Agriculture - Knowledge

3953: 952: 4464:, sesame had the most taxation, but overall, feed grains and oilseeds had much lower levels of taxation than livestock products. Since the 1980s, policy-driven distortions have decreases more among livestock products than crops during the worldwide reforms in agricultural policy. Despite this progress, certain crops, such as cotton, still see subsidies in developed countries artificially deflating global prices, causing hardship in developing countries with non-subsidized farmers. Unprocessed commodities such as corn, soybeans, and cattle are generally graded to indicate quality, affecting the price the producer receives. Commodities are generally reported by production quantities, such as volume, number or weight. 1903: 1775: 4093: 2813: 4709:(FAO) leads international efforts to defeat hunger and provides a forum for the negotiation of global agricultural regulations and agreements. Samuel Jutzi, director of FAO's animal production and health division, states that lobbying by large corporations has stopped reforms that would improve human health and the environment. For example, proposals in 2010 for a voluntary code of conduct for the livestock industry that would have provided incentives for improving standards for health, and environmental regulations, such as the number of animals an area of land can support without long-term damage, were successfully defeated due to large food company pressure. 4135: 3471:

agricultural operations such as ploughing and milking. With digital automation technologies, it also becomes possible to automate diagnosis and decision-making of agricultural operations. For example, autonomous crop robots can harvest and seed crops, while drones can gather information to help automate input application. Precision agriculture often employs such automation technologies. Motorized machines are increasingly complemented, or even superseded, by new digital equipment that automates diagnosis and decision-making. A conventional tractor, for example, can be converted into an automated vehicle allowing it to sow a field autonomously.

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tasks, they also generate new labor demand for other tasks, such as equipment maintenance and operation. Agricultural automation can also stimulate employment by allowing producers to expand production and by creating other agrifood systems jobs. This is especially true when it happens in context of rising scarcity of rural labor, as is the case in high-income countries and many middle-income countries. On the other hand, if forcedly promoted, for example through government subsidies in contexts of abundant rural labor, it can lead to labor displacement and falling or stagnant wages, particularly affecting poor and low-skilled workers.

1915: 3758:. These seeds allow the farmer to grow a crop that can be sprayed with herbicides to control weeds without harming the resistant crop. Herbicide-tolerant crops are used by farmers worldwide. With the increasing use of herbicide-tolerant crops, comes an increase in the use of glyphosate-based herbicide sprays. In some areas glyphosate resistant weeds have developed, causing farmers to switch to other herbicides. Some studies also link widespread glyphosate usage to iron deficiencies in some crops, which is both a crop production and a nutritional quality concern, with potential economic and health implications. 14725: 14703: 14681: 14659: 14637: 14615: 14593: 14571: 14549: 3639: 3822:, which cause decreases in crop yield. Agriculture is one of the most important drivers of environmental pressures, particularly habitat change, climate change, water use and toxic emissions. Agriculture is the main source of toxins released into the environment, including insecticides, especially those used on cotton. The 2011 UNEP Green Economy report stated that agricultural operations produced some 13 per cent of anthropogenic global greenhouse gas emissions. This includes gases from the use of inorganic fertilizers, agro-chemical pesticides, and herbicides, as well as fossil fuel-energy inputs. 1232: 1694: 2682: 2105: 2060: 2852: 16583: 47: 2459: 4381: 3498: 1975: 4262: 3789: 4485: 3767:(Bt), which produces a toxin specific to insects. These crops resist damage by insects. Some believe that similar or better pest-resistance traits can be acquired through traditional breeding practices, and resistance to various pests can be gained through hybridization or cross-pollination with wild species. In some cases, wild species are the primary source of resistance traits; some tomato cultivars that have gained resistance to at least 19 diseases did so through crossing with wild populations of tomatoes. 3331: 1847: 3208: 16671: 1725: 3826:

1996 of £2,343 million, or £208 per hectare. A 2005 analysis of these costs in the US concluded that cropland imposes approximately $ 5 to $ 16 billion ($ 30 to $ 96 per hectare), while livestock production imposes $ 714 million. Both studies, which focused solely on the fiscal impacts, concluded that more should be done to internalize external costs. Neither included subsidies in their analysis, but they noted that subsidies also influence the cost of agriculture to society.

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increased from less than 1 t/ha in 1900 to more than 2.5 t/ha in 1990. South American average wheat yields are around 2 t/ha, African under 1 t/ha, and Egypt and Arabia up to 3.5 to 4 t/ha with irrigation. In contrast, the average wheat yield in countries such as France is over 8 t/ha. Variations in yields are due mainly to variation in climate, genetics, and the level of intensive farming techniques (use of fertilizers, chemical pest control, and growth control to avoid lodging).

3615:, eased harvest and improved the taste and nutritional value of crop plants. Careful selection and breeding have had enormous effects on the characteristics of crop plants. Plant selection and breeding in the 1920s and 1930s improved pasture (grasses and clover) in New Zealand. Extensive X-ray and ultraviolet induced mutagenesis efforts (i.e. primitive genetic engineering) during the 1950s produced the modern commercial varieties of grains such as wheat, corn (maize) and barley. 3619: 16647: 680: 4344:

mulch and lack of systematic collection and management have led to the generation of large amounts of mulch residue. Weathering and degradation eventually cause the mulch to fragment. These fragments and larger pieces of plastic accumulate in soil. Mulch residue has been measured at levels of 50 to 260 kg per hectare in topsoil in areas where mulch use dates back more than 10 years, which confirms that mulching is a major source of both microplastic and macroplastic

1034: 1344: 16595: 15478: 2559: 2011:, and workers exposed to pesticides may experience illness or have children with birth defects. As an industry in which families commonly share in work and live on the farm itself, entire families can be at risk for injuries, illness, and death. Ages 0–6 may be an especially vulnerable population in agriculture; common causes of fatal injuries among young farm workers include drowning, machinery and motor accidents, including with all-terrain vehicles. 2334: 2234: 15490: 1736:, a small area of forest is cleared by cutting and burning the trees. The cleared land is used for growing crops for a few years until the soil becomes too infertile, and the area is abandoned. Another patch of land is selected and the process is repeated. This type of farming is practiced mainly in areas with abundant rainfall where the forest regenerates quickly. This practice is used in Northeast India, Southeast Asia, and the Amazon Basin. 2584: 2309: 1528: 4008:. In 2021, the global agricultural land area was 4.79 billion hectares (ha), down 2 percent, or 0.09 billion ha compared with 2000. Between 2000 and 2021, roughly two-thirds of agricultural land were used for permanent meadows and pastures (3.21 billion ha in 2021), which declined by 5 percent (0.17 billion ha). One-third of the total agricultural land was cropland (1.58 billion ha in 2021), which increased by 6 percent (0.09 billion ha). 2757: 2259: 2359: 2484: 2157: 1681: 3446:, agricultural technologies will have the greatest impact on food production if adopted in combination with each other. Using a model that assessed how eleven technologies could impact agricultural productivity, food security and trade by 2050, the International Food Policy Research Institute found that the number of people at risk from hunger could be reduced by as much as 40% and food prices could be reduced by almost half. 4184: 2609: 3416: 3274: 2434: 2782: 2209: 2409: 2284: 16619: 15514: 2509: 2707: 2534: 2384: 2130: 3992:. Estimates of the amount of land transformed by humans vary from 39 to 50%. It is estimated that 24% of land globally experiences land degradation, a long-term decline in ecosystem function and productivity, with cropland being disproportionately affected. Land management is the driving factor behind degradation; 1.5 billion people rely upon the degrading land. Degradation can be through deforestation, 3250:

a significant increase in livestock production, both by numbers and by carcass weight, especially among beef, pigs and chickens, the latter of which had production increased by almost a factor of 10. Non-meat animals, such as milk cows and egg-producing chickens, also showed significant production increases. Global cattle, sheep and goat populations are expected to continue to increase sharply through 2050.

16607: 15502: 16683: 16659: 3858: 1503:, practiced systematic burning, possibly to enhance natural productivity in fire-stick farming. Scholars have pointed out that hunter-gatherers need a productive environment to support gathering without cultivation. Because the forests of New Guinea have few food plants, early humans may have used "selective burning" to increase the productivity of the wild 1931:

Greece and Portugal in 2013. In the United States of America, more than half of all hired farmworkers (roughly 450,000 workers) were immigrants in 2019, although the number of new immigrants arriving in the country to work in agriculture has fallen by 75 percent in recent years and rising wages indicate this has led to a major labor shortage on U.S. farms.

4340:, increase soil temperature and aid fertilizer application), shade cloth, pesticide containers, seedling trays, protective mesh and irrigation tubing. The polymers most commonly used in these products are low- density polyethylene (LPDE), linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), polypropylene (PP) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). 3576: 3739:. Genetic engineering has expanded the genes available to breeders to use in creating desired germlines for new crops. Increased durability, nutritional content, insect and virus resistance and herbicide tolerance are a few of the attributes bred into crops through genetic engineering. For some, GMO crops cause 4689:

A 2021 report finds that globally, support to agricultural producers accounts for almost US$ 540 billion a year. This amounts to 15 percent of total agricultural production value, and is heavily biased towards measures that are leading to inefficiency, as well as are unequally distributed and harmful

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is the set of government decisions and actions relating to domestic agriculture and imports of foreign agricultural products. Governments usually implement agricultural policies with the goal of achieving a specific outcome in the domestic agricultural product markets. Some overarching themes include

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and subsidies have affected farmers in both the developing and the developed world. In the 1980s, non-subsidized farmers in developing countries experienced adverse effects from national policies that created artificially low global prices for farm products. Between the mid-1980s and the early 2000s,

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A senior UN official, Henning Steinfeld, said that "Livestock are one of the most significant contributors to today's most serious environmental problems". Livestock production occupies 70% of all land used for agriculture, or 30% of the land surface of the planet. It is one of the largest sources of

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Agriculture seeks to increase yield and to reduce costs, often employing measures that cut biodiversity to very low levels. Yield increases with inputs such as fertilizers and removal of pathogens, predators, and competitors (such as weeds). Costs decrease with increasing scale of farm units, such as

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Agriculture imposes multiple external costs upon society through effects such as pesticide damage to nature (especially herbicides and insecticides), nutrient runoff, excessive water usage, and loss of natural environment. A 2000 assessment of agriculture in the UK determined total external costs for

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Measuring the overall employment impacts of agricultural automation is difficult because it requires large amounts of data tracking all the transformations and the associated reallocation of workers both upstream and downstream. While automation technologies reduce labor needs for the newly automated

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The gender gap in land productivity between female- and male managed farms of the same size is 24 percent. On average, women earn 18.4 percent less than men in wage employment in agriculture; this means that women receive 82 cents for every dollar earned by men. Progress has been slow in closing gaps

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Around the world, women make up a large share of the population employed in agriculture. This share is growing in all developing regions except East and Southeast Asia where women already make up about 50 percent of the agricultural workforce. Women make up 47 percent of the agricultural workforce in

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Agriculture provides about one-quarter of all global employment, more than half in sub-Saharan Africa and almost 60 percent in low-income countries. As countries develop, other jobs have historically pulled workers away from agriculture, and labor-saving innovations increase agricultural productivity

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into the marine environment as a result of precipitation run-off and tidal washing. In addition, additives in residual plastic film (such as UV and thermal stabilizers) may have deleterious effects on crop growth, soil structure, nutrient transport and salt levels. There is a risk that plastic mulch

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Agricultural plastics, especially plastic films, are not easy to recycle because of high contamination levels (up to 40–50% by weight contamination by pesticides, fertilizers, soil and debris, moist vegetation, silage juice water, and UV stabilizers) and collection difficulties . Therefore, they are

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Agriculture simultaneously is facing growing freshwater demand and precipitation anomalies (droughts, floods, and extreme rainfall and weather events) on rainfed areas fields and grazing lands. Agriculture accounts for 70 percent of withdrawals of freshwater resources, and an estimated 41 percent of

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for agriculture are long term. This is because it takes time for research to become commercialized and for technology to be adapted to meet multiple regions’ needs, as well as meet national guidelines before being adopted and planted in a farmer’s fields. For instance, it took at least 60 years from

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to sharply increase yield by creating "high-yielding varieties". For example, average yields of corn (maize) in the US have increased from around 2.5 tons per hectare (t/ha) (40 bushels per acre) in 1900 to about 9.4 t/ha (150 bushels per acre) in 2001. Similarly, worldwide average wheat yields have

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Different definitions exist for agricultural automation and for the variety of tools and technologies that are used to automate production. One view is that agricultural automation refers to autonomous navigation by robots without human intervention. Alternatively it is defined as the accomplishment

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in the U.S. and Canada, farmers use a fallow year to conserve soil moisture for the following year. Recent technological innovations in precision agriculture allow for water status monitoring and automate water usage, leading to more efficient management. Agriculture represents 70% of freshwater use

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member countries. Synthetic fertilizers are more heavily relied upon for crop production and manure use becomes a challenge as well as a source for pollution. Industrialized countries use these operations to produce much of the global supplies of poultry and pork. Scientists estimate that 75% of the

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Livestock production systems can be defined based on feed source, as grassland-based, mixed, and landless. As of 2010, 30% of Earth's ice- and water-free area was used for producing livestock, with the sector employing approximately 1.3 billion people. Between the 1960s and the 2000s, there was

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Larson, G.; Piperno, D. R.; Allaby, R. G.; Purugganan, M. D.; Andersson, L.; Arroyo-Kalin, M.; Barton, L.; Climer Vigueira, C.; Denham, T.; Dobney, K.; Doust, A. N.; Gepts, P.; Gilbert, M. T. P.; Gremillion, K. J.; Lucas, L.; Lukens, L.; Marshall, F. B.; Olsen, K. M.; Pires, J.C.; Richerson, P. J.;

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Women in agriculture still have significantly less access than men to inputs, including improved seeds, fertilizers and mechanized equipment. On a positive note, the gender gap in access to mobile internet in low- and middle-income countries fell from 25 percent to 16 percent between 2017 and 2021,

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available work force, were employed in agriculture. This constitutes approximately 70% of the global employment of children, and in many countries constitutes the largest percentage of women of any industry. The service sector overtook the agricultural sector as the largest global employer in 2007.

