2011:
movements of the common people. Nor is it becoming to a man of liberal birth, say they, thus to contend with such vile and unrefined antagonists, or to subject one's self to the lashings of contumely, or to put one's self in the way of injuries which ought not to be borne by a wise man. As if to a virtuous, brave, and magnanimous man there could be a juster reason for seeking the government than this—to avoid being subjected to worthless men, and to prevent the
1481:
2026:
of the lower orders. Nor is it acting like a gentleman (say they) thus to contend with antagonists so unwashed and so unrefined (impuris atque immanibus adversariis) or subject yourself to the lashings of contumely, of which the wisest will always have most to bear. As if to virtuous, brave, and magnanimous men, there could be a juster reason for seeking the government than this, that we should not be subjected to scoundrels, nor suffer the
32:
1966:“But, my Africanus, (replied Tubero) of what credit is this tradition which states that Socrates rejected all these physical investigations, and confined his whole attention to men and manners? In this respect, what better authority can we cite than Plato's? And in many passages of his works, Socrates speaks in a very different manner, and even in his discussions respecting morals, and virtues, and
1945:(ch. 16) dein Tubero: 'nescio Africane cur ita memoriae proditum sit, Socratem omnem istam disputationem reiecisse, et tantum de vita et de moribus solitum esse quaerere. quem enim auctorem de illo locupletiorem Platone laudare possumus? cuius in libris multis locis ita loquitur Socrates, ut etiam cum de moribus de virtutibus denique de
2413:(III,1) Verum ne nimis longum faciam, tacebo aliarum usquequaque gentium mala grauissima: quod ad Romam pertinet Romanumque imperium tantum loquar, id est ad ipsam proprie ciuitatem et quaecumque illi terrarum uel societate coniunctae uel condicione subiectae sunt, quae sint perpessae ante aduentum Christi, cum iam ad eius quasi corpus
2025:
and popular demagogues, incapable of all goodness, with whom it is disgraceful to mix; and to struggle with the passions of the insensate multitude, is a most miserable and hazardous life. On which account, no wise man will take the reins, since he cannot restrain the insane and unregulated movements
1994:
plerumque homines nulla re bona dignos, cum quibus comparari sordidum, confligere autem multitudine praesertim incitata miserum et periculosum sit. quam ob rem neque sapientis esse accipere habenas cum insanos atque indomitos impetus volgi cohibere non possit, neque liberi cum inpuris atque inmanibus
2358:
without being armed. It is not, however, usual for anyone to wear arms till the state has recognised his power to use them. Then in the presence of the council one of the chiefs, or the young man's father, or some kinsman, equips him with a shield and a spear. These arms are what the "toga" is with
1955:
But, then, my
Africanus, replied Tubero, of what credit is the tradition which states that Socrates rejected all these physical investigations, and confined his whole attention to men and manners? For, with respect to him what better authority can we cite than Plato? in many passages of whose works
2423:
But that I may not be prolix, I will be silent regarding the heavy calamities that have been suffered by any other nations, and will speak only of what happened to Rome and the Roman empire, by which I mean Rome properly so called, and those lands which already, before the coming of Christ, had by
2098:
For albeit you have triumphed with him for your noble victories, been Censor in your time, and Consul six times,7 times executed the sacred authority of the
Tribunes, patrones, and protectors of the Commons of Rome, together with him; albeit I say you have otherwise with your noble heart honouring
2010:
are generally good-for-nothing men, with whom it is discreditable to be compared, and miserable and dangerous to contend, especially when the multitude is in an excited state. On which account it is not the part of a wise man to take the reins, since he cannot restrain the insane and unregulated
2109:
You, who have had the honour of a triumph, and of the censorship, have been six times consul, and have shared in the tribunate; and, what is still more honourable, whilst you held them in conjunction with your Father, you have presided over the
Equestrian order, and been the Prefect of the
2322:
in the context of the
Germanic "barbarian" society. Here the word is used to convey the generic meaning of "public affair" or "the commonwealth" (in contrast to the private or family life) without the Roman connotations of republicanism. This is illustrated in the following text
2343:
nisi armati agunt. Sed arma sumere non ante cuiquam moris quam civitas suffecturum probaverit. Tum in ipso concilio vel principum aliquis vel pater vel propinqui scuto frameaque iuvenem ornant: haec apud illos toga, hic primus iuventae honos; ante hoc domus pars videntur, mox
2099:
and gracing both the court of the
Emperor your father, and also the whole state of Knights and Gentlemen of Rome, whiles you were captain of the guard, and Grand master of his house and royal palace (in which places all, you carried your selfe respectively to the good of the
2308:
Nonetheless it can only be admired in
Tacitus how, with some judicially chosen words, he most poignantly and to the point describes the transition from "(overdue) remnants of the republic" to "actual Imperial reign, already established in the minds of people".
