studies Quarterly
6610:
6561:
6546:
6521:
1339:
855:, typically with the title of
690:Theories of political behavior
316:Political history of the world
1:
9601:Needle and syringe programmes
9455:Universal access to education
9108:Ministry of religious affairs
7365:University of Minnesota Press
6973:von Mettenheim, Kurt (1997).
6792:The Statesman's Yearbook 2016
6515:
6490:Fifth Republic's constitution
5726:Former presidential republics
1388:Limited mechanisms of removal
1064:came into force in 1789, and
705:Critique of political economy
148:: Monarch has unlimited power
111:Assembly-independent republic
8450:History of political thought
1120:Japanese occupation of Korea
286:Outline of political science
136:Semi-constitutional monarchy
7:
9684:Publicly funded health care
9123:Ministry of social security
9004:Ministry of water resources
8884:Ministry of foreign affairs
8753:Common types of government
7427:V-Dem Working Paper 2017:56
1352:proportional representation
1177:
993:Development in the Americas
86: Presidential republic
63:with a ceremonial president
10:
9889:
9156:Minister without portfolio
9118:Ministry of social affairs
8949:Ministry of infrastructure
7363:. Minneapolis, Minnesota:
7270:10.1177/019251297018003003
6854:10.1177/003231878303500108
6673:Mainwaring, Scott (1990).
6367:semi-presidential republic
6276:semi-presidential republic
6264:semi-presidential republic
6239:semi-presidential republic
6231:semi-presidential republic
4860:
4738:
1324:
1190:
987:
964:. It is also prevalent in
863:that is separate from the
291:Index of politics articles
101:Semi-presidential republic
18:
9797:
9741:
9709:National health insurance
9674:
9661:Supervised injection site
9571:
9521:
9468:
9362:
9339:
9270:
9207:Communications ministries
9164:
9148:
9012:
8967:
8919:
8867:
8831:
8765:
8693:
8686:
8545:
8487:
8435:
8428:
8396:
8389:
8329:
8322:
8257:
8248:
8131:
8124:
8038:
7907:
7694:
7656:National unity government
7618:
7574:
7485:10.1017/S0007123414000465
7339:Balfour. "Introduction".
7318:. Yale University Press.
7174:Sundquist, James (1992).
7079:Kennedy, John F. (1940).
7022:10.1017/S0007123400007225
7002:Tsebelis, George (1995).
6805:Buchta, Wilfried (2000).
6769:10.1080/13629390500490379
6694:10.1017/S0023879100023256
1478:, and mechanisms such as
1283:constitutional convention
1038:Constitutional Convention
984:being the only examples.
923:semi-presidential systems
53:with a ceremonial monarch
9704:Single-payer health care
9513:Universal basic services
9460:Universal basic services
9202:Climate change ministers
9103:Ministry of home affairs
8086:Environmental regulation
7892:Representative democracy
7341:The English Constitution
7314:Dahl, Robert A. (2001).
7215:The English Constitution
7213:Balfour. "The Cabinet".
7198:Congressional Government
7148:The Journal of Democracy
6815:Konrad Adenauer Stiftung
6530:Political Representation
6328:and after independence,
6211:double simultaneous vote
6191:double simultaneous vote
6171:double simultaneous vote
6149:
5425:Central African Republic
4562:United States of America
2022:Central African Republic
1468:semi-presidential system
1259:, future U.S. president
9405:Public good (economics)
9291:Ministries by portfolio
9262:Public works ministries
8994:Ministry of electricity
8934:Ministry of the economy
8808:Office of the president
8151:Uncodified constitution
7676:Administrative division
7398:San Francisco Chronicle
6280:hereditary dictatorship
5481:Prime Cabinet Secretary
4735:Subnational governments
1492:V-Dem Democracy indices
1486:Presidentialism metrics
1395:subject to term limits.
927:parliamentary republics
845:single executive system
700:Political organisations
463:International relations
301:Politics by subdivision
51:Constitutional monarchy
9227:Environment ministries
9197:Agriculture ministries
9192:Presidents of assembly
9187:Deputy prime ministers
6756:Mediterranean Politics
6553:Fennell, Christopher.
6394:parliamentary republic
6309:parliamentary republic
6243:parliamentary republic
5994:(1960โ1974, 1989โ1993)
5859:(1995โ2004; 2005โ2011)
5782:(1990โ1991, 1992โ2016)
1824:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1381:
1347:French Fourth Republic
1321:Presidential elections
232:
200:
192:
190:this chart represents
176:Provisional government
61:Parliamentary republic
9553:Public infrastructure
9390:Public administration
9375:Free-culture movement
9222:Environment ministers
9128:Minister for Veterans
8999:Ministry of Petroleum
8959:Ministry of transport
8798:Deputy First Minister
8788:Deputy prime minister
8642:aspects of capitalism
8558:History of philosophy
8056:Unemployment benefits
7792:Military dictatorship
7161:10.1353/jod.2005.0026
6732:10.1353/jod.2004.0075
6652:10.1081/PAD-200055210
6461:military dictatorship
6272:presidential republic
6260:presidential republic
6235:presidential republic
4797:"Presidential system"
3896:Sao Tome and Principe
3824:Republic of the Congo
1376:
1364:United States Cabinet
1242:vote of no confidence
780:Political campaigning
520:Public administration
353:Collective leadership
206:degree of democracy.
40:Parliamentary systems
29:
9868:Separation of powers
9217:Education ministries
9054:Information minister
8989:Environment minister
8889:Immigration minister
8576:Political ideologies
7852:Parliamentary system
7435:10.2139/ssrn.3066654
7200:(1885), pp. 186โ187.
6719:Journal of Democracy
6557:. Histarch.uiuc.edu.
6382:parliamentary system
4782:improve this article
4526:United Arab Emirates
1445:Comparative politics
1227:, former British MP
1193:Separation of powers
1187:Separation of powers
1109:SpanishโAmerican War
1015:colonial legislature
925:. Heads of state of
900:parliamentary system
869:separation of powers
867:in systems that use
630:Separation of powers
501:Political psychology
476:Comparative politics
454:political scientists
441:Academic disciplines
321:Political philosophy
9789:Public viewing area
9558:Public water system
9546:Municipal broadband
9503:Public broadcasting
9113:Ministry of science
9071:Ministry of justice
9064:Ministry of housing
9025:Ministry of culture
8939:Ministry of finance
8879:Ministry of defence
8698:Forms of government
8631:Conservatism navbox
8236:Legislative council
8061:National healthcare
7935:Christian democracy
7857:Presidential system
7712:Countries by system
7391:(August 22, 2008).
6478:Yushin Constitution
6392:in 1945โ1949 and a
6390:military occupation
6274:in 1992โ2016 and a
6241:in 2013โ2018 and a
4418:Trinidad and Tobago
1472:checks and balances
1327:Fixed-term election
1269:Neville Chamberlain
1218:Checks and balances
1073:sought independence
1029:, during which the
919:early United States
841:presidential system
803:Politics portal
652:Election commission
623:Government branches
506:Political sociology
358:Confessional system
296:Politics by country
77:Presidential system
9873:Types of democracy
9754:Government auction
9440:Public procurement
9257:Interior ministers
9138:Minister for women
9093:Ministry of sports
9081:Ministry of labour
9076:Minister of labour
9047:Ministry of health
9032:Education minister
8982:Ministry of energy
8839:Secretary of state
8703:Types of democracy
8598:Political spectrum
8211:Legislative bodies
8166:Head of government
8091:Banking regulation
7651:Federal government
7641:Central government
6596:. pp. 53โ72.