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provided funding for what it was the first to call "agricultural science", driven by farmers' interest in fertilizers. In agricultural entomology, the USDA began to research biological control in 1881; it instituted its first large program in 1905, searching Europe and Japan for natural enemies of

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The total amount of plastics used in agriculture is difficult to quantify. A 2012 study reported that almost 6.5 million tonnes per year were consumed globally while a later study estimated that global demand in 2015 was between 7.3 million and 9 million tonnes. Widespread use of plastic

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An alternative argument is that the way to "save the environment" and prevent famine is by using pesticides and intensive high yield farming, a view exemplified by a quote heading the Center for Global Food Issues website: 'Growing more per acre leaves more land for nature'. However, critics argue

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Pesticide use has increased since 1950 to 2.5 million short tons annually worldwide, yet crop loss from pests has remained relatively constant. The World Health Organization estimated in 1992 that three million pesticide poisonings occur annually, causing 220,000 deaths. Pesticides select for

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Agricultural innovation developed for the specific agroecological conditions of one region is not easily transferred and used in another region with different agroecological conditions. Instead, the innovation would have to be adapted to the specific conditions of that other region and respect its

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Motorized mechanization has increased significantly across the world in recent years, although reliable global data with broad country coverage exist only for tractors and only up to 2009. Sub-Saharan Africa is the only region where the adoption of motorized mechanization has stalled over the past

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Women who work in agricultural production tend to do so under highly unfavorable conditions. They tend to be concentrated in the poorest countries, where alternative livelihoods are not available, and they maintain the intensity of their work in conditions of climate-induced weather shocks and in

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In general, women account for a greater share of agricultural employment at lower levels of economic development, as inadequate education, limited access to basic infrastructure and markets, high unpaid work burden and poor rural employment opportunities outside agriculture severely limit women's

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In many developed countries, immigrants help fill labor shortages in high-value agriculture activities that are difficult to mechanize. Foreign farm workers from mostly Eastern Europe, North Africa and South Asia constituted around one-third of the salaried agricultural workforce in Spain, Italy,

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have been cultivating crops for up to 60 million years. Agriculture is defined with varying scopes, in its broadest sense using natural resources to "produce commodities which maintain life, including food, fiber, forest products, horticultural crops, and their related services". Thus defined, it

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During the 16th century in Europe, between 55 and 75% of the population was engaged in agriculture; by the 19th century, this had dropped to between 35 and 65%. In the same countries today, the figure is less than 10%. At the start of the 21st century, some one billion people, or over 1/3 of the

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Despite increases in agricultural production and productivity, between 702 and 828 million people were affected by hunger in 2021. Food insecurity and malnutrition can be the result of conflict, climate extremes and variability and economic swings. It can also be caused by a country's structural

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produce about one-third of the world's food, but large farms are prevalent. The largest 1% of farms in the world are greater than 50 hectares (120 acres) and operate more than 70% of the world's farmland. Nearly 40% of agricultural land is found on farms larger than 1,000 hectares (2,500 acres).

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that enabled people to live in cities. While humans started gathering grains at least 105,000 years ago, nascent farmers only began planting them around 11,500 years ago. Sheep, goats, pigs, and cattle were domesticated around 10,000 years ago. Plants were independently cultivated in at least 11

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Agricultural economics is economics as it relates to the "production, distribution and consumption of goods and services". Combining agricultural production with general theories of marketing and business as a discipline of study began in the late 1800s, and grew significantly through the 20th

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resources are used to boost crop yields must be reconsidered. A solution would be to give value to ecosystems, recognizing environmental and livelihood tradeoffs, and balancing the rights of a variety of users and interests. Inequities that result when such measures are adopted would need to be

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describes how human-induced warming has slowed growth of agricultural productivity over the past 50 years in mid and low latitudes. Methane emissions have negatively impacted crop yields by increasing temperatures and surface ozone concentrations. Warming is also negatively affecting crop and

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Automation technologies are increasingly used for managing livestock, though evidence on adoption is lacking. Global automatic milking system sales have increased over recent years, but adoption is likely mostly in Northern Europe, and likely almost absent in low- and middle-income countries.

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The technological evolution in agriculture has involved a progressive move from manual tools to animal traction, to motorized mechanization, to digital equipment and finally, to robotics with artificial intelligence (AI). Motorized mechanization using engine power automates the performance of

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finds that these definitions do not capture all the aspects and forms of automation, such as robotic milking machines that are static, most motorized machinery that automates the performing of agricultural operations, and digital tools (e.g., sensors) that automate only diagnosis. FAO defines

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Crop alteration has been practiced by humankind for thousands of years, since the beginning of civilization. Altering crops through breeding practices changes the genetic make-up of a plant to develop crops with more beneficial characteristics for humans, for example, larger fruits or seeds,

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considers agriculture "one of the most hazardous of all economic sectors". It estimates that the annual work-related death toll among agricultural employees is at least 170,000, twice the average rate of other jobs. In addition, incidences of death, injury and illness related to agricultural

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farming and fish trapping systems from some 5,000 years ago. There is evidence of 'intensification' across the whole continent over that period. In two regions of Australia, the central west coast and eastern central, early farmers cultivated yams, native millet, and bush onions, possibly in

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animals. Outside nutrient inputs may be used, however manure is returned directly to the grassland as a major nutrient source. This system is particularly important in areas where crop production is not feasible because of climate or soil, representing 30–40 million pastoralists. Mixed

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Agricultural automation can help address some of the challenges associated with climate change and thus facilitate adaptation efforts. For example, the application of digital automation technologies (e.g. in precision agriculture) can improve resource-use efficiency in conditions which are

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is increasing and agriculture is facing the challenge of producing more food for the world's growing population with reduced water resources. While industrial withdrawals have declined in the past few decades and municipal withdrawals have increased only marginally since 2010, agricultural

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represented major shares of total emissions (38% and 29%, respectively), whereas rice and beef were the largest contributing plant- and animal-based commodities (12% and 25%, respectively). South and Southeast Asia and South America were the largest emitters of production-based GHGs.

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agricultural automation as the use of machinery and equipment in agricultural operations to improve their diagnosis, decision-making or performing, reducing the drudgery of agricultural work or improving the timeliness, and potentially the precision, of agricultural operations.

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worldwide. However, water withdrawal ratios for agriculture vary significantly by income level. In least developed countries and landlocked developing countries, water withdrawal ratios for agriculture are as high as 90 percent of total water withdrawals and about 60 percent in

4249:. Current mono-crop farming practices in the United States preclude widespread adoption of sustainable practices, such as 2–3 crop rotations that incorporate grass or hay with annual crops, unless negative emission goals such as soil carbon sequestration become policy. 1742:

is practiced to satisfy family or local needs alone, with little left over for transport elsewhere. It is intensively practiced in Monsoon Asia and South-East Asia. An estimated 2.5 billion subsistence farmers worked in 2018, cultivating about 60% of the earth's

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can account for over half of agricultural energy usage. Together, direct and indirect consumption by US farms accounts for about 2% of the nation's energy use. Direct and indirect energy consumption by U.S. farms peaked in 1979, and has since gradually declined.

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Stephens, Lucas; Fuller, Dorian; Boivin, Nicole; Rick, Torben; Gauthier, Nicolas; Kay, Andrea; Marwick, Ben; Armstrong, Chelsey Geralda; Barton, C. Michael (30 August 2019). "Archaeological assessment reveals Earth's early transformation through land use".

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of aquatic ecosystems and pollution of groundwater, with harmful effects on human populations. Fertilizers also reduce terrestrial biodiversity by increasing competition for light, favoring those species that are able to benefit from the added nutrients.

4361:, deplete soil organic matter stocks, increase soil water repellence and emit greenhouse gases. Microplastics released through fragmentation of agricultural plastics can absorb and concentrate contaminants capable of being passed up the trophic chain. 4459:

However, as of 2009, there was still a significant amount of policy-driven distortion in global agricultural product prices. The three agricultural products with the most trade distortion were sugar, milk and rice, mainly due to taxation. Among the

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sources. Between the 1960s and the 1980s, the Green Revolution transformed agriculture around the globe, with world grain production increasing significantly (between 70% and 390% for wheat and 60% to 150% for rice, depending on geographic area) as

1944:(FAO) posits that the roles and responsibilities of women in agriculture may be changing – for example, from subsistence farming to wage employment, and from contributing household members to primary producers in the context of male-out-migration. 1960:

and the gender gap in access to bank accounts narrowed from 9 to 6 percentage points. Women are as likely as men to adopt new technologies when the necessary enabling factors are put in place and they have equal access to complementary resources.

844:. Global agricultural production amounts to approximately 11 billion tonnes of food, 32 million tonnes of natural fibers and 4 billion m of wood. However, around 14% of the world's food is lost from production before reaching the retail level. 2038:

has issued guidelines on implementing health and safety directives in agriculture, livestock farming, horticulture, and forestry. The Agricultural Safety and Health Council of America (ASHCA) also holds a yearly summit to discuss safety.

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usage can also cause major environmental problems, including the destruction of natural wetlands, the spread of water-borne diseases, and land degradation through salinization and waterlogging, when irrigation is performed incorrectly.

5918:; Albarella, Umberto; Fang, Meiying; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Robins, Judith; Lowden, Stewart; Finlayson, Heather; Brand, Tina (11 March 2005). "Worldwide Phylogeography of Wild Boar Reveals Multiple Centers of Pig Domestication". 4313:

encompass not just agriculture but off-farm processing, packaging, transporting, marketing, consumption, and disposal of food and food-related items. Agriculture accounts for less than one-fifth of food system energy use in the US.

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increasingly constrained for agricultural producers. Moreover, when applied to sensing and early warning, they can help address the uncertainty and unpredictability of weather conditions associated with accelerating climate change.

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The food demand of Earth's projected population, with current climate change predictions, could be satisfied by improvement of agricultural methods, expansion of agricultural areas, and a sustainability-oriented consumer mindset.

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Cropping systems vary among farms depending on the available resources and constraints; geography and climate of the farm; government policy; economic, social and political pressures; and the philosophy and culture of the farmer.

3270:. This trend has led to a significant decrease in genetic diversity and resources among livestock breeds, leading to a corresponding decrease in disease resistance and local adaptations previously found among traditional breeds. 4169:

Approximately 57% of global GHG emissions from the production of food are from the production of animal-based food while plant-based foods contribute 29% and the remaining 14% is for other utilizations. Farmland management and

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Current farming methods have resulted in over-stretched water resources, high levels of erosion and reduced soil fertility. There is not enough water to continue farming using current practices; therefore how water, land, and

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From the twentieth century onwards, intensive agriculture increased crop productivity. It substituted synthetic fertilizers and pesticides for labour, but caused increased water pollution, and often involved farm subsidies.

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Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II (WG2) to the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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and the western US are being depleted, and new research extends these problems to aquifers in Iran, Mexico and Saudi Arabia. Increasing pressure is being placed on water resources by industry and urban areas, meaning that

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is a method of providing additional incentives to encourage farmers to conserve some aspects of the environment. Measures might include paying for reforestation upstream of a city, to improve the supply of fresh water.

14456:"Corporate Lobbying Is Blocking Food Reforms, Senior UN Official Warns: Farming Summit Told of Delaying Tactics by Large Agribusiness and Food Producers on Decisions that Would Improve Human Health and the Environment" 4280:

Since the 1940s, agricultural productivity has increased dramatically, due largely to the increased use of energy-intensive mechanization, fertilizers and pesticides. The vast majority of this energy input comes from

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and environmental requirements and guidelines. Some such adaptations can be seen through the steadily increasing number of plant varieties protected under the plant variety protection instrument administered by the

3751:, an international treaty, regulates the trade of GMOs. There is ongoing discussion regarding the labeling of foods made from GMOs, and while the EU currently requires all GMO foods to be labeled, the US does not. 3390:, avoidance, and resistance. Integrated pest management attempts to use all of these methods to keep pest populations below the number which would cause economic loss, and recommends pesticides as a last resort. 12009: 11390: 1861:

Agriculture employed 873 million people in 2021, or 27% of the global workforce, compared with 1 027 million (or 40%) in 2000. The share of agriculture in global GDP was stable at around 4% since 2000 - 2023.

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to regrow forest, and the farmer moves to a new plot, returning after many more years (10–20). This fallow period is shortened if population density grows, requiring the input of nutrients (fertilizer or

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Griscom, Bronson W.; Adams, Justin; Ellis, Peter W.; Houghton, Richard A.; Lomax, Guy; Miteva, Daniela A.; Schlesinger, William H.; Shoch, David; Siikamäki, Juha V.; Smith, Pete; Woodbury, Peter (2017).

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Archer, Steven R.; Andersen, Erik M.; Predick, Katharine I.; Schwinning, Susanne; Steidl, Robert J.; Woods, Steven R. (2017), Briske, David D. (ed.), "Woody Plant Encroachment: Causes and Consequences",

9983: 4705:. Political action groups, including those interested in environmental issues and labor unions, also provide influence, as do lobbying organizations representing individual agricultural commodities. The 4400:

century. Although the study of agricultural economics is relatively recent, major trends in agriculture have significantly affected national and international economies throughout history, ranging from

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or fish farming, the production of fish for human consumption in confined operations, is one of the fastest growing sectors of food production, growing at an average of 9% a year between 1975 and 2007.

3363:. It can improve productivity by warming the soil, incorporating fertilizer and controlling weeds, but also renders soil more prone to erosion, triggers the decomposition of organic matter releasing CO 3318:. Much of this growth is happening in developing countries in Asia, with much smaller amounts of growth in Africa. Some of the practices used in commercial livestock production, including the usage of 13987: 12507: 4301:

in two fundamental ways: direct consumption on the farm and manufacture of inputs used on the farm. Direct consumption includes the use of lubricants and fuels to operate farm vehicles and machinery.

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has decreased sustainable yields of some wild fish populations while ocean acidification and warming have already affected farmed aquatic species. Climate change will probably increase the risk of

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includes both the source of nutrient inputs for crop and livestock production, and the method of use of manure produced by livestock. Nutrient inputs can be chemical inorganic fertilizers, manure,

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Hillman, G. C. (1996) "Late Pleistocene changes in wild plant-foods available to hunter-gatherers of the northern Fertile Crescent: Possible preludes to cereal cultivation". In D. R. Harris (ed.)

4678:), research and development, and market access for domestic commodities (including relations with global organizations and agreements with other countries). Agricultural policy can also touch on 4215:

addressed, such as the reallocation of water from poor to rich, the clearing of land to make way for more productive farmland, or the preservation of a wetland system that limits fishing rights.

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was underway, European agriculture transformed, with improved techniques and the diffusion of crop plants, including the introduction of sugar, rice, cotton and fruit trees (such as the orange).

8424: 4034:, and renders water unfit for drinking and other industrial uses. Excessive fertilization and manure application to cropland, as well as high livestock stocking densities cause nutrient (mainly 6962: 4332:

Plastic products are used extensively in agriculture, including to increase crop yields and improve the efficiency of water and agrichemical use. "Agriplastic" products include films to cover

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is needed where rainfall is insufficient or variable, which occurs to some degree in most regions of the world. Some farmers use irrigation to supplement rainfall. In other areas such as the

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Trewavas, Anthony (2004). "A critical assessment of organic farming-and-food assertions with particular respect to the UK and the potential environmental benefits of no-till agriculture".

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crops and grain feed crops as feed for ruminant and monogastric (one stomach; mainly chickens and pigs) livestock. Manure is typically recycled in mixed systems as a fertilizer for crops.

12869: 11328: 1617:, allowing global population to rise significantly. Since 1900, agriculture in developed nations, and to a lesser extent in the developing world, has seen large rises in productivity as 5969:

Larson, Greger; Albarella, Umberto; Dobney, Keith; Rowley-Conwy, Peter; Schibler, Jörg; Tresset, Anne; Vigne, Jean-Denis; Edwards, Ceiridwen J.; Schlumbaum, Angela (25 September 2007).

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Rosegrant, Mark W.; Koo, Jawoo; Cenacchi, Nicola; Ringler, Claudia; Robertson, Richard D.; Fisher, Myles; Cox, Cindy M.; Garrett, Karen; Perez, Nicostrato D.; Sabbagh, Pascale (2014).

8319: 1753:

is cultivation to maximize productivity, with a low fallow ratio and a high use of inputs (water, fertilizer, pesticide and automation). It is practiced mainly in developed countries.

14092:

A Treatise on Agriculture, The Present Condition of the Art Abroad and at Home, and the Theory and Practice of Husbandry. To which is Added, a Dissertation on the Kitchen and Garden.

