Renaissance - Knowledge

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libraries contained a wide range of writers. Classical texts could be found alongside humanist writings. These informal associations of intellectuals profoundly influenced Renaissance culture. An essential tool of Renaissance librarianship was the catalog that listed, described, and classified a library's books. Some of the richest "bibliophiles" built libraries as temples to books and knowledge. A number of libraries appeared as manifestations of immense wealth joined with a love of books. In some cases, cultivated library builders were also committed to offering others the opportunity to use their collections. Prominent aristocrats and princes of the Church created great libraries for the use of their courts, called "court libraries", and were housed in lavishly designed monumental buildings decorated with ornate woodwork, and the walls adorned with frescoes (Murray, Stuart A.P.).

4195: 51: 3592: 1323: 3409: 2976:(1400s) to Hungary first in the Central European region, thanks to the development of early Hungarian-Italian relationships — not only in dynastic connections, but also in cultural, humanistic and commercial relations – growing in strength from the 14th century. The relationship between Hungarian and Italian Gothic styles was a second reason – exaggerated breakthrough of walls is avoided, preferring clean and light structures. Large-scale building schemes provided ample and long term work for the artists, for example, the building of the Friss (New) 3864: 357: 2902: 4517: 2097: 2637: 4446: 1673: 1623:, is more wide-ranging. Composed as a series of dialogues set in a country house in the Mugello countryside outside Florence during the plague of 1430, Palmieri expounds on the qualities of the ideal citizen. The dialogues include ideas about how children develop mentally and physically, how citizens can conduct themselves morally, how citizens and states can ensure probity in public life, and an important debate on the difference between that which is pragmatically useful and that which is honest. 3708: 950: 13418: 19453: 15115: 14131: 2781: 1873: 4432: 3400: 2274: 3205: 1423: 1188: 15125: 2324: 4317:" for this period (and a considerable period afterwards), a designation intended to highlight the period as a transitional one between the Middle Ages and the modern era. Others such as Roger Osborne have come to consider the Italian Renaissance as a repository of the myths and ideals of western history in general, and instead of rebirth of ancient ideas as a period of great innovation. 1028: 1892: 1553:. Although historians have sometimes struggled to define humanism precisely, most have settled on "a middle of the road definition... the movement to recover, interpret, and assimilate the language, literature, learning and values of ancient Greece and Rome". Above all, humanists asserted "the genius of man ... the unique and extraordinary ability of the human mind". 807:; on the contrary, many of the Renaissance's greatest works were devoted to it, and the Church patronized many works of Renaissance art. But a subtle shift took place in the way that intellectuals approached religion that was reflected in many other areas of cultural life. In addition, many Greek Christian works, including the Greek New Testament, were brought back from 1557: 4025: 1041:, when Latin scholars focused almost entirely on studying Greek and Arabic works of natural science, philosophy and mathematics, Renaissance scholars were most interested in recovering and studying Latin and Greek literary, historical, and oratorical texts. Broadly speaking, this began in the 14th century with a Latin phase, when Renaissance scholars such as 1296:, they did have democratic features and were responsive states, with forms of participation in governance and belief in liberty. The relative political freedom they afforded was conducive to academic and artistic advancement. Likewise, the position of Italian cities such as Venice as great trading centres made them intellectual crossroads. 2502: 12887: 4664:

Rapid accumulation of knowledge, which has characterized the development of science since the 17th century, had never occurred before that time. The new kind of scientific activity emerged only in a few countries of Western Europe, and it was restricted to that small area for about two hundred years.

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The humanists believed that it is important to transcend to the afterlife with a perfect mind and body, which could be attained with education. The purpose of humanism was to create a universal man whose person combined intellectual and physical excellence and who was capable of functioning honorably

1385:. Florence's population was nearly halved in the year 1347. As a result of the decimation in the populace the value of the working class increased, and commoners came to enjoy more freedom. To answer the increased need for labor, workers traveled in search of the most favorable position economically. 4335:

has been most vigorously questioned by those who are not obliged to take a professional interest in the aesthetic aspects of civilization – historians of economic and social developments, political and religious situations, and, most particularly, natural science – but only exceptionally by students

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Rather than a period with definitive beginnings and endings and consistent content in between, the Renaissance can be (and occasionally has been) seen as a movement of practices and ideas to which specific groups and identifiable persons variously responded in different times and places. It would be

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style) segmental, are often used in arcades, supported on piers or columns with capitals. There may be a section of entablature between the capital and the springing of the arch. Alberti was one of the first to use the arch on a monumental. Renaissance vaults do not have ribs; they are semi-circular

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Yet it remains much debated why the Renaissance began in Italy, and why it began when it did. Accordingly, several theories have been put forward to explain its origins. Peter Rietbergen posits that various influential Proto-Renaissance movements started from roughly 1300 onwards across many regions

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The Black Death caused greater upheaval to Florence's social and political structure than later epidemics. Despite a significant number of deaths among members of the ruling classes, the government of Florence continued to function during this period. Formal meetings of elected representatives were

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The paintings of the Italian Renaissance differed from those of the Northern Renaissance. Italian Renaissance artists were among the first to paint secular scenes, breaking away from the purely religious art of medieval painters. Northern Renaissance artists initially remained focused on religious

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A unique characteristic of some Renaissance libraries is that they were open to the public. These libraries were places where ideas were exchanged and where scholarship and reading were considered both pleasurable and beneficial to the mind and soul. As freethinking was a hallmark of the age, many

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In the Middle Ages both sides of human consciousness – that which was turned within as that which was turned without – lay dreaming or half awake beneath a common veil. The veil was woven of faith, illusion, and childish prepossession, through which the world and history were seen clad in strange

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The demographic decline due to the plague had economic consequences: the prices of food dropped and land values declined by 30–40% in most parts of Europe between 1350 and 1400. Landholders faced a great loss, but for ordinary men and women it was a windfall. The survivors of the plague found not

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Exhaustive 2007 study by Fritjof Capra shows that Leonardo was a much greater scientist than previously thought, and not just an inventor. Leonardo was innovative in science theory and in conducting actual science practice. In Capra's detailed assessment of many surviving manuscripts, Leonardo's

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technique, which enabled artists to produce strong colors on a hard surface that could survive for centuries. A feature of the Northern Renaissance was its use of the vernacular in place of Latin or Greek, which allowed greater freedom of expression. This movement had started in Italy with the

865:, 1486), a series of theses on philosophy, natural thought, faith, and magic defended against any opponent on the grounds of reason. In addition to studying classical Latin and Greek, Renaissance authors also began increasingly to use vernacular languages; combined with the introduction of the 4213:

On the other hand, many historians now point out that most of the negative social factors popularly associated with the medieval period – poverty, warfare, religious and political persecution, for example – seem to have worsened in this era, which saw the rise of

3063:. (However, the Vatican Library mainly contained Bibles and religious materials.) In 1489, Bartolomeo della Fonte of Florence wrote that Lorenzo de' Medici founded his own Greek-Latin library encouraged by the example of the Hungarian king. Corvinus's library is part of UNESCO World Heritage. 3379:

on the development of vernacular languages; in fact the focus on writing in Italian has neglected a major source of Florentine ideas expressed in Latin. The spread of the printing press technology boosted the Renaissance in Northern Europe as elsewhere, with Venice becoming a world center of

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The new Italian trend combined with existing national traditions to create a particular local Renaissance art. Acceptance of Renaissance art was furthered by the continuous arrival of humanist thought in the country. Many young Hungarians studying at Italian universities came closer to the

1824:. These can either be structural, supporting an arcade or architrave, or purely decorative, set against a wall in the form of pilasters. One of the first buildings to use pilasters as an integrated system was in the Old Sacristy (1421–1440) by Brunelleschi. Arches, semi-circular or (in the 4237:" imagined by certain 19th-century authors, but were concerned by these social maladies. Significantly, though, the artists, writers, and patrons involved in the cultural movements in question believed they were living in a new era that was a clean break from the Middle Ages. Some 2007:

showed a decisive shift in focus from Aristotelean natural philosophy to chemistry and the biological sciences (botany, anatomy, and medicine). The willingness to question previously held truths and search for new answers resulted in a period of major scientific advancements.

1073:. By the early 15th century, the bulk of the surviving such Latin literature had been recovered; the Greek phase of Renaissance humanism was under way, as Western European scholars turned to recovering ancient Greek literary, historical, oratorical and theological texts. 3620:

was influential in broadening the European worldview, stimulating humanist inquiry. Renaissance arrived through the influence of wealthy Italian and Flemish merchants who invested in the profitable commerce overseas. As the pioneer headquarters of European exploration,

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Unlike with Latin texts, which had been preserved and studied in Western Europe since late antiquity, the study of ancient Greek texts was very limited in medieval Western Europe. Ancient Greek works on science, mathematics, and philosophy had been studied since the

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aspects and argues that it was a break from the past, but many historians today focus more on its medieval aspects and argue that it was an extension of the Middle Ages. The beginnings of the period—the early Renaissance of the 15th century and the Italian

5220:. "...in 1855 we find, for the first time, the word 'Renaissance' used – by the French historian Michelet – as an adjective to describe a whole period of history and not confined to the rebirth of Latin letters or a classically inspired style in the arts." 1166:

The movement to reintegrate the regular study of Greek literary, historical, oratorical, and theological texts back into the Western European curriculum is usually dated to the 1396 invitation from Coluccio Salutati to the Byzantine diplomat and scholar

597:. Various theories have been proposed to account for its origins and characteristics, focusing on a variety of factors, including Florence's social and civic peculiarities at the time: its political structure, the patronage of its dominant family, the 13622: 4580:"Historians of different kinds will often make some choice between a long Renaissance (say, 1300–1600), a short one (1453–1527), or somewhere in between (the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, as is commonly adopted in music histories)." Or between 1979:

to classify him as the "father of modern science". Other examples of Da Vinci's contribution during this period include machines designed to saw marbles and lift monoliths, and new discoveries in acoustics, botany, geology, anatomy, and mechanics.

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Humanist historians argued that contemporary scholarship restored direct links to the classical period, thus bypassing the Medieval period, which they then named for the first time the "Middle Ages". The term first appears in Latin in 1469 as

586:, and the Middle Ages themselves were a long period filled with gradual changes, like the modern age; as a transitional period between both, the Renaissance has close similarities to both, especially the late and early sub-periods of either. 12215: 4891: 1974:

making observational drawings of anatomy and nature. Leonardo set up controlled experiments in water flow, medical dissection, and systematic study of movement and aerodynamics, and he devised principles of research method that led

1633:, an ancient Greco-Roman ideal. Education during the Renaissance was mainly composed of ancient literature and history as it was thought that the classics provided moral instruction and an intensive understanding of human behavior. 2621:

allowed the rapid transmission of these new ideas. As it spread, its ideas diversified and changed, being adapted to local culture. In the 20th century, scholars began to break the Renaissance into regional and national movements.

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to Western Europe and engaged Western scholars for the first time since late antiquity. This new engagement with Greek Christian works, and particularly the return to the original Greek of the New Testament promoted by humanists

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In all, the Renaissance can be viewed as an attempt by intellectuals to study and improve the secular and worldly, both through the revival of ideas from antiquity and through novel approaches to thought. Political philosopher

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sped the dissemination of ideas from the later 15th century, the changes of the Renaissance were not uniform across Europe: the first traces appear in Italy as early as the late 13th century, in particular with the writings of

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as an entire historical period, whereas previously it had been used in a more limited sense. For Michelet, the Renaissance was more a development in science than in art and culture. He asserted that it spanned the period from

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language, for instance, had evolved greatly from the classical period and was still a living language used in the church and elsewhere. The Renaissance obsession with classical purity halted its further evolution and saw

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The Renaissance in Northern Europe has been termed the "Northern Renaissance". While Renaissance ideas were moving north from Italy, there was a simultaneous southward spread of some areas of innovation, particularly in

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Renaissance art marks a cultural rebirth at the close of the Middle Ages and rise of the Modern world. One of the distinguishing features of Renaissance art was its development of highly realistic linear perspective.

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The Renaissance was a period when the multi-national Polish state experienced a substantial period of cultural growth thanks in part to a century without major wars, aside from conflicts in the sparsely populated

2015:", heralding the beginning of the modern age, others as an acceleration of a continuous process stretching from the ancient world to the present day. Significant scientific advances were made during this time by 1281:(1406–1475) celebration of Florentine genius not only in art, sculpture and architecture, but "the remarkable efflorescence of moral, social and political philosophy that occurred in Florence at the same time". 4676:

It is sometimes thought that the Church, as an institution, formally sold indulgences at the time. This, however, was not the practice. Donations were often received, but only mandated by individuals that were

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suspended during the height of the epidemic due to the chaotic conditions in the city, but a small group of officials was appointed to conduct the affairs of the city, which ensured continuity of government.

516:, who inspired the term "Renaissance man". In politics, the Renaissance contributed to the development of the customs and conventions of diplomacy, and in science to an increased reliance on observation and 12203: 1308:, while Florence was a capital of textiles. The wealth such business brought to Italy meant large public and private artistic projects could be commissioned and individuals had more leisure time for study. 1243:

areas in Europe. Many of its cities stood among the ruins of ancient Roman buildings; it seems likely that the classical nature of the Renaissance was linked to its origin in the Roman Empire's heartland.

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to Hungary. Like all intellectuals of his age, Matthias was convinced that the movements and combinations of the stars and planets exercised influence on individuals' life and on the history of nations.

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Matthias enjoyed the company of Humanists and had lively discussions on various topics with them. The fame of his magnanimity encouraged many scholars—mostly Italian—to settle in Buda. Antonio Bonfini,

637:. From Italy, the Renaissance spread throughout Europe and also to American, African and Asian territories ruled by the European colonial powers of the time or where Christian missionaries were active. 14336: 4172:

There is debate about the extent to which the Renaissance improved on the culture of the Middle Ages. Both Michelet and Burckhardt were keen to describe the progress made in the Renaissance toward the

4104:; that is, from the end of the 15th century to the middle of the 17th century. Moreover, Michelet distinguished between what he called, "the bizarre and monstrous" quality of the Middle Ages and the 1121:

to Italian cities. One of the greatest achievements of Renaissance scholars was to bring this entire class of Greek cultural works back into Western Europe for the first time since late antiquity.

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made distribution of music possible on a wide scale. Demand for music as entertainment and as an activity for educated amateurs increased with the emergence of a bourgeois class. Dissemination of

1461:. Arguing that such chance seems improbable, other historians have contended that these "Great Men" were only able to rise to prominence because of the prevailing cultural conditions at the time. 1255:(c. 1114–1158), a German bishop visiting north Italy during the 12th century, noticed a widespread new form of political and social organization, observing that Italy appeared to have exited from 13773: 13413: 2640:"What a piece of work is a man, how noble in reason, how infinite in faculties, in form and moving how express and admirable, in action how like an angel, in apprehension how like a god!" – from 1777:

and the flourishing discipline of mathematics, Brunelleschi formulated the Renaissance style that emulated and improved on classical forms. His major feat of engineering was building the dome of

757:, many of which had fallen into obscurity in the West. It was in their new focus on literary and historical texts that Renaissance scholars differed so markedly from the medieval scholars of the 1396:

ravaged cities, particularly children. Plagues were easily spread by lice, unsanitary drinking water, armies, or by poor sanitation. Children were hit the hardest because many diseases, such as

12882: 1445:, and not elsewhere in Italy. Scholars have noted several features unique to Florentine cultural life that may have caused such a cultural movement. Many have emphasized the role played by the 13813: 12000: 12989: 14831: 14206: 1151:, which became important centers for this transmission of ideas. Between the 11th and 13th centuries, many schools dedicated to the translation of philosophical and scientific works from 2235:

throughout Europe coincided with the unification of polyphonic practice into the fluid style that culminated in the second half of the sixteenth century in the work of composers such as

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mode, which focused on resolving contradictions between authors, Renaissance humanists would study ancient texts in the original and appraise them through a combination of reasoning and

14218: 12198: 2187:, or 'Australia' for short. However, after that name was transferred to New Holland in the nineteenth century, the new name of 'Antarctica' was bestowed on the south polar continent. 1404:, target the immune system, leaving young children without a fighting chance. Children in city dwellings were more affected by the spread of disease than the children of the wealthy. 2569: 14262: 4148:

More recently, some historians have been much less keen to define the Renaissance as a historical age, or even as a coherent cultural movement. The historian Randolph Starn, of the

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was particularly badly hit by the plague, and it has been speculated that the resulting familiarity with death caused thinkers to dwell more on their lives on Earth, rather than on

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in the English Renaissance were much less significant than in the Italian Renaissance. The English Renaissance period in art began far later than the Italian, which had moved into

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in the second half of the 16th century is usually regarded as the height of the English Renaissance. Many scholars see its beginnings in the early 16th century during the reign of

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that affected all of Europe in the ways described, not only Italy. The Renaissance's emergence in Italy was most likely the result of the complex interaction of the above factors.

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described him as "king and astrologer", and Antonio Bonfini said Matthias "never did anything without consulting the stars". Upon his request, the famous astronomers of the age,

14416: 14392: 14360: 14250: 4049: 728:, politics, religion, and other aspects of intellectual inquiry. Renaissance scholars employed the humanist method in study, and searched for realism and human emotion in art. 14404: 14299: 6889: 3059:, was Europe's greatest collections of secular books: historical chronicles, philosophic and scientific works in the 15th century. His library was second only in size to the 13003: 12600: 7968:

1969:38; Panofsky's chapter "'Renaissance – self-definition or self-deception?" succinctly introduces the historiographical debate, with copious footnotes to the literature.

2300:, particularly in the way people perceived the relationship between man and God. Many of the period's foremost theologians were followers of the humanist method, including 14463: 11968: 4567:(1837): "A style possessing many points of rude resemblance with the more elegant and refined character of the art of the renaissance in Italy." And the following year in 2605:. It was not just the growing awareness of classical antiquity that drove this development, according to Vasari, but also the growing desire to study and imitate nature. 13732: 12309: 7415: 2794:

The word "Renaissance" is borrowed from the French language, where it means "re-birth". It was first used in the eighteenth century and was later popularized by French

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prefer to describe the Renaissance in material terms, holding the view that the changes in art, literature, and philosophy were part of a general economic trend from

1467:(1449–1492) was the catalyst for an enormous amount of arts patronage, encouraging his countrymen to commission works from the leading artists of Florence, including 19295: 14691: 14458: 13876: 11498: 2447:. Humanism and the Renaissance therefore played a direct role in sparking the Reformation, as well as in many other contemporaneous religious debates and conflicts. 12624: 12514: 12222: 12014: 7002: 2543:(1442). Bruni's first two periods were based on those of Petrarch, but he added a third period because he believed that Italy was no longer in a state of decline. 1773:

In architecture, Filippo Brunelleschi was foremost in studying the remains of ancient classical buildings. With rediscovered knowledge from the 1st-century writer

1453:, in patronizing and stimulating the arts. Some historians have postulated that Florence was the birthplace of the Renaissance as a result of luck, i.e., because " 1490:

The Renaissance was certainly underway before Lorenzo de' Medici came to power – indeed, before the Medici family itself achieved hegemony in Florentine society.

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is a period that spanned the years from 1989 to 1999 which saw the studio return to the level of quality not witnessed since their Golden Age of Animation. The

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During the Renaissance, extending from 1450 to 1650, every continent was visited and mostly mapped by Europeans, except the south polar continent now known as

1163:. This work of translation from Islamic culture, though largely unplanned and disorganized, constituted one of the greatest transmissions of ideas in history. 7534: 2613:

In the 15th century, the Renaissance spread rapidly from its birthplace in Florence to the rest of Italy and soon to the rest of Europe. The invention of the

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of religious works of art. However, this does not fully explain why the Renaissance occurred specifically in Italy in the 14th century. The Black Death was a

14965: 13531: 17920: 13758: 5665: 3776:, among others, described new lands and were translated and spread with the new printing press. After joining the Portuguese exploration of Brazil in 1500, 2511:

By the 15th century, writers, artists, and architects in Italy were well aware of the transformations that were taking place and were using phrases such as

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The plague was carried by fleas on sailing vessels returning from the ports of Asia, spreading quickly due to lack of proper sanitation: the population of

3016:, one of the founders of Hungarian humanism. During the long reign of Emperor Sigismund of Luxemburg the Royal Castle of Buda became probably the largest 14443: 13970: 13581: 13457: 11659: 9557: 563:

In addition to the standard periodization, proponents of a "long Renaissance" may put its beginning in the 14th century and its end in the 17th century.

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Some observers have questioned whether the Renaissance was a cultural "advance" from the Middle Ages, instead seeing it as a period of pessimism and

16882: 1273:(painted 1338–1340), whose strong message is about the virtues of fairness, justice, republicanism and good administration. Holding both Church and 851:, sought to describe political life as it really was, that is to understand it rationally. A critical contribution to Italian Renaissance humanism, 14971: 14448: 14341: 14304: 14105: 12894: 5880: 4080:

achieve popularity in describing the self-conscious cultural movement based on revival of Roman models that began in the late 13th century. French

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so that its society was based on merchants and commerce. Linked to this was anti-monarchical thinking, represented in the famous early Renaissance

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flourished in the late 15th century, attracting experts who made several breakthroughs in mathematics, astronomy and naval technology, including

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only that the prices of food were cheaper but also that lands were more abundant, and many of them inherited property from their dead relatives.

14603: 7858:; Johnson, F.R.; Kristeller, P. O.; Lockwood, D.P.; Thorndike, L. (1943). "Some Remarks on the Question of the Originality of the Renaissance". 6668: 3939:

is credited as the first Western novel. Renaissance humanism flourished in the early 16th century, with influential writers such as philosopher

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For information on this earlier, very different approach to a different set of ancient texts (scientific texts rather than cultural texts) see

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Humanist scholars shaped the intellectual landscape throughout the early modern period. Political philosophers such as Niccolò Machiavelli and

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influenced artists to paint scenes of daily life rather than religious or classical themes. It was also during the Northern Renaissance that

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to direct these projects. Matthias commissioned the leading Italian artists of his age to embellish his palaces: for instance, the sculptor

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after his invasion of Italy. A factor that promoted the spread of secularism was the inability of the Church to offer assistance against the

18249: 4141:, which the Middle Ages had stifled. His book was widely read and became influential in the development of the modern interpretation of the 935:. According to Poliakov, the use of ethnic origin myths are first used by Renaissance humanists "in the service of a new born chauvinism". 15678: 13658: 12263: 8733: 4125: 1207:

have led some to theorize that its unusual social climate allowed the emergence of a rare cultural efflorescence. Italy did not exist as a

18283: 14580: 14186: 13855: 13557: 13008: 12482: 10181: 9768: 8927: 8461: 500:; the development of linear perspective and other techniques of rendering a more natural reality in painting; and gradual but widespread 8683: 3298:. At the end of the 16th century Italy again became a center of musical innovation, with the development of the polychoral style of the 18790: 14765: 14433: 14387: 14026: 13323: 12575: 12026: 8501: 1577:

revived the ideas of Greek and Roman thinkers and applied them in critiques of contemporary government, following the Islamic steps of

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at bay, these city republics were devoted to notions of liberty. Skinner reports that there were many defences of liberty such as the

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humanist center, so a direct connection with Florence evolved. The growing number of Italian traders moving to Hungary, specially to

14274: 12005: 7423: 4571:: "Not that we consider the style of the Renaissance to be either pure or good per se." See Oxford English Dictionary, "Renaissance" 3455:) actively participated in the broad European Renaissance. An early Italian humanist who came to Poland in the mid-15th century was 3074:

were built at the royal castle of Buda, and the palace at Visegrád was rebuilt in Renaissance style. Matthias appointed the Italian

1661:(1267–1337) is credited with first treating a painting as a window into space, but it was not until the demonstrations of architect 15522: 15095: 13682: 13381: 11884: 10754: 10036: 7224: 4619: 2078:, while discarding much of Aristotelian science. Early and influential proponents of these ideas included Copernicus, Galileo, and 13936: 7686: 3556:. Living conditions improved, cities grew, and exports of agricultural products enriched the population, especially the nobility ( 1931:

in about 1440 democratized learning and allowed a faster propagation of more widely distributed ideas. In the first period of the

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in 1518. This was supported by temporarily strengthened monarchies in both areas, as well as by newly established universities.

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in Queensland. More than thirty Dutch expeditions followed, mapping sections of the north, west, and south coasts. In 1642–1643,

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Michelangelo Buonarroti und Leonardo Da Vinci: Republikanischer Alltag und Künstlerkonkurrenz in Florenz zwischen 1501 und 1505

4615: 3785: 3238: 3199: 1723:. Underlying these changes in artistic method was a renewed desire to depict the beauty of nature and to unravel the axioms of 8576:

Grendler, Paul F. "The Future of Sixteenth Century Studies: Renaissance and Reformation Scholarship in the Next Forty Years",

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The Renaissance began in times of religious turmoil. The Late Middle Ages was a period of political intrigue surrounding the

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The new ideals of humanism, although more secular in some aspects, developed against a Christian backdrop, especially in the

1857: 977:(1267–1337). Some writers date the Renaissance quite precisely; one proposed starting point is 1401, when the rival geniuses 721: 244: 121: 4157:

in this sense a network of diverse, sometimes converging, sometimes conflicting cultures, not a single, time-bound culture.

1611:, who, like Palmieri, lived an active public life as a citizen and official, as well as a theorist and philosopher and also 19517: 16652: 14916: 14760: 14528: 14067: 14036: 13506: 13437: 13153: 13089: 13067: 12748: 11991: 11271: 8841: 8826: 7799: 4226: 4112:, chose to see in its character. A French nationalist, Michelet also sought to claim the Renaissance as a French movement. 3111: 1836:

Renaissance artists were not pagans, although they admired antiquity and kept some ideas and symbols of the medieval past.

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and Cristóvão da Costa collected and published works on plants and medicines, soon translated by Flemish pioneer botanist

3467:, is the first example of a Renaissance composition in the country. Many Italian artists subsequently came to Poland with 2531:(new). From Petrarch's Italian perspective, this new period (which included his own time) was an age of national eclipse. 17390: 17373: 16774: 16384: 14046: 13824: 13702: 13692: 13482: 13328: 13163: 12365: 12095: 12045: 10787: 10696: 10127: 9154: 8696: 2972:

was the first European country where the Renaissance appeared. The Renaissance style came directly from Italy during the

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This article is about the European Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centuries. For the earlier European Renaissance, see

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science in tune with holistic non-mechanistic and non-reductive approaches to science, which are becoming popular today.

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argued that the Renaissance led to greater gender dichotomy, lessening the agency women had had during the Middle Ages.

4073:(1267–1337) began to reverse this decline in the arts. Vasari saw ancient art as central to the rebirth of Italian art. 2183:

The long-imagined south polar continent was eventually sighted in 1820. Throughout the Renaissance it had been known as

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Even cities and states beyond central Italy, such as the Republic of Florence at this time, were also notable for their

18427: 17278: 14926: 14001: 13763: 13126: 12908: 12447: 10550: 9532: 9500: 8398: 8315: 8277: 8209: 8182: 8163: 8051: 7942: 7663: 7636: 7609: 7582: 7170: 7140: 6890:

Documentary heritage concerning Hungary and recommended for inclusion in the Memory of the World International Register

6778: 6716: 6334: 6309: 6284: 6032: 5728: 5217: 4947: 4920: 4874: 4736: 4259:(1872–1945) acknowledged the existence of the Renaissance but questioned whether it was a positive change. In his book 3452: 3119: 2864: 2394:

sought to limit the power of the pope. Although the papacy eventually emerged supreme in ecclesiastical matters by the

1782: 1022: 16747: 13401: 5230: 3218:

Culture in the Netherlands at the end of the 15th century was influenced by the Italian Renaissance through trade via

3094:

worked for him. A copy of Mantegna's portrait of Matthias survived. Matthias also hired the Italian military engineer

2435:, challenging papal authority and criticizing its perceived corruption, particularly with regard to instances of sold 496:, beginning with the 14th-century resurgence of learning based on classical sources, which contemporaries credited to 18506: 18501: 17346: 16837: 16353: 14608: 13511: 13477: 13462: 12457: 12297: 12292: 12280: 11743: 9884: 9451: 9246: 8856: 8763: 7518: 7351: 5372: 4199: 4149: 1848:, demonstrates that classical models influenced Italian art before the Renaissance took root as a literary movement. 1118: 1018: 750: 602: 364: 302: 91: 13565: 12548: 6634: 5893:

Religion and Political Development Some Comparative Ideas on Ibn Khaldun and Machiavelli by Barbara Freyer Stowasser

1171:(c. 1355–1415) to teach Greek in Florence. This legacy was continued by a number of expatriate Greek scholars, from 16764: 16183: 15544: 14508: 14134: 13850: 13526: 13489: 13362: 13233: 12063: 12058: 11717: 10681: 10276: 9371: 9102: 8851: 8726: 7542: 6796:(4th ed.) Authors: Zoltán Halász / András Balla (photo) / Zsuzsa Béres (translation) Published by Corvina, in 1998 4137:

in Italy, that is, the 14th to mid-16th centuries. He saw in the Renaissance the emergence of the modern spirit of

3858: 3591: 3563: 3295: 2943: 2906: 2236: 1685:(c. 1490) demonstrates the effect writers of Antiquity had on Renaissance thinkers. Based on the specifications in 192: 17512: 13687: 13633: 13494: 12053: 11894: 5662: 3529:

transformed into a major institution of higher education for the region and hosted many notable scholars, chiefly

2082:. The new scientific method led to great contributions in the fields of astronomy, physics, biology, and anatomy. 993:(Ghiberti won). Others see more general competition between artists and polymaths such as Brunelleschi, Ghiberti, 19497: 19492: 19487: 19482: 18932: 18405: 16696: 16612: 16283: 16218: 15263: 15128: 14550: 13593: 13575: 13408: 13099: 12068: 11921: 11451: 11069: 10706: 10309: 10174: 10117: 9403: 9213: 8821: 8706: 4358: 3283:, as it moved with the musicians themselves into Italy, formed the core of the first true international style in 2775: 2758:(1561–1626) was the pioneer of modern scientific thought, and is commonly regarded as one of the founders of the 2105: 1798: 1354:, which hit Europe between 1348 and 1350, resulted in a shift in the world view of people in 14th century Italy. 758: 685: 552:

period. It had a different period and characteristics in different regions, such as the Italian Renaissance, the

20: 12410: 9411: 5836: 3902:, the early Renaissance was heavily influenced by the Italian humanism, starting with writers and poets such as 1762:

was particularly influential on the development of painting in Italy, both technically with the introduction of

18685: 18234: 18093: 17857: 16877: 16713: 16422: 16377: 15474: 14730: 14722: 14685: 14667: 14488: 14321: 14176: 14031: 13979: 13952: 13714: 13311: 13109: 12920: 12775: 12487: 12442: 12427: 11951: 10493: 10326: 10264: 9746: 9177: 8937: 8550: 8370: 8301: 8291: 8253: 8239: 8144: 8089: 8070: 7986: 6805: 6801: 6523: 6461: 6261: 6237: 6212: 5974: 5650: 5476: 5066: 5035: 5015: 4474: 3979: 3448: 3222:, which made Flanders wealthy. Its nobles commissioned artists who became known across Europe. In science, the 3195: 2692: 2457:, with uncertainties prevalent in the Catholic Church following the Reformation. Nicolaus Copernicus dedicated 533: 11503: 6880:

Marcus Tanner, The Raven King: Matthias Corvinus and the Fate of his Lost Library (New Haven: Yale U.P., 2008)

6563: 4053:(published 1550). In the book Vasari attempted to define what he described as a break with the barbarities of 920:

of Italy took over the principles of capitalism invented on monastic estates and set off a vast unprecedented

17774: 17527: 15627: 14826: 14794: 14717: 14523: 13550: 13442: 13316: 12437: 12360: 12314: 11009: 10701: 10610: 10091: 10053: 9929: 9917: 9719: 9683: 9172: 9162: 8932: 8888: 8846: 5086: 4752: 4459: 4261: 4194: 3574: 3491:

played an important part in shaping what is now considered to be the truly Polish architectural style – high

2985: 2464: 2206: 1587: 1565: 1560: 1512: 1140: 861: 852: 14230: 13886: 3757: 3252:

Erasmus was arguably the Netherlands' best known humanist and Catholic intellectual during the Renaissance.

