496:. Gilbert assumed that, if it were an impact crater, then the volume of the crater, as well as meteoritic material, should still be present in the crater's rim. Gilbert also assumed a large portion of the meteorite should be buried in the crater and that this should generate a large magnetic anomaly. Gilbert's calculations showed that the volume of the crater and the debris on the rim were roughly equivalent, which meant that the mass of the hypothetical impactor was missing. There were also no detectable magnetic anomalies; he argued that the meteorite fragments found on the rim were coincidental or placed there. Gilbert publicized his conclusions in a series of lectures. In 1892, Gilbert would be among the first scientists to propose that the Moon's craters were caused by impact rather than volcanism.
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and the
Barringers were in the process of planning a tourist attraction on the rim of the crater. Nininger was operating the American Meteorite Museum nearby, on Route 66, at the time. Nininger hoped that a public museum could be built on the crater's rim, and that the project might lead to the founding of a federal institute of meteorite research. Offended by Nininger's attempt to nationalize the crater, the Barringer family promptly terminated his exploration rights and ability to conduct further fieldwork at the crater. A few years later, in 1953, the Standard Iron Company was renamed the "Barringer Crater Company," and a private museum was constructed on the crater rim.
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547:, and no impact craters were known. He persisted and sought to bolster his theory by locating the remains of the meteorite. At the time of discovery, the surrounding plains were covered with about 30 tons of large, oxidized iron meteorite fragments. This led Barringer to believe that the bulk of the impactor could still be found under the crater floor. Impact physics was poorly understood at the time, and Barringer was unaware that most of the meteorite vaporized on impact. He spent 27 years trying to locate a large deposit of
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609:. He christened the building the "American Meteorite Museum" and published a number of meteorite and Meteor Crater-related books from the location. He also conducted a wide range of research at the crater, discovering impactite, iron-nickel spherules related to the impact and vaporization of the asteroid, and the presence of many other features, such as half-melted slugs of meteoric iron mixed with melted target rock. Nininger's discoveries were compiled and published in a seminal work,
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425:. Very few remaining craters are visible on Earth, since many have been erased by erosive geological processes. The relatively young age of Meteor Crater, paired with the dry Arizona climate, has allowed this crater to remain comparatively unchanged since its formation. The lack of erosion that preserved the crater's shape greatly accelerated its groundbreaking recognition as an impact crater from a natural celestial body.
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The team collected samples ranging from small fragments to over 600 lb (270 kg). Foote identified several minerals in the meteorites, including microscopic diamonds. His paper to the
Association for the Advancement of Science provided the first geological description of Meteor Crater to a scientific community.
605:, Nininger published the first edition of a pamphlet titled "A Comet Strikes the Earth", which described how Meteor Crater formed when an asteroid impacted the Earth. In 1942, Nininger moved his home and business from Denver to the Meteor Crater Observatory, located near the turn-off for Meteor Crater on
613:(1956). Nininger's extensive sampling and fieldwork in the 1930s and 40s contributed significantly to the scientific community's acceptance of the idea that Meteor Crater formed by the impact of an asteroid. Many of his discoveries were later observed at other relatively fresh impact craters, including
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Meteor Crater is a popular tourist destination with roughly 270,000 visitors per year. The crater is owned by a family company, the
Barringer Crater Company. Meteor Crater is an important educational and research site. It was used to train Apollo astronauts and continues to be an active training site
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was employed by the
Barringer Crater Company to investigate the physics of the impact event. Moulton concluded that the impactor likely weighed as little as 300,000 tonnes, and that the impact of such a body would have generated enough heat to vaporize the impactor instantly. Barringer died just ten
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presented the first scientific paper about the meteorites of
Northern Arizona. Several years earlier, Foote had received an iron rock for analysis from a railroad executive. Foote immediately recognized the rock as a meteorite and led an expedition to search and retrieve additional meteorite samples.
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Meteor Crater lies at an elevation of 5,640 ft (1,719 m) above sea level. It is about 3,900 ft (1,200 m) in diameter, some 560 ft (170 m) deep, and is surrounded by a rim that rises 148 ft (45 m) above the surrounding plains. The center of the crater is filled
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Footnote: The crater has been known by several names. Before its impact origin was appreciated, the crater was called Coon
Mountain or Coon Butte. Later it was called Meteor Crater, which is the popular or common name used today. However, the name recognized by the Meteoritical Society, composed in
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flew low over the crater. After crossing the rim, they could not maintain level flight. The pilot attempted to circle in the crater to climb over the rim. During the attempted climb out, the aircraft stalled, crashed, and caught fire. The plane is commonly reported to have run out of fuel, but this
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and
Shoemaker identified coesite at Meteor Crater, adding to the growing body of evidence that the crater was formed from an impact generating extremely high temperatures and pressures. He confirmed what F.R. Moulton and H.H. Nininger already proposed: the impact vaporized the vast majority of the
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and, in 1948, he successfully petitioned the
American Astronomical Society to pass a motion in support of nationalizing the crater by making "the unauthorized - and false - claim that the would be receptive to a fair purchase for the crater." By this time, mining activity at the crater had ceased,
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From p. 885: "That this great hole in the upper strata of the Aubrey formation was made at the instant of time when the meteor fell upon this exact spot. Having proved these facts, the conclusion is unavoidable that this hole, which as we have seen cannot have been produced by a volcano or by a
536:. He drew up ambitious plans for the metal he believed was buried under the crater's floor. He estimated from the size of the crater that the meteorite had a mass of 100 million tons. Iron ore of the type found at the crater was valued at the time at US$ 125/ton, so Barringer was searching for a
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was one of the first people to suggest that the crater was produced by a meteorite impact, with the
Barringer family filing mining claims and purchasing it and its surroundings in the early 20th century. This led to the crater also being known as "Barringer Crater." Meteorites from the area are
746:, so that the layers immediately exterior to the rim are stacked in the reverse order to which they normally occur; the impact overturned and inverted the layers to a distance of 1–2 km outward from the crater's edge. Specifically, climbing the rim of the crater from outside, one finds:
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meteorite about 160 ft (50 m) across. The speed of the impact has been a subject of some debate. Modeling initially suggested that the meteorite struck at up to 45,000 mph (20 km/s), but more recent research suggests the impact was substantially slower, at 29,000 mph
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By this time, "the great weight of scientific opinion had swung around to the accuracy of the impact hypothesis ... Apparently an idea, too radical and new for acceptance in 1905, no matter how logical, had gradually grown respectable during the intervening 20 years."
