1943:
2805:
document
Position on Political Reforms provided grounds for amending the Constitution. The amended Constitution restored the office of the President of the Polish People's Republic and the Senate – both to be elected in free and democratic elections. In the Sejm, the opposition was allocated 35% of the mandates. Thus the so called "contract" elections could not be fully democratic. The Sejm (first chamber) became superior to the Senate (second chamber). In addition, the institution of National Assembly was established, consisting of the Sejm and the Senate sitting jointly to elect the President of the Polish People's Republic. A declaration of the Solidarity Citizens' Committee heralded the prompt enactment of a new, democratic constitution and electoral law. As a result of Solidarity's success in elections to the Sejm and the Senate, profound reforms of the political system were undertaken by adopting an amendment to the Constitution on 29 December 1989. In the Constitution, the Republic of Poland was defined as a democratic state ruled by law. As the provisional constitution lasted too long, it was decided to adopt a provisional regulation in the form of the so called Small Constitution. The President signed it on 17 October 1992. The Small Constitution regulated above all the relationship between the executive and legislative powers, on the basis of the doctrine of separation of powers. A bicameral parliament was maintained.
2809:
Republic. That was the first
Constitution of the Third Republic. The act defined the position of the Sejm and the Senate within the system without using the term "parliament". It adopted the doctrine of separation of powers, which provided for a balance between the legislative and executive powers. In practice the binding provisions of the Constitution ensure the supremacy of the legislative power. Both chambers are autonomous bodies, independent of each other, with their own powers. The Constitution retained the principle of bicameralism of the legislature. The Sejm and the Senate sitting jointly constitute the National Assembly. Characteristically, the new Constitution conferred very extensive powers on the Sejm. On the other hand, the powers of the Senate are limited, as in the Constitutions of 1921 and 1992.
2135:
3093:
3111:
1009:
2580:
3129:
656:
2994:
2982:
2970:
4288:
1161:
body reduced the royal prerogatives of kings like Henry VIII and the importance of their whims. For example, Henry VIII could not simply establish supremacy by proclamation; he required
Parliament to enforce statutes and add felonies and treasons. An important liberty for Parliament was its freedom of speech; Henry allowed anything to be spoken openly within Parliament and speakers could not face arrest – a fact which they exploited incessantly. Nevertheless, Parliament in Henry VIII's time offered up very little objection to the monarch's desires. Under his and
3032:
671:
3062:
4438:
3154:
3077:
3047:
6423:
602:
3016:
1474:
644:
1617:
2818:
4172:
1852:
significant shifts in foreign policy (e.g. ratify treaties), or settle matters of royal succession, issues where the cooperation and assent of the towns was thought necessary. Changing taxation (especially requesting war subsidies), was probably the most frequent reason for convening the Cortes. As the nobles and clergy were largely tax-exempt, setting taxation involved intensive negotiations between the royal council and the
2305:
2667:. The House of Commons is composed of 650 members who are directly elected by British citizens to represent single-member constituencies. The leader of a party that wins more than half the seats, or less than half but is able to gain the support of smaller parties to achieve a majority in the house, is invited by the Monarch to form a government. The House of Lords is a body of long-serving, unelected members:
2369:, the inviolability of domicile, the right to appeal to justice opposite the King and the obligation of the King to consult the Cortes before entering a war. Prelates, nobles, and commoners met separately in the three estates of the Cortes. In this meeting, new laws were approved to protect commoners against the arbitrarities of nobles, prelates, and the king. This important set of laws is known as the
1342:
1032:. This established that the king may not levy or collect any taxes (except the feudal taxes to which they were hitherto accustomed), save with the consent of a council. It was also established that the most important tenants-in-chief and ecclesiastics be summoned to the council by personal writs from the sovereign, and that all others be summoned to the council by general writs from the
1608:, the Diet was essentially convened by the king. However, under the rule of heavy handed kings like Louis the Great and during reign of the early absolutist Matthias Corvinus the parliaments were often convened to announce the royal decisions, and had no significant power of its own. Since the reign of the Jagiellonian dynasty, the parliament has regained most of its former power.
1173:
2365:). This was a medieval organization composed of aristocrats and bishops but because of the seriousness of the situation and the need to maximize political support, Alfonso IX took the decision to also call the representatives of the urban middle class from the most important cities of the kingdom to the assembly. León's Cortes dealt with matters like the right to
2405:, their Cortes were united as well in 1258. The Castilian Cortes had representatives from Burgos, Toledo, León, Seville, Córdoba, Murcia, Jaén, Zamora, Segovia, Ávila, Salamanca, Cuenca, Toro, Valladolid, Soria, Madrid, Guadalajara and Granada (after 1492). The Cortes' assent was required to pass new taxes, and could also advise the king on other matters. The
1593:, which reaffirmed the rights of the smaller nobles of the old and new classes of royal servants (servientes regis) against both the crown and the magnates, and to defend the rights of the whole nation against the crown by restricting the powers of the latter in certain fields and legalizing refusal to obey its unlawful/unconstitutional commands (the "
3966:—Flemish (Dutch, competent in Flanders and for the Dutch-speaking inhabitants of Brussels), Francophone (French, for Wallonia and for Francophones in Brussels) and German (for speakers of that language in a few designated municipalities in the east of the Walloon Region, living alongside Francophones but under two different regimes):
1879:(chapters). In a Cortes-Gerais, petitions were discussed and voted upon separately by each estate and required the approval of at least two of the three estates before being passed up to the royal council. The proposal was then subject to royal veto (either accepted or rejected by the king in its entirety) before becoming law.
2751:, holding only those powers devolved to them by Westminster from 1997. They cannot legislate on defence issues, currency, or national taxation (e.g. VAT, or Income Tax). Additionally, the bodies can be theoretically dissolved, at any given time, by the British Parliament without the consent of the devolved government.
1417:. There were consequently, hierarchies of things, so that the local things were represented at the thing for a larger area, for a province or land. At the thing, disputes were solved and political decisions were made. The place for the thing was often also the place for public religious rites and for commerce.
2808:
After long years of legislative work, on 2 April 1997, the
National Assembly adopted The Constitution of the Republic of Poland. It entered into force on 17 October 1997. The new Constitution introduced a "rationalised" parliamentary-cabinet system in Poland. It is the first Constitution of the Third
1168:
Much of this compliance stemmed from how the
English viewed and traditionally understood authority. As Williams described it, "King and parliament were not separate entities, but a single body, of which the monarch was the senior partner and the Lords and the Commons the lesser, but still essential,
1160:
The rise of
Parliament proved especially important in the sense that it limited the repercussions of dynastic complications that had so often plunged England into civil war. Parliament still ran the country even in the absence of suitable heirs to the throne, and its legitimacy as a decision-making
996:
because it set the pattern for later
Parliaments. The significant difference between the Model Parliament and the earlier Curia Regis was the addition of the Commons: that is, the inclusion of elected representatives of rural landowners and of townsmen. In 1307, Edward agreed not to collect certain
2685:
In addition to the three readings a bill also goes through a committee stage where it is considered in great detail. Once the bill has been passed by one house it goes to the other and essentially repeats the process. If after the two sets of readings, there are disagreements between the versions
1882:
Nonetheless, the exact extent of Cortes power was ambiguous. Kings insisted on their ancient prerogative to promulgate laws independently of the Cortes. The compromise, in theory, was that ordinances enacted in Cortes could only be modified or repealed by Cortes. But even that principle was often
2804:
Changes in Poland's internal situation in the 1980s led to the Round Table Talks which ended in the signing of the famous Round Table
Agreement on 5 April 1989. The Agreement spearheaded the evolutionary transformation of the country's political system; independence was regained once again. The
1851:
in 1256, 1261 and 1273, always by royal summon. Medieval Kings of
Portugal continued to rely on small assemblies of notables, and only summoned the full Cortes on extraordinary occasions. A Cortes would be called if the king wanted to introduce new taxes, change some fundamental laws, announce
2921:
This can be particularly dangerous to a government when the distribution of seats among different parties is relatively even, in which case a new election is often called shortly thereafter. However, in case of general discontent with the head of government, their replacement can be made very
1730:
consisted of three estates – the King of Poland, the Senate (consisting of
Ministers, Palatines, Castellans and Roman Catholic Bishops) and the Chamber of Envoys comprising 170 nobles acting on behalf of their holdings as well as representatives of major cities, who did not possess any voting
1316:
could issue regulatory decrees for the application of royal edicts or of customary practices; they could also refuse to register laws that they judged contrary to fundamental law or simply as being untimely. Parliamentary power in France was suppressed more so than in England as a result of
1863:) not only considered the king's proposals, but, in turn, also used the Cortes to submit petitions of their own to the royal council on a myriad of matters, e.g. extending and confirming town privileges, punishing abuses of officials, introducing new price controls, constraints on
1661:
The term "sejm" comes from an old Polish expression denoting a meeting of the populace. The power of early sejms grew between 1146 and 1295, when the power of individual rulers waned and various councils grew stronger. Since the 14th century irregular sejms (described in various
805:. The meaning evolved over time, originally referring to any discussion, conversation, or negotiation through various kinds of deliberative or judicial groups, often summoned by a monarch. By the 15th century, in Britain, it had come to specifically mean the legislature.
937:
of Kent around 600, the earliest document which survives in sustained Old English prose; however, the Witan was certainly in existence long before then. The Witan, along with the folkmoots (local assemblies), is an important ancestor of the modern English parliament.
2120:. In effect, the movement sought – ultimately, in vain – to create an All-Catholic Parliament. Its struggle with the Papacy had many points in common with the struggle of parliaments in specific countries against the authority of Kings and other secular rulers.
2914:). They are commonly the leader of the majority party in the lower house of parliament, but only hold the office as long as the "confidence of the house" is maintained. If members of the lower house lose faith in the leader for whatever reason, they can call a
1942:
1573:. The name of the legislative body was originally "Parlamentum" during the Middle Ages, the "Diet" expression gained mostly in the Early Modern period. It convened at regular intervals with interruptions during the period of 1527 to 1918, and again until 1946.
1722:
in the next several decades, the Sejm's powers systematically increased. Poland was among the few countries in Europe where the parliament played an especially important role in its national identity as it contributed to the unity of the nation and the state.
6154:
Drozd, O., Romanov, M., Moroz, V., Stremenovskyi, S., & Zelenyi, V. (2022). The right of citizens to assemble peacefully, unarmed, to hold rallies and demonstrations: historical origins and genesis of formation. Amazonia Investiga, 11(51), 257-266.
2651:
who formally opens and closes parliament, a large elected lower house and a smaller, upper house. The Parliament of the United Kingdom has been described as characterised by the stability of its governing institutions and its capacity to absorb change.
1585:"the Learned", assemblies were held on a national scale where both ecclesiastic and secular dignitaries made appearances. The first exact written mention of the word "parlamentum" (Parliament) for the nation-wide assembly originated during the reign of
2333:
in 1188. According to the UNESCO, the Decreta of Leon of 1188 is the oldest documentary manifestation of the European parliamentary system. In addition, UNESCO granted the 1188 Cortes of Alfonso IX the title of "Memory of the World" and the city of
2174:—naming a successor in the lifetime of a king—made the second less than common. These early assemblies cannot be considered "parliaments" in the later sense of the word, and were entirely separate from the later, Norman-influenced, institution.
1890:
relied almost wholly upon the bourgeoisie for his power. For a period after the 1383–1385 Crisis, the Cortes were convened almost annually. But as time went on, they became less important. Portuguese monarchs, tapping into the riches of the
1777:): protection of the king's property, stipulation of measures for the administration of justice and the rights of his subjects to be protected from abuses by royal officials, and confirming the clerical donations of the previous king
2082:, although it is more likely that the common procedure was more complex. This bell was a symbol of republican sovereignty and independence. The whole population of the city—boyars, merchants, and common citizens—then gathered at
1781:. These Cortes also affirmed the validity of canon law for the Church in Portugal, while introducing the prohibition of the purchase of lands by churches or monasteries (although they can be acquired by donations and legacies).
827:
there was a primitive democratic government where the kings were assessed by council. The same has been said about ancient India, where some form of deliberative assemblies existed, and therefore there was some form of
1576:
Some researchers have traced the roots of the Hungarian institution of national assemblies as far back as the 11th century. This based on documentary evidence that, on certain "important occasions" under the reigns of
752:, the Decreta of Leon of 1188 is the oldest documentary manifestation of the European parliamentary system. In addition, UNESCO granted the 1188 Cortes of Alfonso IX the title of "Memory of the World" and the city of
4006:, for various matters split up by linguistic community but under Brussels' regional competence, and even "joint community commissions" consisting of both for certain institutions that could be split up but are not.