769:

However, five of every six farms in the world consist of fewer than 2 hectares (4.9 acres), and take up only around 12% of all agricultural land. Farms and farming greatly influence

11780: 6361: 3681: 1911:

by reducing labor requirements per unit of output. Over time, a combination of labor supply and labor demand trends have driven down the share of population employed in agriculture.

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Molina, J.; Sikora, M.; Garud, N.; Flowers, J. M.; Rubinstein, S.; Reynolds, A.; Huang, P.; Jackson, S.; Schaal, B. A.; Bustamante, C. D.; Boyko, A. R.; Purugganan, M. D. (2011).

5660: 2023:, which covers the range of risks in the agriculture occupation, the prevention of these risks and the role that individuals and organizations engaged in agriculture should play. 12345: 11668: 9161: 14557: 9236: 12381:

Carpenter, S. R.; Caraco, N. F.; Correll, D. L.; Howarth, R. W.; Sharpley, A. N.; Smith, V. H. (1998). "Nonpoint Pollution of Surface Waters with Phosphorus and Nitrogen".

8505: 8088: 12966: 4352:

often buried or abandoned in fields and watercourses or burned. These disposal practices lead to soil degradation and can result in contamination of soils and leakage of

14435: 13467: 9340: 14440: 14325: 12005: 5779:

Zong, Y.; When, Z.; Innes, J. B.; Chen, C.; Wang, Z.; Wang, H. (2007). "Fire and flood management of coastal swamp enabled first rice paddy cultivation in east China".

4063:

current global irrigation water use occurs at the expense of environmental flow requirements. It is long known that aquifers in areas as diverse as northern China, the

13117: 11185: 11921: 13333: 13323: 10007: 13951: 13910: 13437: 8536: 7994: 3988:

Land transformation, the use of land to yield goods and services, is the most substantial way humans alter the Earth's ecosystems, and is the driving force causing

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The environmental effects of climate change show that research on pests and diseases that do not generally afflict areas is essential. In 2021, farmers discovered

14465: 7715: 4451:, tariffs and others, can significantly change the economic marketplace for agricultural products. Since at least the 1960s, a combination of trade restrictions, 4440:

has increased in the sector as well, and although the total effect of the increased market concentration is likely increased efficiency, the changes redistribute

12875: 4706: 3707: 1952:

situations of conflict. Women are less likely to participate as entrepreneurs and independent farmers and are engaged in the production of less lucrative crops.

1395:

used extensive canal and raised field systems to farm swampland from 400 BC. In South America agriculture may have begun about 9000 BC with the domestication of

14607:

In Brief to The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022. Repurposing food and agricultural policies to make healthy diets more affordable

9975: 1263:

around 3,000 BC; seed-ploughs around 2,300 BC. Farmers grew wheat, barley, vegetables such as lentils and onions, and fruits including dates, grapes, and figs.

10005:

Heiberger, Scott (3 July 2018). "The future of agricultural safety and health: North American Agricultural Safety Summit, February 2018, Scottsdale, Arizona".

8341: 3306: 1717:, herds of livestock are moved from place to place in search of pasture, fodder, and water. This type of farming is practiced in arid and semi-arid regions of 1340:, the major cereals were wheat, emmer, and barley, alongside vegetables including peas, beans, and olives. Sheep and goats were kept mainly for dairy products. 1223:, and the Early Chinese Neolithic in China. Then, wild stands that had previously been harvested started to be planted, and gradually came to be domesticated. 13977: 4120:

technique involves intercropping, using plant aromas to repel pests from crops (push) and to lure them to a place from which they can then be removed (pull).

1235:

Map of the world showing approximate centers of origin of agriculture and its spread in prehistory. DNA studies have shown that agriculture was introduced in

12492: 9794: 4432:, have risen while the costs attributed to farming have declined. This is related to the greater efficiency of farming, combined with the increased level of 2027: 1791:

are major concerns globally; approximately 40% of the world's agricultural land is seriously degraded. In recent years there has been a backlash against the

14579: 10722: 6190: 1854:

By 2015, the agricultural output of China was the largest in the world, followed by the European Union, India and the United States. Economists measure the

15551: 12871:

Food security and climate change. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts (HLPE) on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security

12590: 11330:

Food security and climate change. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts (HLPE) on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security

14212: 13515: 12915: 11645: 11086: 9193: 13001:

Xu, Xiaoming; Sharma, Prateek; Shu, Shijie; Lin, Tzu-Shun; Ciais, Philippe; Tubiello, Francesco N.; Smith, Pete; Campbell, Nelson; Jain, Atul K. (2021).

6045: 2054: 12181: 9316:

Caruso, F.; Corrado, A. (2015). "Migrazioni e lavoro agricolo: un confronto tra Italia e Spagna in tempi di crisi". In M. Colucci & S. Gallo (ed.).

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In Brief to The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022. Repurposing food and agricultural policies to make healthy diets more affordable

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Automated feeding machines for both cows and poultry also exist, but data and evidence regarding their adoption trends and drivers is likewise scarce.

4154:

into agricultural land. The agriculture, forestry and land use sector contribute between 13% and 21% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Emissions of

4108:

in the pest population, leading to a condition termed the "pesticide treadmill" in which pest resistance warrants the development of a new pesticide.

8659: 7114: 6952: 4682:, ensuring that the food supply is of a consistent and known quality, food security, ensuring that the food supply meets the population's needs, and 2848:. Annual cultivation is the next phase of intensity in which there is no fallow period. This requires even greater nutrient and pest control inputs. 2020: 9078: 8366: 6383: 4686:. Policy programs can range from financial programs, such as subsidies, to encouraging producers to enroll in voluntary quality assurance programs. 16623: 15657: 13393: 12230: 11209: 4518:, production techniques and improvement, study of pests and their management, and study of adverse environmental effects such as soil degradation, 1991:

Agriculture, specifically farming, remains a hazardous industry, and farmers worldwide remain at high risk of work-related injuries, lung disease,

13783: 12815: 8421:"Overcoming agricultural pollution of water: the challenge of integrating agricultural and environmental policies in the European Union, Volume 1" 13546: 13327: 13211: 11275: 10708: 10066: 7134: 6103: 2912:

in a year, or requiring irrigation. In all of these environments perennial crops are grown (coffee, chocolate) and systems are practiced such as

1873: 14711: 11211:

Trade and Environment Review 2013: Wake up before it is too late: Make agriculture truly sustainable now for food security in a changing climate

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Li, Hongjie; Sosa Calvo, Jeffrey; Horn, Heidi A.; Pupo, Mônica T.; Clardy, Jon; Rabeling, Cristian; Schultz, Ted R.; Currie, Cameron R. (2018).

15463: 15118: 15081: 12879: 12094: 11334: 5334:

Stevenson, G. C. (1971). "Plant Agriculture Selected and introduced by Janick Jules and Others San Francisco: Freeman (1970), pp. 246, £2.10".

4218:

Technological advancements help provide farmers with tools and resources to make farming more sustainable. Technology permits innovations like

601: 561: 79: 8323: 5171: 3305:

Landless systems rely upon feed from outside the farm, representing the de-linking of crop and livestock production found more prevalently in

11236: 9979: 7063: 2035: 13693: 8769:

The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022. Repurposing food and agricultural policies to make healthy diets more affordable

5757: 5528:

Bocquet-Appel, Jean-Pierre (29 July 2011). "When the World's Population Took Off: The Springboard of the Neolithic Demographic Transition".

3980:

are green (sorghum may be slightly paler). Wheat is brilliant gold. Fields of brown have been recently harvested and plowed or have lain in

1099:. Wild grains were collected and eaten from at least 105,000 years ago. In the Paleolithic Levant, 23,000 years ago, cereals cultivation of 14814: 12151: 11527: 10291: 3443: 1207:

around 3500 BC. Scholars have offered multiple hypotheses to explain the historical origins of agriculture. Studies of the transition from

6353: 14733: 14561: 12207: 11857: 7932: 7624: 7257: 7214: 6929: 6736: 4815: 2048: 1420: 14016: 13838: 13655: 12557: 12466: 11348: 8024: 7527: 7347: 6429: 5650: 1183:

region of Africa by 7,000 years ago. Cotton was domesticated in Peru by 5,600 years ago, and was independently domesticated in Eurasia.

13866: 13757: 10231: 9728: 9685: 9655: 7500: 4117: 3754:

Herbicide-resistant seeds have a gene implanted into their genome that allows the plants to tolerate exposure to herbicides, including

3404:

period. Manure is used either by holding livestock where the feed crop is growing, such as in managed intensive rotational grazing, or

11980: 11528:"Ecological intensification of cereal production systems: The Challenge of increasing crop yield potential and precision agriculture" 8062: 4693:

There are many influences on the creation of agricultural policy, including consumers, agribusiness, trade lobbies and other groups.

4129: 3952: 3540: 888: 14358: 13413: 12356: 11672: 11102:

Economics of adoption for digital automated technologies in agriculture. Background paper for The State of Food and Agriculture 2022

9533: 8740: 8450: 6067: 5682:

Snir, Ainit; Nadel, Dani; Groman-Yaroslavski, Iris; Melamed, Yoel; Sternberg, Marcelo; Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Weiss, Ehud (22 July 2015).

16420: 15544: 15431: 15375: 13715: 12503: 11754: 10440: 9176: 3819: 3513: 3492: 1450: 663: 14651:

In Brief to The State of Food and Agriculture 2022. Leveraging automation in agriculture for transforming agrifood systems

14176: 10092: 9228: 7308: 1922:, the proportion of people working in agriculture (left-hard bar in each group, green) falls as an economy becomes more developed. 14601: 13143: 9923: 9436: 9138: 8909: 8513: 7676: 5308: 3711: 14108: 13056: 12065: 11898: 8216: 8080: 7085:

Morgan, John (6 November 2013). "Invisible Artifacts: Uncovering Secrets of Ancient Maya Agriculture with Modern Soil Science".

6817:

Huang, Xuehui; Kurata, Nori; Wei, Xinghua; Wang, Zi-Xuan; Wang, Ahong; Zhao, Qiang; Zhao, Yan; Liu, Kunyan; et al. (2012).

1295:

culture by 8,000–6,000 BC. Cotton was cultivated by the 5th–4th millennium BC. Archeological evidence indicates an animal-drawn

14257: 12974: 11725: 11509: 9266: 4530: 4304:

Indirect consumption includes the manufacture of fertilizers, pesticides, and farm machinery. In particular, the production of

3919: 14407: 13460: 12832:

Cook, Samantha M.; Khan, Zeyaur R.; Pickett, John A. (2007). "The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest management".

11835: 11206:

Hoffmann, U., Section B: Agriculture – a key driver and a major victim of global warming, in: Lead Article, in: Chapter 1, in

10926: 10892: 10685: 10591: 9629: 9332: 9294: 8853: 8807: 5115: 4917: 1858:

of agriculture, according to which agriculture in the United States is roughly 1.7 times more productive than it was in 1948.

14525: 14506: 14430: 14401: 14314: 14075: 14050: 13832: 13349: 13291: 12282: 12121: 11966: 11477: 11158: 11119: 10886: 10671: 10585: 10265: 10225: 9578: 9572: 8847: 8793: 8734: 8489: 8191: 7926: 7883: 7686: 7659: 7618: 7591: 7566: 7494: 7442: 7380: 7341: 7251: 7208: 6923: 6730: 6265: 6039: 5839: 5388: 5154: 5109: 4903: 3796: 3778: 2031: 708: 13617: 13106: 11175: 8875: 7889: 7448: 5394: 12673: 11925: 11435: 8301: 3931: 3849:

for 20 to 30 years. Because of climate change, insects that used to die off over the winter are now alive and multiplying.

3359:

to prepare for planting, for nutrient incorporation, or for pest control. Tillage varies in intensity from conventional to

3290: 13083: 11556:

Conversion note: 1 bushel of wheat=60 pounds (lb) ≈ 27.215 kg. 1 bushel of maize=56 pounds ≈ 25.401 kg

10870:

In Brief to The State of Food and Agriculture 2022. Leveraging automation in agriculture for transforming agrifood systems

9732: 8681: 3938:

from global livestock are projected to increase by 60 per cent by 2030 under current practices and consumption patterns."

15537: 15333: 13936: 13899: 13594: 12949: 12901: 8387: 7990: 7549:

Sugihara, Neil G.; Van Wagtendonk, Jan W.; Shaffer, Kevin E.; Fites-Kaufman, Joann; Thode, Andrea E., eds. (2006). "17".

6507: 872: 12642: 9885: 8110: 7524:"P0653: Domestication History of Strawberry: Population Bottlenecks and Restructuring of Genetic Diversity through Time" 15363: 14455: 12809: 12751: 12551: 10476: 10419: 9699: 9659: 8635: 7707: 6467: 4510:

used in the practice and understanding of agriculture. It covers topics such as agronomy, plant breeding and genetics,

4087: 3947: 3311: 1869:

Pesticide use in agriculture went up 62% between 2000 and 2021, with the Americas accounting for half the use in 2021.

1828: 1784: 13371: 9953: 5005: 3588:

drought-tolerance, or resistance to pests. Significant advances in plant breeding ensued after the work of geneticist

2034:

to identify and provide intervention strategies for occupational health and safety issues. In the European Union, the

15905: 15518: 14219: 12646: 12616: 12352: 12117: 9889: 9759:"Supplemental surveillance: a review of 2015 and 2016 agricultural injury data from news reports on AgInjuryNews.org" 9391: 9232: 8718: 6884: 6612:

Lal, R. (2001). "Thematic evolution of ISTRO: transition in scientific issues and research focus from 1955 to 2000".

6599: 6561: 6540: 6220: 5093: 5065: 5061: 5001: 3501:

The sixth IPCC Assessment Report projects changes in average soil moisture at 2.0 °C of warming, as measured in

3463: 3176: 3073: 2952: 2015: 1941: 932: 14198: 8337: 7281:"The Origin of Plant Cultivation and Domestication in the New World Tropics: Pattern, Process, and New Developments" 14807: 9503: 8968: 3747:

concerns. Numerous countries have placed restrictions on the production, import or use of GMO foods and crops. The

3400:, compost and minerals. Crop nutrient use may also be managed using cultural techniques such as crop rotation or a 14199:

110 years of biological control research and development in the United States Department of Agriculture: 1883–1993

12612: 9758: 9108: 9027: 5750:"First evidence of farming in Mideast 23,000 years ago: Evidence of earliest small-scale agricultural cultivation" 4666:

risk management and adjustment (including policies related to climate change, food safety and natural disasters),

2631:

The twenty largest countries by agricultural output (in nominal terms) at peak level as of 2018, according to the

15411: 15396: 15391: 15168: 14291: 11304: 11214:. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). pp. 3, 5. Archived from 6172: 4770: 3517: 1614: 1087:

The development of agriculture enabled the human population to grow many times larger than could be sustained by

643: 628: 623: 129: 14223: 12580: 12394: 12297:

Vitousek, P. M.; Mooney, H. A.; Lubchenco, J.; Melillo, J. M. (1997). "Human Domination of Earth's Ecosystems".

