Republicanism - Knowledge

3473: 3234:, formed the authoritative literature of this culture; and its values and concepts were those with which we have grown familiar: a civic and patriot ideal in which the personality was founded in property, perfected in citizenship but perpetually threatened by corruption; government figuring paradoxically as the principal source of corruption and operating through such means as patronage, faction, standing armies (opposed to the ideal of the militia), established churches (opposed to the Puritan and deist modes of American religion) and the promotion of a monied interest – though the formulation of this last concept was somewhat hindered by the keen desire for readily available paper credit common in colonies of settlement. A neoclassical politics provided both the ethos of the elites and the rhetoric of the upwardly mobile, and accounts for the singular cultural and intellectual homogeneity of the Founding Fathers and their generation. 2390: 3253:

to this point, the conviction had prevailed in Europe that monarchy best served the interests of the nation. Now the idea spread that the nation should govern itself. But only after a state had actually been formed on the basis of the theory of representation did the full significance of this idea become clear. All later revolutionary movements have this same goal... This was the complete reversal of a principle. Until then, a king who ruled by the grace of God had been the center around which everything turned. Now the idea emerged that power should come from below.... These two principles are like two opposite poles, and it is the conflict between them that determines the course of the modern world. In Europe the conflict between them had not yet taken on concrete form; with the French Revolution it did.

3407:, Tone drafted suitable resolutions for the occasion, including one favouring the inclusion of Catholics in any reforms. In a covering letter to Russell, Tone wrote, "I have not said one word that looks like a wish for separation, though I give it to you and your friends as my most decided opinion that such an event would be a regeneration of their country". By 1795, Tone's republicanism and that of the society had openly crystallized when he tells us: "I remember particularly two days thae we passed on Cave Hill. On the first Russell, Neilson, Simms, McCracken and one or two more of us, on the summit of McArt's fort, took a solemn obligation...never to desist in our efforts until we had subverted the authority of England over our country and asserted her independence." 3360:

Englishmen, whose object is the interest of another country, whose instrument is corruption, and whose strength is the weakness of Ireland..." They adopted three central positions: (i) to seek out a cordial union among all the people of Ireland, to maintain that balance essential to preserve liberties and extend commerce; (ii) that the sole constitutional mode by which English influence can be opposed, is by a complete and radical reform of the representation of the people in Parliament; (iii) that no reform is practicable or efficacious, or just which shall not include Irishmen of every religious persuasion. The declaration, then, urged constitutional reform, union among Irish people and the removal of all religious disqualifications.

4300: 3271: 3876: 2579: 3007:, for instance, Milton uses Satan's fall to suggest that unfit monarchs should be brought to justice, and that such issues extend beyond the constraints of one nation. As Christopher N. Warren argues, Milton offers "a language to critique imperialism, to question the legitimacy of dictators, to defend free international discourse, to fight unjust property relations, and to forge new political bonds across national lines." This form of international Miltonic republicanism has been influential on later thinkers including 19th-century radicals 2428:

aristocracy, and democracy with the Roman Republic constituted in such a manner that it applied the strengths of each system to offset the weaknesses of the others. In his view, the mixed system of the Roman Republic provided the Romans with a much greater level of domestic tranquillity than would have been experienced under another form of government. Furthermore, Polybius argued, the comparative level of domestic tranquillity the Romans enjoyed allowed them to conquer the Mediterranean. Polybius exerted a great influence on

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or not they were replaced with democratic institutions (such as in France, China, Iran, Russia, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Italy, Greece, Turkey and Egypt). In Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Papua New Guinea, and some other countries the monarch, or its representative, is given supreme executive power, but by convention acts only on the advice of his or her ministers. Many nations had elite upper houses of legislatures, the members of which often had lifetime tenure, but eventually these houses lost much power (as the UK

4539: 2310: 4411: 3345: 4033: 4194:, while adopting a secular political outlook. After the demise of the Ottoman Empire, Atatürk, influenced by both the Young Ottomans and the Young Turks, as well as by their successes and failures, led the declaration of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, borrowing from the earlier movements' ideas of secularism and Turkish nationalism, while implementing free education and other reforms that have been enshrined by later leaders into guidelines for governing Turkey. 2119: 1379: 3067: 4102: 4528: 4203: 3585: 2914:

with many of the most prominent political commentators of the day recognising it to be an experiment in a new type of popular and democratic government. Its influence was particularly notable among the French Enlightenment philosophers: Rousseau's famous work On the Social Contract (1762: chapter 10, book II) declared, in its discussion on the conditions necessary for a functional popular sovereignty, that "

7528: 2597:, embraced a republican system of government. These were generally small but wealthy trading states in which the merchant class had risen to prominence. Haakonssen notes that by the Renaissance, Europe was divided, such that those states controlled by a landed elite were monarchies, and those controlled by a commercial elite were republics. The latter included the Italian city-states of 2332:" was rendered into Latin as res publica. Consequently, political theory until relatively recently often used republic in the general sense of "regime". There is no single written expression or definition from this era that exactly corresponds with a modern understanding of the term "republic" but most of the essential features of the modern definition are present in the works of 2358:, Plato places great emphasis on the importance of civic virtue (aiming for the good) together with personal virtue ('just man') on the part of the ideal rulers. Indeed, in Book V, Plato asserts that until rulers have the nature of philosophers (Socrates) or philosophers become the rulers, there can be no civic peace or happiness. 3522:. The radicals, in turn, formed a heterogeneous group with almost no representation within the imperial bureaucracy. They were on the left of the political spectrum, along Jacobin lines, and defended broad reforms such as the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic, federalism, the extinction of the 2459:, it is most often translated "republic" where the Latin expression refers to the Roman state, and its form of government, between the era of the Kings and the era of the Emperors. This Roman Republic would, by a modern understanding of the word, still be defined as a true republic, even if not coinciding entirely. Thus, 4692:

argue that much constitutional thought, from Madison to Lincoln and beyond, has focused on "the problem of majority tyranny." They conclude, "The principles of republican government embedded in the Constitution represent an effort by the framers to ensure that the inalienable rights of life, liberty,

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By abandoning English constitutionalism and creating a new republic based on the rights of the individual, the North Americans introduced a new force in the world. Ideas spread most rapidly when they have found adequate concrete expression. Thus republicanism entered our Romanic/Germanic world.... Up

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Its governing philosophy was both inspired by the prominent thinkers of the day, notably the French philosophers Montesquieu and Voltaire and the Swiss theorist Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Not only did it include a permanent national parliament with fixed-term legislatures and regular elections, but, more

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Rather than being ideological, this approach focuses on applying a scientific methodology to the problems of governance through the rigorous study and application of past experience and experimentation in governance. This is the approach that may best be described to apply to republican thinkers such

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Lucien Felli, "La renaissance du Paolisme". M. Bartoli, Pasquale Paoli, père de la patrie corse, Albatros, 1974, p. 29. "There is one area where the pioneering nature of Paoli's institutions is particularly pronounced, and that is in the area of voting rights. Indeed they allowed for female suffrage

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Some countries (such as the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Scandinavian countries, and Japan) turned powerful monarchs into constitutional ones with limited, or eventually merely symbolic, powers. Often the monarchy was abolished along with the aristocratic system, whether

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in November 1791, only eight months after publication of the first edition, he informed a friend that in England "almost sixteen thousand has gone off – and in Ireland above forty thousand". Paine may have been inclined to talk up sales of his works but what is striking in this context is that Paine

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and foreshadowed modern republicanism. The revolutionaries, after overthrowing the French monarchy in the 1790s, began by setting up a republic; Napoleon converted it into an Empire with a new aristocracy. In the 1830s Belgium adopted some of the innovations of the progressive political philosophers

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In the decades before the American Revolution (1776), the intellectual and political leaders of the colonies studied history intently, looking for models of good government. They especially followed the development of republican ideas in England. Pocock explained the intellectual sources in America:

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Romans still called their state "Res Publica" in the era of the early emperors because, on the surface, the organization of the state had been preserved by the first emperors without significant alteration. Several offices from the Republican era, held by individuals, were combined under the control

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Liberalism and republicanism were frequently conflated during this period, because they both opposed absolute monarchy. Modern scholars see them as two distinct streams that both contributed to the democratic ideals of the modern world. An important distinction is that, while republicanism stressed

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Fulltext: in Jstor. Summary of Pocock's influential ideas that traces the Machiavellian belief in and emphasis upon Greco-Roman ideals of unspecialized civic virtue and liberty from 15th century Florence through 17th century England and Scotland to 18th century America. Pocock argues that thinkers

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was founded in 1791 in Belfast and Dublin. The inaugural meeting of the United Irishmen in Belfast on 18 October 1791 approved a declaration of the society's objectives. It identified the central grievance that Ireland had no national government: "...we are ruled by Englishmen, and the servants of

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There is still one European country capable of making its own laws: the island of Corsica. valour and persistency with which that brave people has regained and defended its liberty well deserves that some wise man should teach it how to preserve what it has won. I have a feeling that some day that

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increasingly refer to republicanism. In a survey conducted in 2007 reported that 69% of the population prefer the monarchy to continue, compared with 22% opting for a republic. In a 2008 survey, 58% of Spanish citizens were indifferent, 16% favored a republic, 16% were monarchists, and 7% claimed

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The Corsican Republic lasted for fifteen years, from 1755 to 1769, eventually falling to a combination of Genoese and French forces and was incorporated as a province of the Kingdom of France. But the episode resonated across Europe as an early example of Enlightened constitutional republicanism,

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scholars used the ideas of the ancient world to advance their view of an ideal government. Thus the republicanism developed during the Renaissance is known as 'classical republicanism' because it relied on classical models. This terminology was developed by Zera Fink in the 1940s, but some modern

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In 1870 a group of radical liberals, convinced of the impossibility of achieving their desired reforms within the Brazilian monarchical system, met and founded the Republican Party. From its founding until 1889, the party operated in an erratic and geographically diverse manner. The republican

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as an institutional form in the dramatic rise of Rome's hegemony over the Mediterranean. In his writing on the constitution of the Roman Republic, Polybius described the system as being a "mixed" form of government. Specifically, Polybius described the Roman system as a mixture of monarchy,

4273:. This led to questions about whether or not the institution should continue, with politicians speaking in support of abolition. This ended when Victoria returned to public duties later in the century and regained significant public support. More recently, in the early 21st century, 2752:, republicanism was the influential ideology. After the establishment of the Commonwealth of Two Nations, republicans supported the status quo, of having a very weak monarch, and opposed those who thought a stronger monarchy was needed. These mostly Polish republicans, such as 4423:

is the effort by current scholars to draw on a classical republican tradition in the development of an attractive public philosophy intended for contemporary purposes. Neorepublicanism emerges as an alternative postsocialist critique of market society from the left.

2837: 2666:, which is better remembered and more widely read, on how best to run a monarchy. The early modern writers did not see the republican model as universally applicable; most thought that it could be successful only in very small and highly urbanized city-states. 7103:

who shared these ideals tended to believe that the function of property was to maintain an individual's independence as a precondition of his virtue. Therefore they were disposed to attack the new commercial and financial regime that was beginning to develop.

3046:), which denounced the corruption of the "court" party, producing a political theory that heavily influenced the American colonists. In general, the English ruling classes of the 18th century vehemently opposed republicanism, typified by the attacks on 4675:

was that the former became weaker as it got larger and suffered more violently from the effects of faction, whereas a republic could get stronger as it got larger and combatted faction by its very structure. What was critical to American values,

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established power, shortly after Augustus' death in 14 CE (much later than most historians place the start of the Imperial form of government in Rome). By this time, too many principles defining some powers as "untouchable" had been implemented.

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In the late 18th century there was convergence of democracy and republicanism. Republicanism is a system that replaces or accompanies inherited rule. There is an emphasis on liberty, and a rejection of corruption. It strongly influenced the

2851:. Although perhaps an unlikely place to act as a laboratory for such political experiments, Corsica combined a number of factors that made it unique: a tradition of village democracy; varied cultural influences from the Italian city-states, 2768:. Atypically, Polish–Lithuanian republicanism was not the ideology of the commercial class, but rather of the landed nobility, which would lose power if the monarchy were expanded. This resulted in an oligarchy of the great landed magnates. 4571:

in the 1770s and 1790s, respectively. Republicans, in these two examples, tended to reject inherited elites and aristocracies, but left open two questions: whether a republic, to restrain unchecked majority rule, should have an unelected

3820:, paved the way for the establishment of the dictatorship. With the implementation of fascist laws (Royal Decree of 6 November 1926), all political parties operating on Italian territory were dissolved, with the exception of the 2626:

scholars, such as Brugger, consider it confuses the "classical republic" with the system of government used in the ancient world. 'Early modern republicanism' has been proposed as an alternative term. It is also sometimes called

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There has existed in Spain a persistent trend of republican thought, especially throughout the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries, that has manifested itself in diverse political parties and movements over the entire course of the

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a pure democracy, by which I mean a society consisting of a small number of citizens, who assemble and administer the government in person … A republic, by which I mean a government in which the scheme of representation takes

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movement, which aimed to transform Italy into a unitary democratic republic, according to the principles of freedom, independence and unity, but also to oust the monarchic regimes pre-existing the unification, including the

2215:, the "science of politics is the science of social happiness" and a republic is the form of government arrived at when the science of politics is appropriately applied to the creation of a rationally designed government. 3089:, expanded upon and altered the ideas of what an ideal republic should be: some of their new ideas were scarcely traceable to antiquity or the Renaissance thinkers. Concepts they contributed, or heavily elaborated, were 2927:". But the influence of the Corsican Republic as an example of a sovereign people fighting for liberty and enshrining this constitutionally in the form of an Enlightened republic was even greater among the Radicals of 4312:. While these movements have shared the objective of establishing a republic, during these three centuries there have surged distinct schools of thought on the form republicans would want to give to the Spanish 4087:, presenting himself as the military savior of France in the 1940s, and the political savior in the 1950s, refashioned the meaning of republicanism. Both left and right enshrined him in the Republican pantheon. 3755:, which were annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia after a plebiscite. This earned him heavy criticism from numerous republicans who accused him of treason. While a laborious administrative unification began, a 7123:

The Eighteenth-Century Commonwealthman Studies in the Transmission, Development, and Circumstance of English Liberal Thought from the Restoration of Charles II Until the War with the Thirteen Colonies (1959)

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and João Soares Lisboa, but republican ideology better developed as a political current after the emergence of the so-called radical liberal faction in the crisis of the final years of the First Reign.

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The Eighteenth-Century Commonwealthman: Studies in the Transmission, Development, and Circumstance of English Liberal Thought from the Restoration of Charles II until the War with the Thirteen Colonies

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Everdell, William R., "From State to Free-State: The Meaning of the word Republic from Jean Bodin to John Adams" 7th International Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies conference, Budapest, 7/31/87;

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Increasingly, after the fall of communism in 1989 and the collapse of the Marxist interpretation of the French Revolution, France increasingly turned to republicanism to define its national identity.

