6504:
5450:
5408:
6429:
6026:
5102:
5070:
7435:
nationals exercises the political power, the
Legislative Yuan is the highest legislative institution of the nation and the Control Yuan is the highest monitoring institution of the nation. All of them are composed of representatives or members that are directly or indirectly elected by the people. Their functions and powers are similar to those important powers exercised by the parliaments of democratic nations. Although some of their approaches to the exercise of power, such as a regular annual assembly, quorum and resolution by the majority are not the same as those of parliaments of democratic nations, the National Assembly, the Legislative Yuan and the Control Yuan, from the perspective of the nature of their statuses and functions in the Constitution, should be considered as equivalent to the parliaments of democratic nations.
6101:
4582:
4510:
6646:
5687:
5170:
4403:
6686:
5239:
6362:
6318:
7113:
5941:
4620:
4550:
5134:
1865:
continent permanently. Some attempts were made to strengthen the executive branch of government to prevent the unstable situation that had existed before the war, but the instability remained and the Fourth
Republic saw frequent changes in government – there were 20 governments in ten years. Additionally, the government proved unable to make effective decisions regarding decolonization. As a result, the Fourth Republic collapsed and Charles de Gaulle was given power to rule by decree, subsequently legitimized by approval of a new constitution in a referendum on 28 September 1958 that led to the establishment of the
5376:
7493:
situation where a popularly elected fixed-term president exists alongside a prime minister and cabinet who are responsible to parliament (Elgie 2004: 317)". According to the
Finnish Constitution, the president has no possibility to rule the government without the ministerial approval, and does not have the power to dissolve the parliament under his or her own desire. Finland is actually represented by its prime minister, and not by its president, in the Council of the Heads of State and Government of the European Union. The 2012 constitutional amendments reduced the powers of the president even further.
5605:
7145:
3948:
5642:
6210:
5986:
6062:
6577:
5859:
4690:
4976:
6770:
6174:
7242:
7191:
6958:
6728:
4142:
4329:
4783:
2149:
2236:
4944:
4902:
4872:
4840:
3795:
3604:
2340:
4251:
4366:
6136:
4478:
3257:
4291:
6397:
3879:
1370:
1459:
5490:
3181:
2072:
6876:
4029:
2203:
5891:
6283:
5272:
3462:
3107:
2305:
2110:
6808:
5009:
4448:
3714:
3536:
2452:
2378:
7069:
6254:
5778:
4078:
3752:
3498:
3295:
2520:
5734:
5547:
3145:
2828:
2711:
2673:
2035:
3642:
3570:
3029:
2556:
2415:
1999:
1678:
6469:
5305:
5210:
3995:
3420:
2992:
2876:
6546:
2951:
2636:
7031:
4731:
3383:
6918:
5336:
3833:
3223:
3069:
2592:
2486:
2794:
4657:
3329:
2916:
2753:
8208:
powers are especially relevant if an extraordinary majority is required to override a veto, as in
Mongolia, Poland, and Senegal. In these cases, while the government is fully accountable to parliament, it cannot legislate without taking the potentially different policy preferences of the president into account.
8114:
power that results from the dominant institutional practice, the latter is the totality of the rules for the dominant institutional practice of the power. In this way, France appears as 'presidentialist system' endowed with a 'semi-presidential regime' (1983: 587). By this standard he recognizes
Duverger's
7596:
took place on 3 October 1990, when the five re-established states of the German
Democratic Republic (East Germany) joined the Federal Republic of Germany, and Berlin was united into a single city-state. Therefore, this date applies to today's Federal Republic of Germany as a whole, although the area
7492:
as follows: "There are hardly any grounds for the epithet 'semi-presidential'." Arter's own conclusions are only slightly more nuanced: "The adoption of a new constitution on 1 March 2000 meant that
Finland was no longer a case of semi-presidential government other than in the minimalist sense of a
1864:
was constituted along similar lines in 1946. The Fourth
Republic saw an era of great economic growth in France and the rebuilding of the nation's social institutions and industry after the war, and played an important part in the development of the process of European integration, which changed the
8113:
Duhamel has developed the approach further: He stresses that the French construction does not correspond to either parliamentary or the presidential form of government, and then develops the distinction of 'système politique' and 'régime constitutionnel'. While the former comprises the exercise of
8207:
Even if the president has no discretion in the forming of cabinets or the right to dissolve parliament, his or her constitutional authority can be regarded as 'quite considerable' in
Duverger's sense if cabinet legislation approved in parliament can be blocked by the people's elected agent. Such
7434:
issued on May 3, 1957: The
Constitution was enacted according to the exhortation of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen. In addition to the National Assembly, five Yuans have been established, the concept of which is not really analogous to the separation of powers system. The National Assembly representing all the
1828:
In some cases, the president can legally have executive powers granted to them to undertake the day-to-day running of government (as in Iceland) but by convention they either do not use these powers or they use them only to give effect to the advice of the parliament or head of government. Some
7685:
The Federal Convention is made up of all the members of the Bundestag. The other half is distributed to the 16 Länder, that then each elect Members to elect the President of Germany. Often German celebrities are chosen by the state
3783:, members select from their midst "not less than 3 nor more than 4 candidates" for the presidency. No other person may stand as candidate. The citizens of Kiribati then elect the president from among the proposed candidates with
7461:
Formerly a semi-presidential republic, it is now a parliamentary republic according to David Arter, First Chair of Politics at Aberdeen University. In his "Scandinavian Politics Today" (Manchester University Press, revised 2008
6749:
8060:
2931:
Parliament and region delegates, by two-thirds majority; by absolute majority, starting from the fourth ballot, if no candidate achieves the aforementioned majority in the first three ballots
6836:
3681:
1502:
7210:
7401:
7388:
4829:
4809:
2286:
4735:
1872:
8345:
4319:
4281:
1856:– in 1870. The President of the Third Republic had significantly less executive powers than those of the previous two republics had. The Third Republic lasted until the
1960:
1805:
However, in a parliamentary republic with a head of state whose tenure is dependent on parliament, the head of government and head of state can form one office (as in
6993:
3915:
1542:
8419:
Every list of candidates for Parliament must also have a candidate for President, and the having the most votes automatically has its candidate elected President
5766:
2975:
1447:
to use at their discretion as a non-partisan "referee" of the political process. Some have combined the roles of head of state and head of government, much like
7444:
Estonia was previously a parliamentary republic between 1918 and 1934 when the system was changed to a presidential system which was thereafter overthrown by a
8086:
5847:
5652:
2966:
Parliament, by two-thirds majority; by a simple majority, at the third ballot, if no candidate achieves the aforementioned majority in the first two ballots
7103:
7088:
4803:
3980:
8014:
7452:. Became a parliamentary republic again in 1990 with the implementation of an interim period to restore full independence, which was achieved by 1991.
6948:. Presidential elections were made fully direct in 1969, including after a vacancy, but their schedule remained linked to the parliamentary elections.
7431:
Shall the National Assembly, the Legislative Yuan and the Control Yuan be considered en masse as equivalent to the parliaments of democratic nations?
7376:
1656:
1398:
8221:
7472:
Nousiainen, Jaakko (June 2001). "From semi-presidentialism to parliamentary government: political and constitutional developments in Finland".
3984:
1905:
declared itself a republic, and excluded itself from the Commonwealth) republics have been admitted as members of the Commonwealth of Nations.
1535:: Executive president is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature
7789:
7735:
1920:(which ceased to be a member of the Commonwealth immediately upon becoming a republic, and later switched to having an executive presidency),
7764:
7710:
7544:
and Bundesrat as two separate legislative institutions. It describes the Bundesrat as the constitutional organ which is representing the 16
7232:
4109:
6106:
5440:
4296:
4270:
7214:
6111:
4808:
The provisions establishing a parliamentary republic remain in the Constitution which is generally in effect, but are suspended by the
1829:
parliamentary republics could therefore be seen as following the semi-presidential system but operating under a parliamentary system.
7284:
6676:
5657:
5200:
4438:
1742:
8134:
5060:
8430:
7247:
7196:
6963:
6944:, with vacancies filled by Parliament; a motion of no confidence automatically entailed either the resignation of the president or
6733:
6072:
5515:
4678:
3393:
1909:
1714:
7640:
Latvia was previously a parliamentary republic between 1921 and 1934 when the then prime minister Kārlis Ulmanis took power in a
7334:
6738:
6517:
4694:
4630:
1695:
955:
8334:
6030:
6492:
4587:
4570:
4339:
3973:
3820:
3017:
2440:
99:
1721:
7989:
7827:
7616:
7503:
7409:
7356:
5676:
5505:
5500:
5357:
5158:
4635:
4255:
2864:
2255:
1880:
1431:(the parliament). There are a number of variations of parliamentary republics. Most have a clear differentiation between the
1106:
1046:
8282:
6659:
6124:
4948:
4515:
4498:
4344:
1179:
7387:
from 7 December. The provisions establishing a parliamentary republic remain in the Constitution but are suspended by the
1096:
6651:
6617:
6164:
5692:
5595:
5243:
5183:
4416:
1649:
1391:
1249:
875:
566:
4890:
1728:
7270:
7223:
6986:
6183:
6116:
5293:
5175:
5154:
5013:
4408:
4391:
1266:
1076:
536:
7658:
7467:
7132:
6509:
5455:
5421:
4934:
4787:
4540:
1761:
1356:
821:
606:
5625:
5609:
8459:
7548:
of Germany. Hence, the federal legislature of Germany consists of two unicameral legislative institutions, not one
6699:
6025:
5413:
4751:
2854:
1710:
1224:
895:
7657:
Under a transitional government between 2006 and 2015; this Transitional Government was responsible to an elected
6598:
5829:
5814:
5799:
1136:
8097:
6977:
6691:
6536:
6434:
6293:
5900:
5521:
5260:
4906:
4181:
3667:
5551:
5032:
8469:
8056:
8011:
7474:
6582:
5139:
4610:
4555:
4483:
3953:
2698:
2159:
1699:
1642:
1439:, with the head of government holding real power and the head of state being a ceremonial position, similar to
1384:
230:
5570:
4719:
1151:
6897:
6760:
6718:
6482:
6459:
521:
6385:
5929:
1131:
7620:
7556:
6219:
5879:
5480:
5361:
4771:
3780:
2607:
1346:
1309:
1229:
1189:
1091:
1086:
8174:
1940:. In many of these examples, the last Governor-General became the first president. Such was the case with
1825:. This usually means that they are the leader of the largest party or coalition of parties in parliament.