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Looking into the crater from the north rim: The rust-colored area on the far (south) rim is where the last drilling for the meteorite occurred, in 1929. This is where Daniel M. Barringer believed the bulk of the meteorite was buried. Rock around the south rim is visibly
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Meteor Crater came to the attention of scientists after
American settlers encountered it in the 19th century. The crater was given several early names, including "Coon Mountain", "Coon Butte", "Crater Mountain", "Meteor Mountain," and "Meteor Crater."
1938:
1242:, the Visitor Center includes a Discovery Center & Space Museum, a movie theater, a gift shop, and observation areas with views inside the rim of the crater. Guided tours of the rim are offered daily, weather permitting.
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Soils around the crater are brown, slightly to moderately alkaline, gravelly or stony loam of the Winona series; on the crater rim and in the crater itself, the Winona is mapped in a complex association with rock outcrop.
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D. A. Kring, C. A. Looper, Z. A. Ney, and B. A. Janoiko, with foreword by G. Griffin, 2020, Training for Lunar Surface Operations (p. 12), Lunar and Planetary Institute (Contribution No. 2576), Houston, 40p.
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Barringer was politically well-connected. In 1906, at his request, President Roosevelt authorized the establishment of a post office unconventionally named "Meteor", located at Sunshine, a stop on the
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part of professional geologists who study impact craters, is the Barringer Meteorite Crater, in recognition of the work of Daniel Moreau Barringer who championed an impact origin for the crater.
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he believed to be worth more than a billion 1903 dollars. "By 1928, Barringer had sunk the majority of his fortune into the crater – $ 500,000, or roughly $ 7 million in 2017 dollars."
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D. A. Kring, 2017, Guidebook to the Geology of Barringer Meteorite Crater, Arizona (aka Meteor Crater), Second edition, Lunar and Planetary Institute (Contribution No. 2040), Houston, 272p.
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The Holsinger fragment, at roughly 0.8 m (2½ ft) across, is the largest discovered piece of the meteorite that created Meteor Crater, and it is exhibited in the crater visitor center.
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with 690–790 ft (210–240 m) of rubble lying above crater bedrock. One of the features of the crater is its squared-off outline, believed to be caused by existing regional
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Despite an attempt to make the crater a public landmark, the crater remains privately owned by the Barringer family to the present day through their Barringer Crater Company. The
407:(12.8 km/s). About half of the impactor's bulk is believed to have been vaporized during its descent through the atmosphere. Impact energy has been estimated at 10
597:, and he revived interest in scientific study of meteorites in the 1930s, and assembled the largest personal collection of meteorites up to that time. While based in
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The general public knows his discovery as 'Meteor Crater'; its proper scientific name, as determined by the Meteoritical Society, is The Barringer Meteorite Crater.
1238:(BP-29), a 1,406 lb (638 kg) meteorite found in the area, and meteorite specimens from Meteor Crater that can be touched. Formerly known as the Museum of
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found scattered around the site broke away from the main body before and during the impact. Shoemaker published his conclusions in his 1974 book, the
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1264:– a smaller-volume nuclear blast crater, despite being created by an object with an almost identical estimated energy release as the Barringer event,
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by an instantaneous overpressure. Shocked quartz cannot be created by volcanic action; the only known mechanisms of creating it are naturally through
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In 2006, a project called METCRAX (for METeor CRAter eXperiment) investigated "the diurnal buildup and breakdown of basin temperature inversions or
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is incorrect. Both occupants were severely injured, but survived. A small portion of the wreckage not removed from the crash site remains visible.
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1694:"The U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Astrogeology – A Chronology of Activities from Conception through the End of Project Apollo (1960–1973)"
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Since the crater's formation, the rim is thought to have lost 50–65 ft (15–20 m) of height at the rim crest as a result of natural
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for astronauts. The Meteor Crater Visitor Center sits on the north rim of the crater. It features interactive exhibits and displays about
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Barringer, B. (December 1964). "Daniel Moreau Barringer (1860–1929) and His Crater (the beginning of the Crater Branch of Meteoritics)".
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In 1903, mining engineer and businessman Daniel M. Barringer suggested that the crater had been produced by the impact of a large
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3 Dimensional stereoscopic image pair of the Barringer Crater by Volkan Yuksel (arranged for crossed-eye viewing technique)
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Roddy, D. J.; E. M. Shoemaker (1995). "Meteor Crater (Barringer Meteorite Crater), Arizona: summary of impact conditions".