3418:– with military support from revolutionary France in August and again October 1798. After the failure of the rising of 1798 the United Irishman, John Daly Burk, an émigré in the United States in his 5859: 3383:

wrote later that, "This controversy, and the gigantic event which gave rise to it, changed in an instant the politics of Ireland." Paine himself was aware of this commenting on sales of Part I of

2681:, and Renaissance writers like Machiavelli tried to avoid an outspoken preference for one government system or another. Enlightenment philosophers, on the other hand, expressed a clear opinion. 3514:. The moderates defended political-institutional reforms such as decentralization, without, however, giving up the monarchical system. Their main doctrinal references were Locke, Montesquieu, 2871:; and a geo-political position between these three competing powers which led to frequent power vacuums in which new regimes could be set up, testing out the fashionable new ideas of the age. 3530:, the separation between Church and State, relative social equality, the extension of political and civil rights to all free segments of society, including women, the staunch opposition to 4216:

in the early 19th century, and republican ideals and political designs were influential in the new Latin American republics. Diplomats and international jurists in Latin America, such as

2538:, a contemporary of Plutarch, was not concerned with whether a form of government could be analysed as a "republic" or a "monarchy". He analysed how the powers accumulated by the early 2416:, by following the example of the Greeks. Some of this history, composed more than 500 years after the events, with scant written sources to rely on, may be fictitious reconstruction. 3700:. Mazzini formulated a concept known as "thought and action" in which thought and action must be joined together and every thought must be followed by action, therefore rejecting 6583: 4365: 4285:

in 2022, has led to public support for the monarchy reaching historical lows. As time goes on monarchy has improved its positions, against expectations of many republicans.

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were all given by a State that was still notionally a republic. Nor was the Roman Republic "forced" to give away these powers: it did so freely and reasonably, certainly in

2712:, which began in 1568. This anti-monarchism was more propaganda than a political philosophy; most of the anti-monarchist works appeared in the form of widely distributed 4220:, shaped a tradition of "republican internationalism" that connected domestic republican ideals and practices with the region's emerging place in international society. 3363:

The movement was influenced, at least in part, by the French Revolution. Public interest, already strongly aroused, was brought to a pitch by the publication in 1790 of

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Republicanism may also refer to the non-ideological scientific approach to politics and governance. As the republican thinker and second president of the United States

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to have been a republic as it had a political system similar to that of some of the Greek cities, notably Sparta, but avoided some of the defects that affected them.

4239:. Several of these figures produced essays, pamphlets, and collections of speeches that drew upon and adapted the broader tradition of republican political thought. 7249:

Republicanism: A Shared European Heritage, v 1: Republicanism and Constitutionalism in Early Modern Europe; vol 2: The Value of Republicanism in Early Modern Europe

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collapsed in the latter part of the 1st century BCE, giving way to what was a monarchy in form, if not in name. Republics recurred subsequently, with, for example,

7205: 2685:, writing before the Age of Enlightenment, was too outspoken for the reigning king's taste, even though he coded his political preferences in a utopian allegory. 7182: 6558: 2764:, were well read in classical and Renaissance texts and firmly believed that their state was a republic on the Roman model, and started to call their state the 4587:

and sovereignty of the people. In effect, republicanism held that kings and aristocracies were not the real rulers, but rather the whole people were. Exactly

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pioneered the argument that the American founding fathers were more influenced by republicanism than they were by liberalism. Cornell University professor

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did exist for heads of the family. It also extended Enlightened principles to other spheres, including administrative reform, the foundation of a national

3805:, one of the most committed Italian politicians against the monarchy, preceded his oath with a declaration in which he reaffirmed his republican beliefs. 4591:

the people were to rule was an issue of democracy: republicanism itself did not specify a means. In the United States, the solution was the creation of

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in 1848 which made it illegal to advocate for republicanism. Another "significant incarnation" of republicanism broke out in the late 19th century when

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From the 1720s the island had been experiencing a series of short-lived but ongoing rebellions against its current sovereign, the Italian city-state of

2532:, who were trying to realise such ideals. Eventually, that opposition led to his death and Cicero can be seen as a victim of his own Republican ideals. 5335:"Projet de constitution pour la Corse ", published in Œuvres et correspondance inédites de J.J. Rousseau, (M.G. Streckeinsen-Moultou, ed.). Paris, 1861 3242:

inevitable. Britain was increasingly seen as corrupt and hostile to republicanism, and as a threat to the established liberties the Americans enjoyed.

4397:, without a common position for the fate of the monarchy after his death). In recent years, there has been a tie between Monarchists and Republicans. 3472: 9674: 5120: 6795: 3801:. The problem of the oath of loyalty to the monarchy, necessary to be elected, was the subject of controversy within the republican forces. In 1873 2878:. During the initial period (1729–36) these merely sought to restore the control of the Spanish Empire; when this proved impossible, an independent 2724:. They saw all monarchies as illegitimate tyrannies that were inherently corrupt. These authors were more concerned with preventing the position of 6608: 6259: 5434: 3843:

for the previous twenty years. These frustrations contributed to a revival of the Italian republican movement. Italy became a republic after the

1407: 3182:(1975) that, at least in the early 18th century, republican ideas were just as important as liberal ones. Pocock's view is now widely accepted. 9721: 7828: 4875: 4501:, political scientist Alex Gourevitch examines a strain of late 19th century American republicanism known as labour republicanism that was the 2890:

pushed for political overhaul, in the form of a constitutional and parliamentary republic inspired by the popular ideas of the Enlightenment.

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Eco Haitsma Mulier, "The language of seventeenth-century republicanism in the United Provinces: Dutch or European?." in Anthony Pagden, ed.,

6664: 5641: 2919:."; indeed Rousseau volunteered to do precisely that, offering a draft constitution for Paoli'se use. Similarly, Voltaire affirmed in his 3121:. It is clearest in the matter of private property, which, according to some, can be maintained only under the protection of established 2202:. It has had different definitions and interpretations which vary significantly based on historical context and methodological approach. 2094: 4607:

rejected "pure democracy" in favour of representative democracy, which he called "a republic". There were similar debates in many other

8618: 8259: 7318: 7290:, Cambridge University Press, 2006. (Looks at German Republicanism with contrasts and criticisms of Quentin Skinner and Philip Pettit). 5550: 4186:

in the Empire and introduce limited democracy for the first time while maintaining Islamist influences. In the early 20th century, the

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Dissatisfaction with British rule led to a longer period of agitation in the early 19th century and failed republican revolutions in

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in a republican state. Mazzini's thoughts had a very considerable influence on the Italian and European republican movements, in the

3231: 3143:. These laws ended the Catholic Church's involvement in many government institutions in late 19th-century France, including schools. 3082: 2847:

The first of the Enlightenment republics established in Europe during the 18th century occurred in the small Mediterranean island of

2408:, who is noted for his biographies and moral essays, described how Rome had developed its legislation, notably the transition from a 7785: 7440:

Shalhope, Robert E. "Toward a Republican Synthesis: The Emergence of an Understanding of Republicanism in American Historiography",

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Robert E. Shalhope, "Toward a Republican Synthesis: The Emergence of an Understanding of Republicanism in American Historiography",

2377:", because they featured extensive participation by the citizens in legislation and political decision-making. Aristotle considered 8803: 7710: 6533: 4680:

insisted, was that the government should be "bound by fixed laws, which the people have a voice in making, and a right to defend."

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During the First Reign, three groups emerged on the country's political scene: the moderate liberals, the radical liberals and the

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In England a type of republicanism evolved that was not wholly opposed to monarchy; thinkers such as Thomas More, John Fisher and

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Taylor, Antony (2002). "Shakespeare and Radicalism: The Uses and Abuses of Shakespeare in Nineteenth-Century Popular Politics."

4139:, was defined by sweeping political, social, cultural and religious reforms designed to separate the new Turkish state from its 2955:

was named Pascal Paoli Mackintosh in his honour, and no fewer than five American counties are named Paoli for the same reason.

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with the rank of corporal. He was sentenced to death and shot in 1870 for having favored an insurrectional attempt against the

3570:. Only in São Paulo, however, did the movement become a true organized and disciplined party capable of electoral competition. 2886:. But the perception grew that the monarchy had colluded with the invading power, a more radical group of reformers led by the 2389: 108: 2520:

works he defended monarchy, or at least a mixed monarchy/oligarchy, in his own political life, he generally opposed men, like

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and many more. Most of those policies were first introduced to and implemented in Turkey during Atatürk's presidency through

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Dickson, Keogh and Whelan, The United Irishmen. Republicanism, Radicalism and Rebellion, pp. 135–137 (Lilliput, Dublin) 1993

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Philippe-Jean Catinchi et Josyane Savigneau, "Les femmes : du droit de vote à la parité", Le Monde.fr, 31 janvier 2013

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In the political panorama of the time there was a republican political movement which had its martyrs, such as the soldier

3760: 2903: 1188: 7791: 4890: 1105: 9521: 9431: 6490:. José Antonio Aguilar Rivera, Rafael Rojas (1st ed.). México: Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas. 2002. 4248: 3906: 3717: 3523: 2617:, a group of largely autonomous villages, which confederated in a peasants' republic. Building upon concepts of medieval 2099: 1400: 1258: 884: 575: 10049: 9546: 7716: 6691: 3633:

there are several so-called "republican" governments that have followed one another over time. Examples are the ancient

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extended beyond the civic humanism of the Renaissance. Classical republicanism, still supported by philosophers such as

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because the citizens wanted to give them, or whether they were given for other reasons (for example, because one had a

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L'idée républicaine en Europe (xviii – xxi siècle): histoire et pensée universelle, Europe - La République universelle

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L'idée républicaine en Europe (xviii – xxi siècle): histoire et pensée universelle, Europe - La République universelle

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Brazilian historiography generally identifies republican thought with the movement that was formally organized in the

7460: 6562: 6495: 5889: 4794: 4761: 4167: 3491: 2785: 1365: 830: 615: 7770: 7764: 4370: 2561:). The latter case led more easily to abuses of power. In Tacitus' opinion, the trend away from a true republic was 9491: 7941: 7672: 7666: 7469: 4558:! Death to the king – Republic! Republic! – the people! Brunkeberg this evening." The writer's identity is unknown. 4009: 3914: 2729: 2104: 1233: 904: 7374:

Thomas Jefferson and the Science of Republican Government: A Political Biography of Notes on the State of Virginia

3945:, and hereditary political power; virtue and faithfulness in the performance of civic duties; and vilification of 1750: 1145: 8447: 8298: 7497: 5743:

Almanacco della Repubblica. Storia d'Italia attraverso le tradizioni, le istituzioni e le simbologie repubblicane

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an inherited aristocracy and sultinate suppressed republican ideas until the successful republican revolution of

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policies of the 18th and 19th centuries intended to help workers only lead to their domination by employers. In

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and free labour. These burgeoning radical traditions in America became epitomized in the early formation of the

3448:, was only one of several theories seeking to limit the power of monarchies rather than directly opposing them. 3131:, Prime Minister of France from 1880 to 1885, followed both these schools of thought. He eventually enacted the 9648: 9501: 8387: 7695: 7690: 7532: 7115: 3736: 3487: 3326:, in theory, makes anti-discrimination laws unnecessary, though some critics may argue that in republics also, 2951:, would declare Pascal Paoli to be a direct inspiration for their own struggle against the British; the son of 1393: 239: 6306:

Sudhir Hazareesingh, "Conflicts Of Memory: Republicanism and the Commemoration of the Past in Modern France",

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Michel Vergé-Franceschi, "Pascal Paoli, un Corse des Lumières", Cahiers de la Méditerranée, 72 | 2006, 97–112.

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Gerald F. Gaus, "Backwards into the future: Neorepublicanism as a postsocialist critique of market society."

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The political projects of Mazzini and Cattaneo were thwarted by the action of the Piedmontese Prime Minister

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in 1848 claimed that American republicanism played a crucial role in the development of European liberalism:

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The aftermath of World War II left Italy also with an anger against the monarchy for its endorsement of the

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as a head of state, even if these states also are representative democracies, with an elected or appointed

4637: 4385: 4059: 3890: 2251: 2140: 1538: 1355: 1318: 1238: 1198: 1100: 1095: 7231:

The Classical Republicans: An Essay in the Recovery of a Pattern of Thought in Seventeenth-Century England

5198:

The classical republicans: an essay on the recovery of a pattern of thought in seventeenth-century England

3194:, on the other hand, argues that Americans have always been highly individualistic and therefore Lockean. 10106: 9601: 9596: 9381: 7516: 7263:

Republicanism and Bourgeois Radicalism: Political Ideology in Late Eighteenth-Century England and America

5297:

Disorderly Liberty: The political culture of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the eighteenth century

4254: 4077: 3388:

believed that Irish sales were so far ahead of English ones before Part II had appeared. On 5 June 1792,

2242:(public thing), which referred to the system of government that emerged in the 6th century BCE following 1090: 20: 6056: 3649:, Italian philosophers have imagined the foundations of political science and republicanism. But it was 2471:

of a single person. These changes became permanent, and gradually conferred sovereignty on the Emperor.

8266: 7926: 7542: 6519: 4112: 3910: 3786: 3748: 3356: 2801: 2086: 1193: 894: 565: 8583: 5438: 4816: 2463:

philosophers saw the Roman Republic as an ideal system because it included features like a systematic

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warned that "an elective despotism is not the government we fought for." Professors Richard Ellis of

4047: 3527: 3211: 2998: 2990: 2067: 1203: 1170: 1070: 1065: 735: 352: 7745: 6771:

From Slavery to the Cooperative Commonwealth: Labor and Republican Liberty in the Nineteenth Century

6632:

Frank Lovett and Philip Pettit. "Neorepublicanism: a normative and institutional research program."

9471: 7009: 6744: 4623: 4051: 3921:

have, or ought to have. Political scientists and historians have described these central values as

3422:

written in 1799, was most emphatic in its identification of the Irish, French and American causes.

3178: 2821: 2793: 2789: 1804: 1735: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1120: 695: 98: 7129:

Citizen-Soldiers and Manly Warriors: Military Service and Gender in the Civic Republican Tradition

5372:

Big Leagues: Specters of Milton and Republican International Justice between Shakespeare and Marx.

5355:

Big Leagues: Specters of Milton and Republican International Justice between Shakespeare and Marx.