19522: 19507: 19156: 18528: 18369: 18197: 17002: 16914: 16887: 16238: 16223: 16118: 15017: 14879: 14696: 14326: 14294: 13783: 12935: 11995: 10826: 10747: 9994: 9974: 9678: 9239: 8988: 8964: 8878: 8868: 4309:

to be unnecessarily loaded, implying an unambiguously positive rebirth from the supposedly more primitive "

3654: 3175: 2395: 1160: 50: 24: 13643: 12695: 7783:'s censorship of Florentine paintings, noted by Edward L. Goldberg, "Spanish Values and Tuscan Painting", 7713: 7389: 18817: 18518: 17184: 15644: 15155: 15088: 14921: 14787: 14679: 14657: 13860: 13828: 13778: 13586: 13536: 13427: 13168: 12930: 12806: 12800: 12781: 11986: 11815: 11698: 11245: 10660: 10655: 10271: 9704: 9635: 9579: 9167: 8719: 7912: 7437: 4469: 4215: 3923: 2362: 2353: 700:. Beginning in Italy, and spreading to the rest of Europe by the 16th century, its influence was felt in 18471: 13304: 12957: 5987: 3538: 1735:

representing artistic pinnacles that were much imitated by other artists. Other notable artists include

473: 19114: 18730: 18553: 17927: 17541: 17517: 17070: 17029: 16742: 15515: 15238: 15008: 14885: 14862: 14747: 14650: 14588: 14560: 14196: 14009: 13742: 13516: 13173: 13104: 12759: 12629: 12558: 11703: 11537: 11527: 10716: 10711: 10167: 10101: 10096: 9900: 9818: 9288: 9025: 8785: 8663: 7463: 7456: 7316: 5945: 4464: 4310: 3919: 2415: 2039: 1715:

in the arts. Painters developed other techniques, studying light, shadow, and, famously in the case of

1696: 1417: 1101:; in the Middle Ages these sorts of texts were only studied by Byzantine scholars. Some argue that the 465: 413: 17465: 13965: 12913: 12844: 12734: 4176:. Burckhardt likened the change to a veil being removed from man's eyes, allowing him to see clearly. 18313: 18192: 18148: 17556: 17199: 17167: 17065: 16551: 16163: 16123: 15564: 15033: 14943: 14289: 12641: 12122: 11664: 11493: 11145: 10686: 10440: 10401: 10086: 10041: 9835: 8583:

Murray, Stuart A.P. The Library: An Illustrated History. American Library Association, Chicago, 2012.

7007: 6660: 6620: 4559: 4413: 3971: 3712: 3246: 2720: 2169:

circumnavigated the continent, proving that it was not joined to the imagined south polar continent.

1767: 1326: 237: 13032: 7513:

Norman Davies, God's Playground: A History of Poland in Two Volumes, Oxford University Press, 2005,

6821: 4818: 3987: 3975: 2942:

and medieval scholastic philosophy remained exclusively until the turn of the 16th century. Emperor

2244: 1050: 19527: 19512: 19077: 19060: 18715: 18558: 18543: 18354: 18224: 18098: 17890: 17845: 17806: 17747: 17718: 17118: 16459: 16369: 16263: 15991: 15753: 15713: 15703: 15651: 15028: 13808: 13788: 13345: 13279: 13114: 12689: 12159: 11946: 11903: 11694: 11391: 8806: 8610:

Trivellato, Francesca. "Renaissance Italy and the Muslim Mediterranean in Recent Historical Work",

7755: 7285: 6063: 5752: 5618: 5538: 3906:, who introduced the new Italian poetry to Spain in the early 15th century. Other writers, such as 3887: 3689: 3355: 3212: 3098:

to direct the rebuilding of the forts along the southern frontier. He had new monasteries built in

2788: 2736: 2411: 2150: 1960: 1896: 1342:) reflects the social upheaval and terror that followed the plague that devastated medieval Europe. 1322: 1136: 705: 696:

The Renaissance was a cultural movement that profoundly affected European intellectual life in the

594: 401: 76: 18254: 18214: 13143: 7628:

Contemporaries of Erasmus: a biographical register of the Renaissance and Reformation, Volumes 1–3

4697: 738:

sought out in Europe's monastic libraries the Latin literary, historical, and oratorical texts of

19238: 18575: 18415: 18170: 17779: 17725: 17329: 17172: 17087: 17014: 16953: 16041: 15949: 15248: 15243: 15118: 15023: 14518: 13960: 13197: 13136: 13062: 12925: 12706: 12462: 12275: 12270: 12248: 12210: 12190: 11824: 11820: 11637: 11510: 11473: 11456: 11276: 10740: 10691: 10349: 10122: 9663: 9220: 9203: 9112: 9030: 7626: 7409: 6204: 5058: 4397: 4362: 4219: 4203: 4008: 3876: 3526: 3319: 3315: 3299: 2879:, she made a direct contribution in bringing arts, sciences, and music (including the origins of 2876: 2856: 2173: 2172:

By 1650, Dutch cartographers had mapped most of the coastline of the continent, which they named

1790: 1708: 1600: 1476: 1143:. Their translations and commentaries on these ideas worked their way through the Arab West into 1113:, whose magnificence toned with Florence as the center of a cultural rebirth, were linked to the 840: 677: 409: 182: 18347: 18165: 17657: 13335: 13299: 8677: 8136: 8128: 7820:

Lopez, Robert S. & Miskimin, Harry A. (1962). "The Economic Depression of the Renaissance".

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in the 9th century. The culmination of the Netherlandish school was in the music of the Italian

19456: 19349: 18997: 18947: 18907: 18870: 18770: 18410: 17730: 17708: 17568: 16536: 16213: 16203: 15792: 15723: 15708: 15189: 15148: 14852: 14804: 14799: 13768: 13722: 13571: 13077: 12531: 12504: 12474: 12338: 12285: 12102: 11978: 11873: 11713: 11708: 11566: 11532: 11520: 11515: 11478: 11428: 11286: 11266: 10952: 10897: 10515: 10344: 9867: 9783: 9591: 9398: 9128: 8983: 8959: 8922: 8831: 8598: 7779:'s popularity is a prime example of the manifestation of such concerns. Other examples include 7655:

Asia in the making of Europe: A century of wonder. The literary arts. The scholarly disciplines

4378: 4238: 4003: 3816: 3586: 3408: 3148: 3056: 2813: 2748: 2688: 2484: 2357: 1861: 1615:. Perhaps the most succinct expression of his perspective on humanism is in a 1465 poetic work 1366:. It has also been argued that the Black Death prompted a new wave of piety, manifested in the 743: 725: 713: 709: 606: 405: 172: 126: 116: 101: 14331: 12586: 7599: 7457:"Chapter 8: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as a Political Space: Its Unity and Complexity" 6454: 6229: 5488: 4878: 3882:

The Renaissance arrived in the Iberian peninsula through the Mediterranean possessions of the

3791:

The intense international exchange produced several cosmopolitan humanist scholars, including

3773: 2784: 848: 18987: 18962: 18927: 18897: 18863: 18785: 18563: 18538: 18153: 18032: 17937: 16496: 16418: 16323: 16298: 16228: 15911: 15639: 15412: 15370: 15340: 14976: 14867: 14847: 14712: 14662: 14555: 14545: 14235: 14201: 14110: 13121: 12859: 12754: 12681: 12553: 11956: 11673: 11627: 11622: 11571: 11235: 11216: 11032: 10927: 10595: 10460: 10146: 10021: 9419: 9198: 9107: 9052: 8976: 8883: 7163: 6389: 6367: 6349: 6253: 5718: 5519: 5272: 4937: 4910: 4665:(Since the 19th century, scientific knowledge has been assimilated by the rest of the world). 4350: 3609: 3389: 3343: 3280: 3095: 2759: 2398:(1511), it was dogged by continued accusations of corruption, most famously in the person of 2328: 2293: 2056: 2012: 1901: 1666: 1464: 1426: 921: 493: 167: 17415: 14780: 14191: 13727: 8032: 7653: 7572: 4853: 4597:

Some scholars have called for an end to the use of the term, which they see as a product of

3991: 3863: 2930:(1471–1528) predated the influence from Italy. In the early Protestant areas of the country 2421:

Churchmen such as Erasmus and Luther proposed reform to the Church, often based on humanist

769:

works of natural sciences, philosophy, and mathematics, rather than on such cultural texts.

19502: 19477: 19109: 18690: 18459: 18364: 18158: 18088: 18004: 17878: 17681: 17507: 17307: 16997: 16832: 16737: 16671: 16602: 16521: 16511: 16501: 16318: 16073: 15986: 15964: 15887: 15883: 15812: 15728: 15673: 15668: 15491: 15335: 15224: 15063: 14540: 13881: 13598: 12953: 12793: 12526: 12402: 12373: 12144: 11806: 11780: 11727: 11561: 11488: 11333: 11298: 11252: 11220: 11098: 10812: 10650: 10645: 10585: 10520: 10425: 9872: 9813: 9756: 9714: 9668: 9505: 9346: 9325: 9208: 9067: 9057: 9047: 8993: 8900: 8750: 8555:

Ferguson, Wallace K. "The Interpretation of the Renaissance: Suggestions for a Synthesis."

4702: 4484: 4366: 4349:

has also been used to define periods outside of the 15th and 16th centuries in the earlier

4093: 3954:

Later Spanish Renaissance tended toward religious themes and mysticism, with poets such as

3804: 3792: 3701: 3492: 3464: 3444: 3426: 3322:

ordering the redecoration or construction of several important works of architecture, i.e.

3261: 3208: 3164: 3122:

on behalf of Sforza to meet King Matthias Corvinus, and was commissioned by him to paint a

2590: 2387: 2289: 2131: 2004: 1999:(in medicine) were found to not always match everyday observations. As the Reformation and 1992: 1905: 1766:

and canvas, and stylistically in terms of naturalism in representation. Later, the work of

1662: 1582: 1518: 1504: 1355: 1331: 1220: 982: 844: 731: 681: 590: 553: 501: 453: 430: 417: 230: 187: 131: 96: 56: 12834: 8517: 5346:

The Feud that sparked the Renaissance: How Brunelleschi and Ghiberti Changed the Art World

4233:

of the 16th century. Many people who lived during the Renaissance did not view it as the "

3138:

spent many years in Matthias's court. This circle of educated men introduced the ideas of

2829: 2479:, as well as an important collection of drawings, and who commissioned the masterpiece of 2211:

From this changing society emerged a common, unifying musical language, in particular the

1970:

Science and art were intermingled in the early Renaissance, with polymath artists such as

1607:

to the same level as Latin. Palmieri drew on Roman philosophers and theorists, especially

8: 19332: 18917: 18833: 18802: 18680: 18643: 18444: 18330: 18177: 17850: 17536: 17522: 17128: 17051: 16929: 16849: 16827: 16343: 16208: 16078: 15868: 15797: 15554: 15527: 15510: 15498: 15320: 15276: 14857: 13603: 13017: 12724: 12420: 11632: 11544: 11303: 10937: 10902: 10805: 10615: 10545: 10488: 10405: 10231: 10058: 9979: 9830: 9823: 9803: 9751: 9709: 9688: 9552: 9495: 9351: 9305: 9300: 9262: 9133: 9075: 9012: 8949: 8790: 7776: 4636: 4370: 4332: 4314: 4142: 3927: 3852: 3800: 3761: 3723: 3617: 3605: 3595: 3530: 3476: 3456: 3099: 3083: 3017: 2926:, where the development of the printing press (ca. 1450) and Renaissance artists such as 2841: 2821: 2809: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2665: 2641: 2631: 2573:, 1550, revised 1568. Vasari divides the age into three phases: the first phase contains 2463:(On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres) to Paul III, who became the grandfather of 2454: 2268: 2162: 2124: 2101: 2000: 1964: 1944: 1932: 1877: 1867: 1401: 1270: 1212: 1102: 986: 944: 901: 739: 697: 656: 567: 557: 545: 517: 421: 389: 177: 162: 147: 19411: 18655: 17189: 14355: 13925: 13340: 13044: 11652: 8562:

Ferguson, Wallace K. "Recent trends in the economic historiography of the Renaissance."

7934: 3812: 3796: 2934:

became closely linked to the turmoil of the Reformation, and the art and writing of the

1487:

had been commissioned additionally by the Convent of San Donato in Scopeto in Florence.

1085:(normally in translation), but Greek literary, oratorical and historical works (such as 1057:(1380–1459) scoured the libraries of Europe in search of works by such Latin authors as 676:

The word has also been extended to other historical and cultural movements, such as the

19374: 18982: 18922: 18665: 18587: 18523: 18337: 18298: 18141: 18042: 17969: 17796: 17583: 17358: 17232: 17162: 17024: 17019: 16796: 16561: 16526: 16063: 15979: 15969: 15802: 15765: 15695: 15634: 15617: 15571: 15481: 15395: 15209: 15083: 15078: 15013: 14896: 14809: 14640: 14316: 13648: 13432: 12497: 12452: 11811: 11767: 11722: 11345: 11291: 11212: 10783: 10721: 10625: 10409: 10361: 10356: 10259: 10249: 10206: 10198: 9788: 9574: 9488: 9456: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9138: 9085: 9080: 9040: 8905: 8778: 7905: 7875: 7837: 7833: 7780: 7690: 7346:. Oxford: The Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature. p. 143. 7206: 6749: 6419: 6411: 6394: 6088: 6080: 5874: 5330: 5258: 5209: 5184: 5128: 4409: 4405: 4389: 4374: 4354: 4313:", the Middle Ages. Most political and economic historians now prefer to use the term " 4283: 3944: 3815:

made relevant teaching reforms via France. Foreign news and products in the Portuguese

3650: 3542: 3359: 3032: 2969: 2935: 2892: 2868: 2771: 2618: 2431: 2260: 1940: 1778: 1526: 1378: 1285: 1236: 1172: 1168: 1082: 1070: 1054: 990: 912:. This analysis argues that, whereas the great European states (France and Spain) were 789: 735: 630: 614: 388:

and was characterized by an effort to revive and surpass the ideas and achievements of

157: 152: 19432: 18613: 18293: 12353: 6851:

Post-war reconstruction: László Gerő: A helyreállított budai vár, Bp, 1980, pp. 11–60.

6494: 4207: 3959: 3435:

The Polish Renaissance lasted from the late 15th to the late 16th century and was the

3028:(r. 1458–1490) rebuilt the palace in early Renaissance style and further expanded it. 3008:, helped this process. New thoughts were carried by the humanist prelates, among them 1840:(c. 1220 – c. 1278) imitated classical forms by portraying scenes from the Bible. His 19102: 19055: 19025: 18885: 18755: 18670: 18660: 18325: 18308: 18182: 17801: 17764: 17735: 17688: 17551: 17497: 17487: 17477: 17368: 17046: 16958: 16948: 16935: 16924: 16587: 16516: 16491: 16447: 16193: 16095: 16083: 16068: 16048: 15959: 15906: 15878: 15860: 15663: 15539: 15532: 15345: 15293: 15271: 15199: 14901: 14755: 14503: 13800: 12811: 12650: 12075: 11834: 11773: 11732: 11549: 11434: 11370: 11281: 11258: 11202: 11110: 10843: 10600: 10575: 10555: 10535: 10525: 10415: 10397: 10366: 10299: 10216: 10190: 10150: 10031: 10026: 9984: 9939: 9607: 9564: 9537: 9522: 9483: 9446: 9095: 9090: 9035: 8954: 8944: 8917: 8895: 8811: 8491: 8394: 8366: 8311: 8297: 8287: 8273: 8249: 8235: 8205: 8178: 8159: 8140: 8115: 8085: 8066: 8047: 7982: 7938: 7659: 7632: 7605: 7578: 7514: 7469: 7372: 7347: 7267: 7257: 7166: 7136: 6797: 6774: 6712: 6519: 6457: 6423: 6330: 6305: 6280: 6257: 6233: 6208: 6092: 6028: 5970: 5862: 5724: 5646: 5472: 5378: 5368: 5213: 5176: 5120: 5062: 5031: 5011: 4943: 4916: 4870: 4782: 4732: 4632: 4479: 4393: 4279: 4167: 3963: 3911: 3832: 3749: 3741: 3737: 3550: 3549:(1594). The Reformation spread peacefully throughout the country, giving rise to the 3504: 3436: 3272: 3268: 3234: 3135: 3115: 3025: 2992:, a descendant of the Scolari family of Florence, who invited Manetto Ammanatini and 2951: 2896: 2837: 2833: 2825: 2598: 2582: 2422: 2399: 2277: 2240: 2202: 2196: 2067: 1971: 1755: 1736: 1716: 1676: 1472: 1468: 1274: 1232: 1216: 1192: 1148: 1046: 1031: 974: 913: 793: 717: 666: 634: 618: 524:

pursuits, as well as the introduction of modern banking and the field of accounting.

509: 489: 377: 213: 111: 106: 81: 17339: 16759: 16338: 7311: 6766: 5335:, trans. E. Howard (Basic Books, 1974), pp. 21-22, cited in Fernandez-Armesto (2017) 3828: 3753: 3685: 3681: 3630: 3351: 3179: 3171: 2927: 2911: 2519:(in the manner of the Romans and the ancients) to describe their work. In the 1330s 1983:

A suitable environment had developed to question classical scientific doctrine. The

1457:" were born there by chance: Leonardo, Botticelli and Michelangelo were all born in 19438: 19384: 19342: 19045: 18838: 18476: 18383: 18261: 17974: 17957: 17915: 17910: 17905: 17823: 17769: 17492: 17437: 17334: 17302: 17273: 17152: 17145: 17140: 17113: 16975: 16970: 16647: 16408: 15954: 15944: 15770: 15718: 15622: 15486: 15375: 15325: 15303: 15298: 15229: 15068: 14775: 14598: 14574: 14535: 14115: 13272: 12662: 12521: 12509: 11801: 11761: 11756: 11581: 11468: 11403: 11230: 11225: 11207: 11065: 10866: 10819: 10590: 10505: 10450: 10420: 10371: 10331: 10314: 10304: 10239: 10211: 10016: 9630: 9586: 9315: 9295: 9193: 8768: 8403: 8020: 7867: 7829: 7747: 7564: 7198: 6741: 6403: 6123: 6072: 5168: 5112: 4658: 4538: 4530: 4266: 4120: 3899: 3895: 3836: 3808: 3777: 3693: 3676:

financed a sumptuous composite style in the first decades of the 16th century, the

3546: 3418: 3327: 3307: 3242: 3226: 3144: 3079: 3075: 3009: 2901: 2872: 2414:(most of whom were married off, presumably for the consolidation of power) while a 2305: 2134:

sailed across the Atlantic Ocean from Spain seeking a direct route to India of the

2091: 2048: 1984: 1956: 1786: 1546: 1454: 1252: 1204: 1152: 1078: 1038: 978: 905: 576: 320: 314: 270: 218: 208: 19166: 12390: 9640: 6745: 5524:, ed. John M. Najemy (Oxford University Press, 2004) p. 89 (Retrieved 10 May 2007) 5493:, Marvin Perry, Myrna Chase, Margaret C. Jacob, James R. Jacob, 2008, pp. 261–262. 4298:

progress was perhaps less original than has traditionally been supposed. Finally,

3890:. Many early Spanish Renaissance writers come from the Crown of Aragon, including 3733: 3039:

became one of the most important artistic centers of the Renaissance north of the

19359: 19216: 19191: 19141: 19065: 18890: 18880: 18775: 18760: 18740: 18623: 18533: 18496: 18481: 18229: 18136: 18078: 17900: 17895: 17652: 17621: 17573: 17263: 17194: 17179: 17007: 16985: 16906: 16854: 16844: 16816: 16769: 16752: 16676: 16617: 16607: 16546: 16328: 16268: 16153: 16001: 15996: 15974: 15894: 15848: 15605: 15559: 15457: 15434: 15417: 15390: 15175: 14493: 14100: 13674: 13350: 12714: 12536: 12321: 12085: 11911: 11556: 10871: 10630: 10605: 10393: 10376: 10221: 10046: 9966: 9934: 9615: 9310: 8863: 8188: 8039: 7807: 7803: 7720: 7568: 7396: 6768: 6706: 6501: 6302:

The History of Cartography, Volume Three: Cartography in the European Renaissance

6274: 6009: 5952: 5843: 5759: 5669: 5638: 5625: 5547: 5237: 4511: 4223: 3940: 3915: 3883: 3872: 3716: 3666: 3553: 3516: 3512: 3376: 3363: 3288: 3160: 3091: 3087: 3060: 3048: 3044: 2654: 2383: 2281: 2184: 2146: 2135: 2024: 2016: 1821: 1691: 1651: 1604: 1592: 1484: 1446: 1278: 1248: 966: 701: 598: 397: 264: 86: 17243: 12594: 8384: 7896:. Edited by Renate Bridenthal and Claudia Koonz. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977. 7796: 3955: 3891: 2636: 2292:. Much, if not most, of the new art was commissioned by or in dedication to the 839:

strove to portray the human form realistically, developing techniques to render

661: 19421: 19389: 19337: 19285: 19268: 19258: 19186: 18848: 18725: 18695: 18592: 18580: 18454: 18388: 18320: 18187: 18083: 17786: 17482: 17422: 17363: 17227: 17157: 16864: 16786: 16703: 16556: 16358: 16278: 16233: 16173: 16138: 15930: 15843: 15748: 15656: 15447: 15281: 15204: 14874: 14565: 13984: 13612: 13608: 13259: 12877: 12816: 12656: 12127: 11961: 11749: 11737: 11423: 11308: 10984: 10969: 10959: 10861: 10763: 10580: 10570: 10565: 10560: 10540: 10530: 10445: 10388: 10281: 10244: 9620: 9569: 9547: 9542: 9527: 9517: 9510: 8671:

discussion with Francis Ames-Lewis, Peter Burke and Evelyn Welch (8 June 2000).

8227: 8175:

Scribes and Scholars: A Guide to the Transmission of Greek and Latin Literature

7927: 7855: 6476: 6107:

The Science of Leonardo; Inside the Mind of the Great Genius of the Renaissance

5081: 4585: 4445: 4437: 4324: 4291: 4270: 4256: 4084: 4040: 4033: 3907: 3769: 3765: 3662: 3634: 3567: 3440: 3339: 3131: 3071: 2798: 2708: 2614: 2564: 2532: 2505: 2501: 2444: 2375: 2338: 2220: 2216: 1928: 1845: 1712: 1672: 1382: 1305: 1228: 1156: 1114: 965:

at the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries, in particular with the writings of

893:(a long experience with modern life and a continuous learning from antiquity). 866: 762: 641: 622: 610: 521: 442: 31: 19002: 16871: 14814: 4381:

is a term used for a period in the Roman Empire in the 9th-11th centuries CE.

3948: 3728: 3600: 3508: 3052: 2138:. He accidentally stumbled upon the Americas, but believed he had reached the 472:, who said that "man is the measure of all things". Although the invention of 19471: 19322: 19290: 19151: 19146: 19129: 18957: 18952: 18937: 18912: 18902: 18853: 18513: 18491: 18422: 18288: 18117: 18020: 17996: 17979: 17947: 17932: 17713: 17703: 17698: 17602: 17351: 17312: 17251: 17077: 17034: 16803: 16732: 16664: 16506: 16484: 16400: 16313: 16198: 16113: 16058: 15918: 15838: 15733: 15583: 15576: 15469: 15422: 15315: 15171: 14954: 14906: 14348: 13974: 12137: 11461: 11442: 11386: 11340: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11172: 11167: 11044: 11037: 10676: 10475: 10142: 10081: 8346:

Weapons and Warfare in Renaissance Europe: Gunpowder, Technology, and Tactics

8119: 7541:. The John Carter Brown Library Exhibitions, Brown University. Archived from 7271: 6868: 6732:

Strauss, Gerald (1965). "The Religious Renaissance of the German Humanists".

6372: 6354: 5180: 5124: 4724: 4417: 4287: 4138: 4109: 3638: 3534: 3521: 3460: 3152: 3123: 3066:

Matthias started at least two major building projects. The works in Buda and

2923: 2755: 2740: 2728: 2724: 2716: 2544: 2536: 2489: 2480: 2450: 2443:, a break with the Roman Catholic Church that previously claimed hegemony in 2426: 2349: 2344: 2313: 2096: 2079: 1976: 1837: 1802: 1751: 1720: 1681: 1522: 1480: 1098: 961:

Many argue that the ideas characterizing the Renaissance had their origin in

928: 832: 813: 754: 393: 373: 18807: 17952: 17614: 15140: 8658: 8192: 8101:"Astrological forecasting and the Turkish menace in the Renaissance Balkans" 6276:

Controversy in marketing theory: for reason, realism, truth, and objectivity

6127: 5866: 5382: 3803:, a friend of Erasmus who wrote with rare independence on the reign of King 3658: 1995:

challenged the classical worldview. The works of Ptolemy (in geography) and

891:

una lunga sperienza delle cose moderne ed una continua lezione delle antiche

488:

As a cultural movement, the Renaissance encompassed innovative flowering of

19401: 19354: 19310: 19300: 19263: 19233: 19196: 19171: 19161: 19124: 18967: 18750: 18618: 18342: 18271: 18068: 17991: 17742: 17693: 17597: 17578: 17546: 17443: 17383: 17378: 17123: 16943: 16781: 16639: 16622: 16582: 16577: 16531: 16469: 16348: 16148: 16053: 15899: 15873: 15782: 15464: 15452: 15400: 15360: 15355: 15219: 15214: 13072: 12719: 12541: 12384: 12240: 11689: 11647: 11576: 11313: 11198: 11152: 11140: 11083: 11049: 10635: 10465: 10336: 10254: 9673: 8603:

Summit, Jennifer. "Renaissance Humanism and the Future of the Humanities".

8488:

The Renaissance in Italy: A Social and Cultural History of the Rinascimento

8464:; major essays by multiple scholars. Summarizes the viewpoint of the 1950s. 6842:

History section: Miklós Horler: Budapest műemlékei I, Bp: 1955, pp. 259–307

4134: 4058: 3642: 3371: 3367: 3311: 3139: 2973: 2939: 2732: 2602: 2472: 2391: 2248: 2232: 1913: 1830: 1817: 1813: 1759: 1728: 1521:

was not a philosophy but a method of learning. In contrast to the medieval

1359: 1240: 1224: 1208: 1176: 897: 804: 800: 626: 513: 19396: 17257: 7376: 7251: 7202: 4803: 3707: 3055:

set up a printing press in Buda in 1472. Matthias Corvinus's library, the

1695:(1st century BC), Leonardo tried to draw the perfectly proportioned man. ( 1392:

The spread of disease was significantly more rampant in areas of poverty.

19317: 19280: 19221: 19097: 19092: 19087: 19035: 19030: 18972: 18875: 18812: 18765: 18705: 18675: 18597: 18439: 18277: 18266: 18239: 18209: 18073: 18047: 17964: 17885: 17873: 17828: 17818: 17813: 17791: 17752: 17588: 17563: 17448: 17410: 17317: 17285: 17237: 16965: 16893: 16686: 16627: 16541: 16479: 16439: 16288: 16036: 16031: 16023: 16008: 15833: 15738: 15549: 15385: 15350: 15330: 15288: 15253: 15073: 13355: 12997: 12973: 12343: 12331: 12253: 11642: 11446: 11182: 11130: 11105: 11088: 11027: 10620: 10498: 10455: 10291: 9808: 8836: 8668: 8474: 6138: 5362: 4451: 4321: 4278:

revert to its classical form. This view is however somewhat contested by

4116: 3935: 3931: 3868: 3824: 3745: 3697: 3673: 3626: 3468: 3335: 3230: 3103: 3021: 2989: 2981: 2977: 2918:

In the second half of the 15th century, the Renaissance spirit spread to

2849: 2845: 2817: 2744: 2712: 2677: 2440: 2317: 2309: 2264: 2166: 2139: 2075: 2020: 1917: 1912:

Applied innovation extended to commerce. At the end of the 15th century,

1578: 1574: 1351: 1317: 1090: 949: 886: 882: 877:

describes it as an age where "Men looked for new foundations"; some like

821: 747: 541: 381: 14245: 8535:

Bouwsma, William J. "The Renaissance and the drama of Western history."

8511: 7854: 3839:, especially after the arrival of the wealthy cultured Jewish community 3067: 2668:

in several ways. The dominant art forms of the English Renaissance were

1304:. Venice was Europe's gateway to trade with the East, and a producer of 1300:

brought with them ideas from far corners of the globe, particularly the

1001:

for artistic commissions as sparking the creativity of the Renaissance.