2253:
he intends as "vetus" (the "old" res publica) - which implies he knows another, not "old", "re(s)public(a)", while
Tacitus' dense writing style would usually avoid redundancies. Nonetheless in the second quote, actually preceding the first in the text of the
2005:
Those apologies, therefore, in which men take refuge as an excuse for their devoting themselves with more plausibility to mere inactivity do certainly not deserve to be listened to; when, for instance, they tell us that those who meddle with
2706:– Founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary, revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten by Charlton T. Lewis, and Charles Short. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1879. Various 20th and 21st century re-publications under
2088:(I) triumphalis et censorius tu sexiesque consul ac tribuniciae potestatis particeps et, quod his nobilius fecisti, dum illud patri pariter et equestri ordini praestas, praefectus praetorii eius omniaque haec
2395:, in which he comments, in the early 5th century on several Greek and Roman authors. Again, the standard translations of the expression "res publica" are multiple throughout the work. Examples taken from
2198:
remained, and he hesitated about being emperor. Even the proclamation by which he summoned the senators to their chamber, he issued merely with the title of
Tribune, which he had received under Augustus.
1599:(libertas), which meant freedom from the arbitrary control of another and the absence of a monarchical domination over the body politic, that was analogous to the absolute power of a master over a slave.
1801:, when referring to their constitution at the time of the "republic", and the "inalterable laws installed by the divine Augustus", for their equivalent of a constitution in the era of the early Empire.
1836:
The translations of the quotations below are copied without alteration from existing non-copyrighted material. Other translations might differ, but they all serve to illustrate the many aspects of the
1587:
is an attributive adjective meaning 'of or pertaining to the public, people'. Hence a literal translation is, 'the public thing, affair' or 'the people's thing, affair'. The Latin term
2130:, but used "commonwealth"/"republic" in the meaning of "the state". The ambiguity of Rome still considering itself formally, or just "pro forma", a republic throughout the era of the
2021:
Those apologies, therefore, which undertake to furnish us with an easy excuse for living in selfish inactivity, are certainly not worth hearing. They tell us that to meddle with
1995:
adversariis decertantem vel contumeliarum verbera subire, vel expectare sapienti non ferendas iniurias: proinde quasi bonis et fortibus et magno animo praeditis ulla sit ad
2237:
Thus the State had been revolutionised, and there was not a vestige left of the old sound morality. Stript of equality, all looked up to the commands of a sovereign...
2304:(compare to Holland and Bostock translations for the same concept in the Pliny quote above: "sacred authoritie of the Tribunes" and "the tribunate", respectively).
1793:
derives into something like "constitution", although "constitution", properly speaking, is a much more modern concept. Ancient Romans would use the expression "
2444:("the Roman empire") as a synonym to "the era when Rome was governed by emperors". Compare also to the 2nd quote from Tacitus above: there an expression
53:
46:
2594:
1990:(ch. 9) Iam illa, perfugia quae sumunt sibi ad excusationem quo facilius otio perfruantur, certe minime sunt audienda, cum ita dicunt accedere ad
1509:
2188:
et ambiguus imperandi: ne edictum quidem, quo patres in curiam vocabat, nisi tribuniciae potestatis praescriptione posuit sub
Augusto acceptae.
1871:
appararent in Cicero's time, who never knew the era of the
Emperors, and could only compare with the epoch of the Kings); on the other hand the
1999:
adeundi causa iustior, quam ne pareant inprobis, neve ab isdem lacerari rem publicam patiantur, cum ipsi auxilium ferre si cupiant non queant.
2092:
es: nobis quidem qualis in castrensi contubernio, nec quicquam in te mutavit fortunae amplitudo, nisi ut prodesse tantundem posses et velles.
1591:
was incompatible with the idea of absolute power by any individual or group over the body of citizens. The most essential characteristic of a
1732:
could also be used in a generic meaning, referring to "public affairs" and/or the general system of government of a state. In this usage
1960:, he endeavors to interweave, after the fashion of Pythagoras, the doctrines of arithmetic, geometry, and harmonic proportions with them.