4583:

Though conceptually separate from democracy, republicanism included the key principles of rule by

4132: 4120: 4105: 3785:

The Republicans took part in the elections to the Italian Parliament, and in 1853 they formed the

475: 9994: 9451: 9371: 8788: 8377: 8288: 6637: 4584: 4435:, who have each written several works defining republicanism and how it differs from liberalism. 4360: 4262: 4258: 4096: 3457: 3415: 3411: 3219: 3019: 2982: 2895: 2883: 2737: 2689: 2325: 2294: 2266: 2175: 2133: 1759: 1253: 1243: 1208: 924: 570: 161: 73: 9185: 7099: 5680: 5323: 5034: 4550:

he is not fit to be a king – rather the Republic! Reform! Down with the Royal house – long live

4156: 3728:

promoted a secular and republican Italy in the extension of Mazzini's ideas, but organized as a

3498:, the country saw the emergence of a republican discourse among the writings of figures such as 2898:, and it is thought to be the first constitution in the world to grant women the right to vote, 2817: 10192: 10151: 9853: 8778: 8758: 8608: 8278: 7906: 5722: 4577: 4394: 4356: 4337: 4294: 4270: 4228: 4066:

predecessors. Italian radicals also maintained close links with republicanism, as well as with

4055: 3849: 3821: 3495: 3404: 3327: 3223: 2943:. The Corsican Republic went on to influence the American revolutionaries ten years later: the 2539: 2479: 1995: 1263: 1248: 780: 715: 264: 254: 8645: 7222:, NY: The Free Press, 1983; 2nd ed., Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000 (condensed at 5806: 4939: 4299: 3793:. Although in exile, Mazzini was elected in 1866, but refused to take his seat in parliament. 3646: 2651: 2650:. Renaissance authors who spoke highly of republics were rarely critical of monarchies. While 2583: 2220: 377: 10042: 9788: 8932: 8887: 8698: 8293: 6365: 6147: 6130: 5796: 4726: 4716: 4685: 4516: 4143:

predecessor and embrace a Western-style modernized lifestyle, including the establishment of

4136: 4072: 3875: 3673: 3535: 3301: 3282: 3275: 3086: 3042:

of 1688. Even so, republicanism flourished in the "country" party of the early 18th century (

3027: 2936: 2509:. First Plato and Aristotle, and then Polybius and Cicero, held that the ideal republic is a 2282: 2037: 1976: 1931: 1894: 1745: 1730: 1691: 1514: 1494: 1308: 1130: 944: 825: 437: 417: 327: 171: 53: 8748: 7350:

The Lamp of Experience: Whig History and the Intellectual Origins of the American Revolution

6213: 5490:

The Lamp of Experience: Whig History and the Intellectual Origins of the American Revolution

5420:

The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition

5185:

The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine political thought and the Atlantic republican tradition

4269:

went into mourning and largely disappeared from public view after the death of her husband,

4012:, known as "red republicanism." The efforts were primarily led by political leaders such as 3551: 2761: 2489:

In its classical meaning, a republic was any stable well-governed political community. Both

2432:

as he wrote his politico-philosophical works in the 1st century BCE. In one of these works,

9999: 9805: 9778: 9441: 9321: 9090: 8897: 8738: 8665: 8357: 8318: 8303: 7837: 5033:

Fronda, Michael P. (2015). "Why Roman Republicanism? Its Emergence and Nature in Context".

4751: 4508: 4345: 4144: 3958: 3946: 3833: 3797:

was elected deputy in 1860 and 1867, but refused so as not to have to swear loyalty to the

3547: 3461: 3431: 3270: 3162: 3161:

and in the British radicalism of the 18th century. For many decades the consensus was that

2986: 2868: 2753: 2716:. This evolved into a systematic critique of monarchy, written by men such as the brothers 2709: 2464: 2460: 2262: 2247: 2032: 1824: 1631: 1484: 1464: 1293: 1035: 974: 337: 259: 166: 133: 8912: 7353: 7298: 5493: 3486:

during the 1870s to 1880s, but republicanism was already present in the country since the

3403:

was to be celebrated in Belfast on 14 July 1791 by a Volunteer meeting. At the request of

3030:

discredited republicanism among England's ruling circles. Nevertheless, they welcomed the

2324:, several philosophers and historians analysed and described elements we now recognize as 8: 10197: 10111: 9848: 9793: 9631: 9511: 9481: 9401: 8927: 8867: 8188: 8108: 5801: 4731: 4564: 4543: 4471: 4459: 4443:, advocates replacing or supplementing liberalism with republicanism, as outlined in his 4381: 4191: 3965: 3813: 3657: 3380: 3349: 3339: 3239: 3158: 3051: 3039: 3023: 2952: 2948: 2516:

Cicero expressed reservations concerning the republican form of government. While in his

2513:

of these three forms of government. The writers of the Renaissance embraced this notion.

2274: 2199: 2072: 2062: 2057: 2042: 2022: 1879: 1701: 1686: 1556: 1504: 1268: 1213: 1135: 1045: 934: 447: 229: 219: 214: 103: 8675: 7163:(2011) essays by 38 scholars from France, Britain and US covering topics since the 1790s 7090:

Pocock, J. G. A. "The Machiavellian Moment Revisited: a Study in History and Ideology.:

6858:

The Age of the Democratic Revolution: Political History of Europe and America, 1760–1800

6584:"España sigue siendo monárquica gracias a los andaluces y a pesar de catalanes y vascos" 4493:

traces the history of republican critiques of private power, arguing that the classical

10166: 9798: 9773: 9763: 9758: 9746: 9643: 9638: 9621: 9616: 9085: 8593: 8530: 7663: 6513: 6426: 6289: 6062: 5769: 5265: 5137: 4978: 4906: 4869: 4756: 4721: 4645: 4592: 4224: 4001: 3771: 3752: 3740: 3685: 3661: 3638: 3596: 2978: 2879: 2656: 2646:

were central to good government. Republicanism also developed its own distinct view of

2578: 2374: 2225: 2183: 2167: 2027: 1986: 1921: 1839: 1651: 1519: 1449: 1440: 1349: 1323: 1165: 1155: 1125: 1080: 1025: 1011: 874: 815: 590: 505: 224: 9075: 4348:(1833–1868) that the first clearly republican and anti-monarchist movements appeared. 4212:

Republicanism helped inspire movements for independence in former Spanish colonies of

3680:

and more nuanced on many politicians of a later period, among them American president

3515: 9878: 9768: 9741: 9606: 9551: 9391: 9180: 8842: 8768: 8743: 8545: 8347: 7604: 7574: 7343: 7132: 7111: 7095: 6960: 6870: 6774: 6723: 6670: 6609:"Empate técnico por primera vez: la República ya tiene tanto apoyo como la Monarquía" 6501: 6491: 6487:

El republicanismo en hispanoamérica : ensayos de historia intelectual y política

6467: 6457: 6430: 6391: 6381: 6240: 6230: 6152: 5963: 5935: 5907: 5885: 5864: 5838: 5777: 5746: 5700: 5661: 5319: 5257: 5238:"The Jacobin Phrenzy: The Menace of Monarchy, Plutocracy, and Anglophilia, 1789-1798" 5129: 5094: 5048: 4982: 4968: 4910: 4857: 4847: 4600: 4568: 4547: 4325: 4324:. The roots of Spanish republicanism arose out of liberal thought in the wake of the 4084: 4036: 3989: 3950: 3854: 3802: 3669: 3665: 3567: 3531: 3519: 3317: 3286: 3245: 3230:, together with the Greek, Roman, and Renaissance masters of the tradition as far as 3055: 2856: 2721: 2717: 2449:

The modern term "republic", despite its derivation, is not synonymous with the Roman

2278: 1844: 1819: 1459: 1424: 1360: 1333: 1110: 1050: 1030: 914: 685: 595: 347: 244: 32: 8660: 7511: 6453:

Las repúblicas de aire : utopía y desencanto en la revolución de Hispanoamérica

6324: 5696: 5657: 5376:

Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development

5359:

Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development

4576:—perhaps with members appointed as meritorious experts—and whether it should have a 3964:

Republicanism became the dominant political value of Americans during and after the

2907: 2423:, writing in the mid-2nd century BCE, emphasized (in Book 6) the role played by the 630: 88: 10074: 10064: 10037: 10006: 9900: 9863: 9611: 9541: 9311: 9230: 9225: 9150: 9125: 9070: 9060: 9050: 9020: 9000: 8990: 8857: 8852: 8810: 8753: 8550: 8233: 8228: 8203: 8148: 8123: 7553: 7215: 7197: 7139: 6820: 6284: 6279: 6271: 6142: 5955: 5692: 5653: 5249: 5170: 5156: 5086: 5040: 4960: 4935: 4902: 4779: 4774: 4741: 4681: 4619: 4451: 4440: 4377: 4321: 4309: 4278: 4232: 4043: 4017: 3973: 3825: 3809: 3790: 3779: 3697: 3650: 3630: 3623: 3608: 3588: 3483: 3396:

was proposed for honorary membership of the Dublin Society of the United Irishmen.

3098: 3012: 2963: 2635: 2610: 2594: 2510: 2482:. His philosophical works were influential when Enlightenment philosophers such as 2378: 2354: 2345: 1981: 1926: 1908: 1889: 1874: 1641: 1571: 1489: 1343: 1303: 1020: 854: 760: 660: 645: 555: 485: 392: 387: 362: 269: 249: 234: 93: 9215: 7223: 7071: 3559: 3344: 675: 585: 10171: 10069: 9828: 9668: 9341: 9260: 9220: 9190: 9175: 9140: 9135: 9105: 9080: 9065: 9040: 9025: 8960: 8937: 8922: 8907: 8892: 8763: 8718: 8703: 8693: 8515: 8510: 8367: 8362: 8342: 8330: 7780: 7758: 7705: 7685: 7612: 7360: 7305: 7287: 7244: 6719:

Private Government: How Employers Rule Our Lives (and Why We Don't Talk about It)

6420: 5642:"O bom exemplo de Washington: o republicanismo no Rio de Janeiro (c.1830 a 1835)" 5500: 5388: 5069:

Republics ancient and modern: Classical Republicanism and the American Revolution

4608: 4542:

A revolutionary republican hand-written bill from the Stockholm riots during the

4341: 4313: 4148: 4021: 3879: 3767: 3701: 3619: 3499: 3476: 3297: 3215: 3090: 3043: 2974: 2968: 2944: 2899: 2543: 2191: 2123: 2052: 2047: 1967: 1941: 1936: 1916: 1854: 1814: 1809: 1431: 1383: 1075: 1060: 700: 580: 540: 515: 495: 442: 427: 279: 274: 143: 138: 128: 83: 58: 7369:, NY: The Free Press, 1983; 2nd ed., Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. 6985:

Enlightened republicanism: a study of Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia

6717: 4659:

rarely praised and often criticized (direct) democracy, which they equated with

4538: 4217: 4206: 2809: 480: 307: 9957: 9937: 9932: 9920: 9658: 9566: 9556: 9285: 9160: 9145: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9055: 9030: 8985: 8965: 8827: 8798: 8773: 8728: 8708: 8670: 8625: 8505: 8495: 8352: 8183: 7996: 7682: 7562: 7060:

Bounding Power: Republican Security Theory from the Polis to the Global Village

6875: 4703: 4689: 4649: 4512: 4463: 4436: 4329: 4266: 4175: 4163: 4140: 4116: 4063: 4013: 3858: 3798: 3794: 3775: 3744: 3725: 3689: 3681: 3634: 3600: 3592: 3313: 3191: 3187: 3183: 2997:

was another important Republican thinker at this time, expressing his views in

2887: 2852: 2841: 2813: 2765: 2705: 2627: 2424: 2321: 2258: 1849: 1799: 1740: 1606: 1586: 1313: 1040: 1006: 805: 795: 750: 710: 705: 650: 640: 635: 620: 550: 535: 520: 510: 422: 322: 312: 302: 7728: 7413:

Liberty's Daughters: The Revolutionary Experience of American Women, 1750–1800

5253: 5044: 4861: 4515:, but also with a strong critique of the role of that union in supporting the 4223:

Many key political figures in the region identified as republicans, including

3101:. They also borrowed from, and distinguished republicanism from, the ideas of 2740:. In the other states of early modern Europe republicanism was more moderate. 605: 10186: 10141: 10101: 9893: 9815: 9591: 9421: 9331: 9280: 9250: 9240: 9170: 9165: 9155: 9015: 9005: 8995: 8970: 8837: 8815: 8733: 8640: 8613: 8598: 8540: 7201: 6471: 6377: 6373: 6244: 6156: 5927: 5815:: "Pretending to give lessons to kings, he gave great lessons to the people. 5704: 5665: 5261: 5133: 5090: 4964: 4953:

Bellamy, Richard (2022). "Republicanism: Non-domination and the free state".

4664: 4633: 4604: 4573: 4479: 4432: 4428: 4414: 4317: 4213: 3997: 3981: 3817: 3375: 3195: 3173: 3157:

In recent years a debate has developed over the role of republicanism in the

3118: 3003: 2940: 2932: 2928: 2925:

Bravery may be found in many places, but such bravery only among free peoples

2797: 2781: 2757: 2692:

saw a monarchy, firmly constrained by law, as compatible with republicanism.

2558: 2554: 2521: 2434: 2270: 2230: 2164: 1720: 1626: 1150: 984: 954: 864: 770: 765: 740: 720: 560: 432: 407: 382: 367: 357: 342: 297: 63: 16:

Political ideology centered on citizenship in a state organized as a republic

7538: 6505: 4956:

Routledge international handbook of contemporary social and political theory

4236: 3720:. The foundation of the Young Italy constitutes a key moment of the Italian 2309: 2212:

A Defense of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America

9888: 9873: 9868: 9571: 9255: 9245: 9235: 9100: 9095: 9035: 9010: 8980: 8975: 8882: 8877: 8723: 8603: 8337: 8273: 8143: 8133: 8128: 8047: 8037: 7981: 7871: 7620: 6853: 6416: 4841: 4532: 4505: 4486: 4005: 3985: 3977: 3902: 3829: 3721: 3555: 3389: 3364: 3305: 3136: 3122: 3110: 3094: 2614: 2349: 2171: 1955: 1834: 1794: 1789: 1725: 1706: 1566: 820: 800: 785: 745: 730: 690: 625: 610: 500: 402: 68: 7059: 6915: 6451: 6227:

The "S" word : a short history of an American tradition ... socialism

4595:

that reflected the votes of the people and controlled the government (see

3751:, Garibaldi handed over the conquered territories to the king of Sardinia 2792:

were prominent supporters of republicanism for various Caribbean islands.

2553:

Tacitus was one of the first to ask whether such powers were given to the

10096: 10059: 10054: 9984: 9905: 9883: 9833: 9810: 9270: 9265: 9200: 9195: 9045: 8917: 8872: 8862: 8655: 8650: 8588: 8525: 8308: 8283: 8208: 8168: 8138: 8113: 8093: 8072: 8052: 8032: 8022: 7991: 7856: 7596: 7578: 7282:

Moggach, Douglas. "Republican Rigorism and Emancipation in Bruno Bauer",

6936: 6485: 4640:, who serves for a limited term; in contrast to states with a hereditary 4553: 4502: 4494: 4187: 4032: 3954: 3942: 3901:

in this context does not refer to a political movement to abolish such a

3770:. Barsanti was a supporter of republican ideas, and was a soldier in the 3712: 3677: 3591:. His thoughts influenced many politicians of a later period, among them 3503: 3445: 3207: 3128: 3114: 3071: 3047: 2994: 2882:(1736–40) was proclaimed, following the Enlightenment ideal of a written 2860: 2682: 2643: 2622: 2590: 2525: 2502: 2451: 2362: 2238: 2195: 2187: 1829: 1779: 1715: 1711: 1681: 1616: 1546: 1298: 835: 775: 725: 670: 465: 397: 123: 118: 7052:

Republicanism and Liberalism in America and the German States, 1750–1850

5021:

American Republicanism: Roman Ideology in the United States Constitution

3169:, was paramount and that republicanism had a distinctly secondary role. 2728:

from evolving into a monarchy, than with attacking their former rulers.