931:

offers a critical view in his seminal study of European racist thought:

900:, plays down the Renaissance in favor of the earlier innovations of the 380:

covering the 15th and 16th centuries. It marked the transition from the

19364: 19176: 19136: 19082: 19050: 18942: 18780: 18735: 18628: 18434: 18244: 18112: 17833: 17635: 17427: 17268: 17056: 16822: 16727: 16691: 16681: 16659: 16474: 16464: 16452: 16404: 15819: 15807: 15777: 15743: 15683: 15365: 14911: 13918: 13561: 13131: 11793: 11381: 11135: 11093: 11079: 10947: 10932: 10383: 8676: 8645: 8540: 8481: 8444: 8420: 8410: 8380: 8349: 8339: 8028: 7879: 7841: 7330:

The Lost Italian Renaissance: Humanists, Historians, and Latin's Legacy

7130: 6667:(Winter 2016 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, 6415: 6084: 5188: 5156: 5132: 4385: 4299: 4246: 4234: 4230: 4173: 4097: 4054: 3646: 2669: 2658: 2436: 2177: 2120: 2112: 2071: 2052: 1936: 1921: 1724: 1612: 1144: 1094: 917: 909: 885:

envisioned new reformed spiritual foundations, others. in the words of

869:, this allowed many more people access to books, especially the Bible. 828: 469: 449:

was adopted into English as the term for this period during the 1830s.

9231: 8458:

The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 1: The Renaissance, 1493–1520

7312:

Painting in Oil in the Low Countries and Its Spread to Southern Europe

7210: 6753: 5364:

A Short History of the Netherlands: From Prehistory to the Present Day

2780: 2687:

In literature the later part of the 16th century saw the flowering of

1872: 1669:(1404–1472) that perspective was formalized as an artistic technique. 19426: 19416: 19379: 19211: 19201: 19181: 19007: 18977: 18710: 18633: 18052: 17838: 17675: 17432: 17133: 17082: 16980: 16791: 16597: 16568: 16253: 16090: 15825: 15787: 15380: 15194: 13838: 12962: 12839: 12669: 12152: 11483: 11162: 11157: 11120: 11115: 10979: 10922: 10907: 10776: 10430: 9798: 9793: 9645: 8773: 5707:"Renaissance And Reformation France" Mack P. Holt pp. 30, 39, 69, 166 4275: 4250: 4242: 4105: 4081: 3967: 3781: 3677: 3616:

Although Italian Renaissance had a modest impact in Portuguese arts,

3276: 3183: 3156: 3013: 2795: 2681: 2594: 2212: 2158: 1988: 1948: 1825: 1816:

as an integrated system. The Roman orders types of columns are used:

1774: 1763: 1740: 1686: 1363: 1293: 1289: 1288:, especially the Republic of Venice. Although in practice these were 1256: 1106: 1062: 994: 908:, which married responsive government, Christianity and the birth of 874: 808: 652: 459: 385: 16399: 10159: 8469:

Encyclopedia of Women in the Renaissance: Italy, France, and England

7871: 7253:

The Invention of Science: A New History of the Scientific Revolution

6407: 6076: 5856: 5172: 5116: 4588:, an even longer period. Another source dates it from 1350 to 1620. 4057:: the arts (he held) had fallen into decay with the collapse of the 3422: 3331: 2273: 1367: 19406: 19327: 19275: 19206: 19119: 19040: 18992: 18858: 18843: 18700: 18638: 18570: 18464: 18449: 18123: 18037: 18027: 18015: 17759: 17222: 16919: 16859: 16243: 15939: 15760: 15588: 15503: 15442: 15405: 14513: 13256: 11177: 11125: 10640: 10435: 9773: 9761: 5332:

The Aryan Myth: A History of Racist and Nationalist Ideas in Europe

4581: 4401: 4129:(1860), by contrast, defined the Renaissance as the period between 3983: 3831:

to the wider world. There, profits and know-how helped nurture the

3571: 3558: 3500: 3350:

subjects, such as the contemporary religious upheaval portrayed by

3323: 3292: 3001: 2947: 2586: 2520: 2407: 2297: 1809: 1794: 1629: 1550: 1442: 1430: 1393: 1371: 1347: 1297: 1132: 1128: 1042: 998: 970: 962: 954: 836: 670: 537: 505: 497: 452:

The Renaissance's intellectual basis was founded in its version of

8202:

The Raven King: Matthias Corvinus and the Fate of his Lost Library

7819: 6895: 4431: 4416:

was a vibrant period of exploratory poetry and fiction writing in

4265:, he argued that the Renaissance was a period of decline from the 3204: 3163:. Regiomontanus dedicated his book on navigation that was used by 2950:(ruling 1493–1519) was the first truly Renaissance monarch of the 1947:, and their reverence for classical sources further enshrined the 504:. It saw myriad artistic developments and contributions from such 18745: 18548: 18486: 18303: 18202: 17942: 17669: 17502: 17108: 16708: 16592: 16158: 16013: 15925: 10964: 10942: 10892: 10796: 10732: 10510: 10321: 9320: 7468:. Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido University. pp. 137–153. 6767:

Louis A. Waldman; Péter Farbaky; Louis Alexander Waldman (2011).

6182: 6049:

A History of European Society. Essentials of Western Civilization

5904:

A History of European Society. Essentials of Western Civilization

5696:

A History of European Society. Essentials of Western Civilization

4602: 4377:

has been also sometimes termed with the Islamic Renaissance. The

4295: 4101: 4066: 4062: 3820: 3496: 3399: 3303: 3223: 2919: 2574: 2476: 2334: 2301: 2296:. However, the Renaissance had a profound effect on contemporary 2224: 2154: 1952: 1754:, a particularly vibrant artistic culture developed. The work of 1732: 1627:

in virtually any situation. This ideology was referred to as the

1542: 1538: 1458: 1450: 1441:

It has long been a matter of debate why the Renaissance began in

1422: 1211:

in the early modern period. Instead, it was divided into smaller

1135:, had inherited Greek ideas after they had invaded and conquered 1124: 1012: 878: 817: 549: 61: 17664: 8691: 8082:

The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526

6564:"Art in England: Life and Times - Internet Shakespeare Editions" 5259:

Looking at the Renaissance: Religious Context in the Renaissance

3459:, who was employed as royal advisor and councillor. The tomb of 3417:

A 16th-century Renaissance tombstone of Polish kings within the

1187: 19369: 19228: 18720: 18650: 18219: 18131: 17986: 17217: 16178: 11397: 10974: 10887: 4130: 4070: 3622: 3219: 3107: 2880: 2646: 2578: 2468: 2403: 2379: 2371: 1744: 1700: 1658: 1608: 1534: 1434: 1397: 1301: 1260: 1058: 1006: 916:, and others were under direct Church control, the independent 766: 482: 8711: 7371:. Wrocław: Ossolineum, Polska Akademia Nauk PAN. p. 150. 7189:

Láng, Paul Henry (1939). "The So Called Netherlands Schools".

6770:

Italy & Hungary: Humanism and Art in the Early Renaissance

5858:

Ibn Khaldun and Machiavelli : an examination of paradigms

5289:

The Idea of Nationalism: A Study in Its Origins and Background

4869:, p. 190, 1996, ed. Helen Wilcox, Cambridge University Press, 3043:. The most important humanists living in Matthias' court were 2323: 1785:, built by Alberti. The outstanding architectural work of the 291: 17453: 16143: 16133: 16128: 15600: 15595: 12032: 11929: 11790: 10912: 7157: 6924: 5720:

Disordered Body: Epidemic Disease and Cultural Transformation

5155:

Trinkaus, Charles; Rabil, Albert; Purnell, Frederick (1990).

4327:

observed of this resistance to the concept of "Renaissance":

4282:. Robert S. Lopez has contended that it was a period of deep 3748:

fused it with popular culture, reporting the changing times.

3680:, incorporating maritime elements. The primary painters were 3566:. The nobles gained dominance in the new political system of 3484: 3472: 3284: 2828:, and built ornate palaces at great expense. Writers such as 2673: 2549:

Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire

2228: 1996: 1346:

One theory that has been advanced is that the devastation in

1200: 1110: 1086: 478: 341: 8702: 8338:. (1994). 648 pp.; a magistral survey, heavily illustrated; 8006:, translated by James Emmons, New York: G. Braziller, 1970). 7438:"HISTORIA ARCHITEKTURY EUROPEJSKIEJ TYLKO DLA ORŁÓW - SKRÓT" 7024: 7022: 6061:

MacKinnon, Nick (1993). "The Portrait of Fra Luca Pacioli".

4850:

The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Music: Volume 1

2875:. Though she became famous and infamous for her role in the 985:

competed for the contract to build the bronze doors for the

520:. The period also saw revolutions in other intellectual and 19305: 18107: 16273: 10917: 7039: 7037: 6936: 4781:(1. publ ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. p. 9. 3275:

defined the beginning of the Renaissance in music, and the

3040: 3036: 3005: 1182: 1066: 1027: 335: 329: 285: 7097: 6051:(Vol. 2, pp. 250–251). Belmont, CA: Thomson Learning, Inc. 5906:(Vol. 2, pp. 245–246). Belmont, CA: Thomson Learning, Inc. 4912:

Renaissance Humanism, from the Middle Ages to Modern Times

4865:

See Rosalie L. Colie, quoted in Hageman, Elizabeth H., in

3306:, the Renaissance sparked the translation of the works of 1927:

The rediscovery of ancient texts and the invention of the

1891: 1595:(1406–1475), another humanist, is most known for his work 1569:, which has been called the "Manifesto of the Renaissance" 1239:

to the north east. 15th-century Italy was one of the most

659:, while social and economic historians, especially of the 19296:

Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation

8635:

The Civilization of the Italian Renaissance: A Sourcebook

8356:

A Companion to English Renaissance Literature and Culture

8263: 7061: 7049: 7019: 6972: 6960: 6818:"the influences of the florentine renaissance in hungary" 5558: 5556: 4408:. The term can also be used in cinema. In animation, the 3982:. The late Renaissance in Spain produced artists such as 3726:

inscribed the Portuguese feats overseas in the epic poem

3170:

Other important figures of Hungarian Renaissance include

2563:(rebirth) first appeared, however, in its broad sense in 1808:

During the Renaissance, architects aimed to use columns,

1770:

would inspire artists to depict themes of everyday life.

1381:, then about 4.2 million, lost 1.4 million people to the 276: 13380: 7155: 7131:

Heughebaert, H.; Defoort, A.; Van Der Donck, R. (1998).

7034: 6914: 6912: 6910: 6687: 6685: 6327:

Lying for the Admiralty: Captain Cook's Endeavour Voyage

6250:

A Social History of Knowledge: From Gutenberg to Diderot

5742: 5740: 5274:

Looking at the Renaissance: Urban economy and government

1556: 536:

and conventionally ends by the 1600s with the waning of

16258: 14674:

Professionalization and institutionalization of history

8467:

Robin, Diana; Larsen, Anne R.; and Levin, Carole, eds.

7465:

Regions in Central and Eastern Europe: Past and Present

6984: 6948: 5672:

University of Calgary website. (Retrieved 5 April 2007)

5608: 5606: 4087:(1798–1874) defined "The Renaissance" in his 1855 work 4024: 3966:, and treated issues related to the exploration of the 3657:

made crucial advances in mapping the world. Apothecary

2378:, in which three men simultaneously claimed to be true 575:

from around 1250 or 1300—overlap considerably with the

566:

The traditional view focuses more on the Renaissance's

8322:

The Longman Companion to Renaissance Europe, 1390–1530

7625:

Bietenholz, Peter G.; Deutscher, Thomas Brian (2003).

7085: 5553: 5420:

Periods of World History: A Latin American Perspective

4076:

However, only in the 19th century did the French word

3302:, which spread northward into Germany around 1600. In 3155:, set up an observatory in Buda and installed it with 2964:

Renaissance architecture in Central and Eastern Europe

2957: 2115:. This development is depicted in the large world map 16:

European cultural period of the 14th to 17th centuries

14966:

Heroic theory of invention and scientific development

7909:

Renaissance Self-Fashioning: From More to Shakespeare

7184: 7182: 7109: 7073: 6907: 6682: 5969:, translated by George Bull, Penguin Classics, 1965, 5737: 5698:(Vol. 2, p. 217). Belmont, CA: Thomson Learning, Inc. 5456:

Europe in the second millennium: a hegemony achieved?

4331:

It is perhaps no accident that the factuality of the

3503:. It was also the time when the first major works of 3338:

greatly contributed to turn astronomy into the first

2176:, except the east coast which was charted in 1770 by 365: 347: 344: 338: 332: 303: 294: 288: 282: 13814:

Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe

8478:

The Elizabethan Renaissance: The Life of the Society

8436:(5 vol 2007), 1584 pages; comprehensive encyclopedia 8270:

Renaissance People: Lives that Shaped the Modern Age

7256:(First U.S. ed.). New York, NY: HarperCollins. 6392:(1942). "Petrarch's Conception of the 'Dark Ages'". 5603: 5432:

The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia

5154: 4427: 2723:

competed with that in Europe with composers such as

2161:. He charted about 300 km of the west coast of 326: 273: 7892:Kelly-Gadol, Joan. "Did Women Have a Renaissance?" 7624: 7601:

Encyclopedia of the Renaissance and the Reformation

7574:

Encyclopedia of the Renaissance and the Reformation

6304:. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. 6171:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996, p. 1. 5806:, ed. A. Goodman and A. MacKay, London, 1990, p. 2. 5157:"Renaissance Ideas and the Idea of the Renaissance" 4336:

of literature and hardly ever by historians of Art.