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344:, and other science institutes proclaim it to be the "best-preserved meteorite crater on Earth". It was designated a
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Crowson, Henry L. (1971). "A method for determining the residual meteoritical mass in the Barringer Meteor Crater".
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Barringer's arguments were met with skepticism. At the time, the craters visible on the Moon were thought to be
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1748:"Meteorite Crater – The shape of the land, Forces and changes, Spotlight on famous forms, For More Information"
317:, United States. The site had several earlier names, and fragments of the meteorite are officially called the
558:, 6 miles (9.7 km) north of the crater. The Meteor post office closed on April 15, 1912, due to disuse.
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and the associated physical and dynamical processes accounting for their evolving structure and morphology."
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Geologic Map of the Eastern Quarter of the Flagstaff 30ʹ x 60ʹ Quadrangle, Coconino County, Northern Arizona
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https://www.lpi.usra.edu/science/kring/lunar_exploration/Artemis-Major-Skills-Training_DV1_2_w-appendix.pdf
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1708:"Rim uplift and crater shape in Meteor Crater: Effects of target heterogeneities and trajectory obliquity"
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1573:"Air blast produced by the Meteor Crater impact event and a reconstruction of the affected environment"
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continued investigations at the crater. A key discovery was the presence in the crater of the minerals
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1993:"A new locality for meteoric iron, with a preliminary notice of the discovery of diamonds in the iron"
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Nishiizumi, K.; Kohl, C.P.; Shoemaker, E.M.; Arnold, J.R.; Klein, J.; Fink, D.; Middleton, R. (1991).
451:, which was the closest community to the crater in the late 19th century. The canyon also crosses the
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2019:"A new locality for meteoric iron with a preliminary notice of the discovery of diamonds in the iron"
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2018:
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551:, and drilled to a depth of 1,375 ft (419 m), but no significant deposit was ever found.
517:. Barringer's company, the Standard Iron Company, staked a mining claim on the land and received a
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was much cooler and damper. The area was an open grassland dotted with woodlands inhabited by
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Barringer had amassed a small fortune as an investor in the successful Commonwealth Mine in
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N. F. Davis, 2016, Images of America: Meteor Crater, Arcadia Publishing, Charleston, 127p.
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Guidebook to the Geology of Barringer Meteorite Crater, Arizona (a.k.a. Meteor Crater)
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The Earth Inside and Out: Some Major Contributions to Geology in the Twentieth Century
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1357:. Tempe, Arizona: Center for Meteorite Studies, Arizona State University. p. 45.
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414:. The meteorite was mostly vaporized upon impact, leaving few remains in the crater.
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Herman Leroy Fairchild: An Early Promoter and Defender of Meteorite Impact Cratering
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1967:
The History of Meteoritics and Key Meteorite Collections: Fireballs, Falls and Finds
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Images of America: Meteor Crater (p. 107), Neal F. Davis, Arcadia Publishing, 2016.
734:, to establish upper and lower limits on the kinetic energy of the meteor impactor.
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2586:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 69, 74–75, 78–79, 81–85, 99–100.
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McCall, Gerald Joseph Home; Bowden, A. J.; Howarth, Richard John (17 August 2017).
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Farrington, O. C. (1906). "Analysis of "iron shale" from Coon Mountain, Arizona".
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including the American Astronaut Wall of Fame and such artifacts on display as an
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shows that the meteor may have been traveling more slowly than previously thought
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2611:. Tempe: Center for Meteorite Studies at Arizona State University. pp. 1–71.
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Barringer, Brandon (1964). "Daniel Moreau Barringer (1860–1929) and His Crater".
2014:
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Meteor Crater from 36,000 ft (11,000 m), viewed from a passing airliner
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Coon Mountain Controversies: Meteor Crater and the Development of Impact Theory
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2756:. NASA SP -2015-626. pp. 180, 187, 193, 220, 222, 224, 233–34, 238, 245.
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Geological Society of America Centennial Field Guide – Rocky Mountain Section
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Climate data for Meteor Crater, Arizona (5535ft or 1687m), 1991–2020 normals
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2501:"The Canyon Diablo impact event: Projectile motion through the atmosphere"
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Planetary and Space Science Centre University of New Brunswick Fredericton
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U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Meteor Crater
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for 640 acres (1 sq mi, 260 ha) around the center of the crater in 1903.
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Meteor Crater from the southeast; the uplift around the rim can be seen
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1997:
Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
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US Govt. considered mining nickel from the crater for the war effort.
3091:– Dec 14, 1941 "Metal in Arizona Meteorite may solve defense problem"
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1182:, and ongoing field training for astronauts continues to this day.
492:, investigated the crater and concluded that it was the result of a
3065: – includes details of early investigations into Meteor Crater
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37:"Barringer Crater" redirects here. For the crater on the Moon, see
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Google Maps Page with Locations of Meteor Craters around the world
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is only about 20 mi (32 km) northwest of Meteor Crater.
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3001: – historical documents, interactive map and sample requests
2623:"Keyah Math – Numerical Solutions for Culturally Diverse Geology"
2235:"How Meteor Crater swallowed a fortune and strengthened a family"
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1696:, 2005, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1190. (PDF)
1636:"Planetary science: Meteor Crater formed by low-velocity impact"
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Guidebook to the Geology of Barringer Meteorite Crater, Arizona
2543:"A Company That Started With Just a Hole in the Arizona Desert"
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formed 245 million years ago) nearest the outer foot of the rim
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Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
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Comparison of approximate sizes of notable impactors with the
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2786:"Astronauts descending into Meteor Crater in Winslow Arizona"
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steam explosion, was produced by the impact of the meteor, "
1377:"Harvey Nininger's 1948 attempt to nationalize Meteor Crater"
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1482:. US Dept of Interior, National Park Service. Archived from
1534:"In situ 10Be-26Al exposure ages at Meteor Crater, Arizona"
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537:
493:
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2193:
McCall, G.J.H.; Bowden, A.J.; Howarth, R.J., eds. (2006).
