149:
39:
1423:
1059:, were elected each year along with the annual magistrates. Their number varied throughout Roman history, but eventually reached twenty-four. These were usually young men in their late twenties, who aspired to a senatorial career. Each tribune would be assigned to command a portion of the Roman army, subordinate to the magistrates and promagistrates appointed by the senate, and their legates.
1336:). Being that the Roman Empire had withdrawn from Britain in AD 410, the use of this term may imply a continuation of some form of local Roman political system. There exists the possibility that this tribune had commanded a unit of the Roman army which had disbanded after the break with Rome, and was now occupying a more locally-granted appointment to help manage his city's defences.
1244:, repealing the law forbidding the intermarriage of patricians and plebeians, and providing that one of the consuls might be a plebeian. Rather than permit the consular dignity to pass into the hands of a plebeian, the senate proposed a compromise whereby three military tribunes, who might be either patrician or plebeian, should be elected in place of the consuls. The first
997:, or tribunician power, was limited by the fact that it was derived from the oath of the people to defend the tribunes. This limited most of the tribunes' actions to the boundaries of the city itself, as well as a radius of one mile around. They had no power to affect the actions of provincial governors.
1407:, and asking the Senate to overturn "the lists of eligibles, the acts of the Legislative Body and those of the government" on account of unconstitutionality. Its 100 members were designated by the Senate from the list of citizens from 25 years up, and annually one fifth was renewed for a five-year term.
939:. The ancient sources indicate the tribunes may have originally been two or five in number. If the former, the college of tribunes was expanded to five in 470 BC. Either way, the college was increased to ten in 457 BC, and remained at this number throughout Roman history. They were assisted by two
981:
by which any tribune could intercede on behalf of a Roman citizen to prohibit the act of a magistrate or other official. Citizens could appeal the decisions of the magistrates to the tribunes, who would then be obliged to determine the legality of the action before a magistrate could proceed. This
1410:
When it opposed the first parts of
Bonaparte's proposed penal code, he made the Senate nominate 20 new members at once to replace the 20 first opponents to his politic; they accepted the historically important reform of penal law. As the Tribunate opposed new despotic projects, he got the Senate in
1255:
Military tribunes were elected in place of the consuls in half the years from 444 to 401 BC, and in each instance, all of the tribunes were patricians; nor did any plebeian succeed in obtaining the consulship. The number of tribunes increased to four beginning in 426, and six beginning in 405. At
1300:
is shrouded in mystery. Originally they seem to have been tax collectors, but this power was slowly lost to other officials. By the end of the
Republic, this style belonged to a class of persons slightly below the equites in wealth. When the makeup of Roman juries was reformed in 70 BC, it was
1275:
be chosen from their order. When the senate refused their demand, the tribunes prevented the election of annual magistrates for five years, before relenting and permitting the election of consular tribunes from 370 to 367. In the end, and with the encouragement of the dictator
970:, and the whole body of the plebeians were pledged to protect the tribunes against any assault or interference with their persons during their terms of office. Anyone who violated the sacrosanctity of the tribunes might be killed without penalty.
1355:, Venice instituted a dual Tribunal modeled on the above Roman institution - two new Tribunes being elected each year, with the intention to oversee the Doge and prevent abuse of power (though this aim was not always successfully achieved).
1256:
last, the plebeians elected four of their number military tribunes for the year 400; others were elected in 399, 396, 383, and 379. But apart from these years, no plebeian obtained the highest offices of the Roman State.
1033:, the tribunes continued to be elected, but had lost their independence and most of their practical power. The office became merely a step in the political careers of plebeians who aspired toward a seat in the senate.
1008:
in 81 BC. Although many of these powers were restored in further reforms of 75 BC and 70 BC, the prestige and authority of the tribunes had been irreparably damaged. In 48 BC, the senate granted tribunician powers
965:
Although sometimes referred to as "plebeian magistrates," technically the tribunes of the plebs were not magistrates, having been elected by the plebeians alone, and not the whole Roman people. However, they were
1388:(the French for tribune), which, despite the apparent reference to one of ancient Rome's prestigious magistratures, never held any real political power as an assembly, its individual members no role at all.