3487:. Architecture became more refined and decorative. 3189: 1781:. Another building demonstrating this style is the 1529:. Humanist education was based on the programme of 1097:) were not studied in either the Latin or medieval 323: 279: 13774:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia 13632: 11414: 7926: 7535:"Portuguese Overseas Travels and European Readers" 7179: 6451:The Global Age: state and society beyond modernity 6118:"Columbus and Vesalius – The Age of Discoverers". 5774:Individualism and the cult of creative personality 5490:Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society 4388:have also been termed "renaissances", such as the 3425:, Poland. The golden-domed chapel was designed by 3237:'s map assisted explorers and navigators. In art, 2852:also borrowed from the spirit of the Renaissance. 1411: 14432: 7504:, Providence, Blackstone Editions, 2004, p.20-21. 6695:, trans. G.H. Smith (New York: D. Appleton, 1847) 5367:(4th ed.). Amersfoort: Bekking. p. 59. 5314: 3926:, kept a close resemblance to the Italian canon. 1599:("On Civic Life"; printed 1528), which advocated 19469: 8640:Ross, James Bruce, and Mary M. McLaughlin, eds. 8523:; older essays by scholars; emphasis on politics 7929:Civilization: a new history of the Western world 7462:. In Hayashi, Tadayuki; Fukuda, Hiroshi (eds.). 7188: 6196: 6194: 5802:Burke, P., "The spread of Italian humanism", in 5663:The End of Europe's Middle Ages: The Black Death 5223: 4964:The European Renaissance: Centre and Peripheries 4305:Some historians have begun to consider the word 2938:frequently reflected this dispute. However, the 2883:) to the French court from her native Florence. 2787:(1519–1547), one of the most famous examples of 2037:), posited that the Earth moved around the Sun. 14998: 11241:Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought 8687:. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). pp. 83–93. 8619:Palgrave advances in Renaissance historiography 7126: 7124: 6731: 5789:Guido Carocci, I dintorni di Firenze, Vol. II, 5102: 4253:class with leisure time to devote to the arts. 3031:After the marriage in 1476 of King Matthias to 2453:came to the papal throne (1534–1549) after the 9779:Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe 8498:The Hutchinson Encyclopedia of the Renaissance 8172: 7924: 7752:"The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy" 6704: 6518:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001) 6492:The Open University Guide to the Renaissance, 6145:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978). 5521:Italy in the Age of the Renaissance: 1300–1550 5516:Family and Marriage: A socio-legal perspective 5502: 5407: 5395: 4990: 4988: 4939:Forever Young: A Cultural History of Longevity 3978:, giving rise to a body of work, now known as 2664:The English Renaissance is different from the 1829:or segmental and on a square plan, unlike the 1585:wrote the "manifesto" of the Renaissance, the 1013:Latin and Greek phases of Renaissance humanism 16385: 15170: 15156: 14822:Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church 14692:Western European colonialism and colonization 13241: 10748: 10175: 9247: 8727: 8593:Starn, Randolph. "A Postmodern Renaissance?" 8336:The Civilization of Europe in the Renaissance 8329:The Renaissance: An Encyclopedia for Students 7502:Racovia: An Early Liberal Religious Community 7135:. Wommelgem, Belgium: Den Gulden Engel bvba. 6516:Style in the Art Theory of Early Modern Italy 6191: 5103:Starn, Randolph (1998). "Renaissance Redux". 4543: 3904:Íñigo López de Mendoza, marqués de Santillana 2390:(1414), a resulting reform movement known as 1159:were established in Iberia, most notably the 238: 13152: 8588:A Companion to the Worlds of the Renaissance 8490:(Cambridge University Press, 2015). 648 pp. 8415:Kristeller, Paul Oskar, and Michael Mooney. 8025:The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy 7981:, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1927 7714:The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy 7598:Bergin, Thomas G.; Speake, Jennifer (2004). 7597: 7563: 7121: 6614:"A Brief History of Architecture in Britain" 5991:, Web Gallery of Art (Retrieved 10 May 2007) 5879:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5753:The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy 5619:The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy 5540:The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy 5010:, Scarecrow Press Incorporate, 1999, p. 69, 4974: 4972: 4753:"Online Etymology Dictionary: "Renaissance"" 4524: 4357:(1870–1937), for example, made a case for a 4188:The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy 4126:The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy 2824:imported Italian art and artists, including 2699:a distinctive native style. Writers include 1955:views of the universe. Writing around 1450, 1235:to the north and west respectively, and the 924:that preceded and financed the Renaissance. 416:, the Renaissance was first centered in the 13255: 9769:History of European Jews in the Middle Ages 8580:Spring 2009, Vol. 40 Issue 1, pp. 182+ 8500:. (1999). 434 pp.; numerous brief articles 7894:Becoming Visible: Women in European History 7687:"Defining the Renaissance, Open University" 7631:. University of Toronto Press. p. 22. 7618: 7366: 7332:. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press 6859: 6857: 6698: 6472: 6470: 6324: 5600:, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University, 2000 5564:The Foundations of Modern Political Thought 5317:The Medieval Frontiers of Latin Christendom 5077: 5075: 4985: 3869:Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo del Escorial 2085: 1665:(1377–1446) and the subsequent writings of 669:between the two eras, which are linked, as 648:as a term and as a historical delineation. 457: 16392: 16378: 15163: 15149: 13248: 13234: 10755: 10741: 10182: 10168: 9254: 9240: 8734: 8720: 7966:Renaissance and Renascences in Western Art 6820:. Fondazione-delbianco.org. Archived from 6535: 6481:Renaissance and Renascences in Western Art 6384: 6382: 6202:The Renaissance: A Very Short Introduction 5716: 5360: 5348:(New York, Perennial-Harper Collins, 2003) 5252: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5055:The Renaissance: A Very Short Introduction 5049: 5047: 5045: 5043: 4867:Women and Literature in Britain, 1500–1700 4852:, p. 4, 2005, Cambridge University Press, 4779:The Renaissance: a very short introduction 4269:, destroying much that was important. The 3604:, are considered the greatest poet of the 2035:On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres 1292:, and bore little resemblance to a modern 1117:, whose conquests led to the migration of 532:The Renaissance period started during the 396:in most fields and disciplines, including 245: 231: 13877:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 8131:. In Porter, Roy; Teich, Mikuláš (eds.). 8126: 8114:(2). Universitatis Miskolciensis: 57–72. 8060: 8044:The Will to Survive: A History of Hungary 8038: 7156:Janson, H.W.; Janson, Anthony F. (1997). 7067: 7055: 7043: 7028: 6978: 6966: 6930: 6901: 6060: 5469:History of Libraries in the Western World 5008:History of Libraries in the Western World 4980:The Medici: Godfathers of the Renaissance 4969: 4908: 4839:. London: Morre. pp. 1–2. id# 94452. 4830: 4828: 4161: 3672:In architecture, the huge profits of the 3070:began in about 1479. Two new wings and a 2871:, second son of King Francis I and Queen 2527:(ancient) and to the Christian period as 2104:(1502), the earliest world map detailing 2062:Another important development was in the 1636: 973:(1304–1374), as well as the paintings of 831:had been exemplified in the sculpture of 15096:Historical geographic information system 11862: 8427:Historical Dictionary of the Renaissance 8260:The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance 7724:(trans. S.G.C. Middlemore, London, 1878) 7529: 7527: 7399:. poland.gov.pl (Retrieved 4 April 2007) 6854: 6467: 6299: 6252:Polity Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 6156:The Origins of Modern Science, 1300–1800 5804:The Impact of Humanism on Western Europe 5763:, translated by S.G.C. Middlemore, 1878. 5717:Hatty, Suzanne E.; Hatty, James (1999). 5629:, translated by S.G.C. Middlemore, 1878. 5098: 5096: 5072: 4620:Islamic contributions to Medieval Europe 4605:to validate and glorify modern ideals. 4569:Civil Engineer & Architect's Journal 4193: 4023: 3862: 3706: 3590: 3203: 3114:in Fejéregyháza. In the spring of 1485, 2900: 2779: 2635: 2500: 2429:. In October 1517, Luther published the 2322: 2272: 2095: 1890: 1871: 1833:vault, which is frequently rectangular. 1671: 1603:, and for his influence in refining the 1555: 1421: 1321: 1186: 1183:Social and political structures in Italy 1026: 948: 827:Well after the first artistic return to 771: 9261: 8674: 8173:Reynolds, L. D.; Wilson, Nigel (1974). 8153: 8135:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 8098: 7591: 7249: 7149: 7103: 7091: 6990: 6954: 6942: 6665:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 6430: 6388: 6379: 6200:Brotton, J., "Science and Philosophy", 6022: 5319:. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. 5243: 5040: 5020: 4776: 3970:, with chroniclers and writers such as 3700:produced four songbooks, including the 3537:. Three more academies were founded at 2386:. While the schism was resolved by the 2051:, gave a new confidence to the role of 1509:Renaissance humanism in Northern Europe 1266:The Allegory of Good and Bad Government 803:, Renaissance humanists did not reject 640:The Renaissance has a long and complex 605:and their texts to Italy following the 19470: 19073:Contemporary Indigenous Australian art 14736:English historical school of economics 12788:Historical Series of the Bank of Italy 10842: 8199: 7979:The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century 7746: 7454: 7413: 7341: 7115: 6536:Foundation, Poetry (16 January 2024). 6443: 6440:, Volume 1, Books 1–4 (2001), p. xvii. 5915: 5685:. San Diego: Lucent Books, Inc., 1998. 5356: 5354: 5200: 5198: 4825: 4616:Latin translations of the 12th century 3736:introduced Italian forms of verse and 3507:were published, particularly those of 3239:Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting 3200:Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting 2743:of courtiers, and in the next century 1739:, working for the Medici in Florence, 445:, while the corresponding French word 424:and later throughout Europe. The term 17093:Art of the late 16th century in Milan 16373: 15144: 15052: 14997: 14932:Revisionist school of Islamic studies 14771:Historical reliability of the Gospels 14629: 14156: 13229: 13218: 11861: 11604: 11368: 11007: 10841: 10736: 10189: 10163: 9235: 8715: 8571:The Renaissance in historical thought 8449:Paoletti, John T. and Gary M. Radke. 8268:Davis, Robert C. and Beth Lindsmith. 8079: 7810:, Autumn 1997 (Retrieved 10 May 2007) 7524: 7482:from the original on 25 February 2020 7414:Waltos, Stanisław (31 October 2002). 7408:For example, the re-establishment of 7079: 6918: 6658: 6329:. Sydney: Rosenberg. pp. 19–20. 5946:Optics and Realism in Renaissance Art 5093: 4723: 4537: 4510: 4384:Other periods of cultural rebirth in 4361:. Other historians have argued for a 4340: 1858:History of science in the Renaissance 15124: 13219: 12749:More Irish than the Irish themselves 9918:Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486) 8029:excerpt and text search 2007 edition 7651: 7604:. Infobase Publishing. p. 490. 7344:Humanism in fifteenth-century Europe 6671:from the original on 22 October 2019 6272: 5817:On the Dignity and Excellence of Man 5286: 4935: 4495: 3997: 2988:'s court there were patrons such as 2812:arrived in France, imported by King 2691:, with poetry heavily influenced by 1247:Historian and political philosopher 456:, derived from the concept of Roman 13819:Functionalism–intentionalism debate 11008: 10697:History of the Mediterranean region 10128:History of the Mediterranean region 9331:International relations (1648–1814) 8697:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 8528: 8417:Renaissance Thought and its Sources 8133:The Renaissance in National Context 6453:(1997), Stanford University Press, 6047:Hause, S. & Maltby, W. (2001). 6025:Filippo Brunelleschi: The Buildings 5930:Clare, John D. & Millen, Alan, 5918:The Library: An Illustrated History 5902:Hause, S. & Maltby, W. (2001). 5815:As asserted by Gianozzo Manetti in 5694:Hause, S. & Maltby, W. (2001). 5574:, Cambridge University Press, p. 69 5550:(trans. by S.G.C. Middlemore, 1878) 5351: 5231:Humanities in the Western Tradition 5195: 3786:Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici 3245:to the everyday life depictions of 2958:Hungarian trecento and quattrocento 2523:referred to pre-Christian times as 2460:De revolutionibus orbium coelestium 2149:sailed from the East Indies in the 2030:De revolutionibus orbium coelestium 1900:, father of accounting, painted by 1199:The unique political structures of 13: 18428:Vienna School of Fantastic Realism 17279:Neoclassical architecture in Milan 14832:Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II 12776:Fourth Italian War of Independence 10762: 8626: 8220: 8013: 7834:10.1111/j.1468-0289.1962.tb00059.x 5920:. Skyhorse Publishing. p. 88. 5614:The Republics: Venice and Florence 5482: 5315:Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe (2017). 4837:Accounting Concepts & Theories 3255: 2861:Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino 2354:the end of the Italian Renaissance 1967:, but in a philosophical fashion. 1493: 1023:Transmission of the Greek Classics 14: 19539: 18502:American Figurative Expressionism 16838:International Gothic art in Italy 16354:Western European and Others Group 9885:Greek scholars in the Renaissance 9452:Journalism of Early Modern Europe 8764:Greek scholars in the Renaissance 8652: 7319:website. (Retrieved 5 April 2007) 7016:(Wallstein Verlag, 2007), p. 151. 6865:A History of Hungarian Literature 6483:, New York: Harper and Row, 1960. 6143:Man and Nature in the Renaissance 5748:The Development of the Individual 5471:, Scarecrow Press, 1999, p. 145, 5204:Murray, P. and Murray, L. (1963) 4834: 4731:(3rd ed.). Pearson Longman. 4150:University of California Berkeley 4014: 2859:(1519–1589), born in Florence to 2496: 2117:Nova Totius Terrarum Orbis Tabula 2045:On the Workings of the Human Body 1935:, humanists favored the study of 1711:was part of a wider trend toward 1591:, a vibrant defence of thinking. 1019:Greek scholars in the Renaissance 753:bringing precious manuscripts in 684:(10th and 11th century), and the 19452: 19451: 18011:Neue Künstlervereinigung München 15123: 15114: 15113: 14630: 14130: 14129: 13971:Palestinian expulsion and flight 12483:5000-year civilization assertion 12059:Nadir of American race relations 10682:Bibliography of European history 10277:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 8675:Symonds, John Addington (1911). 8559:(1951): 483–495. online in JSTOR 8377:The Renaissance: A Short History 8232:The Flowering of the Renaissance 7992: 7971: 7958: 7918: 7899: 7886: 7848: 7813: 7790: 7770: 7740: 7727: 7705: 7679: 7645: 7557: 7507: 7494: 7448: 7430: 7402: 7383: 7360: 7335: 7322: 7304: 7278: 7243: 7225:"Renæssance i Europa og Danmark" 7217: 7162:(5th, rev. ed.). New York: 6996: 6883: 6874: 6845: 6836: 6810: 6787: 6760: 6725: 6652: 6627: 6606: 6581: 6561: 6555: 6529: 6508: 6438:History of the Florentine people 5361:Rietbergen, P. J. A. N. (2000). 4729:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 4444: 4430: 4369:in the 10th century and for the 4043:(1511–1574) first used the term 3859:Spanish Renaissance architecture 3711:The renaissance cloister at the 3485:eastern and southern borderlands 3407: 3398: 3296:Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina 3271:. The music of the 15th-century 3241:ranged from the strange work of 3190:Renaissance in the Low Countries 2907:Portrait of Emperor Maximilian I 2541:History of the Florentine People 2535:was the first to use tripartite 2284:Pope infamous for his corruption 2237:Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina 1533:, the study of five humanities: 1433:and patron of arts (portrait by 673:observed, "by a thousand ties". 319: 269: 49: 18933:Tunisian collaborative painting 18406:International Typographic Style 14960:Protestant Ethic and Capitalism 13834:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust 13769:Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising 13576:Causes of the Armenian genocide 11885:Pyramid construction techniques 11452:Comparative historical research 11369: 11070:Library and information science 10707:History of Western civilization 10310:Christianity in the Middle Ages 10118:History of Western civilization 9404:Decline of the Byzantine Empire 8741: 8707:Society for Renaissance Studies 8642:The Portable Renaissance Reader 8614:(March 2010), 82#1 pp: 127–155. 8557:Journal of the History of Ideas 8521:. Vol 1: The Renaissance (1902) 8296:Ferguson, Wallace K. (1962), , 8065:(in Hungarian). Officina Nova. 7860:Journal of the History of Ideas 7658:. University of Chicago Press. 7652:Lach, Donald Frederick (1994). 7539:Portugal and Renaissance Europe 6486: 6436:Leonardo Bruni, James Hankins, 6361: 6343: 6318: 6293: 6266: 6242: 6218: 6174: 6161: 6148: 6132: 6112: 6099: 6054: 6041: 6016: 5994: 5980: 5959: 5937: 5924: 5909: 5896: 5887: 5848: 5826: 5809: 5796: 5783: 5766: 5710: 5701: 5688: 5675: 5656: 5632: 5590: 5577: 5527: 5508: 5496: 5461: 5449: 5437: 5425: 5413: 5401: 5389: 5338: 5323: 5308: 5295: 5280: 5265: 5161:Journal of the History of Ideas 5148: 5139: 5000: 4956: 4929: 4902: 4884: 4859: 4843: 4670: 4652: 4642: 4625: 4608: 4591: 4574: 4359:Renaissance of the 12th century 2865:Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne 2776:French Renaissance architecture 2402:, who was accused variously of 2119:made by the Dutch cartographer 2106:Portuguese maritime exploration 1783:Basilica of Sant'Andrea, Mantua 1412:Cultural conditions in Florence 957:, birthplace of the Renaissance 759:Renaissance of the 12th century 686:Renaissance of the 12th century 21:Renaissance of the 12th century 18686:The Caribbean Artists Movement 14972:Gunpowder and gun transmission 14922:Religionsgeschichtliche Schule 14731:Historical school of economics 14668:Nationalism in the Middle Ages 14106:Gunpowder and gun transmission 13980:Zionism as settler colonialism 12985:Limpieza de sangre controversy 11952:Metropolitan-hinterland thesis 10551:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 10494:Christianity in the modern era 10265:Christianity in late antiquity 9747:Christianity in the modern era 9533:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 8129:"The age of Matthias Corvinus" 7737:, New York: Basic Books, 1974. 7369:Poland, the Land of Copernicus 5854: 5587:, New York, Random House, 2005 5105:The American Historical Review 4810: 4795: 4770: 4745: 4717: 4690: 4563:cites W Dyce and C H Wilson's 4551: 4501: 4475:List of Renaissance structures 4365:in the 8th and 9th centuries, 4200:St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre 4039:The Italian artist and critic 3980:Spanish Renaissance literature 3453:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 3196:Renaissance in the Netherlands 3047:and the famous Hungarian poet 2801:(1798–1874) in his 1855 work, 2693:Italian Renaissance literature 2676:, which had a rich flowering. 1727:, with the works of Leonardo, 1311: 820:, helped pave the way for the 761:, who had focused on studying 534:crisis of the Late Middle Ages 428:("rebirth") first appeared in 1: 17042:Dutch and Flemish Renaissance 14781:Opposition to Papal supremacy 14157: 11969:Indigenous population history 10702:History of the European Union 10092:History of the European Union 9930:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola 9720:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 9684:War of the Spanish Succession 7328:Celenza, Christopher (2004), 6663:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), 6003:Architecture and Public Space 5833:Oration on the Dignity of Man 5087:The Waning of the Middle Ages 4490: 4460:Index of Renaissance articles 4262:The Autumn of the Middle Ages 4019: 3287:since the standardization of 3182:(composer and lutenist), and 2855:In 1533, a fourteen-year-old 2207:List of Renaissance composers 2145:In 1606, the Dutch navigator 1881: 1588:Oration on the Dignity of Man 1566:Oration on the Dignity of Man 1561:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola 1513:List of Renaissance humanists 1449:, a banking family and later 1336: 1081:in Western Europe and in the 862:Oration on the Dignity of Man 853:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola 835:, Florentine painters led by 782: 580: 435: 19157:Modern European ink painting 18529:Bay Area Figurative Movement 14697:Desacralization of knowledge 12968:Carlism in the Francoist era 12936:Holodomor in modern politics 11605: 9995:Early Netherlandish painting 8965:Platonism in the Renaissance 8869:Early Netherlandish painting 8569:Ferguson, Wallace Klippert. 8519:The Cambridge Modern History 8262:. (2003). 862 pp. online at 7689:. Open.ac.uk. Archived from 7367:Suchodolski, Bogdan (1973). 6589:"Art in Renaissance England" 6109:, New York, Doubleday, 2007. 5028:A Short History of Byzantium 4997:, "Renaissance", 2008, O.Ed. 4683: 3525:of East-Central Europe. The 2747:(1573–1652), who introduced 2585:; the second phase contains 2547:used a similar framework in 2396:Fifth Council of the Lateran 1920:, making him the founder of 1916:published the first work on 1483:, Botticelli, Leonardo, and 1161:Toledo School of Translators 593:, one of the many states of 25:Renaissance (disambiguation) 7: 19518:History of Europe by period 18818:Artificial intelligence art 15089:Historiographic metafiction 15053: 14999:Organizations, publications 14788:Proto-orthodox Christianity 13738:German resistance to Nazism 13594:Persian famine of 1917–1919 13004:Islamic revolution of Spain 12931:Holodomor genocide question 12807:Revisionism of Risorgimento 12801:Rerum italicarum scriptores 12782:Historiae Patriae Monumenta 12549:Self-Strengthening Movement 11699:decolonization of knowledge 10661:Russian invasion of Ukraine 10272:Crisis of the Third Century 9636:Absolute monarchy in France 9580:Lands of the Bohemian Crown 8434:Renaissance and Reformation 8177:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 8004:The Carolingian Renaissance 7913:University of Chicago Press 6746:10.1093/ehr/LXXX.CCCXIV.156 6635:"The Scientific Revolution" 6568:internetshakespeare.uvic.ca 6279:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 18. 6180:"Scientific Revolution" in 5683:Life During the Renaissance 5596:Martin, J. and Romano, D., 4470:List of Renaissance figures 4423: 4108:values that he, as a vocal 3580: 3342:and also helped launch the 2980:, the castles of Visegrád, 2515:(in the antique manner) or 2439:. The 95 Theses led to the 2363:Index Librorum Prohibitorum 2254: 2219:school. The development of 2123:in 1648 to commemorate the 1498: 746:(1453) generated a wave of 691: 613:. Other major centers were 10: 19544: 18731:Post-painterly abstraction 18554:Situationist International 17928:Pennsylvania Impressionism 14886:Wissenschaft des Judentums 14863:Criticism of Protestantism 13743:Nazi foreign policy debate 13174:Second colonial occupation 12921:Soviet famine of 1930–1933 12559:Tibetan sovereignty debate 12103:Progressive-era historians 11538:Nationalization of history 11489:Historical-critical method 10717:Military history of Europe 10712:Maritime history of Europe 10102:Military history of Europe 10097:Maritime history of Europe 9990:Dutch and Flemish painting 9901:Science in the Renaissance 8874:Dutch and Flemish painting 8817:Central and Eastern Europe 8786:Outline of the Renaissance 8621:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2005) 8564:Studies in the Renaissance 8547:Contesting the Renaissance 8537:American Historical Review 8391:Gardens of the Renaissance 8308:Flowers of the Renaissance 8099:Hendrix, Scott E. (2013). 8084:. I.B. Tauris Publishers. 8027:(1860), a famous classic; 7933:. Pegasus Books. pp. 7416:"The Past and the Present" 7317:Metropolitan Museum of Art 6869:The Renaissance in Hungary 6708:The Florentine Renaissance 6224:Van Doren, Charles (1991) 5723:. SUNY Press. p. 89. 5503:Reynolds & Wilson 1974 5408:Reynolds & Wilson 1974 5396:Reynolds & Wilson 1974 5206:The Art of the Renaissance 4523:, meaning 'rebirth', from 4465:Outline of the Renaissance 4165: 3856: 3850: 3823:attracted the interest of 3758:Fernão Lopes de Castanheda 3584: 3387: 3259: 3193: 2961: 2890: 2886: 2769: 2629: 2625: 2517:alle romana et alla antica 2483:, arguably the last major 2258: 2200: 2194: 2089: 2040:De humani corporis fabrica 1865: 1855: 1851: 1793:, combining the skills of 1743:, another Florentine, and 1649: 1502: 1418:Florentine Renaissance art 1415: 1315: 1219:controlled the south, the 1016: 942: 938: 843:and light more naturally. 665:, have instead focused on 579:, conventionally dated to 466:classical Greek philosophy 29: 18: 19447: 19251: 19016: 18826: 18606: 18398: 18382: 18314:California Scene Painting 18193:California Scene Painting 18149:Figurative Constructivism 18061: 17866: 17645: 17634: 17464: 17401: 17294: 17210: 17200:Poussinists and Rubenists 17101: 16905: 16638: 16438: 16429: 16416: 16124:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance 16104: 16022: 15859: 15694: 15565:Standard Average European 15433: 15262: 15182: 15108: 15059: 15048: 15004: 14993: 14942: 14746: 14705: 14636: 14625: 14481: 14167: 14163: 14152: 14124: 14093: 14057: 13951: 13905: 13891:Second Sino-Japanese War 13869: 13799: 13751: 13713: 13673: 13549: 13371: 13290: 13266: 13225: 13214: 13190: 13088: 13055: 12946: 12870: 12827: 12768: 12733: 12705: 12696:Vergangenheitsbewältigung 12640: 12567: 12473: 12401: 12115: 12044: 11977: 11939: 11872: 11868: 11857: 11682: 11615: 11611: 11600: 11377: 11364: 11191: 11058: 11020: 11016: 11003: 10880: 10854: 10850: 10837: 10770: 10687:Genetic history of Europe 10669: 10474: 10290: 10230: 10197: 10140: 10110: 10087:Genetic history of Europe 10074: 10067: 10009: 9959: 9952: 9909: 9893: 9857: 9848: 9836:European wars of religion 9739: 9732: 9697: 9679:Second Hundred Years' War 9656: 9600: 9476: 9469: 9439: 9432: 9391: 9384: 9339: 9276: 9269: 9186: 9153: 9121: 9066: 9011: 9002: 8799: 8749: 8612:Journal of Modern History 8578:Sixteenth Century Journal 8361:Jensen, De Lamar (1992), 8204:. Yale University Press. 8127:Klaniczay, Tibor (1992). 8061:E. Kovács, Péter (1990). 7719:21 September 2008 at the 7442:www.historiasztuki.com.pl 6871:" (Retrieved 10 May 2007) 6734:English Historical Review 6621:University of Southampton 6538:"The English Renaissance" 6169:The Scientific Revolution 5791:Galletti e Cocci, Firenze 4565:Letter to Lord Meadowbank 4560:Oxford English Dictionary 4548:, with the same meanings. 4420:in the mid-20th century. 4414:San Francisco Renaissance 4373:of the 14th century. The 3972:Inca Garcilaso de la Vega 3383: 3247:Pieter Brueghel the Elder 3134:, Bartolomeo Fonzio, and 2765: 2721:English Renaissance music 2608: 2559:(middle times). The term 1797:, Michelangelo, Raphael, 1768:Pieter Brueghel the Elder 1747:in Venice, among others. 1037:In stark contrast to the 778:Portrait of a Young Woman 680:(8th and 9th centuries), 589:The Renaissance began in 540:, and the advents of the 527: 19412:Prehistoric European art 19061:Contemporary African art 18544:Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai 18472:Generación de la Ruptura 18099:Universal Constructivism 17891:California Impressionism 17846:American Barbizon school 16264:Lancaster House Treaties 15754:Christian existentialism 15714:Ancient Roman philosophy 15704:Ancient Greek philosophy 14646:Crisis of historiography 13809:Auschwitz bombing debate 13495:Indian Rebellion of 1857 13346:Late Bronze Age collapse 13280:List of military museums 12883:Pre-Revolutionary Russia 12855:Polish People's Republic 12690:Sybel-Ficker controversy 12054:African-American history 12027:Colonial Spanish America 11816:Second Thirty Years' War 8678:"Renaissance, The" 8617:Woolfson, Jonathan, ed. 8607:(2012) 9#10 pp: 665–678. 8451:Art in Renaissance Italy 8407:Women of the Renaissance 8244:Cronin, Vincent (1992), 8154:Kubinyi, András (2008). 7977:Haskins, Charles Homer, 7455:Koyama, Satoshi (2007). 7420:Uniwersytet Jagielloński 7286:"Tycho Brahe, 1546-1601" 6904:, pp. 177, 180–181. 6495:Defining the Renaissance 6325:Cameron-Ash, M. (2018). 6300:Woodward, David (2007). 6273:Hunt, Shelby D. (2003). 6064:The Mathematical Gazette 6023:Saalman, Howard (1993). 5988:Peter Brueghel Biography 5780:, New York, 1990 p. 121. 5535:The Revival of Antiquity 5305:, Random House, NY: 2005 4915:. Taylor & Francis. 4909:Monfasani, John (2016). 4801:BBC Science and Nature, 4065:artists, beginning with 4050:The Lives of the Artists 3846: 3475:, when she married King 3451:(from 1569 known as the 3356:Pieter Bruegel the Elder 3213:Hans Holbein the Younger 3211:in 1523, as depicted by 3110:and Hunyad, and for the 2848:, and musicians such as 2789:Renaissance architecture 2737:Elizabethan architecture 2190: 2151:Dutch East India Company 2086:Navigation and geography 1897:Portrait of Luca Pacioli 1127:logicians, most notably 1089:, the Greek dramatists, 392:. Associated with great 30:Not to be confused with 19239:Walking Artists Network 18576:Letterist International 18416:Washington Color School 17330:Arts in the Philippines 16042:Equality before the law 15249:Romano-Germanic culture 13759:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 13618:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 13169:Porter–MacKenzie debate 12926:Causes of the Holodomor 12463:Problem of two emperors 12411:Catilinarian conspiracy 11638:Historical significance 11499:Indiscipline of history 11474:Historical anthropology 10692:History of Christianity 10123:History of Christianity 9705:French–Habsburg rivalry 9664:French Wars of Religion 8684:Encyclopædia Britannica 8646:excerpt and text search 8633:Bartlett, Kenneth, ed. 8551:excerpt and text search 8512:excerpt and text search 8482:excerpt and text search 8445:excerpt and text search 8441:The Italian Renaissance 8432:Patrick, James A., ed. 8421:excerpt and text search 8411:excerpt and text search 8381:excerpt and text search 8354:Hattaway, Michael, ed. 8350:excerpt and text search 8340:excerpt and text search 8327:Grendler, Paul F., ed. 8282:Ergang, Robert (1967), 8200:Tanner, Marcus (2009). 