1615:
usually is something held in common by many people. For instance a park or garden in the city of Rome could either be 'private property' (
2732:
2359:
us, the first honour with which youth is invested. Up to this time he is regarded as a member of a household, afterwards as a member
2134:, when a monarchic rule had already de facto been established, adds to the complexity of translating "res publica" in this context.
2245:
The least that can be said is that the two quotes above (like so many passages in Tacitus' writings) are a translator's minefield:
1970:, he endeavours to interweave, after the fashion of Pythagoras, the doctrines of arithmetic, geometry, and harmonic proportions.”
1066:
1840:
concept in ancient Rome. The Latin original texts are given concurrently with the translations, in order to show that only the
210:
2328:
2324:
1217:
1157:
2103:) yet to all your friends, and especially to myself, you have borne the same colours, and lodged together in one pavilion.
1290:
1207:
96:
1502:
1360:
986:
677:
2225:
Igitur verso civitatis statu nihil usquam prisci et integri moris: omnes exuta aequalitate iussa principis aspectare...
2030:
to be distracted by them, lest we should discover, too late, when we desire to save her, that we are without the power.
68:
1377:
1187:
647:
2711:
2015:
from being torn to pieces by them; when, even if they were then desirous to save her, they would not have the power.
1467:
932:
717:
115:
1335:
1006:
75:
1247:
2065:
1553:' has traditionally been used as a synonym for it; however, translations vary widely according to the context.
1495:
341:
1262:
632:
82:
1242:
1457:
1420:
1340:
1300:
1202:
1197:
20:
2481:
Now, up to this time, Sylla's cause was the more worthy of the two; for till now he used arms to restore
1192:
64:
1295:
996:
667:
1305:
1272:
1172:
1167:
837:
454:
2077:
1931:
2173:
1851:
From these examples it also follows that probably there was also a gradual shift of meaning of the
1330:
1325:
1320:
1222:
797:
200:
577:
2056:
1355:
1345:
1310:
1026:
672:
263:
175:
42:
2679:
2377:
1956:
Socrates speaks in such a manner that even when he is discussing morals, and virtues, and even
1365:
1350:
882:
817:
366:
356:
293:
479:
1410:
1232:
1046:
927:
539:
519:
429:
273:
155:
1825:
1395:
1137:
1076:
439:
361:
268:
235:
1910:
is used several times throughout the work too. The quotes below aim at demonstrating that
8:
2277:
exist in the time Tacitus describes here, and so could not be assigned to Tiberius as an
1370:
1315:
1237:
1147:
1036:
549:
331:
321:
316:
205:
89:
1949:
disputet, numeros tamen et geometriam et harmoniam studeat Pythagorae more coniungere.'
1633:
Taking everything together that is of public interest leads to the connotation that the
2727:
2611:
2391:
2382:
1451:
1425:
1267:
1257:
1227:
1182:
1127:
1113:
976:
917:
692:
607:
326:
2665:
Noted by Michel Rouche, "Private life conquers state and society", in Paul Veyne, ed.
2707:
2603:
1891:
1813:
1462:
1435:
1212:
1152:
1132:
1016:
787:
697:
449:
346:
134:
1923:
1697:
in the context of the era when Rome was governed as a republic: the era between the
1669:
as a more accurate and neutral translation of the Latin term, as it implies neither
732:
190:
2534:
2514:
2152:
2069:
1817:
1780:
1445:
1405:
1122:
956:
862:
762:
747:
657:
587:
494:
489:
464:
371:
351:
336:
195:
2073:
1890:(this translates as "about the res publica"), a treatise of the 1st century BC in
777:
687:
2544:
2524:
2314:
2301:
2194:
For Tiberius would inaugurate everything with the consuls, as though the ancient
2165:
1753:, a translation can often be the even more generic "being occupied in politics".
1485:
1177:
1162:
802:
682:
642:
617:
597:
544:
529:
381:
376:
245:
240:
230:
185:
160:
582:
409:
2642:
2540:
2269:"imperandi", litt. "to command", is translated as "being emperor" - while the "
2127:
1718:
1415:
1142:
1108:
907:
897:
852:
812:
807:
752:
742:
737:
722:
652:
637:
622:
612:
524:
424:
414:
404:
2114:, and, at the same time, have regarded me as a fellow-soldier and a messmate.
1937:
When Cicero refers to the Greek authors (pointing at the "politeia" concept):
707:
2721:
2632:
Robert E. Goodin and Philip Pettit. eds. Cambridge: Blackwell, 1995. pg. 569.