954:, or plebeian assembly, and propose legislation before it. Only one of the tribunes could preside over this assembly, which had the power to pass laws affecting only the plebeians, known as
775:. Various officers within the Roman army were also known as tribunes. The title was also used for several other positions and classes in the course of Roman history.
862:. Unless the king himself elected to lead the cavalry into battle, this responsibility fell to the tribune of the celeres. In theory he could deprive the king of his
1136:, a tribune serving a tour of duty of only six months; there is no evidence to identify this officer as a cavalry commander, as sometimes stated in modern literature.
1903:
1411:
year X to allow itself to dissolve the
Tribunate. In XIII it was further downsized to 50 members. On August 16, 1807, it was abolished and never revived.
1284:. Sextius was elected the first plebeian consul, followed by Licinius two years later; and with this settlement, the consular tribunes were abolished.
699:
885:
and asked that they revoke the king's imperium. After the fall of the monarchy, the powers of the tribune of the celeres were divided between the
962:
had the effect of law over all Roman citizens. By the 3rd century BC, the tribunes could also convene and propose legislation before the senate.
935:
of the plebs, in order to protect the interests of the plebeians against the actions of the senate and the annual magistrates, who were uniformly
1687:
1790:
881:, the king's nephew, and thus the senior member of the king's household, after the king himself and his sons. It was Brutus who convened the
2332:
1582:
1252:, were elected for the year 444. Although plebeians were eligible for this office, each of the first "consular tribunes" was a patrician.
2374:
2362:
1760:
2421:
1332:
writes that during his visit to
Britain in AD 429, Germanus miraculously healed the blind daughter of "a man with tribunician power" (
1533:
2337:
3709:
2347:
811:
were each headed by a tribune, who represented each tribe in civil, religious, and military matters. Subsequently, each of the
3654:
2342:
2076:
692:
296:
1743:
1017:. Caesar used them to prevent the other tribunes interfering with his actions. In 23 BC, the senate granted the same power to
672:
3624:
2449:
1976:
286:
3714:
3589:
2742:
2295:
1233:
457:
1966:
1436:
279:
262:
103:
3634:
2394:
1961:
1956:
1932:
1783:
945:, or plebeian aediles. Only plebeians were eligible for these offices, although there were at least two exceptions.
685:
257:
122:
75:
3649:
2322:
1971:
1898:
274:
1915:
1848:
1267:, tribunes of the people, who in 376 BC brought forward legislation demanding not merely that one of the consuls
1001:
932:
267:
2669:
2594:
2352:
82:
60:
735:. For most of Roman history, a college of ten tribunes of the plebs acted as a check on the authority of the
3740:
3165:
1528:
1396:
3005:
2609:
2061:
1776:
1577:
1384:(see above), was a collective organ of the young revolutionary French Republic composed of members styled
3704:
3629:
3388:
2444:
2327:
1873:
1606:
89:
3664:
3328:
3220:
2990:
2762:
2584:
2492:
2357:
2300:
1473:
874:
470:
1663:
3684:
2777:
2732:
2659:
2579:
2527:
2517:
2469:
1816:
535:
237:
71:
3285:
3195:
2704:
2684:
2679:
2664:
2617:
2557:
2512:
2314:
1507:
1090:, an officer chosen from among the equites, five to each legion; identified by a narrow stripe, or
936:
139:
56:
20:
1628:
3694:
3674:
3614:
3604:
3594:
3000:
2689:
2589:
2569:
2484:
2474:
2179:
2119:
2099:
1811:
1086:
573:
49:
1173:, originally referring to a raised platform used to address the soldiers or administer justice.
