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2614:"praised the mixed constitution of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy, and they attributed English liberty to it; and like Locke they postulated a state of nature from which rights arose which the civil polity, created by mutual consent, guaranteed; they argued that a contract formed government and sovereignty resided in the people". So mixed government is the core of both the British form of modern-era democracy,
2552:, in part, upon the ancient theory. The constitution of Britain during the Victorian Era with a Parliament composed of the Sovereign (monarchy), a House of Lords (aristocracy) and House of Commons (democracy) is a prime example of a mixed constitution in the 19th century. This political system had its roots in two closely related developments in seventeenth-century England. First, a series of political upheavals—the
2508:
as the best form of government. He praised the advantages of democracy: "It is an invaluable gift if God allows a people to elect its overlords and magistrates". To further safeguard the rights and liberties of those who are ordinary, Calvin also favored the distribution of power to several political
2584:
ideology. It "described two sorts of threats to political freedom: a general decay of the people which would invite the intrusion of evil and despotic rulers, and the encroachment of executive authority upon the legislature, the attempt that power always made to subdue the liberty protected by mixed
1014:
three types (excluding timocracy) are discussed in detail. Aristotle considers constitutional government (a combination of oligarchy and democracy under law) the ideal form of government, but he observes that none of the three are healthy and that states will cycle between the three forms in an
2589:
revealed that this radical Whig understanding of politics had embedded itself deeply in
American minds. Radical Whig perceptions of politics attracted widespread support in America because they revived the traditional concerns of a
2641:. However, much more important was that "most" ideas that the American Revolutionaries put into their political system "were a part of the great tradition of the eighteenth-century commonwealthmen, the radical Whig ideology".
2670:
has taken on the role of "The Best" in recent decades, ensuring a continuing separation of authority by offsetting the direct election of senators and preserving the mixing of democracy, aristocracy and monarchy.
2491:
and many of his ideas were embraced. Polybius was also rediscovered and the positive view of mixed governments became a central aspect of
Renaissance political science integrated into the developing notion of
2472:
that a monarchy, with some limitations set by an aristocracy and democratic elements, was the best and most just form of government. He also emphasized the monarch's duty to uphold the divine and
2654:
One school of scholarship based mainly in the United States considers mixed government to be the central characteristic of a republic and holds that the United States has rule by the one (the
2541:. Apart from his contemporaries, only Montesquieu became widely acknowledged as the author of a concept of separation of powers (although he wrote rather on their "distribution").
2453:. Each institution complements and also checks the others, presumably guaranteeing stability and prosperity. Polybius was very influential and his ideas were embraced by
901:
Unlike classical democracy, aristocracy or monarchy, under a mixed government rulers are elected by citizens rather than acquiring their positions by inheritance or
1027:, he lists a number of theories of how to create a stable government. One of these options is creating a government that is a mix of all three forms of government.
1004:
Plato found flaws with all existing forms of government and thus concluded that aristocracy, which emphasizes virtue and wisdom, is the purest form of government.
1033:
argued that most states have a government system that is composed of "more than one" of these basic principles, which then was called a mixed government system.
2598:. That moral decay threatened free government could not come as a surprise to a people whose fathers had fled England to escape sin". 18th-century Whigs, or
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represents the rule by the one while the
Commission represents the aristocratic dimension and the Parliament represents the democratic dimension.
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divided governments into five basic types (four being existing forms and one being Plato's ideal form, which exists "only in speech"):
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of 1688. Second, an intense public debate about the best, most liberal and most stable form of government. Its main participants were
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2927:"Constitution Day 2021: Mixed Government, Bicameralism, and the Creation of the U.S. Senate"
2954:"The Irony of Populism: The Republican Shift and the Inevitability of American Aristocracy"
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as a manifestation of
Aristotle's theory (Millar, 2002). Monarchy was embodied by the
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Explaining the stability of the EU through the concept of a Mixed
Constitution
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Geschichte des
Westens. Von den Anfängen in der Antike bis zum 20. Jahrhundert
1618:
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and abide by limitations imposed on the monarch by custom and existing law.