2607:
2396:
2262:
have such qualifier, while in the context it is clear he meant the then lost
1903:
1794:
1698:
1662:
1252:
1086:
1056:
966:
872:
867:
842:
822:
662:
534:
509:
484:
469:
459:
444:
399:
165:
141:
2475:
recuperare moliebatur; horum bonorum initiorum nondum malos euentus habuit.
2400:
1765:
in ancient Rome are diverse and multi-layered, and differing from the Greek
1761:
Even when limited to its "political" connotations, the meanings of the term
2510:
2207:... while Tacitus complained in the same writing that at the same time the
1702:
1644:
1550:
1538:
922:
902:
887:
847:
832:
792:
727:
712:
602:
504:
170:
2471:(III,7) Adhuc autem meliorum partium ciuilium Sulla dux fuit, adhuc armis
2126:, that is Vespasian or his predecessors, Pliny was not talking about the
1927:
1617:
1400:
937:
877:
827:
772:
567:
499:
225:
2211:
went astray for good because not a single soul seemed to care any more:
1480:
2615:
2589:
2131:
1809:
1743:
1677:
rule, but rather refers to the state as a whole. However, translating
1564:
1440:
1430:
892:
857:
782:
767:
702:
627:
572:
474:
419:
298:
283:
1898:
as its subject. The differing interpretations and translations of the
1567:
singular Latin noun for a substantive or concrete thing—as opposed to
2683:
2061:
1856:
1771:
in many ways (that is: from the several interwoven meanings the word
1545:
phrase, loosely meaning 'public affair'. It is the root of the word '
912:
592:
288:
180:
31:
2687:
2282:
2263:
2161:
1767:
1738:
1657:
1546:
757:
514:
278:
215:
2184:(I.7) Nam Tiberius cuncta per consules incipiebat, tamquam vetere
2142:
As another example of the complexities of the meaning of the word
1643:
in general equals 'the state'. For Romans, the state equaled the
1621:), or managed by the state, in which case it would be part of the
2550:
2289:
2270:
2157:
2147:
1596:
2463:
with a distinct form of state organisation, from the same book:
2424:
alliance or conquest become, as it were, members of the body of
2292:", while the "tribunicia potestas" is more about exercising the
2110:
Prætorians : all this you have done for the service of the
2555:
2499:
2064:
in the first century, he uses the word res publica (Latin from
1932:
Francis Barham's translation at "The Online Library of Liberty"
1883:
434:
1875:
appears to have nearly completely worn off in late antiquity.
2168:
had died (AD 14), sought to preserve all institutions of the
1775:
had). However, it is also the customary Latin translation of
1542:
1914:
of Cicero's work differing English translations of the term
1789:
In some contexts the "state organisation system" meaning of
19:
This article is about the Latin phrase. For other uses, see
2485:, and as yet his good intentions had met with no reverses.
2667:
A History of Private Life: I. From Pagan Rome to Byzantium
1804:
After the Roman Empire collapsed in the West, the idea of
2456:
is used for referring to "the (Roman) State" in general.
2174:
Latin and translation as available at the Perseus Project
1681:
as 'republic' when it clearly refers to the Roman Empire
1749:). Also, for a Roman politician engaging himself in the
1655:
as a whole, regardless of whether it was governed as a
1114:
1922:, in order to make sense. The quotes are taken from
1742:(which originally meant the state organisation of a
2630:A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy.
2595:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
2288:"tribunicia potestas" is translated as "title of
2078:John Bostock translation from the Perseus website
1724:
2719:
2150:, who in the early 2nd century described in his
2249:In the first quote above Tacitus qualifies the
2074:http://penelope.uchicago.edu/holland/index.html
1577:, which means something unreal or ethereal—and
1503:
2590:"Roman Republicanism: The Underrated Legacy"
1926:(chapter numbering follows this text), from
1717:, but to what is generally described as the
1628:
1873:translation of the Greek "politeia" concept
1524:
2038:The translation shows that the meaning of
1928:C. D. Yonge's translation at gutenberg.org
1510:
1496:
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
2587:
2405:Meaning "the (Roman) state" in general:
2300:a Tribune, and had been an invention of
1859:: the "(Roman) Republic" connotation of
2436:Note that in this quote Augustine does
2331:translation from the Perseus Project):
1067:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch
2720:
1924:the Latin text at "The Latin Library"
52:Please improve this article by adding
2401:the version available at "New Advent"
2397:the Latin text at "The Latin Library"
2273:" concept (which in fact did not yet
1688:
1685:sometimes occurs (see quotes below).