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Poelchau, Michael; Kenkmann, Thomas; Kring, David (2009).
2117:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 276.
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1320:"Remarks on four notes recently published by C. C. Wylie"
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The crater was created about 50,000 years ago during the
2893:"Meteor Crater inside and out | Astronomy Magazine"
2660:. Department of Planetary Science, University of Arizona
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The History of Meteoritics and Key Meteorite Collections
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formed 265 million years ago) nearest the top of the rim
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Geologists used the nuclear detonation that created the
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1939:"Barringer Meteor Crater and Its Environmental Effects"
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Grieve, R.A.F. (1990) "Impact Cratering on the Earth",
1806:. The Chemical Publishing Co. – via Google Books.
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days after the publication of Moulton's second report.
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Guidebook to the Geology of Barringer Meteorite Crater
2813:"ASN Aircraft accident 08-AUG-1964 Cessna 150 N6050T"
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2950:"Meteor Crater". Meteor Crater. Retrieved 2022-6-24.
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Guidebook to the geology of Meteor Crater, Arizona.
2713:"Meteor Crater, Arizona 1991-2020 Monthly Normals"
2609:Guidebook to the geology of Meteor Crater, Arizona
2475:. Sedona, Arizona: American Meteorite Laboratory.
2259:. Meteor Crater Enterprises, Inc. pp. 17–25.
1355:Guidebook to the Geology of Meteor Crater, Arizona
2754:Science Training History of the Apollo Astronauts
2715:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
3669:
2646:. Houston, Texas: Lunar and Planetary Institute.
2417:. El Centro, California: Desert Magazine Press.
2186:
2073:. Houston, Texas: Lunar and Planetary Institute.
3723:Tourist attractions in Coconino County, Arizona
2658:"Basic Stratigraphy of Barringer Meteor Crater"
2222:A Grand Obsession: Daniel Moreau and His Crater
1819:"Origin of meteor crater (Coon butte), Arizona"
1758:
1353:Shoemaker, Eugene M.; Susan W. Kieffer (1979).
3034:based on satellite imagery and topography data
2220:Southgate, Nancy; Barringer, Felicity (2002).
2090:. The Barringer Crater Company. Archived from
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1193:On August 8, 1964, two commercial pilots in a
665:Photos of Shoemaker at Meteor Crater teaching
624:Nininger believed that the crater should be a
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30:For meteorite-created craters in general, see
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3038:Aerial Exploration of the Barringer Structure
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2583:Shoemaker by Levy: The man who made an impact
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1614:"Barringer Meteor Crater and Its Environment"
3079:"Mine Shaft is Sunk to Solve Meteor Mystery"
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1873:
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398:The object that excavated the crater was a
333:(cracks) in the strata at the impact site.
27:Meteorite impact crater in northern Arizona
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2007:
1914:"Fascinating Science & Unique History"
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52:
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2324:. Philadelphia: Barringer Crater Company.
2309:. Philadelphia: Barringer Crater Company.
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2088:"Crater History: Investigating a Mystery"
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3698:Tourist attractions along U.S. Route 66
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2688:United States Department of Agriculture
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1906:
1375:Plotkin, H.; Roy S. Clarke Jr. (2010).
565:Fragment of the Canyon Diablo meteorite
447:called Canyon Diablo meteorites, after
305:about 37 mi (60 km) east of
14:
3670:
2830:Plane Crash At Meteor Crater Revisited
2692:Natural Resources Conservation Service
2172:. Geological Society. pp. 28–32.
1931:
1472:
1361:
632:
499:
3718:Landforms of Coconino County, Arizona
3688:National Natural Landmarks in Arizona
3100:
2639:
2254:
2112:
2066:
2013:
1990:
1799:
1570:
1284:
1282:
1208:
581:
556:Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway
479:
232:
2999:USGS Meteor Crater Sample Collection
2705:
2579:
2573:
2320:Moulton, F. R. (November 20, 1929).
2277:
2115:Cosmic Debris: Meteorites in History
309:and 18 mi (29 km) west of
245:Location of Meteor Crater in Arizona
3703:Museums in Coconino County, Arizona
3683:Impact craters of the United States
2506:Meteoritics & Planetary Science
1381:Meteoritics & Planetary Science
24:
2520:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2009.tb00715.x
2400:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1964.tb01428.x
2305:Moulton, F. R. (August 24, 1929).
2197:. Geological Society. p. 61.
2166:Oldroyd, David Roger, ed. (2002).
1900:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1964.tb01428.x
1627:
1598:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1997.tb01297.x
1438:American Museum of Natural History
1394:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2008.tb00640.x
1279:
695:-bearing rocks have been severely
466:
342:American Museum of Natural History
25:
3739:
3728:Space-related tourist attractions
2981:
2846:"University of Utah METCRAX page"
2138:Barringer, Daniel Moreau (1905).
1611:
1577:Meteoritics and Planetary Science
1236:Apollo boilerplate command module
1162:
3219:
3213:
3004:
2471:Nininger, Harvey Harlow (1956).