7925:Osborne, Roger (2006). 7822:Economic History Review 7577:. Infobase Publishing. 7410:Jagiellonian University 7390:Bona Sforza (1494–1557) 7250:Wootton, David (2015). 6705:Vincent Cronin (2011). 6505:(Retrieved 10 May 2007) 6376:(Retrieved 10 May 2007) 6358:(Retrieved 10 May 2007) 6205:Oxford University Press 6128:10.1001/jama.2014.11534 6013:(Retrieved 10 May 2007) 5956:(Retrieved 10 May 2007) 5916:Murray, Stuart (2009). 5778:The Italian Renaissance 5410:, pp. 123, 130–137 5277:(Retrieved 15 May 2007) 5262:(Retrieved 10 May 2007) 4995:Encyclopædia Britannica 4892:"Renaissance Era Dates" 4777:Brotton, Jerry (2006). 4539:[rinaʃʃiˈmento] 4398:Nepal Bhasa renaissance 4363:Carolingian Renaissance 4204:French Wars of Religion 4009:Renaissance in Scotland 3877:Juan Bautista de Toledo 3752:especially flourished: 3598:, and his seminal work 3527:Jagiellonian University 3463:, completed in 1505 by 3176:Sebestyén Tinódi Lantos 2877:French Wars of Religion 2597:; the third centers on 2467:, who had paintings by 2055:, observation, and the 1697:Gallerie dell'Accademia 1619:, but an earlier work, 1563:, writer of the famous 1477:Michelangelo Buonarroti 1191:A political map of the 678:Carolingian Renaissance 601:, and the migration of 464:and the rediscovery of 19498:17th century in Europe 19493:16th century in Europe 19488:15th century in Europe 19483:14th century in Europe 19350:Illuminated manuscript 18998:The Designers Republic 18948:Neue Slowenische Kunst 18871:Pattern and Decoration 18771:Institutional critique 18411:Abstract expressionism 17391:Latin American Baroque 17347:Colonial Asian Baroque 16204:Eastern European Group 15793:Continental philosophy 15724:Judeo-Christian ethics 15709:Hellenistic philosophy 15190:Cradle of civilization 14853:Protestant Reformation 14827:Second Vatican Council 14805:Succession to Muhammad 14800:Criticism of the Quran 14551:Religious perspectives 14285:Klemens von Metternich 13882:"Battle for Australia" 13764:Soviet offensive plans 13733:Broad vs. narrow front 13572:Late Ottoman genocides 12505:Century of humiliation 12286:Goguryeo controversies 12264:2,500-year celebration 11922:Double genocide theory 11709:Historical negationism 11533:Ancestral civilisation 11521:Historical materialism 11479:Historical determinism 11429:History of mentalities 10516:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 9868:Renaissance philosophy 9784:Protestant Reformation 9592:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 9399:Fall of Constantinople 8692:Renaissance Philosophy 7342:Rundle, David (2012). 7003:Franz-Joachim Verspohl 6659:Klein, Jürgen (2012), 6228:Ballantine, New York, 6226:A History of Knowledge 6154:Butterfield, Herbert, 5934:, London, 1994, p. 14. 5842:4 January 2011 at the 5819:, cited in Clare, J., 5758:3 October 2008 at the 5572:The Age of Reformation 5291:. New York: Macmillan. 5212:(World of Art), p. 9. 5026:Norwich, John Julius, 4667: 4544: 4534: 4525: 4379:Macedonian Renaissance 4338: 4294:have both argued that 4229:, and the intensified 4216:Machiavellian politics 4210: 4192: 4162:Debates about progress 4159: 4036: 4004:Renaissance in Croatia 3988:Tomás Luis de Victoria 3986:and composers such as 3976:Bartolomé de las Casas 3947:and natural historian 3879: 3841:expelled from Portugal 3719: 3613: 3587:Portuguese Renaissance 3375:decisive influence of 3354:. Later, the works of 3215: 3149:Johannes Regiomontanus 3057:Bibliotheca Corviniana 2915: 2791: 2749:Palladian architecture 2689:Elizabethan literature 2650: 2508: 2485:illuminated manuscript 2367: 2358:illuminated manuscript 2285: 2245:Tomás Luis de Victoria 2108: 2074:and the importance of 1909: 1888: 1876:Anonymous portrait of 1862:Renaissance technology 1789:was the rebuilding of 1704: 1645: 1637:Humanism and libraries 1570: 1438: 1343: 1196: 1034: 958: 845:Political philosophers 796: 744:fall of Constantinople 607:fall of Constantinople 494:vernacular literatures 458: 23:. For other uses, see 18988:Artist-run initiative 18963:Young British Artists 18928:New European Painting 18864:Moscow Conceptualists 18786:Feminist art movement 18564:Ukrainian underground 18539:Gutai Art Association 17938:Ten American Painters 17442:Western influence in 16419:List of art movements 16324:Three Seas Initiative 16299:Pacific Islands Forum 16164:British–Irish Council 15912:Greek Orthodox Church 15371:Industrial Revolution 15341:Scientific Revolution 14977:Torsion mangonel myth 14880:Modern Jewish history 14875:Jesuit historiography 14868:Protestant work ethic 14848:Hesychast controversy 14713:Industrial Revolution 14663:Library of Alexandria 14581:The Lord of the Rings 14231:Constantine the Great 14111:Torsion mangonel myth 14043:Sri Lankan Civil War 13122:Storm over the gentry 13023:Colonies or Provinces 12554:Sprouts of capitalism 11628:Historic preservation 11623:Change and continuity 10596:Industrial Revolution 10147:History of philosophy 10022:Industrial Revolution 9420:Scientific Revolution 9199:Medieval renaissances 8977:Scientific Revolution 8595:Renaissance Quarterly 8586:Ruggiero, Guido, ed. 8046:. C. Hurst & Co. 7785:Renaissance Quarterly 7191:The Musical Quarterly 7164:Harry N. Abrams, Inc. 6368:Catholic Encyclopedia 6350:Catholic Encyclopedia 5681:Netzley, Patricia D. 5585:The Victory of Reason 5446:, Volume 219, p. 128. 5344:Walker, Paul Robert, 5303:The Victory of Reason 5236:29 April 2009 at the 4936:Boia, Lucian (2004). 4822:Retrieved 12 May 2007 4807:Retrieved 12 May 2007 4662: 4635:may have painted the 4329: 4197: 4178: 4154: 4027: 3920:Juan Boscán Almogáver 3866: 3710: 3610:Portuguese literature 3594: 3570:, a counterweight to 3390:Renaissance in Poland 3344:Scientific Revolution 3207: 3096:Aristotele Fioravanti 2994:Masolino da Pannicale 2962:Further information: 2904: 2805:(History of France). 2783: 2760:Scientific Revolution 2715:(1478–1535), and Sir 2639: 2504: 2374:, culminating in the 2329:Adoration of the Magi 2326: 2294:Roman Catholic Church 2276: 2259:Further information: 2099: 2090:Further information: 2013:scientific revolution 2011:Some view this as a " 1894: 1875: 1675: 1667:Leon Battista Alberti 1559: 1425: 1325: 1215:and territories: the 1190: 1030: 952: 922:Commercial Revolution 775: 732:Renaissance humanists 481:and the paintings of 420:, then spread to the 18798:Saqqakhaneh movement 18691:Chicano art movement 18559:Soviet Nonconformist 18365:Boston Expressionism 18348:Abstraction-Création 18166:Arbeitsrat für Kunst 18159:Cologne Progressives 17879:Art Nouveau in Milan 17682:Anglo-Japanese style 17658:National romanticism 17088:Fontainebleau School 16998:Northern Renaissance 16833:International Gothic 16319:Special Relationship 15729:Christian philosophy 15674:Western Christianity 15336:Age of Enlightenment 15210:Hellenistic Kingdoms 15064:Commemorative plaque 14280:Juan Manuel de Rosas 13728:"Blitzkrieg" concept 13599:Powder keg of Europe 13474:Franco-Prussian War 13144:Winter of Discontent 13127:Suffragette Campaign 12794:Italiani brava gente 12760:Revolutionary period 12582:Frankish Interregnum 12515:"Chineseness" debate 12448:Byzantine succession 12433:Fall of Western Rome 12374:Executed Renaissance 11863:By country or region 11807:Age of Enlightenment 11781:Vaticinium ex eventu 11728:Modernisation theory 11562:Quantitative history 10938:Historical documents 10651:European debt crisis 10646:European integration 10586:Age of Enlightenment 10426:Republic of Florence 9873:Renaissance humanism 9757:Bohemian Reformation 9715:Treaties of Nijmegen 9326:Age of Enlightenment 9068:Northern Renaissance 8508:Renaissance Florence 8033:complete text online 8000:L'Empire carolingien 7802:14 June 2012 at the 7426:on 20 November 2002. 7290:danmarkshistorien.dk 7133:Artistieke opvoeding 6500:21 July 2009 at the 6390:Mommsen, Theodore E. 6248:Burke, Peter (2000) 5967:Lives of the Artists 5951:14 June 2007 at the 5668:9 March 2013 at the 5624:7 April 2007 at the 5546:7 April 2007 at the 4703:Cambridge Dictionary 4529:'to be born again'; 4485:Venetian Renaissance 4367:Ottonian Renaissance 4030:Lives of the Artists 3924:Garcilaso de la Vega 3793:Francisco de Holanda 3784:, in his letters to 3702:Cancioneiro de Elvas 3608:and the pinnacle of 3465:Francesco Fiorentino 3445:Jagiellonian dynasty 3427:Bartolommeo Berrecci 3334:. Danish astronomer 3262:Northern Renaissance 3209:Erasmus of Rotterdam 3165:Christopher Columbus 2984:, and Várpalota. In 2857:Catherine de' Medici 2601:and culminates with 2570:Lives of the Artists 2455:sack of Rome in 1527 2388:Council of Constance 2290:Northern Renaissance 2132:Christopher Columbus 2005:Northern Renaissance 1993:Christopher Columbus 1906:Museo di Capodimonte 1791:St. Peter's Basilica 1663:Filippo Brunelleschi 1583:Pico della Mirandola 1519:Renaissance humanism 1505:Renaissance humanism 1332:The Triumph of Death 983:Filippo Brunelleschi 857:De hominis dignitate 682:Ottonian Renaissance 554:Northern Renaissance 492:and an explosion of 431:Lives of the Artists 418:Republic of Florence 57:The School of Athens 19523:Medieval philosophy 19508:Early modern period 19333:Hierarchy of genres 18898:Saint Soleil School 18834:Post-conceptual art 18803:The Stars Art Group 18681:Black Arts Movement 18644:Neo-Dada Organizers 18445:Lyrical abstraction 18178:Australian tonalism 17851:California Tonalism 17523:Hudson River School 17326:Colonial Asian art 17066:English Renaissance 17015:Ghent–Bruges school 17003:Early Netherlandish 16915:Italian Renaissance 16828:Gothic art in Milan 16344:West Nordic Council 16209:Eastern Partnership 15798:Analytic philosophy 15499:Classical tradition 15321:Early modern period 15277:Classical antiquity 15272:European Bronze Age 14893:Schools of thought 14858:Proto-Protestantism 14727:School of Thoughts 14609:William Shakespeare 14594:Robert Falcon Scott 14499:Friedrich Nietzsche 14337:Cult of personality 14322:Neville Chamberlain 14182:Alexander the Great 14064:Russo-Georgian War 14037:Sovereignty dispute 14016:Iranian Revolution 13846:"Polish death camp" 13823:In relation to the 13532:Myth of English aid 13523:War of the Pacific 13300:Albigensian Crusade 12725:Indigenous Aryanism 12421:Constantinian shift 11957:Residential schools 11714:Historian's fallacy 11633:Historic recurrence 11131:Numismatics (Money) 10903:Archaeological site 10827:theories of history 10616:Revolutions of 1848 10546:Early modern France 10327:Anglo-Saxon England 10232:Classical antiquity 10059:Revolutions of 1848 9980:Florentine painting 9831:Counter-Reformation 9752:Proto-Protestantism 9710:Peace of Westphalia 9553:Seventeen Provinces 9412:Printing Revolution 9306:Early modern Europe 9301:Early modern period 9263:Early modern Europe 9021:Bergamo and Brescia 9013:Italian Renaissance 8791:Renaissance studies 8506:Turner, Richard N. 8496:Rundle, David, ed. 8425:Nauert, Charles G. 8080:Engel, Pál (2001). 7777:Girolamo Savonarola 7711:Burckhardt, Jacob. 7693:on 18 December 2008 7545:on 12 November 2011 7203:10.1093/mq/xxv.1.48 6945:, pp. 171–172. 6933:, pp. 180–181. 6892:. portal.unesco.org 6122:. 2015;313(3):312. 6008:22 May 2007 at the 5932:Italian Renaissance 5821:Italian Renaissance 5793:, 1907, pp. 336–337 5746:Burckhardt, Jacob, 5612:Burckhardt, Jacob, 5598:Venice Reconsidered 5533:Burckhardt, Jacob, 5505:, pp. 119, 131 5467:Harris, Michael H. 5287:Kohn, Hans (1944). 5210:Thames & Hudson 5090:(1919, trans. 1924) 5006:Harris, Michael H. 4637:rhombicuboctahedron 4631:It is thought that 4371:Timurid Renaissance 4333:Italian Renaissance 4143:Italian Renaissance 4123:(1818–1897) in his 3928:Miguel de Cervantes 3853:Spanish Renaissance 3774:Fernão Mendes Pinto 3606:Portuguese language 3531:Nicolaus Copernicus 3499:with pinnacles and 3457:Filippo Buonaccorsi 3084:Benedetto da Majano 3020:palace of the late 2844:, painters such as 2842:Michel de Montaigne 2810:Italian Renaissance 2785:Château de Chambord 2739:produced the large 2705:Christopher Marlowe 2701:William Shakespeare 2697:Elizabethan theatre 2666:Italian Renaissance 2642:William Shakespeare 2632:English Renaissance 2269:Counter-Reformation 2163:Cape York Peninsula 2125:Peace of Westphalia 2102:Cantino planisphere 2066:for discovery, the 2001:Counter-Reformation 1945:applied mathematics 1933:Italian Renaissance 1878:Nicolaus Copernicus 1868:Medical Renaissance 1707:The development of 1402:congenital syphilis 1271:Ambrogio Lorenzetti 1227:at the center, the 1103:Timurid Renaissance 1051:Niccolò de' Niccoli 945:Italian Renaissance 914:absolute monarchies 902:Italian city-states 849:Niccolò Machiavelli 698:early modern period 657:classical antiquity 558:Spanish Renaissance 546:Counter-Reformation 518:inductive reasoning 390:classical antiquity 19375:Landscape painting 18983:New Leipzig School 18923:Neo-conceptual art 18671:Art & Language 18666:Capitalist realism 18588:Florida Highwaymen 18524:Hard-edge painting 18338:Streamline Moderne 18299:Harlem Renaissance 18142:Novecento Italiano 17970:Deutscher Werkbund 17797:Post-Impressionism 17359:Latin American art 17163:Guild of Romanists 17025:German Renaissance 17020:Northern Mannerism 15803:Post-structuralism 15766:Christian humanism 15396:Universal suffrage 15084:Historical realism 15079:Historical fiction 15024:History institutes 15014:Historical society 15009:Heritage registers 14897:Biblical criticism 14810:Islamic golden age 14761:Early Christianity 14641:Bears in antiquity 14529:Medieval Christian 14327:Pedro II of Brazil 14275:José de San Martín 14079:Syrian revolution 13991:Malayan Emergency 13966:1948 Palestine war 13699:Spanish Civil War 13649:War guilt question 13458:American Civil War 13438:Invasion of Russia 13414:New Russian School 13198:Colonial Australia 12914:October Revolution 12677:Strukturgeschichte 12613:Location of Alésia 12532:Hua–Yi distinction 12453:Moscow, third Rome 12069:Reconstruction era 11890:Black Egypt Thesis 11812:European Civil War 11768:Translatio imperii 11723:Invented tradition 10844:Historical sources 10722:Crusading movement 10626:Russian Revolution 10461:Hundred Years' War 10357:Maritime republics 10260:Early Christianity 10250:Hellenistic period 10207:Paleolithic Europe 9789:Ninety-five Theses 9575:Kingdom of Bohemia 9489:Free imperial city 9457:The General Crisis 9139:Spanish Golden Age 8779:Northern Mannerism 8605:Literature Compass 8545:Caferro, William. 8379:. (2000). 197 pp. 8363:Renaissance Europe 8320:Fletcher, Stella. 8258:Campbell, Gordon. 7906:Stephen Greenblatt 7781:Philip II of Spain 7758:on October 3, 2008 7395:6 May 2014 at the 7106:, pp. 63, 65. 5855:H., Miller, John. 5562:Skinner, Quentin, 5514:Kirshner, Julius, 5398:, pp. 113–123 4942:. Reaktion Books. 4512:[ʁənɛsɑ̃s] 4410:Disney Renaissance 4406:Harlem Renaissance 4390:Bengal Renaissance 4375:Islamic Golden Age 4355:Charles H. Haskins 4341:Other Renaissances 4284:economic recession 4239:Marxist historians 4211: 4202:, an event in the 4186:Jacob Burckhardt, 4152:, stated in 1998: 4089:Histoire de France 4037: 3992:Antonio de Cabezón 3945:Antonio de Nebrija 3880: 3720: 3614: 3216: 3186:(fresco painter). 3078:and the Dalmatian 3033:Beatrice of Naples 2936:German Renaissance 2916: 2893:German Renaissance 2869:Henry II of France 2803:Histoire de France 2792: 2772:French Renaissance 2651: 2619:Johannes Gutenberg 2617:by German printer 2509: 2465:Alessandro Farnese 2432:Ninety-five Theses 2412:fathering children 2368: 2360:together with the 2286: 2261:Renaissance Papacy 2109: 2072:empirical evidence 1941:natural philosophy 1910: 1902:Jacopo de' Barbari 1889: 1779:Florence Cathedral 1705: 1571: 1531:Studia Humanitatis 1527:empirical evidence 1465:Lorenzo de' Medici 1451:ducal ruling house 1439: 1427:Lorenzo de' Medici 1344: 1286:merchant republics 1197: 1173:Basilios Bessarion 1169:Manuel Chrysoloras 1083:Islamic Golden Age 1055:Poggio Bracciolini 1035: 991:Florence Cathedral 959: 799:In the revival of 797: 790:Simonetta Vespucci 736:Poggio Bracciolini 631:Renaissance Papacy 502:educational reform 474:metal movable type 468:, such as that of 19465: 19464: 19247: 19246: 19103:Corporate Memphis 19056:Classical Realism 19026:Amazonian pop art 18918:Appropriation art 18886:Neo-expressionism 18756:Environmental art 18661:Nouvelle tendance 18378: 18377: 18326:Socialist realism 18183:Dresden Secession 17802:Neo-Impressionism 17765:Decadent movement 17736:Heidelberg School 17630: 17629: 17528:American luminism 17513:Düsseldorf School 17508:Shoreham Ancients 17498:Nazarene movement 17488:Danish Golden Age 17369:Indochristian art 17047:Antwerp Mannerism 16936:Pittura infamante 16930:Florentine School 16925:Proto-Renaissance 16367: 16366: 16194:Council of Europe 16096:International law 16049:Constitutionalism 15907:Eastern Orthodoxy 15413:Post–Cold War era 15346:Age of Revolution 15200:Greco-Roman world 15138: 15137: 15104: 15103: 15044: 15043: 14989: 14988: 14985: 14984: 14902:Catholic theology 14756:Avestan geography 14621: 14620: 14617: 14616: 14604:Søren Kierkegaard 14477: 14476: 14388:Warren G. Harding 14148: 14147: 14144: 14143: 13947: 13946: 13825:Armenian genocide 13688:Polish–Soviet War 13683:Burning of Smyrna 13669: 13668: 13659:Reichstag inquiry 13582:Patriotic consent 13453: 13452: 13428:War in the Vendée 13392:French Revolution 13374:century conflicts 13363:Peloponnesian War 13324:Eighty Years' War 13210: 13209: 13206: 13205: 13186: 13185: 13182: 13181: 13115:Westminster Stone 12812:Southern question 12651:Alltagsgeschichte 12601:Legendary Saracen 12303:Early settlements 12111: 12110: 12091:Political history 12076:Consensus history 11853: 11852: 11849: 11848: 11845: 11844: 11835:Continuity thesis 11774:Translatio studii 11660:Theory of history 11596: 11595: 11592: 11591: 11550:Subaltern Studies 11435:Nouvelle histoire 11360: 11359: 11356: 11355: 11272:Medieval churches 11259:Geistesgeschichte 11203:Paleoanthropology 11111:Encyclopaedistics 10999: 10998: 10995: 10994: 10867:Secondary sources 10730: 10729: 10656:COVID-19 pandemic 10601:French Revolution 10576:Habsburg monarchy 10556:Cossack Hetmanate 10536:Portuguese Empire 10526:Absolute monarchy 10521:Thirty Years' War 10416:Holy Roman Empire 10341:Bulgarian Empire 10300:Early Middle Ages 10217:Bronze Age Europe 10191:History of Europe 10157: 10156: 10151:History of Europe 10136: 10135: 10032:French Revolution 10027:Age of Revolution 10005: 10004: 9985:Venetian painting 9948: 9947: 9940:Leonardo da Vinci 9844: 9843: 9728: 9727: 9669:Thirty Years' War 9608:Habsburg monarchy 9565:Habsburg monarchy 9538:Cossack Hetmanate 9523:Portuguese Empire 9484:Holy Roman Empire 9465: 9464: 9447:Absolute monarchy 9428: 9427: 9380: 9379: 9229: 9228: 9149: 9148: 9122:Iberian peninsula 8889:Italian sculpture 8659:"The Renaissance" 8597:2007 60(1): 1–24 8590:. (2002). 561 pp. 8573:(AMS Press, 1981) 8486:Ruggiero, Guido. 8456:Potter, G.R. ed. 8429:. (2004). 541 pp. 8404:King, Margaret L. 8358:. (2000). 747 pp. 8331:. (2003). 970 pp. 8324:. (2000). 347 pp. 8158:. Balassi Kiadó. 8063:Matthias Corvinus 8021:Burckhardt, Jacob 7797:Renaissance Forum 7748:Burckhardt, Jacob 7565:Bergin, Thomas G. 7475:978-4-938637-43-9 7263:978-0-06-175952-9 6863:Czigány, Lóránt, 6773:. Villa I Tatti. 6693:History of France 6691:Michelet, Jules. 6542:Poetry Foundation 6000:Hooker, Richard, 5965:Vasari, Giorgio, 5271:Open University, 5256:Open University, 4804:Leonardo da Vinci 4788:978-0-19-280163-0 4633:Leonardo da Vinci 4496:Explanatory notes 4480:Roman Renaissance 4394:Tamil Renaissance 4249:, resulting in a 4168:Continuity thesis 3998:Further countries 3964:John of the Cross 3912:Fernando de Rojas 3833:Dutch Renaissance 3750:Travel literature 3744:, while plays by 3738:Bernardim Ribeiro 3713:Convent of Christ 3505:Polish literature 3449:Kingdom of Poland 3273:Burgundian School 3235:Gerardus Mercator 3136:Francesco Bandini 3116:Leonardo da Vinci 3086:and the painters 3026:Matthias Corvinus 2952:Holy Roman Empire 2897:Weser Renaissance 2838:Joachim du Bellay 2834:Pierre de Ronsard 2830:François Rabelais 2826:Leonardo da Vinci 2731:(1490–1545), and 2711:(1552–1599), Sir 2599:Leonardo da Vinci 2583:Arnolfo di Cambio 2423:textual criticism 2400:Pope Alexander VI 2241:Orlande de Lassus 2203:Renaissance dance 2197:Renaissance music 2068:scientific method 2059:view of anatomy. 2027:. Copernicus, in 1972:Leonardo da Vinci 1756:Hugo van der Goes 1737:Sandro Botticelli 1717:Leonardo da Vinci 1677:Leonardo da Vinci 1659:Giotto di Bondone 1621:Della vita civile 1605:Tuscan vernacular 1597:Della vita civile 1473:Sandro Botticelli 1469:Leonardo da Vinci 1193:Italian Peninsula 1053:(1364–1437), and 1047:Coluccio Salutati 1032:Coluccio Salutati 975:Giotto di Bondone 794:Sandro Botticelli 573:Proto-Renaissance 548:, and in art the 522:social scientific 510:Leonardo da Vinci 378:cultural movement 374:period of history 255: 254: 214:Continuity thesis 201:History and study 19535: 19455: 19454: 19439:Western painting 19385:Modern sculpture 19343:History painting 19046:Art intervention 18839:Installation art 18656:Nouveau réalisme 18396: 18395: 18370:Leningrad School 18262:Mexican muralism 18235:Grosvenor School 17975:American Realism 17958:Der Blaue Reiter 17916:Berlin Secession 17911:Vienna Secession 17906:Munich Secession 17824:Pont-Aven School 17643: 17642: 17493:Troubadour style 17471:(c. 1770 – 1862) 17438:Qing handicrafts 17404:Western elements 17335:Letras y figuras 17308:African-American 17303:African diaspora 17274:Directoire style 17185:Heptanese school 17168:Dutch Golden Age 17153:Stroganov School 17146:Lutheran Baroque 17141:Louis XIII style 17114:Baroque in Milan 16976:Bolognese School 16971:High Renaissance 16954:Forlivese School 16949:Ferrarese School 16672:Migration Period 16436: 16435: 16394: 16387: 16380: 16371: 16370: 16239:EU Customs Union 15771:Secular humanism 15719:Christian ethics 15669:East–West Schism 15652:Physical culture 15376:Great Divergence 15326:Age of Discovery 15165: 15158: 15151: 15142: 15141: 15127: 15126: 15117: 15116: 15069:Documentary film 15050: 15049: 15029:History journals 14995: 14994: 14968: 14840: 14776:Primacy of Peter 14723:Great Depression 14703: 14702: 14676: 14654: 14627: 14626: 14575:J. R. R. Tolkien 14430: 14429: 14425: 14413: 14401: 14383:Ulysses S. Grant 14378:Thomas Jefferson 14369: 14345: 14308: 14271: 14259: 14227: 14215: 14207:Chiang Ching-kuo 14197:Cato the Younger 14187:Amin al-Husseini 14165: 14164: 14154: 14153: 14133: 14132: 14116:War and genocide 13940: 13926:Résistancialisme 13913:Battle of France 13895:Nanjing Massacre 13749: 13748: 13630: 13629: 13626: 13590: 13540: 13422: 13405: 13378: 13377: 13305:Catharism debate 13291:pre-18th century 13273:Military history 13250: 13243: 13236: 13227: 13226: 13220:By war, conflict 13216: 13215: 13164:Cambridge School 13150: 13149: 13048: 13036: 13012: 12993: 12903: 12891: 12863: 12685: 12663:Historikerstreit 12633: 12621: 12609: 12590: 12576:Cordon sanitaire 12522:New Qing History 12510:Conquest dynasty 12501: 12416:Christianization 12399: 12398: 12318: 12231: 12219: 12207: 12185: 12173: 12165:Byzantine Empire 12020:Iquicha Royalism 12009: 11975: 11974: 11898: 11870: 11869: 11859: 11858: 11802:Age of Discovery 11791:Periodization of 11788: 11787: 11762:Transhistoricity 11757:Thirty-year rule 11668: 11656: 11613: 11612: 11602: 11601: 11582:Great Man theory 11545:People's history 11507: 11412: 11411: 11404:Three-age system 11366: 11365: 11066:Archival science 11018: 11017: 11005: 11004: 10872:Tertiary sources 10852: 10851: 10839: 10838: 10788:by area of study 10757: 10750: 10743: 10734: 10733: 10591:Great Divergence 10506:Age of Discovery 10451:Late Middle Ages 10421:High Middle Ages 10332:Byzantine Empire 10315:Christianization 10305:Migration Period 10240:Classical Greece 10212:Neolithic Europe 10184: 10177: 10170: 10161: 10160: 10072: 10071: 10017:Great Divergence 9975:Italian painting 9957: 9956: 9855: 9854: 9737: 9736: 9689:Seven Years' War 9631:House of Bourbon 9587:Protestant Union 9558:Economic history 9474: 9473: 9437: 9436: 9389: 9388: 9316:Age of Discovery 9296:High Renaissance 9274: 9273: 9256: 9249: 9242: 9233: 9232: 9194:Cloak and dagger 9009: 9008: 8879:Italian painting 8769:High Renaissance 8736: 8729: 8722: 8713: 8712: 8703:Official website 8688: 8680: 8389:Keene, Bryan C. 8215: 8196: 8169: 8150: 8123: 8105: 8095: 8076: 8057: 8040:Cartledge, Bryan 8007: 7996: 7990: 7975: 7969: 7962: 7956: 7955: 7953: 7951: 7932: 7922: 7916: 7903: 7897: 7890: 7884: 7883: 7852: 7846: 7845: 7817: 7811: 7794: 7788: 7774: 7768: 7767: 7765: 7763: 7754:. Archived from 7744: 7738: 7735:Style in History 7731: 7725: 7709: 7703: 7702: 7700: 7698: 7683: 7677: 7676: 7674: 7672: 7649: 7643: 7642: 7622: 7616: 7615: 7595: 7589: 7588: 7569:Speake, Jennifer 7561: 7555: 7554: 7552: 7550: 7531: 7522: 7511: 7505: 7500:Phillip Hewett, 7498: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7487: 7461: 7452: 7446: 7445: 7434: 7428: 7427: 7422:. Archived from 7406: 7400: 7387: 7381: 7380: 7364: 7358: 7357: 7339: 7333: 7326: 7320: 7308: 7302: 7301: 7299: 7297: 7282: 7276: 7275: 7247: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7236: 7221: 7215: 7214: 7186: 7177: 7176: 7153: 7147: 7146: 7128: 7119: 7113: 7107: 7101: 7095: 7089: 7083: 7077: 7071: 7065: 7059: 7053: 7047: 7041: 7032: 7026: 7017: 7011: 7000: 6994: 6988: 6982: 6976: 6970: 6964: 6958: 6952: 6946: 6940: 6934: 6928: 6922: 6916: 6905: 6899: 6893: 6887: 6881: 6878: 6872: 6861: 6852: 6849: 6843: 6840: 6834: 6833: 6831: 6829: 6824:on 21 March 2009 6814: 6808: 6791: 6785: 6784: 6764: 6758: 6757: 6740:(314): 156–157. 6729: 6723: 6722: 6711:. Random House. 6702: 6696: 6689: 6680: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6656: 6650: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6631: 6625: 6624: 6618: 6610: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6599: 6585: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6559: 6553: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6533: 6527: 6512: 6506: 6490: 6484: 6474: 6465: 6449:Albrow, Martin, 6447: 6441: 6434: 6428: 6427: 6386: 6377: 6365: 6359: 6347: 6341: 6340: 6322: 6316: 6315: 6297: 6291: 6290: 6270: 6264: 6246: 6240: 6222: 6216: 6198: 6189: 6178: 6172: 6167:Shapin, Steven. 6165: 6159: 6152: 6146: 6136: 6130: 6116: 6110: 6105:Capra, Fritjof, 6103: 6097: 6096: 6058: 6052: 6045: 6039: 6038: 6020: 6014: 5998: 5992: 5984: 5978: 5963: 5957: 5943:Stork, David G. 5941: 5935: 5928: 5922: 5921: 5913: 5907: 5900: 5894: 5891: 5885: 5884: 5878: 5870: 5852: 5846: 5830: 5824: 5813: 5807: 5800: 5794: 5787: 5781: 5770: 5764: 5744: 5735: 5734: 5714: 5708: 5705: 5699: 5692: 5686: 5679: 5673: 5660: 5654: 5643:A Distant Mirror 5636: 5630: 5610: 5601: 5594: 5588: 5581: 5575: 5560: 5551: 5531: 5525: 5512: 5506: 5500: 5494: 5486: 5480: 5465: 5459: 5453: 5447: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5411: 5405: 5399: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5358: 5349: 5342: 5336: 5327: 5321: 5320: 5312: 5306: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5284: 5278: 5269: 5263: 5254: 5241: 5227: 5221: 5202: 5193: 5192: 5152: 5146: 5145:Panofsky 1969:6. 5143: 5137: 5136: 5100: 5091: 5079: 5070: 5051: 5038: 5024: 5018: 5004: 4998: 4992: 4983: 4978:Strathern, Paul 4976: 4967: 4960: 4954: 4953: 4933: 4927: 4926: 4906: 4900: 4899: 4896:encyclopedia.com 4888: 4882: 4863: 4857: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4835:Diwan, Jaswith. 