1665:. In this context, scholars suggest
1218:1946 Italian institutional referendum
1158:Spanish American wars of independence
2669:(Harvard University Press) 1987:419.
2219:(I.3-4) quotus quisque reliquus qui
1844:of the text allows to interpret the
25:
2628:Haakonssen, Knud. 'Republicanism.'
2231:How few were left who had seen the
1902:of that work are discussed in the "
1693:Roman authors would use the phrase
987:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates
13:
2389:several times throughout his work
2049:
1607:
1602:
14:
2744:
2733:Latin political words and phrases
2643:"Res publica | political science"
2517:– 2nd meaning as indicated above)
2341:neque publicae neque privatae rei
16:Latin root of the word "republic"
2576:Lewis and Short Latin Dictionary
2459:Meaning "the Roman Republic" as
1863:is something that rather occurs
1479:
1007:Discourses Concerning Government
30:
2686:, receiving the official Roman
1808:disappeared, as foreign to the
1273:Barbadian Republic Proclamation
2672:
2659:
2635:
2622:
2581:
2568:
2296:of a tribune without actually
2044:even within the same paragraph
1918:need to be used, according to
1725:Public affairs or institutions
1208:1935 Greek coup d'Ă©tat attempt
1188:German Revolution of 1918–1919
1:
2697:
2356:no public or private business
2264:republican form of government
1831:
1756:
1736:translated the Greek concept
54:secondary or tertiary sources
2588:Mitchell, Thomas N. (2001).
2371:
2281:) was usually indicated as "
1458:Republic without republicans
1203:11 September 1922 Revolution
1198:Mongolian Revolution of 1921
21:Res publica (disambiguation)
7:
2399:, English translation from
1958:public affairs and politics
1193:Turkish War of Independence
1115:
10:
2749:
2690:title for limited periods.
2578:, via the Perseus Project.
2493:
2480:
2470:
2422:
2412:
2375:
2353:
2338:
2230:
2218:
2193:
2183:
2137:
2108:
2097:
2087:
2020:
2004:
1989:
1965:
1954:
1944:
1906:" article. The expression
1848:concept in each instance.
1647:and all its interests, so
1248:1970 Cambodian coup d'Ă©tat
997:The Commonwealth of Oceana
18:
2054:When Pliny dedicates his
1878:
1828:of which he is speaking.
1629:The state or commonwealth
1421:The Emperor's New Clothes
1173:5 October 1910 revolution
1168:French Revolution of 1848
191:Liberty as non-domination
2561:
1263:1987 Fijian coups d'Ă©tat
1223:1952 Egyptian revolution
201:Political representation
2647:Encyclopedia Britannica
1867:to a closed period (so
1855:concept throughout the
1786:comes from this usage.
1243:1969 Libyan coup d'Ă©tat
1027:Discourse on Inequality
176:Consent of the governed
2680:Lucius Cornelius Sulla
2378:Res publica Christiana
1930:(2nd column) and from
1912:within any translation
1651:may also refer to the
1525:
41:relies excessively on
2682:) lived in an age of
2339:(Ch. 13) Nihil autem
2258:, "res publica" does
1978:When pointing at the
1779:; the modern name of
1411:Criticism of monarchy
1233:North Yemen civil war
1047:The Federalist Papers
342:Federal parliamentary
2318:, Tacitus also uses
2066:LacusCurtius website
1683:under Imperial reign
1396:Classical radicalism
1138:Republic of Florence
1077:Democracy in America
236:Separation of powers
211:Public participation
2440:use the expression
2361:of the commonwealth
2172:completely intact (
2057:Naturalis Historiae
1713:refer to the Roman
1705:. So in this case,
1486:Politics portal
1291:Antigua and Barbuda
1238:Zanzibar Revolution
1148:American Revolution
1037:The Social Contract
206:Popular sovereignty
2704:A Latin Dictionary
2383:Augustine of Hippo
1894:format, takes the
1689:The Roman Republic
1452:Primus inter pares
1268:Nepalese Civil War
1258:Iranian Revolution
1228:14 July Revolution
1183:Russian Revolution
1178:Chinese Revolution
1128:Republic of Venice
977:Discourses on Livy
2678:Note that Sylla (
2489:
2488:
2432:
2431:
2367:
2366:
2241:
2240:
2203:
2202:
2118:
2117:
2072:translation from
2062:Emperor Vespasian
2034:
2033:
1974:
1973:
1892:Socratic dialogue
1814:Migrations Period
1549:', and the word '
1520:
1519:
1463:Republican empire
1436:List of republics
1285:National variants
1213:Spanish Civil War
1153:French Revolution
1133:Republic of Genoa
1017:The Spirit of Law
950:Theoretical works
294:Neo-republicanism
126:
125:
118:
100:
2740:
2691:
2676:
2670:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2639:
2633:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2585:
2579:
2572:
2468:
2467:
2454:imperium Romanum
2442:imperium Romanum
2410:
2409:
2336:
2335:
2216:
2215:
2181:
2180:
2085:
2084:
2070:Philemon Holland
1987:
1986:
1942:
1941:
1818:Gregory of Tours