11895:"Making Peace with Nature: A scientific blueprint to tackle the climate, biodiversity and pollution emergencies" 11641: 11253: 10631: 10614: 4112:

that a trade-off between the environment and a need for food is not inevitable, and that pesticides can replace

1314:. Water-powered grain mills were in use by the 1st century BC, followed by irrigation. By the late 2nd century, 15458: 15453: 15401: 15148: 14739:

World Intellectual Property Report 2024 - The importance of local capabilities in AgTech specialization

14130:

Silvertown, Jonathan; Poulton, Paul; Johnston, Edward; Edwards, Grant; Heard, Matthew; Biss, Pamela M. (2006).

13511: 13500: 12894: 11469: 11038: 9201: 6691: 4092: 3449: 3436: 1969: 1322:. These spread westwards across Eurasia. Asian rice was domesticated 8,200–13,500 years ago – depending on the 633: 596: 591: 109: 13144:"Benefits of Crop Protection Technologies on Canadian Food Production, Nutrition, Economy and the Environment" 1449:

is a hybrid of a Chilean and a North American species, developed by breeding in Europe and North America. The

1291:

were domesticated by 9,000 BC, soon followed by sheep and goats. Cattle, sheep and goats were domesticated in

1275:, after 10,000 BC. Staple food crops were grains such as wheat and barley, alongside industrial crops such as 16611: 15133: 14844: 14689: 14623: 12173: 10956: 6485:"Origin of agriculture and domestication of plants and animals linked to early Holocene climate amelioration" 3258:

During the second half of the 20th century, producers using selective breeding focused on creating livestock

2812: 2004: 1653: 1333: 928: 94: 14645: 10569:

The State of Food and Agriculture 2022. Leveraging agricultural automation for transforming agrifood systems

7548: 2908:

environments, the timing and extent of agriculture may be limited by rainfall, either not allowing multiple

1774: 1326:

estimate that is used– on the Pearl River in southern China with a single genetic origin from the wild rice

951: 15932: 15630: 15153: 15128: 11570:"World Intellectual Property Report 2024 - 3 The importance of local capabilities in AgTech specialization" 4671: 3202: 2008: 1577: 1424: 1356: 1264: 114: 89: 8655: 7835:

Williams, Elizabeth (1988). "Complex Hunter-Gatherers: A Late Holocene Example from Temperate Australia".

3761:

Other GMO crops used by growers include insect-resistant crops, which have a gene from the soil bacterium

16451: 15138: 14800: 14585:

In Brief: The State of Food and Agriculture 2019. Moving forward on food loss and waste reduction

13791: 9364:

The shades of green: Migrants' contribution to EU agriculture. Context, trends, opportunities, challenges

9050: 8363: 7918: 7130:"A single domestication for potato based on multilocus amplified fragment length polymorphism genotyping" 6989:"Ancient mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals complexity of indigenous North American turkey domestication" 6391: 5205:"Convergent evolution of complex structures for ant–bacterial defensive symbiosis in fungus-farming ants" 4952: 4546: 4113: 1902: 1897: 1550: 1486: 1466: 1337: 99: 12237: 11215: 2831:) is a system in which forests are burnt, releasing nutrients to support cultivation of annual and then 1866:

characteristics such as income status and natural resource endowments as well as its political economy.

16637: 15942: 15615: 15595: 15178: 15113: 14940: 13824: 13795: 7396:

Heiser, Carl B. Jr. (1992). "On possible sources of the tobacco of prehistoric Eastern North America".

4456:

several international agreements limited agricultural tariffs, subsidies and other trade restrictions.

4134: 3736: 3720: 3716: 3703: 3536:. Global warming is already affecting agriculture, with effects unevenly distributed across the world. 1992: 1978: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1200: 1184: 1017:, but horticulture and forestry are in practice often excluded. It may also be broadly decomposed into 420: 139: 74: 14629:

In Brief: The State of Food and Agriculture 2018. Migration, agriculture and rural development

10058: 9976:"Protecting health and safety of workers in agriculture, livestock farming, horticulture and forestry" 3622:

Seedlings in a green house. This is what it looks like when seedlings are growing from plant breeding.

16471: 16425: 16275: 14915: 14667: 14283: 13862:"Industrialization and Consolidation in the US Food Sector: Implications for Competition and Welfare" 12706: 11352: 10812:

Lowenberg-DeBoer, James; Huang, Iona Yuelu; Grigoriadis, Vasileios; Blackmore, Simon (1 April 2020).

10368: 10188: 10162: 6725:. Volume 11 of The Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages Series. Psychology Press. p. 270. 6314: 4883:

The State of Food and Agriculture 2021. Making agrifood systems more resilient to shocks and stresses

4675: 4051: 3803: 3744: 3699: 3242:, camels, llamas, alpacas, donkeys, and dogs, have for centuries been used to help cultivate fields, 2893:, when several crops are grown at the same time, are other kinds of annual cropping systems known as 1855: 1840: 1300: 908: 701: 395: 12313: 12083: 11922:"Priority products and materials: assessing the environmental impacts of consumption and production" 9417:"New waves of immigration to small towns and rural areas in Portugal: Immigration to Rural Portugal" 5180: 5146: 5139: 4222:, a farming process which helps prevent land loss to erosion, reduces water pollution, and enhances 3378:), mechanical (tillage), and cultural practices are used. Cultural practices include crop rotation, 1940:

sub-Saharan Africa, a rate that has not changed significantly in the past few decades. However, the

1147:

of South America, the potato was domesticated between 10,000 and 7,000 years ago, along with beans,

15865: 15722: 15426: 15012: 14925: 14910: 14865: 13113: 9946:"CDC – NIOSH Program Portfolio : Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing : Program Description" 4735: 4429: 4234: 4147: 3927: 3895: 3879: 3211: 1995:, skin diseases, as well as certain cancers related to chemical use and prolonged sun exposure. On 1914: 1800: 1091:. Agriculture began independently in different parts of the globe, and included a diverse range of 658: 492: 405: 390: 328: 254: 20: 12767: 11333:. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. p. 12. Archived from 9564:

The State of Food and Agriculture 2017. Leveraging food systems for inclusive rural transformation

4444:

from producers (farmers) and consumers, and may have negative implications for rural communities.

1644:

Modern agriculture has raised or encountered ecological, political, and economic issues including

16509: 16285: 16187: 16182: 15900: 15777: 15353: 15076: 15071: 14962: 14930: 13685: 12113:

The State of Food and Agriculture 2019. Moving forward on food loss and waste reduction, In brief

11356: 11233: 7047: 6554:

The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia: Crops, Fields, Flocks And Herds

5749: 5089:

In Brief: The State of Food and Agriculture 2019. Moving forward on food loss and waste reduction

4845: 4559: 4204: 3638: 3611:

Domestication of plants has, over the centuries increased yield, improved disease resistance and

3420: 1804: 1792: 1474: 1168: 556: 551: 442: 410: 14770: 14724: 14702: 14680: 14658: 14636: 14614: 14592: 14570: 14548: 13900:"How Do Agricultural Policy Restrictions to Global Trade and Welfare Differ across Commodities?" 12143: 11535: 10287: 7650:

Tending the Wild: Native American Knowledge And the Management of California's Natural Resources

7192:

Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation

16713: 16410: 16347: 16295: 16258: 16253: 15727: 15421: 15406: 15348: 15343: 15098: 15029: 15022: 14839: 14834: 14385:

A multi-billion-dollar opportunity – Repurposing agricultural support to transform food systems

13540:

Woods, Jeremy; Williams, Adrian; Hughes, John K.; Black, Mairi; Murphy, Richard (August 2010).

12308: 11853: 10922:

Agriculture 4.0 – Agricultural robotics and automated equipment for sustainable crop production

8212: 7708:"The "How" of the Three Sisters: The Origins of Agriculture in Mesoamerica and the Human Niche" 7558: 6309: 5035: 4745: 4718: 4425: 4375: 4265: 4047: 3969: 3763: 3533: 3462:

of production tasks through mobile, autonomous, decision-making, mechatronic devices. However,

2000: 1996: 1693: 1496: 1240: 1071: 904: 778: 754: 653: 638: 509: 502: 264: 56: 13592: 13003:"Global greenhouse gas emissions from animal-based foods are twice those of plant-based foods" 12738:

Saving the Planet with Pesticides and Plastic: The Environmental Triumph of High-Yield Farming

12203: 11849: 9290:

In Brief: The State of Food and Agriculture 2018. Migration, agriculture and rural development

7912: 7608: 7237: 7190: 6913: 6720: 6414: 2095:

Countries by agricultural output (in nominal terms) at peak level as of 2018 (billions in USD

1231: 16599: 16357: 16074: 15692: 15687: 15580: 15237: 15017: 14009: 13593:

Canning, Patrick; Charles, Ainsley; Huang, Sonya; Polenske, Karen R.; Waters, Arnold (2010).

12533: 12419: 8017: 7523: 7370: 7331: 7108: 5291: 4730: 4702: 4550: 4242: 3922:

is now occupied by pastures and the remainder used for feed crops. Through deforestation and

3643: 1384: 900: 497: 323: 259: 232: 13746: 13147: 12346:"Global assessment of land degradation and improvement: 1. identification by remote sensing" 10706: 10215: 8902:"World Bank. 2021. Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)" 7550: 7484: 6231:

Sato, Y. (2003) "Origin of rice cultivation in the Yangtze River basin". In Y. Yasuda (ed.)

5179: 4294:

has raised concerns that oil shortages could increase costs and reduce agricultural output.

2931:

Important categories of food crops include cereals, legumes, forage, fruits and vegetables.

2672:

Countries by agricultural output in 2015 (millions in 2005 constant USD and exchange rates)

16703: 16461: 16402: 15895: 15846: 15707: 15682: 15662: 15482: 15318: 15108: 14967: 14920: 14287: 14249: 14145: 13220: 13178: 12434: 12047: 11948: 11399: 10991: 10745: 10434:"Growth Promoting Hormones Pose Health Risk to Consumers, Confirms EU Scientific Committee" 9831: 8581: 8265: 7750: 7143: 7000: 6830: 6771: 6621: 6301: 6112: 5982: 5927: 5868: 5788: 5695: 5589: 5537: 5433: 5216: 4740: 4683: 4585: 4499: 4473: 4452: 4437: 4392: 4223: 4219: 4188: 4105: 4031: 3842: 1733: 1661: 1622: 1284: 1115:

between 11,500 and 6,200 BC with the earliest known cultivation from 5,700 BC, followed by

1112: 1082: 694: 447: 400: 69: 12845: 8050: 7954:

Watson, Andrew M. (1974). "The Arab Agricultural Revolution and Its Diffusion, 700–1100".

8: 16380: 16243: 15799: 15667: 15652: 15600: 15590: 15506: 14935: 14715: 14350: 13719: 13407: 13322: 9525: 8712: 8446: 6075: 5655: 4840: 4820: 4800: 4662: 4579: 4305: 3693: 3393: 2851: 2059: 1919: 1823:. The growth of organic farming has renewed research in alternative technologies such as 1770:

Suitability for agriculture of land around the world (US Department of Agriculture, 1998)

1739: 1714: 1554: 1539: 992:' or 'growing'. While agriculture usually refers to human activities, certain species of 415: 27: 14149: 13723: 13224: 13182: 12438: 12051: 11747: 11403: 10995: 10980:"Agricultural mechanization in Africa: Myths, realities and an emerging research agenda" 10749: 10433: 9835: 8585: 8269: 7754: 7147: 7128:

Spooner, David M.; McLean, Karen; Ramsay, Gavin; Waugh, Robbie; Bryan, Glenn J. (2005).

7004: 6834: 6775: 6625: 6305: 6116: 5986: 5931: 5872: 5792: 5699: 5593: 5541: 5437: 5220: 3956:

Countries with the highest share of water withdrawal by agriculture in total withdrawal.

3926:, livestock is also driving reductions in biodiversity. A well documented phenomenon is 1375:. Cocoa was domesticated by the Mayo Chinchipe of the upper Amazon around 3,000 BC. The 46: 16651: 16582: 16456: 16370: 16335: 16221: 16114: 16094: 15494: 15416: 15242: 15158: 14775: 14173: 14136: 13570: 13541: 13387: 13363: 13305: 13251: 13206: 13048: 12585: 12458: 12326: 12229:

Steinfeld, H.; Gerber, P.; Wassenaar, T.; Castel, V.; Rosales, M.; de Haan, C. (2006).

11972: 11623: 11462: 11422: 11269: 11076: 11017: 10843: 10677: 10344: 10317: 10088: 10040: 9862: 9818:"Correction: Towards a deeper understanding of parenting on farms: A qualitative study" 9817: 9786: 9621: 9495: 9487: 9066: 9019: 8960: 8799: 8610: 8569: 8158: 8133: 7971: 7812: 7779: 7648: 7437:. University of Michigan, Museum of Anthropology, Publications Department. p. 75. 7413: 7300: 7166: 7129: 7023: 6988: 6853: 6818: 6794: 6759: 6499: 6456: 6335: 6271: 6071: 6005: 5970: 5951: 5891: 5856: 5854: 5812: 5726: 5683: 5631: 5561: 5510: 5456: 5421: 5359: 5247: 5204: 4979: 4909: 4750: 4667: 4409: 4345: 4337: 4001: 3862: 3748: 3502: 2881:, nutrient use is uniform and pests tend to build up, necessitating the greater use of 2636: 2078: 1626: 1618: 1584: 1482: 1462: 1271:

and its seasonal flooding. Farming started in the predynastic period at the end of the

1211:

to agricultural societies indicate an initial period of intensification and increasing

876: 684: 648: 237: 119: 12060: 12006:"Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication" 11804:"Glyphosate inhibition of ferric reductase activity in iron deficient sunflower roots" 10288:"Description of Systems in World Livestock Systems – Current status issues and trends" 9915: 9416: 9130: 8901: 7692: 7526:. Pland & Animal Genome Conference XXVI 13–17 January 2018 San Diego, California. 7280: 6633: 5312: 4380: 1687:

herds form the basis of pastoral agriculture for several Arctic and Subarctic peoples.

16708: 16504: 16365: 16330: 16325: 16192: 16034: 15819: 15767: 15489: 15086: 15059: 15007: 14977: 14521: 14502: 14397: 14322:

Sustainable Agriculture and Food Policy in the 21st Century: Challenges and Solutions

14196:

Coulson, J. R.; Vail, P. V.; Dix M. E.; Nordlund, D. A.; Kauffman, W. C.; Eds. 2000.

14158: 14131: 14104: 14071: 14046: 13828: 13575: 13367: 13355: 13345: 13309: 13297: 13287: 13278:. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. pp. 117, 125, 135. 13256: 13238: 13052: 13040: 13032: 13002: 12941: 12849: 12805: 12747: 12736: 12547: 12450: 12299: 12278: 12174:"New virulent disease threatens wheat crops in Europe and North Africa – researchers" 12035: 11976: 11962: 11894: 11827: 11822: 11615: 11473: 11427: 11176:"Worries grow that climate change will quietly steal nutrients from major food crops" 11154: 11115: 11068: 11060: 11022: 11009: 10882: 10847: 10835: 10794: 10681: 10667: 10581: 10472: 10411: 10407: 10349: 10261: 10221: 10032: 10024: 9867: 9849: 9778: 9625: 9568: 9499: 9479: 9475: 9397: 9387: 9070: 9011: 8952: 8843: 8803: 8789: 8730: 8615: 8597: 8485: 8364:"Global food crisis looms as climate change and population growth strip fertile land" 8283: 8240:

The Persistence of Subsistence Agriculture: life beneath the level of the marketplace

8208: 8163: 7975: 7922: 7879: 7817: 7799: 7682: 7655: 7614: 7587: 7562: 7551: 7490: 7438: 7417: 7376: 7337: 7247: 7204: 7171: 7028: 6919: 6880: 6858: 6799: 6726: 6687: 6595: 6557: 6536: 6533:

The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India

6463: 6327: 6275: 6261: 6216: 6140: 6135: 6098: 6035: 6010: 5943: 5896: 5855:

McTavish, E. J.; Decker, J. E.; Schnabel, R.D.; Taylor, J. F.; Hillis, D. M. (2013).