3699:
3689:
3639:
3619:
3433:
3408:
3373:
3255:
2980:
2627:
2389:
1920:
1558:
1441:
1277:
1113:
3669:
3599:
3423:
3175:
2975:
2970:
2767:
2674:
2599:
2562:
2547:
2522:
2502:
2404:
1399:"in order to moderate the other powers" by discussing every legislative project, sending its
812:
3679:
3644:
3333:
3200:
3100:
3025:
2890:
2853:
2229:
1893:
1392:
1260:
1075:
914:
878:
728:
215:
3323:
8:
3609:
3458:
3260:
3130:
3080:
2399:
1996:
1428:
1329:
1325:
1206:
901:
852:. This official was second only to the king, and had the authority to pass law, known as
350:
1622:
1404:
1079:, a senatorial officer, second in command of a legion; identified by a broad stripe, or
3659:
3383:
3190:
3045:
2985:
2905:
2848:
2712:
1948:
1927:
1754:
1492:
1352:
1345:
1281:
608:
247:
3298:
1013:, powers equivalent to those of a tribune without actually being one) to the dictator
3735:
3293:
3145:
2900:
2860:
2838:
2046:
527:
520:
323:
96:
1740:
1026:
3358:
3318:
3250:
3185:
3110:
3105:
2877:
2800:
2747:
2542:
2537:
2426:
2285:
2234:
2194:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2144:
2066:
2013:
2006:
1991:
1986:
1910:
1838:
1301:
stipulated that one-third of the members of each jury should belong to this class.
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1042:
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752:
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224:
1025:, and from that point onwards it was regularly granted to each emperor as part of
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3265:
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3085:
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2652:
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2001:
1826:
1747:
1216:
1178:
1176:
Military tribunes are featured in notable works of historical fiction, including
1159:
365:
1106:, an unassigned officer in the Late Roman army; a member of the general's staff.
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3150:
2885:
2833:
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1855:
1647:
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1221:
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420:
329:
177:
3729:
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3010:
2925:
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2436:
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2036:
1843:
1022:
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768:
550:
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168:
3518:
3378:
2823:
2772:
2727:
2722:
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2384:
2270:
2214:
2209:
1981:
1865:
1799:
1349:
1316:
1240:
1211:
1063:
1030:
788:
760:
736:
724:
463:
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385:
311:
186:
3313:
2935:
2757:
2647:
2041:
1321:
1183:
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3538:
3478:
3443:
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2411:
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2051:
1883:
1878:
1151:
967:
843:
756:
587:
317:
197:
1768:
3568:
3563:
3523:
3448:
3418:
3398:
3275:
3215:
3125:
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3070:
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2955:
2843:
2813:
2622:
2497:
2290:
2174:
2149:
2028:
1201:
659:
629:
495:
477:
440:
1196:. Both novels involve characters affected by the life and death of
148:
38:
3528:
3513:
3503:
3488:
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3393:
3363:
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3338:
3240:
3155:
3035:
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2920:
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2239:
2129:
2056:
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1367:
1188:
1117:
1018:
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484:
395:
306:
204:
3548:
3543:
3533:
3498:
3493:
3483:
3428:
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3230:
3225:
3210:
3180:
3135:
3115:
3095:
3050:
2782:
2637:
2416:
2219:
2109:
848:
772:
764:
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559:
390:
27:
3558:
3438:
3368:
3308:
3303:
3270:
3030:
3015:
2965:
2945:
2367:
2244:
2139:
941:
615:
405:
1753:
1376:", the French word for tribunate, derived from the Latin term
1238:
In 445 BC, the tribunes of the plebs succeeded in passing the
3343:
3065:
2792:
2084:
1197:
1146:
1005:
748:
1403:("orators", i.e. spokesmen) to defend or attack them in the
3553:
3120:
3060:
2642:
2018:
1572:
1553:
1169:
to describe various military officers is derived the word
1000:
The powers of the tribunes were severely curtailed during
973:
This was also the source of the tribunes' power, known as
2114:
1624:
A History and
Description of Roman Political Institutions
566:
513:
1259:
The patricians' monopoly on power was finally broken by
948:
The tribunes of the plebs had the power to convene the
1472:
1204:
during the 1950s. Messala, the primary antagonist in
751:, and veto unfavourable legislation. There were also
866:, or authority to command, with the agreement of the
1418:
958:, or plebiscites. After 287 BC, the decrees of the
1130:, a sort of military police unit stationed at Rome.