2436:Nininger, Harvey Harlow (1972).
2413:Nininger, Harvey Harlow (1942).
2322:Report on the Meteor Crater – II
1970:. Geological Society of London.
1886:(3). Meteoritical Society: 186.
1434:"Author Ross Hall of Meteorites"
797:
658:
649:
383:, when the local climate on the
231:
224:
3046:United States Geological Survey
2953:
2944:
2935:
2922:
2913:
2899:
2885:
2856:
2838:
2823:
2804:
2778:
2760:
2745:
2727:
2633:
2615:
2556:
2535:
2489:
2464:
2429:
2406:
2371:
2328:
2307:Report on the Meteor Crater – I
2284:. University of Arizona Press.
2271:
2248:
2227:
2131:
2023:The American Journal of Science
1984:
1957:
1941:. Lunar and Planetary Institute
1849:
1793:
1740:
1712:Journal of Geophysical Research
1699:
1686:
1616:. Lunar and Planetary Institute
1605:
1564:
1538:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1525:
1498:
1257:List of impact craters on Earth
742:The impact created an inverted
2988:Barringer Crater official site
2140:"Coon Mountain and its crater"
1916:. The Barringer Crater Company
1634:Melosh HJ; Collins GS (2005).
1451:
1426:
1401:
1346:
1329:
1312:
808:Panoramic view from upper deck
270:U.S. National Natural Landmark
13:
1:
3650:Lunar and Planetary Institute
3482:Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary
2772:Lunar and Planetary Institute
2562:Shoemaker, Eugene M. (1987).
2278:Hoyt, William Graves (1987).
1817:Fairchild, Herman L. (1907).
1413:Lunar and Planetary Institute
1272:
777:formed 250 million years ago)
767:formed 255 million years ago)
707:, or artificially, through a
338:Lunar and Planetary Institute
2993:Meteor Crater Visitor Center
2961:"admissions – Meteor Crater"
1800:Guild, Frank Nelson (1910).
1558:10.1016/0016-7037(91)90388-L
1167:During the 1960s and 1970s,
461:San Francisco volcanic field
351:
7:
3542:Planar deformation features
3020:Impact Meteor Crater Viewer
3009:Geographic data related to
2442:. New York: P.S. Eriksson.
2337:Pure and Applied Geophysics
1767:American Journal of Science
1245:
1011:Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
871:Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
732:atmospheric nuclear testing
429:Discovery and investigation
80:0.737 miles (1.186 km)
10:
3744:
3713:Geology museums in Arizona
3708:Science museums in Arizona
3693:Pleistocene impact craters
3645:Impact Field Studies Group
3026:CNN: New computer analysis
2607:Shoemaker, Eugene (1974).
2473:Arizona's Meteorite Crater
1154:
821:
813:
737:
611:Arizona's Meteorite Crater
488:, chief geologist for the
313:in the desert of northern
36:
29:
3580:
3449:
3228:
3211:
3152:
3134:
3128:Impact cratering on Earth
2752:Phinney, William (2015).
2415:A Comet Strikes the Earth
2043:10.2475/ajs.s3-42.251.413
1980:– via Google Books.
1803:The Mineralogy of Arizona
1787:10.2475/ajs.s4-22.130.303
1480:"Barringer Meteor Crater"
1080:
1010:
940:
870:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
346:National Natural Landmark
288:
284:
276:
267:
263:
253:
219:
209:
201:
162:
152:
147:
134:
126:
118:
108:
100:
92:
84:
76:
68:
63:
51:
46:
3615:William Kenneth Hartmann
3281:Clearwater East and West
3229:Confirmed≥20 km diameter
3032:Computer generated movie
2564:"Meteor Crater, Arizona"
716:impactor. The pieces of
494:volcanic steam explosion
39:Barringer (lunar crater)
3532:Ordovician meteor event
2735:"Apollo Lunar Training"
2257:The Meteor Crater Story
2113:Burke, John G. (1986).
1589:1997M&PS...32..517K
718:Canyon Diablo meteorite
534:Cochise County, Arizona
319:Canyon Diablo Meteorite
64:Impact crater/structure
3635:Eugene Merle Shoemaker
3512:Late Heavy Bombardment
2224:. Barringer Crater Co.
1190:
677:Eugene Merle Shoemaker
642:
587:Harvey Harlow Nininger
566:
510:
490:U.S. Geological Survey
471:In 1891, mineralogist
449:Canyon Diablo, Arizona
438:
373:
186:35.02806°N 111.02333°W
3678:Earth Impact Database
3656:Traces of Catastrophe
3640:Earth Impact Database
3588:Ralph Belknap Baldwin
2995: – official site
2640:Kring, David (2007).
2499:; Pierazzo E (2010).
2067:Kring, David (2007).
1991:Foote, A. E. (1891).
1571:Kring, David (1997).
1295:Earth Impact Database
1188:
640:
564:
507:
436:
359:
321:, after the adjacent
88:560 feet (170 m)
2832:, September 1, 2008
2580:Levy, David (2002).
2255:Smith, Dean (1964).
1752:scienceclarified.com
1733:10.1029/2008JE003235
569:In 1929, astronomer
191:35.02806; -111.02333
104:160 feet (50 m)
96:148 feet (45 m)
2834:Meteorite-times.com
2817:aviation-safety.net
2792:. 19 September 2019
2439:Find a falling star
2392:1964Metic...2..183B
2349:1971PApGe..85...38C
2265:1964mcs..book.....F
2094:on 31 December 2017
2035:1891AmJS...42..413F
1892:1964Metic...2..183B
1858:Scientific American
1843:10.1130/GSAB-18-493
1835:1907GSAB...18..493F
1779:1906AmJS...22..303F
1724:2009JGRE..114.1006P
1718:(E1). AGU: E01006.