5835: 5804: 5731: 5713: 5635: 5623: 5615: 5553: 5502: 5461: 5384: 5351: 5252: 5234: 5150: 5105: 4983: 4971: 4913: 4899: 4860: 4850: 4835: 4830: 4780: 4554: 4323: 4015: 3989: 3935: 3807: 3612: 3605: 3267: 2886: 1778:

Recent trends of employment in agriculture (including forestry and fishing) by region

1750: 1701: 1562: 1454: 1392: 1096: 912: 566: 539: 487: 457: 306: 249: 212: 15858: 12462: 11717: 11494: 11081: 10044: 9258: 7304: 6339: 5955: 5565: 5514: 5363: 3524:(like storms and heat waves); changes in pests and diseases; changes in atmospheric 1974: 16587: 16561: 16315: 16079: 15804: 15752: 15605: 15323: 15281: 15173: 15064: 14972: 14957: 14765: 14627: 14605: 14583: 14389: 14174:

The Origins of Agriscience: Or Where Did All That Scientific Agriculture Come From?

14153: 13875: 13618:"Life Cycle-Based Sustainability Indicators for Assessment of the U.S. Food System" 13565: 13555: 13337: 13279: 13246: 13228: 13186: 13022: 13014: 12907: 12841: 12743: 12539: 12442: 12398: 12390: 12330: 12318: 12268: 12055: 11954: 11817: 11803: 11607: 11417: 11407: 11144: 11105: 11050: 10999: 10920: 10874: 10825: 10784: 10757: 10753: 10714: 10659: 10626: 10573: 10403: 10339: 10329: 10016: 9857: 9839: 9790: 9774: 9770: 9689: 9613: 9471: 9428: 9377: 9367: 9288: 9062: 9003: 8944: 8835: 8781: 8773: 8722: 8642:, Prepared by the UK GM Science Review panel (July 2003). Chairman David King, p. 9 8605: 8589: 8570:"A global meta-analysis of yield stability in organic and conservation agriculture" 8477: 8273: 8153: 8145: 7963: 7807: 7791: 7758: 7405: 7292: 7196: 7161: 7151: 7094: 7055: 7018: 7008: 6848: 6838: 6789: 6779: 6629: 6319: 6257: 6253: 6180: 6130: 6120: 6000: 5990: 5935: 5886: 5876: 5816: 5796: 5721: 5703: 5605: 5597: 5545: 5492: 5451: 5441: 5343: 5287: 5242: 5224: 5097: 4966: 4961: 4947: 4891: 4855: 4775: 4538: 4519: 4441: 4287: 4261: 4163: 3923: 3815: 3788: 3631: 3627: 3601: 3597: 3497: 3427: 3196: 1665: 1634: 1500: 1458: 1236: 1216: 1042: 1010: 920: 880: 749: 544: 452: 437: 175: 134: 16002: 14781: 13461:"The Future of the Green Revolution: Implications for International Grain Markets" 12111: 10655:

The State of Food and Agriculture 2020. Overcoming water challenges in agriculture

10020: 9562: 8182: 16566: 16551: 16546: 16238: 16144: 16124: 16024: 16012: 15997: 15977: 15972: 15836: 15787: 15762: 15742: 15298: 15034: 14492: 14180: 13818: 13624: 13432: 13190: 12866:

Section 4.2: Agriculture's current contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, in:

12322: 11808: 11702: 11240: 10789: 10772: 10467:

Brady, N. C.; Weil, R. R. (2002). "Practical Nutrient Management" pp. 472–515 in

9844: 9131:"Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate) | Data" 8879: 8639: 8370: 7873: 7432: 6984: 6029: 5708: 5378: 4511: 4484: 4421: 4196: 4171: 3993: 3811: 3792: 3723:

potato plants (left) resist virus diseases that damage unmodified plants (right).

3655: 3593: 3549: 3532:

concentrations; changes in the nutritional quality of some foods; and changes in

3521: 3405: 3360: 3330: 3315: 2832: 1985: 1832: 1796: 1645: 1376: 1372: 1328: 1323: 1208: 1204: 1088: 1046: 1001: 946: 916: 841: 770: 514: 286: 271: 207: 190: 16029: 14761: 12831: 12681: 12273: 11464:

George Beadle: An Uncommon Farmer. The Emergence of Genetics in the 20th century

11382: 9724: 8685: 8481: 8305: 3207: 2951:

throughout the world. Production is listed in millions of metric tons, based on

16663: 16541: 16531: 16375: 16320: 16310: 16129: 16104: 16084: 15952: 15947: 15937: 15829: 15824: 15809: 15737: 15637: 15254: 14535: 14354: 13602: 13079: 13018: 11391:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

10830: 10813: 10253: 10142:"Farming Systems: Development, Productivity, and Sustainability", pp. 25–57 in 9007: 8593: 8278: 8253: 6387: 5857:"New World cattle show ancestry from multiple independent domestication events" 5271: 5209:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

5087: 4887: 4825: 4790: 4523: 4507: 4143: 4069: 4055: 4043: 4011: 3875: 3735:

material has been altered by genetic engineering techniques generally known as

3658:

equivalent protection systems applied for on agricultural innovation worldwide.

3570: 3525: 3509: 3355:

Tillage is the practice of breaking up the soil with tools such as the plow or

3319: 3227: 3051: 2948: 2863: 2828: 2816: 1846: 1808: 1566: 1396: 1006: 967: 924: 884: 852: 805: 313: 16265: 12934: 12911: 12703:

Our planet, our health: Report of the WHO commission on health and environment

11958: 11004: 10979: 9651: 9460:"Pick-Your-Own Labor: Migrant Workers and Flexibility in Canadian Agriculture" 8397: 7967: 7333:

The Book of Looms: A History of the Handloom from Ancient Times to the Present

6484: 6185: 6099:"Archaeological evidence of teosinte domestication from Guilá Naquitz, Oaxaca" 6031:

The Book of Looms: A History of the Handloom from Ancient Times to the Present

5347: 5278:; Schultz, Ted R. (December 2005). "The Evolution of Agriculture in Insects". 4697:

interests hold a large amount of influence over policy making, in the form of

2003:, and a common cause of fatal agricultural injuries in developed countries is 1724: 16697: 16536: 16514: 16290: 16199: 16149: 16134: 16069: 16064: 16049: 16019: 15982: 15962: 15922: 15917: 15887: 15853: 15792: 15772: 15757: 15717: 15625: 15529: 15448: 15313: 15271: 15217: 15039: 14860: 14563:

Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics

14498: 13428:"World oil supplies are set to run out faster than expected, warn scientists" 13329:

Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda

13276:

Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda

13242: 13036: 12945: 12650: 12620: 12531: 12493:"Findings of the Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture" 11694: 11619: 11383:"Genetic Effects of Ultra-Violet Radiation in Maize: I. Unfiltered Radiation" 11378: 11064: 11013: 10839: 10798: 10028: 9853: 9694: 9483: 9401: 9074: 9015: 8956: 8601: 7803: 7780:"Foraging and farming as niche construction: stable and unstable adaptations" 6702: 6289: 5971:"Ancient DNA, pig domestication, and the spread of the Neolithic into Europe" 5717: 5619: 5355: 5238: 4975: 4805: 4405: 4401: 4385: 4353: 4327: 4291: 4269: 4155: 4023: 4005: 3915: 3891: 3651: 3589: 3545: 3356: 3346: 3239: 3023: 2932: 2917: 2890: 2855: 1885: 1836: 1606: 1599:, and livestock (including horses, cattle, sheep and goats) to the Americas. 1490: 896: 774: 745: 586: 519: 301: 202: 195: 13880: 13861: 13623:. University of Michigan Center for Sustainable Food Systems. Archived from 13233: 12674:"Public health risks associated with pesticides and natural toxins in foods" 12446: 11532:

Proceedings of a National Academy of Sciences Colloquium, Irvine, California

10612: 8632: 7156: 7013: 6784: 6323: 6292:; Bellwood, P. (2003). "Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions". 5995: 5939: 5881: 5601: 5549: 5497: 5480: 5446: 5229: 4391:

led to high prices and widespread protest, such as this 1846 meeting of the

3960: 1766: 1131:

between 13,000 and 11,000 years ago. Cattle were domesticated from the wild

883:

have similarly increased the output of meat, but have raised concerns about

736:

for food and non-food products. Agriculture was a key factor in the rise of

26:

This article is about agriculture for humans. For agriculture for ants, see

16675: 16481: 16300: 16280: 16248: 16177: 16164: 16139: 16119: 16089: 15814: 15782: 15560: 15368: 15227: 15202: 15044: 15002: 14947: 14905: 14786: 14729: 14707: 14685: 14663: 14641: 14619: 14597: 14575: 14553: 14460: 13982: 13579: 13560: 13359: 13301: 13260: 13044: 12935:

Emissions due to agriculture. Global, regional and country trends 2000–2018

12853: 12454: 12420:"Competition for Light Causes Plant Biodiversity Loss After Eutrophication" 11831: 11431: 11412: 11180: 11072: 11055: 10415: 10391: 10353: 10334: 10036: 9945: 9871: 9782: 9681: 8619: 8287: 8167: 8149: 7869: 7821: 7795: 7175: 7099: 7032: 6957: 6862: 6803: 6331: 6144: 6125: 6014: 5947: 5915: 5900: 5808: 5735: 5627: 5557: 5506: 5465: 5256: 4810: 4765: 4760: 4694: 4679: 4358: 4310: 4298: 4238: 4192: 3997: 3676: 3618: 3575: 3431: 3397: 2913: 2909: 2878: 2845: 1877: 1812: 1588: 1557:. The agricultural population under feudalism was typically organized into 1478: 1470: 1315: 1136: 856: 801: 782: 765: 741: 524: 482: 427: 385: 342: 318: 12940:(Report). FAOSTAT Analytical Brief Series. Vol. 18. Rome. p. 2. 10718: 8537:"Hydroponic Veggies Are Taking Over Organic, And A Move To Ban Them Fails" 7372:

The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture

7059: 6760:"Molecular evidence for a single evolutionary origin of domesticated rice" 5684:"The Origin of Cultivation and Proto-Weeds, Long Before Neolithic Farming" 3266:

that increased production, while mostly disregarding the need to preserve

1819:(CAP) in 2005 to phase out commodity-linked farm subsidies, also known as 1139:

emerged in Eurasia, including Europe, East Asia and Southwest Asia, where

1033: 16687: 16392: 16387: 16059: 16054: 16044: 16039: 15967: 15957: 15732: 15697: 15677: 15642: 15610: 15358: 15293: 15276: 15249: 15222: 15207: 15183: 15054: 14895: 14202:. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. pp. 3–11 12344:

Bai, Z.G.; Dent, D.L.; Olsson, L. & Schaepman, M.E. (November 2008).

10811: 8948: 4755: 4545:

and Henry Gilbert began a set of long-term agronomy field experiments at

4433: 4417: 4282: 4273: 4019: 3740: 3251: 2894: 2870: 2073:

Largest countries by agricultural output (in nominal terms) according to

1881: 1744: 1710: 1638: 1630: 1610: 1558: 1546: 1511: 1442: 1433: 1368: 1311: 1272: 1128: 1100: 993: 825: 758: 729: 534: 360: 350: 291: 276: 185: 170: 144: 9491: 9459: 8964: 8932: 7856:

Continent of Hunter-Gatherers: New Perspectives in Australian Prehistory

6843: 6503: 5800: 5610: 3281:

Grassland based livestock production relies upon plant material such as

3218:

Animal husbandry is the breeding and raising of animals for meat, milk,

2928:, highly productive annual farming is the dominant agricultural system. 1403:

was domesticated in the Andes, as were the peanut, tomato, tobacco, and

16109: 15992: 15927: 15912: 15870: 15747: 15647: 15049: 14997: 14992: 14875: 14279: 13947: 13656:"Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics" 11627: 11595: 9162:"Economic structure and agricultural productivity in Europe, 1300–1800" 9100: 9023: 8991: 8834:. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2022. 8785: 8772:. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2022. 7763: 7738: 4997: 4948:"Which farms feed the world and has farmland become more concentrated?" 4795: 4725: 4567: 4563: 4542: 4515: 4333: 4074: 4039: 3755: 3663: 3383: 3375: 3350: 3263: 3219: 3061: 3041: 2901: 1602: 1573: 1561:

consisting of several hundred or more acres of land presided over by a

1446: 1416: 1319: 1268: 1260: 1172: 1160: 1124: 1062: 868: 864: 529: 477: 472: 365: 355: 244: 222: 217: 13027: 12893:

Nabuurs, G-J.; Mrabet, R.; Abu Hatab, A.; Bustamante, M.; et al.

12671: 12403: 11596:"Hybrid Corn: An Exploration in the Economics of Technological Change" 11296: 10736:

Tacconi, L. (2012). "Redefining payments for environmental services".

10392:"A global view of livestock biodiversity and conservation – Globaldiv" 9382: 8138:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

7784:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

7584:

Before the Wilderness: Environmental Management by Native Californians

6819:"A map of rice genome variation reveals the origin of cultivated rice" 5420:

Rubio De Casas, R.; Sanjur, O.I.; Thomas, M. G.; Fuller, D.Q. (2014).

4946:

Lowder, Sarah K.; Sánchez, Marco V.; Bertini, Raffaele (1 June 2021).

16556: 16519: 16466: 16446: 16441: 16099: 15585: 15572: 15564: 15259: 14987: 14393: 11246: 11149: 11110: 10878: 10663: 10577: 9916:"CDC – NIOSH – NORA Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing Sector Council" 9617: 8839: 8777: 8726: 5275: 5101: 5057: 4895: 4388: 4211: 4162:

make up over half of total greenhouse gas emission from agriculture.

4097: 4027: 3965: 3838: 3668: 3286: 3282: 3246:

crops, wrangle other animals, and transport farm products to buyers.

3192: 2921: 2882: 1807:

movements. One of the major forces behind this movement has been the

1788: 1669: 1527: 1438: 1428: 1404: 1348: 1256: 1212: 1164: 1140: 1116: 955: 860: 817: 737: 725: 467: 13937:"Do Global Trade Distortions Still Harm Developing Country Farmers?" 11611: 11039:"Robotic milking: Technology, farm design, and effects on work flow" 9432: 9259:"Services sector overtakes farming as world's biggest employer: ILO" 5481:"Origins of Agriculture at Kuk Swamp in the Highlands of New Guinea" 4529:

The scientific study of agriculture began in the 18th century, when

4436:(e.g. more highly processed products) provided by the supply chain. 3886:

equivalents. By comparison, all transportation emits 13.5% of the CO

1956:

in women's access to irrigation and in ownership of livestock, too.