1153:. It also provided the country with unprecedented stability. More stability, in turn, helped assure more effective management, organisation, and efficiency. Parliament printed statutes and devised a more coherent
6167:
Emmanuel Karagiannis (2016) Ukrainian volunteer fighters in the eastern front: ideas, political-social norms and emotions as mobilization mechanisms, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 16:1, 139-153, DOI:
5681:
1867:, pledges on coinage, etc. The royal response to these petitions became enshrined as ordinances and statutes, thus giving the Cortes the aspect of a legislature. These petitions were originally referred to as
2074:-like Council of Lords was also created, with title membership for all former city magistrates. Some sources indicate that veche membership may have become full-time, and parliament deputies were now called
1922:(r.1640-1656). But by the end of the 17th century, it found itself sidelined once again. The last Cortes met in 1698, for the mere formality of confirming the appointment of Infante John (future
2949:
which falls between parliamentary and congressional systems, combining a powerful head of state (president) with a head of government, the prime minister, who is responsible to parliament.
2234:, war, and all manner of other legislation, whether political, ecclesiastical, social or economic. Parliamentary business was also carried out by "sister" institutions, before c. 1500 by
5826:
4123:
2709:(i.e. acts raising taxes and similar) then the Lords can only block it for a month. If an ordinary bill originates in the Commons the Lords can only block it for a maximum of one
2682:, in each house. First reading is merely a formality. Second reading is where the bill as a whole is considered. Third reading is detailed consideration of clauses of the bill.
6048:"International Memory of the World Register [Nomination form] – The Decreta of León of 1188 – The oldest documentary manifestation of the European parliamentary system"
6070:
2720:
for much of the law of the United Kingdom—a combination of judicial and legislative function that recalls its origin in the Curia Regis. This changed in October 2009 when the
2218:
and burgh commissioners sitting in a single chamber, the Scottish parliament acquired significant powers over particular issues. Most obviously it was needed for consent for
6145:
Yermolaiev, V. (2002). Viche in Kievan Rus: issues of competence (9th – middle of the 12th century). Bulletin of the Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine, No. 4, pp. 45–55.
5958:
4166:
1184:
Although its role in government had expanded significantly in the mid 16th century, the Parliament of England saw some of its most important gains in the 17th century. A
2796:
did not become universal, the taxed peasantry was represented in Parliament, although with little influence and commoners without taxed property had no suffrage at all.
5685:
2242:. These could carry out much business also dealt with by Parliament – taxation, legislation and policy-making – but lacked the ultimate authority of a full parliament.
2671:(92 of whom inherit their titles, of whom 90 are elected internally by members of the House to lifetime seats), 588 of whom have been appointed to lifetime seats, and
740:
Historically, parliaments included various kinds of deliberative, consultative, and judicial assemblies. What is considered to be the first modern parliament, was the
2325:
Although there are documented councils held in 873, 1020, 1050 and 1063, there was no representation of commoners. What is considered to be the first parliament, the
1975:. Three categories of population, comparable to the Estates-General of France but with the numbering of the first two Estates reversed, participated in the assembly:
1960:(Russian: зе́мский собо́р) was the first Russian parliament of the feudal Estates type, in the 16th and 17th centuries. The term roughly means assembly of the land.
2937:, whereby the executive does not form part of, nor is it appointed by, the parliamentary or legislative body. In such a system, congresses do not select or dismiss
2284:
was reconvened on 1 July 1999, although with much more limited powers than its 18th-century predecessor. The parliament has sat since 2004 at its newly constructed
2501:
but also as a form of protect against policies of the Princes. The tradition of viche contributed to the culture of peaceful assemblies in contemporary Ukraine.
5636:
1126:. Originally its methods were primarily medieval, and the monarch still possessed a form of inarguable dominion over its decisions. According to Elton, it was
3942:
In the federal (bicameral) kingdom of Belgium, there is a curious asymmetrical constellation serving as directly elected legislatures for three "territorial"
2686:
that the two houses passed it is returned to the first house for consideration of the amendments made by the second. If it passes through the amendment stage
3973:
serves both the Flemish Community and the region of Flanders (in all matters of regional competence, its decisions have no effect in Brussels-Capital Region)
3887:
1930:. Thereafter, Portuguese kings ruled as absolute monarchs and no Cortes were assembled for over a century. This state of affairs came to an end with the
1934:, which set in motion the introduction of a new constitution, and a permanent and proper parliament, that however inherited the name of Cortes Gerais.
1915:
2421:, Charles's son, the Castilian Cortes had come under functionally complete royal control, with its delegates dependent on the Crown for their income.
1910:
Curiously, the Cortes gained a new importance with the Iberian Union of 1581, finding a role as the representative of Portuguese interests to the new
969:, and sought the advice of the Curia Regis before making laws. This is the original body from which the Parliament, the higher courts of law, and the
4232:
3926:
2532:
1488:
Later national diets with chambers for different estates developed, e.g. in Sweden and in Finland (which was part of Sweden until 1809), each with a
6071:
Catedrático de la Universidad Estatal de León López González, Hermenegildo; Catedrático de la Universidad Internacional en Moscú Raytarovskiy, V.V.
6104:
5592:
5570:
3849:
2702:
819:
Since ancient times, when societies were tribal, there were councils or a headman whose decisions were assessed by village elders. This is called
6348:
6318:
6288:
6234:
5880:
2497:(from Proto-Slavonic *větje , meaning 'council', 'counsel' or 'talk') functioned not only as a form of self-organization in cities of medieval
2001:(which is better known than the Federal Assembly itself, and is often mistaken for the entirety of the parliament) comes from the Russian word
6047:
5760:
4227:
2639:
have created many other parliaments. Many nations with parliaments have to some degree emulated the British "three-tier" model known as the
2245:
The parliament, which is also referred to as the Estates of Scotland, the Three Estates, the Scots Parliament or the auld Scots Parliament (
4967:
1825:
980:
Most historians date the emergence of a parliament with some degree of power, to which the throne had to defer, no later than the reign of
880:
5999:
5250:
4153:
4113:
3981:
3796:
3415:
1821:
6398:
1597:"). The lesser nobles also began to present Andrew with grievances, a practice that evolved into the institution of the Hungarian Diet.
1036:
of their counties. Modern government has its origins in the Curia Regis; parliament descends from the Great Council, later known as the
5781:
5107:
4904:
4073:
4016:
1812:
from old and newly incorporated municipalities. This inclusion establishes the Cortes of Leiria of 1254 as the second sample of modern
1211:, Cromwell is nonetheless regarded as essential to the growth of democracy in England. The years of the Commonwealth, coupled with the
630:
6072:
4118:
3991:
3231:
1265:
of Paris covered the entire kingdom. In the thirteenth century, judicial functions were added. In 1443, following the turmoil of the
4053:
2062:, the veche became the supreme state authority. After the reforms of 1410, the veche was restructured on a model similar to that of
1055:
included elected representatives from shires and towns. Thus these parliaments are considered forerunners of the modern parliament.
4876:
4630:
4212:
1059:
1507:
Today the term lives on in the official names of national legislatures and other institutions in the North Germanic countries. In
3453:
5950:
5798:
887:, the carrying out of capital punishment, the declaration of war and peace, and the creation (or dissolution) of alliances. The
5176:
5171:
4716:
4671:
4133:
4108:
3395:
2112:
which held that final authority in spiritual matters resided with the Roman Church as corporation of Christians, embodied by a
648:
2417:
in 1521. The Cortes maintained some power, however, though it became more of a consultative entity. However, by the time of
5865:
4944:
4711:
4659:
3197:
2170:. Popular assemblies, as in Ireland, were involved in law-making, and sometimes in king-making, although the introduction of
1558:
1330:
5939:
Cecil Marcus Knatchbull-Hugessen Brabourne (4th Baron): The political evolution of the Hungarian nation: (Volume I. in 1908)
4078:
3931:
3429:
3323:
2907:
4143:
2428:
kingdoms retained their power to control the king's spending with regard to the finances of those kingdoms. But after the
898:(a method of taking decisions in Islamic societies) is analogous to the parliament. However, other scholars (notably from
4829:
4736:
4666:
4497:
4068:
3552:
3530:
2721:
2269:
2134:
1968:
1566:
1443:
as well as Denmark, replicating Viking government systems in the conquered territories, such as those represented by the
5339:
Jacobsen, T. (July 1943). "Primitive Democracy in Ancient Mesopotamia". Journal of Near Eastern Studies 2 (3): 159–172.
4063:
1098:. Knights had been summoned to previous councils, but it was unprecedented for the boroughs to be represented. In 1295,
6218:
5060:
4927:
4835:
4806:
4098:
3976:
3692:
3682:
3217:
1727:
974:
921:
England has long had a tradition of a body of men who would assist and advise the king on important matters. Under the
4088:
6189:
6130:
5722:
5665:
5525:
5505:
5464:
5447:
5388:
Bailkey, N. (July 1967). "Early Mesopotamian Constitutional Development". American History Review 72 (4): 1211–1236.
5376:
5207:
5056:
4892:
4860:
4686:
4395:
4385:
4148:
3859:
3854:
3674:
3391:
3381:
3371:
2911:
2874:
to parliamentary systems, while others use the word for any elected legislative body. Parliaments usually consist of
1828:(the traditional revision of the face value of coinage by the Crown every seven years). These Cortes also introduced
1670:) have been convened by Poland's monarchs. From 1374, the king had to receive permission from that assembly to raise
1063:
498:
4093:
2993:
2981:
2969:
6453:
4887:
4816:
4811:
4741:
4254:
4038:
3825:
3710:
3423:
3227:
2863:
2632:
2615:
2568:
2277:
2185:
from the King's Council of Bishops and Earls. The unicameral parliament is first found on record, referred to as a
2086:. Separate assemblies could be held in the districts of Novgorod. In Pskov the veche assembled in the court of the
1122:
The purpose and structure of Parliament in Tudor England underwent a significant transformation under the reign of
1114:, however, Parliament had grown closer to its modern form, with the legislative body having two separate chambers.
660:
104:
4103:
4058:
4048:
4033:
3958:(bilingual, certain peculiarities of competence, also the only region not comprising any of the 10 provinces) and
2678:
Legislation can originate from either the Lords or the Commons. It is voted on in several distinct stages, called
5064:
5009:
4955:
4932:
4850:
4791:
4771:
4400:
4242:
4192:
4138:
4128:
4028:
3911:
3686:
3096:
3010:
2748:
2701:. These Acts removed the veto power of the Lords over a great deal of legislation. If a bill is certified by the
1208:
984:. Like previous kings, Edward called leading nobles and church leaders to discuss government matters, especially
6406:
4365:
4083:
5095:
5077:
4796:
4781:
4751:
4726:
4721:
4207:
3443:
3419:
3345:
2941:, and governments cannot request an early dissolution as may be the case for parliaments. Some states, such as
2716:
In addition to functioning as the second chamber of Parliament, the House of Lords was also the final court of
2528:
675:
623:
493:
271:
119:
902:) highlight what they consider fundamental differences between the shura system and the parliamentary system.
701:, making laws, and overseeing the government via hearings and inquiries. The term is similar to the idea of a
5156:
4855:
4845:
4761:
4420:
4259:
4043:
3916:
3896:
3844:
3623:
3485:
3207:
3051:
2698:
2429:
2414:
1130:, 1st Earl of Essex, then chief minister to Henry VIII, who initiated still other changes within parliament.
508:
5537:
Byrd, Robert (1995). The Senate of the Roman Republic. US Government Printing Office Senate Document 103–23.
3092:
4801:
4756:
4746:
4706:
4701:
4646:
4023:
3999:
3714:
3467:
3305:
3235:
2713:. The exceptions to this rule are things like bills to prolong the life of a Parliament beyond five years.
2463:, where it operated as a government in exile as at that time most of the rest of Spain was in the hands of
2459:
The first Cortes representing the whole of Spain (and the Spanish empire of the day) assembled in 1812, in
2378:
Following this event, new Cortes would appear in the other different territories that would make up Spain:
2285:
973:
and Cabinet descend. Of these, the legislature is formally the High Court of Parliament; judges sit in the
257:
89:
60:
6073:"The Leones parliament of 1188: The first parliament of the western world (The Magna Carta of Alfonso IX)"
1022:
The tenants-in-chief often struggled for power with the ecclesiastics and the king. In 1215, they secured
1008:
6448:
6025:
5520:
Abbott, Frank Frost (1901). A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions. Elibron Classics.