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and others. It was and still is a very important theory among supporters of
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in order to describe the stability, the innovation and the success of the
3013:, Sir Thomas Smyth's description of the English Constitution under Queen
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Government combining elements of monarchy, aristocracy and democracy
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and democracy by the elections and great public gatherings of the
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God of
Liberty: A Religious History of the American Revolution
2637:
created a mixed constitution. Madison referred to
Polybius in
944:. Various schools have described modern polities, such as the
2666:; democracy). Another school of thought in the U.S. says the
2513:). Mixed government theories became extremely popular in the
2479:
960:
3004:
Polybius and the
Founding Fathers: the separation of powers
1000:: government by the best (Plato's ideal form of government)
2851:, Revised and Expanded Edition, Oxford University Press,
912:
The concept of a mixed government was studied during the
19:"Balance of powers" redirects here. For other uses, see
2849:
The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763-1789
2496:. In order to minimise the misuse of political power,
2025:
2811:, Third Edition, Stuttgart (Germany), 1958, col. 210
853:) is a form of government that combines elements of
2433:The ideal of a mixed government was popularized by
2580:. Their thinking became the basis of the radical
3021:
2907:Cf. Heinrich August Winkler (2012), pp. 290ff
2414:
955:
827:
894:as a form of government developed under the
2625:The "father" of the American constitution,
2487:became extremely well regarded during the
2480:Renaissance, Reformation and Enlightenment
2421:
2407:
1008:largely embraced Plato's ideas and in his
834:
820:
2838:Heinrich August Winkler (2012), pp. 151ff
51:List of countries by system of government
1015:abrupt and chaotic process known as the
2761:
1978:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch
3022:
2951:
2129:1946 Italian institutional referendum
2069:Spanish American wars of independence
988:: government by the honored or valued
952:, as possessing mixed constitutions.
2786:, Third Edition, Munich (Germany),
1898:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates
13:
2768:. Cambridge, Univ. Press. p.
2594:culture that had always verged on
886:. The idea was popularized during
14:
3046:
2997:
2674:
2635:Constitutional Convention of 1787
2782:Heinrich August Winkler (2012),
2762:Headlam, James Wycliffe (1891).
2649:
2517:and were discussed in detail by
2390:
1918:Discourses Concerning Government
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2184:Barbadian Republic Proclamation
994:: government by one for himself
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2119:1935 Greek coup d'Ă©tat attempt
2099:German Revolution of 1918–1919
512:Intergovernmental organisation
467:Separation of church and state
1:
2877:Middlekauff (2005), pp. 136ff
2748:
2644:
2962:Regent University Law Review
2847:Robert Middlekauff (2005 ),
2722:Rule according to higher law
2679:According to a view, in the
2369:Republic without republicans
2114:11 September 1922 Revolution
2109:Mongolian Revolution of 1921
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309:(socio-political ideologies)
7:
2886:Cf. Thomas S. Kidd (2010),
2809:Evangelisches Soziallexikon
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2104:Turkish War of Independence
2026:
377:(socio-economic ideologies)
47:List of forms of government
10:
3051:
2658:; monarchy), the few (the
2618:, and the American model:
2556:(Puritan Revolution), the
2546:United States Constitution
2159:1970 Cambodian coup d'Ă©tat
1908:The Commonwealth of Oceana
956:Ancient Greek philosophers
922:Tomás Fernández de Medrano
18:
2916:Middlekauff (2005), p. 51
2868:Winkler (2012), pp. 142ff
2820:Winkler (2012), pp. 184ff
2765:Election by Lot at Athens
2445:, the aristocracy by the
2332:The Emperor's New Clothes
2084:5 October 1910 revolution
2079:French Revolution of 1848
1102:Liberty as non-domination
498:(geo-cultural ideologies)
2707:Constitutional economics
2664:House of Representatives
2174:1987 Fijian coups d'Ă©tat
2134:1952 Egyptian revolution
1112:Political representation
976:: government by the many
2952:Rosen, Zivi S. (2006).