8479:
8367:
7624:
7174:
7168:
7057:
5724:
4876:
4844:
3354:
2843:
1545:: Head of government (president or directory) is elected by the legislature, but is not accountable to it
1081:
7867:
7448:. In 1938, Estonia finally adopted a presidential system and in June 1940 was illegally occupied by the
7150:
6303:
6001:
5990:
5665:
5528:
5117:
4824:
4463:
4424:
4349:
3784:
1532:
1184:
885:
556:
8307:
8257:
8232:
8031:
7314:
6785:
6298:
5945:
5895:
5670:
5321:
4371:
3739:
3056:
2903:
2768:
1194:
1161:
1061:
1056:
726:
343:
8170:
8130:
4010:
Semi-direct election, by first-past-the-post vote (vacancies are filled by Parliament, by majority)
1735:
7949:
7309:
7051:
6941:
6910:. Presidential elections were made fully direct and separate from parliamentary elections in 1982.
6903:
5759:
5380:
4354:
3372:
3364:
2646:
2580:
2544:
2328:
2290:
2059:
1779:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1111:
686:
89:
4816:
that will terminate them in the event of a hypothetical resumption of ROC rule in Mainland China.
2297:
that will terminate them in the event of a hypothetical resumption of ROC rule in Mainland China.
2293:
with direct presidential elections and a unicameral legislature. These additional articles have a
2167:
466:
7819:
7430:
7380:
7289:
7035:
6235:
6214:
6209:
6193:
5532:
4980:
4645:
4452:
3910:
Was a full parliamentary republic from 1961–1984; adopted an executive presidency in 1984.
2661:
2602:
1892:
1838:
1688:
1567:
1482:
1452:
1440:
1244:
1234:
1199:
915:
561:
152:
64:
5368:
The switch to a fully presidential system was legislated in 2010, but only took effect in 2013.
1600:: Committee of military leaders controls the government; constitutional provisions are suspended
8372:
8228:
7760:
7706:
6396:
6178:
5863:
5122:
5106:
3472:
3375:
as the head of government. The decision is then subject to a parliamentary vote of confidence.
2721:
2154:
1879:
following a civil war in 1891. However, following a coup in 1925 this system was replaced by a
1861:
1607:
1557:
1424:
1254:
1239:
771:
706:
255:
182:
368:
8395:
8093:
7975:
7892:
7421:
7261:
7118:
7046:
6322:
6041:
6006:
5961:
5908:
5794:
5750:
5539:
as the head of government. The decision was subjected to a parliamentary vote of confidence.
5074:
4997:
4714:
3580:
3486:
3449:
3430:
3210:
3117:
3002:
1866:
1853:
1821:), but the president is still selected in much the same way as the prime minister is in most
1299:
1121:
935:
816:
428:
408:
318:
162:
44:
8118:
as semi-presidential regimes, as well as Poland, Romania, Bulgaria and Lithuania (1993: 87).
2171:
7593:
7529:
7294:
6366:
6345:
6339:
6082:
5565:
5027:
4920:
4385:
3508:
2566:
1471:
1420:
1284:
1026:
965:
328:
250:
157:
124:
3546:
1794:
or a bit more influence beyond that), because many of those powers have been granted to a
8:
8464:
8145:
7537:
7420:
chamber. Functions of the National Assembly were transferred to the Legislative Yuan and
7227:
The change to a directorial system was legislated in 1973, but only took effect in 1980.
7181:
6892:
6824:
6790:
6780:
6704:
6522:
6487:
6445:
6380:
6352:
6198:
6188:
6077:
5922:
5874:
5755:
5510:
5466:
5426:
5352:
5288:
5055:
4798:
4766:
4673:
4640:
4526:
4172:
4164:
3652:
3609:
3368:
2833:
2177:
2097:
2045:
1925:
1902:
1849:
1787:
1775:
1508:
1448:
1259:
1204:
1126:
1036:
925:
438:
220:
210:
205:
94:
6906:, with vacancies filled by Parliament; a motion of no confidence automatically entailed
7981:
7924:
6401:
5662:
4917:
4421:
4201:
3904:
3629:
3614:
3233:
3132:
3094:
2838:
2804:
2496:
2136:
2083:
1898:
1822:
1795:
1513:
Head of government (president) is popularly elected and independent of the legislature
1432:
1340:
1314:
1156:
1146:
1116:
1071:
1016:
1002:
865:
806:
581:
496:
215:
3191:
2355:
Direct election, by two-round system (since 2013; previously parliament, by majority)
2314:
8474:
7985:
7823:
7545:
7463:
7360:
6796:
6775:
6242:
6224:
6088:
4925:
4185:
4043:
4039:
3724:
3267:
2926:
2781:
2561:
1577:
1351:
1324:
1101:
1041:
1021:
905:
676:
586:
338:
235:
23:
7843:
621:
79:
8189:
7483:
7413:
6412:
5973:
5949:
4860:
3800:
3305:
2943:
Prime Minister is dependent on the confidence of both of the houses of Parliament.
2462:
2402:
1913:
1857:
1810:
1334:
1294:
1011:
845:
751:
651:
636:
546:
476:
383:
378:
353:
260:
240:
225:
84:
1961:
List of countries by system of government § Parliamentary and related systems
666:
576:
8340:
8286:
8018:
7384:
7266:
7219:
7178:
6982:
6756:
6714:
6672:
6562:
6532:
6455:
6417:
6377:
6349:
6229:
6160:
6046:
5919:
5720:
5620:
5562:
5476:
5436:
5254:
5196:
5052:
5024:
4930:
4855:
4606:
4536:
4434:
4382:
4315:
4277:
4068:
3889:
3262:
2530:
2388:
2023:
1587:
1476:
Head of government is elected or nominated by and accountable to the legislature
1374:
1066:
1051:
691:
571:
531:
506:
486:
433:
418:
270:
265:
134:
129:
119:
74:
49:
8194:
2683:
471:
298:
8082:
7628:
7606:
Officially bicameral, upper house never entered into functions, to present day.
7368:
6945:
6907:
6634:
5536:
5391:
4975:
4964:
4943:
4901:
4871:
4839:
4746:
4156:
3866:
3523:
2763:
2736:
2365:
2345:
1799:
1791:
1597:
1444:
1304:
1031:
997:
796:
786:
741:
701:
696:
641:
631:
626:
611:
541:
526:
511:
501:
413:
313:
303:
293:
7559:
itself referred to the Bundesrat in the English translation of this decision.
596:
8453:
7597:
of former East Germany was no part of that parliamentary republic until 1990.
7533:
7425:
7417:
7304:
4813:
4209:
4088:
3958:
3762:
2294:
2261:
2163:
1954:
1876:
1783:
1522:
1436:
1141:
975:
945:
855:
761:
756:
731:
711:
551:
423:
398:
373:
358:
348:
333:
288:
54:
30:
7765:"Australian politics explainer: Gough Whitlam's dismissal as prime minister"
7711:"Australian politics explainer: Gough Whitlam's dismissal as prime minister"
7581:
7487:
6940:
Originally, the president was elected semi-directly by a constituency-based
3513:
Direct election, by two-round system (since 1999; previously by parliament)
7645:
7589:
7577:
7569:
7449:
7405:
6593:
6141:
5631:
5576:
5090:
5085:
5038:
4176:
4168:
4152:
4061:
3884:
3671:
3339:
3079:
3039:
2961:
2886:
2622:
2246:
2121:
2009:
1917:
1845:
1818:
811:
791:
776:
736:
721:
681:
616:
601:
491:
393:
59:
7585:
7573:
6010:
5985:
5940:
5396:
5375:
4160:
4147:
3862:
3805:
3779:
Following a general election, by which citizens elect the members of the
3408:
2212:
1428:
1289:
826:
766:
716:
661:
456:
388:
114:
109:
8175:"Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns"
8135:"Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns"
8092:(in English and Chinese). Department of Education, School of Education,
8087:"Semi-Presidentialism-Duverger's Concept — A New Political System Model"
1916:, to be replaced by a non-executive head of state. This was the case in
1369:
7552:
7364:
6881:
5495:
4034:
4005:
3445:
3282:
3206:
3186:
3155:
2425:
2350:
2190:
2077:
1951:
Other states became parliamentary republics upon gaining independence.
1702: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1464:
1427:(the government) derives its legitimacy from and is accountable to the
1329:
1319:
781:
746:
671:
656:
591:
516:
461:
363:
308:
187:
172:
1458:
7549:
7541:
6288:
5647:
5604:
5277:
4057:
3858:
3467:
3112:
1941:
1553:
801:
481:
177:
69:
7536:
of the German legislature. This is technically incorrect, since the
1677:
7299:
7074:
6813:
6259:
6067:
5890:
5783:
5524:
introduced a parliamentary system to the country while remaining a
4334:
4250:
4083:
3843:
3757:
3719:
3541:
3503:
3300:
2858:
2457:
2383:
2277:
2207:
2202:
2126:
Parliament, by two-thirds majority if there is no joint nomination
2115:
1945:
1937:
1837:
Typically, parliamentary republics are states that were previously
1806:
1633:
1416:
646:
403:
167:
104:
6670:
Had a collective head of state with a distinct chairman until 1990
6158:
Had a collective head of state with a distinct chairman until 1989
5194:
Had a collective head of state with a distinct chairman until 1990
4432:
Had a collective head of state with a distinct chairman until 1990
4313:
Had a collective head of state with a distinct chairman until 1990
5739:
5698:
5238:
5008:
4700:
4689:
4625:
4447:
3647:
3575:
3162:(since 2016; previously by parliament, by three-fifths majority)
3150:
3034:
2891:
2740:
2716:
2678:
2597:
2525:
2420:
2309:
2304:
2040:
2004:
1933:
1625:
7346:
Was, previously, a parliamentary republic between 1972 and 1975.
6902:
The president was elected semi-directly by a constituency-based
2282:
Constitutional monarchy (Taiwan as part of the Japanese Empire)
6551:
6474:
5966:
5858:
5546:
5310:
5215:
5101:
5069:
4782:
4662:
4000:
3425:
3334:
2997:
2979:
2956:
2881:
2641:
2241:
323:
8142:
Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies
5535:
retaining many forms of executive powers such as appointing a
3987:
from among the at-large members to serve for four-year terms.
1590:: Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party
8032:"Pakistan lawmakers approve weakening of presidential powers"
7391:, which established direct presidential elections since 1996.