2118: 1378: 10156: 10116: 10086: 9972: 9952: 9843: 9699: 9653: 9461: 9361: 9210: 9130: 8902: 8793: 8635: 8578: 8555: 8520: 8469: 8459: 8427: 8372: 8198: 8178: 8103: 8067: 7971: 7956: 7881: 7806: 7451:

Shalhope, Robert E. "Republicanism and Early American Historiography",

7422:. 2004. (many articles look at republicanism, esp. Shalhope, Robert E. 6901:

Robert E. Shalhope, "Republicanism and Early American Historiography",

6293: 5811: 5269: 5237: 5141: 5115: 4789: 4677: 4660: 4483: 4467: 4410: 4179: 4124: 3993: 3857:

was under a form of republican governance since the end of the ancient

3729: 3693: 3604: 3563: 3539: 3449: 3437: 3166: 3132: 3102: 3035: 3031: 2725: 2701: 2667: 2662: 2206: 2179: 1676: 1611: 1601: 1338: 1328: 790: 755: 680: 665: 600: 525: 470: 372: 317: 196: 181: 7392:

Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America

6260:"Horace Greeley and the Working Class Origins of the Republican Party" 5596:

Paine to John Hall, 25 Nov. 1791 (Foner, Paine Writings, II, p. 1,322)

3066: 2630:. Beyond simply a non-monarchy, early modern thinkers conceived of an 10146: 10091: 10081: 10016: 10011: 9967: 9858: 9838: 9351: 9290: 8847: 8490: 8417: 8402: 8323: 8243: 8238: 8163: 8118: 8098: 8077: 8062: 8042: 8027: 7891: 7851: 7755: 6321:

In the Shadow of the General: Modern France and the Myth of De Gaulle

5821:

Rousseau - Du Contrat social éd. Beaulavon 1903.djvu/237 - Wikisource

5472: 5371: 5354: 5222:

John M. Najemy, "Baron's Machiavelli and renaissance republicanism."

4101: 4067: 3934: 3708: 3453: 3238:

The commitment of most Americans to these republican values made the

3008: 2733: 2618: 2547: 2498: 2494: 2337: 2314: 2013: 1884: 1656: 1646: 1561: 1551: 810: 490: 186: 78: 7445: 7434: 6275: 5614:

Henry Boylan, Wolf Tone, pp. 51–52 (Gill and Macmillan, Dublin) 1981

4527: 4202: 3668:

inspiration, Mazzini helped define the modern European movement for

10136: 10126: 10121: 9977: 9947: 9942: 9927: 9783: 9753: 9626: 9205: 8942: 8535: 8500: 8474: 8454: 8407: 8218: 8173: 8057: 7961: 7951: 7916: 7886: 7567: 6916:"democracy – Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary" 6042: 6009: 4823:(Fall 2022 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 4746: 4693:

and the pursuit of happiness would not be trampled by majorities."

4628: 4475: 4333: 4303:

2018 demonstration in Madrid calling for the Third Spanish Republic

4171: 4128: 3938: 3918: 3894: 3584: 3441: 3400: 3078: 2864: 2713: 2598: 2566: 2546:' case, because of his many services to the state, freeing it from 2529: 2506: 2483: 2420: 2405: 2341: 2329: 1696: 1621: 1596: 1591: 1581: 1474: 655: 412: 176: 113: 6937:"republic – Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary" 6395: 6131:"Neorepublicanism: A Normative and Institutional Research Program" 4895:

International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences

4004:. However, in 1854, social movements started to harness values of 3615: 2660:

is the period's key work on republics, he also wrote the treatise

10161: 10021: 9962: 9910: 9663: 9576: 8464: 8432: 8422: 8193: 8153: 7986: 7911: 7896: 7876: 6692:"Booked: The End of Managerial Liberalism, with K. Sabeel Rahman" 6180:

Securing the Revolution: Ideology in American Politics, 1789–1815

4641: 4332:, in which Spain and nearby regions fought for independence from 4152: 3923: 3893:. As the United States constitution prohibits granting titles of 3309: 3146: 2848: 2825: 2805: 2678: 2647: 2535: 2269:. The concept of a republic became a powerful force in Britain's 1576: 5587:

Henry Boylan, Wolf Tone, p. 16 (Gill and Macmillan, Dublin) 1981

4445:

Democracy's Discontent: America in Search of a Public Philosophy

4328:. The first manifestations of republicanism occurred during the 9915: 8412: 8213: 8001: 7976: 7966: 7936: 7921: 7527: 6561:(in Spanish). E-pesimo.blogspot.com. 2004-02-27. Archived from 4930:

Dagger, Richard (2011). Klosko, George (ed.). "Republicanism".

3937:

of the people as the source of all authority in law; rejecting

3642: 2639: 2606: 2429: 2394: 2370: 2366: 1784: 332: 5479:(1994) ch. 9; Robert E. Shallhope, "Republicanism" ibid ch 70. 3653:

who revived the republican idea in Italy in the 19th century.

2478:, does not equate to a modern-day "republic"; it is more like 8442: 7931: 7866: 7725: 7429:

Rodgers, Daniel T. "Republicanism: the Career of a Concept",

4696: 4352: 3296:

is a French version of modern republicanism. It is a form of

2875: 2602: 2490: 2333: 7175:

Republican Theory in Political Thought: Virtuous or Virtual?

7050:

Becker, Peter, Jürgen Heideking and James A. Henretta, eds.

5625:

The United Irishmen. Republicanism, Radicalism and Rebellion

5551:"La rivoluzione francese tra repubblicanesimo e liberalismo" 5211:

Republican Theory in Political Thought: Virtuous or Virtual?

4178:

attempted to create the ideology of Ottoman nationalism, or

3917:. Instead, it refers to the core values that citizenry in a 8437: 7861: 7258:. Robert E. Goodin and Philip Pettit. eds. Blackwell, 1995. 5902:

Baquiast, Paul; Dupuy, Emmanuel; Ridolfi, Maurizio (2007).

5833:

Baquiast, Paul; Dupuy, Emmanuel; Ridolfi, Maurizio (2007).

4632:

usually refers to representative democracy with an elected

4618:

refers to a government chosen by the people, whether it is

3885:

The values and ideals of republicanism are foundational in

3778:

and is therefore considered the first martyr of the modern

3198:

has argued similarly for the Lockean influence on America.

2820:

between 2 March 1795 and 19 June 1796, an uprising against

2804:

all supported the islands becoming republics, particularly

2401: 7340:

The Jeffersonian persuasion: evolution of a party ideology

7326:

Liberalism and Republicanism in the Historical Imagination

7166:

Bock, Gisela; Skinner, Quentin; and Viroli, Maurizio, ed.

5987:(in French). Presses universitaires de France. p. 95. 4932:

The Oxford Handbook of the History of Political Philosophy

4046:, French radicals split into a left-wing party – the 3759:

was elected and, on 17 March 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was

8006: 7901: 7548: 7319:

Republicanism in the United States § Further reading

5874: 4766: 4162:

Many of the root ideas of Kemalism began during the late

2194:

and ranges from the rule of a representative minority or

7385:

Intellectual History of Women: Essays by Linda K. Kerber

7367:

The End of Kings: A History of Republics and Republicans

7238:

The Republican Transformation of Modern British Politics

7220:

The End of Kings: A History of Republics and Republicans

5284:

The Languages of political theory in early-modern Europe

2836: 5681:"República, democracia e federalismo Brasil, 1870-1891" 3972:

were strong advocates of republican values, especially

2985:(1649–1660) which he ruled after the overthrow of King 2236:

The word "republic" derives from the Latin noun-phrase

6422:

Atatürk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey

4786:("red Tacitists") or the contrary ("black Tacitists"). 4511:, and how republican concepts were used in service of 4458:, which seeks to create a neorepublican framework for 4450:

Contemporary work from a neorepublican include jurist

3001:

as well as through poetry and prose. In his epic poem

2277:. In Europe, it gained enormous influence through the 2190:, and others. Historically, it emphasizes the idea of 1012: 7470:

Moral Minorities and the Making of American Democracy

6821:"Republicanism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)" 6200:

Robert E. Shalhope, "Toward a Republican Synthesis",

6099:"Classical Republicanism and the American Revolution" 5477:

The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution

5036:

A companion to Greek democracy and the Roman republic

4782:– differing interpretations whether Tacitus defended 3832:

on 10 June 1940. Hostilities ended on 29 April 1945,

3355:

Inspired by the American and French Revolutions, the

3320:

based on local, religious, or racial identification.

7461:"Public Virtue and the Roots of American Government" 5901: 5884:(illustrated ed.). Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 58. 5832: 5583: 5581: 5390:

The Intellectual Life of the British Working Classes

7464:, BYU Studies Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 3, July 1987. 5906:(in French). Vol. 1. L'Harmattan. p. 91. 5860:

Delphi Complete Works of Algernon Charles Swinburne

5837:(in French). Vol. 1. L'Harmattan. p. 85. 5774:

L'opposizione laica nell'Italia moderna (1861-1922)