4832: 4823: 4814: 4808: 4799: 4793: 4792: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4721: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4694: 4678: 4674: 4668: 4659:Joseph Ben-David 4656: 4650: 4646: 4640: 4629: 4623: 4612: 4606: 4595: 4589: 4578: 4572: 4555: 4549: 4547: 4541: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4520: 4514: 4509: 4505: 4454: 4449: 4448: 4440: 4435: 4434: 4267:High Middle Ages 4220:Wars of Religion 4198:Painting of the 4190: 4121:Jacob Burckhardt 4069:(1240–1301) and 3900:Crown of Castile 3896:Joanot Martorell 3886:and the city of 3813:André de Gouveia 3809:Diogo de Gouveia 3797:André de Resende 3780:coined the term 3778:Amerigo Vespucci 3742:pastoral romance 3694:Pedro de Escobar 3641:. Cartographers 3419:Sigismund Chapel 3411: 3402: 3308:Saxo Grammaticus 3243:Hieronymus Bosch 3229:led the way; in 3227:Andreas Vesalius 3161:celestial globes 3145:Martius Galeotti 3080:Giovanni Dalmata 3076:Chimenti Camicia 3012:, archbishop of 2306:Huldrych Zwingli 2092:Age of Discovery 2049:Andreas Vesalius 1959:anticipated the 1957:Nicholas of Cusa 1886: 1883: 1787:High Renaissance 1617:La città di vita 1547:moral philosophy 1341: 1338: 1253:Otto of Freising 1251:points out that 1209:political entity 1205:Late Middle Ages 1153:Classical Arabic 1079:High Middle Ages 1039:High Middle Ages 979:Lorenzo Ghiberti 969:(1265–1321) and 906:High Middle Ages 847:, most famously 787: 784: 585: 584: 1350–1500 582: 577:Late Middle Ages 463: 440: 437: 368: 363: 362: 361: 360: 353: 350: 349: 346: 343: 340: 337: 334: 331: 328: 325: 318: 307: 301: 300: 297: 296: 293: 290: 287: 284: 281: 278: 275: 268: 247: 240: 233: 219:High Renaissance 209:Age of Discovery 53: 39: 38: 19543: 19542: 19538: 19537: 19536: 19534: 19533: 19532: 19528:Western culture 19513:Historical eras 19468: 19467: 19466: 19461: 19443: 19360:Interactive art 19243: 19217:SoFlo Superflat 19142:Kitsch movement 19066:Africanfuturism 19018: 19012: 18891:Transavantgarde 18822: 18776:Light and Space 18761:Performance art 18741:Psychedelic art 18624:Nueva Presencia 18614:Otra Figuración 18602: 18534:Les Plasticiens 18519:New York School 18497:Action painting 18482:Metcalf Chateau 18391: 18386: 18374: 18294:Cercle et Carré 18230:New Objectivity 18137:Return to order 18079:School of Paris 18057: 17901:School of Paris 17862: 17748:Arts and Crafts 17653:Neo-romanticism 17638: 17626: 17622:Etching revival 17574:Barbizon school 17518:Pre-Raphaelites 17470: 17467: 17460: 17403: 17397: 17290: 17264:Louis XVI style 17206: 17195:Louis XIV style 17158:Animal painting 17119:Flemish Baroque 17097: 17008:World landscape 16959:Venetian School 16901: 16888:Majorcan school 16855:Novgorod School 16845:Lucchese School 16817:Opus Anglicanum 16809:Norman-Sicilian 16753:Italo-Byzantine 16653:Early Christian 16634: 16618:Pompeian Styles 16431: 16425: 16412: 16398: 16368: 16363: 16329:UKUSA Agreement 16269:Lublin Triangle 16154:Baltic Assembly 16106: 16100: 16018: 15855: 15690: 15560:Eurolinguistics 15429: 15418:Information age 15391:Interwar period 15258: 15178: 15169: 15139: 15134: 15133: 15100: 15055: 15040: 15000: 14981: 14964: 14947: 14938: 14834: 14742: 14718:Great Recession 14701: 14672: 14648: 14632: 14613: 14504:H. P. Lovecraft 14473: 14435: 14428: 14419: 14407: 14395: 14363: 14339: 14312:Muammar Gaddafi 14302: 14290:Leonid Brezhnev 14265: 14253: 14236:Gregory Palamas 14221: 14219:Chiang Kai Shek 14209: 14169: 14159: 14140: 14139: 14120: 14101:Conflict thesis 14089: 14053: 13943: 13934: 13901: 13865: 13795: 13747: 13709: 13675:Interwar period 13665: 13635: 13628: 13620: 13604:Schlieffen Plan 13584: 13545: 13534: 13449: 13416: 13399: 13384: 13373: 13367: 13351:Dorian invasion 13336:Fall of Babylon 13292: 13286: 13285: 13262: 13254: 13221: 13202: 13178: 13155: 13148: 13110:Kingdom of Alba 13091: 13084: 13051: 13042: 13030: 13028:Spanish decline 13006: 12987: 12942: 12897: 12885: 12866: 12857: 12823: 12764: 12729: 12715:Greater Magadha 12701: 12679: 12636: 12627: 12615: 12603: 12584: 12563: 12537:Four Barbarians 12495: 12469: 12397: 12354:Götaland theory 12322:Lusotropicalism 12312: 12293:North Macedonia 12225: 12213: 12201: 12179: 12167: 12107: 12086:Frontier thesis 12081:Cyclical theory 12064:Neoabolitionism 12040: 12003: 11973: 11935: 11912:Greater Morocco 11892: 11864: 11841: 11792: 11786: 11678: 11662: 11650: 11607: 11588: 11501: 11416: 11410: 11392:Historical eras 11373: 11352: 11187: 11084:Writing systems 11054: 11012: 11010:Fields of study 10991: 10985:Service records 10970:Religious texts 10876: 10862:Primary sources 10846: 10833: 10832: 10766: 10761: 10731: 10726: 10665: 10631:Interwar period 10606:Napoleonic Wars 10470: 10441:Mongol invasion 10394:Crown of Aragon 10286: 10226: 10222:Iron Age Europe 10193: 10188: 10158: 10153: 10132: 10106: 10063: 10001: 9967:Renaissance art 9944: 9935:Matteo Palmieri 9905: 9889: 9878:Northern Europe 9850: 9840: 9724: 9693: 9652: 9616:House of Stuart 9596: 9461: 9424: 9376: 9347:Northern Europe 9335: 9311:Elizabethan era 9265: 9260: 9230: 9225: 9182: 9145: 9117: 9062: 8998: 8911:Northern Europe 8795: 8745: 8740: 8655: 8650: 8637:(2nd ed., 2011) 8629: 8627:Primary sources 8624: 8599:in Project MUSE 8531: 8526: 8375:Johnson, Paul. 8306:Fisher, Celia. 8284:The Renaissance 8246:The Renaissance 8228:Cronin, Vincent 8223: 8221:Further reading 8218: 8212: 8185: 8166: 8147: 8103: 8092: 8073: 8054: 8016: 8014:General sources 8011: 8010: 7997: 7993: 7976: 7972: 7963: 7959: 7949: 7947: 7945: 7923: 7919: 7904: 7900: 7891: 7887: 7872:10.2307/2707236 7856:Thorndike, Lynn 7853: 7849: 7818: 7814: 7808:Hull University 7804:Wayback Machine 7795: 7791: 7775: 7771: 7761: 7759: 7745: 7741: 7732: 7728: 7721:Wayback Machine 7710: 7706: 7696: 7694: 7685: 7684: 7680: 7670: 7668: 7666: 7650: 7646: 7639: 7623: 7619: 7612: 7596: 7592: 7585: 7571:, eds. (2004). 7562: 7558: 7548: 7546: 7533: 7532: 7525: 7512: 7508: 7499: 7495: 7485: 7483: 7476: 7459: 7453: 7449: 7436: 7435: 7431: 7407: 7403: 7397:Wayback Machine 7388: 7384: 7365: 7361: 7354: 7340: 7336: 7327: 7323: 7309: 7305: 7295: 7293: 7284: 7283: 7279: 7264: 7248: 7244: 7234: 7232: 7223: 7222: 7218: 7187: 7180: 7173: 7154: 7150: 7143: 7129: 7122: 7114: 7110: 7102: 7098: 7090: 7086: 7078: 7074: 7066: 7062: 7054: 7050: 7042: 7035: 7027: 7020: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6989: 6985: 6977: 6973: 6965: 6961: 6953: 6949: 6941: 6937: 6929: 6925: 6917: 6908: 6900: 6896: 6888: 6884: 6879: 6875: 6862: 6855: 6850: 6846: 6841: 6837: 6827: 6825: 6816: 6815: 6811: 6792: 6788: 6781: 6765: 6761: 6730: 6726: 6719: 6703: 6699: 6690: 6683: 6674: 6672: 6661:"Francis Bacon" 6657: 6653: 6643: 6641: 6633: 6632: 6628: 6616: 6612: 6611: 6607: 6597: 6595: 6587: 6586: 6582: 6572: 6570: 6562:Best, Michael. 6560: 6556: 6546: 6544: 6534: 6530: 6513: 6509: 6502:Wayback Machine 6491: 6487: 6477:Panofsky, Erwin 6475: 6468: 6448: 6444: 6435: 6431: 6408:10.2307/2856364 6387: 6380: 6366: 6362: 6348: 6344: 6337: 6323: 6319: 6312: 6298: 6294: 6287: 6271: 6267: 6247: 6243: 6223: 6219: 6199: 6192: 6179: 6175: 6166: 6162: 6153: 6149: 6137: 6133: 6117: 6113: 6104: 6100: 6077:10.2307/3619717 6059: 6055: 6046: 6042: 6035: 6021: 6017: 6010:Wayback Machine 5999: 5995: 5985: 5981: 5964: 5960: 5953:Wayback Machine 5942: 5938: 5929: 5925: 5914: 5910: 5901: 5897: 5892: 5888: 5872: 5871: 5853: 5849: 5844:Wayback Machine 5831: 5827: 5814: 5810: 5801: 5797: 5788: 5784: 5771: 5767: 5760:Wayback Machine 5745: 5738: 5731: 5715: 5711: 5706: 5702: 5693: 5689: 5680: 5676: 5670:Wayback Machine 5661: 5657: 5639:Barbara Tuchman 5637: 5633: 5626:Wayback Machine 5611: 5604: 5595: 5591: 5583:Stark, Rodney, 5582: 5578: 5568:The Renaissance 5561: 5554: 5548:Wayback Machine 5532: 5528: 5513: 5509: 5501: 5497: 5487: 5483: 5466: 5462: 5454: 5450: 5444:The Connoisseur 5442: 5438: 5430: 5426: 5418: 5414: 5406: 5402: 5394: 5390: 5375: 5359: 5352: 5343: 5339: 5329:Leon Poliakov, 5328: 5324: 5313: 5309: 5301:Stark, Rodney, 5300: 5296: 5285: 5281: 5270: 5266: 5255: 5244: 5238:Wayback Machine 5228: 5224: 5203: 5196: 5173:10.2307/2709652 5153: 5149: 5144: 5140: 5117:10.2307/2650779 5101: 5094: 5082:Huizanga, Johan 5080: 5073: 5052: 5041: 5030:, 1997, Knopf, 5025: 5021: 5005: 5001: 4993: 4986: 4977: 4970: 4961: 4957: 4950: 4934: 4930: 4923: 4907: 4903: 4890: 4889: 4885: 4864: 4860: 4848: 4844: 4833: 4826: 4815: 4811: 4800: 4796: 4789: 4775: 4771: 4761: 4759: 4751: 4750: 4746: 4739: 4722: 4718: 4708: 4706: 4696: 4695: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4675: 4671: 4657: 4653: 4647: 4643: 4630: 4626: 4613: 4609: 4596: 4592: 4579: 4575: 4556: 4552: 4516: 4515: 4507: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4493: 4450: 4443: 4436: 4429: 4426: 4351:Medieval period 4343: 4208:François Dubois 4191: 4185: 4170: 4164: 4028:A cover of the 4022: 4017: 4000: 3960:Teresa of Ávila 3941:Juan Luis Vives 3916:Juan del Encina 3884:Crown of Aragon 3873:Juan de Herrera 3861: 3855: 3849: 3722:In literature, 3690:Vasco Fernandes 3667:Carolus Clusius 3661:and physicians 3612:, respectively. 3589: 3583: 3554:Polish Brethren 3517:Polish language 3513:Jan Kochanowski 3443:. Ruled by the 3433: 3432: 3431: 3430: 3414: 3413: 3412: 3404: 3403: 3392: 3386: 3377:Dante Alighieri 3300:Venetian School 3289:Gregorian Chant 3264: 3258: 3256:Northern Europe 3202: 3194:Main articles: 3192: 3092:Andrea Mantegna 3088:Filippino Lippi 3061:Vatican Library 3049:Janus Pannonius 3045:Antonio Bonfini 2966: 2960: 2899: 2891:Main articles: 2889: 2778: 2770:Main articles: 2768: 2754:Elsewhere, Sir 2655:Elizabethan era 2634: 2628: 2611: 2557:media tempestas 2499: 2271: 2257: 2209: 2199: 2193: 2185:Terra Australis 2147:Willem Janszoon 2136:Delhi Sultanate 2094: 2088: 2025:Johannes Kepler 2017:Galileo Galilei 1987:in 1492 of the 1884: 1870: 1864: 1856:Main articles: 1854: 1692:De architectura 1654: 1652:Renaissance art 1648: 1639: 1630:uomo universale 1593:Matteo Palmieri 1515: 1503:Main articles: 1501: 1496: 1494:Characteristics 1485:Filippino Lippi 1420: 1414: 1339: 1320: 1314: 1279:Matteo Palmieri 1249:Quentin Skinner 1185: 1025: 1015: 967:Dante Alighieri 947: 941: 785: 694: 583: 530: 438: 376:and a European 366: 356: 355: 322: 313: 312: 305: 272: 263: 262: 251: 188:Northern Europe 64: 60:(1509–1511) by 35: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 19541: 19531: 19530: 19525: 19520: 19515: 19510: 19505: 19500: 19495: 19490: 19485: 19480: 19463: 19462: 19460: 19459: 19448: 19445: 19444: 19442: 19441: 19436: 19429: 19424: 19419: 19414: 19409: 19404: 19399: 19394: 19393: 19392: 19390:Late modernism 19387: 19377: 19372: 19367: 19362: 19357: 19352: 19347: 19346: 19345: 19340: 19338:Genre painting 19330: 19325: 19320: 19315: 19314: 19313: 19308: 19303: 19298: 19288: 19286:Ballets Russes 19283: 19278: 19273: 19272: 19271: 19269:Asemic writing 19261: 19259:History of art 19255: 19253: 19252:Related topics 19249: 19248: 19245: 19244: 19242: 19241: 19236: 19231: 19226: 19225: 19224: 19219: 19209: 19204: 19199: 19194: 19189: 19187:Relational art 19184: 19179: 19174: 19169: 19164: 19159: 19154: 19149: 19144: 19139: 19134: 19133: 19132: 19122: 19117: 19112: 19110:Hypermodernism 19107: 19106: 19105: 19095: 19090: 19085: 19080: 19075: 19070: 19069: 19068: 19058: 19053: 19048: 19043: 19038: 19033: 19028: 19022: 19020: 19014: 19013: 19011: 19010: 19005: 19000: 18995: 18990: 18985: 18980: 18975: 18970: 18965: 18960: 18955: 18950: 18945: 18940: 18935: 18930: 18925: 18920: 18915: 18910: 18905: 18900: 18895: 18894: 18893: 18883: 18878: 18873: 18868: 18867: 18866: 18856: 18851: 18849:Postminimalism 18846: 18841: 18836: 18830: 18828: 18824: 18823: 18821: 18820: 18815: 18810: 18805: 18800: 18795: 18794: 18793: 18783: 18778: 18773: 18768: 18763: 18758: 18753: 18748: 18743: 18738: 18733: 18728: 18726:Generative art 18723: 18718: 18713: 18708: 18703: 18698: 18696:Conceptual art 18693: 18688: 18683: 18678: 18673: 18668: 18663: 18658: 18653: 18648: 18647: 18646: 18636: 18631: 18626: 18621: 18616: 18610: 18608: 18604: 18603: 18601: 18600: 18595: 18593:Cybernetic art 18590: 18585: 18584: 18583: 18581:Ultra-Lettrist 18578: 18568: 18567: 18566: 18556: 18551: 18546: 18541: 18536: 18531: 18526: 18521: 18516: 18511: 18510: 18509: 18499: 18494: 18489: 18484: 18479: 18474: 18469: 18468: 18467: 18462: 18457: 18455:Arte Informale 18452: 18442: 18437: 18432: 18431: 18430: 18420: 18419: 18418: 18408: 18402: 18400: 18393: 18392:(1945–present) 18380: 18379: 18376: 18375: 18373: 18372: 18367: 18362: 18357: 18352: 18351: 18350: 18340: 18335: 18334: 18333: 18328: 18321:Heroic realism 18318: 18317: 18316: 18306: 18301: 18296: 18291: 18286: 18281: 18274: 18269: 18264: 18259: 18258: 18257: 18255:Latin American 18252: 18242: 18237: 18232: 18227: 18225:Group of Seven 18222: 18217: 18212: 18207: 18206: 18205: 18195: 18190: 18188:Social realism 18185: 18180: 18175: 18174: 18173: 18171:November Group 18163: 18162: 18161: 18156: 18146: 18145: 18144: 18134: 18129: 18128: 18127: 18115: 18110: 18105: 18104: 18103: 18102: 18101: 18094:Latin American 18089:Constructivism 18086: 18084:Crystal Cubism 18081: 18076: 18071: 18065: 18063: 18059: 18058: 18056: 18055: 18050: 18045: 18040: 18035: 18030: 18025: 18024: 18023: 18013: 18008: 18001: 18000: 17999: 17994: 17984: 17983: 17982: 17972: 17967: 17962: 17961: 17960: 17955: 17945: 17940: 17935: 17930: 17925: 17924: 17923: 17918: 17913: 17908: 17898: 17893: 17888: 17883: 17882: 17881: 17870: 17868: 17864: 17863: 17861: 17860: 17855: 17854: 17853: 17843: 17842: 17841: 17836: 17831: 17826: 17821: 17816: 17811: 17810: 17809: 17794: 17789: 17787:Volcano School 17784: 17783: 17782: 17777: 17767: 17762: 17757: 17756: 17755: 17745: 17740: 17739: 17738: 17733: 17728: 17723: 17722: 17721: 17716: 17701: 17696: 17691: 17686: 17685: 17684: 17672: 17667: 17662: 17661: 17660: 17649: 17647: 17640: 17632: 17631: 17628: 17627: 17625: 17624: 17619: 17618: 17617: 17612: 17611: 17610: 17595: 17594: 17593: 17592: 17591: 17581: 17576: 17566: 17561: 17560: 17559: 17549: 17544: 17542:Norwich School 17539: 17534: 17533: 17532: 17531: 17530: 17520: 17515: 17510: 17505: 17500: 17495: 17490: 17485: 17483:Fairy painting 17474: 17472: 17462: 17461: 17459: 17458: 17457: 17456: 17451: 17440: 17435: 17430: 17425: 17420: 17419: 17418: 17407: 17405: 17399: 17398: 17396: 17395: 17394: 17393: 17388: 17387: 17386: 17381: 17376: 17374:Chilote School 17366: 17364:Casta painting 17356: 17355: 17354: 17349: 17344: 17343: 17342: 17340:Tipos del País 17337: 17324: 17323: 17322: 17321: 17320: 17310: 17298: 17296: 17292: 17291: 17289: 17288: 17283: 17282: 17281: 17276: 17271: 17266: 17261: 17249: 17248: 17247: 17240: 17235: 17230: 17228:Louis XV style 17225: 17214: 17212: 17208: 17207: 17205: 17204: 17203: 17202: 17197: 17187: 17182: 17177: 17176: 17175: 17165: 17160: 17155: 17150: 17149: 17148: 17143: 17138: 17137: 17136: 17131: 17121: 17116: 17105: 17103: 17099: 17098: 17096: 17095: 17090: 17085: 17080: 17075: 17074: 17073: 17063: 17062: 17061: 17060: 17059: 17054: 17049: 17039: 17038: 17037: 17032: 17030:Cologne School 17022: 17017: 17012: 17011: 17010: 16995: 16994: 16993: 16992: 16991: 16983: 16978: 16973: 16963: 16962: 16961: 16956: 16951: 16941: 16940: 16939: 16932: 16927: 16911: 16909: 16903: 16902: 16900: 16899: 16898: 16897: 16890: 16885: 16883:Italian school 16874: 16869: 16868: 16867: 16865:Sienese School 16857: 16852: 16847: 16842: 16841: 16840: 16835: 16830: 16820: 16813: 16812: 16811: 16801: 16800: 16799: 16794: 16784: 16779: 16778: 16777: 16775:Pre-Romanesque 16772: 16767: 16757: 16756: 16755: 16750: 16745: 16740: 16730: 16725: 16724: 16723: 16711: 16706: 16704:Donor portrait 16701: 16700: 16699: 16694: 16689: 16684: 16679: 16669: 16668: 16667: 16657: 16656: 16655: 16644: 16642: 16636: 16635: 16633: 16632: 16631: 16630: 16625: 16620: 16615: 16613:Julio-Claudian 16610: 16605: 16595: 16590: 16585: 16580: 16575: 16574: 16573: 16572: 16571: 16566: 16565: 16564: 16562:Greco-Buddhist 16554: 16544: 16539: 16534: 16529: 16524: 16519: 16514: 16509: 16504: 16502:Protogeometric 16499: 16489: 16488: 16487: 16482: 16477: 16472: 16462: 16457: 16456: 16455: 16444: 16442: 16433: 16427: 16426: 16417: 16414: 16413: 16397: 16396: 16389: 16382: 16374: 16365: 16364: 16362: 16361: 16359:Westernization 16356: 16351: 16346: 16341: 16339:Visegrád Group 16336: 16331: 16326: 16321: 16316: 16311: 16306: 16301: 16296: 16291: 16286: 16281: 16279:Nordic Council 16276: 16271: 16266: 16261: 16256: 16251: 16246: 16241: 16236: 16231: 16226: 16221: 16216: 16211: 16206: 16201: 16196: 16191: 16186: 16181: 16176: 16174:Bucharest Nine 16171: 16166: 16161: 16156: 16151: 16146: 16141: 16139:Arctic Council 16136: 16131: 16126: 16121: 16116: 16110: 16108: 16102: 16101: 16099: 16098: 16093: 16088: 16087: 16086: 16081: 16076: 16071: 16066: 16061: 16051: 16046: 16045: 16044: 16034: 16028: 16026: 16020: 16019: 16017: 16016: 16011: 16006: 16005: 16004: 15999: 15994: 15989: 15984: 15983: 15982: 15977: 15972: 15967: 15957: 15952: 15947: 15937: 15936: 15935: 15934: 15933: 15923: 15922: 15921: 15916: 15915: 15914: 15904: 15903: 15902: 15892: 15891: 15890: 15865: 15863: 15857: 15856: 15854: 15853: 15852: 15851: 15841: 15836: 15831: 15830: 15829: 15817: 15816: 15815: 15805: 15800: 15795: 15790: 15785: 15780: 15775: 15774: 15773: 15768: 15758: 15757: 15756: 15749:Existentialism 15746: 15741: 15736: 15731: 15726: 15721: 15716: 15711: 15706: 15700: 15698: 15692: 15691: 15689: 15688: 15687: 15686: 15681: 15676: 15671: 15661: 15660: 15659: 15649: 15648: 15647: 15642: 15632: 15631: 15630: 15620: 15615: 15614: 15613: 15608: 15603: 15593: 15592: 15591: 15581: 15580: 15579: 15569: 15568: 15567: 15562: 15552: 15547: 15542: 15537: 15536: 15535: 15525: 15520: 15519: 15518: 15508: 15507: 15506: 15496: 15495: 15494: 15484: 15479: 15478: 15477: 15467: 15462: 15461: 15460: 15455: 15450: 15439: 15437: 15431: 15430: 15428: 15427: 15426: 15425: 15420: 15410: 15409: 15408: 15403: 15398: 15393: 15388: 15383: 15378: 15373: 15368: 15363: 15358: 15353: 15348: 15343: 15338: 15333: 15328: 15323: 15313: 15308: 15307: 15306: 15301: 15296: 15286: 15285: 15284: 15282:Late antiquity 15274: 15268: 15266: 15260: 15259: 15257: 15256: 15251: 15246: 15241: 15236: 15235: 15234: 15233: 15232: 15227: 15217: 15212: 15207: 15197: 15192: 15186: 15184: 15180: 15179: 15168: 15167: 15160: 15153: 15145: 15136: 15135: 15132: 15131: 15121: 15110: 15109: 15106: 15105: 15102: 15101: 15099: 15098: 15093: 15092: 15091: 15086: 15076: 15071: 15066: 15060: 15057: 15056: 15046: 15045: 15042: 15041: 15039: 15038: 15037: 15036: 15026: 15021: 15011: 15005: 15002: 15001: 14991: 14990: 14987: 14986: 14983: 14982: 14980: 14979: 14974: 14969: 14962: 14957: 14951: 14949: 14940: 14939: 14937: 14936: 14935: 14934: 14929: 14924: 14919: 14914: 14909: 14904: 14899: 14891: 14890: 14889: 14877: 14872: 14871: 14870: 14865: 14860: 14850: 14845: 14844: 14843: 14842: 14841: 14819: 14818: 14817: 14812: 14807: 14802: 14792: 14791: 14790: 14785: 14784: 14783: 14773: 14768: 14758: 14752: 14750: 14744: 14743: 14741: 14740: 14739: 14738: 14733: 14725: 14720: 14715: 14709: 14707: 14700: 14699: 14694: 14689: 14682: 14677: 14670: 14665: 14660: 14655: 14643: 14637: 14634: 14633: 14623: 14622: 14619: 14618: 14615: 14614: 14612: 14611: 14606: 14601: 14596: 14591: 14586: 14585: 14584: 14572: 14571: 14570: 14569: 14568: 14563: 14558: 14548: 14543: 14533: 14532: 14531: 14526: 14521: 14511: 14506: 14501: 14496: 14494:Charles Darwin 14491: 14485: 14483: 14479: 14478: 14475: 14474: 14472: 14471: 14466: 14464:United Kingdom 14461: 14456: 14454:Modern Germany 14451: 14446: 14440: 14438: 14427: 14426: 14414: 14402: 14390: 14385: 14380: 14375: 14373:Thomas Aquinas 14370: 14358: 14353: 14352: 14351: 14346: 14329: 14324: 14319: 14314: 14309: 14297: 14292: 14287: 14282: 14277: 14272: 14260: 14248: 14243: 14241:Horatio Nelson 14238: 14233: 14228: 14216: 14204: 14199: 14194: 14189: 14184: 14179: 14173: 14171: 14161: 14160: 14150: 14149: 14146: 14145: 14142: 14141: 14138: 14137: 14126: 14125: 14122: 14121: 14119: 14118: 14113: 14108: 14103: 14097: 14095: 14091: 14090: 14088: 14087: 14086: 14085: 14077: 14076: 14075: 14073:Responsibility 14070: 14061: 14059: 14055: 14054: 14052: 14051: 14050: 14049: 14041: 14040: 14039: 14029: 14024: 14023: 14022: 14014: 14013: 14012: 14004: 13999: 13998: 13997: 13989: 13988: 13987: 13985:New Historians 13982: 13977: 13963: 13957: 13955: 13949: 13948: 13945: 13944: 13942: 13941: 13929: 13922: 13915: 13909: 13907: 13903: 13902: 13900: 13899: 13898: 13897: 13889: 13884: 13879: 13873: 13871: 13867: 13866: 13864: 13863: 13858: 13853: 13851:Responsibility 13848: 13843: 13842: 13841: 13831: 13821: 13816: 13811: 13805: 13803: 13797: 13796: 13794: 13793: 13792: 13791: 13786: 13776: 13771: 13766: 13761: 13755: 13753: 13746: 13745: 13740: 13735: 13730: 13725: 13719: 13717: 13711: 13710: 13708: 13707: 13706: 13705: 13697: 13696: 13695: 13685: 13679: 13677: 13671: 13670: 13667: 13666: 13664: 13663: 13662: 13661: 13656: 13646: 13640: 13638: 13627: 13615: 13609:Spirit of 1914 13606: 13601: 13596: 13591: 13579: 13569: 13566:Fischer thesis 13555: 13553: 13547: 13546: 13544: 13543: 13542: 13541: 13529: 13521: 13520: 13519: 13509: 13507:Paraguayan War 13504: 13503: 13502: 13492: 13487: 13486: 13485: 13480: 13472: 13471: 13470: 13465: 13454: 13451: 13450: 13448: 13447: 13446: 13445: 13440: 13433:Napoleonic era 13430: 13425: 13424: 13423: 13411: 13406: 13397:Pre-revolution 13388: 13386: 13382:Coalition Wars 13375: 13369: 13368: 13366: 13365: 13360: 13359: 13358: 13353: 13343: 13338: 13333: 13332: 13331: 13321: 13320: 13319: 13309: 13308: 13307: 13296: 13294: 13288: 13287: 13284: 13283: 13276: 13268: 13267: 13264: 13263: 13260:historiography 13253: 13252: 13245: 13238: 13230: 13223: 13222: 13212: 13211: 13208: 13207: 13204: 13203: 13201: 13200: 13194: 13192: 13188: 13187: 13184: 13183: 13180: 13179: 13177: 13176: 13171: 13166: 13160: 13158: 13147: 13146: 13141: 13140: 13139: 13129: 13124: 13119: 13118: 13117: 13112: 13102: 13096: 13094: 13086: 13085: 13083: 13082: 13081: 13080: 13078:Decline thesis 13075: 13068:Ottoman Empire 13065: 13059: 13057: 13053: 13052: 13050: 13049: 13037: 13025: 13020: 13015: 13014: 13013: 12994: 12982: 12977: 12970: 12965: 12960: 12950: 12948: 12944: 12943: 12941: 12940: 12939: 12938: 12933: 12928: 12918: 12917: 12916: 12906: 12905: 12904: 12895:Skeptic School 12880: 12878:Anti-Normanism 12874: 12872: 12868: 12867: 12865: 12864: 12852: 12847: 12842: 12837: 12835:Golden Liberty 12831: 12829: 12825: 12824: 12822: 12821: 12820: 12819: 12817:Neo-Bourbonism 12809: 12804: 12797: 12790: 12785: 12778: 12772: 12770: 12766: 12765: 12763: 12762: 12757: 12752: 12745: 12739: 12737: 12731: 12730: 12728: 12727: 12722: 12717: 12711: 12709: 12703: 12702: 12700: 12699: 12692: 12687: 12673: 12666: 12659: 12657:Borussian myth 12654: 12646: 12644: 12638: 12637: 12635: 12634: 12622: 12610: 12598: 12591: 12579: 12571: 12569: 12565: 12564: 12562: 12561: 12556: 12551: 12546: 12545: 12544: 12539: 12529: 12524: 12519: 12518: 12517: 12507: 12502: 12490: 12485: 12479: 12477: 12471: 12470: 12468: 12467: 12466: 12465: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12440: 12435: 12430: 12425: 12424: 12423: 12413: 12407: 12405: 12396: 12395: 12394: 12393: 12388: 12378: 12377: 12376: 12368: 12363: 12358: 12357: 12356: 12348: 12347: 12346: 12336: 12335: 12334: 12326: 12325: 12324: 12307: 12306: 12305: 12295: 12290: 12289: 12288: 12283: 12273: 12268: 12267: 12266: 12258: 12257: 12256: 12246: 12245: 12244: 12234: 12233: 12232: 12220: 12208: 12193: 12188: 12187: 12186: 12162: 12157: 12156: 12155: 12147: 12142: 12141: 12140: 12132: 12131: 12130: 12128:Dealbanisation 12119: 12117: 12113: 12112: 12109: 12108: 12106: 12105: 12100: 12099: 12098: 12088: 12083: 12078: 12073: 12072: 12071: 12066: 12061: 12050: 12048: 12042: 12041: 12039: 12038: 12037: 12036: 12024: 12023: 12022: 12012: 12011: 12010: 11998: 11992:May Revolution 11983: 11981: 11972: 11971: 11966: 11965: 11964: 11962:Staples thesis 11959: 11954: 11943: 11941: 11937: 11936: 11934: 11933: 11926: 11925: 11924: 11916: 11915: 11914: 11906: 11901: 11900: 11899: 11887: 11878: 11876: 11866: 11865: 11855: 11854: 11851: 11850: 11847: 11846: 11843: 11842: 11840: 11839: 11838: 11837: 11827: 11818: 11809: 11804: 11798: 11796: 11794:modern history 11785: 11784: 11777: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11753: 11752: 11740: 11738:Paradigm shift 11735: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11711: 11706: 11701: 11692: 11686: 11684: 11680: 11679: 11677: 11676: 11671: 11670: 11669: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11619: 11617: 11609: 11608: 11598: 11597: 11594: 11593: 11590: 11589: 11587: 11586: 11585: 11584: 11574: 11569: 11564: 11559: 11554: 11553: 11552: 11542: 11541: 11540: 11535: 11525: 11524: 11523: 11513: 11508: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11465: 11464: 11454: 11449: 11440: 11439: 11438: 11431: 11424:Annales school 11420: 11418: 11409: 11408: 11407: 11406: 11401: 11394: 11384: 11378: 11375: 11374: 11362: 11361: 11358: 11357: 11354: 11353: 11351: 11350: 11349: 11348: 11343: 11338: 11337: 11336: 11326: 11321: 11316: 11311: 11306: 11296: 11295: 11294: 11289: 11287:Constitutional 11279: 11274: 11269: 11264: 11263: 11262: 11250: 11249: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11233: 11223: 11210: 11205: 11195: 11193: 11189: 11188: 11186: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11163:Postage stamps 11160: 11155: 11150: 11149: 11148: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11102: 11101: 11091: 11086: 11077: 11062: 11060: 11056: 11055: 11053: 11052: 11047: 11042: 11041: 11040: 11030: 11024: 11022: 11014: 11013: 11001: 11000: 10997: 10996: 10993: 10992: 10990: 10989: 10988: 10987: 10977: 10972: 10967: 10962: 10960:Oral tradition 10957: 10956: 10955: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10884: 10882: 10878: 10877: 10875: 10874: 10869: 10864: 10858: 10856: 10848: 10847: 10835: 10834: 10831: 10830: 10823: 10816: 10809: 10801: 10800: 10793: 10792: 10791: 10772: 10771: 10768: 10767: 10764:Historiography 10760: 10759: 10752: 10745: 10737: 10728: 10727: 10725: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10679: 10673: 10671: 10667: 10666: 10664: 10663: 10658: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10581:Russian Empire 10578: 10573: 10571:British Empire 10568: 10566:Dutch Republic 10563: 10561:Swedish Empire 10558: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10541:Spanish Empire 10538: 10533: 10531:Ottoman Empire 10528: 10523: 10518: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10502: 10501: 10491: 10486: 10480: 10478: 10472: 10471: 10469: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10453: 10448: 10446:Serbian Empire 10443: 10438: 10433: 10428: 10423: 10418: 10413: 10391: 10386: 10381: 10380: 10379: 10374: 10369: 10364: 10354: 10353: 10352: 10347: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10318: 10317: 10307: 10302: 10296: 10294: 10288: 10287: 10285: 10284: 10282:Late antiquity 10279: 10274: 10269: 10268: 10267: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10245:Roman Republic 10242: 10236: 10234: 10228: 10227: 10225: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10203: 10201: 10195: 10194: 10187: 10186: 10179: 10172: 10164: 10155: 10154: 10141: 10138: 10137: 10134: 10133: 10131: 10130: 10125: 10120: 10114: 10112: 10108: 10107: 10105: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10078: 10076: 10069: 10065: 10064: 10062: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10050: 10049: 10044: 10037:Coalition Wars 10034: 10029: 10024: 10019: 10013: 10011: 10007: 10006: 10003: 10002: 10000: 9999: 9998: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9969: 9963: 9961: 9954: 9950: 9949: 9946: 9945: 9943: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9921: 9913: 9911: 9907: 9906: 9904: 9903: 9897: 9895: 9891: 9890: 9888: 9887: 9882: 9881: 9880: 9870: 9865: 9861: 9859: 9852: 9846: 9845: 9842: 9841: 9839: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9827: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9765: 9764: 9754: 9749: 9743: 9741: 9734: 9730: 9729: 9726: 9725: 9723: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9701: 9699: 9695: 9694: 9692: 9691: 9686: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9660: 9658: 9654: 9653: 9651: 9650: 9649: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9625: 9624: 9623: 9621:House of Tudor 9618: 9610: 9604: 9602: 9598: 9597: 9595: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9583: 9582: 9572: 9570:Russian Empire 9567: 9562: 9561: 9560: 9555: 9548:Dutch Republic 9545: 9543:Swedish Empire 9540: 9535: 9530: 9528:Spanish Empire 9525: 9520: 9518:Ottoman Empire 9515: 9514: 9513: 9511:British Empire 9503: 9498: 9493: 9492: 9491: 9480: 9478: 9471: 9467: 9466: 9463: 9462: 9460: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9443: 9441: 9434: 9433:Social history 9430: 9429: 9426: 9425: 9423: 9422: 9417: 9414: 9409: 9408:Technological: 9406: 9401: 9395: 9393: 9386: 9382: 9381: 9378: 9377: 9375: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9343: 9341: 9337: 9336: 9334: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9292: 9291: 9280: 9278: 9271: 9267: 9266: 9259: 9258: 9251: 9244: 9236: 9227: 9226: 9224: 9223: 9218: 9217: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9196: 9190: 9188: 9184: 9183: 9181: 9180: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9159: 9157: 9151: 9150: 9147: 9146: 9144: 9143: 9142: 9141: 9131: 9125: 9123: 9119: 9118: 9116: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9099: 9098: 9093: 9083: 9078: 9072: 9070: 9064: 9063: 9061: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9044: 9043: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9017: 9015: 9006: 9000: 8999: 8997: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8980: 8979: 8969: 8968: 8967: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8941: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8920: 8915: 8914: 8913: 8908: 8898: 8893: 8892: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8861: 8860: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8803: 8801: 8797: 8796: 8794: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8782: 8781: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8755: 8753: 8747: 8746: 8739: 8738: 8731: 8724: 8716: 8710: 8709: 8700: 8689: 8672: 8654: 8653:External links 8651: 8649: 8648: 8638: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8622: 8615: 8608: 8601: 8591: 8584: 8581: 8574: 8567: 8560: 8553: 8543: 8539:(1979): 1–15. 8532: 8530: 8529:Historiography 8527: 8525: 8524: 8514: 8504: 8502:online edition 8494: 8484: 8472: 8471:(2007) 459 pp. 8465: 8454: 8453:(4th ed. 2011) 8447: 8437: 8430: 8423: 8413: 8401: 8399:978-1606061435 8387: 8373: 8359: 8352: 8344:Hall, Bert S. 8342: 8332: 8325: 8318: 8316:978-1606060629 8304: 8294: 8280: 8278:978-1606060780 8266: 8256: 8242: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8216: 8211:978-0300158281 8210: 8197: 8184:978-0199686339 8183: 8170: 8165:978-9635067671 8164: 8151: 8145: 8124: 8096: 8090: 8077: 8071: 8058: 8053:978-1849041126 8052: 8036: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8009: 8008: 7998:Hubert, Jean, 7991: 7970: 7957: 7944:978-1933648194 7943: 7917: 7898: 7885: 7847: 7828:(3): 408–426. 7812: 7789: 7769: 7739: 7726: 7704: 7678: 7665:978-0226467337 7664: 7644: 7638:978-0802085771 7637: 7617: 7611:978-0816054510 7610: 7590: 7584:978-0816054510 7583: 7556: 7523: 7506: 7493: 7474: 7447: 7429: 7401: 7382: 7359: 7352: 7334: 7321: 7303: 7277: 7262: 7242: 7229:Nationalmuseet 7216: 7178: 7172:978-0810934429 7171: 7159:History of Art 7148: 7142:978-9050352222 7141: 7120: 7108: 7096: 7084: 7082:, p. 321. 7072: 7070:, p. 167. 7068:Klaniczay 1992 7060: 7058:, p. 185. 7056:E. Kovács 1990 7048: 7044:Cartledge 2011 7033: 7031:, p. 166. 7029:Klaniczay 1992 7018: 6995: 6993:, p. 183. 6983: 6981:, p. 168. 6979:Klaniczay 1992 6971: 6969:, p. 181. 6967:E. Kovács 1990 6959: 6957:, p. 172. 6947: 6935: 6931:E. Kovács 1990 6923: 6921:, p. 319. 6906: 6902:E. Kovács 1990 6894: 6882: 6873: 6853: 6844: 6835: 6809: 6786: 6780:978-0674063464 6779: 6759: 6724: 6718:978-1446466544 6717: 6697: 6681: 6651: 6626: 6605: 6580: 6554: 6528: 6514:Sohm, Philip. 6507: 6485: 6466: 6442: 6429: 6402:(2): 226–242. 