5276:
5027:
4786:
4776:
4766:
4731:
4612:
4003:
3810:
3790:
3471:
3341:
2595:
2564:
2479:
was one of the longest-lived representative bodies in history, continuing from the 13th century to 1848.
2476:
2262:
1293:
outside of Paris, whose jurisdiction extended over the most part of southern France. From 1443 until the
1236:
561:
31:
17:
5586:
5564:
6413:
5857:
5626:
Liebermann, Felix, The National Assembly in the Anglo-Saxon Period (Halle, 1913; repr. New York, 1961).
4691:
4681:
4676:
4350:
4337:
4237:
3820:
3600:
3517:
3193:
3183:
3114:
2524:
2235:
2087:
1994:
1950:
1931:
1501:
1482:
814:
94:
65:
6273:
1600:
An institutionalized Hungarian parliament emerged during the 14th and 15th centuries. Beginning under
933:ƿitena ȝemōt, or witena gemōt, for "meeting of wise men". The first recorded act of a witenagemot was
6356:
6326:
6296:
5884:
5327:
5309:
5146:
5131:
5032:
4988:
4978:
4840:
4197:
3782:
3568:
3541:
3187:
2850:
is constitutionally answerable to the parliament from the genetic moment of the birth of Government (
2379:
1732:
1489:
694:
616:
221:
4355:
2579:
5971:
Michael Burger: The Shaping of Western Civilization: From Antiquity To the Enlightenment. Page: 190
5222:
Michael Burger: The Shaping of Western Civilization: From Antiquity To the Enlightenment. Page: 190
5005:
4696:
4415:
4217:
3906:
3761:
3726:
3271:
2946:
2656:
2574:
2548:
1440:
1322:
1248:
655:
336:
226:
5980:
Susana Galera: Judicial Review: A Comparative Analysis Inside the European Legal System. Page: 21
5752:
5231:
Susana Galera: Judicial Review: A Comparative Analysis Inside the European Legal System. Page: 21
5161:
4390:
3830:
3815:
3522:
2855:
2644:
2406:
1983:
1668:
contentio generalis, conventio magna, conventio solemna, parlamentum, parlamentum generale, dieta
1193:
1154:
832:. However, these claims are not accepted by other scholars, who see these forms of government as
266:
3128:
2922:
smoothly without all the complications that it represents in the case of a presidential system.
1824:
was introduced: a fixed sum was to be paid by the burghers to the Crown as a substitute for the
1695:
1204:. Frustrated with its decisions, Cromwell purged and suspended Parliament on several occasions.
1145:
The power of Parliament, in its relationship with the monarch, increased considerably after the
997:
taxes without the "consent of the realm" through parliament. He also enlarged the court system.
5083:
5022:
4872:
4375:
4182:
3986:
3921:
3901:
3870:
3751:
3706:
3648:
3583:
3463:
3081:
2930:
2876:
2603:
2187:
2178:
2129:
1848:
1797:
1578:
1493:
1384:
1228:
503:
445:
391:
5918:
András Gergely, Gábor Máthé: The Hungarian state: thousand years in Europe (published in 2000)
5491:
5197:
4291:
1886:
The Cortes probably had their heyday in the 14th and 15th centuries, reaching their apex when
6443:
6206:
5166:
5126:
4915:
3766:
3756:
3740:
3526:
3512:
3439:
3261:
3179:
3066:
2915:
2859:
2710:
2679:
2623:
2611:
2584:
2258:
2239:
2109:
2078:. It is recounted that the Novgorod assembly could be summoned by anyone who rung the veche
1904:
1770:
1270:
1266:
1258:
1257:, born out of the Curia Regis in 1307, and located inside the medieval royal palace, now the
1165:'s reign, the legislative body complied willingly with the majority of the kings' decisions.
1111:
1052:
911:
765:
323:
156:
6179:
1346:
1172:
5989:
Gaines Post: Studies in Medieval Legal Thought: Public Law And the State, 1100–1322 Page 62
5774:
5240:
Gaines Post: Studies in Medieval Legal Thought: Public Law And the State, 1100–1322 Page 62
5141:
4425:
4202:
3734:
3588:
3399:
3285:
3267:
3158:
3036:
2934:
2851:
2843:
2774:
2509:
2309:
1927:
1900:
1778:
1750:
1715:
1601:
1586:
1189:
1107:
1048:
946:
722:
433:
304:
294:
279:
206:
124:
6392:
6079:
4287:
934:
8:
5089:
5037:
4983:
4405:
4222:
3786:
3776:
3771:
3660:
3643:
3611:
3337:
3295:
3212:
3174:
3110:
2958:
2926:
2728:
2391:
2281:
2139:
2083:
1919:
1896:
1789:
1762:
1590:
1570:
1528:
1421:
1216:
1162:
1150:
1099:
981:
730:
726:
545:
455:
309:
211:
161:
99:
1219:, helped reinforce and strengthen Parliament as an institution separate from the Crown.
5422:
5397:
5348:
4370:
4360:
4187:
3970:
3638:
3592:
2938:
2640:
2607:
2599:
2560:
2418:
2395:
2383:
2346:
2313:
2254:
2113:
1923:
1899:(r.1481-1495) used them to break the high nobility, but dispensed with them otherwise.
1887:
1582:
1550:
1411:
1376:
1254:
1232:
1212:
865:
583:
176:
2527:, or the Central Rada, founded on March 4, 1917, was the All-Ukrainian council of the
2330:
1754:
745:
6214:
6185:
6126:
6098:
5861:
5804:
5661:
5521:
5501:
5460:
5443:
5372:
5203:
5101:
4447:
4410:
4310:
3534:
3447:
3327:
3201:
2691:
2636:
2513:
2437:
2387:
2273:
2079:
2048:
2026:
2022:
1964:
1895:
overseas, grew less dependent on Cortes subsidies and convened them less frequently.
1892:
1844:
1837:
1801:
1744:
1675:
1605:
1532:
1357:, built in 1880–1881, home of one of the oldest still-acting parliaments in the world
1326:
1318:
1294:
1185:
1146:
1134:
847:
578:
252:
114:
109:
70:
43:
3331:
2547:
The development of the modern concept of parliamentary government dates back to the
2326:
1817:
1714:, convened at the king's discretion. Hence, the year 1493 marked the beginning of a
883:, who had the final say regarding the election of magistrates, the enactment of new
741:
6118:
5414:
5389:
5364:
5340:
4491:
4380:
3835:
3596:
3477:
3275:
2867:
2847:
2453:
2433:
2402:
2366:
2320:
2246:
2030:
1758:
1705:
1549:
The Diet of Hungary, or originally Parlamentum Publicum and Parlamentum Generale (
1492:
for the nobility. In both these countries, the national parliaments are now called
1436:
1363:
1103:
993:
528:
284:
138:
5927:
2108:" or the "conciliar movement", was a reform movement in the 14th and 15th century
1239:
in 1707. The Parliament of the United Kingdom followed at the union with Ireland.
6427:
5655:
5596:
5574:
5477:
5439:
5368:
3801:
3720:
3489:
3031:
3024:
2672:
2445:
2425:
2215:
2147:
1813:
1631:
1544:
1400:
1197:
1177:
1127:
1091:
1029:
954:
942:
606:
588:
413:
398:
6275:
La crescente procedimentalizzazione dell’atto parlamentare di indirizzo politico
5459:
Bongard-Levin, G.M. (1986). A complex study of Ancient India. South Asia Books.
2964:
Countries with more than a specific percentage of women in parliament as of 2017
2631:, who remarked in 1865 that "England is the Mother of Parliaments") because the
1350:
670:
4529:
4442:
3951:
3864:
3628:
3573:
3133:
3061:
2903:
2782:
2760:
2668:
2660:
2536:
2488:
2410:
2358:
2231:
2203:
2052:
1719:
1396:
1201:
957:, the few nobles who "rented" great estates directly from the king, along with
899:
876:
839:
484:
403:
357:
299:
2498:
2335:
1903:(r.1495-1521) convened them only four times in his long reign. By the time of
1102:
adopted De Montfort's ideas for representation and election in the so-called "
753:
6437:
6387:
6257:
5413:
Larsen, J.A.O. (Jan. 1973). "Demokratia". Classical Philology 68 (1): 45–46.
4599:
4564:
3632:
3153:
2895:
2889:
2697:
The House of Lords is the less powerful of the two houses as a result of the
2648:
2293:
1691:
1639:
1562:
1425:
970:
962:
408:
386:
361:
191:
6156:
5296:
3076:
2409:
intended a stronger role for the Cortes, but were defeated by the forces of
1435:
The Icelandic, Faroese and Manx parliaments trace their origins back to the
698:
5907:
Mazara dopo i Musulmani fino alle Signorie – Dal Vescovado all'Inquisizione
4462:
4333:
4271:
3046:
2885:
2786:
2687:
2517:
2105:
2099:
2059:
2014:
1957:
1829:
1682:(nobles) unprecedented concessions and authority. The General Sejm (Polish
1515:
areas of England, which were subject to Norse invasion and settlement, the
1428:, and judged according to the law, which was memorised and recited by the "
958:
888:
171:
5730:
4437:
1354:
953:("King's Council"). Membership of the Curia was largely restricted to the
5930:: The Magna Carta of the English And of the Hungarian Constitution (1904)
5657:
War Justice and Public Order: England and France in the Later Middle Ages
5151:
4639:
4604:
4594:
4534:
3668:
2770:
2744:
2628:
2354:
2182:
1853:
1833:
1809:
1793:
1710:
1429:
1024:
1014:
977:. Only the executive government is no longer conducted in a royal court.
950:
930:
926:
922:
864:
could take part in the discussions. Slaves and women could not. However,
833:
824:
690:
679:
475:
440:
343:
331:
196:
6422:
6235:"How the Westminster Parliamentary System was exported around the World"
5547:
3015:
1473:
1333:, a legislative body whose existence is independent of the royal power.
1180:, as it stands outside the House of Commons at the Palace of Westminster
693:
body of government. Generally, a modern parliament has three functions:
643:
601:
6207:"A Globalizing Constitutionalism? Views from the Postcolony, 1945–2000"
5401:
5314:
5136:
4653:
4623:
4579:
4317:
3994:(within the capital's regional assembly, however, there also exist two
3577:
3560:
3375:
3315:
2706:
2342:
2289:
2192:
2163:
2010:
1998:
1972:
1946:
1500:), a word used since the Middle Ages and equivalent of the German word
1410:
The thing was the assembly of the free men of a country, province or a
1404:
1123:
1067:
769:
734:
714:
565:
555:
550:
289:
151:
30:
This article is about the legislative institution. For other uses, see
5426:
5352:
4276:
3730:
2047:
was the highest legislature and judicial authority in the republic of
1616:
1459:
4584:
4569:
4544:
4519:
4514:
3678:
3664:
3545:
3365:
3281:
3251:
3241:
3138:
3122:
3100:
3020:
2778:
2769:, the half-century period of parliamentary government beginning with
2732:
2675:(26 bishops, who are part of the house while they remain in office).
2516:
in 1648, it was officially known as the General Military Council, or
2505:
2449:
2196:
2167:
2152:
1626:
1516:
1508:
1372:
1274:
891:
controlled money, administration, and the details of foreign policy.
843:
829:
820:
775:
450:
348:
231:
186:
166:
5393:
1403:
societies, made up of the free men of the community and presided by
1341:
5609:
5418:
5344:
5121:
4554:
4171:
3959:
3955:
3947:
3805:
3457:
3433:
3405:
3162:
3118:
3055:
2817:
2793:
2724:
opened and acquired the former jurisdiction of the House of Lords.
2464:
2350:
2223:
2219:
2171:
2158:
1911:
1679:
1635:
1478:
1444:
1306:
1302:
1286:
989:
966:
710:
573:
533:
216:
201:
181:
50:
6125:. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 227.