6384:in 1933โ1945 as a
5015:Dominican Republic
2274:Dominican Republic
1476:advice and consent
1418:head of government
1212:Commander-in-chief
1199:head of government
1099:As a global system
1093:Deodoro da Fonseca
1042:English Common Law
1013:was chosen by the
865:legislative branch
853:head of government
849:form of government
486:Political analysis
418:Semi-parliamentary
233:
16:Form of government
9853:Political systems
9835:
9834:
9829:
9828:
9656:Public university
9636:Public open space
9581:Drinking fountain
9541:Telecommunication
9299:
9298:
9247:Health ministries
9242:Forest ministries
9237:Foreign ministers
9232:Finance ministers
9212:Defence ministers
9133:Ministry of women
9088:Regional minister
8970:natural resources
8944:Industry minister
8929:Commerce minister
8899:Interior ministry
8894:Interior minister
8870:foreign affairs /
8844:Minister of state
8720:
8719:
8716:
8715:
8708:Political parties
8587:Political culture
8512:International law
8483:
8482:
8475:U.S. Constitution
8424:
8423:
8406:Political science
8385:
8384:
8357:Political parties
8318:
8317:
8244:
8243:
7960:Constitutionalism
7671:County government
7374:978-0-8166-5677-6
7085:Wilfred Funk, Inc
7081:Why England Slept
6981:. pp. 2โ15.
6841:Political Science
6486:National Assembly
6465:semi-presidential
6410:Semi-presidential
6352:in 2011โ2019 and
6350:Semi-presidential
6344:in 2004โ2005 and
6342:semi-presidential
6334:semi-presidential
6278:in 2016. Under a
5808:Republic of China
5451:Equatorial Guinea
4858:
4857:
4850:
4832:
4732:
4731:
2346:Equatorial Guinea
1333:electoral college
1306:C. Douglas Dillon
1256:Why England Slept
1225:Watergate scandal
1066:George Washington
837:
836:
785:Political parties
725:Electoral systems
449:Political science
423:Semi-presidential
335:Political systems
311:Political history
306:Political economy
146:Absolute monarchy
9880:
9817:
9816:
9805:
9804:
9716:Social insurance
9563:Waste management
9531:Electric utility
9508:Public transport
9425:Public ownership
9344:Municipalization
9326:
9319:
9312:
9303:
9302:
9289:
9288:
9278:
9277:
9098:Tourism minister
9059:Housing minister
9020:Culture minister
8747:
8740:
8733:
8724:
8723:
8691:
8690:
8679:
8675:World government
8673:
8668:
8662:
8657:
8651:
8646:
8640:
8635:
8629:
8624:
8618:
8613:
8607:
8602:
8596:
8591:
8585:
8580:
8574:
8522:World government
8433:
8432:
8394:
8393:
8377:Environmentalism
8327:
8326:
8255:
8254:
8129:
8128:
8066:Public education
8046:Social insurance
7980:Environmentalism
7950:Communitarianism
7925:Authoritarianism
7887:Direct democracy
7666:Local government
7601:
7594:
7587:
7578:
7577:
7565:
7564:
7540:
7539:
7537:
7528:
7522:
7521:
7519:
7517:
7512:on 28 March 2012
7511:
7505:. Archived from
7504:
7496:
7490:
7489:
7487:
7463:
7457:
7456:
7446:
7418:
7409:
7408:
7406:
7405:
7385:
7379:
7378:
7351:
7345:
7344:
7336:
7330:
7329:
7311:
7305:
7304:
7296:
7290:
7289:
7253:
7247:
7246:
7232:
7219:
7218:
7210:
7201:
7194:
7188:
7187:
7181:
7171:
7165:
7164:
7142:
7133:
7132:
7114:
7108:
7107:
7100:, pp. 55โ57
7095:
7089:
7088:
7076:
7070:
7069:
7057:
7051:
7050:
7046:The New Republic
7040:
7034:
7033:
6999:
6993:
6992:
6970:
6961:
6960:
6958:
6957:
6942:
6936:
6935:
6927:
6921:
6920:
6906:
6900:
6899:
6885:
6879:
6878:
6870:Demokratizatsiya
6864:
6858:
6857:
6835:
6829:
6828:
6802:
6796:
6795:
6787:
6781:
6780:
6750:
6744:
6743:
6713:
6707:
6706:
6696:
6670:
6664:
6663:
6635:
6629:
6628:
6614:
6608:
6607:
6585:
6572:
6565:
6559:
6558:
6550:
6544:
6543:
6525:
6509:
6502:
6496:
6474:
6468:
6453:
6447:
6444:
6438:
6435:
6429:
6403:
6397:
6363:
6357:
6322:
6316:
6305:
6299:
6289:
6283:
6270:in 1991โ1992, a
6262:in 1990โ1991, a
6252:
6246:
6237:in 1998โ2013, a
6233:in 1991โ1998, a
6220:
6214:
6200:
6194:
6180:
6174:
6160:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6127:
6125:
6124:
6113:
6111:
6110:
6099:
6097:
6096:
6085:
6083:
6082:
6071:
6069:
6068:
6050:
6048:
6047:
6038:
6036:
6035:
6023:
6019:
6017:
6016:
6004:
6002:
6001:
5990:
5989:
5988:
5977:
5975:
5974:
5963:
5962:
5961:
5950:
5948:
5947:
5938:
5936:
5935:
5924:
5922:
5921:
5902:
5900:
5899:
5888:
5886:
5885:
5874:
5870:
5868:
5867:
5855:
5853:
5852:
5841:
5839:
5838:
5827:
5825:
5824:
5806:
5804:
5803:
5792:
5790:
5789:
5778:
5776:
5775:
5766:
5764:
5763:
5752:
5750:
5749:
5738:
5736:
5735:
5718:
5716:
5715:
5705:
5703:
5702:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5672:
5670:
5669:
5643:
5641:
5640:
5629:
5627:
5626:
5615:
5613:
5612:
5602:
5600:
5599:
5589:
5587:
5586:
5576:
5574:
5573:
5563:
5561:
5560:
5550:
5548:
5547:
5532:
5530:
5529:
5519:
5517:
5516:
5506:
5504:
5503:
5493:
5491:
5490:
5475:
5473:
5472:
5462:
5460:
5459:
5449:
5447:
5446:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5423:
5421:
5420:
5410:
5408:
5407:
5397:
5395:
5394:
5383:
5381:
5380:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5340:
5338:
5337:
5327:
5325:
5324:
5314:
5312:
5311:
5301:
5299:
5298:
5288:
5286:
5285:
5275:
5273:
5272:
5261:
5259:
5258:
5247:
5245:
5244:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5221:
5219:
5218:
5208:
5206:
5205:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5143:
5141:
5140:
5130:
5128:
5127:
5117:
5115:
5114:
5104:
5102:
5101:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5078:
5076:
5075:
5065:
5063:
5062:
5052:
5050:
5049:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5013:
5011:
5010:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4853:
4846:
4842:
4839:
4833:
4831:
4790:
4766:
4758:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4685:
4684:
4683:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4559:
4558:
4557:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4451:
4450:
4449:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3698:Papua New Guinea
3695:
3694:
3693:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3009:
3008:
3007:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1498:
1497:
1441:and vice versa.
1360:cabinet shuffles
1234:party discipline
1105:American control
1027:the Protectorate
999:British colonies
935:one-party states
861:executive branch
829:
822:
815:
801:
800:
591:
536:
491:Political theory
481:Election science
471:
457:
235:
234:
227:
220:
213:
205:
197:
183:
173:
163:
153:
143:
133:
119:
108:
98:
85:
68:
58:
48:
9888:
9887:
9883:
9882:
9881:
9879:
9878:
9877:
9838:
9837:
9836:
9831:
9830:
9825:
9793:
9779:Public security
9769:Public offering
9737:
9726:Social security
9676:Social services
9670:
9626:Public hospital
9621:Public computer
9616:Public bookcase
9567:
9517:
9486:Law enforcement
9481:Fire department
9464:
9415:Public interest
9358:
9354:Progressive tax
9349:Nationalization
9335:
9333:Public services
9330:
9300:
9295:
9266:
9182:Prime ministers
9177:Vice presidents
9160:
9144:
9042:Health minister
9008:
8977:Energy minister
8969:
8963:
8921:
8915:
8871:
8869:
8863:
8849:Deputy minister
8827:
8761:
8751:
8721:
8712:
8682:
8677:
8671:
8666:
8660:
8655:
8653:Western culture
8649:
8644:
8638:
8633:
8627:
8622:
8616:
8611:
8605:
8600:
8594:
8589:
8583:
8578:
8572:
8541:
8479:
8420:
8401:Fields of study
8381:
8362:Advocacy groups
8314:
8250:
8240:
8120:
8116:Street cleaning
8096:Food inspection
8051:Law enforcement
8034:
7903:
7837:Totalitarianism
7690:
7614:
7605:
7570:
7548:
7543:
7535:
7529:
7525:
7515:
7513:
7509:
7502:
7498:
7497:
7493:
7464:
7460:
7419:
7412:
7403:
7401:
7386:
7382:
7375:
7367:. p. 248.