1709:does distinctly
1642:
1636:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1557:
1528:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1484:
1483:
1468:Republican Party
1446:Peasant republic
1406:Communitarianism
1123:Classical Athens
1118:
1092:
1082:
1072:
1062:
1052:
1042:
1032:
1022:
1012:
1002:
992:
982:
972:
962:
196:Mixed government
130:
129:
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2718:
2717:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2677:
2673:
2664:
2660:
2651:
2649:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2627:
2623:
2586:
2582:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2496:
2392:The City of God
2380:
2374:
2302:Caesar Augustus
2236:
2224:
2140:
2052:
2050:Pliny the Elder
1881:
1865:with retrospect
1834:
1759:
1727:
1691:
1673:governance nor
1640:
1634:
1631:
1610:
1608:Public property
1605:
1603:In ancient Rome
1583:
1579:
1573:
1569:
1559:
1555:
1516:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1391:
1383:
1382:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1163:Trienio Liberal
1104:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1080:
1070:
1060:
1050:
1040:
1030:
1020:
1010:
1000:
990:
980:
970:
960:
951:
943:
942:
678:Flynn (Stephen)
563:
555:
554:
395:
387:
386:
312:
304:
303:
259:
251:
250:
246:Social equality
241:Social contract
231:Self-governance
186:Democratization
161:Anti-corruption
156:Anti-monarchism
151:
135:Politics series
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
51:
47:primary sources
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2746:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2716:
2715:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2671:
2658:
2634:
2621:
2602:(2): 127–137.
2580:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2541:Rzeczpospolita
2538:
2528:
2521:chose publique
2518:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2479:
2476:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2421:
2418:
2385:uses the word
2373:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2354:They transact
2352:
2349:
2306:
2305:
2286:
2267:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2229:
2226:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2192:
2189:
2156:how the first
2139:
2136:
2128:Roman Republic
2122:When under an
2120:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2107:
2104:
2096:
2093:
2060:to his friend
2051:
2048:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2023:public affairs
2019:
2016:
2008:public affairs
2003:
2000:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1964:
1961:
1953:
1950:
1934:(3rd column).
1880:
1877:
1833:
1830:
1826:Eastern Empire
1758:
1755:
1726:
1723:
1719:Roman Republic
1690:
1687:
1663:imperial reign
1630:
1627:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1531:(also spelled
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1416:Egalitarianism
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1392:
1390:Related topics
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1361:United Kingdom
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1143:Dutch Republic
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1111:
1109:Roman Republic
1105:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1083:
1073:
1063:
1053:
1043:
1033:
1023:
1013:
1003:
993:
983:
973:
963:
952:
949:
948:
945:
944:
941:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
564:
561:
560:
557:
556:
553:
552:
550:Wollstonecraft
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
396:
393:
392:
389:
388:
385:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
313:
310:
309:
306:
305:
302:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
260:
257:
256:
253:
252:
249:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
152:
149:
148:
145:
144:
138:
137:
124:
123:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2745:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2713:
2712:0-19-864201-6
2709:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2668:
2662:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2631:
2625:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2571:
2567:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2531:cosa pubblica
2529:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2484:
2477:
2474:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2427:
2419:
2417:pertinerent.
2416:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2362:
2357:
2350:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2310:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2285:" by Tacitus.