4298:
2304:
2222:(although taxation was only raised irregularly in Scotland in the
6391:
6026:"La Unesco reconoce a León Como Cuna Mundial del parlamentarismo"
5277:"La Unesco reconoce a León Como Cuna Mundial del parlamentarismo"
4589:
4549:
4539:
4486:
4481:
4342:
4329:
3745:
3697:
3654:
3495:
3319:
3309:
3289:
3255:
3245:
3147:
3143:
2740:
2664:
2635:
has been the model for most other parliamentary systems, and its
2512:
from the 16th to the 18th century. With the establishment of the
2227:
2211:
2067:
1993:
The name of the parliament of nowadays Russian Federation is the
1785:
1766:
1749:
After its self-proclamation as an independent kingdom in 1139 by
1512:
1466:
1452:
1095:
1033:
985:
884:
861:
488:
146:
6123:
The Comuneros of Castile: The Forging of a Revolution, 1475–1521
2789:
were expanded and power shifted from the monarch to parliament.
1188:
between the Crown and Parliament culminated in the execution of
6380:
5049:
4574:
4559:
4524:
4508:
4325:
4321:
3839:
3701:
3499:
3409:
3361:
3355:
3351:
3299:
3221:
3040:
2942:
2766:
2736:
2717:
2647:
have similarly organised parliaments with a largely ceremonial
2588:
2441:
2071:
2063:
1918:, and enjoyed a brief period of resurgence during the reign of
1805:
1700:
1698:, evolved from earlier regional and provincial meetings called
1087:
1071:
749:
725:, although it is also used to describe the legislature in some
702:
538:
480:
378:
5369:
The First Democracies: Early Popular Government Outside Athens
2493:
Stemming from the tribal assemblies of the ancient Slavs, the
2401:
After the union of the Kingdoms of Leon and Castile under the
2202:
By the early fourteenth century the attendance of knights and
1604:, continuing under subsequent kings through into the reign of
4468:
4457:
4452:
3481:
3385:
3104:
3085:
3070:
3027:
is the oldest Parliament buildings in the world still in use.
2535:
in 1918. The contemporary Ukrainian parliament is called the
2460:
2207:
2043:
2018:
1663:
1644:
1321:, and parliaments were eventually overshadowed by the larger
1083:
1075:
895:
868:
was not representative, but rather direct, and therefore the
851:
713:
and is commonly used in countries that are current or former
706:
664:
5478:
Aspects of Political Ideas and Institutions in Ancient India
4167:
Legislative assemblies of Canadian provinces and territories
3624:
National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China
2210:
commissioners attended. Consisting of the Three Estates; of
1117:
768:
and dates to the 14th century, coming from the 11th century
2117:
1989:
Representatives of merchants and townspeople (third estate)
1864:
1773:. These established the first general laws of the kingdom (
1761:
of 1143), the first historically established Cortes of the
1654:
1079:
5951:"The Historic Origins of the National Assembly in Hungary"
1907:(r.1554–1578), the Cortes was practically an irrelevance.
1329:, when the last Estates General transformed itself into a
1137:
established the monarch as head of the Church of England.
860:) was the most important institution, and every free male
6383:. A dataset on over 67,000 legislators from 16 countries.
4999:
4476:
1671:
651:
are said to contribute to an adversarial style of debate.
6000:"Ayuntamiento de León – León, cradle of parliamentarism"
5682:"Birth of the English Parliament: The first Parliaments"
5251:"Ayuntamiento de León – León, cradle of parliamentarism"
2858:), through all the commitments that can be added to the
2338:
has been recognized as the "Cradle of Parliamentarism".
2058:
Since the Novgorod revolution of 1137 ousted the ruling
1420:
The thing met at regular intervals, legislated, elected
756:
has been recognized as the "Cradle of Parliamentarism".
1979:
Nobility and high bureaucracy, including the Boyar Duma
1731:
privileges. In 1573, a convocation sejm established an
1620:
The First Sejm in Łęczyca. Recording of laws. A.D. 1180
1227:
The Parliament of England met until it merged with the
1000:
6259:
The House of Lords and the British political tradition
5827:"Isle of Man Marks Millennium with Pomp, Circumstance"
5723:"Was Oliver Cromwell the father of British democracy?"
5067:(elected, legislative upper house with limited powers)
6411:
4823:
2892:
although more complex models exist, or have existed (
1652:
led to the development of the Polish parliament, the
1557:), became the supreme legislative institution in the
949:, did away with the Witenagemot, replacing it with a
4654:
Indian states and territorial legislative assemblies
3888:
Parliaments of the Australian states and territories
3168:
2602:
that replaced the former parliaments of England and
2542:
2531:, which declared its full state independence in the
1840:at the expense of the old episcopal city of Porto.
1531:, dating to 1097, evolved as the legislature of the
5043:
2621:The British Parliament is often referred to as the
1066:of his supporters without royal authorisation. The
6272:For the latter instruments see Giampiero Buonomo,
5577:, Al-Khilafa Publications, 1423 AH – 2002 CE, p.61
5548:"The Shura Principle in Islam – by Sadek Sulaiman"
3876:
2925:The parliamentary system can be contrasted with a
2655:In the United Kingdom, Parliament consists of the
1914:monarch. The Cortes played a critical role in the
5851:
4233:Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories
3927:Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly
3606:The federal government of Canada has a bicameral
2747:do not have complete power over their respective
2533:Fourth Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council
2226:period), but it also had a strong influence over
6435:
3850:Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration
1336:
1062:, then in rebellion against Henry III, summoned
3004:
2610:united the Parliament of Great Britain and the
1018:, as featured on display at the British Library
6211:Constitutionalism and political reconstruction
6184:. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 3.
6178:Seidle, F. Leslie; Docherty, David C. (2003).
6177:
5709:Learning to Read and Write in Colonial America
4916:Parliament of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region
4361:Bürgerschaft der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg
1192:in 1649. For a brief period, England became a
5854:The Isle of Man: celebrating a sense of place
5440:The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World
4228:General Assembly of Newfoundland and Labrador
2432:and the victory of another royal house – the
1561:from the 1290s, and in its successor states,
872:was different from the parliamentary system.
717:. Some contexts restrict the use of the word
624:
6402:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
6103:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5852:Robinson, Vaughan; McCarroll, Danny (1990),
5202:. Manchester University Press. p. 141.
4968:List of cantonal legislatures of Switzerland
4170:
2831: Nations with a unicameral legislature.
1718:. With the subsequent development of Polish
894:Some Muslim scholars argue that the Islamic
790:
773:
4154:Legislative Chamber of the Federal District
4114:Legislative Assembly of Rio Grande do Norte
3982:Parliament of the German-speaking Community
3797:Assembly of the Republic of North Macedonia
3416:National Assembly of the Republic of Poland
2854:), to the final moment of his termination (
2825: Nations with a bicameral legislature.
2370:
1519:was another name for the same institution.
6255:
6237:. University of Cambridge. 2 December 2013
5108:National Assembly of the Republic of China
4905:Subnational parliamentary system in Norway
4074:Legislative Assembly of Mato Grosso do Sul
4017:Legislative Assemblies of Brazilian states
2690:is granted and the bill becomes law as an
2288:in Edinburgh, situated at the foot of the
2257:merged the Parliament of Scotland and the
1469:, which claims to be over 1,000 years old.
1301:were created in some provinces of France (
925:kings, there was an advisory council, the
916:
631:
617:
6262:(Ph.D. thesis). University of Birmingham.
6204:
6157:https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2022.51.03.26
4119:Legislative Assembly of Rio Grande do Sul
3992:Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region
2440:, their Cortes were suppressed (those of
2345:, facing an attack by his two neighbors,
1118:Parliament under Henry VIII and Edward VI
6386:
5706:
4877:State legislative assemblies of Malaysia
4286:
4213:General Assembly of Prince Edward Island
3152:
3127:
3109:
3091:
3075:
3060:
3045:
3030:
3014:
2918:and force the prime minister to resign.
2910:), whereas in others they are not (e.g.
2816:
2578:
2303:
2133:
2093:
2055:, a separate veche operated until 1510.
1941:
1716:bicameral legislative body of government
1615:
1472:
1340:
1171:
1007:
992:. A meeting in 1295 became known as the
823:. Some scholars suggest that in ancient
669:
654:
642:
5909:, Angelo Mazzotta Editore, 2001, p. 30.
5881:"Storia del Parlamento – Il Parlamento"
5653:
5063:(elected, legislative lower house) and
2812:
2138:The debating chamber of the reconvened
2029:, who transferred its functions to the
1140:
1110:debated independently; by the reign of
14:
6436:
6278:, Questione giustizia, 7 ottobre 2021.
5961:from the original on 22 November 2015.
5824:
5787:from the original on 26 November 2023.
5763:from the original on 14 December 2023.
5753:"Viking-age Laws and Legal Procedures"
5566:The System of Islam, (Nidham ul Islam)
5177:List of current presidents of assembly
5000:Contemporary supranational parliaments
4717:Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly
4672:Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly
4134:Legislative Assembly of Santa Catarina
4109:Legislative Assembly of Rio de Janeiro
4054:Legislative Assembly of Espírito Santo
2952:
2743:. However, these national, unicameral
1200:the de facto ruler, with the title of
935:the law code issued by King Æthelberht
649:House of Commons of the United Kingdom
6045:
4945:List of Spanish regional legislatures
4712:Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly
4660:State legislative assemblies of India
2036:
1883:circumvented or ignored in practice.
1207:A controversial figure notorious for
6023:
5711:. University of Massachusetts Press.
5489:
5274:
5195:
4994:
4178:Canada's provinces and territories:
4079:Legislative Assembly of Minas Gerais
3932:Parliament of the Northern Territory
3892:Australia's States and territories:
3563:, which has a unicameral parliament.
2906:is a member of the parliament (e.g.
2870:. Some restrict the use of the word
2206:had become important, and from 1326
2070:chamber of the parliament. An upper
1816:in the history of Europe (after the
1753:(followed by the recognition by the
1634:, the first legendary Polish ruler,
808:
5825:Downie, Leonard Jr. (6 July 1979).
5172:Parliament of the World's Religions
4972:
4830:State legislative councils of India
4737:Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly
4667:Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly
4340:, all state parliaments are called
4069:Legislative Assembly of Mato Grosso
3748:, the parliament of the Isle of Man
2902:In some parliamentary systems, the
2722:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
2643:. Most countries in Europe and the
2270:1997 Scottish devolution referendum
685:In modern politics, and history, a
24:
6349:"30% Share of women in parliament"
6319:"20% Share of women in parliament"
6289:"10% Share of women in parliament"
5948:
4928:Legislative Assembly of the Azores
4836:Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council
4824:Indian states legislative councils
4807:Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly
4099:Legislative Assembly of Pernambuco
3977:Parliament of the French Community
3693:Council of Representatives of Iraq
2933:, which operates under a stricter
2837: Nations with no legislature.
25:
6465:
6374:
6181:Reforming parliamentary democracy
4893:States General of the Netherlands
4861:Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council
4687:Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly
4396:Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia
4386:Landtag of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
4149:Legislative Assembly of Tocantins
4144:Legislative Assembly of São Paulo
3860:Grand National Assembly of Turkey
3855:Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago
3392:States General of the Netherlands
3169:Parliaments of the European Union
2773:'s death in 1718 and ending with
2554:
2543:Development of modern parliaments
2051:until 1478. In its sister state,
1836:, favoring the new royal city of
961:. William brought to England the
764:The English term is derived from
499:Biology and political orientation
6421:
6381:Comparative Legislators Database
6209:. In Arjomand, Saïd Amir (ed.).
5044:Equivalent national legislatures
4961:
4888:Provincial council (Netherlands)
4817:West Bengal Legislative Assembly
4812:Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly
4742:Maharashtra Legislative Assembly
4436:
4255:Legislative Council of Hong Kong
4124:Legislative Assembly of Rondonia
4064:Legislative Assembly of Maranhão
4039:Legislative Assembly of Amazonas
3826:National Assembly of South Korea
3228:Parliament of the Czech Republic
2992:
2980:
2968:
2616:Parliament of the United Kingdom
2569:Parliament of the United Kingdom
2508:(council) was an institution of
2278:Parliament of the United Kingdom
1997:. The term for its lower house,
1399:) was the governing assembly in
1345:Iceland's parliament house, the
1222:
600:
6341:
6311:
6281:
6266:
6249:
6227:
6198:
6171:
6161:
6148:
6139:
6111:
6064:
6039:
6017:
5992:
5983:
5974:
5965:
5942:
5933:
5921:
5912:
5899:
5873:
5845:
5818:
5791:
5767:
5745:
5715:
5700:
5684:. Parliament.uk. Archived from
5674:
5647:
5629:
5620:
5602:
5580:
5558:
5540:
5531:
5514:
5483:
5470:
5453:
5432:
5407:
5382:
5358:
5333:
5065:Regional Representative Council
5061:People's Representative Council
5010:Inter-parliamentary institution
4956:Provincial Councils (Sri Lanka)
4933:Legislative Assembly of Madeira
4851:Maharashtra Legislative Council
4792:Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
4772:Puducherry Legislative Assembly
4401:Landtag of Rhineland-Palatinate
4243:Legislative Assembly of Nunavut
4193:General Assembly of Nova Scotia
4139:Legislative Assembly of Sergipe
4129:Legislative Assembly of Roraima
4089:Legislative Assembly of Paraíba
4029:Legislative Assembly of Alagoas
3912:Parliament of Western Australia
3877:List of subnational parliaments
3687:Regional Representative Council
3683:People's Representative Council
3655:Althing (Parliament of Iceland)
3011:List of legislatures by country
2842:Many parliaments are part of a
2749:countries of the United Kingdom
2703:Speaker of the House of Commons
2025:. The Duma was discontinued by
2013:was an advisory council to the
1963:It could be summoned either by
1462:, dating from a similar period.