6378: 6360: 6355:Western Schism 6342: 6336:978-0648043966 6335: 6317: 6311:978-0226907338 6310: 6292: 6286:978-0765609328 6285: 6265: 6241: 6217: 6190: 6173: 6160: 6147: 6131: 6111: 6098: 6053: 6040: 6034:978-0271010670 6033: 6015: 5993: 5979: 5958: 5936: 5923: 5908: 5895: 5886: 5847: 5825: 5808: 5795: 5782: 5772:Stephens, J., 5765: 5736: 5730:978-0791443651 5729: 5709: 5700: 5687: 5674: 5655: 5631: 5602: 5589: 5576: 5552: 5526: 5507: 5495: 5481: 5460: 5448: 5436: 5424: 5412: 5400: 5388: 5373: 5350: 5337: 5322: 5307: 5294: 5279: 5264: 5242: 5222: 5218:978-0500200087 5194: 5167:(4): 667–684. 5147: 5138: 5111:(1): 122–124. 5092: 5071: 5039: 5019: 4999: 4984: 4968: 4955: 4949:978-1861891549 4948: 4928: 4922:978-1351904391 4921: 4901: 4883: 4875:978-0521467773 4858: 4842: 4824: 4809: 4794: 4787: 4769: 4757:Etymonline.com 4744: 4738:978-1405881180 4737: 4716: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4679: 4669: 4651: 4641: 4624: 4607: 4590: 4586:Jonathan Swift 4573: 4550: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4441: 4438:Society portal 4425: 4422: 4342: 4339: 4325:Erwin Panofsky 4292:Lynn Thorndike 4280:recent studies 4271:Medieval Latin 4257:Johan Huizinga 4222:, the corrupt 4183: 4163: 4160: 4085:Jules Michelet 4041:Giorgio Vasari 4034:Giorgio Vasari 4021: 4018: 4016: 4015:Historiography 4013: 4012: 4011: 4006: 3999: 3996: 3949:Pedro de Mexía 3908:Jorge Manrique 3851:Main article: 3848: 3845: 3829:Albrecht Dürer 3801:Damião de Góis 3770:Duarte Barbosa 3766:Gaspar Correia 3762:António Galvão 3754:João de Barros 3724:Luís de Camões 3686:Gregório Lopes 3682:Nuno Gonçalves 3663:Garcia de Orta 3635:Abraham Zacuto 3631:João de Castro 3596:Luís de Camões 3585:Main article: 3582: 3579: 3568:Golden Liberty 3551:Nontrinitarian 3441:Polish culture 3416: 3415: 3406: 3405: 3397: 3396: 3395: 3394: 3393: 3388:Main article: 3385: 3382: 3370:perfected the 3352:Albrecht Dürer 3340:modern science 3260:Main article: 3257: 3254: 3191: 3188: 3180:Bálint Bakfark 3172:Bálint Balassi 3132:Pietro Ranzano 3106:in Kolozsvár, 3102:style for the 3072:hanging garden 2978:Castle in Buda 2959: 2956: 2928:Albrecht Dürer 2912:Albrecht Dürer 2888: 2885: 2799:Jules Michelet 2767: 2764: 2741:prodigy houses 2709:Edmund Spenser 2684:by the 1530s. 2630:Main article: 2627: 2624: 2615:printing press 2610: 2607: 2565:Giorgio Vasari 2533:Leonardo Bruni 2506:Leonardo Bruni 2498: 2497:Self-awareness 2495: 2445:Western Europe 2376:Western Schism 2339:Queen of Sheba 2337:adored by the 2256: 2253: 2217:Franco-Flemish 2195:Main article: 2192: 2189: 2157:and landed in 2087: 2084: 2070:, focusing on 1929:printing press 1853: 1850: 1846:Pisa Baptistry 1650:Main article: 1647: 1644: 1638: 1635: 1601:civic humanism 1517:In some ways, 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1413: 1410: 1383:bubonic plague 1350:caused by the 1327:Pieter Bruegel 1316:Main article: 1313: 1310: 1184: 1181: 1157:Medieval Latin 1119:Greek scholars 1115:Ottoman Empire 1099:Islamic worlds 1014: 1011: 943:Main article: 940: 937: 933:The Aryan Myth 918:city-republics 867:printing press 751:Greek scholars 693: 690: 667:the continuity 642:historiography 611:Ottoman Empire 603:Greek scholars 529: 526: 490:literary Latin 443:Giorgio Vasari 253: 252: 250: 249: 242: 235: 227: 224: 223: 222: 221: 216: 211: 203: 202: 198: 197: 196: 195: 190: 185: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 150: 142: 141: 137: 136: 135: 134: 129: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 92:Greek scholars 89: 84: 79: 71: 70: 66: 65: 54: 46: 45: 32:Reconnaissance 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19540: 19529: 19526: 19524: 19521: 19519: 19516: 19514: 19511: 19509: 19506: 19504: 19501: 19499: 19496: 19494: 19491: 19489: 19486: 19484: 19481: 19479: 19476: 19475: 19473: 19458: 19450: 19449: 19446: 19440: 19437: 19435: 19434: 19430: 19428: 19425: 19423: 19420: 19418: 19415: 19413: 19410: 19408: 19405: 19403: 19400: 19398: 19395: 19391: 19388: 19386: 19383: 19382: 19381: 19378: 19376: 19373: 19371: 19368: 19366: 19363: 19361: 19358: 19356: 19353: 19351: 19348: 19344: 19341: 19339: 19336: 19335: 19334: 19331: 19329: 19326: 19324: 19323:Fantastic art 19321: 19319: 19316: 19312: 19309: 19307: 19304: 19302: 19299: 19297: 19294: 19293: 19292: 19291:Christian art 19289: 19287: 19284: 19282: 19279: 19277: 19274: 19270: 19267: 19266: 19265: 19262: 19260: 19257: 19256: 19254: 19250: 19240: 19237: 19235: 19232: 19230: 19227: 19223: 19220: 19218: 19215: 19214: 19213: 19210: 19208: 19205: 19203: 19200: 19198: 19195: 19193: 19192:Skeuomorphism 19190: 19188: 19185: 19183: 19180: 19178: 19175: 19173: 19170: 19168: 19165: 19163: 19160: 19158: 19155: 19153: 19152:Massurrealism 19150: 19148: 19147:Lightpainting 19145: 19143: 19140: 19138: 19135: 19131: 19130:Post-Internet 19128: 19127: 19126: 19123: 19121: 19118: 19116: 19113: 19111: 19108: 19104: 19101: 19100: 19099: 19096: 19094: 19091: 19089: 19086: 19084: 19081: 19079: 19076: 19074: 19071: 19067: 19064: 19063: 19062: 19059: 19057: 19054: 19052: 19049: 19047: 19044: 19042: 19039: 19037: 19034: 19032: 19029: 19027: 19024: 19023: 19021: 19015: 19009: 19006: 19004: 19003:Grunge design 19001: 18999: 18996: 18994: 18991: 18989: 18986: 18984: 18981: 18979: 18976: 18974: 18971: 18969: 18966: 18964: 18961: 18959: 18958:Retrofuturism 18956: 18954: 18953:Scratch video 18951: 18949: 18946: 18944: 18941: 18939: 18938:Memphis Group 18936: 18934: 18931: 18929: 18926: 18924: 18921: 18919: 18916: 18914: 18913:Telematic art 18911: 18909: 18906: 18904: 18903:Guerrilla art 18901: 18899: 18896: 18892: 18889: 18888: 18887: 18884: 18882: 18879: 18877: 18874: 18872: 18869: 18865: 18862: 18861: 18860: 18857: 18855: 18854:Endurance art 18852: 18850: 18847: 18845: 18842: 18840: 18837: 18835: 18832: 18831: 18829: 18825: 18819: 18816: 18814: 18811: 18809: 18806: 18804: 18801: 18799: 18796: 18792: 18789: 18788: 18787: 18784: 18782: 18779: 18777: 18774: 18772: 18769: 18767: 18764: 18762: 18759: 18757: 18754: 18752: 18749: 18747: 18744: 18742: 18739: 18737: 18734: 18732: 18729: 18727: 18724: 18722: 18719: 18717: 18714: 18712: 18709: 18707: 18704: 18702: 18699: 18697: 18694: 18692: 18689: 18687: 18684: 18682: 18679: 18677: 18674: 18672: 18669: 18667: 18664: 18662: 18659: 18657: 18654: 18652: 18649: 18645: 18642: 18641: 18640: 18637: 18635: 18632: 18630: 18627: 18625: 18622: 18620: 18617: 18615: 18612: 18611: 18609: 18605: 18599: 18596: 18594: 18591: 18589: 18586: 18582: 18579: 18577: 18574: 18573: 18572: 18569: 18565: 18562: 18561: 18560: 18557: 18555: 18552: 18550: 18547: 18545: 18542: 18540: 18537: 18535: 18532: 18530: 18527: 18525: 18522: 18520: 18517: 18515: 18514:New media art 18512: 18508: 18505: 18504: 18503: 18500: 18498: 18495: 18493: 18492:Nanyang Style 18490: 18488: 18485: 18483: 18480: 18478: 18475: 18473: 18470: 18466: 18463: 18461: 18458: 18456: 18453: 18451: 18448: 18447: 18446: 18443: 18441: 18438: 18436: 18433: 18429: 18426: 18425: 18424: 18423:Visionary art 18421: 18417: 18414: 18413: 18412: 18409: 18407: 18404: 18403: 18401: 18397: 18394: 18390: 18385: 18381: 18371: 18368: 18366: 18363: 18361: 18358: 18356: 18353: 18349: 18346: 18345: 18344: 18341: 18339: 18336: 18332: 18329: 18327: 18324: 18323: 18322: 18319: 18315: 18312: 18311: 18310: 18307: 18305: 18302: 18300: 18297: 18295: 18292: 18290: 18289:Scuola Romana 18287: 18285: 18282: 18280: 18279: 18275: 18273: 18270: 18268: 18265: 18263: 18260: 18256: 18253: 18251: 18248: 18247: 18246: 18243: 18241: 18238: 18236: 18233: 18231: 18228: 18226: 18223: 18221: 18218: 18216: 18215:Anthropophagy 18213: 18211: 18208: 18204: 18201: 18200: 18199: 18198:Functionalism 18196: 18194: 18191: 18189: 18186: 18184: 18181: 18179: 18176: 18172: 18169: 18168: 18167: 18164: 18160: 18157: 18155: 18152: 18151: 18150: 18147: 18143: 18140: 18139: 18138: 18135: 18133: 18130: 18126: 18125: 18121: 18120: 18119: 18118:Neoplasticism 18116: 18114: 18111: 18109: 18106: 18100: 18097: 18096: 18095: 18092: 18091: 18090: 18087: 18085: 18082: 18080: 18077: 18075: 18072: 18070: 18067: 18066: 18064: 18060: 18054: 18051: 18049: 18046: 18044: 18041: 18039: 18036: 18034: 18031: 18029: 18026: 18022: 18021:Cubo-Futurism 18019: 18018: 18017: 18014: 18012: 18009: 18007: 18006: 18002: 17998: 17995: 17993: 17990: 17989: 17988: 17985: 17981: 17980:Ashcan School 17978: 17977: 17976: 17973: 17971: 17968: 17966: 17963: 17959: 17956: 17954: 17951: 17950: 17949: 17948:Expressionism 17946: 17944: 17941: 17939: 17936: 17934: 17933:Mir iskusstva 17931: 17929: 17926: 17922: 17919: 17917: 17914: 17912: 17909: 17907: 17904: 17903: 17902: 17899: 17897: 17894: 17892: 17889: 17887: 17884: 17880: 17877: 17876: 17875: 17872: 17871: 17869: 17865: 17859: 17856: 17852: 17849: 17848: 17847: 17844: 17840: 17837: 17835: 17832: 17830: 17827: 17825: 17822: 17820: 17817: 17815: 17812: 17808: 17805: 17804: 17803: 17800: 17799: 17798: 17795: 17793: 17790: 17788: 17785: 17781: 17778: 17776: 17773: 17772: 17771: 17768: 17766: 17763: 17761: 17758: 17754: 17751: 17750: 17749: 17746: 17744: 17741: 17737: 17734: 17732: 17729: 17727: 17724: 17720: 17719:Boston School 17717: 17715: 17714:Hoosier Group 17712: 17711: 17710: 17707: 17706: 17705: 17704:Impressionism 17702: 17700: 17699:Peredvizhniki 17697: 17695: 17692: 17690: 17689:Beuron School 17687: 17683: 17680: 17679: 17678: 17677: 17673: 17671: 17668: 17666: 17663: 17659: 17656: 17655: 17654: 17651: 17650: 17648: 17644: 17641: 17637: 17633: 17623: 17620: 17616: 17613: 17609: 17606: 17605: 17604: 17603:Munich School 17601: 17600: 17599: 17596: 17590: 17587: 17586: 17585: 17582: 17580: 17577: 17575: 17572: 17571: 17570: 17567: 17565: 17562: 17558: 17555: 17554: 17553: 17550: 17548: 17545: 17543: 17540: 17538: 17535: 17529: 17526: 17525: 17524: 17521: 17519: 17516: 17514: 17511: 17509: 17506: 17504: 17501: 17499: 17496: 17494: 17491: 17489: 17486: 17484: 17481: 17480: 17479: 17476: 17475: 17473: 17469: 17463: 17455: 17452: 17450: 17447: 17446: 17445: 17441: 17439: 17436: 17434: 17431: 17429: 17426: 17424: 17421: 17417: 17414: 17413: 17412: 17409: 17408: 17406: 17402:Art borrowing 17400: 17392: 17389: 17385: 17382: 17380: 17377: 17375: 17372: 17371: 17370: 17367: 17365: 17362: 17361: 17360: 17357: 17353: 17352:Company style 17350: 17348: 17345: 17341: 17338: 17336: 17333: 17332: 17331: 17328: 17327: 17325: 17319: 17316: 17315: 17314: 17311: 17309: 17306: 17305: 17304: 17300: 17299: 17297: 17293: 17287: 17284: 17280: 17277: 17275: 17272: 17270: 17267: 17265: 17262: 17260: 17259: 17255: 17254: 17253: 17252:Neoclassicism 17250: 17246: 17245: 17241: 17239: 17236: 17234: 17231: 17229: 17226: 17224: 17221: 17220: 17219: 17216: 17215: 17213: 17209: 17201: 17198: 17196: 17193: 17192: 17191: 17188: 17186: 17183: 17181: 17178: 17174: 17171: 17170: 17169: 17166: 17164: 17161: 17159: 17156: 17154: 17151: 17147: 17144: 17142: 17139: 17135: 17132: 17130: 17127: 17126: 17125: 17122: 17120: 17117: 17115: 17112: 17111: 17110: 17107: 17106: 17104: 17100: 17094: 17091: 17089: 17086: 17084: 17081: 17079: 17078:Cretan School 17076: 17072: 17069: 17068: 17067: 17064: 17058: 17055: 17053: 17050: 17048: 17045: 17044: 17043: 17040: 17036: 17035:Danube school 17033: 17031: 17028: 17027: 17026: 17023: 17021: 17018: 17016: 17013: 17009: 17006: 17005: 17004: 17001: 17000: 16999: 16996: 16990: 16989: 16984: 16982: 16979: 16977: 16974: 16972: 16969: 16968: 16967: 16964: 16960: 16957: 16955: 16952: 16950: 16947: 16946: 16945: 16942: 16938: 16937: 16933: 16931: 16928: 16926: 16923: 16922: 16921: 16918: 16917: 16916: 16913: 16912: 16910: 16908: 16904: 16896: 16895: 16891: 16889: 16886: 16884: 16881: 16880: 16879: 16875: 16873: 16870: 16866: 16863: 16862: 16861: 16858: 16856: 16853: 16851: 16848: 16846: 16843: 16839: 16836: 16834: 16831: 16829: 16826: 16825: 16824: 16821: 16819: 16818: 16814: 16810: 16807: 16806: 16805: 16802: 16798: 16795: 16793: 16790: 16789: 16788: 16785: 16783: 16780: 16776: 16773: 16771: 16768: 16766: 16763: 16762: 16761: 16758: 16754: 16751: 16749: 16746: 16744: 16741: 16739: 16736: 16735: 16734: 16731: 16729: 16726: 16722: 16721: 16717: 16716: 16715: 16712: 16710: 16707: 16705: 16702: 16698: 16695: 16693: 16690: 16688: 16685: 16683: 16680: 16678: 16675: 16674: 16673: 16670: 16666: 16663: 16662: 16661: 16658: 16654: 16651: 16650: 16649: 16646: 16645: 16643: 16641: 16637: 16629: 16626: 16624: 16621: 16619: 16616: 16614: 16611: 16609: 16606: 16604: 16601: 16600: 16599: 16596: 16594: 16591: 16589: 16586: 16584: 16581: 16579: 16576: 16570: 16567: 16563: 16560: 16559: 16558: 16555: 16553: 16550: 16549: 16548: 16545: 16543: 16540: 16538: 16535: 16533: 16530: 16528: 16525: 16523: 16520: 16518: 16515: 16513: 16512:Orientalizing 16510: 16508: 16505: 16503: 16500: 16498: 16497:Sub-Mycenaean 16495: 16494: 16493: 16490: 16486: 16483: 16481: 16478: 16476: 16473: 16471: 16468: 16467: 16466: 16463: 16461: 16458: 16454: 16451: 16450: 16449: 16446: 16445: 16443: 16441: 16437: 16434: 16428: 16424: 16420: 16415: 16411:art movements 16410: 16406: 16402: 16395: 16390: 16388: 16383: 16381: 16376: 16375: 16372: 16360: 16357: 16355: 16352: 16350: 16347: 16345: 16342: 16340: 16337: 16335: 16332: 16330: 16327: 16325: 16322: 16320: 16317: 16315: 16312: 16310: 16307: 16305: 16304:PROSUR/PROSUL 16302: 16300: 16297: 16295: 16292: 16290: 16287: 16285: 16282: 16280: 16277: 16275: 16272: 16270: 16267: 16265: 16262: 16260: 16257: 16255: 16252: 16250: 16247: 16245: 16242: 16240: 16237: 16235: 16232: 16230: 16227: 16225: 16222: 16220: 16217: 16215: 16212: 16210: 16207: 16205: 16202: 16200: 16199:Craiova Group 16197: 16195: 16192: 16190: 16187: 16185: 16182: 16180: 16177: 16175: 16172: 16170: 16167: 16165: 16162: 16160: 16157: 16155: 16152: 16150: 16147: 16145: 16142: 16140: 16137: 16135: 16132: 16130: 16127: 16125: 16122: 16120: 16117: 16115: 16114:ABCANZ Armies 16112: 16111: 16109: 16103: 16097: 16094: 16092: 16089: 16085: 16082: 16080: 16077: 16075: 16072: 16070: 16067: 16065: 16062: 16060: 16057: 16056: 16055: 16052: 16050: 16047: 16043: 16040: 16039: 16038: 16035: 16033: 16030: 16029: 16027: 16025: 16021: 16015: 16012: 16010: 16007: 16003: 16000: 15998: 15995: 15993: 15990: 15988: 15985: 15981: 15978: 15976: 15973: 15971: 15968: 15966: 15963: 15962: 15961: 15958: 15956: 15953: 15951: 15948: 15946: 15943: 15942: 15941: 15938: 15932: 15929: 15928: 15927: 15924: 15920: 15919:Protestantism 15917: 15913: 15910: 15909: 15908: 15905: 15901: 15898: 15897: 15896: 15893: 15889: 15885: 15882: 15881: 15880: 15877: 15876: 15875: 15872: 15871: 15870: 15867: 15866: 15864: 15862: 15858: 15850: 15847: 15846: 15845: 15842: 15840: 15839:Sovereigntism 15837: 15835: 15832: 15828: 15827: 15823: 15822: 15821: 15818: 15814: 15811: 15810: 15809: 15806: 15804: 15801: 15799: 15796: 15794: 15791: 15789: 15786: 15784: 15781: 15779: 15776: 15772: 15769: 15767: 15764: 15763: 15762: 15759: 15755: 15752: 15751: 15750: 15747: 15745: 15742: 15740: 15737: 15735: 15734:Scholasticism 15732: 15730: 15727: 15725: 15722: 15720: 15717: 15715: 15712: 15710: 15707: 15705: 15702: 15701: 15699: 15697: 15693: 15685: 15682: 15680: 15677: 15675: 15672: 15670: 15667: 15666: 15665: 15662: 15658: 15655: 15654: 15653: 15650: 15646: 15643: 15641: 15638: 15637: 15636: 15633: 15629: 15626: 15625: 15624: 15621: 15619: 15616: 15612: 15609: 15607: 15604: 15602: 15599: 15598: 15597: 15594: 15590: 15587: 15586: 15585: 15582: 15578: 15575: 15574: 15573: 15570: 15566: 15563: 15561: 15558: 15557: 15556: 15553: 15551: 15548: 15546: 15543: 15541: 15538: 15534: 15531: 15530: 15529: 15526: 15524: 15521: 15517: 15514: 15513: 15512: 15509: 15505: 15502: 15501: 15500: 15497: 15493: 15490: 15489: 15488: 15485: 15483: 15480: 15476: 15473: 15472: 15471: 15468: 15466: 15463: 15459: 15456: 15454: 15451: 15449: 15446: 15445: 15444: 15441: 15440: 15438: 15436: 15432: 15424: 15423:War on terror 15421: 15419: 15416: 15415: 15414: 15411: 15407: 15404: 15402: 15399: 15397: 15394: 15392: 15389: 15387: 15384: 15382: 15379: 15377: 15374: 15372: 15369: 15367: 15364: 15362: 15359: 15357: 15354: 15352: 15349: 15347: 15344: 15342: 15339: 15337: 15334: 15332: 15329: 15327: 15324: 15322: 15319: 15318: 15317: 15316:Modern period 15314: 15312: 15309: 15305: 15302: 15300: 15297: 15295: 15292: 15291: 15290: 15287: 15283: 15280: 15279: 15278: 15275: 15273: 15270: 15269: 15267: 15265: 15261: 15255: 15252: 15250: 15247: 15245: 15242: 15240: 15237: 15231: 15228: 15226: 15223: 15222: 15221: 15218: 15216: 15213: 15211: 15208: 15206: 15203: 15202: 15201: 15198: 15196: 15193: 15191: 15188: 15187: 15185: 15181: 15177: 15173: 15172:Western world 15166: 15161: 15159: 15154: 15152: 15147: 15146: 15143: 15130: 15122: 15120: 15112: 15111: 15107: 15097: 15094: 15090: 15087: 15085: 15082: 15081: 15080: 15077: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15067: 15065: 15062: 15061: 15058: 15051: 15047: 15035: 15032: 15031: 15030: 15027: 15025: 15022: 15019: 15015: 15012: 15010: 15007: 15006: 15003: 14996: 14992: 14978: 14975: 14973: 14970: 14967: 14963: 14961: 14958: 14956: 14955:Merton thesis 14953: 14952: 14950: 14945: 14941: 14933: 14930: 14928: 14925: 14923: 14920: 14918: 14915: 14913: 14910: 14908: 14907:Panbabylonism 14905: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14895: 14894: 14892: 14888: 14887: 14883: 14882: 14881: 14878: 14876: 14873: 14869: 14866: 14864: 14861: 14859: 14856: 14855: 14854: 14851: 14849: 14846: 14838: 14833: 14830: 14829: 14828: 14825: 14824: 14823: 14820: 14816: 14813: 14811: 14808: 14806: 14803: 14801: 14798: 14797: 14796: 14793: 14789: 14786: 14782: 14779: 14778: 14777: 14774: 14772: 14769: 14767: 14764: 14763: 14762: 14759: 14757: 14754: 14753: 14751: 14749: 14745: 14737: 14734: 14732: 14729: 14728: 14726: 14724: 14721: 14719: 14716: 14714: 14711: 14710: 14708: 14704: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14690: 14688: 14687: 14683: 14681: 14678: 14675: 14671: 14669: 14666: 14664: 14661: 14659: 14656: 14652: 14647: 14644: 14642: 14639: 14638: 14635: 14628: 14624: 14610: 14607: 14605: 14602: 14600: 14597: 14595: 14592: 14590: 14587: 14583: 14582: 14578: 14577: 14576: 14573: 14567: 14564: 14562: 14559: 14557: 14554: 14553: 14552: 14549: 14547: 14544: 14542: 14539: 14538: 14537: 14534: 14530: 14527: 14525: 14522: 14520: 14517: 14516: 14515: 14512: 14510: 14507: 14505: 14502: 14500: 14497: 14495: 14492: 14490: 14487: 14486: 14484: 14480: 14470: 14469:United States 14467: 14465: 14462: 14460: 14457: 14455: 14452: 14450: 14447: 14445: 14442: 14441: 14439: 14437: 14431: 14423: 14418: 14415: 14411: 14406: 14403: 14399: 14394: 14391: 14389: 14386: 14384: 14381: 14379: 14376: 14374: 14371: 14367: 14362: 14359: 14357: 14354: 14350: 14349:Bolivarianism 14347: 14343: 14338: 14335: 14334: 14333: 14332:Simon Bolivar 14330: 14328: 14325: 14323: 14320: 14318: 14315: 14313: 14310: 14306: 14301: 14298: 14296: 14293: 14291: 14288: 14286: 14283: 14281: 14278: 14276: 14273: 14269: 14264: 14263:Joseph Stalin 14261: 14257: 14252: 14249: 14247: 14244: 14242: 14239: 14237: 14234: 14232: 14229: 14225: 14220: 14217: 14213: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14183: 14180: 14178: 14175: 14174: 14172: 14166: 14162: 14155: 14151: 14136: 14128: 14127: 14123: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14107: 14104: 14102: 14099: 14098: 14096: 14092: 14084: 14081: 14080: 14078: 14074: 14071: 14069: 14066: 14065: 14063: 14062: 14060: 14058:Post-Cold War 14056: 14048: 14045: 14044: 14042: 14038: 14035: 14034: 14033: 14032:Falklands War 14030: 14028: 14027:Iran–Iraq War 14025: 14021: 14018: 14017: 14015: 14011: 14008: 14007: 14005: 14003: 14000: 13996: 13993: 13992: 13990: 13986: 13983: 13981: 13978: 13976: 13975:Ongoing Nakba 13972: 13969: 13968: 13967: 13964: 13962: 13959: 13958: 13956: 13954: 13950: 13938: 13933: 13930: 13928: 13927: 13923: 13921: 13920: 13916: 13914: 13911: 13910: 13908: 13906:Western Front 13904: 13896: 13893: 13892: 13890: 13888: 13887:Bengal famine 13885: 13883: 13880: 13878: 13875: 13874: 13872: 13868: 13862: 13859: 13857: 13854: 13852: 13849: 13847: 13844: 13840: 13837: 13836: 13835: 13832: 13830: 13826: 13822: 13820: 13817: 13815: 13812: 13810: 13807: 13806: 13804: 13802: 13801:The Holocaust 13798: 13790: 13787: 13785: 13782: 13781: 13780: 13777: 13775: 13772: 13770: 13767: 13765: 13762: 13760: 13757: 13756: 13754: 13752:Eastern Front 13750: 13744: 13741: 13739: 13736: 13734: 13731: 13729: 13726: 13724: 13721: 13720: 13718: 13716: 13712: 13704: 13701: 13700: 13698: 13694: 13691: 13690: 13689: 13686: 13684: 13681: 13680: 13678: 13676: 13672: 13660: 13657: 13655: 13652: 13651: 13650: 13647: 13645: 13642: 13641: 13639: 13637: 13631: 13624: 13619: 13616: 13614: 13610: 13607: 13605: 13602: 13600: 13597: 13595: 13592: 13588: 13583: 13580: 13577: 13573: 13570: 13567: 13563: 13559: 13556: 13554: 13552: 13548: 13538: 13533: 13530: 13528: 13525: 13524: 13522: 13518: 13515: 13514: 13513: 13510: 13508: 13505: 13501: 13498: 13497: 13496: 13493: 13491: 13488: 13484: 13483:Paris Commune 13481: 13479: 13476: 13475: 13473: 13469: 13468:Turning point 13466: 13464: 13461: 13460: 13459: 13456: 13455: 13444: 13441: 13439: 13436: 13435: 13434: 13431: 13429: 13426: 13420: 13415: 13412: 13410: 13407: 13403: 13398: 13395: 13394: 13393: 13390: 13389: 13387: 13383: 13379: 13376: 13372:18th and 19th 13370: 13364: 13361: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13348: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13334: 13330: 13327: 13326: 13325: 13322: 13318: 13317:Islamic views 13315: 13314: 13313: 13310: 13306: 13303: 13302: 13301: 13298: 13297: 13295: 13289: 13282: 13281: 13277: 13275: 13274: 13270: 13269: 13265: 13261: 13258: 13251: 13246: 13244: 13239: 13237: 13232: 13231: 13228: 13224: 13217: 13213: 13199: 13196: 13195: 13193: 13189: 13175: 13172: 13170: 13167: 13165: 13162: 13161: 13159: 13157: 13151: 13145: 13142: 13138: 13135: 13134: 13133: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13123: 13120: 13116: 13113: 13111: 13108: 13107: 13106: 13103: 13101: 13098: 13097: 13095: 13093: 13087: 13079: 13076: 13074: 13071: 13070: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13061: 13060: 13058: 13054: 13046: 13041: 13040:Ser de España 13038: 13034: 13029: 13026: 13024: 13021: 13019: 13016: 13010: 13005: 13002: 13001: 13000: 12999: 12995: 12991: 12986: 12983: 12981: 12978: 12976: 12975: 12971: 12969: 12966: 12964: 12961: 12959: 12955: 12952: 12951: 12949: 12945: 12937: 12934: 12932: 12929: 12927: 12924: 12923: 12922: 12919: 12915: 12912: 12911: 12910: 12907: 12901: 12896: 12893: 12892: 12889: 12884: 12881: 12879: 12876: 12875: 12873: 12869: 12861: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12843: 12841: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12832: 12830: 12826: 12818: 12815: 12814: 12813: 12810: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12802: 12798: 12796: 12795: 12791: 12789: 12786: 12784: 12783: 12779: 12777: 12774: 12773: 12771: 12767: 12761: 12758: 12756: 12753: 12750: 12746: 12744: 12741: 12740: 12738: 12736: 12732: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12712: 12710: 12708: 12704: 12698: 12697: 12693: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12678: 12674: 12672: 12671: 12667: 12665: 12664: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12652: 12648: 12647: 12645: 12643: 12639: 12631: 12626: 12623: 12619: 12614: 12611: 12607: 12602: 12599: 12597: 12596: 12592: 12588: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12577: 12573: 12572: 12570: 12566: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12534: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12520: 12516: 12513: 12512: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12499: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12480: 12478: 12476: 12472: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12458:Ottoman claim 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12445: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12438:Prosopography 12436: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12422: 12419: 12418: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12409: 12408: 12406: 12404: 12400: 12392: 12391:Trưng sisters 12389: 12387: 12386: 12382: 12381: 12379: 12375: 12372: 12371: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12355: 12352: 12351: 12349: 12345: 12342: 12341: 12340: 12337: 12333: 12330: 12329: 12327: 12323: 12320: 12319: 12316: 12311: 12308: 12304: 12301: 12300: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12278: 12277: 12274: 12272: 12269: 12265: 12262: 12261: 12259: 12255: 12252: 12251: 12250: 12247: 12243: 12242: 12238: 12237: 12235: 12229: 12224: 12221: 12217: 12212: 12209: 12205: 12200: 12197: 12196: 12194: 12192: 12189: 12183: 12178: 12175: 12174: 12171: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12154: 12151: 12150: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12139: 12138:Habsburg myth 12136: 12135: 12133: 12129: 12126: 12125: 12124: 12121: 12120: 12118: 12114: 12104: 12101: 12097: 12094: 12093: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12056: 12055: 12052: 12051: 12049: 12047: 12046:United States 12043: 12035: 12034: 12030: 12029: 12028: 12025: 12021: 12018: 12017: 12016: 12013: 12007: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11993: 11990: 11989: 11988: 11985: 11984: 11982: 11980: 11979:Latin America 11976: 11970: 11967: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11949: 11948: 11945: 11944: 11942: 11938: 11932: 11931: 11927: 11923: 11920: 11919: 11917: 11913: 11910: 11909: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11896: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11882: 11880: 11879: 11877: 11875: 11871: 11867: 11860: 11856: 11836: 11833: 11832: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11799: 11797: 11795: 11789: 11783: 11782: 11778: 11776: 11775: 11770: 11769: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11751: 11748: 11747: 11746: 11745: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11687: 11685: 11681: 11675: 11672: 11666: 11661: 11658: 11657: 11654: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11620: 11618: 11614: 11610: 11603: 11599: 11583: 11580: 11579: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11572:Transnational 11570: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11551: 11548: 11547: 11546: 11543: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11530: 11529: 11526: 11522: 11519: 11518: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11505: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11463: 11462:Decoloniality 11460: 11459: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11444: 11443:Historiometry 11441: 11437: 11436: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11426: 11425: 11422: 11421: 11419: 11413: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11399: 11395: 11393: 11390: 11389: 11388: 11387:Periodization 11385: 11383: 11380: 11379: 11376: 11372: 11367: 11363: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11335: 11332: 11331: 11330: 11327: 11325: 11322: 11320: 11317: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11301: 11300: 11297: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11284: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11261: 11260: 11256: 11255: 11254: 11251: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11228: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11218: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11200: 11197: 11196: 11194: 11190: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11173:Sigillography 11171: 11169: 11168:Prosopography 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11147: 11144: 11143: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11100: 11097: 11096: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11081: 11078: 11075: 11071: 11067: 11064: 11063: 11061: 11057: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11045:Local history 11043: 11039: 11038:Human history 11036: 11035: 11034: 11033:World history 11031: 11029: 11026: 11025: 11023: 11019: 11015: 11011: 11006: 11002: 10986: 10983: 10982: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10954: 10951: 10950: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10885: 10883: 10879: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10859: 10857: 10853: 10849: 10845: 10840: 10836: 10829: 10828: 10824: 10822: 10821: 10817: 10815: 10814: 10810: 10808: 10807: 10803: 10802: 10799: 10798: 10794: 10790: 10789: 10785: 10781: 10780: 10779: 10778: 10774: 10773: 10769: 10765: 10758: 10753: 10751: 10746: 10744: 10739: 10738: 10735: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10677:Art of Europe 10675: 10674: 10672: 10668: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10500: 10497: 10496: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10481: 10479: 10477: 10476:Modern period 10473: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10411: 10407: 10403: 10399: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10359: 10358: 10355: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10342: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10316: 10313: 10312: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10297: 10295: 10293: 10289: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10266: 10263: 10262: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10237: 10235: 10233: 10229: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10204: 10202: 10200: 10196: 10192: 10185: 10180: 10178: 10173: 10171: 10166: 10165: 10162: 10152: 10148: 10144: 10143:Human history 10139: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10115: 10113: 10109: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10082:Art of Europe 10080: 10079: 10077: 10073: 10070: 10066: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10042:Revolutionary 10040: 10039: 10038: 10035: 10033: 10030: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10014: 10012: 10010:End of period 10008: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9972: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9964: 9962: 9958: 9955: 9951: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9919: 9915: 9914: 9912: 9908: 9902: 9899: 9898: 9896: 9892: 9886: 9883: 9879: 9876: 9875: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9863: 9862: 9860: 9856: 9853: 9847: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9786: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9763: 9760: 9759: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9744: 9742: 9738: 9735: 9731: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9702: 9700: 9696: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9661: 9659: 9655: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9641:Ancien Régime 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9628: 9626: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9613: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9605: 9603: 9599: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9581: 9578: 9577: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9550: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9512: 9509: 9508: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9490: 9487: 9486: 9485: 9482: 9481: 9479: 9475: 9472: 9468: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9444: 9442: 9438: 9435: 9431: 9421: 9418: 9416:Intellectual: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9396: 9394: 9390: 9387: 9383: 9373: 9372:Low Countries 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9344: 9342: 9338: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9290: 9287: 9286: 9285: 9282: 9281: 9279: 9275: 9272: 9268: 9264: 9257: 9252: 9250: 9245: 9243: 9238: 9237: 9234: 9222: 9219: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9201: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9191: 9189: 9185: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9160: 9158: 9156: 9152: 9140: 9137: 9136: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9126: 9124: 9120: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9103:Low Countries 9101: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9088: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9073: 9071: 9069: 9065: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9042: 9039: 9038: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9018: 9016: 9014: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9001: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8978: 8975: 8974: 8973: 8970: 8966: 8963: 8962: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8925: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8903: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8866: 8865: 8862: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8827:Italian domes 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8809: 8808: 8805: 8804: 8802: 8798: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8780: 8777: 8776: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8756: 8754: 8752: 8748: 8744: 8737: 8732: 8730: 8725: 8723: 8718: 8717: 8714: 8708: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8698: 8694:entry in the 8693: 8690: 8686: 8685: 8679: 8673: 8670: 8666: 8665: 8660: 8657: 8656: 8647: 8643: 8639: 8636: 8632: 8631: 8620: 8616: 8613: 8609: 8606: 8602: 8600: 8596: 8592: 8589: 8585: 8582: 8579: 8575: 8572: 8568: 8566:(1960): 7–26. 