1343: 16415: 16342: 16270: 16007: 15882: 15672: 14952: 14693: 14671: 14649: 14383: 13341: 13283: 12543: 11715: 10868: 10653: 10567: 10285: 10163:"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAOSTAT)" 9822: 9682:"NIOSH Pesticide Poisoning Monitoring Program Protects Farmworkers" 9607: 9372: 9318:

Tempo di cambiare. Rapporto 2015 sulle migrazioni interne in Italia

8829: 8767: 8392: 7409: 7296: 7243: 4881: 4785: 4698: 4489: 4479: 4035: 3732: 3728: 3580: 3294: 2874: 2019:

activities often go unreported. The organization has developed the

1981: 1850:

Development of agricultural output of China in 2015 US$ since 1961

1684: 1680: 1388: 1379:

was probably domesticated in Mexico or the American Southwest. The

1292: 1188: 1014: 848: 733: 432: 14132:"The Park Grass Experiment 1856–2006: its contribution to ecology" 13978:"America's $ 24bn subsidy damages developing world cotton farmers" 10948: 9652:"NIOSH Workplace Safety & Health Topic: Agricultural Injuries" 7200: 6248:

Gerritsen, R. (2008). "Australia and the Origins of Agriculture".

5681: 4183: 1135:

in the areas of modern Turkey and Pakistan some 10,500 years ago.

16524: 16486: 16476: 16352: 15987: 15877: 15308: 15264: 15232: 14494:

Principles of Crop Production: Theory, Techniques, and Technology

13898:

Lloyd, Peter J.; Croser, Johanna L.; Anderson, Kym (March 2009).

8878:. International Fund for Agricultural Development. Archived from 8568:

Knapp, Samuel; van der Heijden, Marcel G. A. (7 September 2018).

8134:"The role of conservation agriculture in sustainable agriculture" 7581: 5968: 4541:) as a fertilizer. Research became more systematic when in 1843, 4503: 4461: 4448: 4246: 4159: 3977: 3911: 3903: 3846: 3682:

International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants

3608:, and molecular techniques that genetically modify the organism. 3553: 3415: 3409: 3387: 3379: 3342: 3334: 3273: 3243: 2925: 2889:, in which several crops are grown sequentially in one year, and 2859: 1906:

Worldwide employment In agriculture, forestry and fishing in 2021

1697: 1649: 1407:. Cotton was domesticated in Peru by 3,600 BC. Animals including 1307: 1280: 1176: 1132: 997: 989: 892: 281: 227: 14129: 12084:"External Costs of Agricultural Production in the United States" 8081:"A Brief History of Our Deadly Addiction to Nitrogen Fertilizer" 7473:

Publications in Anthropology 16. University of Kansas, Lawrence.

6213:

The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia

4570:(such as solitary wasps) and predators of both pests in the US. 4420:. In the United States, and elsewhere, food costs attributed to 4272:

could replace 50 farm workers, at the price of increased use of

3310:

growth in livestock production between 2003 and 2030 will be in

1595:

to Europe, and Old World crops such as wheat, barley, rice, and

1251:

started to live in villages from about 8,000 BC, relying on the

16216: 16209: 16204: 15620: 15286: 15212: 14880: 14870: 12261: 11753:. Rural Advancement Foundation International. 11 January 2013. 9333:"Migrants in the Rural Economies of Greece and Southern Europe" 8388:"Africa may be able to feed only 25% of its population by 2025" 8302:"Encyclopædia Britannica's definition of Intensive Agriculture" 7188: 4534: 4493: 4413: 4151: 4064: 3981: 3914:

emission. Livestock expansion is cited as a key factor driving

3866: 3845:

area of France, a disease that had previously only occurred in

3647: 3646:

protection for agri inventions, as seen in the total number of

3401: 3299: 2841: 2836: 2655: 1718: 1657: 1596: 1592: 1504: 1412: 1352: 1296: 1288: 1252: 1220: 1156: 1104: 813: 809: 180: 14792: 14751: 14717:

World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023

13273: 12895:"Chapter 7: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses (AFOLU)" 12296: 12236:. Rome: U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization. Archived from 12228: 8876:"Food prices: smallholder farmers can be part of the solution" 6415:"Ancient Egyptian Agriculture and the Origins of Horticulture" 6354:"When the First Farmers Arrived in Europe, Inequality Evolved" 5422:"Current perspectives and the future of domestication studies" 1668:. Unsustainable farming practices in North America led to the 16305: 15303: 12380: 12036:"An assessment of the total external costs of UK agriculture" 10814:"Economics of robots and automation in field crop production" 10189:"Profiles of 15 of the world's major plant and animal fibres" 9949: 9919: 8990:

Gollin, Douglas; Parente, Stephen; Rogerson, Richard (2002).

8931:

Michaels, Guy; Rauch, Ferdinand; Redding, Stephen J. (2012).

8684:. USDA Economic Research Service. 5 July 2012. Archived from 5418: 4670:(including policies related to taxes), natural resources and 3973: 3865:

converts waste plant material and manure from livestock into

3831: 3529: 3367:, and reduces the abundance and diversity of soil organisms. 3259: 2989: 2026:

In the United States, agriculture has been identified by the

1408: 1380: 1360: 1248: 1196: 1192: 1180: 1152: 1144: 821: 793: 296: 16682: 12892: 12231:"Livestock's Long Shadow – Environmental issues and options" 11919: 11718:"Benefits and risks of the use of herbicide-resistant crops" 11297:"Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability" 7678:

Agriculture of the Hidatsa Indians: An Indian Interpretation

1259:

rivers and a canal system for irrigation. Ploughs appear in

788:

The major agricultural products can be broadly grouped into

16:

Cultivation of plants and animals to provide useful products

16226: 15841: 15194: 14982: 14254:

Southern Appalachian Biological Control Initiative Workshop

13893: 13891: 12395:

10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0559:NPOSWW]2.0.CO;2

12267:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 25–84, 10949:"FAOSTAT: Discontinued archives and data series: Machinery" 10918: 10632:

10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0909:WRAAEI]2.0.CO;2

10613:

Pimentel, D.; Berger, D.; Filberto, D.; Newton, M. (2004).

8132:

Hobbs, Peter R; Sayre, Ken; Gupta, Raj (12 February 2008).

4589: 4506:

that encompasses the parts of exact, natural, economic and

4073:

withdrawals have continued to grow at an ever faster pace.

3408:

either dry or liquid formulations of manure on cropland or

3371: 3231: 3223: 2985: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2905: 2835:

crops for a period of several years. Then the plot is left

1831:. There are concerns about the lower yield associated with 1587:

brought New World crops such as maize, potatoes, tomatoes,

1400: 1276: 1148: 1108: 1092: 1055: Area 3 is no longer recognised as a centre of origin 833: 829: 797: 789: 462: 162: 14695:

The status of women in agrifood systems – Overview

12206:. UN Food and Agriculture Organization. 29 November 2006. 10166: 7875:

The Biggest Estate on Earth: How Aborigines made Australia

6722:

Medieval Science, Technology And Medicine: An Encyclopedia

5527: 4336:

and tunnels, mulch to cover soil (e.g. to suppress weeds,

1306:

In China, from the 5th century BC, there was a nationwide

16154: 13601:. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from 13334:

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

13324:

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

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Food classes include 587:Agriculturist profession 406:Agricultural engineering 391:Agricultural cooperative 21:Farming (disambiguation) 15354:Agricultural wastewater 15077:Sustainable food system 15072:Sustainable agriculture 14963:Animal-free agriculture 14931:Agricultural technology 14736:). Text taken from 14714:). Text taken from 14692:). Text taken from 14670:). Text taken from 14648:). Text taken from 14626:). Text taken from 14604:). Text taken from 14582:). Text taken from 14560:). Text taken from 14107:. Rothamsted Research. 13881:10.1111/0002-9092.00106 13508:CRS Report for Congress 13234:10.1073/pnas.1710465114 12500:Annual Report 2006/2007 12447:10.1126/science.1169640 12383:Ecological Applications 11748:"Farmers Guide to GMOs" 11594:Griliches, Zvi (1957). 11239:5 November 2014 at the 10008:Journal of Agromedicine 8638:16 October 2013 at the 8190:. 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Wild foods including 1425:East domesticated crops 1347:Agricultural scenes of 1243:about 9,000 years ago. 933:some countries ban them 557:Sustainable food system 552:Sustainable agriculture 443:Animal-free agriculture 411:Agricultural technology 16411:Biodynamic agriculture 16348:Postharvest physiology 16296:Landscape architecture 15993:Indonesian home garden 15454:Agricultural machinery 15412:History of agriculture 15397:Agriculture by country 15392:Agricultural machinery 15349:Agricultural pollution 15344:Agricultural expansion 15119:Austronesian expansion 15030:Mechanised agriculture 14720:, FAO, FAO. 14698:, FAO, FAO. 14676:, FAO, FAO. 14654:, FAO, FAO. 14632:, FAO, FAO. 14588:, FAO, FAO. 14542:. Taipei: Caves Books. 14179:2 October 2008 at the 14070:. Callisto Reference. 14066:Boucher, Jude (2018). 14045:. Callisto Reference. 14041:Bosso, Thelma (2015). 14010:"Agriculture's Bounty" 13860:Sexton, R. J. (2000). 13561:10.1098/rstb.2010.0172 12971:www.downtoearth.org.in 12355:/ISRIC. 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Cengage Learning. 5270:Mueller, Ulrich G.; 4741:Agricultural finance 4500:Agricultural science 4474:Agricultural science 4468:Agricultural science 4438:Market concentration 4424:, distribution, and 4393:Anti-Corn Law League 4224:carbon sequestration 4220:conservation tillage 4189:conservation tillage 4106:pesticide resistance 4032:loss of biodiversity 3934:(UNEP) states that " 3773:Environmental impact 3721:Genetically modified 3667:the introduction of 3518:average temperatures 3326:Production practices 3230:, including horses, 3033:Fish (2001 estimate) 1997:industrialized farms 1935:Women in agriculture 1734:shifting cultivation 1287:, wheat, barley and 1083:Neolithic Revolution 970:adaptation of Latin 448:Cellular agriculture 401:Agricultural science 70:Neolithic Revolution 14229:on 24 November 2015 14150:2006JEcol..94..801S 13720:University of Idaho 13554:(1554): 2991–3006. 13225:2017PNAS..11411645G 13219:(44): 11645–11650. 13183:2004CrPro..23..757T 12684:on 18 February 1999 12439:2009Sci...324..636H 12362:on 13 December 2013 12180:. 3 February 2017. 12052:2000AgSys..65..113P 11928:on 24 December 2012 11404:1936PNAS...22..572S 11143:. 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(2012). 7291:(S-4): S453–S470. 6592:A History of India 6072:University of Utah 5867:(15): E1398–1406. 5274:; Aanen, Duur K.; 5272:Gerardo, Nicole M. 5176:The New York Times 4751:Agricultural robot 4668:economic stability 4584: 4497: 4410:American Civil War 4397: 4346:soil contamination 4278: 4201: 4140: 4101: 4075:Agricultural water 4016:aquatic ecosystems 3986: 3958: 3871: 3863:anaerobic digester 3800: 3749:Biosafety Protocol 3725: 3660: 3624: 3585: 3507: 3425: 3339: 3279: 3216: 3212:Intensively farmed 2867: 2844:) and some manual 2821: 2664: 2637:CIA World Factbook 2087: 2079:CIA World Factbook 2065: 1989: 1924: 1908: 1852: 1780: 1772: 1730: 1706: 1689: 1627:selective breeding 1625:, pesticides, and 1585:Columbian exchange 1549:, compared to the 1543: 1483:companion planting 1463:fire-stick farming 1365: 1245: 1068: 1023:animal agriculture 960: 958:grain in Ethiopia. 877:Selective breeding 773:and greatly shape 238:Rotational grazing 120:Columbian exchange 16633: 16632: 16505:Community orchard 16331:drought tolerance 15527: 15526: 15087:Urban agriculture 15060:Rice-duck farming 15008:Intensive farming 14978:Extensive farming 14527:978-0-86720-871-9 14508:978-0-13-022133-9 14403:978-92-5-134917-5 14077:978-1-63239-965-6 14052:978-1-63239-058-5 13834:978-0-313-32525-0 13782:Conrad, David E. 13351:978-0-309-48452-7 13293:978-0-309-48452-7 12433:(5927): 636–638. 12307:(5325): 494–499. 12284:978-3-319-46707-8 12265:Rangeland Systems 11968:978-3-030-83224-7 11701:. Cambridge, MA: 11479:978-0-87969-688-7 11160:978-92-5-137099-5 11121:978-92-5-137080-3 10888:978-92-5-137005-6 10777:IFAC-PapersOnLine 10673:978-92-5-133441-6 10587:978-92-5-136043-9 10267:978-1-86252-992-2 10227:978-0-521-63495-3 10063:Our World in Data 9922:. 21 March 2018. 9763:Injury Prevention 9574:978-92-5-109873-8 9362:Nori, M. (2017). 9235:. 21 March 2011. 9160:Allen, Robert C. 8849:978-92-5-136502-1 8795:978-92-5-136499-4 8736:978-92-5-138262-2 8491:978-1-4684-1508-7 8144:(1491): 543–555. 7928:978-1-4262-1609-1 7885:978-1-74237-748-3 7790:(1566): 849–862. 7695:on 14 March 2016. 7688:978-1-4099-4233-7 7661:978-0-520-24851-9 7620:978-1-59714-136-9 7593:978-0-87919-126-9 7586:. Ballena Press. 7568:978-0-520-24605-8 7496:978-0-19-973496-2 7444:978-0-915703-01-2 7382:978-92-5-105762-9 7343:978-0-87451-649-4 7253:978-1-85109-426-4 7210:978-0-309-04264-2 6925:978-1-84593-913-7 6829:(7421): 497–501. 6770:(20): 8351–8356. 6732:978-0-415-96930-7 6300:(5619): 597–603. 6267:978-1-4073-0354-3 6177:Knowable Magazine 6041:978-0-87451-649-4 5841:978-0-8134-2464-4 5787:(7161): 459–462. 5588:(6456): 897–902. 5536:(6042): 560–561. 5491:(5630): 189–193. 5432:(17): 6139–6146. 5390:978-1-133-41722-4 5184:on 1 January 2022 5156:978-0-19-863121-7 5111:978-92-5-137588-4 4953:World Development 4905:978-92-5-134329-6 4861:Vegetable farming 4851:Urban agriculture 4836:Soil biodiversity 4831:Rural Development 4781:Corporate farming 4660: 4659: 4555:Hatch Act of 1887 4357:will deteriorate 4324:Plastic pollution 4318:Plastic pollution 4257:Energy dependence 3990:biodiversity loss 3936:methane emissions 3882:as measured in CO 3808:biodiversity loss 3784:Effects and costs 3662:Investments into 3613:drought tolerance 3606:cross-pollination 3598:recessive alleles 3528:and ground-level 3386:, intercropping, 3268:genetic diversity 3183: 3182: 3080: 3079: 2887:Multiple cropping 2885:and fertilizers. 2805: 2804: 2801: 2800: 2649: 2648: 2645: 2644: 2005:tractor rollovers 1751:Intensive farming 1702:combine harvester 1563:lord of the manor 1487:the Three Sisters 1455:Pacific Northwest 1363:, 15th century BC 1097:centers of origin 1045:, as numbered by 1043:Centres of origin 1019:plant agriculture 913:biodiversity loss 719: 718: 567:Urban agriculture 540:Rice-duck farming 488:Intensive farming 458:Extensive farming 16721: 16686: 16685: 16674: 16673: 16672: 16662: 16661: 16660: 16650: 16649: 16648: 16641: 16621: 16620: 16609: 16608: 16597: 16596: 16586: 16585: 16562:Plant collecting 16498:Related articles 16435:Plant protection 15616:French intensive 15554: 15547: 15540: 15531: 15530: 15516: 15515: 15504: 15503: 15492: 15480: 15479: 15324:Wildlife farming 15174:Green Revolution 15125:Ancient history 15065:Rice-fish system 14973:Contract farming 14958:Animal husbandry 14817: 14810: 14803: 14794: 14793: 14766:World Bank Group 14727: 14705: 14683: 14661: 14639: 14617: 14595: 14573: 14551: 14543: 14531: 14512: 14478: 14477: 14475: 14473: 14451: 14445: 14444: 14426: 14420: 14419: 14417: 14415: 14394:10.4060/cb6562en 14380: 14371: 14370: 14368: 14366: 14357:. 16 June 2016. 14347: 14341: 14340: 14338: 14336: 14330: 14319: 14310: 14304: 14303: 14301: 14299: 14276: 14270: 14269: 14267: 14265: 14245: 14239: 14238: 14236: 14234: 14228: 14222:. Archived from 14217: 14209: 14203: 14194: 14188: 14170: 14164: 14163: 14161: 14127: 14121: 14120: 14118: 14116: 14101: 14095: 14088: 14082: 14081: 14063: 14057: 14056: 14038: 14032: 14031: 14029: 14027: 14021: 14014: 14006: 14000: 13999: 13997: 13995: 13973: 13967: 13966: 13964: 13962: 13956: 13950:. pp. 1–2. 13941: 13932: 13926: 13925: 13923: 13921: 13915: 13904: 13895: 13886: 13885: 13883: 13874:(5): 1087–1104. 13857: 13851: 13850: 13848: 13846: 13820:Medieval Castles 13814: 13808: 13807: 13805: 13803: 13794:. Archived from 13779: 13773: 13772: 13770: 13768: 13762: 13751: 13742: 13736: 13735: 13733: 13731: 13722:. Archived from 13712: 13706: 13705: 13703: 13701: 13682: 13676: 13675: 13673: 13671: 13651: 13640: 13639: 13637: 13635: 13630:on 14 March 2016 13629: 13622: 13613: 13607: 13606: 13590: 13584: 13583: 13573: 13563: 13537: 13531: 13530: 13528: 13526: 13520: 13505: 13496: 13483: 13482: 13480: 13478: 13472: 13465: 13456: 13450: 13449: 13447: 13445: 13424: 13418: 13417: 13404: 13398: 13397: 13391: 13383: 13381: 13379: 13320: 13314: 13313: 13271: 13265: 13264: 13254: 13236: 13201: 13195: 13194: 13166: 13160: 13159: 13157: 13155: 13139: 13133: 13132: 13130: 13128: 13122: 13111: 13102: 13096: 13095: 13093: 13091: 13075: 13069: 13068: 13066: 13064: 13030: 12998: 12987: 12986: 12984: 12982: 12973:. Archived from 12963: 12957: 12956: 12954: 12939: 12930: 12924: 12922: 12920: 12899: 12890: 12884: 12883: 12864: 12858: 12857: 12829: 12823: 12822: 12820: 12814:. Archived from 12799: 12790: 12784: 12783: 12781: 12779: 12764: 12758: 12757: 12744:Hudson Institute 12742:. Indianapolis: 12741: 12731: 12725: 12719: 12710: 12700: 12694: 12693: 12691: 12689: 12680:. Archived from 12669: 12663: 12662: 12660: 12658: 12639: 12633: 12632: 12630: 12628: 12609: 12603: 12602: 12600: 12598: 12576: 12570: 12569: 12567: 12565: 12529: 12523: 12522: 12520: 12518: 12512: 12497: 12488: 12482: 12481: 12479: 12477: 12471: 12424: 12415: 12409: 12408: 12406: 12378: 12372: 12371: 12369: 12367: 12361: 12350: 12341: 12335: 12334: 12316: 12294: 12288: 12287: 12276: 12259: 12253: 12252: 12250: 12248: 12242: 12235: 12226: 12220: 12219: 12217: 12215: 12200: 12194: 12193: 12191: 12189: 12170: 12164: 12163: 12161: 12159: 12140: 12134: 12133: 12131: 12129: 12108: 12102: 12101: 12099: 12088: 12079: 12070: 12069: 12063: 12031: 12022: 12021: 12019: 12017: 12002: 11993: 11992: 11990: 11988: 11944: 11938: 11937: 11935: 11933: 11917: 11911: 11910: 11908: 11906: 11891: 11885: 11884: 11876: 11870: 11869: 11867: 11865: 11846: 11840: 11839: 11825: 11799: 11793: 11792: 11776: 11770: 11769: 11767: 11765: 11759: 11752: 11744: 11738: 11737: 11735: 11733: 11713: 11707: 11706: 11691: 11685: 11684: 11682: 11680: 11675:on 24 March 2013 11664: 11658: 11657: 11655: 11653: 11638: 11632: 11631: 11591: 11585: 11584: 11582: 11580: 11566: 11557: 11554: 11548: 11547: 11545: 11543: 11534:. Archived from 11523: 11517: 11516: 11514: 11499: 11490: 11484: 11483: 11467: 11457: 11451: 11450: 11448: 11446: 11440: 11425: 11415: 11387: 11375: 11369: 11368: 11366: 11364: 11345: 11339: 11338: 11323: 11317: 11316: 11314: 11312: 11293: 11280: 11279: 11273: 11265: 11263: 11261: 11243:(archived ), in 11226: 11220: 11219: 11204: 11198: 11197: 11195: 11193: 11171: 11165: 11164: 11152: 11150:10.4060/cc2688en 11137: 11126: 11125: 11113: 11111:10.4060/cc2624en 11097: 11091: 11090: 11084: 11058: 11049:(9): 7729–7738. 11034: 11028: 11027: 11025: 11007: 10975: 10969: 10968: 10966: 10964: 10945: 10939: 10938: 10936: 10934: 10916: 10905: 10904: 10902: 10900: 10879:10.4060/cc2459en 10865: 10852: 10851: 10833: 10809: 10803: 10802: 10792: 10768: 10762: 10761: 10733: 10727: 10726: 10704: 10698: 10697: 10695: 10693: 10664:10.4060/cb1447en 10650: 10637: 10636: 10634: 10610: 10604: 10603: 10601: 10599: 10578:10.4060/cb9479en 10564: 10539: 10533: 10527: 10521: 10515: 10509: 10503: 10497: 10491: 10485: 10479: 10465: 10456: 10455: 10453: 10451: 10445: 10438: 10430: 10424: 10423: 10387: 10381: 10380: 10364: 10358: 10357: 10347: 10337: 10313: 10304: 10303: 10301: 10299: 10283: 10272: 10271: 10250: 10244: 10243: 10241: 10239: 10211: 10205: 10204: 10202: 10200: 10185: 10179: 10178: 10176: 10174: 10165:. Archived from 10159: 10146: 10140: 10121: 10114: 10105: 10104: 10102: 10100: 10085: 10079: 10078: 10076: 10074: 10055: 10049: 10048: 10002: 9996: 9995: 9993: 9991: 9972: 9966: 9965: 9963: 9961: 9942: 9936: 9935: 9933: 9931: 9912: 9906: 9905: 9903: 9901: 9892:. 15 June 2009. 9882: 9876: 9875: 9865: 9847: 9813: 9807: 9806: 9804: 9802: 9754: 9745: 9744: 9742: 9740: 9721: 9712: 9711: 9709: 9707: 9697: 9678: 9672: 9671: 9669: 9667: 9648: 9642: 9641: 9639: 9637: 9618:10.4060/cc5060en 9604: 9591: 9590: 9588: 9586: 9559: 9546: 9545: 9543: 9541: 9522: 9516: 9515: 9513: 9511: 9455: 9449: 9448: 9446: 9444: 9412: 9406: 9405: 9385: 9375: 9359: 9353: 9352: 9350: 9348: 9328: 9322: 9321: 9313: 9307: 9306: 9304: 9302: 9285: 9279: 9278: 9276: 9274: 9255: 9249: 9248: 9246: 9244: 9225: 9214: 9213: 9211: 9209: 9190: 9184: 9183: 9181: 9166: 9157: 9151: 9150: 9148: 9146: 9127: 9121: 9120: 9118: 9116: 9097: 9091: 9090: 9088: 9086: 9046: 9040: 9039: 9037: 9035: 8987: 8981: 8980: 8978: 8976: 8928: 8922: 8921: 8919: 8917: 8898: 8892: 8891: 8889: 8887: 8872: 8866: 8865: 8863: 8861: 8840:10.4060/cc0640en 8826: 8820: 8819: 8817: 8815: 8778:10.4060/cc0639en 8764: 8753: 8752: 8750: 8748: 8727:10.4060/cc8166en 8709: 8698: 8697: 8695: 8693: 8678: 8672: 8671: 8669: 8667: 8652: 8643: 8630: 8624: 8623: 8613: 8565: 8559: 8558: 8556: 8554: 8532: 8526: 8525: 8523: 8521: 8502: 8496: 8495: 8469: 8463: 8462: 8460: 8458: 8443: 8437: 8436: 8434: 8432: 8416: 8410: 8409: 8407: 8405: 8384: 8378: 8360: 8354: 8353: 8351: 8349: 8334: 8328: 8327: 8322:. Archived from 8316: 8310: 8309: 8304:. Archived from 8298: 8292: 8291: 8281: 8250: 8244: 8243: 8235: 8229: 8228: 8226: 8224: 8205: 8199: 8198: 8196: 8189: 8178: 8172: 8171: 8161: 8129: 8123: 8122: 8107: 8101: 8100: 8098: 8096: 8076: 8067: 8066: 8046: 8040: 8039: 8037: 8035: 8029: 8022: 8013: 8007: 8006: 8004: 8002: 7989:Crosby, Alfred. 7986: 7980: 7979: 7951: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7940: 7908: 7902: 7901: 7899: 7897: 7872:(October 2011). 7866: 7860: 7859: 7851: 7845: 7844: 7832: 7826: 7825: 7815: 7775: 7769: 7768: 7766: 7734: 7728: 7727: 7725: 7723: 7703: 7697: 7696: 7691:. Archived from 7672: 7666: 7665: 7653: 7643: 7637: 7636: 7634: 7632: 7604: 7598: 7597: 7579: 7573: 7572: 7556: 7546: 7540: 7539: 7537: 7535: 7519: 7513: 7512: 7510: 7508: 7480: 7474: 7467: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7456: 7428: 7422: 7421: 7393: 7387: 7386: 7366: 7360: 7359: 7357: 7355: 7327: 7321: 7320: 7318: 7316: 7276: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7265: 7233: 7227: 7226: 7224: 7222: 7186: 7180: 7179: 7169: 7159: 7125: 7119: 7118: 7112: 7104: 7102: 7082: 7076: 7075: 7073: 7071: 7043: 7037: 7036: 7026: 7016: 6999:(7): 2807–2812. 