1447:near Bergen in western Norway:
1253:Originally, there was only the
733:), even where it is not in the
5707:Monaghan, E. Jennifer (2002).
5330:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
5321:
5302:
5290:
5268:
5243:
5234:
5225:
5216:
5189:
5096:Parliament of Northern Ireland
5078:Parliament of Southern Ireland
5057:People's Consultative Assembly
4909:
4881:
4797:Telangana Legislative Assembly
4782:Rajasthan Legislative Assembly
4752:Meghalaya Legislative Assembly
4727:Karnataka Legislative Assembly
4722:Jharkhand Legislative Assembly
4208:Parliament of British Columbia
4094:Legislative Assembly of Paraná
3675:People's Consultative Assembly
3540:The federal government of the
2470:
2292:, next to the royal palace of
1820:in 1188). In these Cortes the
1728:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1726:The general parliament of the
494:Theories of political behavior
120:Political history of the world
27:Legislative body of government
13:
1:
6168:10.1080/14683857.2016.1148413
5183:
5157:Non-human electoral candidate
4921:
4856:Telangana Legislative Council
4846:Karnataka Legislative Council
4762:Nagaland Legislative Assembly
4421:Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein
4311:State legislatures of Germany
4260:Legislative Assembly of Macau
4104:Legislative Assembly of Piauí
4059:Legislative Assembly of Goiás
4049:Legislative Assembly of Ceará
4044:Legislative Assembly of Bahia
4034:Legislative Assembly of Amapá
3917:Parliament of South Australia
3897:Parliament of New South Wales
3845:National Assembly of Thailand
3657:- Oldest surviving parliament
3208:National Assembly of Bulgaria
3052:Hungarian Parliament Building
2931:American congressional system
2727:Since 1999, there has been a
2699:Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949
2430:War of the Spanish Succession
1337:Germanic and Nordic countries
1235:. This union created the new
509:Critique of political economy
6256:Mc Manamon, Anthony (2012).
6024:Internet, Unidad Editorial.
5654:Kaeuper, Richard W. (1988).
5442:. Cornell University Press.
5438:de Sainte, C.G.E.M. (2006).
5299:Online Etymology Dictionary.
5275:Internet, Unidad Editorial.
4949:
4802:Tripura Legislative Assembly
4757:Mizoram Legislative Assembly
4747:Manipur Legislative Assembly
4707:Haryana Legislative Assembly
4702:Gujarat Legislative Assembly
4366:Landtag of Baden-Württemberg
4084:Legislative Assembly of Pará
4024:Legislative Assembly of Acre
3962:(French)—and three cultural
3881:
3595:, an Upper House styled the
3005:List of national parliaments
2846:of government, in which the
2341:After coming to power, King
2286:Scottish Parliament Building
929:. The name derives from the
759:
90:Outline of political science
7:
5660:. Oxford University Press.
5480:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
5114:
5028:Central American Parliament
4866:
4787:Sikkim Legislative Assembly
4777:Punjab Legislative Assembly
4767:Odisha Legislative Assembly
4732:Kerala Legislative Assembly
3811:National Assembly of Serbia
2799:
2627:(in fact a misquotation of
2596:Parliament of Great Britain
2565:Parliament of Great Britain
2529:Ukrainian People's Republic
2477:Federal Diet of Switzerland
2263:Parliament of Great Britain
2123:
1738:
1708:was founded on the earlier
1642:, was chosen by an ancient
1567:Habsburg kingdom of Hungary
1559:medieval kingdom of Hungary
1483:Parliament House of Finland
1237:Parliament of Great Britain
1217:Glorious Revolution of 1688
1215:in 1660 and the subsequent
1213:restoration of the monarchy
1086:were summoned, as were two
975:Supreme Court of Judicature
32:Parliament (disambiguation)
10:
6470:
6117:
5858:Liverpool University Press
5590:, by Taqiuddin an-Nabhani
5500:. Atlantic Monthly Press.
5071:
5003:
4965:
4942:
4938:
4902:
4870:
4827:
4692:Delhi Legislative Assembly
4682:Bihar Legislative Assembly
4677:Assam Legislative Assembly
4657:
4631:Dadra and Nagar Haveli and
4351:Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin
4304:
4282:
4265:
4238:Yukon Legislative Assembly
4164:
4014:
3937:
3885:
3821:Parliament of South Africa
3518:General Council of Andorra
3396:Chamber of Representatives
3198:Chamber of Representatives
3194:Belgian Federal Parliament
3008:
2956:
2862:from time to time through
2758:
2598:was formed in 1707 by the
2572:
2558:
2525:Central Council of Ukraine
2486:
2482:
2318:
2146:From the 10th century the
2127:
2097:
1995:Federal Assembly of Russia
1951:Federal Assembly of Russia
1932:Liberal Revolution of 1820
1875:(articles) and eventually
1742:
1542:
1538:
1261:. The jurisdiction of the
1246:
909:
905:
852:
815:History of parliamentarism
812:
748:in 1188. According to the
647:The facing benches of the
95:Index of politics articles
29:
6407:United Kingdom Parliament
6213:. Brill. pp. 92–94.
5803:, Tynwald, archived from
5595:13 September 2022 at the
5573:13 September 2022 at the
5310:Oxford English Dictionary
5147:Inter-Parliamentary Union
5132:Democratic mundialization
5033:Latin American Parliament
4989:Senedd (Welsh Parliament)
4979:Northern Ireland Assembly
4898:
4841:Bihar Legislative Council
4435:
4198:New Brunswick Legislature
4160:
4010:
3783:Parliament of New Zealand
3569:Parliament of The Bahamas
3542:Commonwealth of Australia
3506:
2884:, and are usually either
2754:
2380:Principality of Catalonia
2312:, the lower house of the
2272:, and the passing of the
1937:
1856:delegates at the Cortes.
1690:), first convoked by the
1648:council. The idea of the
1611:
1242:
5775:"The Faroese Parliament"
5371:. Franz Steiner Verlag.
5006:International parliament
4697:Goa Legislative Assembly
4431:
4416:Landtag of Saxony-Anhalt
4248:
4218:Saskatchewan Legislature
3907:Parliament of Queensland
3791:House of Representatives
3762:Parliament of Montenegro
3727:Parliament of Kazakhstan
3711:House of Representatives
3531:House of Representatives
3430:Assembly of the Republic
3382:House of Representatives
3218:House of Representatives
3035:The centre block of the
2947:semi-presidential system
2781:in 1772 is known as the
2739:—or Welsh Parliament—in
2575:Parliament in the Making
2549:Kingdom of Great Britain
2353:, decided to summon his
2299:
2166:, real or nominal, of a
1808:, with the inclusion of
1522:
1441:petty kingdoms of Norway
1249:Estates General (France)
1090:from each shire and two
1004:and the model parliament
661:House of Representatives
6454:Parliamentary procedure
6399:Encyclopædia Britannica
6046:Spain (February 2012).
5955:Historia Constitucional
5568:by Taqiuddin an-Nabhani
5313:, Third Edition, 2005,
5162:Parliamentary procedure
4391:Landtag of Lower Saxony
3831:Parliament of Sri Lanka
3816:Parliament of Singapore
3523:Parliament of Australia
2856:Motion of no confidence
2142:from the public gallery
1982:The Holy Sobor of high
1155:parliamentary procedure
917:Early forms of assembly
504:Political organisations
267:International relations
105:Politics by subdivision
5196:Rush, Michael (2005).
5023:Pan-African Parliament
5016:List is not exhaustive
4873:Parliament of Malaysia
4376:Landtag of Brandenburg
4356:Bremische Bürgerschaft
4294:
4175:
3987:Parliament of Wallonia
3922:Parliament of Tasmania
3902:Parliament of Victoria
3871:Parliament of Zimbabwe
3779:(recently reorganised)
3752:Parliament of Malaysia
3707:National Diet of Japan
3649:States of Deliberation
3584:Parliament of Barbados
3553:Australia's six states
3464:Parliament of Slovenia
3165:
3150:
3125:
3107:
3089:
3082:National Diet Building
3073:
3058:
3043:
3028:
2839:
2785:. During this period,
2591:
2510:Cossack administration
2448:in 1707, and those of
2371:
2362:
2316:
2238:and thereafter by the
2179:Parliament of Scotland
2143:
2130:Parliament of Scotland
2114:general church council
1953:
1926:) as the successor of
1849:Afonso III of Portugal
1798:Afonso III of Portugal
1784:After the conquest of
1704:. Simultaneously, the
1621:
1554:
1485:
1415:(hundare/härad/herred)
1380:
1358:
1229:Parliament of Scotland
1209:his actions in Ireland
1181:
1019:
881:legislative assemblies
791:
774:
682:
667:
652:
5729:. BBC. Archived from
5637:"Anglo-Saxon origins"
5610:"Shura and Democracy"
5476:Sharma, J.P. (1968).
5167:Parliamentary records
5127:Delegated legislation
4290:
4183:Parliament of Ontario
4174:
3996:Community Commissions
3767:Parliament of Morocco
3757:Parliament of Moldova
3741:Parliament of Lebanon
3612:Canada's 10 provinces
3513:Parliament of Albania
3484:) (consisting of the
3440:Parliament of Romania
3322:) (consisting of the
3262:Parliament of Finland
3180:Parliament of Austria
3156:
3131:
3113:
3095:
3079:
3067:Parliament of Morocco
3064:
3049:
3034:
3018:
2916:vote of no confidence
2908:in the United Kingdom
2820:
2735:, and, since 2020, a
2711:session of Parliament
2624:Mother of Parliaments
2612:Parliament of Ireland
2608:further union in 1801
2585:Palace of Westminster
2582:
2307:
2259:Parliament of England
2240:Convention of Estates
2150:was ruled by chiefs (
2137:
2110:Roman Catholic Church
2094:Roman Catholic Church
1945:
1847:met again under King
1771:Afonso II of Portugal
1735:in the Commonwealth.
1619:
1476:
1439:originating from the
1344:
1271:Charles VII of France
1259:Paris Hall of Justice
1175:
1011:
912:Parliament of England
784:discussion, discourse
723:parliamentary systems
673:
658:
646:
584:Political campaigning
324:Public administration
157:Collective leadership
5495:Democracy: A History
5142:History of democracy
4426:Landtag of Thuringia
4203:Manitoba Legislature
3715:House of Councillors
3589:Parliament of Canada
3486:Congress of Deputies
3324:President of Ireland
3268:Parliament of France
3159:Parliament of Tuvalu
3037:Parliament of Canada
2939:heads of governments
2935:separation of powers
2852:Motion of confidence
2844:parliamentary system
2813:Parliamentary system
2310:Congress of Deputies
2009:), "to think". The
1928:Peter II of Portugal
1779:Sancho I of Portugal
1775:Leis Gerais do Reino
1765:occurred in 1211 in
1751:Afonso I of Portugal
1481:session hall of the
1281:by establishing the
1141:Civil War and beyond
1047:During the reign of
1030:King John of England
727:presidential systems
434:Separation of powers
305:Political psychology
280:Comparative politics
258:political scientists
245:Academic disciplines
125:Political philosophy
6359:on 15 February 2020
6329:on 15 February 2020
6299:on 15 February 2020
5831:The Washington Post
5733:on 21 November 2015
5588:The System of Islam
5490:Dunn, John (2005).