1066:, various middle-ranking officers were also styled
986:any act of the senate or another assembly. Only a
63:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1280:, the senate conceded the battle, and passed the
759:, subordinate to higher magistrates, such as the
3727:
1358:
723:) was the title of various elected officials in
891:, or Master of the Infantry, also known as the
877:, the last Roman king, this office was held by
1726:Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History
982:power also allowed the tribunes to forbid, or
925:tribunes of the plebs, tribunes of the people,
1784:
1214:, while Marcellus Gallio, the protagonist of
1116:, part of a legion usually consisting of six
693:
1688:"St. Germanus, Bishop of Auxerre, Confessor"
1730:for information on Tribunes of the Treasury
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1287:
1791:
1777:
1304:
700:
686:
1534:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
1144:was a senior officer, sometimes called a
818:
791:. The three original tribes known as the
123:Learn how and when to remove this message
1552:
1459:
1380:, meaning the office or term of a Roman
1798:
1271:be a plebeian, but that henceforth one
908:
3728:
1641:
1620:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1523:
1521:
1772:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1339:
1309:
1250:military tribunes with consular power
1100:, an officer chosen by the commander.
931:were instituted in 494 BC, after the
1648:Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans
1227:
1036:
61:adding citations to reliable sources
32:
1661:
1541:
1518:
1506:
1246:tribuni militum consulare potestate
1234:Tribuni militum consulari potestate
815:was also represented by a tribune.
727:. The two most important were the
13:
1723:
1588:
1437:Constitution of the Roman Republic
778:
14:
3752:
1734:
1664:"The End of Roman Britain Part 5"
1527:
1348:, during the tenure of the sixth
846:personal bodyguard, known as the
1421:
755:, who commanded portions of the
147:
37:
1709:
1680:
1655:
48:needs additional citations for
1635:
1614:
1566:
1500:
1496:. Vol. i. tit. 2 s2 § 20.
1484:
990:was exempt from these powers.
747:to intervene on behalf of the
1:
1447:
1397:Constitution of the Year VIII
1179:Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ
1162:until the early 7th century.
2363:Frontiers and fortifications
1621:Abbott, Frank Frost (1901).
1344:In the early history of the
1158:, the title survived in the
1070:. These officers included:
7:
2422:Decorations and punishments
1607:Oxford Classical Dictionary
1414:
1261:Gaius Licinius Calvus Stolo
10:
3757:
3329:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
1904:historiography of the fall
1627:. Ginn & Co. pp.
1474:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
1365:
1231:
1150:, who commanded a cavalry
1140:In the late Roman army, a
1126:, commander of one of the
1112:, an officer commanding a
1040:
1002:the constitutional reforms
912:
905:or "Master of the Horse".
899:, and his lieutenant, the
875:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
856:, and to preside over the
25:
18:
3710:External wars and battles
3577:
3471:
3284:
2876:
2869:
2791:
2703:
2608:
2483:
2435:
2313:
2263:
2202:
2193:
2075:
2027:
1947:
1864:
1834:
1825:
1807:
1717:Nouveau Larousse illustré
1334:vir tribunicae potestatis
1124:Tribunus cohortis urbanae
536:Senatus consultum ultimum
431:Extraordinary magistrates
1452:
1298:Tribunes of the Treasury
1292:The exact nature of the
1288:Tribunes of the treasury
1265:Lucius Sextius Lateranus
1220:, was played by a young
1057:tribunes of the soldiers
140:Politics of ancient Rome
26:Not to be confused with
21:Tribune (disambiguation)
3705:Roman–Iranian relations
2180:Optimates and populares
1761:Encyclopædia Britannica
1724:Mackay, Christopher S.
1326:St. Germanus of Auxerre
1305:Later uses of the title
1200:, and were turned into
1087:Tribunus angusticlavius
842:, was commander of the
836:tribune of the celeres,
743:, holding the power of
16:Elected Roman officials
3715:Civil wars and revolts
2981:Sextus Pompeius Festus
2628:Conflict of the Orders
1987:Legislative assemblies
1764:(11th ed.). 1911.
1645:. "Life of Camillus".
1442:List of Roman tribunes
1278:Marcus Furius Camillus
923:, known in English as
840:tribune of the knights
720:
297:Political institutions
3424:Simplicius of Cilicia
3176:Quintus Curtius Rufus
2405:Siege in Ancient Rome
2014:Executive magistrates
1610:(2nd ed.). 1970.