2639:Federalist Paper No. 63
2631:Federalist Paper No. 40
2616:constitutional monarchy
2500:advocated a mixture of
2154:1969 Libyan coup d'Ă©tat
1938:Discourse on Inequality
1087:Consent of the governed
982:: government by the few
761:Administrative division
705:International relations
2829:Winkler (2012), p. 301
2560:of 1679–1681, and the
2548:who based the idea of
3010:De Republica Anglorum
2535:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
2468:argued in his letter
2322:Criticism of monarchy
2144:North Yemen civil war
1958:The Federalist Papers
1253:Federal parliamentary
771:Democratic transition
634:Self-governing colony
231:Military dictatorship
2933:. September 17, 2021
2743:Separation of powers
2685:Commission President
2511:separation of powers
2307:Classical radicalism
2049:Republic of Florence
1988:Democracy in America
1147:Separation of powers
1122:Public participation
2587:American Revolution
2562:Glorious Revolution
2550:checks and balances
2397:Politics portal
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926:Niccolò Machiavelli
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888:classical antiquity
810:Politics portal
695:Supranational union
604:Dependent territory
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2890:, New York, N.Y.,
2466:St. Thomas Aquinas
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2179:Nepalese Civil War
2169:Iranian Revolution
2139:14 July Revolution
2094:Russian Revolution
2089:Chinese Revolution
2039:Republic of Venice
1888:Discourses on Livy
896:Roman constitution
851:mixed constitution
2896:978-0-465-00235-1
2857:978-0-19-531588-2
2792:978-3-406-59235-5
2702:Constitutionalism
2527:Giambattista Vico
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2374:Republican empire
2347:List of republics
2196:National variants
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1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1461:Wollstonecraft
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1038:
1035:
1002:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
957:
954:
946:European Union
842:
841:
839:
838:
831:
824:
816:
813:
812:
799:
798:
793:
792:
791:
790:
788:Hybrid regimes
785:
780:
779:
778:
768:
763:
753:
750:
749:
746:
745:
739:
738:
737:
736:
731:
726:
721:
719:Regional power
716:
708:
707:
701:
700:
698:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
669:
668:
662:
661:
659:
658:
653:
648:
641:
636:
631:
626:
624:Puppet monarch
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
593:
592:
586:
585:
583:
582:
577:
572:
564:
563:
555:
552:
551:
548:
547:
542:
541:
540:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
501:
500:
495:
494:
489:
483:
480:
479:
477:
476:
475:
474:
469:
459:
457:State religion
451:
450:
448:
447:
444:
440:
437:
436:
434:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
380:
379:
374:
373:
368:
362:
359:
358:
356:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
328:Constitutional
325:
320:
312:
311:
306:
305:
300:
294:
289:
287:Power ideology
286:
285:
282:
281:
276:
275:
273:
272:
267:
262:
254:
253:
251:(rule by none)
244:
243:
241:
240:
235:
234:
233:
223:
215:
214:
201:
200:
198:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
134:
133:
124:
123:
121:
120:
115:
110:
105:
103:Representative
100:
95:
90:
85:
77:
76:
61:
58:
57:
54:
53:
42:
41:
34:
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3047:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2989:
2984:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2955:
2948:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2913:
2904:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2874:
2865:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2835:
2826:
2817:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2758:
2754:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2672:
2669:
2668:Supreme Court
2665:
2661:
2657:
2650:United States
2642:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2627:James Madison
2623:
2621:
2620:republicanism
2617:
2613:
2609:
2608:Thomas Gordon
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2540:
2539:Immanuel Kant
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2519:Thomas Hobbes