7372:
7030:
6923:
6361:
6317:
6173:
5341:
4730:
3838:
3388:
3228:
3074:
2921:
2758:
2285:
Nominally; the Constitution has been partially superseded by
1929:
1921:
1912:, it was common for the Sovereign, formerly represented by a
1814:
3700:
Parliamentary republic with an executive presidency adopted
4067:
Two collective heads of state and heads of government, the
2799:
2491:
4210:
List of former parliamentary republics and related systems
1955:
List of modern parliamentary republics and related systems
1616: Dependent territories and places without governments
1570:: Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power
6950:
A separate Prime Minister existed between 2008 and 2013.
3310:
Parliament and state legislators, by instant-runoff vote
5630:
In June 1940, Lithuania was occupied and annexed by the
3657:
Parliament and regional council presidents, by majority
2571:
Parliament and regional delegates, by absolute majority
6754:
Had a collective head of state with a distinct chairman
6712:
Had a collective head of state with a distinct chairman
6530:
Had a collective head of state with a distinct chairman
6453:
Had a collective head of state with a distinct chairman
6093:
Political rights were restricted to the white minority
5718:
Had a collective head of state with a distinct chairman
5474:
Had a collective head of state with a distinct chairman
5434:
Had a collective head of state with a distinct chairman
5366:
A separate Prime Minister existed between 2008 and 2013
4604:
Had a collective head of state with a distinct chairman
4534:
Had a collective head of state with a distinct chairman
4275:
Had a collective head of state with a distinct chairman
3371:
does exercise some form of governance and appoints the
7644:. In June 1940 Latvia was occupied and annexed by the
7504:"Salome Zurabishvili Wins Georgia Presidential Runoff"
5037:
In June 1940, Estonia was occupied and annexed by the
2610:(Bundestag and state delegates), by absolute majority
1003:
7408:
ceased to be a parliamentary chamber in 1993 and the
5575:
In June 1940, Latvia was occupied and annexed by the
1610:: No constitutionally defined basis to current regime
8222:"Semi-Presidentialism and Democratisation in Poland"
7670:
Had a transitional government between 1991 and 2012.
6837:
Parliamentary republics with an executive presidency
6746:
Parliamentary republic with an executive presidency
3682:
Parliamentary republics with an executive presidency
1774:
In contrast to republics operating under either the
8333:
2273:Only nominally a parliamentary republic since 1996
1503:Parliamentary republic with an executive president
7661:, which resolved to establish a republic in 2008.
1560:holds significant executive and legislative power
8451:
8258:"Trinidad and Tobago: Heads of State: 1962-1976"
4821:1991 (de jure; nominally remains parliamentary)
2176:Direct election of collective head of state, by
8360:
8335:"South Africa returns to the Commonwealth fold"
7813:
7383:. The ROC government was then confined to the
7367:-led Republic of China (ROC) was succeeded in
8431:"Kyrgyzstan's 2016 Constitutional Referendum"
3767:Direct election, by first-past-the-post vote
2726:Direct election, by first-past-the-post vote
1786:usually does not have executive powers as an
1650:
1392:
8029:
7816:Parliamentary versus presidential government
7359:went into effect on 25 December 1947 as the
7141:
1852:, France once again became a republic – the
8368:"Secession Talked by Some Anti-Republicans"
8163:
7967:
4271:Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
1875:became the first parliamentary republic in
1860:in 1940. Following the end of the war, the
1631:
1623:
8057:"'18th Amendment to restore Constitution'"
7471:
1886:
1657:
1643:
1443:. In some countries the head of state has
1399:
1385:
8308:"South Africa: Heads of State: 1910-1961"
8213:
8193:
8075:
7919:
7917:
7915:
7913:
7285:List of countries by system of government
1832:
1762:Learn how and when to remove this message
8325:
7510:. The Associated Press. 29 November 2018
1910:republics in the Commonwealth of Nations
1457:
8428:
8300:
8283:"Parliament of Kiribati - Constitution"
8250:
8169:
8129:
7942:
7885:
6664:Multi-party semi-presidential republic
6152:Multi-party semi-presidential republic
6121:Multi-party semi-presidential republic
5712:Multi-party semi-presidential republic
5188:Multi-party semi-presidential republic
4830:Additional articles of the Constitution
2844:Direct election, by instant-runoff vote
2251:Direct election, by first-past-the-post
956:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch
8452:
8331:
7973:
7950:"Mauritius: Heads of State: 1968-1992"
7910:
7625:A minority of Irish republicans assert
7050:(Which led to the fully parliamentary
5754:(which led in 1979 to the democratic,
5675:In February 1993, Lithuania holds its
4571:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
3974:Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
3934:Assembly-independent republic adopted
3821:Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
1463:World's states coloured by systems of
8219:
8123:
8081:
7925:"British Monarch's Titles: 1867-2018"
7363:was underway. On 1 October 1949, the
7357:Constitution of the Republic of China
5159:Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia
3560:One-party state (part of Yugoslavia)
3551:Direct election, by two-round system
3435:Direct election, by two-round system
3394:Tuimalealiifano Va'aletoa Sualauvi II
3360:Poland has also been identified as a
3272:Direct election, by two-round system
3196:Direct election, by two-round system
2535:Direct election, by two-round system
2319:Direct election, by two-round system
2217:Direct election, by two-round system
2014:Parliament, by three-fifths majority
1107:1946 Italian institutional referendum
1047:Spanish American wars of independence
7807:
5294:Presidential constitution reinstated
4499:Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic
3160:Direct election, by two-round system
1700:adding citations to reliable sources
1671:
7631:proclaimed in 1919 is still extant.
6618:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
6165:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
3084:Parliament, by two-thirds majority
2857:: Constitutional monarchy (British
2809:Parliament, by two-thirds majority
2467:Parliament, by two-thirds majority
2430:Parliament, by two-thirds majority
1901:of 29 April 1949 (just weeks after
876:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates
13:
8063:from the original on 14 April 2010
7893:"Malta: Heads of State: 1964-1974"
7759:
7728:
7705:
7699:
7623:came into force on 18 April 1949.
7576:, the previous one-party state is
7412:was dissolved in 2005 leaving the
7271:League of Communists of Yugoslavia
7224:League of Communists of Yugoslavia
6987:League of Communists of Yugoslavia
5155:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
4392:Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic
4188:at a joint sitting of both houses
3983:, both of whom are elected by the
3016:Presidential republic, thereafter
2439:Presidential republic, thereafter
1858:invasion of France by Nazi Germany
14:
8491:
7977:The Statesman's Year-Book 1984-85
7868:"Zusammensetzung des Bundesrates"
7782:
7753:
7664:
7651:
7634:
7562:
7496:
7455:
7438:
6613:One-party parliamentary republic
5150:One-party parliamentary republic
4935:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
4887:One-party parliamentary republic
4566:One-party parliamentary republic
4494:One-party parliamentary republic
4266:One-party parliamentary republic
3979:The president is assisted by the
3238:Parliament and state legislators
2780:Constitutional monarchy (British
2050:Parliament, by absolute majority
8227:. School of Law and Government,
8096:. pp. 39–60. Archived from
8059:. Nation.com.pk. 11 April 2010.
7340:
7327:
7240:
7189:
7143:
7111:
7067:
7029:
6956:
6916:
6874:
6806:
6768:
6726:
6684:
6644:
6575:
6544:
6502:
6467:
6427:
6395:
6360:
6316:
6281:
6252:
6208:
6172:
6134:
6099:
6060:
6024:
5984:
5939:
5889:
5857:
5776:
5732:
5685:
5679:since the state re-established.
5640:
5603:
5545:
5488:
5448:
5406:
5374:
5334:
5303:
5270:
5237:
5208:
5168:
5132:
5100:
5068:
5007:
4974:
4942:
4900:
4870:
4838:
4781:
4729:
4688:
4655:
4618:
4580:
4548:
4508:
4476:
4446:
4401:
4364:
4327:
4289:
4249:
4140:
4076:
4027:
3993:
3946:
3877:
3831:
3793:
3750:
3712:
3640:
3602:
3568:
3534:
3522:Parliamentary Republic (part of
3496:
3460:
3418:
3381:
3327:
3293:
3255:
3221:
3179:
3143:
3105:
3067:
3027:
2990:
2949:
2914:
2874:
2826:
2792:
2769:Parliament and state legislature
2751:
2709:
2671:
2634:
2590:
2554:
2518:
2484:
2450:
2413:
2376:
2364:Parliamentary republic (part of
2338:
2303:
2234:
2201:
2147:
2108:
2070:
2033:
1997:
1676:
1368:
896:Discourses Concerning Government
8422:
8413:
8388:
8348:from the original on 2022-05-25
8275:
8049:
8023:
8005:
7860:
7836:
7679:
7609:
7600:
7532:is sometimes referred to as an
7522:
6567:Suspension of the constitution
6537:Communist Party of Turkmenistan
5522:2010 Constitution of Kyrgyzstan
4128:Parliamentary republic adopted
2278:One-party military dictatorship
1985:Parliamentary republic adopted
1687:needs additional citations for
1630:systems of government, not the
1162:Barbadian Republic Proclamation
7475:Scandinavian Political Studies
7394:
7349:
6974:Assembly-independent republic
6270:Assembly-independent republic
5596:World War II Soviet occupation
5226:Assembly-independent republic
5140:Democratic Republic of Georgia
5091:World War II German occupation
4611:Communist Party of Byelorussia
4556:Belarusian Democratic Republic
4484:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
3954:Federated States of Micronesia
3319:Assembly-independent republic
2735:Constitutional monarchy (in a
1097:1935 Greek coup d'état attempt
1077:German Revolution of 1918–1919
1:
8030:Kiran Khalid (9 April 2010).
7693:
6761:Communist Party of Yugoslavia
6719:Communist Party of Uzbekistan
6460:Communist Party of Tajikistan
5844:Assembly-independent republic
5441:Communist Party of Kazakhstan
4541:Communist Party of Azerbaijan
4243:Full parliamentary republics
4202:citizen-initiated referendums
3477:Direct election (since 1993)
3344:Direct election, by majority
3018:occupied by a one-party state
2441:occupied by a one-party state
1968:Full parliamentary republics
1841:with a parliamentary system.
1580:: Monarch has unlimited power
1543:Assembly-independent republic
1451:, but with a dependency upon
8332:Carlin, John (31 May 1994).
8285:. 2009-04-16. Archived from
7814:Arend Lijphart, ed. (1992).