7355:Nelson, Dana D.
7352:
7348:
7337:
7333:
7326:
7312:
7308:
7303:: 72โ152. 1994.
7298:
7297:
7293:
7254:
7250:
7233:
7222:
7211:
7204:
7195:
7191:
7172:
7168:
7143:
7136:
7129:
7115:
7111:
7101:
7096:
7092:
7077:
7073:
7058:
7054:
7041:
7037:
7000:
6996:
6989:
6971:
6964:
6955:
6953:
6944:
6943:
6939:
6928:
6924:
6907:
6903:
6886:
6882:
6865:
6861:
6836:
6832:
6825:
6803:
6799:
6788:
6784:
6751:
6747:
6714:
6710:
6671:
6667:
6636:
6632:
6615:
6611:
6604:
6586:
6575:
6566:
6562:
6551:
6547:
6540:
6527:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6513:
6512:
6503:
6499:
6482:Fourth Republic
6475:
6471:
6454:
6450:
6445:
6441:
6436:
6432:
6404:
6400:
6371:Weimar Republic
6364:
6360:
6323:
6319:
6306:
6302:
6290:
6286:
6253:
6249:
6221:
6217:
6201:
6197:
6181:
6177:
6161:
6157:
6152:
6136:
6134:
6122:
6120:
6108:
6106:
6094:
6092:
6080:
6078:
6066:
6064:
6045:
6043:
6033:
6031:
6014:
6012:
5999:
5997:
5986:
5984:
5972:
5970:
5959:
5957:
5945:
5943:
5933:
5931:
5919:
5917:
5897:
5895:
5883:
5881:
5865:
5863:
5850:
5848:
5836:
5834:
5822:
5820:
5801:
5799:
5787:
5785:
5773:
5771:
5761:
5759:
5747:
5745:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5713:
5711:
5700:
5698:
5680:
5678:
5667:
5665:
5657:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5638:
5636:
5624:
5622:
5610:
5608:
5597:
5595:
5584:
5582:
5571:
5569:
5558:
5556:
5545:
5543:
5527:
5525:
5514:
5512:
5501:
5499:
5488:
5486:
5470:
5468:
5457:
5455:
5444:
5442:
5431:
5429:
5418:
5416:
5405:
5403:
5392:
5390:
5378:
5376:
5367:
5359:
5348:
5346:
5335:
5333:
5322:
5320:
5309:
5307:
5296:
5294:
5283:
5281:
5270:
5268:
5256:
5254:
5242:
5240:
5229:
5227:
5216:
5214:
5203:
5201:
5190:
5188:
5177:
5175:
5164:
5162:
5151:
5149:
5138:
5136:
5125:
5123:
5112:
5110:
5099:
5097:
5086:
5084:
5073:
5071:
5060:
5058:
5047:
5045:
5034:
5032:
5021:
5019:
5008:
5006:
4995:
4993:
4982:
4980:
4969:
4967:
4956:
4954:
4943:
4941:
4930:
4928:
4917:
4915:
4904:
4902:
4891:
4889:
4878:
4876:
4872:
4866:
4854:
4843:
4837:
4834:
4791:
4789:
4779:
4767:
4756:
4743:
4737:
4717:
4715:
4699:
4697:
4681:
4679:
4663:
4661:
4645:
4643:
4627:
4625:
4609:
4607:
4591:
4589:
4573:
4571:
4555:
4553:
4537:
4535:
4519:
4517:
4501:
4499:
4483:
4481:
4465:
4463:
4447:
4445:
4429:
4427:
4411:
4409:
4393:
4391:
4375:
4373:
4357:
4355:
4339:
4337:
4321:
4319:
4303:
4301:
4285:
4283:
4267:
4265:
4249:
4247:
4231:
4229:
4213:
4211:
4195:
4193:
4177:
4175:
4159:
4157:
4141:
4139:
4123:
4121:
4105:
4103:
4087:
4085:
4069:
4067:
4058:Solomon Islands
4051:
4049:
4033:
4031:
4015:
4013:
3997:
3995:
3979:
3977:
3961:
3959:
3943:
3941:
3925:
3923:
3907:
3905:
3889:
3887:
3871:
3869:
3853:
3851:
3835:
3833:
3817:
3815:
3799:
3797:
3781:
3779:
3763:
3761:
3745:
3743:
3727:
3725:
3709:
3707:
3691:
3689:
3673:
3671:
3654:
3652:
3635:
3633:
3617:
3615:
3599:
3597:
3581:
3579:
3570:North Macedonia
3563:
3561:
3545:
3543:
3527:
3525:
3509:
3507:
3491:
3489:
3473:
3471:
3455:
3453:
3437:
3435:
3419:
3417:
3401:
3399:
3383:
3381:
3365:
3363:
3347:
3345:
3329:
3327:
3311:
3309:
3293:
3291:
3275:
3273:
3257:
3255:
3239:
3237:
3221:
3219:
3203:
3201:
3185:
3183:
3167:
3165:
3149:
3147:
3131:
3129:
3113:
3111:
3095:
3093:
3077:
3075:
3059:
3057:
3041:
3039:
3023:
3021:
3005:
3003:
2987:
2985:
2969:
2967:
2951:
2949:
2933:
2931:
2915:
2913:
2897:
2895:
2879:
2877:
2861:
2859:
2843:
2841:
2825:
2823:
2807:
2805:
2789:
2787:
2771:
2769:
2753:
2751:
2735:
2733:
2717:
2715:
2699:
2697:
2681:
2679:
2663:
2661:
2645:
2643:
2627:
2625:
2609:
2607:
2591:
2589:
2573:
2571:
2555:
2553:
2537:
2535:
2519:
2517:
2501:
2499:
2483:
2481:
2465:
2463:
2447:
2445:
2429:
2427:
2411:
2409:
2393:
2391:
2375:
2373:
2357:
2355:
2339:
2337:
2321:
2319:
2303:
2301:
2285:
2283:
2267:
2265:
2249:
2247:
2231:
2229:
2213:
2211:
2195:
2193:
2177:
2175:
2159:
2157:
2141:
2139:
2123:
2121:
2105:
2103:
2087:
2085:
2069:
2067:
2051:
2049:
2033:
2031:
2015:
2013:
1997:
1995:
1979:
1977:
1961:
1959:
1943:
1941:
1925:
1923:
1907:
1905:
1889:
1887:
1871:
1869:
1853:
1851:
1835:
1833:
1817:
1815:
1799:
1797:
1781:
1779:
1763:
1761:
1745:
1743:
1727:
1725:
1709:
1707:
1691:
1689:
1673:
1671:
1655:
1653:
1637:
1635:
1619:
1617:
1601:
1599:
1583:
1581:
1565:
1563:
1547:
1545:
1529:
1527:
1511:
1509:
1488:
1447:
1414:
1390:
1342:
1329:
1323:
1299:Allende's Chile
1265:Stanley Baldwin
1261:John F. Kennedy
1250:
1220:
1206:, the power to
1195:
1189:
1180:
1101:
1007:Plymouth Colony
995:
990:
833:
795:
790:
789:
720:
719:
710:
709:
667:
666:
657:
656:
625:
624:
615:
614:
610:Public interest
595:Domestic policy
585:
578:
577:
566:
565:
530:
523:
522:
511:
510:
472:
465:
458:
451:
443:
442:
433:
432:
338:
337:
326:
325:
281:
280:
271:
240:Politics series
231:
186:
185:
181:
179:
171:
169:
161:
159:
156:One-party state
151:
149:
141:
139:
131:
129:
117:
115:
114:
106:
104:
96:
88:
87:
83:
74:
73:
66:
64:
56:
54:
46:
37:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9886:
9876:
9875:
9870:
9865:
9860:
9855:
9850:
9833:
9832:
9827:
9826:
9824:
9823:
9811:
9798:
9795:
9794:
9792:
9791:
9786:
9781:
9776:
9771:
9766:
9764:Public holiday
9761:
9756:
9751:
9745:
9743:
9739:
9738:
9736:
9735:
9733:Youth services
9730:
9729:
9728:
9723:
9721:Social pension
9713:
9712:
9711:
9701:
9696:
9691:
9689:Public housing
9686:
9680:
9678:
9672:
9671:
9669:
9668:
9663:
9658:
9653:
9648:
9643:
9638:
9633:
9631:Public library
9628:
9623:
9618:
9613:
9608:
9603:
9598:
9596:Infrastructure
9593:
9591:Free education
9588:
9583:
9577:
9575:
9569:
9568:
9566:
9565:
9560:
9555:
9550:
9549:
9548:
9538:
9533:
9527:
9525:
9523:Public utility
9519:
9518:
9516:
9515:
9510:
9505:
9500:
9499:
9498:
9496:Savings system
9491:Postal service
9488:
9483:
9478:
9472:
9470:
9469:Basic services
9466:
9465:
9463:
9462:
9457:
9452:
9447:
9442:
9437:
9432:
9427:
9422:
9417:
9412:
9407:
9402:
9397:
9392:
9387:
9385:Product sample
9382:
9380:Free newspaper
9377:
9372:
9366:
9364:
9360:
9359:
9357:
9356:
9351:
9346:
9340:
9337:
9336:
9329:
9328:
9321:
9314:
9306:
9297:
9296:
9294:
9293:
9283:
9271:
9268:
9267:
9265:
9264:
9259:
9254:
9244:
9239:
9234:
9229:
9224:
9219:
9214:
9209:
9204:
9199:
9194:
9189:
9184:
9179:
9174:
9168:
9166:
9162:
9161:
9159:
9158:
9152:
9150:
9146:
9145:
9143:
9142:
9141:
9140:
9130:
9125:
9120:
9115:
9110:
9105:
9100:
9095:
9090:
9085:
9084:
9083:
9073:
9068:
9067:
9066:
9056:
9051:
9050:
9049:
9039:
9034:
9029:
9028:
9027:
9016:
9014:
9010:
9009:
9007:
9006:
9001:
8996:
8991:
8986:
8985:
8984:
8973:
8971:
8968:Environment /
8965:
8964:
8962:
8961:
8956:
8951:
8946:
8941:
8936:
8931:
8925:
8923:
8922:infrastructure
8917:
8916:
8914:
8913:
8908:
8903:
8902:
8901:
8891:
8886:
8881:
8875:
8873:
8865:
8864:
8862:
8861:
8856:
8854:Undersecretary
8851:
8846:
8841:
8835:
8833:
8829:
8828:
8826:
8825:
8820:
8815:
8810:
8805:
8800:
8795:
8793:First minister
8790:
8785:
8783:Prime minister
8780:
8778:Vice president
8775:
8769:
8767:
8763:
8762:
8750:
8749:
8742:
8735:
8727:
8718:
8717:
8714:
8713:
8711:
8710:
8705:
8700:
8694:
8688:
8684:
8683:
8681:
8680:
8669:
8658:
8647:
8636:
8625:
8614:
8603:
8592:
8581:
8570:
8565:
8560:
8555:
8549:
8547:
8543:
8542:
8540:
8539:
8534:
8532:European Union
8529:
8527:United Nations
8524:
8519:
8514:
8509:
8504:
8499:
8491:
8489:
8485:
8484:
8481:
8480:
8478:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8436:
8430:
8426:
8425:
8422:
8421:
8419:
8418:
8413:
8411:Urban planning
8408:
8403:
8397:
8391:
8387:
8386:
8383:
8382:
8380:
8379:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8354:
8349:
8344:
8339:
8330:
8324:
8320:
8319:
8316:
8315:
8313:
8312:
8307:
8299:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8269:
8264:
8258:
8252:
8246:
8245:
8242:
8241:
8239:
8238:
8233:
8228:
8223:
8218:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8181:Prime minister
8178:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8158:
8153:
8148:
8143:
8138:
8132:
8126:
8122:
8121:
8119:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8106:Traffic lights
8103:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8042:
8040:
8036:
8035:
8033:
8032:
8027:
8025:Theoreticians:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8010:Fundamentalism
8007:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7975:Egalitarianism
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7911:
7909:
7905:
7904:
7902:
7901:
7900:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7854:
7849:
7840:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7698:
7696:
7692:
7691:
7689:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7622:
7620:
7616:
7615:
7604:
7603:
7596:
7589:
7581:
7575:
7572:
7571:
7562:
7561:
7554:
7547:
7546:External links
7544:
7542:
7541:
7523:
7491:
7478:(4): 731โ741.
7458:
7410:
7380:
7373:
7346:
7331:
7324:
7306:
7291:
7248:
7220:
7202:
7189:
7166:
7134:
7127:
7109:
7090:
7071:
7052:
7035:
7016:(3): 289โ325.
6994:
6987:
6962:
6937:
6922:
6901:
6880:
6859:
6830:
6823:
6817:. p. 22.
6797:
6782:
6745:
6708:
6665:
6646:(5): 517โ530.
6630:
6609:
6602:
6573:
6560:
6545:
6539:978-0521128650
6538:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6511:
6510:
6506:Verkhovna Rada
6497:
6494:Sixth Republic
6469:
6448:
6439:
6430:
6424:in 2010โ2021 (
6416:); 1993โ2021 (
6412:in 1993โ2010 (
6408:in 1990โ1993,
6398:
6358:
6340:in 1995โ2004,
6336:in 1991โ1995,
6332:in 1990โ1991,
6317:
6300:
6294:in 1972โ1975,
6284:
6256:Azerbaijan SSR
6247:
6215:
6195:
6175:
6154:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6147:
6146:
6132:
6118:
6104:
6090:
6076:
6062:
6029:
6009:
5995:
5982:
5968:
5955:
5929:
5915:
5893:
5879:
5860:
5846:
5832:
5818:
5797:
5783:
5768:Azerbaijan SSR
5757:
5743:
5727:
5724:
5723:
5722:
5709:
5690:
5689:
5676:
5674:American Samoa
5656:
5653:
5648:
5647:
5634:
5619:
5606:
5593:
5580:
5567:
5554:
5541:
5538:Chief minister
5523:
5510:
5497:
5484:
5466:
5453:
5440:
5427:
5414:
5401:
5388:
5372:
5366:
5363:
5358:
5357:
5344:
5331:
5318:
5305:
5292:
5279:
5266:
5251:
5238:
5225:
5212:
5199:
5186:
5173:
5160:
5147:
5134:
5121:
5108:
5095:
5082:
5069:
5056:
5043:
5030:
5017:
5004:
4991:
4978:
4965:
4952:
4939:
4926:
4913:
4900:
4887:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4770:
4768:
4761:
4755:
4752:
4736:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4726:
4712:
4711:
4708:
4694:
4693:
4690:
4676:
4675:
4672:
4658:
4657:
4654:
4640:
4639:
4636:
4622:
4621:
4618:
4604:
4603:
4600:
4586:
4585:
4582:
4568:
4567:
4564:
4550:
4549:
4546:
4544:United Kingdom
4532:
4531:
4528:
4514:
4513:
4510:
4496:
4495:
4492:
4478:
4477:
4474:
4460:
4459:
4456:
4442:
4441:
4438:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4406:
4405:
4402:
4388:
4387:
4384:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4352:
4351:
4348:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4316:
4315:
4312:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4280:
4279:
4276:
4262:
4261:
4258:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4208:
4207:
4204:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4172:
4171:
4168:
4154:
4153:
4150:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4118:
4117:
4114:
4100:
4099:
4096:
4082:
4081:
4078:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4046:
4045:
4042:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4010:
4009:
4006:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3974:
3973:
3970:
3956:
3955:
3952:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3902:
3901:
3898:
3884:
3883:
3880:
3866:
3865:
3862:
3848:
3847:
3844:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3740:
3739:
3736:
3722:
3721:
3718:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3522:
3521:
3518:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2202:Czech Republic
2190:
2189:
2186:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2010:
2009:
2006:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1487:
1484:
1460:United Kingdom
1446:
1443:
1429:Dana D. Nelson
1413:
1410:
1406:Walter Bagehot
1389:
1386:
1341:
1338:
1325:Main article:
1322:
1319:
1314:Walter Bagehot
1310:Woodrow Wilson
1249:
1246:
1219:
1216:
1191:Main article:
1188:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1153:Supreme Leader
1138:Decolonization
1122:, it assisted
1100:
1097:
1087:, Brazil also
1031:Lord Protector
994:
991:
989:
986:
933:or leaders of
886:by a group of
835:
834:
832:
831:
824:
817:
809:
806:
805:
792:
791:
788:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
766:
765:
749:
744:
739:
738:
737:
727:
721:
717:
716:
715:
712:
711:
708:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