1581:, ii. 33, 58 (citing
1493:Digesta seu Pandectae
1391:It was instituted by
1359:French revolutionary
729:tribunes of the plebs
3741:Ancient Roman titles
3434:Stephanus Byzantinus
3339:Eusebius of Caesaria
3201:Sidonius Apollinaris
2891:Ammianus Marcellinus
2230:Tribune of the plebs
1478:Romaike Archaiologia
1393:Napoleon I Bonaparte
1076:Tribunus laticlavius
1051:known in English as
915:Tribune of the plebs
909:Tribune of the plebs
879:Lucius Junius Brutus
787:is derived from the
376:Ordinary magistrates
57:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
3610:Distinguished women
3261:Velleius Paterculus
3101:Nicolaus Damascenus
3081:Marcellus Empiricus
2470:Republican currency
1741:Livius.org: Tribune
1429:Ancient Rome portal
1330:Constantius of Lyon
1134:Tribunus sexmestris
1062:Within each of the
1027:their formal titles
1011:tribunicia potestas
995:tribunicia potestas
975:ius intercessionis,
3384:Phlegon of Tralles
3191:Seneca the Younger
2665:Naming conventions
2395:Personal equipment
1928:Later Roman Empire
1746:2013-11-07 at the
1604:"Tribuni Plebis".
1353:Domenico Monegario
1346:Republic of Venice
1340:Republic of Venice
1310:Post-Roman Britain
1282:Licinian Rogations
929:plebeian tribunes,
745:ius intercessionis
741:annual magistrates
609:Triumvir monetalis
543:Titles and honours
3723:
3722:
3685:Pontifices maximi
3467:
3466:
3324:Diogenes Laërtius
3146:Pliny the Younger
2901:Asconius Pedianus
2861:Romance languages
2733:Civil engineering
2475:Imperial currency
2348:Political control
2309:
2308:
1943:
1942:
1668:The History Files
1228:Consular tribunes
1110:Tribunus cohortis
1053:military tribunes
1037:Military tribunes
753:military tribunes
733:military tribunes
710:
709:
528:Quaestio perpetua
521:Senatus consultum
324:Roman citizenship
133:
132:
125:
107:
3748:
3675:Magistri equitum
3590:Cities and towns
3583:
3509:Constantinopolis
3319:Diodorus Siculus
3251:Valerius Maximus
3186:Seneca the Elder
3106:Nonius Marcellus
2874:
2873:
2427:Hippika gymnasia
2390:Infantry tactics
2296:Consular tribune
2286:Magister equitum
2235:Military tribune
2200:
2199:
2160:Pontifex maximus
2155:Princeps senatus
2145:Magister militum
1911:Byzantine Empire
1832:
1831:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1770:
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1601:
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1538:
1525:
1516:
1515:
1514:. Vol. 560.
1504:
1498:
1497:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1470:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1405:Corps législatif
1210:, was played by
1194:Lloyd C. Douglas
1165:From the use of
1098:Tribunus rufulus
1049:tribuni militum,
1043:Military tribune
1004:of the dictator
960:concilium plebis
951:concilium plebis
902:magister equitum
888:Magister Militum
873:In the reign of
832:tribunus celerum
702:
695:
688:
644:Pontifex maximus
637:Princeps senatus
623:Magister militum
458:Consular tribune
452:Magister equitum
280:Augustan reforms
151:
135:
134:
128:
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106:
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41:
33:
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3463:
3299:AĂ«tius of Amida
3280:
3266:Verrius Flaccus
3246:Valerius Antias
3206:Silius Italicus
3141:Pliny the Elder
3086:Marcus Aurelius
2961:Cornelius Nepos
2911:Aurelius Victor
2865:
2787:
2699:
2633:Secessio plebis
2604:
2479:
2431:
2305:
2259:
2189:
2071:
2023:
1939:
1860:
1821:
1803:
1797:
1755:"Tribune"
1752:
1748:Wayback Machine
1737:
1715:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1697:
1695:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1672:
1670:
1662:Kessler, P. L.