1692:Schaber, Gerald G.
1654:2005Natur.434..157M
1550:1991GeCoA..55.2699N
1519:1995Metic..30Q.567R
1318:La Pas, L. (1943).
941:Daily mean °F (°C)
633:Eugene M. Shoemaker
500:Daniel M. Barringer
444:Daniel M. Barringer
393:giant ground sloths
182: /
3552:Shock metamorphism
3457:Alvarez hypothesis
3089:Milwaukee Sentinel
3061:2021-01-13 at the
2774:. 24 January 2024.
2357:10.1007/bf00875398
2237:. October 25, 1917
1209:Tourist attraction
1191:
781:Moenkopi Formation
761:Toroweap Formation
751:Coconino Sandstone
643:
582:Harvey H. Nininger
567:
523:Theodore Roosevelt
511:
486:Grove Karl Gilbert
484:In November 1891,
480:Grove Karl Gilbert
439:
374:
348:in November 1967.
3665:
3664:
3605:Edward C. T. Chao
3082:Popular Mechanics
2680:"Interactive Map"
1387:(10): 1741–1756.
1326:, vol. 51, p. 341
1324:Popular Astronomy
1159:
1158:
713:Edward C. T. Chao
709:nuclear explosion
691:found only where
626:national monument
292:
291:
101:Impactor diameter
16:(Redirected from
3735:
3630:Peter H. Schultz
3593:Daniel Barringer
3502:Impact structure
3223:
3217:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3098:
3097:
3008:
3007:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2942:
2939:
2933:
2926:
2920:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2870:. Archived from
2860:
2854:
2853:
2848:. Archived from
2842:
2836:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2577:
2571:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2545:. April 15, 1992
2539:
2533:
2532:
2522:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2231:
2225:
2218:
2209:
2208:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2163:
2154:
2151:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2084:
2075:
2074:
2064:
2055:
2054:
2029:(251): 413–417.
2011:
2005:
2004:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1948:
1946:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1921:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1875:
1866:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1703:
1697:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1665:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1544:(9): 2699–2703.
1529:
1523:
1522:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1372:
1359:
1358:
1350:
1344:
1333:
1327:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1286:
819:
818:
801:
771:Kaibab Formation
687:, rare forms of
662:
653:
589:was an American
385:Colorado Plateau
299:Barringer Crater
235:
234:
228:
197:
196:
194:
193:
192:
187:
183:
180:
179:
178:
175:
56:
44:
43:
21:
18:Barringer crater
3743:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3610:Robert S. Dietz
3598:Barringer Medal
3576:
3487:Cryptoexplosion
3445:
3376:Puchezh-Katunki
3356:Nördlinger Ries
3224:
3218:
3209:
3175:Asia and Russia
3148:
3130:
3125:
3063:Wayback Machine
3005:
2984:
2979:
2978:
2969:
2967:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2936:
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2809:
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2750:
2746:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2718:
2716:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2696:
2694:
2684:Web Soil Survey
2678:
2677:
2673:
2663:
2661:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2638:
2634:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2578:
2574:
2561:
2557:
2548:
2546:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2469:
2465:
2450:
2434:
2430:
2411:
2407:
2376:
2372:
2333:
2329:
2318:
2314:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2276:
2272:
2253:
2249:
2240:
2238:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2164:
2157:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2086:
2085:
2078:
2065:
2058:
2012:
2008:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1962:
1958:
1944:
1942:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1919:
1917:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1876:
1869:
1854:
1850:
1815:
1811:
1798:
1794:
1773:(130): 303–09.
1763:
1759:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1704:
1700:
1691:
1687:
1663:10.1038/434157a
1632:
1628:
1619:
1617:
1610:
1606:
1569:
1565:
1530:
1526:
1503:
1499:
1489:
1487:
1486:on 5 March 2016
1478:
1477:
1473:
1464:
1462:
1461:. Meteor Crater
1459:"Meteor Crater"
1457:
1456:
1452:
1442:
1440:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1417:
1415:
1409:"LPI Resources"
1407:
1406:
1402:
1373:
1362:
1351:
1347:
1334:
1330:
1317:
1313:
1304:
1302:
1288:
1287:
1280:
1275:
1252:Barringer Medal
1248:
1211:
1176:Apollo missions
1165:
1160:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
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950:
945:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
816:
811:
810:
809:
807:
802:
740:
674:
673:
672:
671:
670:
663:
655:
654:
635:
584:
502:
482:
473:Albert E. Foote
469:
467:Albert E. Foote
457:steam explosion
431:
412:
370:New Routemaster
354:
272:
249:
248:
247:
246:
243:
242:
241:
240:
236:
190:
188:
184:
181:
176:
173:
171:
169:
168:
157:Coconino County
59:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3741:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3590:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3557:Shocked quartz
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3517:Lechatelierite
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3492:Ejecta blanket
3489:
3484:
3479:
3477:Complex crater
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3271:Chesapeake Bay
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3124:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3085:
3084:, January 1930
3076:
3071:
3066:
3053:
3048:
3040:
3035:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2983:
2982:External links
2980:
2977:
2976:
2952:
2943:
2934:
2921:
2912:
2898:
2884:
2855:
2852:on 2012-04-23.