674:
668:
665:Related topics
664:
663:
662:
659:
658:
655:
654:
649:
644:
639:
633:
632:
626:
622:
621:
620:
617:
616:
613:
612:
607:
602:
600:Foreign policy
597:
592:
579:
573:
572:
571:
568:
567:
564:
563:
562:
561:
547:
542:
537:
524:
518:
517:
516:
513:
512:
509:
508:
503:
498:
496:Policy studies
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
461:
459:
447:
444:
440:
439:
438:
435:
434:
431:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
339:
333:
332:
331:
328:
327:
324:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
282:
279:Primary topics
278:
277:
276:
273:
272:
270:
269:
264:
259:
253:
250:
249:
243:
242:
230:
229:
222:
215:
207:
180:
170:
166:Military junta
160:
150:
140:
130:
126:Supreme Leader
116:
105:
95:
91:Hybrid systems
82:
65:
55:
45:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9885:
9874:
9871:
9869:
9866:
9864:
9863:Republicanism
9861:
9859:
9856:
9854:
9851:
9849:
9846:
9845:
9843:
9822:
9821:
9812:
9810:
9809:
9800:
9799:
9796:
9790:
9787:
9785:
9782:
9780:
9777:
9775:
9774:Public sector
9772:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9747:
9746:
9744:
9740:
9734:
9731:
9727:
9724:
9722:
9719:
9718:
9717:
9714:
9710:
9707:
9706:
9705:
9702:
9700:
9699:Job guarantee
9697:
9695:
9692:
9690:
9687:
9685:
9682:
9681:
9679:
9677:
9673:
9667:
9664:
9662:
9659:
9657:
9654:
9652:
9651:Public toilet
9649:
9647:
9644:
9642:
9641:Public school
9639:
9637:
9634:
9632:
9629:
9627:
9624:
9622:
9619:
9617:
9614:
9612:
9609:
9607:
9604:
9602:
9599:
9597:
9594:
9592:
9589:
9587:
9584:
9582:
9579:
9578:
9576:
9574:
9570:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9556:
9554:
9551:
9547:
9544:
9543:
9542:
9539:
9537:
9536:Oil & gas
9534:
9532:
9529:
9528:
9526:
9524:
9520:
9514:
9511:
9509:
9506:
9504:
9501:
9497:
9494:
9493:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9476:Civil service
9474:
9473:
9471:
9467:
9461:
9458:
9456:
9453:
9451:
9448:
9446:
9443:
9441:
9438:
9436:
9435:Public rights
9433:
9431:
9430:Public policy
9428:
9426:
9423:
9421:
9418:
9416:
9413:
9411:
9410:Public health
9408:
9406:
9403:
9401:
9400:Public domain
9398:
9396:
9393:
9391:
9388:
9386:
9383:
9381:
9378:
9376:
9373:
9371:
9368:
9367:
9365:
9361:
9355:
9352:
9350:
9347:
9345:
9342:
9341:
9338:
9334:
9327:
9322:
9320:
9315:
9313:
9308:
9307:
9304:
9292:
9284:
9282:
9273:
9272:
9269:
9263:
9260:
9258:
9255:
9252:
9251:mental health
9248:
9245:
9243:
9240:
9238:
9235:
9233:
9230:
9228:
9225:
9223:
9220:
9218:
9215:
9213:
9210:
9208:
9205:
9203:
9200:
9198:
9195:
9193:
9190:
9188:
9185:
9183:
9180:
9178:
9175:
9173:
9170:
9169:
9167:
9163:
9157:
9154:
9153:
9151:
9147:
9139:
9136:
9135:
9134:
9131:
9129:
9126:
9124:
9121:
9119:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9086:
9082:
9079:
9078:
9077:
9074:
9072:
9069:
9065:
9062:
9061:
9060:
9057:
9055:
9052:
9048:
9045:
9044:
9043:
9040:
9038:
9035:
9033:
9030:
9026:
9023:
9022:
9021:
9018:
9017:
9015:
9011:
9005:
9002:
9000:
8997:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8987:
8983:
8980:
8979:
8978:
8975:
8974:
8972:
8966:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8952:
8950:
8947:
8945:
8942:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8927:
8926:
8924:
8918:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8904:
8900:
8897:
8896:
8895:
8892:
8890:
8887:
8885:
8882:
8880:
8877:
8876:
8874:
8872:public safety
8866:
8860:
8857:
8855:
8852:
8850:
8847:
8845:
8842:
8840:
8837:
8836:
8834:
8830:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8770:
8768:
8764:
8760:
8756:
8748:
8743:
8741:
8736:
8734:
8729:
8728:
8725:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8695:
8692:
8689:
8685:
8676:
8670:
8665:
8659:
8654:
8648:
8643:
8637:
8632:
8626:
8621:
8615:
8610:
8604:
8599:
8593:
8588:
8582:
8577:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8553:Human history
8551:
8550:
8548:
8544:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8520:
8518:
8515:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8497:
8493:
8492:
8490:
8488:International
8486:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8437:
8434:
8431:
8427:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8398:
8395:
8392:
8388:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8336:
8332:
8331:
8328:
8325:
8321:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8304:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8259:
8256:
8253:
8247:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8161:Head of state
8159:
8157:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8133:
8130:
8127:
8123:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8043:
8041:
8037:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8020:Progressivism
8018:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7912:
7910:
7906:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7867:Collaborative
7865:
7863:
7860:
7859:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7846:
7842:
7841:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7812:Republicanism
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7742:Confederation
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7699:
7697:
7693:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7646:Unitary state
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7623:
7621:
7617:
7613:
7609:
7602:
7597:
7595:
7590:
7588:
7583:
7582:
7579:
7573:
7566:
7559:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7549:
7534:
7527:
7508:
7501:
7495:
7486:
7481:
7477:
7473:
7469:
7462:
7454:
7450:
7445:
7440:
7436:
7432:
7428:
7424:
7417:
7415:
7400:
7399:
7394:
7390:
7389:Sirota, David
7384:
7376:
7370:
7366:
7362:
7361:
7356:
7350:
7342:
7335:
7327:
7325:0-300-09218-0
7321:
7317:
7310:
7302:
7295:
7287:
7283:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7267:
7263:
7259:
7252:
7245:(2): 579โ592.
7244:
7240:
7239:
7231:
7229:
7227:
7225:
7216:
7209:
7207:
7199:
7193:
7185:
7180:
7179:
7170:
7162:
7158:
7154:
7150:
7149:
7141:
7139:
7130:
7128:9780134586571
7124:
7120:
7113:
7105:
7099:
7094:
7086:
7082:
7075:
7067:
7063:
7056:
7048:
7047:
7039:
7031:
7027:
7023:
7019:
7015:
7011:
7010:
7005:
6998:
6990:
6984:
6980:
6976:
6969:
6967:
6951:
6947:
6941:
6933:
6926:
6918:
6917:
6912:
6905:
6898:(2): 215โ233.