8565: 8561: 8558: 8554: 8552: 8548: 8544: 8542: 8538: 8534: 8533: 8522: 8520: 8515: 8513: 8509: 8505: 8503: 8499: 8495: 8493: 8492:online review 8489: 8485: 8483: 8479: 8476: 8473: 8470: 8466: 8463: 8459: 8455: 8452: 8448: 8446: 8442: 8438: 8435: 8431: 8428: 8424: 8422: 8418: 8414: 8412: 8408: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8396: 8392: 8388: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8374: 8372: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8357: 8353: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8341: 8337: 8333: 8330: 8326: 8323: 8319: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8303: 8299: 8295: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8279: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8265: 8261: 8257: 8255: 8251: 8247: 8243: 8241: 8237: 8233: 8229: 8226: 8225: 8213: 8207: 8203: 8198: 8194: 8190: 8186: 8180: 8176: 8171: 8167: 8161: 8157: 8152: 8148: 8142: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8102: 8097: 8093: 8087: 8083: 8078: 8074: 8068: 8064: 8059: 8055: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8037: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8022: 8019: 8018: 8005: 8001: 7995: 7988: 7984: 7980: 7974: 7967: 7961: 7946: 7940: 7936: 7931: 7930: 7921: 7914: 7910: 7907: 7902: 7895: 7889: 7881: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7851: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7816: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7798: 7793: 7787:(1998) p. 914 7786: 7782: 7778: 7773: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7743: 7736: 7730: 7723: 7722: 7718: 7715: 7708: 7692: 7688: 7682: 7667: 7661: 7657: 7656: 7648: 7640: 7634: 7630: 7629: 7621: 7613: 7607: 7603: 7602: 7594: 7586: 7580: 7576: 7575: 7570: 7566: 7560: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7530: 7528: 7520: 7519:0-19-925339-0 7516: 7510: 7503: 7497: 7481: 7477: 7471: 7467: 7466: 7458: 7451: 7443: 7439: 7433: 7425: 7421: 7417: 7411: 7405: 7398: 7394: 7391: 7386: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7363: 7355: 7353:9780907570400 7349: 7345: 7338: 7331: 7325: 7318: 7314: 7313: 7307: 7291: 7287: 7281: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7259: 7255: 7254: 7246: 7230: 7226: 7220: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7185: 7183: 7174: 7168: 7165: 7161: 7160: 7152: 7144: 7138: 7134: 7127: 7125: 7118:, p. 99. 7117: 7112: 7105: 7100: 7094:, p. 59. 7093: 7088: 7081: 7076: 7069: 7064: 7057: 7052: 7046:, p. 67. 7045: 7040: 7038: 7030: 7025: 7023: 7015: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6992: 6987: 6980: 6975: 6968: 6963: 6956: 6951: 6944: 6939: 6932: 6927: 6920: 6915: 6913: 6911: 6903: 6898: 6891: 6886: 6877: 6870: 6866: 6860: 6858: 6848: 6839: 6823: 6819: 6813: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6790: 6782: 6776: 6772: 6771: 6763: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6728: 6720: 6714: 6710: 6709: 6701: 6694: 6688: 6686: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6655: 6640: 6636: 6630: 6622: 6615: 6609: 6594: 6590: 6584: 6569: 6565: 6558: 6543: 6539: 6532: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6511: 6504: 6503: 6499: 6496: 6489: 6482: 6478: 6473: 6471: 6463: 6459: 6456: 6452: 6446: 6439: 6433: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6396: 6391: 6385: 6383: 6375: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6357: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6338: 6332: 6328: 6321: 6313: 6307: 6303: 6296: 6288: 6282: 6278: 6277: 6269: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6245: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6221: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6203: 6197: 6195: 6188: 6185: 6184: 6177: 6170: 6164: 6157: 6151: 6144: 6140: 6135: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6115: 6108: 6102: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6065: 6057: 6050: 6044: 6036: 6030: 6026: 6019: 6012: 6011: 6007: 6004: 5997: 5990: 5989: 5983: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5962: 5955: 5954: 5950: 5947: 5940: 5933: 5927: 5919: 5912: 5905: 5899: 5890: 5882: 5876: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5859: 5851: 5845: 5841: 5838: 5834: 5829: 5822: 5818: 5812: 5805: 5799: 5792: 5786: 5779: 5775: 5769: 5762: 5761: 5757: 5754: 5749: 5743: 5741: 5732: 5726: 5722: 5721: 5713: 5704: 5697: 5691: 5684: 5678: 5671: 5667: 5664: 5659: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5635: 5628: 5627: 5623: 5620: 5615: 5609: 5607: 5599: 5593: 5586: 5580: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5559: 5557: 5549: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5536: 5530: 5523: 5522: 5517: 5511: 5504: 5499: 5492: 5491: 5485: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5457: 5452: 5445: 5440: 5433: 5428: 5421: 5416: 5409: 5404: 5397: 5392: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5374:90-6109-440-2 5370: 5366: 5365: 5357: 5355: 5347: 5341: 5334: 5333: 5326: 5318: 5311: 5304: 5298: 5290: 5283: 5276: 5275: 5268: 5261: 5260: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5239: 5235: 5232: 5226: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5201: 5199: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5151: 5142: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5099: 5097: 5089: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5076: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5053:Brotton, J., 5050: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5023: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5003: 4996: 4991: 4989: 4981: 4975: 4973: 4965: 4959: 4951: 4945: 4941: 4940: 4932: 4924: 4918: 4914: 4913: 4905: 4897: 4893: 4887: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4862: 4855: 4851: 4846: 4838: 4831: 4829: 4821: 4820: 4816:BBC History, 4813: 4806: 4805: 4798: 4790: 4784: 4780: 4773: 4758: 4754: 4748: 4740: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4720: 4705: 4704: 4699: 4698:"renaissance" 4693: 4689: 4673: 4666: 4660: 4655: 4645: 4638: 4634: 4628: 4621: 4617: 4611: 4604: 4601:– the use of 4600: 4594: 4587: 4583: 4577: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4561: 4554: 4546: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4527: 4519: 4513: 4504: 4500: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4447: 4442: 4439: 4433: 4428: 4421: 4419: 4418:San Francisco 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4337: 4334: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4322:art historian 4318: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4303: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4288:George Sarton 4286:. Meanwhile, 4285: 4281: 4277: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4263: 4258: 4254: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4196: 4189: 4182: 4177: 4175: 4169: 4158: 4153: 4151: 4146: 4144: 4140: 4139:individuality 4136: 4132: 4128: 4127: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4090: 4086: 4083: 4079: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4061:and only the 4060: 4056: 4052: 4051: 4046: 4042: 4035: 4031: 4026: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4001: 3995: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3952: 3950: 3946: 3943:, grammarian 3942: 3938: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3854: 3844: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3734:Sá de Miranda 3731: 3730: 3725: 3718: 3714: 3709: 3705: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3670: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3655:Diogo Ribeiro 3652: 3651:Estêvão Gomes 3648: 3644: 3640: 3639:Martin Behaim 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3602: 3597: 3593: 3588: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3560: 3555: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3535:Conrad Celtes 3532: 3528: 3524: 3523: 3522:lingua franca 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3480: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3461:John I Albert 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3410: 3401: 3391: 3381: 3378: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3347: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3281:Netherlanders 3278: 3274: 3270: 3263: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3225: 3221: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3197: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3167:to Matthias. 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3153:Marcin Bylica 3150: 3146: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3127: 3125: 3121: 3118:travelled to 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2968:After Italy, 2965: 2955: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2924:Low Countries 2921: 2913: 2909: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2894: 2884: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2804: 2800: 2797: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2773: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2756:Francis Bacon 2752: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2735:(1540–1623). 2734: 2730: 2729:John Taverner 2727:(1505–1585), 2726: 2725:Thomas Tallis 2722: 2719:(1554–1586). 2718: 2717:Philip Sidney 2714: 2710: 2707:(1564–1593), 2706: 2703:(1564–1616), 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2660: 2656: 2649: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2623: 2620: 2616: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2571: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2552: 2551:(1439–1453). 2550: 2546: 2545:Flavio Biondo 2542: 2538: 2537:periodization 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2507: 2503: 2494: 2492: 2491: 2490:Farnese Hours 2486: 2482: 2481:Giulio Clovio 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2461: 2456: 2452: 2451:Pope Paul III 2448: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2433: 2428: 2427:New Testament 2424: 2419: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2365: 2364: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2350:Giulio Clovio 2347: 2346: 2345:Farnese Hours 2341: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2314:Martin Luther 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2215:style of the 2214: 2208: 2204: 2198: 2188: 2186: 2181: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2083: 2081: 2080:Francis Bacon 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2041: 2036: 2032: 2031: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2009: 2006: 2003:clashed, the 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1981: 1978: 1977:Fritjof Capra 1973: 1968: 1966: 1963:worldview of 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1898: 1893: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1863: 1859: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1838:Nicola Pisano 1834: 1832: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1752:Low Countries 1748: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1721:human anatomy 1718: 1714: 1710: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1693: 1688: 1684: 1683: 1682:Vitruvian Man 1678: 1674: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1653: 1643: 1634: 1632: 1631: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1589: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1568: 1567: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1481:Neri di Bicci 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1409: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1334: 1333: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1267: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1194: 1189: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1049:(1331–1406), 1048: 1044: 1040: 1033: 1029: 1024: 1020: 1010: 1008: 1002: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 956: 951: 946: 936: 934: 930: 929:Leon Poliakov 925: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 894: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 870: 868: 864: 863: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 833:Nicola Pisano 830: 825: 823: 819: 815: 814:Lorenzo Valla 810: 806: 802: 795: 791: 780: 779: 774: 770: 768: 764: 760: 756: 755:ancient Greek 752: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 727: 723: 719: 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19311:Lutheran art 19301:Catholic art 19264:Abstract art 19234:Unilalianism 19197:Software art 19172:Neosymbolism 19162:Neo-futurism 19125:Internet art 19115:Hyperrealism 18968:Superfiction 18751:Photorealism 18619:Afrofuturism 18384:Contemporary 18360:Dimensionism 18343:Concrete art 18276: 18272:Precisionism 18122: 18069:Sosaku-hanga 18043:Productivism 18033:Metaphysical 18003: 17992:Proto-Cubism 17896:Secessionism 17858:Costumbrismo 17743:Aestheticism 17694:Hague School 17674: 17598:Academic art 17579:Costumbrismo 17547:Empire style 17384:Quito School 17379:Cusco School 17295:Colonial art 17256: 17244:Fête galante 17242: 17211:18th century 17173:Delft School 17124:Caravaggisti 17102:17th century 16987: 16944:Quattrocento 16934: 16892: 16815: 16718: 16648:Late antique 16532:Severe style 16522:Black-figure 16409:Contemporary 16349:Western Bloc 16149:AUSCANNZUKUS 16105:Contemporary 16054:Human rights 15900:Latin Church 15874:Christianity 15824: 15783:Conservatism 15628:contemporary 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In music, 3671: 3643:Pedro Reinel 3615: 3599: 3557: 3545:(1579), and 3520: 3481: 3434: 3372:oil painting 3368:Jan van Eyck 3348: 3320:Christian IV 3316:Frederick II 3265: 3251: 3217: 3169: 3140:Neoplatonism 3128: 3065: 3030: 2998: 2996:to Hungary. 2974:Quattrocento 2967: 2944:Maximilian I 2940:Gothic style 2917: 2905: 2854: 2814:Charles VIII 2808:In 1495 the 2807: 2802: 2793: 2753: 2751:to England. 2733:William Byrd 2686: 2663: 2652: 2645: 2612: 2603:Michelangelo 2591:Brunelleschi 2568: 2560: 2556: 2553: 2548: 2540: 2528: 2524: 2516: 2513:modi antichi 2512: 2510: 2488: 2473:Michelangelo 2458: 2449: 2430: 2420: 2392:Conciliarism 2369: 2361: 2343: 2333: 2327: 2287: 2278:Alexander VI 2249:William Byrd 2210: 2182: 2171: 2144: 2129: 2116: 2110: 2063: 2061: 2044: 2038: 2034: 2028: 2010: 1982: 1969: 1961:heliocentric 1949:Aristotelian 1926: 1914:Luca Pacioli 1911: 1895: 1842:Annunciation 1841: 1835: 1814:entablatures 1807: 1772: 1760:Jan van Eyck 1749: 1729:Michelangelo 1706: 1690: 1680: 1655: 1640: 1628: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1596: 1586: 1572: 1564: 1530: 1516: 1489: 1463: 1440: 1406: 1391: 1387: 1376: 1360:spirituality 1345: 1330: 1290:oligarchical 1283: 1264: 1246: 1198: 1177:Leo Allatius 1165: 1123: 1075: 1036: 1003: 960: 932: 926: 898:Rodney Stark 896:Sociologist 895: 890: 871: 860: 856: 826: 805:Christianity 801:neoplatonism 798: 776: 742:, while the 730: 706:architecture 695: 675: 662:longue durée 660: 650: 645: 639: 588: 568:early modern 565: 562: 531: 514:Michelangelo 487: 451: 446: 429: 425: 404:, politics, 402:architecture 258: 256: 77:Architecture 55: 42: 36: 19503:Christendom 19478:Renaissance 19318:Digital art 19281:Avant-garde 19222:Superstroke 19098:Flat design 19093:Fictive art 19088:Excessivism 19036:Art for art 19031:Altermodern 18973:Taring Padi 18908:Lowbrow art 18876:Pliontanism 18813:Yoru no Kai 18766:Process art 18706:Systems art 18676:Arte Povera 18598:Antipodeans 18507:in New York 18477:Jikken Kōbō 18440:Color field 18309:Regionalism 18278:Aeropittura 18267:Neo-Fauvism 18240:Neues Sehen 18210:Kinetic art 18074:Suprematism 18048:Synchromism 17965:Noucentisme 17886:Primitivism 17874:Art Nouveau 17829:Cloisonnism 17819:Pointillism 17814:Divisionism 17792:Incoherents 17753:Art pottery 17639:(1863–1944) 17589:Macchiaioli 17564:Biedermeier 17552:Historicism 17537:Orientalism 17478:Romanticism 17449:Akita ranga 17301:Art of the 17286:Picturesque 17238:Chinoiserie 17233:Frederician 17071:Tudor court 16966:Cinquecento 16907:Renaissance 16894:Mappa mundi 16878:cartography 16770:Carolingian 16765:Merovingian 16748:Palaeologan 16720:Repoblación 16677:Anglo-Saxon 16608:Gallo-Roman 16547:Hellenistic 16542:Kerch style 16480:Minyan ware 16289:Open Balkan 16107:integration 16037:Rule of law 16032:Natural law 16009:Agnosticism 15987:Hellenistic 15965:Anglo-Saxon 15895:Catholicism 15834:Atlanticism 15739:Rationalism 15545:Immigration 15528:Esotericism 15386:World War I 15351:Romanticism 15331:Reformation 15311:Renaissance 15289:Middle Ages 15254:Christendom 15183:Foundations 15074:Hagiography 14835: [ 14795:Early Islam 14649: [ 14541:Historicity 14519:Historicity 14509:Jane Austen 14489:The Beatles 14459:Netherlands 14420: [ 14417:Zhuge Liang 14408: [ 14396: [ 14393:Yuan Shikai 14364: [ 14361:Sun Yat Tse 14340: [ 14303: [ 14266: [ 14254: [ 14251:Jiang Zemin 14222: [ 14210: [ 14202:Che Guevara 13935: [ 13870:Pacific War 13654:Article 231 13644:Reparations 13621: [ 13585: [ 13562:Color books 13551:World War I 13535: [ 13512:War of 1812 13417: [ 13400: [ 13385:(1792–1815) 13356:Sea Peoples 13341:Gallic Wars 13043: [ 13031: [ 13018:Revisionist 13007: [ 12998:Reconquista 12988: [ 12980:Inquisition 12974:Convivencia 12898: [ 12886: [ 12858: [ 12755:Revisionism 12680: [ 12628: [ 12616: [ 12604: [ 12585: [ 12527:Golden ages 12496: [ 12493:Wunu School 12488:Archaeology 12361:Switzerland 12344:Kosovo Myth 12332:Great Union 12313: [ 12298:Philippines 12281:Nationalist 12254:Ages of Man 12226: [ 12214: [ 12202: [ 12180: [ 12168: [ 12004: [ 12001:Revisionist 11893: [ 11830:Renaissance 11695:Coloniality 11663: [ 11651: [ 11643:Historicity 11567:Revisionist 11557:Pop history 11528:Nationalist 11502: [ 11447:Cliometrics 11415:Approaches, 11371:Methodology 11267:Linguistics 11217:Environment 11183:Vexillology 11106:Diplomatics 11089:Chorography 11028:Big History 10980:War diaries 10953:Illuminated 10948:Manuscripts 10933:Hieroglyphs 10813:historicity 10621:World War I 10611:Nationalism 10499:Reformation 10484:Renaissance 10456:Black Death 10389:Kievan Rus' 10292:Middle Ages 10054:Nationalism 9864:Philosophy: 9819:Switzerland 9809:Lutheranism 9284:Renaissance 9221:Reenactment 9204:Carolingian 8837:Plateresque 8759:Renaissance 8743:Renaissance 8669:BBC Radio 4 8664:In Our Time 8661:episode of 8475:Rowse, A.L. 8385:online free 7950:10 December 7296:24 November 7292:(in Danish) 7235:24 November 7231:(in Danish) 7116:Tanner 2009 7006: [ 6639:Historic UK 6230:pp. 211–212 6139:Allen Debus 6027:. Zwemmer. 4962:Burke, P., 4725:Wells, John 4452:Arts portal 4347:Renaissance 4307:Renaissance 4231:witch-hunts 4078:renaissance 3936:Don Quixote 3932:masterpiece 3825:Thomas More 3746:Gil Vicente 3729:Os Lusíadas 3698:Duarte Lobo 3674:spice trade 3627:Pedro Nunes 3601:Os Lusíadas 3572:monarchical 3519:became the 3509:Mikołaj Rey 3477:Sigismund I 3469:Bona Sforza 3336:Tycho Brahe 3314:as well as 3231:cartography 3104:Franciscans 3100:Late Gothic 3053:András Hess 3022:Middle Ages 3010:Vitéz János 2990:Pippo Spano 2850:Jean Mouton 2846:Jean Clouet 2818:Black Death 2745:Inigo Jones 2713:Thomas More 2678:Visual arts 2441:Reformation 2437:indulgences 2318:John Calvin 2310:Thomas More 2265:Reformation 2174:New Holland 2167:Abel Tasman 2140:East Indies 2076:mathematics 2057:mechanistic 2021:Tycho Brahe 1918:bookkeeping 1885: 1580 1844:, from the 1709:perspective 1579:Ibn Khaldun 1575:Thomas More 1479:. Works by 1429:, ruler of 1368:sponsorship 1352:Black Death 1340: 1562 1318:Black Death 1312:Black Death 1221:Florentines 1217:Neapolitans 1213:city-states 1203:during the 1091:Demosthenes 887:Machiavelli 883:Thomas More 841:perspective 822:Reformation 786: 1480 646:Renaissance 629:during the 542:Reformation 447:renaissance 439: 1550 410:exploration 382:Middle Ages 259:Renaissance 43:Renaissance 19472:Categories 19365:Jewish art 19177:Passionism 19137:iPhone art 19083:Cyborg art 19078:Crypto art 19051:Brandalism 18943:Cyberdelic 18808:Tropicália 18781:Street art 18736:Intermedia 18716:Minimalism 18435:Spatialism 18389:Postmodern 18245:Surrealism 18113:Shin-hanga 17953:Die Brücke 17921:Sonderbund 17834:Synthetism 17557:Revivalism 17466:Transition 17423:Manichaean 17269:Adam style 17190:Classicism 17129:in Utrecht 17057:Still life 16787:Romanesque 16743:Macedonian 16738:Iconoclast 16697:Visigothic 16603:Republican 16557:Indo-Greek 16527:Red-figure 16309:Rio Treaty 15820:Relativism 15778:Liberalism 15744:Empiricism 15696:Philosophy 15684:Secularism 15635:Philosophy 15572:Literature 15366:Capitalism 15129:Multimedia 14948:Technology 14912:Urreligion 14815:Kharijites 14766:Background 14434:Historical 14405:Zhou Enlai 14300:Mao Zedong 14295:Louis Riel 14068:Background 13919:Guilty Men 13861:Uniqueness 13784:Background 13779:Winter War 13703:Background 13636:Versailles 13490:Great Game 13137:Ricardians 13132:Tudor myth 12850:Partitions 12443:Succession 11733:Narratives 11718:Presentism 11674:Philosophy 11494:Humanistic 11382:Case study 11314:Indigenous 11292:Diplomatic 11236:Capitalism 11136:Onomastics 11094:Chronology 10923:Facsimiles 10908:Chronicles 10806:historians 10777:Historians 10384:Viking Age 10199:Prehistory 10047:Napoleonic 9971:Painting: 9858:Philosophy 9340:By country 9178:Structures 8984:Technology 8960:Philosophy 8923:Literature 8842:Portuguese 8393:. 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London: 5067:0192801635 5036:0679450882 5016:0810837242 4677:condemned. 4599:presentism 4491:References 4300:Joan Kelly 4296:scientific 4247:capitalism 4235:golden age 4174:modern age 4166:See also: 4119:historian 4110:Republican 4106:democratic 4098:Copernicus 4055:Gothic art 4020:Conception 3857:See also: 3837:Golden Age 3740:developed 3659:Tomé Pires 3647:Lopo Homem 3575:absolutism 3539:Königsberg 3515:, and the 3495:above the 3437:Golden Age 3380:printing. 3157:astrolabes 3002:Florentine 2867:, married 2670:literature 2659:Henry VIII 2348:(1546) by 2213:polyphonic 2201:See also: 2178:James Cook 2121:Joan Blaeu 2113:Antarctica 2053:dissection 1965:Copernicus 1937:humanities 1922:accounting 1866:See also: 1725:aesthetics 1613:Quintilian 1523:scholastic 1416:See also: 1306:fine glass 1095:Thucydides 1017:See also: 987:Baptistery 927:Historian 910:capitalism 829:classicism 726:technology 714:literature 710:philosophy 470:Protagoras 406:literature 127:Technology 117:Philosophy 102:Literature 19427:Shock art 19417:Queer art 19397:Naïve art 19380:Modernism 19212:Superflat 19202:Sound art 19182:Post-YBAs 19167:Neomodern 19008:Verdadism 18978:Superflat 18827:1970–1999 18791:in the US 18711:Video art 18634:Happening 18607:1960–1969 18399:1945–1959 18062:1915–1944 18053:Vorticism 18005:A Nyolcak 17867:1900–1914 17839:Les Nabis 17770:Symbolism 17726:Amsterdam 17676:Japonisme 17646:1863–1899 17608:in Greece 17468:to modern 17313:Caribbean 17258:Goût grec 17180:Capriccio 17134:Tenebrism 17083:Turquerie 16981:Mannerism 16876:Medieval 16733:Byzantine 16714:Mozarabic 16665:Ethiopian 16569:Neo-Attic 16552:"Baroque" 16537:Classical 16507:Geometric 16485:Mycenaean 16432:(Western) 16430:Premodern 16401:Premodern 16254:Five Eyes 16249:EU–UK TCA 16091:Democracy 15980:Old Norse 15869:Abrahamic 15826:Peritrope 15808:Tolerance 15788:Socialism 15618:Mythology 15606:Classical 15555:Languages 15533:Astrology 15381:Modernism 15195:Old World 14917:Perennial 14706:Economics 14658:Feudalism 14444:Australia 14192:Aurangzeb 14168:Political 14158:By person 13839:Pius Wars 13634:Treaty of 13293:conflicts 13100:Poor Laws 12963:Hispanism 12840:Sarmatism 12670:Sonderweg 12428:Expansion 12153:Litvinism 11987:Argentina 11821:Long 18th 11704:Dark Ages 11484:Historism 11282:Political 11221:Geography 11158:Philology 11121:Genealogy 11116:Epigraphy 11059:By source 10898:Artifacts 10431:Feudalism 10402:Catalonia 9849:Academic 9799:Huguenots 9794:Calvinism 9740:Overviews 9698:Diplomacy 9646:Louis XIV 9477:Countries 9392:Political 9270:Overviews 9173:Humanists 9163:Composers 9004:By region 8884:Sculpture 8832:Palladian 8774:Mannerism 8516:Ward, A. 8193:26919731M 8120:1452-7243 7412:in 1364. 7272:883146361 6424:161360211 6158:, p. viii 6093:195006163 5875:cite book 5566:, vol I: 5434:, p. 465 5422:, p. 129 5181:0022-5037 5125:0002-8762 4684:Citations 4545:rinascere 4345:The term 4311:Dark Ages 4251:bourgeois 4243:feudalism 4082:historian 4045:rinascita 3968:New World 3898:. In the 3782:New World 3678:Manueline 3501:pilasters 3489:Mannerism 3362:brothers 3328:Rosenborg 3277:polyphony 3224:anatomist 3184:Master MS 3014:Esztergom 2986:Sigismund 2822:Francis I 2796:historian 2682:Mannerism 2595:Donatello 2561:rinascita 2342:from the 2159:Australia 2130:In 1492, 1989:New World 1985:discovery 1953:Ptolemaic 1826:Mannerist 1822:Composite 1810:pilasters 1775:Vitruvius 1764:oil paint 1741:Donatello 1687:Vitruvius 1455:Great Men 1394:Epidemics 1364:afterlife 1298:Merchants 1294:democracy 1257:feudalism 1241:urbanized 1237:Venetians 1107:Samarkand 1063:Lucretius 995:Donatello 875:Hans Kohn 809:Byzantium 740:antiquity 653:nostalgia 506:polymaths 460:humanitas 426:rinascita 386:modernity 369:-ə-sahnss 87:Fine arts 19457:Category 19407:Portrait 19328:Folk art 19276:Anti-art 19207:Stuckism 19120:Idea art 19041:Art game 18993:Artivism 18881:Punk art 18859:Sots Art 18844:Artscene 18701:Land art 18639:Neo-Dada 18571:Lettrism 18465:Nuagisme 18450:Tachisme 18331:Nazi art 18124:De Stijl 18038:Rayonism 18028:Art Deco 18016:Futurism 17807:Luminism 17775:Romanian 17760:Tonalism 17731:Canadian 17709:American 17615:Neo-Grec 17223:Rocaille 17052:Romanism 16986:Counter- 16920:Trecento 16860:Duecento 16850:Crusades 16782:Ottonian 16760:Frankish 16640:Medieval 16623:Trajanic 16583:Scythian 16578:Etruscan 16470:Cycladic 16448:Thracian 16314:Schengen 16244:Eurozone 16084:Property 16079:Religion 15970:Frankish 15960:Germanic 15940:Paganism 15861:Religion 15849:European 15761:Humanism 15664:Religion 15623:Painting 15589:Internet 15540:Folklore 15511:Clothing 15482:Calendar 15458:Cyrillic 15443:Alphabet 15406:Cold War 15119:Category 15034:template 14748:Religion 14599:Socrates 14514:Muhammed 14436:rankings 14317:Napoleon 14135:Category 13953:Cold War 13856:Slovakia 13443:Waterloo 13312:Crusades 13257:Military 13105:Scotland 13063:Kemalist 12385:Nam tiến 12380:Vietnam 12370:Ukraine 12328:Romania 12310:Portugal 12236:Georgia 12211:Medieval 12160:Bulgaria 12149:Belarus 12134:Austria 11940:Americas 11908:Morocco 11904:Ethiopia 11683:Specific 11606:Concepts 11511:Leninist 11469:Feminist 11457:Critical 11304:Feminism 11277:Military 11231:Business 11226:Economic 11208:Cultural 11192:By topic 11178:Toponymy 11126:Heraldry 11074:template 11021:By scale 10943:Logbooks 10928:Features 10893:Archives 10670:See also 10641:Cold War 10436:Crusades 10406:Valencia 10068:See also 9814:Scottish 9774:Haskalah 9762:Hussites 9733:Religion 9612:England 9501:Germany 9470:Politics 9440:Concepts 9209:Ottonian 9129:Portugal 9113:Scotland 9031:Lombardy 9026:Florence 8950:Medicine 8901:Humanism 8857:Venetian 8800:By field 8644:(1977); 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