5526:.The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution 4340:(1813–1833) there were several liberalist military 3494:(1831–1840). During Brazil's early years after its 7333:The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution 6357: 5080: 4959:(2nd ed.). London & New York: Routledge. 4706:), or else became elective and remained powerful. 3704:and the notion of divorcing theory from practice. 7573:(From the translation in 4 volumes, available at 7108:Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government 6058:Damage Foreshadows A-Bomb Test, 1946/06/06 (1946) 5578: 5545: 5543: 5121:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 4147:, state support of the sciences, free education, 3077:French and Swiss Enlightenment thinkers, such as 2993:was then a leading philosopher of republicanism. 2743: 2589:In Europe, republicanism was revived in the late 10184: 7256:A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy 4351:There is a renewed interest in republicanism in 4190:abandoned Ottoman nationalism in favor of early 3664:tradition and a proponent of a republicanism of 7478:The Creation of the American Republic 1776–1787 7224:http://dhm.pdp6.org/archives/wre-republics.html 7072:http://dhm.pdp6.org/archives/wre-republics.html 6842:The Creation of the American Republic 1776–1787 6348: 5039:. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 44–64. 5001:oll.libertyfund.org – Online Library of Liberty 3139:by embracing the anti-clerical thinking of the 2859:which left it open to the ideas of the Italian 5540: 5414: 5412: 4170:, beginning chiefly in the early 19th-century 3147:The Thirteen British Colonies in North America 2771: 2638:was an important element, and the notion that 9715: 7822: 7401:. Essays in Honor of George A. Billias. 1992. 7161:The French Republic: History, Values, Debates 6349:Cleveland, William L; Bunton, Martin (2009). 6335:Cleveland, William L., and Martin P. Bunton. 4819:, in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), 4551: 4393:(supporters of continued monarchy under King 3949:. These values are based on those of Ancient 3312:is engaged in a direct relationship with the 2141: 1401: 8328: 6863: 6559:"Indiferentes ante la Corona o la República" 6368:. In Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce (eds.). 6128: 5934:(in Italian). Editori Laterzi. p. 290. 5764: 5762: 5745:(in Italian). Mondadori Bruno. p. 172. 5309:at a time when French women could not vote." 5116:"Roman Republicanism: The Underrated Legacy" 4499:From Slavery to the Cooperative Commonwealth 4166:under various reforms to avoid the imminent 3782:and a symbol of republican ideals in Italy. 3015:, according to Warren and other historians. 2573: 2474:Cicero's description of the ideal state, in 8264: 7180: 6353:(4th ed.). Westview Press. p. 82. 6329: 6129:Lovett, Frank; Pettit, Philip (June 2009). 5409: 5023:. (New York University Press, 1994. p. 71.) 3834:when the German forces in Italy surrendered 3206:The Whig canon and the neo-Harringtonians, 3061: 9722: 9708: 7829: 7815: 7473:. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. 7270:The Traditions of Australian Republicanism 7014:The Traditions of Australian Republicanism 6768: 5982: 5954: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5432: 4874:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4839: 4697:Constitutional monarchs and upper chambers 3847:held on 2 June, a day celebrated since as 3172:The new interpretations were pioneered by 2674:(1576) identified monarchy with republic. 2593:when a number of states, which arose from 2148: 2134: 1408: 1394: 7554:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry 7485:The Radicalism of the American Revolution 6283: 6146: 6026:(in Italian). Garzanti. pp. 129–131. 5851: 5768: 5759: 5085:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4427:Prominent theorists in this movement are 4058:, an associate party of the conservative 3554:, but other smaller foci also emerged in 3414:lasting from May to September 1798 – the 2455:. Among the several meanings of the term 2288: 2209:stated in the introduction to his famous 9729: 7836: 6715: 6409: 6148:10.1146/annurev.polisci.12.040907.120952 5997: 5678: 5113: 5081:Polybius; Shuckburgh, Evelyn S. (2009). 4537: 4526: 4409: 4298: 4201: 4100: 4031: 3874: 3614: 3583: 3471: 3410:The culmination was an uprising against 3343: 3269: 3266:French republicans under the Restoration 3117:, liberalism was based on economics and 3065: 2962: 2835: 2577: 2388: 2308: 2299: 2170:that encompasses a range of ideas from 9412:Reflections on the Revolution in France 6742: 6363: 6257: 6224: 6021: 5776:(in Italian). Le Monnier. p. 491. 5740: 5729: 5716: 5714: 5235: 4952: 4940:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199238804.003.0043 4888: 4821:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4439:, a late convert to republicanism from 3853:. It was the first time that the whole 3460:and fueled the development of the more 3425: 3370:Reflections on the Revolution in France 3105:that were developing at the same time. 2328:. Traditionally, the Greek concept of " 965:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch 10185: 7233:. Northwestern University Press, 1962. 6662: 6456:(1st ed.). México, D.F.: Taurus. 6169:Yick Wo vs. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356, 370 5819:is the book of the republicans." (see 5639: 5032: 4929: 4891:"Republicanism: Philosophical Aspects" 4814: 3905:, as it does in countries such as the 3420:The History of the Late War in Ireland 2894:radically for the time, it introduced 2497:identified three forms of government: 2273:colonies, where it contributed to the 191: 9703: 7810: 6996:Richard J. Ellis and Michael Nelson, 6871:"The Federalist Papers : No. 10" 6743:Rothman, Joshua (12 September 2017). 6449: 6415: 6096: 5926: 5635: 5633: 5627:, pp. 297–298 (Lilliput, Dublin) 1993 4657:Founding Fathers of the United States 4131:. Kemalism, as it was implemented by 3845:1946 Italian institutional referendum 3580:1946 Italian institutional referendum 2438:, Cicero linked the Roman concept of 1116:1946 Italian institutional referendum 1056:Spanish American wars of independence 7458:Vetterli, Richard and Bryner, Gary, 7420:Companion to the American Revolution 7372:Gish, Dustin, and Daniel Klinghard. 7190:European Journal of Political Theory 6022:Garrone, Alessandro Galante (1973). 6005:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani 5857:Swinburne, Algernon Charles (2013). 5711: 4843:Republicanism : an introduction 4405: 4344:, but it was not until the reign of 4123:in the 1920s. Republicanism remains 3330:serve to perpetuate discrimination. 3135:, which he intended to overturn the 2486:developed their political concepts. 2244:the expulsion of the kings from Rome 9522:The End of History and the Last Man 9432:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 7455:, 39 (Apr. 1982), 334–356 in JSTOR. 7418:Greene, Jack, and J. R. Pole, eds. 7376:(Cambridge University Press, 2017) 7254:Haakonssen, Knud. "Republicanism." 7170:. Cambridge U. Press, 1990. 316 pp. 7054:. Cambridge University Press. 2002. 6793: 6364:Cuthell, David Cameron Jr. (2009). 6351:A History of the Modern Middle East 6337:A History of the Modern Middle East 6258:Commons, John R. (September 1909). 5962:(in Italian). Bur. pp. 90–92. 5435:"Main Currents in American Thought" 4489:. Philosopher Elizabeth Anderson's 4249:Republicanism in the United Kingdom 3808:In October 1922, the nomination of 3038:, which played a major role in the 885:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates 13: 7399:The Republican Synthesis Revisited 7312: 7039: 6370:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire 6135:Annual Review of Political Science 6008:(in Italian), vol. VI, Rome: 5630: 4997:"The Works of John Adams, 10 vols" 4907:10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.63076-3 4597:Republicanism in the United States 4076:founded in 1955, which became the 3871:Republicanism in the United States 3281:Republicanism, especially that of 3153:Republicanism in the United States 2917:little island will astonish Europe 14: 10219: 7579:Plutarch's Lives, Volume I (of 4) 7558:Emergence of the Roman Republic: 7491: 7335:. Harvard University Press, 1967. 7277:Republicanism in the Modern World 7265:. Cornell University Press, 1990. 7030:Republicanism in the Modern World 6689: 6615:(in European Spanish). 2019-01-10 6039:Dizionario enciclopedico italiano 5679:Carvalho, José Murilo de (2011). 4795:Category:Republicanism by country 4667:argued that what distinguished a 4380:, have emerged, and parties like 4336:, 1808–1814. During the reign of 4242: 3622:, the first martyr of the modern 3257: 2786:Jean-Baptiste Raymond de Lacrosse 2695: 2304: 9492:The Open Society and Its Enemies 7526: 7149:(2002), New York, Hill and Wang. 7022: 7003: 6990: 6977: 6968: 6366:"Atatürk, Kemal (Mustafa Kemal)" 6024:I radicali in Italia (1849-1925) 4614:In contemporary usage, the term 4355:after two earlier attempts: the 4197: 3864: 3526:, the end of life tenure in the 2117: 1377: 905:Discourses Concerning Government 8299:Family as a model for the state 6950: 6929: 6908: 6895: 6847: 6834: 6813: 6787: 6762: 6736: 6709: 6683: 6656: 6643: 6626: 6601: 6576: 6551: 6526: 6478: 6443: 6342: 6313: 6300: 6251: 6218: 6207: 6194: 6185: 6172: 6163: 6122: 6113: 6090: 6087:, 29 (January 1972), pp. 49–80. 6077: 6049: 6030: 6015: 5991: 5976: 5948: 5920: 5895: 5826: 5790: 5697:10.1590/S0104-87752011000100007 5672: 5658:10.1590/S0104-87752011000100002 5617: 5608: 5599: 5590: 5565: 5531: 5518: 5505: 5482: 5461: 5452: 5425: 5396: 5381: 5370:Warren, Christopher N (2016). " 5364: 5353:Warren, Christopher N (2016). " 5347: 5338: 5329: 5312: 5302: 5289: 5276: 5229: 5216: 5203: 5190: 5177: 5163: 5148: 5107: 5074: 4376:, Citizens for the Republic in 4363:(1931–1939). Movements such as 4137:declaration of Republic in 1923 3711:, Giuseppe Mazzini founded the 3436:During the Enlightenment, anti- 3373:, and Thomas Paine's response, 3285:, played a central role in the 2935:, where it was popularised via 2384: 2257:This form of government in the 1171:Barbadian Republic Proclamation 9649:Separation of church and state 9547:Collectivism and individualism 9502:The Origins of Totalitarianism 7183:"Republicanism and its Legacy" 7159:Berenson, Edward, et al. eds. 6773:. Cambridge University Press. 6722:. Princeton University Press. 5433:Parrington, Vernon L. (1927). 5393:. pp. 26, 36–37, 122–125, 187. 5299:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2010). 5061: 5026: 5013: 4989: 4946: 4923: 4901:(32) (2nd ed.): 477–482. 4882: 4833: 4808: 3737:Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour 3546:movement was strongest in the 2750:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 2744:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1106:1935 Greek coup d'état attempt 1086:German Revolution of 1918–1919 1: 9689:Category:Political philosophy 9562:Critique of political economy 7397:Klein, Milton, et al., eds., 7168:Machiavelli and Republicanism 7078:Republicanism an introduction 7063:. Princeton University Press. 6974:Novanglus, no. 7, 6 Mar. 1775 6905:, 39 (Apr. 1982), pp. 334–356 5537:quoted in Becker 2002, p. 128 5326:, consuled on 14 August 2017) 4889:Sellers, Mortimer NS (2015). 4801: 4737:Federal Council (Switzerland) 3930:inalienable individual rights 3034:, and emphasis on rights, of 2906:, and the establishment of a 2672:Six Books of the Commonwealth 9587:Institutional discrimination 9582:History of political thought 8314:Negative and positive rights 7583:More particularly following 7517:Resources in other libraries 6716:Anderson, Elizabeth (2017). 6666:Democracy Against Domination 6651:Social Philosophy and Policy 6534:"¿El Rey? Muy bien, gracias" 6097:Brown, Gordon (April 1990). 6041:(in Italian), vol. VI, 5573:The Man from God knows Where 5114:Mitchell, Thomas N. (2001). 4522: 4456:Democracy Against Domination 4386:Republican Left of Catalonia 4060:Union for a Popular Movement 3891:history of the United States 3083:Baron Charles de Montesquieu 2921:Précis du siècle de Louis XV 2776: 2704:became more strident in the 2613:. One notable exception was 2344:. These include theories of 1356:Republic without republicans 1101:11 September 1922 Revolution 1096:Mongolian Revolution of 1921 7: 9597:Justification for the state 9382:Two Treatises of Government 7448:, (an influential article). 7431:Journal of American History 7181:Castiglione, Dario (2005). 6669:. Oxford University Press. 6264:Political Science Quarterly 6204:, 29 (Jan. 1972), pp. 49–80 5882:The Political Theory Reader 5623:Dickson, Keogh and Whelan, 4840:Hammersley, Rachel (2020). 4709: 4462:grounded in the thought of 4366:Ciudadanos Por la República 4078:Transnational Radical Party 2939:, by the Scottish essayist 2772:Enlightenment republicanism 2100:Political parties by region 1890:Party convention/conference 1091:Turkish War of Independence 1013: 10: 10224: 8267:Bellum omnium contra omnes 7453:William and Mary Quarterly 7442:William and Mary Quarterly 7316: 7279:. Cambridge: Polity, 2003. 7243:Martin van Gelderen & 7044: 6903:William and Mary Quarterly 6663:Rahman, K. Sabeel (2016). 6339:. Boulder: Westview, 2013. 6202:William and Mary Quarterly 6085:William and Mary Quarterly 5741:Ridolfi, Maurizio (2003). 5236:Smelser, Marshall (1959). 5224:American Historical Review 4292: 4275:increasing dissatisfaction 4246: 4094: 3868: 3812:as prime minister by King 3749:Expedition of the Thousand 3707:In July 1831, in exile in 3696:and Indian prime minister 3577: 3429: 3357:Society of United Irishmen 3337: 3333: 3263: 3150: 2958: 2831: 2361:A number of Ancient Greek 2292: 2087:Lists of political parties 1146:1970 Cambodian coup d'état 895:The Commonwealth of Oceana 18: 10030: 9824: 9737: 9684: 9534: 9303: 8951: 8684: 8564: 8483: 8395: 8386: 8252: 8086: 8015: 7844: 7512:Resources in your library 7406:The Virtues of Liberalism 7240:Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. 7177:St. Martin's Press, 1999. 7153: 7092:Journal of Modern History 6769:Gourevitch, Alex (2014). 6191:Becker et al (2002), ch 1 5983:Guichonnet, Paul (1975). 5640:Basile, Marcello (2011). 5471:, in Jack. P. Greene and 5254:10.1017/S003467050002204X 5083:The Histories of Polybius 5045:10.1002/9781118878347.ch3 4552: 4400: 4184:rising ethnic nationalism 4174:reforms. The mid-century 4125:one of the six principles 4090: 4056:Radical Party "valoisien" 4048:Radical Party of the Left 4027: 3692:, Israeli prime minister 3684:, British prime minister 3467: 2923:(1769: chapter LX) that " 2574:Renaissance republicanism 2404:, a Roman historian, and 2373:have been classified as " 2095:Ruling parties by country 2068:National unity government 1319:The Emperor's New Clothes 1071:5 October 1910 revolution 1066:French Revolution of 1848 89:Liberty as non-domination 9472:The Revolt of the Masses 7444:, 29 (Jan. 1972), 49–80 7299:table of contents online 7202:10.1177/1474885105055993 7085:The Machiavellian Moment 7080:(2020) Cambridge: Polity 6590:(in Spanish). 2019-06-19 6540:. Elpais.com. 2007-12-30 5880:Schumaker, Paul (2010). 5513:The Machiavellian Moment 5091:10.1017/cbo9781139333740 5019:Mortimer N. S. Sellers. 4965:10.4324/9781003111399-12 4288: 4255:Canada in the late 1830s 3761:proclaimed king of Italy 3757:first Italian parliament 3573: 3316:, removing the need for 3179:The Machiavellian Moment 3062:French and Swiss thought 3050:, and especially on the 2790:Nicolas Xavier de Ricard 2105:Banned political parties 1805:Leader of the Opposition 1773:Leaders and organization 1736:Parliamentary opposition 1161:1987 Fijian coups d'état 1121:1952 Egyptian revolution 99:Political representation 9452:The Communist Manifesto 8378:Tyranny of the majority 8289:Consent of the governed 7057:Deudney, Daniel. 2007. 6998:Debating the presidency 6745:"Are Bosses Dictators?" 6310:(2009) 23#2 pp. 193–215 6285:2027/hvd.32044086270303 6103:Chicago-Kent Law Review 5998:Lodolini, Elio (1964), 5406:45, no. 2. pp. 357–379. 5387:Rose, Jonathan (2001). 4585:consent of the governed 4361:Second Spanish Republic 4281:, especially after the 4097:Republicanism in Turkey 3458:classical republicanism 3416:Irish Rebellion of 1798 3412:British rule in Ireland 3020:Commonwealth of England 2983:Commonwealth of England 2896:universal male suffrage 2884:constitutional monarchy 2732:also influenced French 2677:Classical writers like 2326:classical republicanism 2295:Classical republicanism 2176:political participation 1141:1969 Libyan coup d'état 925:Discourse on Inequality 74:Consent of the governed 8329: 8279:Clash of civilizations 8265: 7404:Kloppenberg, James T. 7365:Everdell, William R., 6518:: CS1 maint: others ( 6450:Rojas, Rafael (2009). 