1660:
1656:
1640:
1636:
1619:
1615:
1603:
1602:
1589:
1578:Ab urbe condita
1571:
1567:
1559:Ab Urbe Condita
1551:
1542:
1526:
1519:
1505:
1501:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1471:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1370:
1364:
1342:
1312:
1307:
1294:Tribuni Aerarii
1290:
1236:
1230:
1160:East Roman army
1104:Tribunus vacans
1045:
1039:
933:first secession
917:
911:
893:Praetor Maximus
868:comitia curiata
859:comitia curiata
824:
819:Tribune of the
781:
779:Tribal tribunes
706:
677:
673:Other countries
664:
533:
490:
425:
370:
335:
291:
268:Sullan republic
233:
229:
220:
211:
207:
200:
190:
181:
172:
142:
129:
118:
112:
109:
66:
64:
54:
42:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3754:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3586:
3584:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3290:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3151:Pomponius Mela
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
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2963:
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2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2886:Aelius Donatus
2882:
2880:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2854:Ecclesiastical
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2808:
2803:
2797:
2795:
2789:
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2715:
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2700:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2614:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2595:Toys and games
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
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2222:
2217:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2135:Vigintisexviri
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2095:Cursus honorum
2092:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2033:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1953:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1894:Western Empire
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1870:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1851:
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1819:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1796:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1750:
1736:
1735:External links
1733:
1732:
1731:
1728:. p. 135.
1721:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1679:
1654:
1634:
1613:
1587:
1565:
1540:
1529:Smith, William
1517:
1499:
1483:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1416:
1413:
1366:Main article:
1363:
1357:
1341:
1338:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1289:
1286:
1232:Main article:
1229:
1226:
1222:Richard Burton
1138:
1137:
1131:
1121:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1083:
1055:or literally,
1041:Main article:
1038:
1035:
942:aediles plebis
921:tribuni plebis
913:Main article:
910:
907:
854:lex tribunicia
823:
817:
813:Servian tribes
780:
777:
769:promagistrates
708:
707:
705:
704:
697:
690:
682:
679:
678:
676:
675:
669:
666:
665:
663:
662:
657:
652:
647:
640:
633:
626:
619:
612:
605:
602:Vigintisexviri
598:
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584:
577:
570:
563:
555:
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545:
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531:
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418:
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408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
382:
379:
378:
372:
371:
369:
368:
363:
358:
353:
347:
344:
343:
337:
336:
334:
333:
330:Cursus honorum
326:
321:
314:
309:
303:
300:
299:
293:
292:
290:
289:
284:
283:
282:
272:
271:
270:
260:
254:
251:
250:
244:
243:
242:
241:
232:
231:
222:
212:
210:
209:
202:
201:27 BC – AD 284
194:
193:
192:
191:27 BC – AD 395
183:
178:Roman Republic
174:
162:
161:
157:
156:
153:
152:
144:
143:
138:
131:
130:
45:
43:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3753:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3576:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3041:Julius Paulus
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2976:Fabius Pictor
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2713:Amphitheatres
2711:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2450:Deforestation
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2400:Siege engines
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2333:Establishment
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:Extraordinary
2262:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2250:Promagistrate
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2037:Twelve Tables
2035:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1801:
1794:
1789:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1763:
1762:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1669:
1665:
1658:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1617:
1609:
1608:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1524:
1522:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1495:
1494:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
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68:Find sources:
62:
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46:This article
44:
40:
35:
34:
29:
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3655:Institutions
3519:Leptis Magna
3472:Major cities
3379:Philostratus
3166:Quadrigarius
2986:Rufus Festus
2849:Contemporary
2570:Romanization
2493:Architecture
2224:
2100:Collegiality
1949:Constitution
1800:Ancient Rome
1759:
1725:
1719:(in French).
1716:
1710:Bibliography
1696:. Retrieved
1694:. 2023-01-12
1692:Bartleby.com
1691:
1682:
1671:. Retrieved
1667:
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1554:Titus Livius
1532:
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1241:lex Canuleia
1239:
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1031:Roman Empire
1029:. Under the
1021:, the first
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784:
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771:, and their
744:
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312:Collegiality
248:Constitution
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187:Roman Empire
185:
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55:Please help
50:verification
47:
3650:Geographers
3334:Dioscorides
3314:Cassius Dio
2936:Cassiodorus
2839:Renaissance
2445:Agriculture
2417:Auxiliaries
2358:Engineering
2195:Magistrates
2047:Citizenship
2042:Mos maiorum
1977:Late Empire
1322:hagiography
1184:Lew Wallace
1081:laticlavus.
