20:
130:
Woodland was a very dynamic period. Bow-and-arrow technology, allowing for increased hunting efficiency, and new varieties of maize, beans, and squash gained importance, which greatly supplemented existing native seed and root plants. Although settlement size was small, there was an increase in the number of Late
Woodland sites over Middle Woodland sites, indicating a population increase. These factors tend to mark the Late Woodland period as an expansive period, not one of a cultural collapse.
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124:
Intensified horticulture became so successful that increased agricultural production may have reduced variation in food resource availability between differing areas. Although, this reliance on agriculture with only a few types of plants, would have carried with it a risk where variations in rainfall
105:
Archeologists have traditionally viewed the Late
Woodland (about 1,500 to 1,000 years ago) as a time of cultural decline after the florescence of the Hopewell peoples. Late Woodland sites, with the exception of sites along the Florida Gulf Coast, tend to be small when compared with Middle Woodland
243:
developed out of
Baytown culture; and there is not a sharp dividing line between the two. They overlap in time, and pottery designs and decorative motifs of the Plum Bayou culture were found at the Baytown Site, indicating that use of that site continued after 650 CE. Mulberry Creek Cord Marked,
129:
In all probability these 4 theories are quite inter-related and may have all played a role in the development of the
Baytown culture. Although few outstanding works of prehistoric art or architecture can be attributed to this time period, analysis shows that throughout the Southeast, the Late
117:
The rapid replacement of the spear and atlatl with the bow-and-arrow quickly decimated the large game animals, interrupting the hunting component of food procurement and resulting in settlements breaking down into smaller units to better exploit local
253:
114:
of the land, and, as the elaborate trade system broke down, with groups resorted to raiding rather than trading with other territories to acquire important resources.
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227:, and migratory wildfowl using bows and arrows. They caught various species of fish and aquatic turtles, depending on what lived in the nearby bodies of water.
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97:. Where the Baytown peoples built dispersed settlements, the Troyville people instead continued building major earthwork centers.
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Colder climate conditions about 1,600 years ago may have affected yields of gathered foods, such as nuts or starchy seeds.
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Larto Red, Coles Creek
Incised, and Officer Punctated ceramics were found at the Baytown Site.
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Distinctive styles of flat-based pottery jars, hemispherical bowls, and stone points used on
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Baytown people grew domesticated plants native to eastern North
America, such as
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Rethinking
Agriculture: Archaeological and Ethnoarchaeological Perspectives
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Map showing the geographic extent of the
Baytown, Coastal Troyville and
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Culture, phase, and chronological table for the
Mississippi Valley
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903:
349:
Timothy P Denham; José Iriarte; Luc
Vrydaghs, eds. (2008-12-10).
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nuts were important in the diet, as well as wild fruits such as
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of Louisiana and Mississippi (all three had evolved from the
273:
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or climate could have caused shortages, leading to famines.
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405:
Toltec Mounds and Plum Bayou Culture:Mound D Excavations
81:. It was contemporaneous with the Coastal Troyville and
77:
for culture. It was a Baytown Period culture during the
329:"Southeastern Prehistory : Late Woodland Period"
41:
culture that existed from 300 to 700 CE in the lower
304:
Handbook of North American Indians : Southeast
459:
1784:
300:
106:sites. There are several possible explanations.
729:
239:darts are associated with the Baytown culture.
1818:7th-century disestablishments in North America
582:University of Tennessee Agriculture Farm Mound
484:List of archaeological periods (North America)
380:"Southeastern Prehistory-Late Woodland Period"
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445:
279:"Plum Bayou Culture-Encyclopedia of Arkansas"
547:Little Maquoketa River Mounds State Preserve
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708:
452:
438:
296:
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100:
1230:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
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374:
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1803:Archaeological cultures of North America
18:
301:Raymond Fogelson (September 20, 2004).
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45:Valley, consisting of sites in eastern
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369:
355:. Left Coast Press. pp. 199–204.
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433:
16:Pre-Columbian Native American culture
1701:Norse colonization of North America
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13:
14:
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669:Extreme weather events of 535–536
425:
110:Populations increased beyond the
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1721:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
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342:
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87:Marksville Hopewellian peoples
1:
259:
1686:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
1636:Eastern Agricultural Complex
7:
1070:Bandelier National Monument
944:List of Mississippian sites
731:Pre-Columbian North America
572:St. Croix River Access Site
307:. Smithsonian Institution.
247:
10:
1834:
1813:3rd-century establishments
1490:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
1095:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
804:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
230:
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1731:Three Sisters agriculture
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407:. Springer. p. 115.