5090:Silesian Parliament
5084:People's Parliament
5038:European Parliament
4984:Scottish Parliament
4406:Landtag of Saarland
4292:Parliament of Åland
4223:Alberta Legislature
3785:(consisting of the
3777:Parliament of Nepal
3772:Parliament of Nauru
3729:(consisting of the
3709:(consisting of the
3681:(consisting of the
3663:(consisting of the
3661:Parliament of India
3644:Parliament of Ghana
3591:(consisting of the
3525:(consisting of the
3466:(consisting of the
3444:Chamber of Deputies
3442:(consisting of the
3418:(consisting of the
3394:(consisting of the
3372:Chamber of Deputies
3342:Chamber of Deputies
3340:(consisting of the
3338:Parliament of Italy
3296:Hellenic Parliament
3270:(consisting of the
3232:Chamber of Deputies
3230:(consisting of the
3213:Croatian Parliament
3196:(consisting of the
3182:(consisting of the
3175:European Parliament
2959:Women in government
2953:Women in parliament
2927:presidential system
2860:government contract
2729:Scottish Parliament
2392:Kingdom of Valencia
2372:Carta Magna Leonesa
2282:Scottish Parliament
2261:, creating the new
2181:evolved during the
2140:Scottish Parliament
1920:John IV of Portugal
1790:Kingdom of Portugal
1763:Kingdom of Portugal
1591:Golden Bull of 1222
1571:Early Modern period
1529:Sicilian Parliament
1186:series of conflicts
1151:Glorious Revolution
1149:, and again at the
1053:English Parliaments
731:Parliament of Ghana
607:Politics portal
456:Election commission
427:Government branches
310:Political sociology
162:Confessional system
100:Politics by country
6449:Westminster system
6393:"Parliament"
6205:Julian Go (2007).
5688:on 13 October 2010
4371:Landtag of Bavaria
4295:
4188:Quebec Legislature
4176:
4000:Dutch-speaking one
3971:Flemish Parliament
3639:Parliament of Fiji
3330:(Lower House) and
3166:
3151:
3126:
3108:
3090:
3074:
3059:
3044:
3029:
2912:in the Netherlands
2840:
2641:Westminster system
2633:British Parliament
2592:
2561:Westminster system
2424:The Cortes of the
2396:Kingdom of Navarre
2384:Kingdom of Castile
2329:, was held in the
2317:
2314:Spanish Parliament
2195:(a village now in
2144:
2037:Novgorod and Pskov
1954:
1924:John V of Portugal
1888:John I of Portugal
1871:(grievances) then
1658:, in around 1180.
1622:
1486:
1455:, dating from 930.
1359:
1267:Hundred Years' War
1255:Parlement of Paris
1182:
1106:". At first, each
1020:
1012:A 1215 edition of
866:Athenian democracy
842:was the cradle of
683:
668:
653:
290:Political analysis
222:Semi-parliamentary
6353:Our World in Data
6323:Our World in Data
6293:Our World in Data
6119:Haliczer, Stephen
5867:978-0-85323-036-6
5102:Batasang Pambansâ
4995:Other parliaments
4471:Capital Territory
4448:Arunachal Pradesh
4411:Landtag of Saxony
3614:has a unicameral
3468:National Assembly
3306:National Assembly
3272:National Assembly
2999:Greater than 30%
2692:Act of Parliament
2514:Cossack Hetmanate
2388:Kingdom of Aragon
2274:Scotland Act 1998
2253:), met until the
2088:Trinity cathedral
1893:Portuguese empire
1845:Portuguese Cortes
1838:Vila Nova de Gaia
1802:Portuguese Cortes
1769:by initiative of
1745:Portuguese Cortes
1733:elective monarchy
1676:Nieszawa Statutes
1624:According to the
1533:Kingdom of Sicily
1496:(in Finland also
1331:National Assembly
1327:French Revolution
1295:French Revolution
1135:Acts of Supremacy
1060:Simon de Montfort
1040:, established by
848:Athenian assembly
809:Early parliaments
641:
640:
589:Political parties
529:Electoral systems
253:Political science
227:Semi-presidential
139:Political systems
115:Political history
110:Political economy
16:(Redirected from
6461:
6426:
6425:
6417:
6403:
6395:
6369:
6368:
6366:
6364:
6355:. Archived from
6345:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6334:
6325:. Archived from
6315:
6309:
6308:
6306:
6304:
6295:. Archived from
6285:
6279:
6270:
6264:
6263:
6253:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6242:
6231:
6225:
6224:
6202:
6196:
6195:
6175:
6169:
6165:
6159:
6152:
6146:
6143:
6137:
6136:
6115:
6109:
6108:
6102:
6094:
6092:
6090:
6084:
6078:. Archived from
6077:
6068:
6062:
6061:
6059:
6057:
6052:
6043:
6037:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6021:
6015:
6014:
6012:
6010:
5996:
5990:
5987:
5981:
5978:
5972:
5969:
5963:
5962:
5949:Szente, Zoltán.
5946:
5940:
5937:
5931:
5925:
5919:
5916:
5910:
5905:Enzo Gancitano,
5903:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5892:
5883:. Archived from
5877:
5871:
5870:
5849:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5838:
5822:
5816:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5795:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5779:
5771:
5765:
5764:
5749:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5738:
5719:
5713:
5712:
5704:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5693:
5678:
5672:
5671:
5651:
5645:
5644:
5633:
5627:
5624:
5618:
5617:
5606:
5600:
5584:
5578:
5562:
5556:
5555:
5544:
5538:
5535:
5529:
5518:
5512:
5511:
5487:
5481:
5474:
5468:
5457:
5451:
5436:
5430:
5411:
5405:
5386:
5380:
5362:
5356:
5337:
5331:
5328:Political System
5325:
5319:
5306:
5300:
5294:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5283:
5272:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5261:
5247:
5241:
5238:
5232:
5229:
5223:
5220:
5214:
5213:
5199:Parliament Today
5193:
4492:Himachal Pradesh
4440:
4381:Landtag of Hesse
4338:state parliament
3836:Legislative Yuan
3601:House of Commons
3555:has a bicameral
3478:Cortes Generales
3472:National Council
3454:National Council
3184:National Council
3134:Parliament House
3115:Parliament House
3097:Parliament House
2996:
2987:Greater than 20%
2984:
2975:Greater than 10%
2972:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2657:House of Commons
2454:Balearic islands
2403:Crown of Castile
2374:
2367:private property
2321:Cortes Generales
2216:tenants-in-chief
2156:) and subkings (
2084:Yaroslav's Court
2031:Governing Senate
1916:1640 Restoration
1759:Treaty of Zamora
1638:, who began the
1579:King Ladislaus I
1490:House of Knights
1437:Viking expansion
1104:Model Parliament
1051:(13th century),
994:Model Parliament
955:tenants-in-chief
945:, the new king,
855:
854:
804:
801:
798:
794:
788:
785:
782:
779:
676:National Council
633:
626:
619:
605:
604:
395:
340:
295:Political theory
285:Election science
275:
261:
39:
38:
21:
6469:
6468:
6464:
6463:
6462:
6460:
6459:
6458:
6434:
6433:
6432:
6420:
6412:
6377:
6372:
6362:
6360:
6347:
6346:
6342:
6332:
6330:
6317:
6316:
6312:
6302:
6300:
6287:
6286:
6282:
6271:
6267:
6254:
6250:
6240:
6238:
6233:
6232:
6228:
6221:
6203:
6199:
6192:
6176:
6172:
6166:
6162:
6153:
6149:
6144:
6140:
6133:
6116:
6112:
6096:
6095:
6088:
6086:
6085:on 4 March 2016
6082:
6075:
6069:
6065:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6044:
6040:
6030:
6028:
6022:
6018:
6008:
6006:
6004:www.aytoleon.es
5998:
5997:
5993:
5988:
5984:
5979:
5975:
5970:
5966:
5947:
5943:
5938:
5934:
5926:
5922:
5917:
5913:
5904:
5900:
5890:
5888:
5887:on 27 June 2022
5879:
5878:
5874:
5868:
5860:, p. 123,
5850:
5846:
5836:
5834:
5833:. Washington DC
5823:
5819:
5810:
5808:
5797:
5796:
5792:
5784:
5777:
5773:
5772:
5768:
5751:
5750:
5746:
5736:
5734:
5721:
5720:
5716:
5705:
5701:
5691:
5689:
5680:
5679:
5675:
5668:
5652:
5648:
5635:
5634:
5630:
5625:
5621:
5608:
5607:
5603:
5597:Wayback Machine
5585:
5581:
5575:Wayback Machine
5563:
5559:
5546:
5545:
5541:
5536:
5532:
5519:
5515:
5508:
5488:
5484:
5475:
5471:
5458:
5454:
5437:
5433:
5412:
5408:
5394:10.2307/1847791
5387:
5383:
5365:Robinson, E. W.
5363:
5359:
5338:
5334:
5326:
5322:
5307:
5303:
5295:
5291:
5281:
5279:
5273:
5269:
5259:
5257:
5255:www.aytoleon.es
5249:
5248:
5244:
5239:
5235:
5230:
5226:
5221:
5217:
5210:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5181:
5117:
5074:
5046:
5012:
5004:Main articles:
5002:
4997:
4975:
4970:
4964:
4952:
4947:
4941:
4924:
4912:
4907:
4901:
4884:
4879:
4871:Main articles:
4869:
4832:
4826:
4821:
4662:
4656:
4651:
4650:
4643:
4636:
4632:
4627:
4620:
4617:Nicobar Islands
4616:
4614:
4609:
4606:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4505:
4501:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4434:
4316:Except for the
4307:
4285:
4268:
4251:
4169:
4163:
4158:
4019:
4013:
4004:Francophone one
3940:
3890:
3884:
3879:
3802:Majlis-e-Shoora
3721:States Assembly
3509:
3188:Federal Council
3171:
3025:The Netherlands
3013:
3007:
3000:
2997:
2988:
2985:
2976:
2973:
2961:
2955:
2838:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2802:
2763:
2757:
2673:Lords Spiritual
2577:
2571:
2559:Main articles:
2557:
2545:
2520:, until 1750.
2491:
2485:
2473:
2426:Crown of Aragon
2407:comunero rebels
2331:Kingdom of León
2323:
2302:
2236:General Council
2148:Kingdom of Alba
2132:
2126:
2116:, not with the
2102:
2096:
2066:, becoming the
2039:
2027:Peter the Great
1940:
1814:parliamentarism
1796:. In 1254 King
1755:Kingdom of León
1747:
1741:
1632:Gallus Anonymus
1614:
1606:King Matthias I
1569:throughout the
1547:
1545:Diet of Hungary
1541:
1525:
1479:Art Deco-styled
1432:" (the judge).
1383:; other modern
1339:
1325:, up until the
1323:Estates General
1251:
1245:
1225:
1198:Oliver Cromwell
1178:Oliver Cromwell
1143:
1128:Thomas Cromwell
1120:
1006:
943:Norman Conquest
941:As part of the
919:
914:
908:
817:
811:
802:
799:
796:
786:
783:
780:
762:
746:Kingdom of León
637:
599:
594:
593:
524:
523:
514:
513:
471:
470:
461:
460:
429:
428:
419:
418:
414:Public interest
399:Domestic policy
389:
382:
381:
370:
369:
334:
327:
326:
315:
314:
276:
269:
262:
255:
247:
246:
237:
236:
142:
141:
130:
129:
85:
84:
75:
44:Politics series
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6467:
6457:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6431:
6430:
6410:
6409:
6404:
6390:, ed. (1911).