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2234:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2197:
2190:
2187:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2146:one can cite
2145:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2113:
2105:
2102:
2094:
2091:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2029:
2024:
2017:
2014:
2009:
2001:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1969:
1962:
1959:
1951:
1948:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1904:De re publica
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1888:De re publica
1885:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1797:" instead of
1796:
1795:Twelve Tables
1792:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1699:Roman Kingdom
1696:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1576:
1566:
1562:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1476:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1378:United States
1376:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1253:Metapolitefsi
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1089:
1088:
1087:On Revolution
1084:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1057:Rights of Man
1054:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1004:
999:
998:
994:
989:
988:
984:
979:
978:
974:
969:
968:
967:De re publica
964:
959:
958:
954:
953:
947:
946:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
773:Jones (Lynne)
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
568:Adams (Gerry)
566:
565:
559:
558:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
397:
391:
390:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
367:Revolutionary
365:
363:
360:
358:
357:Parliamentary
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
314:
308:
307:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
261:
255:
254:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
166:Civil society
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
153:
147:
146:
143:
142:Republicanism
140:
139:
136:
132:
131:
128:
120:
117:
109:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
65:"Res publica"
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
49:
48:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
2703:
2674:
2666:
2661:
2650:. Retrieved
2646:
2637:
2629:
2624:
2599:
2593:
2583:
2575:
2570:
2530:
2520:
2511:Commonwealth
2503:
2497:
2483:the republic
2482:
2473:rem publicam
2472:
2460:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2435:
2425:
2415:rei publicae
2414:
2404:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2360:
2355:
2346:rei publicae
2345:
2340:
2319:
2313:
2312:In his book
2311:
2307:
2297:
2293:
2278:
2274:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2244:
2232:
2221:rem publicam
2220:
2208:
2206:
2196:constitution
2195:
2185:
2169:
2164:in the year
2151:
2143:
2141:
2123:
2121:
2111:
2101:Commonwealth
2100:
2090:rei publicae
2089:
2055:
2053:
2043:
2039:
2037:
2028:commonwealth
2027:
2022:
2013:Commonwealth
2012:
2007:
1997:rem publicam
1996:
1992:rem publicam
1991:
1979:
1977:
1967:
1957:
1946:
1936:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1887:
1882:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1852:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1835:
1824:, it is the
1821:
1805:
1803:
1798:
1790:
1788:
1783:The Republic
1782:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1762:
1760:
1750:
1744:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1703:Roman Empire
1694:
1692:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1667:commonwealth
1666:
1656:
1653:Roman Empire
1652:
1648:
1645:Roman Empire
1637:
1632:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1592:
1588:
1578:
1568:
1554:
1551:commonwealth
1539:vowel length
1537:to indicate
1533:
1532:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1450:
1085:
1075:
1065:
1055:
1045:
1035:
1025:
1015:
1005:
995:
985:
975:
965:
955:
768:Jones (Elin)
673:Flynn (Paul)
633:Clarke (Tom)
628:Clark (Katy)
573:Adams (John)
394:Philosophers
220:
171:Civic virtue
133:Part of the
127:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
40:
2504:Res publica
2450:res publica
2387:res publica
2320:res publica
2251:res publica
2209:res publica
2170:Res publica
2144:res publica
2042:can differ
2040:res publica
1916:res publica
1908:res publica
1896:res publica
1861:res publica
1853:res publica
1846:res publica
1838:res publica
1822:res publica
1816:: whenever
1806:res publica
1799:res publica
1791:res publica
1763:res publica
1751:res publica
1734:res publica
1730:Res publica
1707:res publica
1695:res publica
1679:res publica
1649:Res Publica
1638:res publica
1623:res publica
1618:res privata
1613:Res publica
1593:res publica
1589:res publica
1534:rēs pūblica
1526:Res publica
1401:Common good
1341:New Zealand
1336:Netherlands
1081:(1835–1840)
1051:(1787–1788)
961:(c. 375 BC)
883:Robespierre
658:Etherington
593:Benn (Tony)
562:Politicians
540:Tocqueville
500:Montesquieu
480:Machiavelli
226:Rule of law
221:Res publica
2722:Categories
2698:References
2684:civil wars
2652:2021-08-02
2376:See also:
2186:re publica
2132:principate
1947:re publica
1832:Quotations
1820:refers to
1810:barbarians
1757:Other uses
1671:republican
1565:nominative
1441:Monarchism
1431:Liberalism
1426:Jacobinism
1116:Gaṇasaṅgha
971:(54–51 BC)
455:Harrington
332:Democratic
322:Capitalist
317:Autonomous
299:Venizelism
284:Khomeinism
106:April 2021
76:newspapers
43:references
2728:Roman law
2608:0003-049X
2446:different
2426:the state
2372:Augustine
2327:text and
2279:intention
2275:literally
2223:vidisset?