6225:Nichols, John (2015). 5469:Ideological Background 5242:The Review of Politics 5226:101.1 (1996): 119–129. 4815:Lovett, Frank (2022), 4688:and Michael Nelson of 4578:constitutional monarch 4559: 4535: 4474:, in contrast to both 4417: 4357:First Spanish Republic 4304: 4295:Republicanism in Spain 4209: 4168:collapse of the Empire 4108: 4050:, an associate of the 4042:Discredited after the 4039: 3882: 3850:Festa della Repubblica 3822:National Fascist Party 3626: 3612: 3479: 3352: 3290:of the Enlightenment. 3278: 3255: 3236: 3074: 3026:of the monarchy under 2971: 2844: 2586: 2540:Julio-Claudian dynasty 2480:enlightened absolutism 2397: 2317: 2289:Historical development 8294:Divine right of kings 7251:Cambridge U.P., 2002. 6939:. M-w.com. 2012-08-31 6319:Sudhir Hazareesingh, 5797:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 5720:King, Bolton (2019). 5575:, p. 42 (Gartan) 1995 4727:Criticism of monarchy 4717:Abolition of monarchy 4686:Willamette University 4546:, reading: "Dethrone 4541: 4530: 4517:Chinese Exclusion Act 4413: 4302: 4283:death of Elizabeth II 4205: 4133:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 4121:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 4106:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 4104: 4035: 3878: 3674:Constitution of Italy 3618: 3587: 3475: 3347: 3302:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 3276:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 3273: 3250: 3204: 3165:, especially that of 3087:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 3069: 2966: 2937:An Account of Corsica 2908:popular standing army 2839: 2708:during and after the 2581: 2392: 2312: 2300:Classical antecedents 2283:First French Republic 2038:Confidence and supply 1895:Leadership convention 1746:Official party status 1702:Entrepreneurial party 1309:Criticism of monarchy 1131:North Yemen civil war 945:The Federalist Papers 240:Federal parliamentary 10208:Political philosophy 10203:Political ideologies 9731:Political ideologies 9442:Democracy in America 8821:political philosophy 8804:political philosophy 8619:political philosophy 8448:political philosophy 8358:Separation of powers 8319:Night-watchman state 8304:Monopoly on violence 7838:Political philosophy 7535:at Wikimedia Commons 7216:Everdell, William R. 7076:Hammersley, Rachel, 7068:Valley Forge Journal 6823:. Plato.stanford.edu 6636:12.1 (2009): 11ff. ( 5985:Histoire de l'Italie 5960:I Savoia re d'Italia 5441:on September 1, 2006 5422:(1975; new ed. 2003) 4509:The Knights of Labor 4359:(1873–1874) and the 3490:(1822–1831) and the 3462:modern republicanism 3432:Modern republicanism 3426:Modern republicanism 3379:, in February 1791. 3018:The collapse of the 2947:, initiators of the 2869:French Enlightenment 2465:separation of powers 2419:The Greek historian 2267:early modern Britain 2263:Renaissance Florence 2248:Lucius Junius Brutus 2043:Consensus government 2033:Coalition government 1825:Parliamentary leader 1632:Classical radicalism 1294:Classical radicalism 1036:Republic of Florence 975:Democracy in America 134:Separation of powers 109:Public participation 19:For other uses, see 9849:Christian democracy 9632:Right-wing politics 9512:A Theory of Justice 9482:The Road to Serfdom 9402:The Social Contract 8109:Christian democracy 7411:Norton, Mary Beth. 7293:Robbins, Caroline. 7127:Snyder, R. Claire. 7121:Robbins, Caroline, 7094:1981 53(1): 49–72. 6796:"Republic of Labor" 6653:20/1 (2003): 59–91. 6119:Hart, (2002), ch. 1 6045:, 1970, p. 456 5863:. Delphi Classics. 5807:Niccolò Machiavelli 5802:The Social Contract 5770:Spadolini, Giovanni 5723:The Life of Mazzini 4769:("Grand Old Party") 4732:Democratic republic 4565:American Revolution 4544:Revolutions of 1848 4460:economic regulation 4192:Turkish nationalism 3966:American Revolution 3814:Victor Emmanuel III 3718:Kingdom of Sardinia 3658:Italian nationalist 3647:Niccolò Machiavelli 3381:Theobald Wolfe Tone 3350:Theobald Wolfe Tone 3340:Irish republicanism 3240:American Revolution 3159:American Revolution 3052:American Revolution 3040:Glorious Revolution 2953:Ebenezer Mackintosh 2949:American Revolution 2904:university at Corte 2816:led the republican 2730:Dutch republicanism 2652:Niccolò Machiavelli 2634:republic, in which 2609:and members of the 2584:Niccolò Machiavelli 2375:classical republics 2275:American Revolution 2229:), John Adams, and 2223:(as evident in his 2221:Niccolò Machiavelli 2200:popular sovereignty 2124:Politics portal 2073:Rotation government 2063:Minority government 2058:Majority government 2023:Parliamentary group 1880:Leadership election 1557:Christian democracy 1384:Politics portal 1189:Antigua and Barbuda 1136:Zanzibar Revolution 1046:American Revolution 935:The Social Contract 104:Popular sovereignty 9764:Political spectrum 9644:Political violence 9639:Political theology 9622:Left-wing politics 9617:Political spectrum 7426:pp. 668–673). 7359:2020-04-13 at the 7348:Colbourn, Trevor. 7304:2007-02-09 at the 7145:Viroli, Maurizio. 6879:. 29 December 1998 6794:Stanley, Amy Dru. 6427:The Overlook Press 6380:. pp. 56–60. 6063:Universal Newsreel 6000:"BARSANTI, Pietro" 5499:2020-04-13 at the 5404:Historical Journal 4757:Primus inter pares 4722:Christian republic 4646:head of government 4560: 4536: 4491:Private Government 4418: 4305: 4263:Treason Felony Act 4261:. This led to the 4210: 4145:secularism/laicism 4111:In 1923 after the 4109: 4040: 4002:Alexander Hamilton 3933:; recognizing the 3883: 3772:Royal Italian Army 3753:Victor Emmanuel II 3741:Giuseppe Garibaldi 3724:. The philosopher 3686:David Lloyd George 3662:historical radical 3639:maritime republics 3627: 3613: 3597:David Lloyd George 3480: 3353: 3279: 3109:the importance of 3075: 2979:Christian republic 2972: 2880:Kingdom of Corsica 2845: 2762:Stanisław Konarski 2657:Discourses on Livy 2587: 2398: 2352:. For example, in 2318: 2226:Discourses on Livy 2184:mixed constitution 2168:political ideology 2028:Divided government 1922:Crossing the floor 1868:Internal elections 1840:Party spokesperson 1751:Single-issue party 1441:Political Spectrum 1350:Primus inter pares 1166:Nepalese Civil War 1156:Iranian Revolution 1126:14 July Revolution 1081:Russian Revolution 1076:Chinese Revolution 1026:Republic of Venice 875:Discourses on Livy 10180: 10179: 9879:Constitutionalism 9742:The Establishment 9697: 9696: 9607:Philosophy of law 9552:Conflict theories 9392:The Spirit of Law 9299: 9298: 8348:Original position 7799: 7798: 7575:Project Gutenberg 7531:Media related to 7498:Library resources 7390:Kerber, Linda K. 7383:Kerber, Linda K. 7331:Bailyn, Bernard. 7284:The New Hegelians 7261:Kramnick, Isaac. 7236:Foote, Geoffrey. 7110:Oxford UP, 1997, 7083:Pocock, J. G. A. 6634:Political Science 6463:978-607-11-0366-6 6436:978-1-58567-334-6 6387:978-0-8160-6259-1 5956:Mack Smith, Denis 5687:(in Portuguese). 5488:Trevor Colbourn, 5378:, Vol. 7. p. 380. 4853:978-1-5095-1341-3 4846:. Cambridge, UK. 4752:People's republic 4626:. Today the term 4601:Federalist No. 10 4593:political parties 4569:French Revolution 4406:Neo-republicanism 4326:French Revolution 4229:José María Samper 4085:Charles de Gaulle 4037:Charles de Gaulle 3990:Benjamin Franklin 3855:Italian Peninsula 3803:Felice Cavallotti 3670:popular democracy 3666:social-democratic 3637:and the medieval 3568:Rio Grande do Sul 3538:, xenophobic and 3520:Benjamin Constant 3328:colour-blind laws 3318:identity politics 3287:French Revolution 3246:Leopold von Ranke 3056:French Revolution 2857:Kingdom of France 2818:Fédon's rebellion 2722:Peter de la Court 2710:Eighty Years' War 2595:medieval communes 2279:French Revolution 2158: 2157: 2004: 2003: 1820:Political faction 1528: 1527: 1418: 1417: 1361:Republican empire 1334:List of republics 1183:National variants 1111:Spanish Civil War 1051:French Revolution 1031:Republic of Genoa 915:The Spirit of Law 848:Theoretical works 192:Neo-republicanism 10215: 10107:Internationalism 10038:Authoritarianism 10007:Social democracy 9901:Environmentalism 9864:Communitarianism 9724: 9717: 9710: 9701: 9700: 9612:Political ethics 9602:Machiavellianism 9542:Authoritarianism 9527: 9517: 9507: 9497: 9487: 9477: 9467: 9457: 9447: 9437: 9427: 9417: 9407: 9397: 9387: 9377: 9367: 9357: 9347: 9337: 9327: 9317: 8393: 8392: 8334: 8270: 8260:Balance of power 8234:Social democracy 8229:Social Darwinism 8204:Multiculturalism 8149:Environmentalism 8124:Communitarianism 7831: 7824: 7817: 7808: 7807: 7637: 7636: 7570:, particularly: 7530: 7483:Wood, Gordon S. 7476:Wood, Gordon S. 7338:Banning, Lance. 7275:Maynor, John W. 7212: 7210: 7204:. Archived from 7187: 7106:Pettit, Philip. 7033: 7028:John W. Maynor, 7026: 7020: 7007: 7001: 6994: 6988: 6981: 6975: 6972: 6966: 6954: 6948: 6947: 6945: 6944: 6933: 6927: 6926: 6924: 6923: 6912: 6906: 6899: 6893: 6892: 6886: 6884: 6867: 6861: 6851: 6845: 6840:Gordon S. Wood, 6838: 6832: 6831: 6829: 6828: 6817: 6811: 6810: 6808: 6806: 6800:Dissent Magazine 6791: 6785: 6784: 6766: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6755: 6740: 6734: 6733: 6713: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6702: 6696:Dissent Magazine 6690:Shenk, Timothy. 6687: 6681: 6680: 6660: 6654: 6647: 6641: 6630: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6620: 6605: 6599: 6598: 6596: 6595: 6580: 6574: 6573: 6571: 6570: 6555: 6549: 6548: 6546: 6545: 6530: 6524: 6523: 6517: 6509: 6482: 6476: 6475: 6447: 6441: 6440: 6413: 6407: 6406: 6404: 6402: 6361: 6355: 6354: 6346: 6340: 6333: 6327: 6317: 6311: 6304: 6298: 6297: 6287: 6255: 6249: 6248: 6222: 6216: 6214:Contextual Essay 6211: 6205: 6198: 6192: 6189: 6183: 6176: 6170: 6167: 6161: 6160: 6150: 6126: 6120: 6117: 6111: 6110: 6094: 6088: 6081: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6053: 6047: 6046: 6034: 6028: 6027: 6019: 6013: 6012: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5980: 5974: 5973: 5952: 5946: 5945: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5899: 5893: 5878: 5872: 5855: 5849: 5848: 5830: 5824: 5794: 5788: 5787: 5766: 5757: 5756: 5738: 5727: 5718: 5709: 5708: 5676: 5670: 5669: 5637: 5628: 5621: 5615: 5612: 5606: 5603: 5597: 5594: 5588: 5585: 5576: 5569: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5547: 5538: 5535: 5529: 5522: 5516: 5509: 5503: 5486: 5480: 5467:Isaac Kramnick, 5465: 5459: 5456: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5446: 5437:. Archived from 5431:See for example 5429: 5423: 5416: 5407: 5400: 5394: 5385: 5379: 5368: 5362: 5351: 5345: 5342: 5336: 5333: 5327: 5316: 5310: 5306: 5300: 5295:Jerzy Lukowski, 5293: 5287: 5286:(1987): 179–196. 5280: 5274: 5273: 5233: 5227: 5220: 5214: 5207: 5201: 5194: 5188: 5181: 5175: 5167: 5161: 5154:see for example 5152: 5146: 5145: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5078: 5072: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5030: 5024: 5017: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5007: 4993: 4987: 4986: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4927: 4921: 4920: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4873: 4865: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4829: 4828: 4812: 4780:Tacitean studies 4775:Secular republic 4762:Republican Party 4742:Islamic republic 4682:Thomas Jefferson 4557: 4556: 4452:K. Sabeel Rahman 4441:communitarianism 4421:Neorepublicanism 4374: 4342:pronunciamientos 4310:history of Spain 4279:House of Windsor 4233:Francisco Bilbao 4153:economic statism 4073:Partito radicale 4044:Second World War 4018:Thaddeus Stevens 4010:Republican Party 3974:Thomas Jefferson 3970:Founding Fathers 3887:the constitution 3826:Kingdom of Italy 3816:, following the 3810:Benito Mussolini 3791:Giuseppe Mazzini 3780:Italian Republic 3698:Jawaharlal Nehru 3651:Giuseppe Mazzini 3631:history of Italy 3624:Italian Republic 3609:Jawaharlal Nehru 3589:Giuseppe Mazzini 3524:Moderating Power 3484:Empire of Brazil 3399:The fall of the 3392:, author of the 3212:James Harrington 3176:, who argued in 3099:mixed government 3022:in 1660 and the 3013:Friedrich Engels 2999:political tracts 2991:James Harrington 2738:Wars of Religion 2690:Sir Thomas Smith 2636:mixed government 2611:Hanseatic League 2559:deified ancestor 2346:mixed government 2281:and through the 2150: 2143: 2136: 2122: 2121: 1961: 1960: 1927:Party discipline 1909:Party discipline 1875:Primary election 1731:Opposition party 1642:Social democracy 1572:Environmentalism 1446: 1445: 1420: 1419: 1410: 1403: 1396: 1382: 1381: 1366:Republican Party 1344:Peasant republic 1304:Communitarianism 1021:Classical Athens 1016: 990: 980: 970: 960: 950: 940: 930: 920: 910: 900: 890: 880: 870: 860: 94:Mixed government 28: 27: 10223: 10222: 10218: 10217: 10216: 10214: 10213: 10212: 10183: 10182: 10181: 10176: 10172:Totalitarianism 10026: 9829:Accelerationism 9820: 9733: 9728: 9698: 9693: 9680: 9669:Totalitarianism 9530: 9525: 9515: 9505: 9495: 9485: 9475: 9465: 9455: 9445: 9435: 9425: 9415: 9405: 9395: 9385: 9375: 9365: 9355: 9345: 9342:Treatise on Law 9335: 9325: 9315: 9295: 8953: 8947: 8686: 8680: 8566: 8560: 8479: 8382: 8368:State of nature 8363:Social contract 8343:Ordered liberty 8331:Noblesse oblige 8248: 8082: 8011: 7840: 7835: 7613:Perseus Project 7523: 7522: 7521: 7506: 7505: 7501: 7494: 7361:Wayback Machine 7324:Appleby, Joyce 7321: 7315: 7306:Wayback Machine 7288:Douglas Moggach 7245:Quentin Skinner 7211:on Oct 1, 2009. 7208: 7185: 7173:Brugger, Bill. 7156: 7047: 7042: 7040:Further reading 7037: 7036: 7027: 7023: 7008: 7004: 6995: 6991: 6982: 6978: 6973: 6969: 6955: 6951: 6942: 6940: 6935: 6934: 6930: 6921: 6919: 6914: 6913: 6909: 6900: 6896: 6882: 6880: 6869: 6868: 6864: 6852: 6848: 6839: 6835: 6826: 6824: 6819: 6818: 6814: 6804: 6802: 6792: 6788: 6781: 6767: 6763: 6753: 6751: 6741: 6737: 6730: 6714: 6710: 6700: 6698: 6688: 6684: 6677: 6661: 6657: 6648: 6644: 6631: 6627: 6618: 6616: 6607: 6606: 6602: 6593: 6591: 6588:El Confidencial 6582: 6581: 6577: 6568: 6566: 6557: 6556: 6552: 6543: 6541: 6532: 6531: 6527: 6511: 6510: 6498: 6484: 6483: 6479: 6464: 6448: 6444: 6437: 6429:. p. 164. 6414: 6410: 6400: 6398: 6388: 6362: 6358: 6347: 6343: 6334: 6330: 6318: 6314: 6305: 6301: 6276:10.2307/2140888 6256: 6252: 6237: 6229:. Verso Books. 6223: 6219: 6212: 6208: 6199: 6195: 6190: 6186: 6177: 6173: 6168: 6164: 6127: 6123: 6118: 6114: 6095: 6091: 6082: 6078: 6068: 6066: 6055: 6054: 6050: 6036: 6035: 6031: 6020: 6016: 5996: 5992: 5981: 5977: 5970: 5953: 5949: 5942: 5925: 5921: 5914: 5900: 5896: 5879: 5875: 5856: 5852: 5845: 5831: 5827: 5795: 5791: 5784: 5767: 5760: 5753: 5739: 5730: 5719: 5712: 5691:(45): 141–157. 