7557:Federal Constitutional Court
7085:Full parliamentary republic
6994:Assembly-independent systems
6946:snap parliamentary elections
6937:Coalition and power-sharing
6908:snap parliamentary elections
6413:Colony of the British Empire
5481:Communist Party of Kirghizia
5261:People's Republic of Hungary
4907:Fourth Czechoslovak Republic
4598:Full parliamentary republic
4307:Full parliamentary republic
4102:Full parliamentary republic
4019:Full parliamentary republic
3972:UN Trust Territory (Part of
3916:Assembly-independent systems
3819:UN Trust Territory (part of
2613:Two unicameral institutions
1936:and since 30 November 2021,
1568:Semi-constitutional monarchy
1347:Republic without republicans
1092:11 September 1922 Revolution
1087:Mongolian Revolution of 1921
7:
8195:10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087
7617:head of state was ambiguous
7278:
7175:United Republic of Tanzania
7169:United Republic of Tanzania
7129:Semi-presidential republic
7016:
6861:
6583:Ukrainian People's Republic
6199:Restoration of the monarchy
6052:1965 Congolese coup d'état
5725:Communist Party of Moldavia
5677:first presidential election
5626:1926 Lithuanian coup d'état
5610:First Republic of Lithuania
4949:Fifth Czechoslovak Republic
4877:Third Czechoslovak Republic
4845:First Czechoslovak Republic
4320:Communist Party of Abkhazia
4282:Communist Party of Abkhazia
4231:
3171:Semi-presidential republic
2699:Hungarian People's Republic
1518: Presidential republic
1495:with a ceremonial president
1082:Turkish War of Independence
1004:
10:
8496:
8017:December 23, 2015, at the
7848:www.gesetze-im-internet.de
7568:In the case of the former
7373:People's Republic of China
6934:Full parliamentary system
6677:Communist Party of Ukraine
6599:1918 Ukrainian coup d'état
5991:Fourth Philippine Republic
5830:1999 Pakistani coup d'état
5815:1977 Pakistani coup d'état
5800:1958 Pakistani coup d'état
5666:semi-presidential republic
5529:semi-presidential republic
5201:Communist Party of Georgia
4439:Communist Party of Armenia
4425:semi-presidential republic
4350:Semi-presidential republic
3785:first-past-the-post voting
3365:semi-presidential republic
2581:Semi-presidential republic
2545:Semi-presidential republic
2329:Semi-presidential republic
2291:semi-presidential republic
2242:Republic of China (Taiwan)
2060:Semi-presidential republic
1958:
1890:
1533:Semi-presidential republic
1137:1970 Cambodian coup d'état
886:The Commonwealth of Oceana
7580:, but in the case of the
7572:states, including former
7315:Semi-parliamentary system
7231:
7092:
7084:
7065:
6992:
6835:
6829:Constitutional amendment
6709:Constitutional amendment
6667:Constitutional amendment
6606:
6573:
6527:Constitutional amendment
6450:Constitutional amendment
6308:New constitution adopted
6273:New constitution adopted
6234:(which declared itself a
6155:Constitutional amendment
6016:Constitutional amendment
5946:First Philippine Republic
5896:First Portuguese Republic
5793:
5774:
5715:Constitutional amendment
5574:
5543:
5471:Constitutional amendment
5431:Constitutional amendment
5326:Constitutional amendment
5322:Semi-parliamentary system
5229:New constitution adopted
5191:Constitutional amendment
5036:
5033:1934 Estonian coup d'état
5014:First Republic of Estonia
5005:
4807:
4791:
4779:
4727:
4601:Constitutional amendment
4531:Constitutional amendment
4468:Constitutional amendment
4429:Constitutional amendment
4372:First Republic of Armenia
4310:Constitutional amendment
4242:
4131:Previous government form
4122:Head of state elected by
4108:
3937:Previous government form
3928:Head of state elected by
3914:
3903:Constitutional monarchy (
3740:Bechuanaland Protectorate
3703:Previous government form
3694:Head of state elected by
3680:
3628:Constitutional monarchy (
3444:One-party state (part of
3281:One-party state (part of
3205:One-party state (Part of
3131:Constitutional monarchy (
3093:Constitutional monarchy (
3057:French mandate of Lebanon
2771:, by instant-runoff vote
2189:One-party state (part of
2135:Constitutional monarchy (
1988:Previous government form
1979:Head of state elected by
1967:
1839:constitutional monarchies
1667:
1485:with a ceremonial monarch
1441:constitutional monarchies
1310:The Emperor's New Clothes
1062:5 October 1910 revolution
1057:French Revolution of 1848
80:Liberty as non-domination
7844:"Art 54 GG - Einzelnorm"
7320:
7310:Semi-presidential system
7215:death of Josip Broz Tito
7133:Constitutional amendment
7104:Constitutional amendment
7089:Constitutional amendment
7052:Second Republic of Ghana
6942:double simultaneous vote
6904:double simultaneous vote
6898:Constitutional amendment
6750:Constitutional amendment
6304:Semi-presidential system
6013:between 1972 and 1986.)
6002:Semi-presidential system
5965:(De facto United States
5880:New constitution adopted
5848:Constitutional amendment
5760:Second Nigerian Republic
5671:New constitution adopted
5571:1934 Latvian coup d'état
5552:First Republic of Latvia
5381:Second Republic of Korea
5123:New constitution adopted
5118:Semi-presidential system
5061:New constitution adopted
4825:Semi-presidential system
4752:1924 Chilean coup d'état
4720:1962 Burmese coup d'état
4646:New constitution adopted
4464:Semi-presidential system
4355:New constitution adopted
4197:Confederation of states
3963:Parliament, by majority
3894:Parliament, by majority
3729:Parliament, by majority
3355:Polish People's Republic
3247:Constitutional monarchy
3122:Parliament, by majority
2940:Constitutional monarchy
2688:Parliament, by majority
2651:Parliament, by majority
2647:Katerina Sakellaropoulou
2501:Parliament, by majority
2393:Parliament, by majority
1844:Following the defeat of
1780:semi-presidential system
1711:"Parliamentary republic"
1453:parliamentary confidence
1423:of government where the
1152:1987 Fijian coups d'état
1112:1952 Egyptian revolution
90:Political representation
8460:Parliamentary procedure
8171:Shugart, Matthew Søberg
8131:Shugart, Matthew Søberg
7820:Oxford University Press
7621:Republic of Ireland Act
7488:10.1111/1467-9477.00048
7428:Interpretation no. 76,
7381:Chinese Communist Party
7290:Constitutional monarchy
7036:First Republic of Ghana
6386:1963 Syrian coup d'état
6236:constitutional monarchy
6215:Second Spanish Republic
6194:Constitutional monarchy
5976:to the American forces
4981:State of East Indonesia
4453:First Austrian Republic
3857:UN Trusteeship between
2662:constitutional monarchy
2660:Military dictatorship;
2603:Frank-Walter Steinmeier
1893:Commonwealth of Nations
1887:Commonwealth of Nations
1483:Constitutional monarchy
1132:1969 Libyan coup d'état
916:Discourse on Inequality
65:Consent of the governed
8373:Saskatoon Star-Phoenix
8229:Dublin City University
7790:"The President's Role"
7736:"The President's Role"
7422:nationwide referendums
7177:, which operated as a
6348:, which operated as a
6179:First Spanish Republic
5864:Second Polish Republic
5566:parliamentary republic
5107:French Fourth Republic
5028:parliamentary republic
4921:parliamentary republic
4804:Constitution suspended
4386:parliamentary republic
3738:British protectorate (
3473:Tharman Shanmugaratnam
2976:UN-administered Kosovo
2510:Military dictatorship
2405:of the United Kingdom
2155:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1862:French Fourth Republic
1833:Historical development
1664:
1632:
1624:
1622:this chart represents
1608:Provisional government
1493:Parliamentary republic
1419:that operates under a
1413:parliamentary republic
8470:Political terminology
8094:University of Cologne
8085:(23 September 1997).
8012:Constitution of Nepal
7974:Paxton, John (1984).
7262:Breakup of Yugoslavia
7207:Directorial republic
7119:Serbia and Montenegro
7047:Military dictatorship
6705:Presidential republic
6523:Presidential republic
6446:Presidential republic
6042:Military dictatorship
6031:Republic of the Congo
6007:Military dictatorship
5962:Military dictatorship
5923:presidential republic
5909:Military dictatorship
5795:Military dictatorship
5751:Military dictatorship
5511:Presidential republic
5467:Presidential republic
5427:Presidential republic
5075:French Third Republic
5056:presidential republic
4998:Republic of Indonesia
4715:Military dictatorship
4641:Presidential republic
4527:Presidential republic
3581:Hassan Sheikh Mohamud
3450:Serbia and Montenegro
3211:Serbia and Montenegro
3118:Prithvirajsing Roopun
2098:Presidential republic
1867:French Fifth Republic
1854:French Third Republic
1790:would (some may have
1638:degree of democracy.
1472:Parliamentary systems
1461:
1300:Criticism of monarchy
1122:North Yemen civil war
936:The Federalist Papers
231:Federal parliamentary
8429:Esengeldiev, Almaz.
7659:Constituent Assembly
7619:from 1936 until the
7594:German reunification
7295:Parliamentary system
6367:Syrian Arab Republic
6346:United Arab Republic
6340:United Arab Republic
6083:Parliamentary system
2567:Salome Zourabichvili
2266:Nominally Tricameral
2084:Mohammed Shahabuddin
1908:In the case of many
1696:improve this article
1449:presidential systems
1421:parliamentary system
1285:Classical radicalism
1027:Republic of Florence
966:Democracy in America
125:Separation of powers
100:Public participation
8238:on 12 February 2012
7538:German Constitution
7402:Additional Articles
7389:Additional Articles
7233:Directorial systems
7182:presidential system
6893:Presidential system
6825:Presidential system
6791:Dependent territory
6488:Presidential system
6381:presidential system
6353:presidential system
5875:Presidential system
5353:Presidential system
5289:Presidential system
4810:Additional Articles
4799:Presidential system
4767:Presidential system
4674:Presidential system
4173:Karin Keller-Sutter
4165:Simonetta Sommaruga
4110:Directorial systems
3653:Nikenike Vurobaravu
3610:Trinidad and Tobago
3407:Trust Territory of
2289:that provide for a
2287:additional articles
2178:first-past-the-post
2046:Vahagn Khachaturyan
1926:Trinidad and Tobago
1850:Franco-Prussian War
1823:Westminster systems
1788:executive president
1776:presidential system
1509:Presidential system
1375:Politics portal
1180:Antigua and Barbuda
1127:Zanzibar Revolution
1037:American Revolution
926:The Social Contract
95:Popular sovereignty
8480:Types of democracy
8133:(September 2005).