507:Mos maiorum
287:Late Empire
230:AD 395–1453
3730:Categories
3539:Mediolanum
3479:Alexandria
3444:Themistius
3409:Porphyrius
3236:Tertullian
3171:Quintilian
3161:Propertius
3056:Lactantius
3006:Fulgentius
2941:Censorinus
2763:Sanitation
2748:Metallurgy
2705:Technology
2670:Demography
2618:Patricians
2585:Spectacles
2543:Literature
2538:Hairstyles
2375:Technology
2125:Praefectus
2077:Government
2067:Litigation
2052:Auctoritas
1997:Centuriate
1884:Principate
1879:Pax Romana
1839:Foundation
1698:2024-03-04
1673:2024-03-04
1643:Plutarchus
1585:, iii. 31)
1448:References
1378:tribunatus
1202:epic films
1152:vexillatio
968:sacrosanct
956:plebiscita
826:Under the
805:Titienses,
757:Roman army
588:Praefectus
496:Public law
351:Centuriate
341:Assemblies
318:Auctoritas
221:AD 395–476
208:AD 284–641
198:Principate
173:753–509 BC
113:March 2019
83:newspapers
3695:Quaestors
3625:Empresses
3615:Dynasties
3605:Dictators
3580:and other
3569:Volubilis
3564:Vindobona
3524:Londinium
3449:Theodoret
3419:Procopius
3399:Polyaenus
3374:Pausanias
3276:Vitruvius
3221:Symmachus
3216:Suetonius
3126:Petronius
3111:Obsequens
3076:Macrobius
3071:Lucretius
2996:Frontinus
2971:Eutropius
2956:Columella
2906:Augustine
2896:Appuleius
2844:Neo-Latin
2819:Classical
2810:Versions
2718:Aqueducts
2660:Patronage
2580:Sexuality
2553:Mythology
2528:Education
2518:Cosmetics
2343:Campaigns
2338:Structure
2291:Decemviri
2150:Imperator
1849:overthrow
1156:tribounos
1118:centuries
937:patrician
797:Ramnenses
783:The word
749:plebeians
630:Imperator
478:Decemviri
471:Triumviri
441:Corrector
182:509–27 BC
72:"Tribune"
3736:Tribunes
3700:Tribunes
3690:Praetors
3640:Generals
3620:Emperors
3529:Lugdunum
3514:Eboracum
3504:Carthage
3489:Aquileia
3404:Polybius
3394:Plutarch
3364:Libanius
3354:Josephus
3349:Herodian
3241:Tibullus
3156:Priscian
3131:Phaedrus
3091:Manilius
3036:Jordanes
3021:Hydatius
2951:Claudian
2931:Catullus
2921:Boëthius
2916:Ausonius
2834:Medieval
2806:Alphabet
2778:Theatres
2753:Numerals
2738:Concrete
2728:Circuses
2695:Bagaudae
2685:Adoption
2680:Marriage
2653:Assembly
2558:Religion
2533:Folklore
2513:Clothing
2508:Calendar
2465:Currency
2455:Commerce
2353:Strategy
2315:Military
2301:Triumvir
2281:Dictator
2276:Interrex
2255:Governor
2240:Quaestor
2203:Ordinary
2185:Province
2175:Tetrarch
2165:Augustus
2130:Vicarius
2120:Officium
2057:Imperium
2007:Plebeian
1967:Republic
1889:Dominate
1856:Republic
1817:Timeline
1744:Archived
1415:See also
1401:orateurs
1382:tribunus
1374:Tribunat
1368:Tribunat
1361:tribunat
1217:The Robe
1189:The Robe
1171:tribunal
1167:tribunus
1142:tribunus
1019:Augustus
988:dictator
897:dictator
864:imperium
809:Luceres,
807:and the
765:praetors
739:and the
731:and the
721:Tribunus
660:Tetrarch
650:Augustus
595:Vicarius
574:Officium
485:Interrex
446:Dictator
421:Governor
396:Quaestor
361:Plebeian
307:Imperium
263:Republic
238:Timeline
205:Dominate
3670:Legions
3630:Fiction
3600:Consuls
3595:Climate
3549:Ravenna
3544:Pompeii
3534:Lutetia
3499:Bononia
3494:Berytus
3484:Antioch
3459:Zosimus
3454:Zonaras
3429:Sozomen
3414:Priscus
3389:Photius
3231:Terence
3226:Tacitus
3211:Statius
3196:Servius
3181:Sallust
3136:Plautus
3116:Orosius
3096:Martial
3051:Juvenal
3026:Hyginus
3011:Gellius
2870:Writers
2801:History
2783:Thermae
2773:Temples
2723:Bridges
2690:Slavery
2638:Equites
2610:Society
2590:Theatre
2563:Deities
2523:Cuisine
2503:Bathing
2485:Culture
2460:Finance
2437:Economy
2328:Borders
2323:History
2225:Tribune
2220:Praetor
2110:Legatus
2105:Emperor
1992:Curiate
1962:Kingdom
1957:History
1933:History
1916:decline
1874:History
1844:Kingdom
1827:History
1812:Outline
1531:(ed.).