5677: 5673: 5638: 5631: 5622: 5618: 5613: 5609: 5604: 5600: 5595: 5591: 5586: 5579: 5571:Denis Carroll, 5570: 5566: 5556: 5554: 5549: 5548: 5541: 5536: 5532: 5524:Bailyn, Bernard 5523: 5519: 5510: 5506: 5501:Wayback Machine 5487: 5483: 5466: 5462: 5458:Shalhope (1982) 5457: 5453: 5444: 5442: 5430: 5426: 5418:Pocock, J.G.A. 5417: 5410: 5401: 5397: 5386: 5382: 5369: 5365: 5352: 5348: 5343: 5339: 5334: 5330: 5317: 5313: 5307: 5303: 5294: 5290: 5281: 5277: 5234: 5230: 5221: 5217: 5208: 5204: 5195: 5191: 5183:J.G.A. Pocock, 5182: 5178: 5168: 5164: 5153: 5149: 5112: 5108: 5101: 5079: 5075: 5066: 5062: 5055: 5031: 5027: 5018: 5014: 5005: 5003: 4995: 4994: 4990: 4975: 4951: 4947: 4928: 4924: 4917: 4887: 4883: 4867: 4866: 4854: 4838: 4834: 4826: 4824: 4817:"Republicanism" 4813: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4712: 4699: 4525: 4472:popular control 4408: 4403: 4368: 4297: 4291: 4259:Ireland in 1848 4251: 4245: 4200: 4182:, to quell the 4149:gender equality 4099: 4093: 4052:Socialist Party 4030: 4022:Abraham Lincoln 3880:Abraham Lincoln 3873: 3867: 3768:Pietro Barsanti 3702:intellectualism 3620:Pietro Barsanti 3582: 3576: 3540:anti-Portuguese 3534:, displaying a 3500:Cipriano Barata 3477:Cipriano Barata 3470: 3434: 3428: 3342: 3336: 3300:, deduced from 3298:social contract 3268: 3262: 3155: 3149: 3091:social contract 3064: 3044:commonwealthmen 2975:Oliver Cromwell 2969:Oliver Cromwell 2961: 2945:Sons of Liberty 2900:female suffrage 2834: 2779: 2774: 2754:Łukasz Górnicki 2746: 2698: 2576: 2387: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2291: 2192:self-governance 2182:, positives of 2154: 2116: 2111: 2110: 2109: 2089: 2079: 2078: 2077: 2053:Hung parliament 2048:Grand coalition 2017: 2016:between parties 2006: 2005: 2000: 1991: 1972: 1958: 1948: 1947: 1946: 1942:Party switching 1937:Party-line vote 1917:Conscience vote 1911: 1901: 1900: 1899: 1869: 1861: 1860: 1859: 1815:Minority leader 1810:Majority leader 1774: 1766: 1765: 1764: 1697:Catch-all party 1671: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1541: 1530: 1529: 1524: 1499: 1469: 1443: 1425:Politics series 1414: 1376: 1371: 1370: 1289: 1281: 1280: 1184: 1176: 1175: 1061:Trienio Liberal 1002: 994: 993: 988: 978: 968: 958: 948: 938: 928: 918: 908: 898: 888: 878: 868: 858: 849: 841: 840: 576:Flynn (Stephen) 461: 453: 452: 293: 285: 284: 210: 202: 201: 157: 149: 148: 144:Social equality 139:Social contract 129:Self-governance 84:Democratization 59:Anti-corruption 54:Anti-monarchism 49: 33:Politics series 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10221: 10211: 10210: 10205: 10200: 10195: 10178: 10177: 10175: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10079: 10078: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10046: 10045: 10034: 10032: 10028: 10027: 10025: 10024: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10004: 10003: 10002: 9997: 9987: 9982: 9981: 9980: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9958:Libertarianism 9955: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9933:Fundamentalism 9930: 9925: 9924: 9923: 9921:Third Position 9918: 9908: 9903: 9898: 9897: 9896: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9825: 9822: 9821: 9819: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9802: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9750: 9749: 9738: 9735: 9734: 9727: 9726: 9719: 9712: 9704: 9695: 9694: 9692: 9691: 9685: 9682: 9681: 9679: 9678: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9659:Social justice 9656: 9651: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9635: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9567:Egalitarianism 9564: 9559: 9557:Contractualism 9554: 9549: 9544: 9538: 9536: 9532: 9531: 9529: 9528: 9518: 9508: 9498: 9488: 9478: 9468: 9458: 9448: 9438: 9428: 9418: 9408: 9398: 9388: 9378: 9368: 9358: 9348: 9338: 9328: 9318: 9307: 9305: 9301: 9300: 9297: 9296: 9294: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8957: 8955: 8949: 8948: 8946: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8824: 8823: 8813: 8808: 8807: 8806: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8690: 8688: 8682: 8681: 8679: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8622: 8621: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8570: 8568: 8562: 8561: 8559: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8487: 8485: 8481: 8480: 8478: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8451: 8450: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8399: 8397: 8390: 8384: 8383: 8381: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8353:Overton window 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8262: 8256: 8254: 8250: 8249: 8247: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8184:Libertarianism 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8090: 8088: 8084: 8083: 8081: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8019: 8017: 8013: 8012: 8010: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7848: 7846: 7842: 7841: 7834: 7833: 7826: 7819: 7811: 7805: 7804: 7803: 7802: 7801: 7800: 7797: 7796: 7778: 7775: 7753: 7750: 7722: 7721: 7703: 7700: 7683:Numa Pompilius 7680: 7677: 7660: 7659: 7654: 7651: 7646: 7643: 7629: 7628: 7627: 7626: 7625: 7624: 7581: 7563:Parallel Lives 7556: 7551: 7536: 7520: 7519: 7514: 7508: 7507: 7496: 7495: 7493: 7492:External links 7490: 7489: 7488: 7481: 7474: 7467:Volk, Kyle G. 7465: 7456: 7449: 7438: 7427: 7416: 7409: 7402: 7395: 7388: 7381: 7370: 7363: 7354:online version 7346: 7336: 7329: 7317:Main article: 7314: 7311: 7310: 7309: 7297:(1959, 2004). 7291: 7280: 7273: 7268:Mark McKenna, 7266: 7259: 7252: 7241: 7234: 7227: 7213: 7196:(4): 453–465. 7178: 7171: 7164: 7155: 7152: 7151: 7150: 7143: 7137:978-0847694440 7125: 7119: 7104: 7088: 7081: 7074: 7064: 7055: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7021: 7018:online version 7002: 6989: 6983:David Tucker, 6976: 6967: 6962:The Federalist 6949: 6928: 6907: 6894: 6876:Avalon Project 6862: 6846: 6833: 6812: 6786: 6780:978-1139519434 6779: 6761: 6749:The New Yorker 6735: 6729:978-1400887781 6728: 6708: 6682: 6676:978-0190468538 6675: 6655: 6642: 6625: 6600: 6575: 6550: 6525: 6496: 6477: 6462: 6442: 6435: 6408: 6386: 6356: 6341: 6328: 6312: 6308:French History 6299: 6250: 6236:978-1784783402 6235: 6217: 6206: 6193: 6184: 6178:Richard Buel, 6171: 6162: 6121: 6112: 6089: 6076: 6048: 6029: 6014: 5990: 5975: 5969:978-8817115674 5968: 5947: 5941:978-8842074915 5940: 5932:Vita di Cavour 5928:Romeo, Rosario 5919: 5913:978-2296027954 5912: 5894: 5873: 5869:978-1909496699 5850: 5844:978-2296027954 5843: 5825: 5789: 5783:978-8800856256 5782: 5758: 5752:978-8842494997 5751: 5728: 5710: 5685:Varia Historia 5671: 5646:Varia Historia 5629: 5616: 5607: 5598: 5589: 5577: 5564: 5539: 5530: 5517: 5504: 5494:online version 5481: 5460: 5451: 5424: 5408: 5395: 5380: 5363: 5346: 5337: 5328: 5311: 5301: 5288: 5275: 5248:(1): 239–258. 5228: 5215: 5209:Bill Brugger, 5202: 5196:Zera S. Fink, 5189: 5176: 5162: 5147: 5128:(2): 127–137. 5106: 5100:978-1139333740 5099: 5073: 5067:Paul A. Rahe, 5060: 5054:978-1118878347 5053: 5025: 5012: 4988: 4974:978-1003111399 4973: 4945: 4922: 4916:978-0080970875 4915: 4881: 4852: 4832: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4777: 4772: 4771: 4770: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4704:House of Lords 4698: 4695: 4690:Rhodes College 4650:prime minister 4624:representative 4524: 4521: 4513:workers rights 4464:Louis Brandeis 4437:Michael Sandel 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4330:Peninsular War 4293:Main article: 4290: 4287: 4267:Queen Victoria 4247:Main article: 4244: 4243:United Kingdom 4241: 4199: 4196: 4176:Young Ottomans 4164:Ottoman Empire 4117:Ottoman Empire 4095:Main article: 4092: 4089: 4062:(UMP) and its 4029: 4026: 4014:Alvan E. Bovay 3959:English models 3869:Main article: 3866: 3863: 3859:Roman Republic 3841:Fascist regime 3799:House of Savoy 3795:Carlo Cattaneo 3776:Savoy monarchy 3745:southern Italy 3726:Carlo Cattaneo 3690:Mahatma Gandhi 3682:Woodrow Wilson 3635:Roman Republic 3601:Mahatma Gandhi 3593:Woodrow Wilson 3578:Main article: 3575: 3572: 3492:regency period 3469: 3466: 3456:departed from 3430:Main article: 3427: 3424: 3405:Thomas Russell 3338:Main article: 3335: 3332: 3324:Républicanisme 3294:Républicanisme 3261: 3259:Républicanisme 3256: 3192:Isaac Kramnick 3184:Bernard Bailyn 3151:Main article: 3148: 3145: 3063: 3060: 2960: 2957: 2888:Pasquale Paoli 2853:Spanish empire 2842:Pasquale Paoli 2833: 2830: 2814:Joachim Philip 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2766:Rzeczpospolita 2745: 2742: 2706:Dutch Republic 2697: 2696:Dutch Republic 2694: 2628:civic humanism 2575: 2572: 2550:and disorder. 2425:Roman Republic 2386: 2383: 2322:Ancient Greece 2306: 2305:Ancient Greece 2303: 2301: 2298: 2293:Main article: 2290: 2287: 2285:of 1792–1804. 2271:North American 2156: 2155: 2153: 2152: 2145: 2138: 2130: 2127: 2126: 2113: 2112: 2108: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2091: 2090: 2085: 2084: 2081: 2080: 2076: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2019: 2018: 2012: 2011: 2008: 2007: 2002: 2001: 1999: 1998: 1992: 1990: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1977:Dominant-party 1973: 1971: 1970: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1945: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1913: 1912: 1907: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1898: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1871: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1858: 1857: 1852: 1850:Shadow cabinet 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1800:Lead candidate 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1776: 1775: 1772: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1763: 1762: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1741:Party of power 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1673: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1660: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1607:Libertarianism 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1587:Green politics 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1543: 1542: 1536: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1526: 1525: 1523: 1522: 1517: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1501: 1500: 1498: 1497: 1492: 1490:Radical Centre 1487: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1471: 1470: 1468: 1467: 1462: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1444: 1439: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1432:Party politics 1428: 1427: 1416: 1415: 1413: 1412: 1405: 1398: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1373: 1372: 1369: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1314:Egalitarianism 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1290: 1288:Related topics 1287: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1273: 1272: 1271: 1266: 1259:United Kingdom 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1174: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1041:Dutch Republic 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1009: 1007:Roman Republic 1003: 1000: 999: 996: 995: 992: 991: 981: 971: 961: 951: 941: 931: 921: 911: 901: 891: 881: 871: 861: 850: 847: 846: 843: 842: 839: 838: 833: 828: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 462: 459: 458: 455: 454: 451: 450: 448:Wollstonecraft 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 294: 291: 290: 287: 286: 283: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 211: 208: 207: 204: 203: 200: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 158: 155: 154: 151: 150: 147: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 50: 47: 46: 43: 42: 36: 35: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10220: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10193:Republicanism 10191: 10190: 10188: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10142:Progressivism 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10102:Individualism 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10062: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10044: 10041: 10040: 10039: 10036: 10035: 10033: 10029: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9992: 9991: 9990:Republicanism 9988: 9986: 9983: 9979: 9976: 9975: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9913: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9895: 9894:Social credit 9892: 9891: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9826: 9823: 9817: 9816:Revolutionary 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9766: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9748: 9745: 9744: 9743: 9740: 9739: 9736: 9732: 9725: 9720: 9718: 9713: 9711: 9706: 9705: 9702: 9690: 9687: 9686: 9683: 9677: 9676: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9619: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9592:Jurisprudence 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9539: 9537: 9533: 9524: 9523: 9519: 9514: 9513: 9509: 9504: 9503: 9499: 9494: 9493: 9489: 9484: 9483: 9479: 9474: 9473: 9469: 9464: 9463: 9459: 9454: 9453: 9449: 9444: 9443: 9439: 9434: 9433: 9429: 9424: 9423: 9422:Rights of Man 9419: 9414: 9413: 9409: 9404: 9403: 9399: 9394: 9393: 9389: 9384: 9383: 9379: 9374: 9373: 9369: 9364: 9363: 9359: 9354: 9353: 9349: 9344: 9343: 9339: 9334: 9333: 9332:De re publica 9329: 9324: 9323: 9319: 9314: 9313: 9309: 9308: 9306: 9302: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8958: 8956: 8952:20th and 21st 8950: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8822: 8819: 8818: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8805: 8802: 8801: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8691: 8689: 8685:18th and 19th 8683: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8620: 8617: 8616: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8571: 8569: 8563: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8541:Nizam al-Mulk 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8488: 8486: 8482: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8449: 8446: 8445: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8400: 8398: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8385: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8333: 8332: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8269: 8268: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8257: 8255: 8251: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8224:Republicanism 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8091: 8089: 8085: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8020: 8018: 8014: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7849: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7832: 7827: 7825: 7820: 7818: 7813: 7812: 7809: 7795: 7794: 7789: 7788: 7784: 7783: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7773: 7768: 7767: 7762: 7761: 7757: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7748: 7743: 7742: 7737: 7736: 7732: 7731: 7727: 7724: 7723: 7720: 7719: 7714: 7713: 7709: 7708: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7698: 7694: 7693: 7689: 7688: 7684: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7675: 7670: 7669: 7665: 7662: 7661: 7658: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7638: 7635: 7634: 7633: 7632: 7631: 7630: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7599:translation; 7598: 7594: 7590: 7586: 7582: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7571: 7569: 7565: 7564: 7560: 7559: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7546: 7545: 7540: 7539:Republicanism 7537: 7534: 7533:Republicanism 7529: 7525: 7524: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7509: 7504: 7503:Republicanism 7499: 7486: 7482: 7479: 7475: 7472: 7471: 7466: 7463: 7462: 7457: 7454: 7450: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7436: 7432: 7428: 7425: 7424:Republicanism 7421: 7417: 7414: 7410: 7407: 7403: 7400: 7396: 7393: 7389: 7386: 7382: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7368: 7364: 7362: 7358: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7334: 7330: 7327: 7323: 7322: 7320: 7313:United States 7307: 7303: 7300: 7296: 7292: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7278: 7274: 7271: 7267: 7264: 7260: 7257: 7253: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7239: 7235: 7232: 7228: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7214: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7184: 7179: 7176: 7172: 7169: 7165: 7162: 7158: 7157: 7148: 7147:Republicanism 7144: 7141: 7140:online review 7138: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7124: 7120: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7086: 7082: 7079: 7075: 7073: 7070:(June 1991); 7069: 7065: 7062: 7061: 7056: 7053: 7049: 7048: 7031: 7025: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7006: 7000:(2009) p. 211 6999: 6993: 6987:(2008) p. 109 6986: 6980: 6971: 6965: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6938: 6932: 6917: 6911: 6904: 6898: 6891: 6878: 6877: 6872: 6866: 6859: 6855: 6850: 6843: 6837: 6822: 6816: 6801: 6797: 6790: 6782: 6776: 6772: 6765: 6750: 6746: 6739: 6731: 6725: 6721: 6720: 6712: 6697: 6693: 6686: 6678: 6672: 6668: 6667: 6659: 6652: 6646: 6639: 6635: 6629: 6614: 6610: 6604: 6589: 6585: 6579: 6565:on 2011-11-04 6564: 6560: 6554: 6539: 6535: 6529: 6521: 6515: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6497:968-16-6656-9 6493: 6489: 6488: 6481: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6459: 6455: 6454: 6446: 6438: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6423: 6418: 6417:Mango, Andrew 6412: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6383: 6379: 6378:Facts On File 6375: 6371: 6367: 6360: 6352: 6345: 6338: 6332: 6326: 6325:online review 6322: 6316: 6309: 6303: 6295: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6270:(3): 468–88. 