7982:Palgrave Macmillan
7794:The Times of India
7740:The Times of India
7508:The New York Times
7377:single-party state
7333:Changed after the
7020:Reason for change
6865:Reason for change
6402:Transvaal Republic
5912:(which led in 1933
4235:Reason for change
4125:Cameral structure
3931:Cameral structure
3905:Commonwealth realm
3697:Cameral structure
3630:Commonwealth realm
3615:Christine Kangaloo
3234:Ram Chandra Poudel
3226:
3133:Commonwealth realm
3095:Commonwealth realm
2978:(formally part of
2904:Semi-parliamentary
2839:Michael D. Higgins
2805:Abdul Latif Rashid
2608:Federal Convention
2497:Wiliame Katonivere
2137:Commonwealth realm
1982:Cameral structure
1973:Country/territory
1899:London Declaration
1798:(usually called a
1796:head of government
1665:
1433:head of government
1341:Primus inter pares
1157:Nepalese Civil War
1147:Iranian Revolution
1117:14 July Revolution
1072:Russian Revolution
1067:Chinese Revolution
1017:Republic of Venice
866:Discourses on Livy
16:Form of government
8376:. 11 October 1960
8220:McMenamin, Iain.
8173:(December 2005).
8151:on 19 August 2008
7991:978-0-333-34731-7
7829:978-0-19-878044-1
7410:National Assembly
7361:Chinese Civil War
7276:
7275:
6852:with an executive
6797:Southern Rhodesia
6776:Zimbabwe Rhodesia
6239:
6089:Zimbabwe-Rhodesia
5703:
4926:Velvet Revolution
4788:Republic of China
4705:
4207:
4206:
4186:exhaustive ballot
4044:Giacomo Simoncini
4040:Francesco Mussoni
3781:House of Assembly
3725:Mokgweetsi Masisi
3547:Nataša Pirc Musar
3487:State of Malaysia
3353:One-party state (
3268:Stevo Pendarovski
2927:Sergio Mattarella
2722:Halla Tómasdóttir
2697:One-party state (
2256:National Assembly
2254:Nominally by the
2160:Christian Schmidt
1772:
1771:
1764:
1746:
1578:Absolute monarchy
1409:
1408:
1352:Republican empire
1325:List of republics
1174:National variants
1102:Spanish Civil War
1042:French Revolution
1022:Republic of Genoa
906:The Spirit of Law
839:Theoretical works
183:Neo-republicanism
8487:
8445:
8444:
8442:
8441:
8426:
8420:
8417:
8411:
8410:
8408:
8407:
8392:
8386:
8385:
8383:
8381:
8364:
8358:
8357:
8355:
8353:
8337:
8329:
8323:
8322:
8320:
8318:
8312:Archontology.org
8304:
8298:
8297:
8295:
8294:
8279:
8273:
8272:
8270:
8268:
8262:Archontology.org
8254:
8248:
8247:
8245:
8243:
8237:
8231:. Archived from
8226:
8217:
8211:
8210:
8204:
8202:
8197:
8179:
8167:
8161:
8160:
8158:
8156:
8150:
8144:. Archived from
8139:
8127:
8121:
8120:
8110:
8108:
8103:on 24 April 2021
8102:
8091:
8079:
8073:
8072:
8070:
8068:
8053:
8047:
8046:
8044:
8042:
8027:
8021:
8009:
8003:
8002:
8000:
7998:
7971:
7965:
7964:
7962:
7960:
7954:Archontology.org
7946:
7940:
7939:
7937:
7935:
7929:Archontology.org
7921:
7908:
7907:
7905:
7903:
7897:Archontology.org
7889:
7883:
7882:
7880:
7879:
7864:
7858:
7857:
7855:
7854:
7840:
7834:
7833:
7811:
7805:
7804:
7802:
7800:
7786:
7780:
7779:
7777:
7775:
7769:The Conversation
7757:
7751:
7750:
7748:
7746:
7732:
7726:
7725:
7723:
7721:
7715:The Conversation
7703:
7687:
7683:
7671:
7668:
7662:
7655:
7649:
7638:
7632:
7613:
7607:
7604:
7598:
7566:
7560:
7526:
7520:
7519:
7517:
7515:
7500:
7494:
7491:
7459:
7453:
7442:
7436:
7414:Legislative Yuan
7398:
7392:
7385:island of Taiwan
7379:governed by the
7353:
7347:
7344:
7338:
7331:
7267:One-party system
7246:
7244:
7243:
7220:One-party system
7211:New constitution
7195:
7193:
7192:
7173:Merged into the
7167:Creation of the
7153:
7149:
7147:
7146:
7117:
7115:
7114:
7073:
7071:
7070:
7034:
7033:
6983:One-party system
6978:New constitution
6962:
6960:
6959:
6922:
6920:
6919:
6880:
6878:
6877:
6812:
6810:
6809:
6774:
6772:
6771:
6757:One-party system
6732:
6730:
6729:
6715:One-party system
6690:
6688:
6687:
6673:One-party system
6650:
6648:
6647:
6616:Creation of the
6581:
6579:
6578:
6550:
6548:
6547:
6533:One-party system
6508:
6506:
6505:
6473:
6471:
6470:
6456:One-party system
6433:
6431:
6430:
6400:
6399:
6365:
6364:
6344:Merged into the
6338:Creation of the
6321:
6320:
6287:
6285:
6284:
6258:
6256:
6255:
6233:
6213:
6212:
6177:
6176:
6161:One-party system
6140:
6138:
6137:
6105:
6103:
6102:
6066:
6064:
6063:
6029:
6028:
5989:
5988:
5974:Emilio Aguinaldo
5950:Malolos Republic
5944:
5943:
5926:
5894:
5893:
5862:
5861:
5782:
5780:
5779:
5763:
5738:
5736:
5735:
5721:One-party system
5695:
5691:
5689:
5688:
5646:
5644:
5643:
5608:
5607:
5550:
5549:
5494:
5492:
5491:
5477:One-party system
5454:
5452:
5451:
5437:One-party system
5412:
5410:
5409:
5379:
5378:
5358:New constitution
5340:
5338:
5337:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5276:
5274:
5273:
5259:Creation of the
5242:
5241:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5197:One-party system
5174:
5172:
5171:
5153:Creation of the
5138:
5136:
5135:
5105:
5104:
5073:
5072:
5012:
5011:
4979:
4978:
4947:
4946:
4931:One-party system
4905:
4904:
4875:
4874:
4861:Munich agreement
4843:
4842:
4795:1972 (de facto)
4786:
4785:
4772:New constitution
4734:
4733:
4697:
4693:
4692:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4607:One-party system
4588:Byelorussian SSR
4586:
4584:
4583:
4569:Creation of the
4554:
4552:
4551:
4537:One-party system
4514:
4512:
4511:
4497:Creation of the
4482:
4480:
4479:
4451:
4450:
4435:One-party system
4407:
4405:
4404:
4390:Creation of the
4370:
4368:
4367:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4316:One-party system
4295:
4293:
4292:
4278:One-party system
4269:Creation of the
4254:
4253:
4214:
4213:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4033:
4031:
4030:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3801:Marshall Islands
3799:
3797:
3796:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3594:One-party state
3574:
3572:
3571:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3431:Aleksandar Vučić
3424:
3422:
3421:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3306:Asif Ali Zardari
3299:
3297:
3296:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3003:Edgars Rinkēvičs
2996:
2994:
2993:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2818:One-party state
2798:
2796:
2795:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2619:One-party state
2596:
2594:
2593:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2476:One-party state
2463:Sahle-Work Zewde
2456:
2454:
2453:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2403:Associated state
2382:
2380:
2379:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2308:
2307:
2280:(Mainland China)
2274:
2267:
2258:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2226:One-party state
2206:
2205:
2168:Šefik Džaferović
2153:
2151:
2150:
2118:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1965:
1964:
1914:Governor-General
1881:presidential one
1811:Marshall Islands
1767:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1747:
1745:
1704:
1680:
1672:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1637:
1629:
1615:
1605:
1595:
1585:
1575:
1565:
1551:
1540:
1530:
1517:
1500:
1490:
1480:
1425:executive branch
1401:
1394:
1387:
1373:
1372:
1357:Republican Party
1335:Peasant republic
1295:Communitarianism
1012:Classical Athens
1007:
981:
971:
961:
951:
941:
931:
921:
911:
901:
891:
881:
871:
861:
851:
85:Mixed government
19:
18:
8495:
8494:
8490:
8489:
8488:
8486:
8485:
8484:
8450:
8449:
8448:
8439:
8437:
8427:
8423:
8418:
8414:
8405:
8403:
8394:
8393:
8389:
8379:
8377:
8366:
8365:
8361:
8351:
8349:
8341:The Independent
8330:
8326:
8316:
8314:
8306:
8305:
8301:
8292:
8290:
8281:
8280:
8276:
8266:
8264:
8256:
8255:
8251:
8241:
8239:
8235:
8224:
8218:
8214:
8200:
8198:
8182:French Politics
8177:
8168:
8164:
8154:
8152:
8148:
8137:
8128:
8124:
8106:
8104:
8100:
8089:
8080:
8076:
8066:
8064:
8055:
8054:
8050:
8040:
8038:
8028:
8024:
8019:Wayback Machine
8010:
8006:
7996:
7994:
7992:
7972:
7968:
7958:
7956:
7948:
7947:
7943:
7933:
7931:
7923:
7922:
7911:
7901:
7899:
7891:
7890:
7886:
7877:
7875:
7866:
7865:
7861:
7852:
7850:
7842:
7841:
7837:
7830:
7812:
7808:
7798:
7796:
7788:
7787:
7783:
7773:
7771:
7758:
7754:
7744:
7742:
7734:
7733:
7729:
7719:
7717:
7704:
7700:
7696:
7691:
7690:
7684:
7680:
7675:
7674:
7669:
7665:
7656:
7652:
7639:
7635:
7614:
7610:
7605:
7601:
7567:
7563:
7546:Länder (States)
7527:
7523:
7513:
7511:
7502:
7501:
7497:
7460:
7456:
7443:
7439:
7424:. According to
7399:
7395:
7354:
7350:
7345:
7341:
7335:2015 referendum
7332:
7328:
7323:
7281:
7241:
7239:
7226:
7190:
7188:
7163:State dissolved
7144:
7142:
7112:
7110:
7068:
7066:
7049:
7028:
7013:
7008:
7006:
7004:
6957:
6955:
6949:
6917:
6915:
6875:
6873:
6858:
6853:
6851:
6849:
6847:
6807:
6805:
6769:
6767:
6755:
6727:
6725:
6713:
6685:
6683:
6671:
6645:
6643:
6630:State dissolved
6576:
6574:
6563:One-party state
6545:
6543:
6531:
6503:
6501:
6468:
6466:
6454:
6428:
6426:
6418:Second Boer War
6394:
6359:
6334:State dissolved
6323:Syrian Republic
6315:
6282:
6280:
6253:
6251:
6232:
6230:One-party state
6207:
6171:
6159:
6135:
6133:
6100:
6098:
6061:
6059:
6047:one-party state
6044:
6023:
6004:
5983:
5964:
5938:
5918:
5913:
5911:
5888:
5856:
5777:
5775:
5758:
5753:
5733:
5731:
5719:
5686:
5684:
5641:
5639:
5621:One-party state
5602:
5591:State dissolved
5544:
5489:
5487:
5475:
5449:
5447:
5435:
5407:
5405:
5373:
5367:
5335:
5333:
5304:
5302:
5271:
5269:
5255:One-party state
5236:
5209:
5207:
5195:
5169:
5167:
5133:
5131:
5099:
5067:
5006:
4992:State dissolved
4973:
4960:State dissolved
4941:
4899:
4869:
4856:One-party state
4837:
4812:, which have a
4780:
4728:
4687:
4656:
4654:
4619:
4617:
4605:
4581:
4579:
4549:
4547:
4535:
4509:
4507:
4477:
4475:
4445:
4433:
4402:
4400:
4365:
4363:
4328:
4326:
4314:
4290:
4288:
4276:
4248:
4228:
4223:
4221:
4212:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4141:
4139:
4077:
4075:
4069:Captains Regent
4042:
4028:
4026:
3994:
3992:
3947:
3945:
3890:Cyril Ramaphosa
3878:
3876:
3832:
3830:
3794:
3792:
3751:
3749:
3713:
3711:
3666:British–French
3641:
3639:
3603:
3601:
3569:
3567:
3535:
3533:
3509:Zuzana Čaputová
3497:
3495:
3461:
3459:
3419:
3417:
3382:
3380:
3328:
3326:
3294:
3292:
3263:North Macedonia
3256:
3254:
3222:
3220:
3192:Jakov Milatović
3180:
3178:
3161:
3144:
3142:
3106:
3104:
3068:
3066:
3042:
3028:
3026:
2991:
2989:
2950:
2948:
2915:
2913:
2875:
2873:
2862:
2827:
2825:
2793:
2791:
2752:
2750:
2710:
2708:
2672:
2670:
2635:
2633:
2591:
2589:
2555:
2553:
2531:Alexander Stubb
2519:
2517:
2485:
2483:
2451:
2449:
2414:
2412:
2389:Sylvanie Burton
2377:
2375:
2339:
2337:
2315:Zoran Milanović
2302:
2281:
2272:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2253:
2252:
2235:
2233:
2200:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2148:
2146:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2034:
2032:
2024:One-party state
1998:
1996:
1963:
1957:
1895:
1889:
1835:
1768:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1705:
1703:
1693:
1681:
1670:
1663:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1611:
1603:
1601:
1593:
1591:
1588:One-party state
1583:
1581:
1573:
1571:
1563:
1561:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1538:
1536:
1528:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1506:
1505:
1498:
1496:
1488:
1486:
1478:
1469:
1405:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1280:
1272:
1271:
1175:
1167:
1166:
1052:Trienio Liberal
993:
985:
984:
979:
969:
959:
949:
939:
929:
919:
909:
899:
889:
879:
869:
859:
849:
840:
832:
831:
567:Flynn (Stephen)
452:
444:
443:
284:
276:
275:
201:
193:
192:
148:
140:
139:
135:Social equality
130:Social contract
120:Self-governance
75:Democratization
50:Anti-corruption
45:Anti-monarchism
40:
24:Politics series
17:
12:
11:
5:
8493:
8483:
8482:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8447:
8446:
8421:
8412:
8402:. 8 March 2021
8387:
8359:
8324:
8299:
8274:
8249:
8212:
8188:(3): 323–351.
8162:
8122:
8074:
8048:
8022:
8004:
7990:
7984:. p. 29.
7966:
7941:
7909:
7884:
7859:
7835:
7828:
7806:
7781:
7752:
7727:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7689:
7688:
7677:
7676:
7673:
7672:
7663:
7650:
7633:
7629:Irish Republic
7608:
7599:
7561:
7555:. However the
7521:
7495:
7454:
7437:
7393:
7369:Mainland China
7348:
7339:
7325:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7318:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7280:
7277:
7274:
7273:
7264:
7259:
7256:
7253:
7250:
7236:
7235:
7229:
7228:
7217:
7208:
7205:
7202:
7199:
7185:
7184:
7171:
7165:
7160:
7157:
7154:
7138:
7137:
7135:
7130:
7127:
7124:
7121:
7107:
7106:
7101:
7098:
7094:
7093:
7091:
7086:
7083:
7080:
7077:
7063:
7062:
7060:
7055:
7044:
7041:
7038:
7025:
7024:
7021:
7018:
7015:
7010:
7001:
6997:
6996:
6990:
6989:
6980:
6975:
6972:
6969:
6966:
6952:
6951:
6938:
6935:
6932:
6929:
6926:
6912:
6911:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6887:
6884:
6870:
6869:
6866:
6863:
6860:
6855:
6844:
6840:
6839:
6833:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6822:
6819:
6816:
6802:
6801:
6799:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6764:
6763:
6752:
6747:
6744:
6741:
6736:
6722:
6721:
6710:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6694:
6680:
6679:
6668:
6665:
6662:
6657:
6654:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6635:Treaty of Riga
6632:
6627:
6623:
6622:
6620:
6614:
6611:
6608:
6604:
6603:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6588:
6585:
6571:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6560:
6557:
6554:
6540:
6539:
6528:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6512:
6498:
6497:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6477:
6463:
6462:
6451:
6448:
6443:
6440:
6437:
6423:
6422:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6407:
6404:
6391:
6390:
6388:
6383:
6375:
6372:
6369:
6356:
6355:
6342:
6336:
6331:
6328:
6325:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6277:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6268:
6265:
6262:
6248:
6247:
6245:
6240:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6168:
6167:
6156:
6153:
6150:
6147:
6144:
6130:
6129:
6127:
6122:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6095:
6094:
6091:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6056:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6039:
6036:
6033:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6014:
5999:
5996:
5993:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5970:
5959:
5956:
5953:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5927:
5906:
5903:
5898:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5869:
5866:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5845:
5842:
5839:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5827:
5824:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5812:
5809:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5789:
5786:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5764:
5748:
5745:
5742:
5728:
5727:
5716:
5713:
5710:
5707:
5704:
5681:
5680:
5673:
5668:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5636:
5635:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5615:
5612:
5599:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5585:
5581:
5580:
5573:
5568:
5560:
5557:
5554:
5541:
5540:
5537:Prime Minister
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5484:
5483:
5472:
5469:
5464:
5461:
5458:
5444:
5443:
5432:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5416:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5394:
5392:Military junta
5389:
5386:
5383:
5370:
5369:
5364:
5355:
5350:
5347:
5344:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5319:
5316:
5313:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5283:
5280:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5257:
5252:
5249:
5246:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5224:
5221:
5218:
5204:
5203:
5192:
5189:
5186:
5181:
5178:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5151:
5148:
5145:
5142:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5112:
5109:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5080:
5077:
5064:
5063:
5058:
5050:
5047:
5043:
5042:
5035:
5030:
5022:
5019:
5016:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4996:Merged to the
4994:
4989:
4986:
4983:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4965:Velvet Divorce
4962:
4957:
4954:
4951:
4938:
4937:
4928:
4923:
4915:
4912:
4909:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4879:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4850:
4847:
4834:
4833:
4827:
4822:
4818:
4817:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4761:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4749:
4747:Military junta
4744:
4741:
4738:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4709:
4706:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4668:
4665:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4614:
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4602:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4590:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4567:
4564:
4561:
4558:
4544:
4543:
4532:
4529:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4516:Azerbaijan SSR
4504:
4503:
4501:
4495:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4461:
4458:
4455:
4442:
4441:
4430:
4427:
4419:
4414:
4411:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4388:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4323:
4322:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4285:
4284:
4273:
4267:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4230:
4225:
4218:
4211:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4179:
4157:Ignazio Cassis
4150:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4119:Head of state
4117:
4113:
4112:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4086:
4072:
4071:
4065:
4055:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4037:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4003:
3989:
3988:
3981:vice-president
3977:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3956:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3935:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3925:Head of state
3923:
3919:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3887:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3867:United Kingdom
3855:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3841:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3803:
3789:
3788:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3760:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3722:
3708:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3691:Head of state
3689:
3685:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3650:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3612:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3578:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3544:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3524:Czechoslovakia
3520:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3506:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3470:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3428:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3391:
3377:
3376:
3373:Prime Minister
3358:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3337:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3303:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3265:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3231:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3189:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3115:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3077:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3055:Protectorate (
3053:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3037:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3000:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2959:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2924:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2894:, by majority
2889:
2884:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2802:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2766:
2764:Droupadi Murmu
2761:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2737:personal union
2733:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2719:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2681:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2644:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2605:
2600:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2564:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2528:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2494:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2460:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2423:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2386:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2366:Czechoslovakia
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2348:
2346:Czech Republic
2334:
2333:
2331:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2312:
2299:
2298:
2283:
2275:
2268:
2259:
2249:
2244:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2210:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2174:
2157:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2081:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2007:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1976:Head of state
1974:
1970:
1969:
1959:Main article:
1956:
1953:
1891:Main article:
1888:
1885:
1834:
1831:
1800:prime minister
1792:reserve powers
1770:
1769:
1684:
1682:
1675:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1639:
1612:
1602:
1598:Military junta
1592:
1582:
1572:
1562:
1558:Supreme Leader
1548:
1537:
1527:
1523:Hybrid systems
1514:
1497:
1487:
1477:
1445:reserve powers
1407:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1305:Egalitarianism
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1281:
1279:Related topics
1278:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1250:United Kingdom
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1032:Dutch Republic
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1000:
998:Roman Republic
994:
991:
990:
987:
986:
983:
982:
972:
962:
952:
942:
932:
922:
912:
902:
892:
882:
872:
862:
852:
841:
838:
837:
834:
833:
830:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
453:
450:
449:
446:
445:
442:
441:
439:Wollstonecraft
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
285:
282:
281:
278:
277:
274:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
202:
199:
198:
195:
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191:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
149:
146:
145:
142:
141:
138:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
41:
38:
37:
34:
33:
27:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8492:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8457:
8455:
8436:
8435:Freedom House
8432:
8425:
8416:
8401:
8397:
8391:
8375:
8374:
8369:
8363:
8347:
8343:
8342:
8336:
8328:
8313:
8309:
8303:
8289:on 2009-04-16
8288:
8284:
8278:
8263:
8259:
8253:
8234:
8230:
8223:
8216:
8209:
8196:
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8132:
8126:
8119:
8117:
8099:
8095:
8088:
8084:
8078:
8062:
8058:
8052:
8037:
8033:
8026:
8020:
8016:
8013:
8008:
7993:
7987:
7983:
7979:
7978:
7970:
7955:
7951:
7945:
7930:
7926:
7920:
7918:
7916:
7914:
7898:
7894:
7888:
7873:
7869:
7863:
7849:
7845:
7839:
7831:
7825:
7821:
7817:
7810:
7795:
7791:
7785:
7770:
7766:
7762:
7756:
7741:
7737:
7731:
7716:
7712:
7708:
7702:
7698:
7682:
7678:
7667:
7660:
7654:
7647:
7643:
7637:
7630:
7626:
7622:
7618:
7612:
7603:
7595:
7591:
7587:
7583:
7579:
7575:
7571:
7565:
7558:
7554:
7551:
7547:
7543:
7539:
7535:
7534:upper chamber
7531:
7525:
7509:
7505:
7499:
7489:
7485:
7482:(2): 95–109.