2516:
2515:Enlightenment
2512:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2494:republicanism
2490:
2486:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2424:
2419:
2417:
2412:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2387:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2290:
2289:United States
2287:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2164:Metapolitefsi
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2000:
1999:
1998:On Revolution
1995:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1968:Rights of Man
1965:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1879:
1878:De re publica
1875:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1684:Jones (Lynne)
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1479:Adams (Gerry)
1477:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1278:Revolutionary
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1268:Parliamentary
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1077:Civil society
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1053:Republicanism
1051:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1007:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
971:
970:
968:
967:
962:
953:
951:
950:United States
947:
943:
942:republicanism
939:
938:Thomas Hobbes
935:
934:Immanuel Kant
931:
927:
923:
919:
918:Age of Reason
915:
910:
908:
904:
899:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
837:
832:
830:
825:
823:
818:
817:
815:
814:
811:
806:
801:
800:
789:
786:
784:
781:
777:
774:
773:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
758:
757:
756:
748:
747:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
711:
710:
709:
706:
703:
702:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
675:Confederation
673:
672:
671:
670:
667:
664:
663:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
646:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
596:
595:
594:
591:
588:
587:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
570:Unitary state
568:
567:
566:
565:
562:
559:
558:
550:
549:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
504:
503:
502:
493:
490:
488:
485:
484:
482:
481:
473:
472:State atheism
470:
468:
465:
464:
463:
462:Secular state
460:
458:
455:
454:
453:
452:
445:
442:
441:
439:
438:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
383:
382:
381:
372:
369:
367:
366:Authoritarian
364:
363:
361:
360:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
343:Parliamentary
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
315:
314:
313:
304:
301:
299:
296:
295:
293:
292:
284:
283:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
257:
256:
255:
249:
246:
245:
239:
236:
232:
229:
228:
227:
224:
222:
219:
218:
217:
216:
211:
206:
203:
202:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
137:
136:
135:
131:(rule by few)
129:
126:
125:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
80:
79:
78:
73:
68:
65:
64:
56:
55:
52:
49:
48:
44:
43:
40:
36:
35:
32:
28:
27:
22:
3009:
2983:
2973:December 30,
2971:. Retrieved
2966:
2960:
2947:
2937:December 30,
2935:. Retrieved
2930:
2921:
2912:
2903:
2887:
2882:
2873:
2864:
2848:
2843:
2834:
2825:
2816:
2808:
2804:
2803:Jan Weerda,
2799:
2783:
2778:
2764:
2757:
2736:
2735:Aristotle's
2728:
2683:context the
2678:
2653:
2629:, stated in
2624:
2543:
2483:
2469:
2464:
2432:
2361:
1996:
1986:
1976:
1966:
1956:
1946:
1936:
1926:
1916:
1906:
1896:
1886:
1876:
1866:
1679:Jones (Elin)
1584:Flynn (Paul)
1544:Clarke (Tom)
1539:Clark (Katy)
1484:Adams (John)
1305:Philosophers
1106:
1082:Civic virtue
1044:Part of the
1029:
1024:
1010:
1003:
966:The Republic
964:
963:in his book
959:
911:
900:
870:
850:
846:
845:
724:Middle power
651:Vassal state
645:Buffer state
643:
619:Puppet state
614:Protectorate
590:Client state
580:Principality
406:Distributism
348:Presidential
226:Dictatorship
150:Gerontocracy
72:rule by many
45:
29:Part of the
3015:Elizabeth I
2931:U.S. Senate
2859:, pp. 51-52
2697:Anacyclosis
2566:John Milton
2531:Montesquieu
2502:aristocracy
2498:John Calvin
2489:Renaissance
2474:natural law
2470:On Kingship
2461:Middle Ages
2312:Common good
2252:New Zealand