159:, with lesser amounts of
93:and was succeeded by the
1270:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
829:Buttermilk Creek complex
505:Beattie Park Mound Group
1470:Town Creek Indian Mound
1440:Sierra de San Francisco
1295:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
638:Suwannee Valley culture
382:. National Park Service
138:
101:Decline of the Hopewell
71:Monroe County, Arkansas
1125:Coso Rock Art District
1012:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
915:List of Hopewell sites
628:Princess Point complex
608:Clemson Island culture
468:Late Woodland cultures
91:Fourche Maline culture
27:
1533:Arlington Springs Man
1375:Portsmouth Earthworks
679:Mississippian culture
643:Weeden Island culture
401:Rolingson, Martha Ann
22:
1798:Late Woodland period
1741:Transoceanic contact
1631:Container Revolution
1205:Gila Cliff Dwellings
1170:Etowah Indian Mounds
674:Fort Ancient culture
79:Late Woodland period
1661:Green Corn Ceremony
1475:Turkey River Mounds
1265:Lake Jackson Mounds
1085:Blue Spring Shelter
664:Belle Glade culture
618:Monongahela culture
1746:Underwater panther
1420:Rosenstock Village
1290:Marmes Rockshelter
1275:L'Anse aux Meadows
557:Memorial Park Site
241:Plum Bayou culture
95:Plum Bayou culture
83:Troyville cultures
28:
25:Troyville cultures
1780:
1779:
1772:Pre-Columbian era
1573:Spirit Cave mummy
1370:Plum Bayou Mounds
1280:Lynch Quarry Site
799:Ancient Beringian
697:
696:
689:St. Johns culture
633:Springwells phase
521:Brinsfield I Site
362:978-1-59874-261-9
314:978-0-16-072300-1
225:passenger pigeons
209:white-tailed deer
112:carrying capacity
43:Mississippi River
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1716:Projectile point
1553:Leanderthal Lady
1480:Upward Sun River
1455:Stallings Island
1445:Shell ring sites
1395:Recapture Canyon
1310:Moorehead Circle
1155:El Fin del Mundo
1140:Cueva de la Olla
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207:. People hunted
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1609:Ceremonial pipe
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1563:Minnesota Woman
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1335:Ocmulgee Mounds
1315:Morrison Mounds
1260:Kolomoki Mounds
1250:Kimball Village
1110:Candelaria Cave
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962:Old Cordilleran
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1558:Melbourne Man
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1385:Pueblo Bonito
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1380:Poverty Point
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1165:Effigy Mounds
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659:Steuben point
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531:Clampitt Site
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414:1-56349-085-4
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149:little barley
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48:
44:
40:
37:
36:Pre-Columbian
33:
26:
21:
1751:Water glyphs
1706:Oasisamerica
1696:N.A.G.P.R.A.
1656:Folsom point
1646:Effigy mound
1626:Clovis point
1594:Aridoamerica
1495:Wickiup Hill
1450:Spiro Mounds
1430:Salmon Ruins
1425:Russell Cave
1220:Helen Blazes
1215:Grimes Point
1195:Fort Juelson
1185:Fort Ancient
1160:El Vallecito
1120:Chaco Canyon
1060:Angel Mounds
1022:Steed-Kisker
972:Paleo-Arctic
894:Glacial Kame
879:Fort Ancient
818:
771:Post-Classic
742:
623:Oliver phase
567:Ormond Mound
404:
395:
384:. Retrieved
351:
344:
333:. Retrieved
323:
303:
282:. Retrieved
234:
177:bottle gourd
142:
128:
104:
63:Baytown Site
31:
29:
1736:Thunderbird
1604:Black drink
1568:Peñon woman
1505:Winterville
1485:Velda Mound
1465:Taos Pueblo
1360:Parkin Park
1345:Orwell site
1330:Nodena site
1225:Holly Bluff
1200:Four Mounds
1190:Fort Center
1115:Casa Grande
1065:Anzick site
957:Monongahela
884:Fort Walton
859:Coles Creek
824:Belle Glade
809:Anishinaabe
537:Fisher site
533:(12-LR-329)
526:Brokaw Site
157:chenopodium
67:White River
59:Mississippi
1787:Categories
1681:Metallurgy
1641:Eden point
1538:Buhl Woman
1410:Rock Eagle
1400:River Styx
1325:Mummy Cave
1320:Moundville
1300:Mesa Verde
1285:Marksville
1032:Tchefuncte
992:Plaquemine
928:Las Palmas
844:Calf Creek
839:Cades Pond
517:(12 MA 61)
515:Bowen Site
386:2008-09-23
335:2011-10-23
284:2008-09-23
260:References
189:persimmons
118:resources.
89:) and the
49:, western
1726:Stickball
1415:Rock Hawk
1245:Key Marco
1037:Troyville
1017:St. Johns
1002:Red Ocher
761:Formative
552:Man Mound
542:Hoye Site
510:Book site
500:Baum Site
331:. NPS.GOV
213:squirrels
161:sunflower
75:type site
55:Louisiana
51:Tennessee
1614:Chanunpa
1599:Ballgame
1578:Vero man
1528:Anzick-1
1500:Windover
1460:SunWatch
1390:Rassawek
1210:Glenwood
1100:Brewster
952:Mogollon
923:La Jolla
909:Hopewell
869:Deptford
782:cultures
613:Manahoac
591:Cultures
403:(2001).
248:See also
217:raccoons
197:cherries
169:knotweed
165:sumpweed
153:amaranth
145:maygrass
47:Arkansas
1763:Related
1621:Chunkey
1521:remains
1510:Wupatki
1350:Paquime
1240:Huápoca
1105:Cahokia
1075:Bastian
982:Patayan
904:Hohokam
889:Fremont
864:ComondĂş
819:Baytown
814:Avonlea
794:Alachua
766:Classic
756:Archaic
744:Periods
231:Pottery
221:turkeys
201:berries
185:hickory
73:is the
65:on the
1180:Folsom
1145:Cutler
1080:Benson
967:Oneota
899:Glades
874:Folsom
854:Clovis
751:Lithic
684:Oneota
411:
359:
311:
237:atlatl
205:grapes
181:Acorns
175:, and
173:squash
155:, and
61:. The
34:was a
1711:Piasa
1519:Human
1150:Eaker
1053:sites
987:Plano
789:Adena
493:Sites
193:plums
1671:Kiva
409:ISBN
357:ISBN
309:ISBN
203:and
183:and
139:Diet
30:The
1175:Eva
69:in
1789::
371:^
293:^
268:^
223:,
219:,
215:,
211:,
195:,
191:,
179:.
171:,
167:,
163:,
151:,
147:,
53:,
723:e
716:t
709:v
453:e
446:t
439:v
417:.
389:.
365:.
338:.
317:.
287:.
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