2837:
2822:
2811:Harro Ranter.
2803:
2777:
2759:
2744:
2726:
2704:
2671:
2649:
2632:
2614:
2599:
2593:978-0691113258
2592:
2572:
2555:
2534:
2488:
2482:978-0910096027
2481:
2463:
2448:
2428:
2405:
2386:(3): 183–200.
2370:
2327:
2312:
2297:
2291:978-0816509683
2290:
2270:
2247:
2226:
2210:
2204:978-1862391949
2203:
2185:
2178:
2155:
2130:
2123:
2105:
2076:
2056:
2025:. 3rd series.
2006:
1983:
1977:978-1862391949
1976:
1956:
1930:
1905:
1867:
1848:
1829:(1): 493–504.
1809:
1792:
1757:
1739:
1698:
1685:
1626:
1612:Kring, David.
1604:
1563:
1524:
1497:
1471:
1450:
1425:
1400:
1360:
1345:
1341:978-1467116183
1328:
1311:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1259:
1254:
1247:
1244:
1210:
1207:
1203:cold-air pools
1164:
1163:Recent history
1161:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
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664:
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648:
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644:
634:
631:
583:
580:
515:iron meteorite
501:
498:
481:
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430:
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362:Hoba meteorite
353:
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290:
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3195:South America
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3139:Impact crater
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3018:
3016:
3015:OpenStreetMap
3012:
3011:Meteor Crater
3003:
3000:
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2965:Meteor Crater
2962:
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2874:on 2020-08-16
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2627:keyah.asu.edu
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2020:
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1648:(7030): 157.
1647:
1643:
1642:
1637:
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1615:
1608:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1583:(4): 517–30.
1582:
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1266:10.4 megatons
1263:
1260:
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1199:
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1177:
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1155:Source: NOAA
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1083:precipitation
1079:
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592:
591:meteoriticist
588:
579:
575:
572:
563:
559:
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549:meteoric iron
546:
541:
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349:
347:
343:
339:
334:
332:
326:
324:
323:Canyon Diablo
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
303:impact crater
300:
296:
295:Meteor Crater
287:
283:
280:November 1967
279:
275:
271:
266:
262:
259:
258:Interstate 40
256:
252:
239:Meteor Crater
227:
218:
215:
212:
208:
205:United States
204:
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195:
167:
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125:
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111:
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103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
62:
58:Meteor Crater
55:
50:
47:Meteor Crater
45:
40:
33:
32:Impact crater
19:
3654:
3625:Graham Ryder
3547:Shatter cone
3537:Philippinite
3386:Saint Martin
3381:Rochechouart
3286:Gosses Bluff
3241:Amelia Creek
3144:Impact event
3088:
3081:
2968:. Retrieved
2964:
2955:
2946:
2937:
2924:
2915:
2901:
2887:
2876:. Retrieved
2872:the original
2867:
2858:
2850:the original
2840:
2833:
2825:
2816:
2806:
2794:. Retrieved
2789:
2780:
2771:
2762:
2753:
2747:
2738:
2729:
2717:. Retrieved
2707:
2695:. Retrieved
2683:
2674:
2662:. Retrieved
2652:
2642:
2635:
2626:
2617:
2608:
2602:
2582:
2575:
2567:
2558:
2547:. Retrieved
2537:
2513:(1): 25–42.
2510:
2504:
2497:Artemieva N.
2491:
2472:
2466:
2438:
2431:
2414:
2408:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2343:(1): 38–68.
2340:
2336:
2330:
2321:
2315:
2306:
2300:
2280:
2273:
2256:
2250:
2239:. Retrieved
2229:
2221:
2194:
2188:
2168:
2147:
2143:
2133:
2114:
2108:
2096:. Retrieved
2092:the original
2069:
2026:
2022:
2015:Foote, A. E.
2009:
2000:
1996:
1986:
1966:
1959:
1950:
1943:. Retrieved
1933:
1925:
1918:. Retrieved
1908:
1883:
1879:
1862:
1856:
1851:
1826:
1823:GSA Bulletin
1822:
1812:
1802:
1795:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1751:
1742:
1715:
1711:
1701:
1688:
1645:
1639:
1629:
1618:. Retrieved
1607:
1580:
1576:
1566:
1541:
1537:
1527:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1488:. Retrieved
1484:the original
1474:
1463:. Retrieved
1453:
1441:. Retrieved
1437:
1428:
1416:. Retrieved
1412:
1403:
1384:
1380:
1354:
1348:
1331:
1323:
1314:
1303:. Retrieved
1293:
1240:Astrogeology
1228:Solar System
1212:
1200:
1192:
1166:
1085:inches (mm)
790:
744:stratigraphy
741:
728:Sedan crater
725:
721:
705:impact event
675:
623:
610:
585:
576:
571:F.R. Moulton
568:
553:
542:
527:
512:
483:
470:
453:strewn field
440:
416:
409:megatons TNT
397:
375:
335:
327:
298:
294:
293:
114:50,000 years
3421:Tookoonooka
3406:Steen River
3396:Siljan Ring
3326:Manicouagan
3311:Keurusselkä
2907:"General 1"
2664:19 February
2380:Meteoritics
2098:19 February
1880:Meteoritics
1865:(4), 66–73.