1982:context:
1857:Roman era
1661:or under
1296:Australia
928:Venizelos
918:Spadolini
908:Slaughter
853:McDonnell
818:Mackenzie
763:Jefferson
718:Griffiths
698:de Gaulle
693:Garibaldi
653:Drakeford
545:Warburton
465:Jefferson
460:Honderich
440:Condorcet
327:Christian
289:Nasserism
264:Classical
181:Democracy
2688:Dictator
2315:Germania
2283:princeps
2233:republic
2166:Augustus
2162:Tiberius
2158:Emperors
2112:Republic
1968:politics
1781:Plato's
1777:politeia
1773:politeia
1768:politeia
1739:politeia
1675:imperial
1658:republic
1547:republic
1366:Scotland
1306:Barbados
957:Republic
873:Prescott
843:Naysmith
833:McKechin
793:La Malfa
788:Khomeini
748:Iorwerth
713:Griffith
688:Gambetta
683:Galloway
668:Ferguson
648:Davidson
643:Cromwell
638:Connolly
618:Campbell
535:Sunstein
520:Rousseau
515:Polybius
450:Franklin
430:Chappell
425:Cattaneo
362:People's
347:Imperial
279:Kemalism
216:Republic
150:Concepts
2616:1558267
2574:'Res',
2551:Civitas
2535:Italian
2515:English
2500:calques
2494:Calques
2478:
2420:
2351:
2329:English
2290:Tribune
2271:emperor
2228:
2191:
2160:, like
2148:Tacitus
2138:Tacitus
2124:Emperor
2106:
2095:
2076:/ 1855
2068:/ 1601
2018:
2002:
1963:
1952:
1920:context
1842:context
1812:of the
1597:liberty
1582:publica
1541:) is a
1331:Morocco
1321:Jamaica
1316:Ireland
1301:Bahamas
1103:History
923:Taverne
898:Skinner
878:Ritchie
823:Madison
803:Lincoln
753:Jackson
743:Huppert
738:Hopkins
663:Fabiani
623:Chapman
608:BolĂvar
598:Bennett
588:Bartley
578:AtatĂĽrk
490:Mazzini
485:Madison
415:Bentham
405:Baggini
372:Secular
352:Islamic
337:Federal
274:Federal
258:Schools
90:scholar
2710:
2614:
2606:
2556:Public
2545:Polish
2525:French
2498:Later
2256:Annals
2153:Annals
1884:Cicero
1879:Cicero
1747:-state
1715:Empire
1356:Sweden
1346:Norway
1311:Canada
1091:(1963)
1071:(1794)
1061:(1791)
1041:(1762)
1031:(1755)
1021:(1748)
1011:(1698)
1001:(1656)
991:(1649)
981:(1531)
933:Wilson
903:Slater
893:Skates
848:Mannin
838:Mullin
813:Mackay
778:Juárez
733:HĂ©bert
728:Hatton
723:Harvie
613:Burgon
530:Sidney
525:Sandel
510:Pettit
435:Cicero
400:Arendt
382:Soviet
377:Sister
269:Modern
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
2612:JSTOR
2562:Notes
2448:from
2325:Latin
2298:being
2294:power
1980:Roman
1900:title
1641:'
1635:'
1584:'
1580:'
1574:'
1570:'
1563:is a
1560:'
1556:'
1543:Latin
1371:Wales
1351:Spain
1326:Japan
913:Smith
888:Sayed
868:Pound
863:Nehru
858:Nandy
828:Magid
808:Lucas
798:Lewis
708:Grévy
703:Greer
603:Black
583:Azaña
505:Paine
475:Locke
445:Crick
420:Bodin
410:Bello
311:Types
97:JSTOR
83:books
2708:ISBN
2604:ISSN
2452:and
2046:...
1869:less
1745:city
1701:and
1595:was
1572:spes
938:Wood
783:Kane
495:Mill
470:Kant
69:news
2600:145
2502:of
2461:era
2438:not
2260:not
2176:):
2080:):
1886:'s
1711:not
1558:Res
758:Jay
45:to
2724::
2645:.
2610:.
2598:.
2592:.
2506::
2428:.
2363:.
2348:.
1721:.
1625:.
56:.
2714:.
2655:.
2618:.
2547:)
2543:(
2537:)
2533:(
2527:)
2523:(
2513:(
2323:(
2266:.
2235:!
1511:e
1504:t
1497:v
119:)
113:(
108:)
104:(
94:·
87:·
80:·
73:·
50:.
23:.
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