7481:
7477:
7476:
7470:), he quotes
7469:
7468:9780719078538
7465:
7458:
7451:
7447:
7441:
7433:
7432:
7427:
7426:Judicial Yuan
7423:
7419:
7415:
7411:
7407:
7403:
7397:
7390:
7386:
7382:
7378:
7374:
7370:
7366:
7362:
7358:
7352:
7343:
7336:
7330:
7326:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7305:Republicanism
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7282:
7272:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7257:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7238:
7237:
7234:
7230:
7225:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7212:
7209:
7206:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7187:
7186:
7183:
7180:
7176:
7172:
7170:
7166:
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7158:
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7140:
7139:
7136:
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7131:
7128:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7109:
7108:
7105:
7102:
7099:
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7090:
7087:
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7078:
7076:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7053:
7048:
7045:
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7037:
7032:
7027:
7026:
7022:
7019:
7011:
7002:
6999:
6998:
6995:
6991:
6988:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6973:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6954:
6953:
6947:
6943:
6939:
6936:
6933:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6914:
6913:
6909:
6905:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6872:
6871:
6867:
6864:
6856:
6848:parliamentary
6845:
6842:
6841:
6838:
6834:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6804:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:Reversion to
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6766:
6765:
6762:
6758:
6753:
6751:
6748:
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6740:
6737:
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6724:
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6720:
6716:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6682:
6681:
6678:
6674:
6669:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6652:Ukrainian SSR
6642:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6625:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6615:
6612:
6609:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
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6542:
6541:
6538:
6534:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
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5708:
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5702:
5700:
5697:(present-day
5694:
5693:Moldavian SSR
5683:
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5678:
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4815:
4814:sunset clause
4811:
4805:
4802:
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4797:
4794:
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4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
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4726:
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4710:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:(present-day
4696:
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4680:
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4268:
4265:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4237:
4234:
4226:
4222:parliamentary
4219:
4216:
4215:
4203:
4199:
4196:
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4115:
4114:
4111:
4107:
4104:
4101:
4098:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4089:Chan Santokhi
4087:
4085:
4074:
4073:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4060:(part of the
4059:
4056:
4053:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4025:
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4018:
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3991:
3990:
3986:
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3965:
3962:
3960:
3959:Wesley Simina
3957:
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3936:
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3791:
3790:
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3776:Protectorate
3775:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3763:Taneti Maamau
3761:
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2999:
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2296:
2295:sunset clause
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2279:
2276:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2232:
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2222:
2219:
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2209:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2173:
2172:Željko Komšić
2169:
2165:
2164:Milorad Dodik
2161:
2158:
2156:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2138:
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2027:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1877:South America
1874:
1870:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1840:
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1826:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1784:head of state
1781:
1777:
1766:
1763:
1755:
1752:February 2019
1744:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1713: –
1712:
1708:
1707:Find sources:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1685:This section
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1679:
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1475:
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1467:
1466:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1437:head of state
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1390:
1388:
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1376:
1371:
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1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1268:
1267:United States
1265:
1261:
1258:
1256:
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1248:
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1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
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1177:
1171:
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1155:
1153:
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1145:
1143:
1142:Metapolitefsi
1140:
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1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
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1038:
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53:
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32:
31:Republicanism
29:
28:
25:
21:
20:
8438:. Retrieved
8434:
8424:
8415:
8404:. Retrieved
8399:
8390:
8378:. Retrieved
8371:
8362:
8350:. Retrieved
8339:
8327:
8315:. Retrieved
8311:
8302:
8291:. Retrieved
8287:the original
8277:
8265:. Retrieved
8261:
8252:
8240:. Retrieved
8233:the original
8215:
8206:
8199:. Retrieved
8185:
8181:
8165:
8153:. Retrieved
8146:the original
8141:
8125:
8115:
8112:
8105:. Retrieved
8098:the original
8083:Veser, Ernst
8077:
8065:. Retrieved
8051:
8039:. Retrieved
8035:
8025:
8007:
7995:. Retrieved
7976:
7969:
7957:. Retrieved
7953:
7944:
7932:. Retrieved
7928:
7900:. Retrieved
7896:
7887:
7876:. Retrieved
7871:
7862:
7851:. Retrieved
7847:
7838:
7815:
7809:
7797:. Retrieved
7793:
7784:
7772:. Retrieved
7768:
7761:Twomey, Anne
7755:
7743:. Retrieved
7739:
7730:
7718:. Retrieved
7714:
7707:Twomey, Anne
7701:
7686:parliaments.
7681:
7666:
7653:
7646:Soviet Union
7641:
7636:
7611:
7602:
7590:East Germany
7578:Nazi Germany
7564:
7540:defines the
7524:
7512:. Retrieved
7507:
7498:
7479:
7473:
7457:
7450:Soviet Union
7445:
7440:
7429:
7406:Control Yuan
7396:
7351:
7342:
7329:
7162:
6629:
6594:Client state
6333:
6142:Soviet Union
6107:Russian SFSR
6087:Creation of
5915:
5756:presidential
5696:
5632:Soviet Union
5590:
5577:Soviet Union
5525:
5176:Georgian SSR
5086:Puppet state
5039:Soviet Union
4991:
4959:
4698:
4409:Armenian SSR
4256:SSR Abkhazia
4177:Viola Amherd
4169:Alain Berset
4153:Guy Parmelin
4145:
4062:Papal States
3985:FSM Congress
3885:South Africa
3672:New Hebrides
3448:, and later
3361:
3340:Andrzej Duda
3209:, and after
3080:George Vella
3040:Najib Mikati
2962:Vjosa Osmani
2887:Isaac Herzog
2684:Tamás Sulyok
2623:Nazi Germany
2620:
2247:Lai Ching-te
2122:Sandra Mason
2010:Bajram Begaj
1950:
1918:South Africa
1907:
1896:
1871:
1846:Napoleon III
1843:
1836:
1827:
1819:South Africa
1804:
1773:
1758:
1749:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1706:
1694:Please help
1689:verification
1686:
1619:
1521:
1507:
1492:
1470:
1462:
1412:
1410:
1339:
974:
964:
954:
944:
934:
924:
914:
904:
894:
884:
874:
864:
854:
844:
657:Jones (Elin)
562:Flynn (Paul)
522:Clarke (Tom)
517:Clark (Katy)
462:Adams (John)
283:Philosophers
245:
60:Civic virtue
22:Part of the
8396:"Executive"
8380:18 February
8352:18 February
8317:18 February
8267:18 February
8242:11 December
7997:18 February
7959:18 February
7934:18 February
7902:18 February
7874:(in German)
7642:coup d'état
7586:East Berlin
7584:and former
7574:West Berlin
7570:West German
7446:coup d'état
7058:Coup d'état
7017:Changed to
7007:independent
6862:Changed to
6854:presidency
6510:Turkmen SSR
6243:Coup d'état
6011:Martial Law
5972:Capture of
5930:28 May coup
5916:Estado Novo
5767:Coup d'état
5663:Multi-party
5531:, with the
5456:Kirghiz SSR
5397:16 May coup
4918:Multi-party
4891:Coup d'état
4422:Multi-party
4297:Abkhaz ASSR
4232:Changed to
4161:Ueli Maurer
4148:Switzerland
4096:Unicameral
4093:Parliament
4051:Unicameral
4048:Parliament
4013:Unicameral
3966:Unicameral
3863:New Zealand
3851:Unicameral
3848:Parliament
3810:Parliament
3806:David Kabua
3770:Unicameral
3732:Unicameral
3668:condominium
3660:Unicameral
3619:Parliament
3585:Parliament
3516:Unicameral
3480:Unicameral
3438:Unicameral
3409:New Zealand
3401:Unicameral
3398:Parliament
3275:Unicameral
3199:Unicameral
3165:Unicameral
3125:Unicameral
3087:Unicameral
3049:Unicameral
3046:Parliament
3010:Unicameral
3007:Parliament
2969:Unicameral
2897:Unicameral
2863:1936–1949:
2812:Unicameral
2729:Unicameral
2691:Unicameral
2654:Unicameral
2574:Unicameral
2538:Unicameral
2504:Unicameral
2433:Unicameral
2396:Unicameral
2322:Unicameral
2220:Unicameral
2213:Rumen Radev
2091:Unicameral
2088:Parliament
2053:Unicameral
2017:Unicameral
1429:legislature
1290:Common good
1230:New Zealand
1225:Netherlands
970:(1835–1840)
940:(1787–1788)
850:(c. 375 BC)
772:Robespierre
547:Etherington
482:Benn (Tony)
451:Politicians
429:Tocqueville
389:Montesquieu
369:Machiavelli
115:Rule of law
110:Res publica
8465:Liberalism
8454:Categories
8440:2023-10-16
8406:2023-08-25
8400:www.gov.fm
8293:2023-08-25
7878:2023-09-20
7853:2023-09-20
7799:18 October
7774:18 October
7745:18 October
7720:18 October
7694:References
7582:New Länder
7553:parliament
7418:unicameral
7400:Under the
7365:Kuomintang
7269:under the
7248:Yugoslavia
7222:under the
7197:Yugoslavia
7151:Tanganyika
6985:under the
6964:Yugoslavia
6759:under the
6734:Yugoslavia
6717:under the
6675:under the
6535:under the
6493:Referendum
6458:under the
6163:under the
6125:Referendum
6045:(De facto
6005:(de facto
5723:under the
5516:Referendum
5496:Kyrgyzstan
5479:under the
5439:under the
5414:Kazakh SSR
5199:under the
4933:under the
4679:Referendum
4609:under the
4539:under the
4437:under the
4318:under the
4280:under the
4191:Bicameral
4182:Parliament
4035:San Marino
4006:Irfaan Ali
3897:Bicameral
3865:, and the
3813:Bicameral
3622:Bicameral
3588:Bicameral
3554:Bicameral
3446:Yugoslavia
3347:Bicameral
3313:Bicameral
3283:Yugoslavia
3241:Bicameral
3207:Yugoslavia
3187:Montenegro
3156:Maia Sandu
2934:Bicameral
2892:Parliament
2848:Bicameral
2774:Bicameral
2470:Bicameral
2426:Alar Karis
2358:Bicameral
2351:Petr Pavel
2262:Unicameral
2191:Yugoslavia
2183:Bicameral
2129:Bicameral
2078:Bangladesh
1897:Since the
1722:newspapers
1556:republic:
1554:Theocratic
1465:government
1330:Monarchism
1320:Liberalism
1315:Jacobinism
1005:Gaṇasaṅgha
860:(54–51 BC)
344:Harrington
221:Democratic
211:Capitalist
206:Autonomous
188:Venizelism
173:Khomeinism
8201:21 August
8155:21 August
8107:21 August
7872:Bundesrat
7627:that the
7550:bicameral
7542:Bundestag
7530:Bundesrat
7514:3 January
7179:One-party
7009:republic
7005:assembly-
7003:Became an
6692:Uzbek SSR
6435:Tajik SSR
6378:One-party
6350:One-party
6289:Sri Lanka
5920:one-party
5648:Lithuania
5563:One-party
5533:President
5362:elections
5278:Indonesia
5053:One-party
5025:One-party
4383:One-party
4224:republic
4200:Also has
4058:Theocracy
3859:Australia
3468:Singapore
3369:President
3113:Mauritius
3043:(Acting)
2906:republic
2865:ambiguous
1942:Sri Lanka
1869:in 1959.