6388:Chisholm, Hugh
6384:
6376:
6375:External links
6373:
6371:
6370:
6340:
6310:
6280:
6265:
6248:
6226:
6220:978-9004151741
6219:
6197:
6190:
6170:
6160:
6147:
6138:
6131:
6110:
6063:
6038:
6016:
5991:
5982:
5973:
5964:
5941:
5932:
5920:
5911:
5898:
5872:
5866:
5844:
5817:
5807:on 2 June 2012
5790:
5766:
5744:
5714:
5699:
5673:
5666:
5646:
5628:
5619:
5601:
5579:
5557:
5539:
5530:
5513:
5506:
5482:
5469:
5452:
5431:
5419:10.1086/365921
5406:
5381:
5357:
5345:10.1086/370672
5332:
5320:
5301:
5289:
5267:
5242:
5233:
5224:
5215:
5208:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5105:
5099:
5093:
5087:
5081:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5068:
5059:, consists of
5055:in Indonesia:
5053:
5052:, e.g. in Iran
5045:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5019:
5018:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4974:
4973:United Kingdom
4971:
4966:Main article:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4951:
4948:
4943:Main article:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4930:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4911:
4908:
4903:Main article:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4883:
4880:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4828:Main article:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4663:
4658:Main article:
4655:
4652:
4644:
4637:
4628:
4621:
4610:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4530:Madhya Pradesh
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4506:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4443:Andhra Pradesh
4441:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4314:
4313:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4165:Main article:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4020:
4015:Main article:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4007:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3886:Main article:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3865:Verkhovna Rada
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3799:
3794:
3780:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3743:
3738:
3724:
3718:
3704:
3695:
3690:
3672:
3658:
3652:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3626:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3610:, and each of
3586:
3581:
3574:Jatiya Sangsad
3571:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3520:
3515:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3493:
3475:
3461:
3451:
3437:
3427:
3413:
3403:
3389:
3379:
3369:
3359:
3349:
3335:
3332:Seanad Éireann
3313:
3303:
3293:
3279:
3265:
3259:
3249:
3239:
3225:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3191:
3177:
3170:
3167:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2967:
2965:
2957:Main article:
2954:
2951:
2929:, such as the
2904:prime minister
2833:
2827:
2821:
2814:
2811:
2801:
2798:
2783:Age of Liberty
2761:Age of Liberty
2759:Main article:
2756:
2753:
2669:Lords Temporal
2661:House of Lords
2556:
2555:United Kingdom
2553:
2544:
2541:
2537:Verkhovna Rada
2489:Verkhovna Rada
2487:Main article:
2484:
2481:
2472:
2469:
2419:King Philip II
2327:Cortes of León
2319:Main article:
2301:
2298:
2268:Following the
2232:foreign policy
2128:Main article:
2125:
2122:
2098:Main article:
2095:
2092:
2038:
2035:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1980:
1939:
1936:
1818:Cortes of León
1792:completed its
1743:Main article:
1740:
1737:
1720:Golden Liberty
1684:sejm generalny
1613:
1610:
1602:King Charles I
1595:ius resistendi
1587:King Andrew II
1543:Main article:
1540:
1537:
1524:
1521:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1451:The Icelandic
1338:
1335:
1297:several other
1247:Main article:
1244:
1241:
1224:
1221:
1202:Lord Protector
1190:King Charles I
1176:The statue of
1142:
1139:
1119:
1116:
1049:King Henry III
1005:
999:
965:of his native
918:
915:
910:Main article:
907:
904:
900:Hizb ut-Tahrir
877:Roman Republic
840:Ancient Athens
810:
807:
761:
758:
744:, held in the
742:Cortes of León
639:
638:
636:
635:
628:
621:
613:
610:
609:
596:
595:
592:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
570:
569:
553:
548:
543:
542:
541:
531:
525:
521:
520:
519:
516:
515:
512:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
478:
472:
469:Related topics
468:
467:
466:
463:
462:
459:
458:
453:
448:
443:
437:
436:
430:
426:
425:
424:
421:
420:
417:
416:
411:
406:
404:Foreign policy
401:
396:
383:
377:
376:
375:
372:
371:
368:
367:
366:
365:
351:
346:
341:
328:
322:
321:
320:
317:
316:
313:
312:
307:
302:
300:Policy studies
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
265:
263:
251:
248:
244:
243:
242:
239:
238:
235:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
143:
137:
136:
135:
132:
131:
128:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
86:
83:Primary topics
82:
81:
80:
77:
76:
74:
73:
68:
63:
57:
54:
53:
47:
46:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6466:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6441:
6439:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6418:
6415:
6408:
6405:
6401:
6400:
6394:
6389:
6385:
6382:
6379:
6378:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6344:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6314:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6284:
6277:
6276:
6269:
6261:
6260:
6252:
6236:
6230:
6222:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6201:
6193:
6191:9780773525085
6187:
6183:
6182:
6174:
6164:
6158:
6151:
6142:
6134:
6132:0-299-08500-7
6128:
6124:
6120:
6114:
6106:
6100:
6081:
6074:
6067:
6049:
6042:
6027:
6020:
6005:
6001:
5995:
5986:
5977:
5968:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5945:
5936:
5929:
5928:Elemér Hantos
5924:
5915:
5908:
5902:
5886:
5882:
5876:
5869:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5848:
5832:
5828:
5821:
5806:
5802:
5801:
5794:
5783:
5776:
5770:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5748:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5718:
5710:
5703:
5687:
5683:
5677:
5669:
5667:9780198228738
5663:
5659:
5658:
5650:
5642:
5641:UK Parliament
5638:
5632:
5623:
5615:
5611:
5605:
5598:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5583:
5576:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5561:
5553:
5549:
5543:
5534:
5527:
5526:0-543-92749-0
5523:
5517:
5509:
5507:9780871139313
5503:
5499:
5498:
5494:
5486:
5479:
5473:
5466:
5465:81-202-0141-8
5462:
5456:
5449:
5448:0-8014-1442-3
5445:
5441:
5435:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5410:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5385:
5378:
5377:3-515-06951-8
5374:
5370:
5366:
5361:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5336:
5329:
5324:
5318:
5317:
5312:
5311:
5305:
5298:
5293:
5278:
5271:
5256:
5252:
5246:
5237:
5228:
5219:
5211:
5209:9780719057953
5205:
5201:
5200:
5192:
5188:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5109:
5106:
5103:
5100:
5097:
5094:
5091:
5088:
5085:
5082:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5007:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4969:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4946:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4906:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4878:
4874:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4661:
4649:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4633:Daman and Diu
4626:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4608:
4601:
4600:Uttar Pradesh
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4472:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4173:
4168:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4018:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3633:Faroe Islands
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3012:
2995:
2990:
2983:
2978:
2971:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2896:Tricameralism
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2819:
2810:
2806:
2797:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2650:
2649:head of state
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2600:Acts of Union
2597:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2552:
2551:(1707–1800).
2550:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2480:
2478:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2382:in 1192, the
2381:
2376:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2355:royal council
2352:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2297:
2295:
2294:Holyroodhouse
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2255:Acts of Union
2252:
2248:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2191:, in 1235 at
2190:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2015:grand princes
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1869:aggravamentos
1866:
1862:
1857:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1788:in 1249, the
1787:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1694:in 1493 near
1693:
1692:John I Albert
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1674:and the 1454
1673:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1640:Piast dynasty
1637:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1618:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1563:Royal Hungary
1560:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1347:Alþingishúsið
1343:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1233:Acts of Union
1230:
1223:Acts of Union
1220:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1138:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1017:
1016:
1010:
1003:
998:
995:
991:
987:
983:
978:
976:
972:
971:Privy Council
968:
964:
963:feudal system
960:
959:ecclesiastics
956:
952:
948:
944:
939:
936:
932:
928:
924:
913:
903:
901:
897:
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
849:
845:
841:
837:
835:
831:
826:
822:
816:
806:
793:
778:
777:
771:
767:
757:
755:
751:
747:
743:
738:
736:
735:official name
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
681:
677:
672:
666:
662:
657:
650:
645:
634:
629:
627:
622:
620:
615:
614:
612:
611:
608:
603:
598:
597:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
567:
563:
559:
558:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
540:
537:
536:
535:
532:
530:
527:
526:
518:
517:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
486:
482:
479:
477:
474:
473:
465:
464:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
438:
435:
432:
431:
423:
422:
415:
412:
410:
409:Civil society
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
393:
388:
387:Public policy
385:
384:
380:
374:
373:
363:
359:
355:
354:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
338:
333:
330:
329:
325:
319:
318:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
273:
268:
264:
259:
254:
250:
249:
241:
240:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
207:Parliamentary
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
192:Hybrid regime
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
144:
140:
134:
133:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
87:
79:
78:
72:
69:
67:
64:
62:
59:
58:
56:
55:
52:
49:
48:
45:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
6444:Legislatures
6397:
6361:. Retrieved
6357:the original
6352:
6343:
6331:. Retrieved
6327:the original
6322:
6313:
6301:. Retrieved
6297:the original
6292:
6283:
6274:
6268:
6258:
6251:
6239:. Retrieved
6229:
6210:
6200:
6180:
6173:
6163:
6150:
6141:
6122:
6113:
6087:. Retrieved
6080:the original
6066:
6054:. Retrieved
6041:
6029:. Retrieved
6019:
6007:. Retrieved
6003:
5994:
5985:
5976:
5967:
5954:
5944:
5935:
5923:
5914:
5906:
5901:
5889:. Retrieved
5885:the original
5875:
5853:
5847:
5835:. Retrieved
5830:
5820:
5809:, retrieved
5805:the original
5799:
5793:
5769:
5756:
5747:
5735:. Retrieved
5731:the original
5726:
5717:
5708:
5702:
5690:. Retrieved
5686:the original
5676:
5656:
5649:
5640:
5631:
5622:
5613:
5604:
5587:
5582:
5565:
5560:
5551:
5542:
5533:
5516:
5496:
5492:
5485:
5472:
5455:
5434:
5409:
5384:
5360:
5335:
5323:
5315:
5308:
5304:
5292:
5280:. Retrieved
5270:
5258:. Retrieved
5254:
5245:
5236:
5227:
5218:
5198:
5191:
5015:
4645:
4638:
4629:
4622:
4611:
4507:
4496:
4467:
4463:Chhattisgarh
4341:
4336:is also the
4334:city council
4332:, where the
4315:
4272:Inatsisartut
4177:
3995:
3963:
3943:
3941:
3891:
3615:
3607:
3556:
3551:and each of
3548:
3328:Dáil Éireann
3137:
3039:Building in
2924:
2920:
2901:
2893:
2881:
2875:
2871:
2841:
2807:
2803:
2791:
2787:civil rights
2764:
2745:legislatures
2726:
2715:
2696:
2688:Royal Assent
2684:
2677:
2654:
2645:Commonwealth
2622:
2620:
2593:
2546:
2539:of Ukraine.
2522:
2518:Cossack Rada
2503:
2494:
2492:
2474:
2458:
2423:
2400:
2394:in 1283 and
2377:
2340:
2324:
2267:
2250:
2244:
2201:
2186:
2176:
2162:) under the
2157:
2151:
2145:
2106:Conciliarism
2103:
2100:Conciliarism
2075:
2060:grand prince
2057:
2042:
2040:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1962:
1958:zemsky sobor
1955:
1909:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1861:procuradores
1860:
1858:
1842:
1832:laws on the
1783:
1774:
1748:
1725:
1709:
1699:
1687:
1683:
1678:granted the
1667:
1660:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1625:
1623:
1599:
1594:
1583:King Coloman
1575:
1555:Országgyűlés
1548:
1526:
1506:
1497:
1487:
1458:The Faroese
1434:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1392:
1388:
1385:Scandinavian
1368:
1362:
1360:
1351:Austurvöllur
1313:
1311:
1298:
1290:
1289:, the first
1282:
1278:
1262:
1252:
1226:
1206:
1194:commonwealth
1183:
1167:
1159:
1144:
1132:
1121:
1064:a parliament
1057:
1046:
1041:
1038:parliamentum
1037:
1023:
1021:
1013:
1001:
979:
940:
920:
893:
889:Roman Senate
874:
869:
857:
838:
818:
766:Anglo-Norman
763:
739:
718:
695:representing
686:
684:
337:street-level
212:Presidential
172:Dictatorship
42:Part of the
36:
6363:15 February
6333:15 February
6303:15 February
6241:16 December
6031:22 February
6009:22 February
5811:14 November
5780:. Løgting.