2247:Netherlands
1992:(1835–1840)
1962:(1787–1788)
1872:(c. 375 BC)
1794:Robespierre
1569:Etherington
1504:Benn (Tony)
1473:Politicians
1451:Tocqueville
1411:Montesquieu
1391:Machiavelli
1137:Rule of law
1132:Res publica
1021:anacyclosis
998:aristocracy
914:Renaissance
867:Aristotle's
859:aristocracy
729:Great power
714:Small power
656:Viceroyalty
527:Nationalism
391:Colonialism
371:Libertarian
333:Directorial
210:rule by one
190:Technocracy
185:Stratocracy
165:Meritocracy
155:Kleptocracy
145:Aristocracy
3024:Categories
2749:References
2645:Modern era
2602:, such as
2596:Puritanism
2592:Protestant
2570:John Locke
2523:John Locke
2451:assemblies
2352:Monarchism
2342:Liberalism
2337:Jacobinism
2027:Gaṇasaṅgha
1882:(54–51 BC)
1366:Harrington
1243:Democratic
1233:Capitalist
1228:Autonomous
1210:Venizelism
1195:Khomeinism
734:Superpower
690:Superstate
685:Federation
680:Devolution
666:Federalism
507:City-state
180:Plutocracy
175:Particracy
39:government
2898:, pp. 7-8
2656:President
2633:that the
2554:Civil War
2506:democracy
2207:Australia
1839:Venizelos
1829:Spadolini
1819:Slaughter
1764:McDonnell
1729:Mackenzie
1674:Jefferson
1629:Griffiths
1609:de Gaulle
1604:Garibaldi
1564:Drakeford
1456:Warburton
1376:Jefferson
1371:Honderich
1351:Condorcet
1238:Christian
1200:Nasserism
1175:Classical
1092:Democracy
1037:Roman Era
1023:. In his
1006:Aristotle
986:timocracy
980:oligarchy
974:democracy
903:sortition
880:oligarchy
855:democracy
561:Unitarism
537:Globalism
443:Religious
431:Tribalism
421:Socialism
416:Feudalism
401:Despotism
396:Communism
386:Anarchism
323:Communist
270:Stateless
260:Anarchism
221:Despotism
205:Autocracy
195:Theocracy
160:Kritarchy
128:Oligarchy
113:Socialist
67:Democracy
2969:: 287–89
2794:, p. 179
2737:Politics
2729:Republic
2727:Plato's
2691:See also
2435:Polybius
2277:Scotland
2217:Barbados
1868:Republic
1784:Prescott
1754:Naysmith
1744:McKechin
1704:La Malfa
1699:Khomeini
1659:Iorwerth
1624:Griffith
1599:Gambetta
1594:Galloway
1579:Ferguson
1559:Davidson
1554:Cromwell
1549:Connolly
1529:Campbell
1446:Sunstein
1431:Rousseau
1426:Polybius
1361:Franklin
1341:Chappell
1336:Cattaneo
1273:People's
1258:Imperial
1190:Kemalism
1127:Republic
1061:Concepts
1031:Polybius
1025:Politics
1011:Politics
948:and the
916:and the
892:republic
871:Politics
863:monarchy
609:Dominion
338:Legalist
318:Absolute
303:Republic
298:Monarchy
170:Noocracy
140:Anocracy
93:Economic
83:Demarchy
2443:consuls
2242:Morocco
2232:Jamaica
2227:Ireland
2212:Bahamas
2014:History
1834:Taverne
1809:Skinner
1789:Ritchie
1734:Madison
1714:Lincoln
1664:Jackson
1654:Huppert
1649:Hopkins
1574:Fabiani
1534:Chapman
1519:BolĂvar
1509:Bennett
1499:Bartley
1489:AtatĂĽrk
1401:Mazzini
1396:Madison
1326:Bentham
1316:Baggini
1283:Secular
1263:Islamic
1248:Federal
1185:Federal
1169:Schools
992:tyranny
884:tyranny
876:anarchy
751:Related
446:Secular
411:Fascism
248:Anarchy
238:Tyranny
98:Liberal
2894:
2855:
2807:, in:
2805:Calvin
2790:
2660:Senate
2485:Cicero
2455:Cicero
2447:Senate
2267:Sweden
2257:Norway
2222:Canada
2002:(1963)
1982:(1794)
1972:(1791)
1952:(1762)
1942:(1755)
1932:(1748)
1922:(1698)
1912:(1656)
1902:(1649)
1892:(1531)
1844:Wilson
1814:Slater
1804:Skates
1759:Mannin
1749:Mullin
1724:Mackay
1689:Juárez
1644:HĂ©bert
1639:Hatton
1634:Harvie
1524:Burgon
1441:Sidney
1436:Sandel
1421:Pettit
1346:Cicero
1311:Arendt
1293:Soviet
1288:Sister
1180:Modern
1017:kyklos
849:(or a
575:Empire
487:Global
118:Others
108:Social
88:Direct
2957:(PDF)
2282:Wales
2262:Spain
2237:Japan
1824:Smith
1799:Sayed
1779:Pound
1774:Nehru
1769:Nandy
1739:Magid
1719:Lucas
1709:Lewis
1619:Grévy
1614:Greer
1514:Black
1494:Azaña
1416:Paine
1386:Locke
1356:Crick
1331:Bodin
1321:Bello
1222:Types
961:Plato
492:Local
2975:2021
2939:2021
2892:ISBN
2853:ISBN
2788:ISBN
2610:and
2582:Whig
2576:and
2537:and
2504:and
1849:Wood
1694:Kane
1406:Mill
1381:Kant
882:and
861:and
1669:Jay
1019:or
920:by
909:).
874:as
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2967:18
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2770:12
2622:.
2606:,
2572:,
2568:,
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898:.
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