1185:Australia
817:Venizelos
807:Spadolini
797:Slaughter
742:McDonnell
707:Mackenzie
652:Jefferson
607:Griffiths
587:de Gaulle
582:Garibaldi
542:Drakeford
434:Warburton
354:Jefferson
349:Honderich
329:Condorcet
216:Christian
178:Nasserism
153:Classical
70:Democracy
8475:Republic
8346:Archived
8067:14 April
8061:Archived
8041:14 April
8015:Archived
7300:Republic
7279:See also
7213:and the
7075:Pakistan
7014:changed
7000:Country
6859:changed
6850:republic
6846:Became a
6843:Country
6814:Zimbabwe
6260:Suriname
6238:in 1947)
6068:Rhodesia
5784:Pakistan
5526:de facto
5157:and the
4832:adopted
4335:Abkhazia
4229:changed
4220:Became a
4217:Country
4116:Country
4084:Suriname
3922:Country
3844:Russ Kun
3758:Kiribati
3720:Botswana
3688:Country
3542:Slovenia
3504:Slovakia
3362:de facto
3301:Pakistan
2859:Dominion
2782:Dominion
2458:Ethiopia
2384:Dominica
2208:Bulgaria
2116:Barbados
1946:Pakistan
1938:Barbados
1807:Botswana
1634:de facto
1435:and the
1417:republic
1255:Scotland
1195:Barbados
846:Republic
762:Prescott
732:Naysmith
722:McKechin
682:La Malfa
677:Khomeini
637:Iorwerth
602:Griffith
577:Gambetta
572:Galloway
557:Ferguson
537:Davidson
532:Cromwell
527:Connolly
507:Campbell
424:Sunstein
409:Rousseau
404:Polybius
339:Franklin
319:Chappell
314:Cattaneo
251:People's
236:Imperial
168:Kemalism
105:Republic
39:Concepts
8116:pléiade
7416:as the
7371:by the
5914:to the
5740:Nigeria
5699:Moldova
5244:Hungary
4701:Myanmar
4626:Belarus
3648:Vanuatu
3576:Somalia
3367:as the
3151:Moldova
3035:Lebanon
2855:To 1936
2834:Ireland
2741:Denmark
2717:Iceland
2679:Hungary
2598:Germany
2562:Georgia
2526:Finland
2421:Estonia
2310:Croatia
2041:Armenia
2005:Albania
1934:Vanuatu
1903:Ireland
1848:in the
1778:or the
1736:scholar
1626:de jure
1220:Morocco
1210:Jamaica
1205:Ireland
1190:Bahamas
992:History
812:Taverne
787:Skinner
767:Ritchie
712:Madison
692:Lincoln
642:Jackson
632:Huppert
627:Hopkins
552:Fabiani
512:Chapman
497:Bolívar
487:Bennett
477:Bartley
467:Atatürk
379:Mazzini
374:Madison
304:Bentham
294:Baggini
261:Secular
241:Islamic
226:Federal
163:Federal
147:Schools
7988:
7826:
7588:it is
7466:
7404:, the
7245:
7194:
7148:
7116:
7072:
7023:Notes
7012:Status
6961:
6921:
6882:Gambia
6879:
6868:Notes
6857:Status
6811:
6773:
6731:
6689:
6649:
6580:
6552:Uganda
6549:
6507:
6475:Turkey
6472:
6432:
6286:
6257:
6139:
6104:
6065:
6009:under
5967:Colony
5781:
5737:
5690:
5645:
5493:
5453:
5411:
5339:
5311:Israel
5308:
5275:
5216:Guyana
5213:
5173:
5137:
4663:Brazil
4660:
4623:
4585:
4553:
4513:
4481:
4406:
4369:
4332:
4294:
4238:Notes
4227:Status
4134:Notes
4081:
4032:
4001:Guyana
3998:
3951:
3940:Notes
3882:
3836:
3798:
3755:
3717:
3706:Notes
3645:
3607:
3573:
3539:
3501:
3465:
3426:Serbia
3423:
3386:
3335:Poland
3332:
3298:
3260:
3184:
3148:
3110:
3072:
3032:
2998:Latvia
2995:
2980:Serbia
2957:Kosovo
2954:
2919:
2882:Israel
2879:
2831:
2797:
2756:
2714:
2676:
2642:Greece
2639:
2595:
2559:
2523:
2489:
2455:
2418:
2381:
2343:
2239:
2152:
2113:
2075:
2038:
2002:
1991:Notes
1817:, and
1809:, the
1782:, the
1738:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1709:
1668:Powers
1614:
1606:
1604:
1596:
1594:
1586:
1584:
1576:
1574:
1566:
1564:
1552:
1550:
1541:
1539:
1531:
1529:
1516:
1501:
1499:
1491:
1489:
1481:
1479:
1245:Sweden
1235:Norway
1200:Canada
980:(1963)
960:(1794)
950:(1791)
930:(1762)
920:(1755)
910:(1748)
900:(1698)
890:(1656)
880:(1649)
870:(1531)
822:Wilson
792:Slater
782:Skates
737:Mannin
727:Mullin
702:Mackay
667:Juárez
622:Hébert
617:Hatton
612:Harvie
502:Burgon
419:Sidney
414:Sandel
399:Pettit
324:Cicero
289:Arendt
271:Soviet
266:Sister
158:Modern
8236:(PDF)
8225:(PDF)
8178:(PDF)
8149:(PDF)
8138:(PDF)
8101:(PDF)
8090:(PDF)
7321:Notes
7255:1992
7252:1980
7204:1980
7201:1963
7159:1964
7156:1962
7126:2000
7123:1992
7082:1997
7079:1985
7043:1966
7040:1960
6971:1963
6968:1953
6931:2008
6928:1964
6924:Kenya
6889:1982
6886:1970
6821:1987
6818:1980
6743:1953
6696:1924
6656:1919
6626:1921
6610:1919
6607:1918
6590:1918
6587:1917
6559:1966
6556:1963
6514:1925
6479:1923
6442:1990
6439:1929
6409:1902
6406:1852
6374:1963
6371:1961
6330:1958
6327:1930
6267:1987
6264:1975
6149:1990
6146:1922
6038:1965
6035:1960
5998:1981
5995:1973
5958:1901
5955:1899
5905:1926
5871:1935
5868:1919
5791:1958
5788:1956
5747:1966
5744:1963
5709:1990
5706:1940
5617:1926
5614:1920
5587:1940
5584:1934
5559:1934
5556:1922
5463:1990
5460:1936
5418:1936
5388:1961
5385:1960
5349:2013
5346:2008
5342:Kenya
5318:1996
5315:1948
5285:1959
5282:1945
5251:1949
5248:1946
5223:1980
5220:1970
5180:1921
5147:1921
5144:1918
5114:1958
5111:1946
5082:1940
5079:1870
5049:1938
5046:1934
5021:1934
5018:1920
4988:1950
4985:1946
4956:1992
4953:1989
4914:1989
4911:1948
4884:1948
4881:1945
4852:1939
4849:1920
4792:1947
4763:1925
4760:1925
4743:1924
4740:1891
4736:Chile
4711:1962
4708:1948
4695:Burma
4670:1963
4667:1961
4595:1990
4592:1920
4563:1920
4560:1918
4523:1990
4520:1920
4491:1920
4488:1918
4460:1929
4457:1920
4413:1920
4379:1920
4376:1918
4304:1991
4301:1931
4263:1931
4260:1921
4194:1848
4099:1987
4054:1291
4016:1980
3969:1986
3900:1961
3854:1968
3839:Nauru
3816:1979
3773:1979
3735:1966
3663:1980
3625:1976
3591:2012
3557:1991
3519:1993
3483:1965
3441:1991
3404:1960
3389:Samoa
3350:1989
3316:2010
3278:1991
3244:2008
3229:Nepal
3202:1992
3168:2001
3128:1992
3090:1974
3075:Malta
3052:1941
3013:1991
2972:2008
2937:1946
2922:Italy
2900:2001
2851:1949
2815:2005
2777:1950
2759:India
2739:with
2732:1944
2694:1990
2657:1975
2616:1949
2577:2018
2541:2000
2507:2014
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