6269: 6265: 6261: 6254: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6232: 6228: 6221: 6215: 6210: 6203: 6197: 6188: 6181: 6175: 6166: 6158: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6125: 6116: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6093: 6086: 6080: 6064: 6060: 6059: 6052: 6044: 6040: 6033: 6025: 6018: 6011: 6007: 6006: 6001: 5994: 5986: 5979: 5971: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5951: 5943: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5923: 5915: 5909: 5905: 5898: 5891: 5890:9781405189972 5887: 5883: 5877: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5861: 5854: 5846: 5840: 5836: 5829: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5813: 5809:and his work 5808: 5804: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5785: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5765: 5763: 5754: 5748: 5744: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5726:. Good Press. 5725: 5724: 5717: 5715: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5675: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5652:(45): 17–45. 5651: 5647: 5643: 5636: 5634: 5626: 5620: 5611: 5602: 5593: 5584: 5582: 5574: 5568: 5552: 5546: 5544: 5534: 5527: 5521: 5514: 5508: 5502: 5498: 5495: 5491: 5485: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5455: 5440: 5436: 5428: 5421: 5415: 5413: 5405: 5399: 5392: 5391: 5384: 5377: 5373: 5367: 5360: 5356: 5350: 5341: 5332: 5325: 5321: 5315: 5305: 5298: 5292: 5285: 5279: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5232: 5225: 5219: 5212: 5206: 5199: 5193: 5186: 5180: 5173: 5172: 5166: 5159: 5158: 5151: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5122: 5117: 5110: 5102: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5077: 5070: 5064: 5056: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5037: 5029: 5022: 5016: 5002: 4998: 4992: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4957: 4949: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4926: 4918: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4885: 4877: 4871: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4849: 4845: 4844: 4836: 4822: 4818: 4811: 4807: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4785: 4784:republicanism 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4768: 4765: 4764: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4714: 4707: 4705: 4694: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4665:James Madison 4662: 4658: 4653: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4634:head of state 4631: 4630: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4612: 4610: 4609:democratizing 4606: 4605:James Madison 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4581: 4579: 4575: 4574:upper chamber 4570: 4566: 4555: 4549: 4545: 4540: 4534: 4529: 4520: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4485: 4481: 4480:managerialism 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4448: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4433:Cass Sunstein 4430: 4429:Philip Pettit 4425: 4422: 4416: 4415:Cass Sunstein 4412: 4398: 4396: 4395:Juan Carlos I 4392: 4391:Juancarlistas 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4349: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4338:Ferdinand VII 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4301: 4296: 4286: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4271:Prince Albert 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4250: 4240: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4225:Simón Bolívar 4221: 4219: 4215: 4214:Latin America 4208: 4204: 4198:Latin America 4195: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4107: 4103: 4098: 4088: 4086: 4081: 4079: 4075: 4074: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4038: 4034: 4025: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3998:James Madison 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3982:Patrick Henry 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3931: 3926: 3925: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3899:republicanism 3896: 3892: 3888: 3881: 3877: 3872: 3865:United States 3862: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3851: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3818:march on Rome 3815: 3811: 3806: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3733: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3714: 3710: 3705: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3654: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3581: 3571: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3543: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3478: 3474: 3465: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3433: 3423: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3406: 3402: 3397: 3395: 3394:Rights of Man 3391: 3386: 3385:Rights of Man 3382: 3378: 3377: 3376:Rights of Man 3372: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3358: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3331: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3304:'s idea of a 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3288: 3284: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3260: 3254: 3249: 3247: 3243: 3241: 3235: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3203: 3199: 3197: 3196:Joyce Appleby 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3180: 3175: 3174:J.G.A. Pocock 3170: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3154: 3144: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3124: 3120: 3119:individualism 3116: 3112: 3106: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3073: 3068: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3005: 3004:Paradise Lost 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2970: 2965: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2941:James Boswell 2938: 2934: 2933:North America 2930: 2929:Great Britain 2926: 2922: 2918: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2843: 2838: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2802:George Tucker 2799: 2798:William Sayle 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2782:Victor Hugues 2769: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2758:Andrzej Wolan 2755: 2751: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2693: 2691: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2664: 2659: 2658: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2585: 2580: 2571: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2555:head of state 2551: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2522:Julius Caesar 2519: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2476:De re Publica 2472: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2461:Enlightenment 2458: 2454: 2453: 2447: 2445: 2442:to the Greek 2441: 2437: 2436: 2435:De re publica 2431: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2396: 2393:Sculpture of 2391: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2357: 2356: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2316: 2313:Sculpture of 2311: 2296: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2240: 2234: 2232: 2231:James Madison 2228: 2227: 2222: 2216: 2214: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2166: 2162: 2161:Republicanism 2151: 2146: 2144: 2139: 2137: 2132: 2131: 2129: 2128: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2114: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2082: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2009: 1997: 1994: 1993: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1974: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1963: 1962: 1957: 1956:Party systems 1952: 1951: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1904: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1865: 1864: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1770: 1769: 1761: 1760:International 1757: 1756:Transnational 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1667: 1666: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1637:Republicanism 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1627:Progressivism 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1540: 1534: 1533: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1510: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1480: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1455: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1422: 1421: 1411: 1406: 1404: 1399: 1397: 1392: 1391: 1389: 1388: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1374: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1351: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1285: 1284: 1277: 1276:United States 1274: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1180: 1179: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1151:Metapolitefsi 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1015: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1004: 998: 997: 987: 986: 985:On Revolution 982: 977: 976: 972: 967: 966: 962: 957: 956: 955:Rights of Man 952: 947: 946: 942: 937: 936: 932: 927: 926: 922: 917: 916: 912: 907: 906: 902: 897: 896: 892: 887: 886: 882: 877: 876: 872: 867: 866: 865:De re publica 862: 857: 856: 852: 851: 845: 844: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 671:Jones (Lynne) 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 466:Adams (Gerry) 464: 463: 457: 456: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 295: 289: 288: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 265:Revolutionary 263: 261: 258: 256: 255:Parliamentary 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 212: 206: 205: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 159: 153: 152: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 70: 67: 65: 64:Civil society 62: 60: 57: 55: 52: 51: 45: 44: 41: 40:Republicanism 38: 37: 34: 30: 29: 26: 22: 10050:Collectivism 9989: 9889:Distributism 9874:Conservatism 9869:Confucianism 9789:Centre-right 9673: 9572:Elite theory 9520: 9510: 9500: 9490: 9480: 9470: 9460: 9450: 9440: 9430: 9420: 9410: 9400: 9390: 9380: 9370: 9360: 9350: 9340: 9330: 9320: 9310: 8609:Guicciardini 8565:Early modern 8388:Philosophers 8338:Open society 8274:Body politic 8223: 8144:Distributism 8134:Conservatism 8129:Confucianism 8048:Gerontocracy 8038:Dictatorship 7992:Sovereignty‎ 7982:Ruling class 7872:Emancipation 7857:Citizenship‎ 7792: 7786: 7781: 7771: 7765: 7759: 7746: 7740: 7734: 7729: 7717: 7711: 7706: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7673: 7667: 7656: 7648: 7640: 7621:LacusCurtius 7616: 7608: 7600: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7561: 7543: 7502: 7484: 7477: 7468: 7459: 7452: 7441: 7430: 7423: 7419: 7412: 7405: 7398: 7391: 7384: 7373: 7366: 7349: 7339: 7332: 7325: 7294: 7286:, edited by 7283: 7276: 7269: 7262: 7255: 7248: 7237: 7230: 7229:Fink, Zera. 7219: 7206:the original 7193: 7189: 7174: 7167: 7160: 7146: 7128: 7122: 7107: 7091: 7084: 7077: 7067: 7058: 7051: 7029: 7024: 7013: 7010:Mark McKenna 7005: 6997: 6992: 6984: 6979: 6970: 6961: 6956: 6952: 6941:. Retrieved 6931: 6920:. Retrieved 6910: 6902: 6897: 6888: 6881:. Retrieved 6874: 6865: 6857: 6854:R. R. Palmer 6849: 6841: 6836: 6825:. Retrieved 6815: 6803:. Retrieved 6799: 6789: 6770: 6764: 6752:. Retrieved 6748: 6738: 6718: 6711: 6699:. Retrieved 6695: 6685: 6665: 6658: 6650: 6645: 6633: 6628: 6617:. Retrieved 6612: 6603: 6592:. Retrieved 6587: 6578: 6567:. Retrieved 6563:the original 6553: 6542:. Retrieved 6537: 6528: 6486: 6480: 6452: 6445: 6421: 6411: 6399:. Retrieved 6369: 6359: 6350: 6344: 6336: 6331: 6320: 6315: 6307: 6302: 6267: 6263: 6253: 6226: 6220: 6209: 6201: 6196: 6187: 6179: 6174: 6165: 6141:(1): 11–29. 6138: 6134: 6124: 6115: 6109:: 13, 19–20. 6106: 6102: 6092: 6084: 6079: 6067:. Retrieved 6057: 6051: 6038: 6032: 6023: 6017: 6003: 5993: 5984: 5978: 5959: 5950: 5931: 5922: 5903: 5897: 5881: 5876: 5858: 5853: 5834: 5828: 5816: 5810: 5800: 5792: 5773: 5742: 5721: 5688: 5684: 5674: 5649: 5645: 5624: 5619: 5610: 5601: 5592: 5572: 5567: 5555:. 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Retrieved 5000: 4991: 4955: 4948: 4931: 4925: 4898: 4894: 4884: 4842: 4835: 4825:, retrieved 4820: 4810: 4783: 4700: 4672: 4668: 4654: 4636:, such as a 4627: 4615: 4613: 4588: 4582: 4561: 4533:Thomas Paine 4531:Portrait of 4506:labour union 4498: 4490: 4487:deregulation 4455: 4449: 4444: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4390: 4364: 4350: 4306: 4252: 4222: 4218:Andrés Bello 4211: 4207:Andrés Bello 4161: 4110: 4082: 4071: 4041: 4006:abolitionism 3986:Thomas Paine 3978:Samuel Adams 3963: 3928: 3922: 3903:social class 3898: 3884: 3848: 3838: 3830:World War II 3807: 3787:Action Party 3784: 3765: 3734: 3722:Risorgimento 3706: 3655: 3628: 3556:Minas Gerais 3544: 3511: 3509: 3496:independence 3481: 3435: 3419: 3409: 3398: 3393: 3390:Thomas Paine 3384: 3374: 3368: 3365:Edmund Burke 3362: 3354: 3348:Portrait of 3323: 3322: 3306:general will 3293: 3292: 3280: 3274:Portrait of 3258: 3251: 3244: 3237: 3205: 3200: 3177: 3171: 3156: 3140: 3137:Falloux Laws 3127: 3123:positive law 3111:civic virtue 3107: 3095:positive law 3076: 3070:Portrait of 3017: 3002: 2973: 2967:Portrait of 2924: 2920: 2915: 2912: 2892: 2873: 2846: 2840:Portrait of 2810:Julien Fédon 2794:Edwin Sandys 2780: 2747: 2699: 2687: 2676: 2671: 2661: 2655: 2631: 2615:Dithmarschen 2588: 2582:Portrait of 2563:irreversible 2562: 2552: 2534: 2517: 2515: 2488: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2456: 2450: 2448: 2443: 2439: 2433: 2418: 2413: 2409: 2399: 2385:Ancient Rome 2360: 2355:The Republic 2353: 2350:civic virtue 2319: 2256: 2237: 2235: 2224: 2217: 2210: 2204: 2172:civic virtue 2160: 2159: 1996:Non-partisan 1835:Party leader 1795:Frontbencher 1790:Caucus chair 1726:Ruling party 1707:Ethnic party 1687:Cartel party 1636: 1567:Conservatism 1515:Centre-Right 1495:Centre-Right 1423:Part of the 1348: 983: 973: 963: 953: 943: 933: 923: 913: 903: 893: 883: 873: 863: 853: 666:Jones (Elin) 571:Flynn (Paul) 531:Clarke (Tom) 526:Clark (Katy) 471:Adams (John) 292:Philosophers 69:Civic virtue 39: 31:Part of the 25: 10152:Regionalism 10097:Imperialism 10060:Culturalism 10055:Colonialism 9985:Nationalism 9906:Familialism 9884:Corporatism 9854:Communalism 9834:Agrarianism 9811:Reactionary 9779:Centre-left 9446:(1835–1840) 9326:(c. 350 BC) 9316:(c. 375 BC) 8933:Tocqueville 8898:Saint-Simon 8863:Montesquieu 8714:Bolingbroke 8646:Machiavelli 8526:Ibn Khaldun 8491:Alpharabius 8484:Middle Ages 8309:Natural law 8284:Common good 8209:Nationalism 8169:Imperialism 8139:Corporatism 8114:Colonialism 8094:Agrarianism 8073:Technocracy 8053:Meritocracy 8033:Bureaucracy 8023:Aristocracy 7657:Comparisons 7589:Comparisons 7544:In Our Time 6069:22 February 5160:. IV, 32–33 4934:: 701–711. 4554:Aftonbladet 4503:producerist 4495:free market 4382:United Left 4369: [ 4346:Isabella II 4188:Young Turks 4157:his reforms 4070:, with the 3961:and ideas. 3955:Renaissance 3951:Greco-Roman 3943:aristocracy 3935:sovereignty 3915:Netherlands 3747:during the 3713:Young Italy 3678:Europeanism 3542:discourse. 3536:nationalist 3504:Frei Caneca 3488:First Reign 3446:Montesquieu 3232:Montesquieu 3228:Bolingbroke 3208:John Milton 3188:Gordon Wood 3141:Philosophes 3129:Jules Ferry 3115:common good 3072:Montesquieu 3048:John Wilkes 3024:restoration 2995:John Milton 2981:called the 2861:Renaissance 2736:during the 2683:Thomas More 2644:common good 2623:Renaissance 2591:Middle Ages 2526:Mark Antony 2518:theoretical 2503:aristocracy 2457:res publica 2452:res publica 2440:res publica 2363:city-states 2259:Roman state 2239:res publica 2196:aristocracy 2188:rule of law 2178:, harms of 1987:Multi-party 1830:Party chair 1780:Backbencher 1716:Minor party 1712:Major party 1692:Competitive 1682:Elite party 1617:Nationalism 1547:Agrarianism 1485:Centre-Left 1465:Centre-Left 1299:Common good 1239:New Zealand 1234:Netherlands 979:(1835–1840) 949:(1787–1788) 859:(c. 375 BC) 781:Robespierre 556:Etherington 491:Benn (Tony) 460:Politicians 438:Tocqueville 398:Montesquieu 378:Machiavelli 124:Rule of law 119:Res publica 10198:Liberalism 10187:Categories 10167:Syncretism 10157:Separatism 10117:Militarism 10087:Federalism 9973:Monarchism 9953:Liberalism 9844:Capitalism 9794:Right-wing 9654:Separatism 9462:On Liberty 9362:The Prince 9091:Huntington 8594:Campanella 8521:al-Ghazali 8470:Thucydides 8428:Lactantius 8373:Statolatry 8199:Monarchism 8179:Liberalism 8104:Capitalism 8087:Ideologies 8068:Plutocracy 8016:Government 7972:Revolution 7957:Propaganda 7907:Legitimacy 7882:Government 7116:0198290837 6943:2013-02-03 6922:2013-02-03 6827:2013-02-03 6619:2020-04-14 6613:El Español 6594:2020-04-14 6569:2013-02-03 6544:2013-02-03 6401:23 January 6396:2008020716 6037:"Italia", 5817:The Prince 5812:The Prince 5799:notes, in 5473:J. R. 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(2003). 6918:. 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