5614:ijtihad.org
5552:alhewar.com
5282:22 February
5260:22 February
5152:Legislation
5110:(1913–2005)
5104:(1978–1986)
5098:(1921–1973)
5092:(1922–1945)
5080:(1921–1922)
4962:Switzerland
4910:Philippines
4882:Netherlands
4640:Lakshadweep
4595:Uttarakhand
4535:Maharashtra
4318:city-states
3964:communities
3669:Rajya Sabha
3651:of Guernsey
3559:except for
3264:(Eduskunta)
2868:resolutions
2771:Charles XII
2629:John Bright
2499:Kievan Rusʹ
2471:Switzerland
2436:– and King
2363:curia regis
2204:freeholders
2183:Middle Ages
1859:Delegates (
1834:Douro River
1794:Reconquista
1711:curia regis
1666:sources as
1511:and former
1430:law speaker
1405:lawspeakers
1314:parliaments
1299:parliaments
1068:archbishops
1042:Magna Carta
1025:Magna Carta
1015:Magna Carta
1002:Magna Carta
951:Curia Regis
931:Old English
927:Witenagemot
923:Anglo-Saxon
834:oligarchies
825:Mesopotamia
729:(e.g., the
691:legislative
680:Switzerland
476:Sovereignty
441:Legislature
344:Technocracy
332:Bureaucracy
197:Meritocracy
177:Directorial
18:Parliaments
6438:Categories
5737:5 November
5493:John Dunn:
5297:Parliament
5184:References
5137:Government
4647:Puducherry
4624:Chandigarh
4580:Tamil Nadu
3867:of Ukraine
3616:parliament
3608:parliament
3599:, and the
3578:Bangladesh
3561:Queensland
3557:parliament
3549:parliament
3533:, and the
3376:Luxembourg
3316:Oireachtas
3009:See also:
2890:unicameral
2872:parliament
2775:Gustav III
2707:money bill
2663:, and the
2573:See also:
2456:in 1714).
2343:Alfonso IX
2290:Royal Mile
2193:Kirkliston
2188:colloquium
2164:suzerainty
2011:Boyar Duma
1999:State Duma
1973:Boyar Duma
1947:State Duma
1826:septennium
1688:sejm walny
1627:Chronicles
1422:chieftains
1319:absolutism
1291:parliament
1283:Parliament
1279:parliament
1263:Parliament
1231:under the
1169:members."
1124:Henry VIII
1112:Edward III
1094:from each
813:See also:
770:Old French
719:parliament
715:monarchies
699:electorate
687:parliament
566:Governance
556:Government
551:Federalism
152:City-state
4950:Sri Lanka
4585:Telangana
4570:Rajasthan
4545:Meghalaya
4520:Karnataka
4515:Jharkhand
3882:Australia
3723:of Jersey
3679:Indonesia
3665:Lok Sabha
3629:Løgtingið
3546:bicameral
3366:Lithuania
3334:(Senate))
3286:Bundesrat
3282:Bundestag
3252:Riigikogu
3242:Folketing
3139:Riigikogu
3123:Australia
3101:New Delhi
3021:Binnenhof
2945:, have a
2886:bicameral
2848:executive
2779:self-coup
2733:Edinburgh
2506:Sich Rada
2467:'s army.
2450:Catalonia
2415:Charles V
2398:in 1300.
2390:in 1274,
2386:in 1250,
2265:in 1707.
2197:Edinburgh
2168:High King
2033:in 1711.
1971:, or the
1969:patriarch
1905:Sebastian
1877:capitulos
1822:monetagio
1800:summoned
1551:Hungarian
1517:wapentake
1509:Yorkshire
1502:Reichstag
1498:eduskunta
1465:The Manx
1377:Icelandic
1373:Old Norse
1355:Reykjavík
1275:Languedoc
1147:Civil War
1092:burgesses
1058:In 1265,
947:William I
844:democracy
830:democracy
821:tribalism
776:parlement
760:Etymology
546:Unitarism
534:Elections
522:Subseries
451:Judiciary
446:Executive
349:Adhocracy
232:Theocracy
187:Feudalism
167:Democracy
6428:Politics
6121:(1981).
6099:cite web
5959:Archived
5891:24 March
5837:24 March
5782:Archived
5761:Archived
5757:Hurstwic
5593:Archived
5571:Archived
5367:(1997).
5122:Congress
5115:See also
4922:Portugal
4867:Malaysia
4555:Nagaland
4469:National
3960:Wallonia
3956:Brussels
3948:Flanders
3806:Pakistan
3733:and the
3713:and the
3685:and the
3667:and the
3488:and the
3470:and the
3458:Slovakia
3446:and the
3434:Portugal
3422:and the
3406:Storting
3398:and the
3344:and the
3274:and the
3234:and the
3200:and the
3186:and the
3163:Funafuti
3119:Canberra
3056:Budapest
2877:chambers
2794:suffrage
2680:readings
2604:Scotland
2465:Napoleon
2452:and the
2446:Valencia
2438:Philip V
2434:Bourbons
2413:Emperor
2411:Habsburg
2351:Portugal
2224:medieval
2220:taxation
2172:tanistry
2159:mormaers
2153:toisechs
2124:Scotland
2076:vechniks
2049:Novgorod
1984:Orthodox
1912:Habsburg
1901:Manuel I
1810:burghers
1739:Portugal
1696:Piotrków
1680:szlachta
1636:Siemowit
1565:and the
1445:Gulating
1401:Germanic
1312:All the
1307:Bordeaux
1303:Grenoble
1287:Toulouse
1277:its own
1273:granted
1100:Edward I
1034:sheriffs
990:taxation
982:Edward I
967:Normandy
885:statutes
870:ekklesia
858:ekklesia
853:ἐκκλησία
711:congress
574:Ideology
392:doctrine
353:Service
217:Republic
202:Monarchy
182:Federacy
71:Category
51:Politics
5727:iWonder
5402:1847791
5086:(1940s)
5072:Defunct
4613:Andaman
4590:Tripura
4550:Mizoram
4540:Manipur
4502:Kashmir
4487:Haryana
4482:Gujarat
4343:Landtag
4330:Hamburg
4305:Germany
4283:Finland
4277:Løgting
4266:Denmark
3944:regions
3938:Belgium
3746:Tynwald
3731:Mäjilis
3698:Knesset
3496:Riksdag
3320:Ireland
3310:Hungary
3290:Germany
3256:Estonia
3246:Denmark
3148:Estonia
3144:Tallinn
3088:, Japan
2864:motions
2741:Cardiff
2665:Monarch
2614:into a
2483:Ukraine
2347:Castile
2276:by the
2228:justice
2212:clerics
2068:Commons
2023:Muscovy
1949:of the
1897:John II
1873:artigos
1854:burgher
1786:Algarve
1767:Coimbra
1757:in the
1701:sejmiks
1589:in the
1539:Hungary
1513:Danelaw
1494:riksdag
1467:Tynwald
1460:Løgting
1453:Althing
1412:hundred
1269:, King
1196:, with
1096:borough
1088:knights
1072:bishops
986:finance
906:England
862:citizen
800:to talk
789:, from
579:Culture
489:Country
147:Anarchy
61:Outline
6414:Portal
6217:
6188:
6129:
6089:21 May
6056:21 May
5864:
5692:13 May
5664:
5599:, p.39
5524:
5504:
5497:, p.24
5463:
5446:
5427:268788
5425:
5400:
5375:
5353:542482
5351:
5206:
5050:Majlis
4899:Norway
4607:Bengal
4575:Sikkim
4565:Punjab
4560:Odisha
4525:Kerala
4509:Ladakh
4326:Bremen
4322:Berlin
4161:Canada
4011:Brazil
4002:and a
3840:Taiwan
3735:Senate
3702:Israel
3597:Senate
3544:has a
3535:Senate
3529:, the
3507:Others
3500:Sweden
3490:Senate
3448:Senate
3424:Senate
3410:Norway
3400:Senate
3362:Seimas
3356:Latvia
3352:Saeima
3346:Senate
3300:Greece
3276:Senate
3236:Senate
3222:Cyprus
3202:Senate
3041:Ottawa
2943:France
2882:houses
2835:
2829:
2823:
2800:Poland
2792:While
2767:Sweden
2755:Sweden
2737:Senedd
2718:appeal
2659:, the
2589:London
2567:, and
2442:Aragon
2280:, the
2214:, lay
2072:Senate
2064:Venice
2003:думать
1986:clergy
1938:Russia
1830:staple
1806:Leiria
1706:Senate
1612:Poland
1243:France
1163:Edward
1108:estate
1084:barons
1082:, and
1076:abbots
846:. The
792:parler
750:UNESCO
703:senate
539:voting
481:Polity
379:Policy
358:Public
272:theory
6083:(PDF)
6076:(PDF)
6051:(PDF)
5800:About
5785:(PDF)
5778:(PDF)
5423:JSTOR
5398:JSTOR
5349:JSTOR
4939:Spain
4498:Jammu
4458:Bihar
4453:Assam
4432:India
4299:Åland
4249:China
3952:Dutch
3482:Spain
3386:Malta
3105:India
3086:Tokyo
3071:Rabat
2705:as a
2495:viche
2461:Cadiz
2359:Latin
2300:Spain
2208:burgh
2053:Pskov
2044:veche
2019:tsars
2007:dumat
1967:, or
1672:taxes
1664:Latin
1523:Italy
1426:kings
1397:Dutch
1364:thing
1349:, at
1080:earls
1028:from
896:shura
772:word
707:synod
689:is a
665:Japan
562:forms
485:State
362:Civil
66:Index
6365:2020
6335:2020
6305:2020
6243:2013
6215:ISBN
6186:ISBN
6127:ISBN
6105:link
6091:2016
6058:2016
6033:2018
6011:2018
5893:2014
5862:ISBN
5839:2013
5813:2011
5739:2015
5694:2010
5662:ISBN
5522:ISBN
5502:ISBN
5461:ISBN
5444:ISBN
5373:ISBN
5316:s.v.
5284:2018
5262:2018
5204:ISBN
5008:and
4875:and
4605:West
4328:and
3998:, a
3789:and
3787:King
3593:King
3527:King
3420:Sejm
3284:and
3157:The
3132:The
3080:The
3065:The
3050:The
3019:The
2894:see
2866:and
2637:Acts
2606:. A
2594:The
2583:The
2523:The
2504:The
2475:The
2444:and
2349:and
2336:Leon
2308:The
2177:The
2118:pope
2080:bell
2041:The
2017:and
1965:tsar
1956:The
1865:Jews
1843:The
1655:Sejm
1650:wiec
1645:wiec
1581:and
1527:The
1477:The
1424:and
1393:ding
1389:ting
1381:þing
1375:and
1369:ting
1133:The
988:and
879:had
875:The
754:Leon
697:the
674:The
659:The
5415:doi
5390:doi
5341:doi
4615:and
4500:and
4477:Goa
4320:of
3954:),
3838:of
3700:of
3677:of
3161:in
3142:in
3136:of
3084:in
3069:in
3054:in
3023:in
2899:).
2888:or
2880:or
2777:'s
2765:In
2731:in
2251:old
2247:Eng
2199:).
2021:of
1804:in
1686:or
1630:of
1395:in
1367:or
1353:in
1309:).
1285:of
721:to
709:or
678:of
663:of
6440::
6396:.
6351:.
6321:.
6291:.
6101:}}
6097:{{
6002:.
5957:.
5953:.
5856:,
5829:.
5759:.
5755:.
5725:.
5639:.
5612:.
5550:.
5421:.
5396:.
5347:.
5253:.
4346::
4324:,
3804:,
3603:)
3537:)
3326:,
3146:,
3121:,
3117:,
3103:,
3099:,
2694:.
2618:.
2587:,
2563:,
2375:.
2361::
2296:.
2249::
2230:,
2090:.
1553::
1535:.
1504:.
1407:.
1391:,
1387::
1379::
1361:A
1305:,
1157:.
1078:,
1074:,
1070:,
1044:.
856:,
836:.
795:,
737:.
705:,
564:/
487:/
483:/
360:/
6416::
6367:.
6337:.
6307:.
6245:.
6223:.
6194:.
6135:.
6107:)
6093:.
6060:.
6035:.
6013:.
5895:.
5841:.
5741:.
5696:.
5670:.
5643:.
5616:.
5554:.
5528:.
5510:.
5467:.
5450:.
5429:.
5417::
5404:.
5392::
5379:.
5355:.
5343::
5286:.
5264:.
5212:.
3950:(
3946:—
3793:)
3737:)
3717:)
3689:)
3671:)
3635:)
3631:(
3618:.
3580:)
3576:(
3502:)
3498:(
3492:)
3480:(
3474:)
3460:)
3456:(
3450:)
3436:)
3432:(
3426:)
3412:)
3408:(
3402:)
3388:)
3384:(
3378:)
3374:(
3368:)
3364:(
3358:)
3354:(
3348:)
3318:(
3312:)
3308:(
3302:)
3298:(
3292:)
3288:(
3278:)
3258:)
3254:(
3248:)
3244:(
3238:)
3224:)
3220:(
3204:)
3190:)
2357:(
2104:"
2005:(
1371:(
850:(
803:'
797:'
787:'
781:'
632:e
625:t
618:v
568:)
560:(
394:)
390:(
364:)
356:(
339:)
335:(
274:)
270:(
260:)
256:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.