6897:
6893:
6892:
6884:
6876:
6872:
6871:
6863:
6855:
6851:
6847:
6843:
6842:
6834:
6826:
6820:
6816:
6812:
6808:
6801:
6793:
6786:
6778:
6774:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6758:
6757:
6749:
6741:
6737:
6733:
6729:
6725:
6721:
6720:
6712:
6704:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6686:
6682:
6681:
6676:
6669:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6649:
6645:
6641:
6634:
6627:(4): 689โ696.
6626:
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6605:
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6422:Parliamentary
6419:
6415:
6411:
6407:
6402:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6362:
6355:
6354:parliamentary
6351:
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6339:
6335:
6331:
6330:parliamentary
6327:
6321:
6314:
6310:
6304:
6297:
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6292:Parliamentary
6288:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6251:
6244:
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6236:
6232:
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6227:parliamentary
6225:
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6208:
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6199:
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6091:
6088:
6087:South Vietnam
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5303:United States
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4806:
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4799: โ
4798:
4794:
4793:Find sources:
4787:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4771:This section
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2616:Guinea-Bissau
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2059:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2041:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2023:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2005:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1987:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1933:
1922:
1921:
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1760:
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1423:
1422:head of state
1419:
1409:
1407:
1401:
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1396:
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1229:Woodrow Wyatt
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1142:South Vietnam
1139:
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1125:
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1117:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1081:constitutions
1078:
1077:Latin America
1074:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
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1043:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:British Isles
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
968:and southern
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
938:
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932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
880:head of state
876:
874:
873:United States
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
830:
825:
823:
818:
816:
811:
810:
808:
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778:
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771:
768:
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732:
731:
728:
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723:
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645:
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638:
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634:
631:
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627:
619:
618:
611:
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605:Civil society
603:
601:
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593:
589:
584:
583:Public policy
581:
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570:
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559:
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445:
437:
436:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
403:Parliamentary
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
388:Hybrid regime
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
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351:
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137:
127:
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112:
102:
94:
92:
80:
78:
72:
62:
52:
43:
41:
35:
34:
28:
22:
9818:
9806:
9759:Public float
9694:Job creation
9646:Public space
9573:Public works
9450:Public value
9445:Public trust
8678:}}
8672:{{
8667:}}
8661:{{
8656:}}
8650:{{
8645:}}
8639:{{
8634:}}
8628:{{
8623:}}
8617:{{
8612:}}
8606:{{
8601:}}
8595:{{
8590:}}
8584:{{
8579:}}
8573:{{
8567:
8563:Civilization
8516:
8494:
8464:
8454:
8439:
8400:
8372:Civil rights
8366:
8351:
8333:
8301:
8281:
8277:Town meeting
8261:
8210:
8185:
8155:
8141:Constitution
8135:
8100:
8080:
8024:
7970:Distributism
7955:Conservatism
7940:Collectivism
7908:Philosophies
7882:Cosmopolitan
7877:Conservative
7856:
7843:
7716:
7707:Govt systems
7701:
7681:Municipality
7660:
7526:
7514:. Retrieved
7507:the original
7494:
7475:
7471:
7461:
7426:
7402:. Retrieved
7396:
7383:
7359:
7349:
7340:
7334:
7315:
7309:
7300:
7294:
7261:
7257:
7251:
7242:
7236:
7214:
7197:
7192:
7177:
7169:
7152:
7146:
7118:
7112:
7093:
7080:
7074:
7061:
7055:
7044:
7038:
7013:
7007:
6997:
6974:
6954:. Retrieved
6952:. 2018-06-25
6949:
6940:
6931:
6925:
6914:
6904:
6895:
6889:
6883:
6874:
6868:
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6806:
6800:
6791:
6785:
6760:
6754:
6748:
6723:
6717:
6711:
6684:
6678:
6668:
6643:
6639:
6633:
6624:
6618:
6612:
6589:
6568:
6563:
6548:
6529:
6523:
6500:
6472:
6457:single-party
6451:
6442:
6433:
6425:
6417:
6413:
6406:Presidential
6401:
6386:Nazi Germany
6378:dictatorship
6375:totalitarian
6361:
6346:presidential
6338:presidential
6326:Georgian SSR
6320:
6303:
6296:presidential
6287:
6268:independence
6250:
6224:Armenian SSR
6218:
6198:
6178:
6158:
6059:
5876:
5875:(1930โ1933)
5815:
5692:
5691:
5659:
5658:
5631:Transnistria
5621:
5534:Sierra Leone
5375:
5368:
5360:
5290:Turkmenistan
5253:
4844:
4835:
4825:
4818:
4811:
4804:
4792:
4780:Please help
4775:verification
4772:
4744:
4472:Turkmenistan
4112:South Africa
3986:Sierra Leone
3914:Saudi Arabia
1896:Burkina Faso
1489:
1465:
1458:such as the
1448:
1434:Edmund Burke
1426:
1415:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1382:
1377:
1368:
1356:
1343:
1330:
1303:
1287:
1279:James Wilson
1277:
1254:
1251:
1238:
1221:
1196:
1181:
1165:
1157:Soviet Union
1146:
1136:
1128:independence
1116:World War II
1113:
1102:
1070:
1058:James Wilson
1035:
996:
974:Central Asia
939:
910:
908:
877:
844:
840:
838:
533:street-level
408:Presidential
407:
368:Dictatorship
238:Part of the
187:
89:
76:
75:
38:
30:
9611:Public bank
9586:Free clinic
9420:Public land
9370:Common good
8920:Economics /
8537:World Court
8470:Magna Carta
8287:Legislation
8249:Governance
8206:Legislature
8081:Regulation:
7990:Familialism
7965:Corporatism
7945:Communalism
7915:Agrarianism
7827:Technocracy
7787:Meritocracy
7782:Kleptocracy
7762:Ergatocracy
7757:Electocracy
7747:Colonialism
7732:Bureaucracy
7727:Aristocracy
6877:(2): 71โ77.
6848:: 117โ132.
6726:(4): 5โ19.
6687:: 157โ179.
6356:since 2019.
6348:2005โ2011.
6258:, it was a
6207:legislature
6187:legislature
6167:legislature
6145:(1990โ1991)
6131:(1995โ1996)
6117:(1990โ1991)
6115:Turkmen SSR
6103:(1990โ1991)
6089:(1955โ1975)
6075:(1963โ1972)
6073:South Korea
5981:(1960โ1978)
5967:(1960โ1992)
5954:(1990โ1993)
5940:Kirghiz SSR
5928:(1960โ1963)
5892:(1973โ1974)
5845:(1938โ1940)
5831:(1902โ1959)
5796:(1975โ1991)
5756:(1998โ2013)
5742:(2004โ2021)
5687:Puerto Rico
5552:South Korea
5464:Ivory Coast
5236:Philippines
5054:Gambia, The
5041:El Salvador
4382:Timor-Leste
4256:Switzerland
4148:South Sudan
4130:South Korea
3752:Philippines
3663:(West Bank)
3552:North Korea
3480:New Zealand
3462:Netherlands
2868:Ivory Coast
2328:El Salvador
1518:Afghanistan
1480:impeachment
1400:election".
1340:Fixed-terms
1168:South Sudan
1132:established
1124:South Korea
1114:The end of
1107:due to the
1050:Montesquieu
970:West Africa
904:legislature
892:responsible
890:and is not
859:, leads an
851:in which a
672:Sovereignty
637:Legislature
540:Technocracy
528:Bureaucracy
393:Meritocracy
373:Directorial
9858:Presidents
9842:Categories
9784:Public use
9666:Urban park
9606:Public art
9395:Public bad
9172:Presidents
8868:Defence /
8766:Leadership
8759:ministries
8687:Categories
8620:liberalism
8568:Templates:
8465:Documents:
8440:Overviews:
8292:Regulation
8221:Parliament
8125:Components
8111:Sanitation
8101:Municipal:
8030:John Locke
8015:Liberalism
7995:Fanaticism
7807:Plutocracy
7777:Geniocracy
7767:Federalism
7737:Capitalism
7612:government
7569:Government
7444:2077/54296
7404:2009-09-20
7264:(3): 258.