1508:Servius
1314:In his
1207:Ben-Hur
1068:tribune
1064:legions
883:comitia
849:celeres
821:celeres
785:tribune
773:legates
761:consuls
713:Tribune
581:Praeses
560:Legatus
551:Emperor
411:Tribune
391:Praetor
356:Curiate
258:Kingdom
226:Eastern
217:Western
160:Periods
97:scholar
28:Tribute
3680:Nomina
3665:Legacy
3645:Gentes
3582:topics
3578:Lists
3559:Smyrna
3439:Strabo
3369:Lucian
3359:Julian
3309:Arrian
3304:Appian
3294:Aelian
3271:Vergil
3046:Justin
3031:Jerome
3016:Horace
3001:Fronto
2991:Florus
2966:Ennius
2946:Cicero
2926:Caesar
2824:Vulgar
2648:Tribes
2575:Romans
2385:Legion
2368:castra
2245:Aedile
2215:Censor
2210:Consul
2170:Caesar
2140:Lictor
2062:Status
2002:Tribal
1982:Senate
1972:Empire
1866:Empire
1802:topics
1631:, 261.
1386:tribun
1186:, and
1154:. As
1114:cohort
844:king's
830:, the
801:Tities
793:Ramnes
737:senate
655:Caesar
616:Lictor
416:Censor
406:Aedile
386:Consul
366:Tribal
275:Empire
99:
92:
85:
78:
70:
3344:Galen
3286:Greek
3256:Varro
3066:Lucan
2878:Latin
2793:Latin
2768:Ships
2758:Roads
2743:Domes
2675:Women
2623:Plebs
2548:Music
2090:Forum
2085:Curia
1453:Notes
1372:The "
1296:, or
1269:might
1248:, or
1198:Jesus
1182:, by
1147:comes
1006:Sulla
717:Latin
104:JSTOR
90:books
3660:Laws
3635:Film
3554:Roma
3121:Ovid
3061:Livy
2829:Late
2643:Gens
2600:Wine
2412:Navy
2380:Army
2019:SPQR
1921:fall
1899:fall
1583:Piso
1573:Livy
1350:Doge
1320:, a
1273:must
1263:and
1047:The
993:The
984:veto
919:The
763:and
76:news
2814:Old
2498:Art
2271:Rex
2115:Dux
2029:Law
1629:196
1395:'s
1324:of
1192:by
977:or
927:or
895:or
838:or
803:or
795:or
567:Dux
514:Ius
464:Rex
59:by
3732::
1758:.
1690:.
1666:.
1590:^
1575:,
1556:.
1543:^
1520:^
1510:.
1476:.
1461:^
1328:,
1224:.
870:.
799:,
767:,
719::
1792:e
1785:t
1778:v
1701:.
1676:.
1651:.
1562:.
1537:.
1480:.
1120:.
1094:.
1009:(
715:(
701:e
694:t
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120:(
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111:(
101:·
94:·
87:·
80:·
53:.
30:.
23:.
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