1507:Meteoritics
1490:19 February
1290:"Barringer"
711:. In 1960,
519:land patent
378:Pleistocene
189: /
177:111°01′24″W
164:Coordinates
3672:Categories
3562:Stishovite
3462:Australite
3441:Yarrabubba
3411:Strangways
3371:Presqu'île
3346:Montagnais
3316:Lappajärvi
3266:Charlevoix
3251:Beaverhead
3246:Araguainha
3200:By country
3170:Antarctica
2970:2018-01-16
2878:2012-04-18
2796:24 January
2768:"Training"
2719:August 12,
2549:2023-03-18
2449:083972229X
2423:B001O84HN8
2241:2020-02-02
2179:1862390967
2150:: 861–886.
2124:0520056515
2003:: 279–283.
1620:2014-02-12
1513:(5): 567.
1465:2012-11-24
1443:24 January
1418:24 January
1305:2020-12-30
1273:References
1216:meteorites
1195:Cessna 150
1172:astronauts
685:stishovite
669:astronauts
619:Monturaqui
521:signed by
366:Boeing 747
277:Designated
174:35°01′41″N
69:Confidence
3527:Moldavite
3522:Meteorite
3507:Impactite
3436:Woodleigh
3431:Vredefort
3391:Shoemaker
3351:Morokweng
3336:Mistastin
3276:Chicxulub
3180:Australia
3160:Worldwide
2864:"METCRAX"
2365:140725009
2051:131090443
1220:asteroids
775:dolostone
765:limestone
755:sandstone
701:lightning
509:uplifted.
352:Formation
307:Flagstaff
72:Confirmed
3581:Research
3426:Tunnunik
3321:Logancha
3291:Haughton
3261:Carswell
3205:Possible
3059:Archived
2868:utah.edu
2529:54596927
2017:(1891).
1672:15758988
1262:Elugelab
1246:See also
1150:(312.4)
1081:Average
785:mudstone
607:Route 66
603:Colorado
595:educator
545:volcanic
423:alluvium
389:mammoths
331:jointing
301:, is an
153:Location
148:Location
77:Diameter
3572:Tektite
3567:Suevite
3472:Coesite
3467:Breccia
3416:Sudbury
3366:Popigai
3361:Obolon'
3341:Mjølnir
3306:Karakul
3296:Kamensk
3256:Boltysh
3236:Acraman
2739:nau.edu
2697:10 July
2388:Bibcode
2345:Bibcode
2261:Bibcode
2031:Bibcode
1888:Bibcode
1831:Bibcode
1775:Bibcode
1720:Bibcode
1680:2126679
1650:Bibcode
1585:Bibcode
1546:Bibcode
1515:Bibcode
1178:to the
1071:(−4.8)
1066:(−0.2)
1056:(12.8)
1051:(15.9)
1046:(16.2)
1041:(13.4)
1021:(−2.2)
1016:(−3.8)
1006:(13.1)
991:(13.7)
986:(20.2)
981:(23.6)
976:(24.4)
971:(22.4)
966:(16.3)
961:(12.3)
936:(20.6)
926:(13.8)
921:(21.2)
916:(27.6)
911:(31.1)
906:(32.7)
901:(31.3)
896:(24.8)
891:(20.2)
886:(16.5)
881:(11.7)
814:Climate
738:Geology
697:shocked
681:coesite
615:Henbury
419:erosion
315:Arizona
311:Winslow
214:Arizona
202:Country
127:Drilled
119:Exposed
3450:Topics
3331:Manson
3185:Europe
3165:Africa
2590:
2527:
2479:
2458:570546
2456:
2446:
2421:
2363:
2288:
2201:
2176:
2121:
2049:
1974:
1945:1 June
1920:1 June
1678:
1670:
1641:Nature
1339:
1232:comets
1230:, and
1226:, the
1115:(7.4)
1076:(5.5)
1061:(6.2)
1036:(7.7)
1031:(4.3)
1026:(0.9)
1001:(1.7)
996:(6.8)
956:(8.7)
951:(4.8)
946:(2.3)
931:(8.2)
876:(8.4)
827:Month
703:or an
693:quartz
689:silica
667:Apollo
599:Denver
530:Pearce
400:nickel
368:and a
340:, the
254:Access
136:Bolide
3153:Lists
2525:S2CID
2361:S2CID
2047:S2CID
1676:S2CID
1224:space
1145:(16)
1140:(17)
1135:(24)
1130:(42)
1125:(61)
1120:(48)
1110:(12)
1105:(18)
1100:(12)
1095:(26)
1090:(29)
866:Year
381:epoch
297:, or
210:State
85:Depth
3301:Kara
2798:2024
2790:USGS
2721:2023
2699:2021
2666:2013
2588:ISBN
2477:ISBN
2454:OCLC
2444:ISBN
2419:ASIN
2286:ISBN
2199:ISBN
2174:ISBN
2119:ISBN
2100:2013
1972:ISBN
1947:2023
1922:2023
1668:PMID
1492:2013
1445:2024
1420:2024
1337:ISBN
1218:and
1180:Moon
1169:NASA
1148:12.3
1143:0.64
1138:0.68
1133:0.95
1128:1.65
1123:2.39
1118:1.88
1113:0.29
1108:0.49
1103:0.69
1098:0.49
1093:1.02
1088:1.13
1074:42.0
1069:23.4
1064:31.6
1059:43.1
1054:55.0
1049:60.7
1044:61.2
1039:56.2
1034:45.9
1029:39.7
1024:33.7
1019:28.1
1014:25.1
1004:55.6
999:35.1
994:44.2
989:56.7
984:68.4
979:74.4
974:76.0
969:72.3
964:61.3
959:54.1
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