6988:0801853133
6956:2022-03-01
6824:0944029361
6603:0765600528
6516:References
6311:under the
6282:since 1993
5979:Mauritania
5952:Kyrgyzstan
5794:Bangladesh
5780:Azerbaijan
5578:Tajikistan
5495:Kyrgyzstan
5263:Somaliland
5249:Seychelles
4989:Costa Rica
4838:April 2024
4808:newspapers
4739:See also:
4598:Uzbekistan
4364:The Gambia
4310:Tajikistan
4094:Somaliland
3968:Seychelles
3408:Mozambique
3372:Montenegro
3282:Mauritania
3174:Madagascar
3156:Luxembourg
3012:Kyrgyzstan
2940:Kazakhstan
2130:Costa Rica
2004:Cape Verde
1698:Bangladesh
1662:Azerbaijan
1372:Fred Riggs
1223:about the
1046:John Locke
762:Governance
752:Government
747:Federalism
348:City-state
124:republic:
122:Theocratic
33:government
8773:President
8755:ministers
8496:Diplomacy
8416:Sociology
8347:Campaigns
8335:Elections
8310:Precedent
8282:Outcomes:
8272:Committee
8251:processes
8201:Judiciary
8176:President
8136:Documents
8076:Espionage
8039:Functions
7985:Extremism
7920:Anarchism
7872:Consensus
7862:Cellular
7845:Democracy
7832:Theocracy
7817:Socialism
7802:Oligarchy
7772:Feudalism
7752:Communism
7619:Overviews
7453:158437511
7286:145450791
7155:: 51โ69.
7066:Routledge
6916:Brookings
6777:145444372
6763:: 21โ37.
6703:252947271
6660:153822718
6594:Routledge
6203:President
6183:President
6163:President
6143:Uzbek SSR
6101:Tajik SSR
6056:1991โ1992
5912:1957โ1986
5908:1859โ1957
5812:1948โ1991
5707:Hong Kong
5329:Venezuela
5171:Nicaragua
5106:Indonesia
5080:Guatemala
4898:Argentina
4634:Venezuela
4184:Sri Lanka
4004:Singapore
3661:Palestine
3642:Palestine
3498:Nicaragua
3300:Mauritius
3138:Lithuania
2760:Indonesia
2688:Hong Kong
2580:Guatemala
1626:Australia
1590:Argentina
1295:Juan Linz
1161:dissolved
1134:in 1998.
1054:delegates
931:Dictators
911:president
857:president
742:Unitarism
730:Elections
718:Subseries
647:Judiciary
642:Executive
545:Adhocracy
428:Theocracy
383:Feudalism
363:Democracy
9848:Republic
9808:Category
9742:See also
9363:Concepts
8823:Minister
8460:Suffrage
8390:Academic
8323:Politics
8262:Process:
8231:Assembly
8216:Congress
8196:Ministry
8071:Military
8005:Feminism
7930:Centrism
7897:Republic
7797:Monarchy
7717:Systems:
7686:Township
7608:Politics
7516:3 August
7357:(2008).
7196:Wilson,
7098:Yoo 2019
7030:18060081
6950:BBC News
6813:and the
6740:51825804
6418:de facto
6396:in 1949.
6380:under a
6245:in 2018.
6060:de facto
6006:Pakistan
5877:de facto
5816:de facto
5591:Tanzania
5438:Djibouti
5412:Cameroon
5385:Abkhazia
5355:Zimbabwe
5223:Paraguay
5145:Maldives
5093:Honduras
4963:Colombia
4724:Zimbabwe
4706:Zanzibar
4346:Thailand
4328:Tanzania
4220:Suriname
4040:Slovenia
4022:Slovakia
3788:Portugal
3716:Paraguay
3624:Pakistan
3354:Mongolia
3228:Maldives
3210:Malaysia
2670:Honduras
2418:Ethiopia
2400:Eswatini
2256:Djibouti
2094:Colombia
1968:Cameroon
1950:Cambodia
1878:Bulgaria
1842:Botswana
1716:Barbados
1420:and the
1290:gridlock
1178:Features
1085:monarchy
1019:cabinets
1011:governor
1003:Pilgrims
962:Suriname
942:Americas
888:citizens
770:Ideology
588:doctrine
549:Service
413:Republic
398:Monarchy
378:Federacy
267:Category
247:Politics
202:de facto
9820:Commons
9749:Commons
8803:Premier
8546:Related
8502:Embassy
8455:Reforms
8429:History
8367:Issues:
8352:Groups:
8267:Hearing
8226:Council
8191:Cabinet
8186:Bodies:
8171:Monarch
8146:Charter
8000:Fascism
7822:Statism
7722:Anarchy
7695:Systems
7661:Levels:
7278:1601343
6480:of the
6426:de jure
6414:de jure
6369:as the
6324:as the
6254:as the
6222:as the
6129:Ukraine
5926:Katanga
5872:Germany
5857:Georgia
5843:Estonia
5754:Armenia
5617:Tunisia
5521:Senegal
5399:Burundi
5316:Uruguay
5184:Nigeria
5119:Liberia
5028:Ecuador
4976:Comoros
4924:Bolivia
4822:scholar
4652:Vietnam
4616:Vanuatu
4580:Uruguay
4508:Ukraine
4436:Tunisia
4076:Somalia
3932:Senegal
3842:Romania
3534:Nigeria
3426:Namibia
3390:Morocco
3336:Moldova
3102:Liberia
3084:Lesotho
3066:Lebanon
2886:Jamaica
2814:Ireland
2724:Iceland
2706:Hungary
2526:Germany
2508:Georgia
2454:Finland
2382:Estonia
2364:Eritrea
2292:Ecuador
2238:Denmark
2148:Croatia
2112:Comoros
1932:Burundi
1914:Myanmar
1806:Bolivia
1752:Belgium
1734:Belarus
1680:Bahrain
1644:Austria
1608:Armenia
1554:Algeria
1536:Albania
1501:Country
1273:Commons
1089:adopted
988:History
972:and in
966:Central
917:in the
896:dismiss
884:elected
847:, is a
775:Culture
685:Country
343:Anarchy
257:Outline
194:de jure
9279:
9013:Social
8911:Europe
8832:Titles
8517:World:
8507:Treaty
8342:Voting
8297:Zoning
8156:Roles:
7702:Lists:
7636:Empire
7631:Nation
7451:
7371:
7322:
7284:
7276:
7125:
7028:
6985:
6821:
6775:
6738:
6701:
6658:
6600:
6536:
6266:after
6140:
6126:
6112:
6098:
6084:
6070:
6052:Russia
6049:
6037:
6024:(1935โ
6021:Poland
6018:
6003:
5976:
5949:
5937:
5923:
5901:
5890:Greece
5887:
5869:
5854:
5840:
5826:
5805:
5791:
5777:
5765:
5751:
5737:
5717:
5704:
5684:
5671:
5645:Uganda
5642:
5628:
5614:
5601:
5588:
5575:
5562:
5549:
5531:
5518:
5508:Rwanda
5505:
5492:
5474:
5461:
5448:
5435:
5422:
5409:
5396:
5382:
5352:
5342:Zambia
5339:
5326:
5313:
5300:
5287:
5277:Turkey
5274:
5260:
5246:
5233:
5220:
5210:Panama
5207:
5194:
5181:
5168:
5158:Mexico
5155:
5142:
5132:Malawi
5129:
5116:
5103:
5090:
5077:
5064:
5051:
5038:
5025:
5012:
5002:Cyprus
4999:
4986:
4973:
4960:
4947:
4937:Brazil
4934:
4921:
4908:
4895:
4885:Angola
4882:
4824:
4817:
4810:
4803:
4795:
4728:0.592
4722:
4710:0.591
4704:
4692:0.277
4688:Zambia
4686:
4674:0.884
4668:
4656:0.726
4650:
4638:0.958
4632:
4620:0.102
4614:
4602:0.905
4596:
4584:0.045
4578:
4566:0.078
4560:
4548:0.062
4542:
4530:0.835
4524:
4512:0.597
4506:
4494:0.411
4490:Uganda
4488:
4476:0.907
4470:
4458:0.722
4454:Turkey
4452:
4440:0.113
4434:
4422:0.113
4416:
4404:0.804
4398:
4380:
4368:0.131
4362:
4350:0.419
4344:
4326:
4314:0.943
4308:
4292:Taiwan
4290:
4278:0.922
4272:
4260:0.013
4254:
4238:Sweden
4236:
4224:0.126
4218:
4206:0.692
4200:
4188:0.252
4182:
4170:0.031
4164:
4152:0.881
4146:
4134:0.076
4128:
4110:
4098:0.599
4092:
4080:0.756
4074:
4062:0.216
4056:
4044:0.159
4038:
4026:0.047
4020:
4008:0.298
4002:
3990:0.296
3984:
3972:0.055
3966:
3954:0.404
3950:Serbia
3948:
3936:0.236
3930:
3918:0.814
3912:
3900:0.213
3894:
3882:0.738
3878:Rwanda
3876:
3864:0.898
3860:Russia
3858:
3846:0.184
3840:
3828:0.779
3822:
3810:0.716
3804:
3792:0.056
3786:
3774:0.361
3770:Poland
3768:
3750:
3738:0.094
3732:
3720:0.258
3714:
3702:0.197
3696:
3684:0.297
3680:Panama
3678:
3666:0.585
3659:
3647:0.807
3644:(Gaza)
3640:
3628:0.286
3622:
3610:0.574
3604:
3592:0.015
3588:Norway
3586:
3568:
3556:0.986
3550:
3532:
3514:
3502:0.987
3496:
3484:0.016
3478:
3466:0.028
3460:
3448:0.213
3442:
3430:0.207
3424:
3412:0.442
3406:
3394:0.348
3388:
3376:0.246
3370:
3358:0.207
3352:
3340:0.122
3334:
3322:0.369
3318:Mexico
3316:
3304:0.194
3298:
3280:
3268:0.131
3262:
3250:0.623
3244:
3232:0.211
3226:
3214:0.354
3208:
3196:0.136
3192:Malawi
3190:
3178:0.677
3172:
3160:0.092
3154:
3142:0.025
3136:
3124:0.479
3118:
3106:0.296
3100:
3088:0.123
3082:
3070:0.539
3064:
3052:0.036
3048:Latvia
3046:
3028:
3016:0.614
3010:
2998:0.317
2994:Kuwait
2992:
2980:0.296
2976:Kosovo
2974:
2962:0.132
2956:
2944:0.807
2938:
2922:Jordan
2920:
2908:0.135
2902:
2890:0.084
2884:
2872:0.532
2866:
2854:0.089
2848:
2832:Israel
2830:
2812:
2800:0.484
2794:
2782:0.812
2776:
2764:0.206
2758:
2746:0.227
2740:
2728:0.051
2722:
2710:0.288
2704:
2692:0.569
2686:
2674:0.402
2668:
2656:0.706
2650:
2638:0.276
2634:Guyana
2632:
2620:0.413
2614:
2602:0.764
2598:Guinea
2596:
2584:0.351
2578:
2562:Greece
2560:
2542:
2530:0.033
2524:
2512:0.282
2506:
2494:0.752
2488:
2476:0.068
2472:France
2470:
2458:0.022
2452:
2440:0.525
2434:
2422:0.735
2416:
2404:0.707
2398:
2386:0.033
2380:
2368:0.977
2362:
2350:0.966
2344:
2332:0.855
2326:
2314:0.494
2308:
2296:0.397
2290:
2278:0.181
2272:
2260:0.751
2254:
2242:0.012
2236:
2224:0.689
2218:
2200:
2188:0.151
2184:Cyprus
2182:
2170:0.806
2164:
2152:0.107
2146:
2134:0.033
2128:
2116:0.833
2110:
2098:0.133
2092:
2080:0.891
2074:
2062:0.019
2056:
2044:0.929
2038:
2026:0.618
2020:
2008:0.098
2002:
1986:Canada
1984:
1972:0.873
1966:
1948:
1936:0.801
1930:
1918:0.879
1912:
1900:0.314
1894:
1876:
1864:0.136
1860:Brazil
1858:
1846:0.176
1840:
1828:0.327
1822:
1810:0.535
1804:
1792:0.117
1788:Bhutan
1786:
1774:0.419
1768:
1756:0.051
1750:
1732:
1720:0.091
1714:
1702:0.711
1696:
1684:0.917
1678:
1666:0.965
1660:
1648:0.047
1642:
1624:
1612:0.297
1606:
1594:0.203
1588:
1576:0.627
1572:Angola
1570:
1558:0.807
1552:
1534:
1522:0.934
1516:
1208:pardon
1052:, the
982:Turkey
978:Cyprus
958:Guyana
950:Belize
946:Canada
735:voting
677:Polity
575:Policy
554:Public
468:theory
182:
174:
172:
164:
162:
154:
152:
144:
142:
134:
132:
120:
118:
109:
107:
99:
97:
84:
69:
67:
59:
57:
49:
47:
9165:Lists
9149:Other
7626:State
7536:(PDF)
7510:(PDF)
7503:(PDF)
7449:S2CID
7282:S2CID
7274:JSTOR
7026:S2CID
6773:S2CID
6736:S2CID
6699:S2CID
6656:S2CID
6150:Notes
6040:RSFSR
5992:Niger
5904:Haiti
5720:Macau
5565:Syria
5536:(see
5479:(see
5477:Kenya
5197:Palau
5067:Ghana
4950:Chile
4911:Benin
4829:JSTOR
4815:books
4748:Japan
4670:Yemen
4386:0.29
4332:0.15
4296:0.15
4274:Syria
4242:0.02
4202:Sudan
4166:Spain
4116:0.13
3806:Qatar
3756:0.35
3574:0.46
3538:0.36
3520:0.32
3516:Niger
3444:Nepal
3286:0.74
3264:Malta
3120:Libya
3034:0.59
2958:Kenya
2926:0.25
2904:Japan
2850:Italy
2818:0.04
2742:India
2652:Haiti
2566:0.12
2548:0.13
2544:Ghana
2490:Gabon
2310:Egypt
2206:0.09
2076:China
2058:Chile
1990:0.08
1954:0.88
1882:0.16
1770:Benin
1738:0.98
1630:0.01
1540:0.22
843:, or
758:forms
681:State
558:Civil
262:Index
188:Note:
8757:and
7610:and
7518:2011
7369:ISBN
7320:ISBN
7123:ISBN
7104:help
6983:ISBN
6819:ISBN
6598:ISBN
6534:ISBN
6388:, a
6205:and
6185:and
6165:and
6026:1939
5965:Mali
5829:Cuba
5604:Togo
4801:news
4400:Togo
3734:Peru
3606:Oman
3246:Mali
3030:Laos
2836:0.1
2796:Iraq
2778:Iran
2436:Fiji
2166:Cuba
2040:Chad
1267:and
1204:veto
1159:was
1149:Iran
1048:and
980:and
960:and
954:Peru
8303:Law
7480:doi
7439:hdl
7431:doi
7266:doi
7157:doi
7018:doi
6850:doi
6765:doi
6728:doi
6689:doi
6648:doi
6420:),
4784:by
952:,
9844::
7476:46
7474:.
7470:.
7447:.
7437:.
7429:.
7425:.
7413:^
7395:.
7280:.
7272:.
7262:18
7260:.
7241:.
7223:^
7205:^
7184:11
7151:.
7137:^
7083:.
7064:.
7024:.
7014:25
7012:.
7006:.
6977:.
6965:^
6948:.
6913:.
6896:46
6894:.
6875:20
6873:.
6846:35
6844:.
6809:.
6771:.
6761:11
6759:.
6734:.
6724:15
6722:.
6697:.
6685:25
6683:.
6677:.
6654:.
6644:28
6642:.
6625:17
6623:.
6592:.
6576:^
6455:A
6365:A
6058:)
5910:,
5814:)
1301:.
1275:.
956:,
948:,
906:.
875:.
839:A
760:/
683:/
679:/
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