6981: 6975: 6974: 6972: 6970: 6948: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6937: 6909: 6900: 6893: 6887: 6873: 6867: 6866: 6856: 6846: 6814: 6808: 6807: 6797: 6787: 6755: 6749: 6748: 6746: 6744: 6716: 6710: 6707:Han Civilization 6700: 6694: 6680: 6674: 6668: 6662: 6656: 6650: 6644: 6638: 6637: 6609: 6603: 6588: 6582: 6571: 6565: 6550: 6544: 6529: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6512: 6489: 6480: 6474: 6473: 6461: 6451: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6434: 6419: 6410: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6390:. Archived from 6380: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6350: 6344: 6343: 6317: 6315:10.1.1.1013.4523 6286: 6280: 6279: 6245: 6236: 6229: 6223: 6209: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6188: 6168: 6162: 6155: 6149: 6148: 6138: 6128: 6111:(4): 2104–2106. 6094: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6083: 6064: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6053: 6025: 6019: 6018: 6008: 5998: 5966: 5960: 5959: 5914:Larson, Greger; 5911: 5905: 5904: 5894: 5884: 5852: 5846: 5845: 5827: 5821: 5820: 5776: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5746: 5740: 5739: 5729: 5711: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5613: 5576: 5570: 5569: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5500: 5476: 5470: 5469: 5459: 5449: 5416: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5374: 5368: 5367: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5315:on 23 March 2012 5305: 5296: 5295: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5250: 5232: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5183: 5178:. Archived from 5167: 5161: 5160: 5144: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5102:10.4060/cc4140en 5084: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5013: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4969: 4943: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4896:10.4060/cb4476en 4878: 4856:Vertical farming 4776:Contract farming 4594: 4586:Direct subsidies 4583: 4539:calcium sulphate 4520:waste management 4492:mapping a plant 4442:economic surplus 4288:world population 4164:Animal husbandry 4054:contributing to 3924:land degradation 3876:greenhouse gases 3853:Livestock issues 3841:on wheat in the 3816:soil degradation 3628:Green Revolution 3602:self-pollination 3522:weather extremes 3520:, rainfall, and 3428:Water management 3197:Animal husbandry 3084: 3083: 2959: 2958: 2935:include cotton, 2864:Mexican marigold 2796: 2795: 2786: 2784: 2783: 2771: 2770: 2761: 2759: 2758: 2746: 2745: 2736: 2734: 2733: 2721: 2720: 2711: 2709: 2708: 2696: 2695: 2686: 2684: 2683: 2666: 2663: 2651: 2650: 2640: 2623: 2622: 2613: 2611: 2610: 2598: 2597: 2588: 2586: 2585: 2573: 2572: 2563: 2561: 2560: 2548: 2547: 2538: 2536: 2535: 2523: 2522: 2513: 2511: 2510: 2498: 2497: 2488: 2486: 2485: 2473: 2472: 2463: 2461: 2460: 2448: 2447: 2438: 2436: 2435: 2423: 2422: 2413: 2411: 2410: 2398: 2397: 2388: 2386: 2385: 2373: 2372: 2363: 2361: 2360: 2348: 2347: 2338: 2336: 2335: 2323: 2322: 2313: 2311: 2310: 2298: 2297: 2288: 2286: 2285: 2273: 2272: 2263: 2261: 2260: 2248: 2247: 2238: 2236: 2235: 2223: 2222: 2213: 2211: 2210: 2198: 2197: 2188: 2186: 2185: 2173: 2172: 2165: 2161: 2159: 2158: 2144: 2143: 2134: 2132: 2131: 2119: 2118: 2109: 2107: 2106: 2089: 2086: 2070: 2069: 1785:Soil degradation 1666:organic movement 1635:ammonium nitrate 1583:After 1492, the 1555:self-sufficiency 1537: 1534: 1501:hunter-gatherers 1459:forest gardening 1247:In Eurasia, the 1217:Natufian culture 1205:Eurasian Steppes 1060: 1054: 1040: 1011:animal husbandry 1009:, horticulture, 987: 981: 975: 921:soil degradation 881:animal husbandry 711: 704: 697: 683: 682: 681: 545:Rice-fish system 453:Contract farming 438:Animal husbandry 176:Animal husbandry 135:Green Revolution 86:Ancient history 49: 35: 34: 16729: 16728: 16724: 16723: 16722: 16720: 16719: 16718: 16694: 16693: 16692: 16680: 16670: 16668: 16658: 16656: 16646: 16644: 16636: 16634: 16629: 16580: 16571: 16567:Turf management 16552:Lists of plants 16547:List of gardens 16493: 16430: 16397: 16159: 15709: 15702: 15567: 15558: 15528: 15523: 15469: 15468: 15467: 15436: 15427:Poultry farming 15380: 15335: 15328: 15299:Poultry farming 15189: 15165:Modern history 15145:Post-classical 15093: 15092: 15091: 15035:Organic farming 14890: 14889: 14885: 14849: 14826: 14821: 14748: 14536:Needham, Joseph 14528: 14509: 14487: 14482: 14481: 14471: 14469: 14452: 14448: 14427: 14423: 14413: 14411: 14404: 14382: 14381: 14374: 14364: 14362: 14349: 14348: 14344: 14334: 14332: 14328: 14317: 14311: 14307: 14297: 14295: 14278: 14277: 14273: 14263: 14261: 14246: 14242: 14232: 14230: 14226: 14215: 14211: 14210: 14206: 14195: 14191: 14181:Wayback Machine 14171: 14167: 14128: 14124: 14114: 14112: 14103: 14102: 14098: 14089: 14085: 14078: 14064: 14060: 14053: 14039: 14035: 14025: 14023: 14019: 14012: 14008: 14007: 14003: 13993: 13991: 13974: 13970: 13960: 13958: 13954: 13939: 13933: 13929: 13919: 13917: 13913: 13902: 13896: 13889: 13858: 13854: 13844: 13842: 13835: 13815: 13811: 13801: 13799: 13780: 13776: 13766: 13764: 13760: 13749: 13743: 13739: 13729: 13727: 13726:on 1 April 2013 13714: 13713: 13709: 13699: 13697: 13690:Liberal History 13684: 13683: 13679: 13669: 13667: 13652: 13643: 13633: 13631: 13627: 13620: 13614: 13610: 13591: 13587: 13538: 13534: 13524: 13522: 13518: 13503: 13497: 13486: 13476: 13474: 13470: 13463: 13457: 13453: 13443: 13441: 13433:The Independent 13426: 13425: 13421: 13406: 13405: 13401: 13385: 13384: 13377: 13375: 13352: 13321: 13317: 13294: 13272: 13268: 13202: 13198: 13171:Crop Protection 13167: 13163: 13153: 13151: 13140: 13136: 13126: 13124: 13120: 13109: 13103: 13099: 13089: 13087: 13076: 13072: 13062: 13060: 12999: 12990: 12980: 12978: 12965: 12964: 12960: 12952: 12937: 12931: 12927: 12918: 12906:. p. 750. 12897: 12891: 12887: 12874:. Rome, Italy: 12865: 12861: 12830: 12826: 12818: 12812: 12797: 12791: 12787: 12777: 12775: 12774:on 16 July 2016 12766: 12765: 12761: 12754: 12732: 12728: 12720: 12713: 12701: 12697: 12687: 12685: 12670: 12666: 12656: 12654: 12641: 12640: 12636: 12626: 12624: 12623:on 15 June 2013 12611: 12610: 12606: 12596: 12594: 12577: 12573: 12563: 12561: 12554: 12530: 12526: 12516: 12514: 12510: 12495: 12489: 12485: 12475: 12473: 12469: 12422: 12416: 12412: 12379: 12375: 12365: 12363: 12359: 12348: 12342: 12338: 12314:10.1.1.318.6529 12295: 12291: 12285: 12260: 12256: 12246: 12244: 12243:on 25 June 2008 12240: 12233: 12227: 12223: 12213: 12211: 12202: 12201: 12197: 12187: 12185: 12172: 12171: 12167: 12157: 12155: 12142: 12141: 12137: 12127: 12125: 12110: 12109: 12105: 12097: 12086: 12080: 12073: 12032: 12025: 12015: 12013: 12004: 12003: 11996: 11986: 11984: 11969: 11950:Applied Ecology 11945: 11941: 11931: 11929: 11918: 11914: 11904: 11902: 11893: 11892: 11888: 11877: 11873: 11863: 11861: 11848: 11847: 11843: 11809:New Phytologist 11800: 11796: 11777: 11773: 11763: 11761: 11757: 11750: 11746: 11745: 11741: 11731: 11729: 11714: 11710: 11703:South End Press 11692: 11688: 11678: 11676: 11665: 11661: 11651: 11649: 11640: 11639: 11635: 11612:10.2307/1905380 11592: 11588: 11578: 11576: 11568: 11567: 11560: 11555: 11551: 11541: 11539: 11524: 11520: 11512: 11497: 11491: 11487: 11480: 11458: 11454: 11444: 11442: 11438: 11398:(10): 572–578. 11385: 11376: 11372: 11362: 11360: 11347: 11346: 11342: 11324: 11320: 11310: 11308: 11295: 11294: 11283: 11267: 11266: 11259: 11257: 11241:Wayback Machine 11228:Porter, J. R., 11227: 11223: 11205: 11201: 11191: 11189: 11172: 11168: 11161: 11139: 11138: 11129: 11122: 11098: 11094: 11035: 11031: 10976: 10972: 10962: 10960: 10947: 10946: 10942: 10932: 10930: 10917: 10908: 10898: 10896: 10889: 10867: 10866: 10855: 10810: 10806: 10769: 10765: 10734: 10730: 10705: 10701: 10691: 10689: 10674: 10652: 10651: 10640: 10625:(10): 909–918. 10611: 10607: 10597: 10595: 10588: 10566: 10565: 10542: 10534: 10530: 10522: 10518: 10510: 10506: 10498: 10494: 10486: 10482: 10466: 10459: 10449: 10447: 10443: 10436: 10432: 10431: 10427: 10396:Animal Genetics 10388: 10384: 10365: 10361: 10314: 10307: 10297: 10295: 10284: 10275: 10268: 10251: 10247: 10237: 10235: 10228: 10212: 10208: 10198: 10196: 10187: 10186: 10182: 10172: 10170: 10161: 10160: 10149: 10141: 10124: 10115: 10108: 10098: 10096: 10087: 10086: 10082: 10072: 10070: 10057: 10056: 10052: 10003: 9999: 9989: 9987: 9974: 9973: 9969: 9959: 9957: 9944: 9943: 9939: 9929: 9927: 9914: 9913: 9909: 9899: 9897: 9884: 9883: 9879: 9830:(9): e0203842. 9814: 9810: 9800: 9798: 9755: 9748: 9738: 9736: 9723: 9722: 9715: 9705: 9703: 9680: 9679: 9675: 9665: 9663: 9650: 9649: 9645: 9635: 9633: 9606: 9605: 9594: 9584: 9582: 9575: 9561: 9560: 9549: 9539: 9537: 9524: 9523: 9519: 9509: 9507: 9456: 9452: 9442: 9440: 9433:10.1002/psp.514 9413: 9409: 9394: 9360: 9356: 9346: 9344: 9329: 9325: 9314: 9310: 9300: 9298: 9287: 9286: 9282: 9272: 9270: 9257: 9256: 9252: 9242: 9240: 9227: 9226: 9217: 9207: 9205: 9192: 9191: 9187: 9179: 9164: 9158: 9154: 9144: 9142: 9129: 9128: 9124: 9114: 9112: 9099: 9098: 9094: 9084: 9082: 9047: 9043: 9033: 9031: 8988: 8984: 8974: 8972: 8929: 8925: 8915: 8913: 8900: 8899: 8895: 8885: 8883: 8874: 8873: 8869: 8859: 8857: 8850: 8828: 8827: 8823: 8813: 8811: 8796: 8766: 8765: 8756: 8746: 8744: 8737: 8711: 8710: 8701: 8691: 8689: 8680: 8679: 8675: 8665: 8663: 8654: 8653: 8646: 8640:Wayback Machine 8631: 8627: 8566: 8562: 8552: 8550: 8533: 8529: 8519: 8517: 8504: 8503: 8499: 8492: 8470: 8466: 8456: 8454: 8445: 8444: 8440: 8430: 8428: 8417: 8413: 8403: 8401: 8386: 8385: 8381: 8371:Wayback Machine 8361: 8357: 8347: 8345: 8336: 8335: 8331: 8318: 8317: 8313: 8308:on 5 July 2006. 8300: 8299: 8295: 8252: 8251: 8247: 8236: 8232: 8222: 8220: 8207: 8206: 8202: 8194: 8187: 8179: 8175: 8130: 8126: 8109: 8108: 8104: 8094: 8092: 8077: 8070: 8047: 8043: 8033: 8031: 8027: 8020: 8016:Janick, Jules. 8014: 8010: 8000: 7998: 7987: 7983: 7952: 7948: 7938: 7936: 7929: 7921:. p. 126. 7909: 7905: 7895: 7893: 7886: 7867: 7863: 7852: 7848: 7833: 7829: 7776: 7772: 7735: 7731: 7721: 7719: 7704: 7700: 7689: 7673: 7669: 7662: 7644: 7640: 7630: 7628: 7621: 7605: 7601: 7594: 7580: 7576: 7569: 7547: 7543: 7533: 7531: 7520: 7516: 7506: 7504: 7497: 7481: 7477: 7468: 7464: 7454: 7452: 7445: 7429: 7425: 7394: 7390: 7383: 7367: 7363: 7353: 7351: 7344: 7328: 7324: 7314: 7312: 7277: 7273: 7263: 7261: 7254: 7234: 7230: 7220: 7218: 7211: 7187: 7183: 7126: 7122: 7106: 7105: 7083: 7079: 7069: 7067: 7044: 7040: 6982: 6978: 6968: 6966: 6949: 6945: 6935: 6933: 6926: 6910: 6903: 6894: 6890: 6874: 6870: 6815: 6811: 6756: 6752: 6742: 6740: 6733: 6717: 6713: 6701: 6697: 6681: 6677: 6669: 6665: 6657: 6653: 6645: 6641: 6610: 6606: 6589: 6585: 6572: 6568: 6551: 6547: 6530: 6526: 6516: 6514: 6510: 6492:Current Science 6487: 6481: 6477: 6470: 6452: 6448: 6438: 6436: 6432: 6417: 6413:Janick, Jules. 6411: 6407: 6397: 6395: 6394:on 16 June 2016 6382: 6381: 6377: 6367: 6365: 6360:. 1 July 2020. 6352: 6351: 6347: 6287: 6283: 6268: 6246: 6239: 6230: 6226: 6210: 6206: 6196: 6194: 6169: 6165: 6156: 6152: 6095: 6091: 6081: 6079: 6078:on 13 July 2019 6066: 6065: 6061: 6051: 6049: 6042: 6026: 6022: 5967: 5963: 5912: 5908: 5853: 5849: 5842: 5828: 5824: 5777: 5773: 5763: 5761: 5748: 5747: 5743: 5694:(7): e0131422. 5680: 5676: 5666: 5664: 5647: 5643: 5577: 5573: 5526: 5522: 5477: 5473: 5417: 5410: 5400: 5398: 5391: 5375: 5371: 5332: 5328: 5318: 5316: 5307: 5306: 5299: 5268: 5264: 5201: 5197: 5187: 5185: 5168: 5164: 5157: 5135: 5131: 5121: 5119: 5112: 5086: 5085: 5081: 5071: 5069: 5056: 5055: 5051: 5041: 5039: 5026: 5025: 5021: 5011: 5009: 4996: 4995: 4991: 4944: 4933: 4923: 4921: 4906: 4880: 4879: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4721: 4715: 4582: 4576: 4512:plant pathology 4508:social sciences 4482: 4476: 4470: 4422:food processing 4378: 4372: 4367: 4330: 4322:Main articles: 4320: 4259: 4207: 4197:water pollution 4181: 4172:land-use change 4132: 4126: 4090: 4084: 3994:desertification 3968:crop fields in 3950: 3944: 3909: 3901: 3889: 3885: 3855: 3812:desertification 3793:Water pollution 3786: 3781: 3775: 3714: 3696: 3690: 3656:plant varieties 3573: 3567: 3562: 3550:food insecurity 3495: 3489: 3459: 3366: 3353: 3337:an arable field 3328: 3320:growth hormones 3316:factory farming 3228:Working animals 3205: 3199: 3191:Main articles: 3189: 3184: 3088: 3081: 3062:Vegetable fiber 2963: 2949:growing regions 2810: 2797: 2793: 2792: 2781: 2779: 2772: 2768: 2767: 2756: 2754: 2747: 2743: 2742: 2731: 2729: 2722: 2718: 2717: 2706: 2704: 2697: 2693: 2692: 2681: 2679: 2630: 2624: 2620: 2619: 2608: 2606: 2599: 2595: 2594: 2583: 2581: 2574: 2570: 2569: 2558: 2556: 2549: 2545: 2544: 2533: 2531: 2524: 2520: 2519: 2508: 2506: 2499: 2495: 2494: 2483: 2481: 2474: 2470: 2469: 2458: 2456: 2449: 2445: 2444: 2433: 2431: 2424: 2420: 2419: 2408: 2406: 2399: 2395: 2394: 2383: 2381: 2374: 2370: 2369: 2358: 2356: 2349: 2345: 2344: 2333: 2331: 2324: 2320: 2319: 2308: 2306: 2299: 2295: 2294: 2283: 2281: 2274: 2270: 2269: 2258: 2256: 2249: 2245: 2244: 2233: 2231: 2224: 2220: 2219: 2208: 2206: 2199: 2195: 2194: 2183: 2181: 2174: 2170: 2169: 2156: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2141: 2140: 2129: 2127: 2120: 2116: 2115: 2104: 2102: 2057: 2051: 2045: 1986:Fordson tractor 1972: 1966: 1937: 1900: 1894: 1833:organic farming 1764: 1759: 1708: 1707: 1678: 1646:water pollution 1535: 1525: 1329:Oryza rufipogon 1324:molecular clock 1229: 1209:hunter-gatherer 1169:root vegetables 1085: 1079: 1074: 1066: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1050: 1047:Nikolai Vavilov 1038: 1031: 949: 943: 917:desertification 891:, depletion of 771:rural economics 715: 679: 677: 672: 671: 670: 669: 668: 659:Poultry farming 616: 608: 607: 606: 581: 573: 572: 571: 515:Organic farming 380: 372: 371: 370: 345: 335: 334: 333: 165: 155: 154: 153: 152: 151: 126:Modern history 106:Post-classical 59: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 16727: 16717: 16716: 16711: 16706: 16691: 16690: 16678: 16666: 16654: 16631: 16630: 16628: 16627: 16615: 16603: 16591: 16576: 16573: 16572: 16570: 16569: 16564: 16559: 16554: 16549: 16544: 16542:Garden tourism 16539: 16534: 16532:Groundskeeping 16529: 16528: 16527: 16522: 16512: 16507: 16501: 16499: 16495: 16494: 16492: 16491: 16490: 16489: 16479: 16474: 16469: 16464: 16459: 16454: 16449: 16444: 16438: 16436: 16432: 16431: 16429: 16428: 16423: 16418: 16413: 16407: 16405: 16399: 16398: 16396: 16395: 16390: 16385: 16384: 16383: 16378: 16373: 16368: 16360: 16355: 16350: 16345: 16340: 16339: 16338: 16333: 16328: 16323: 16321:free-flowering 16318: 16313: 16303: 16298: 16293: 16288: 16283: 16278: 16273: 16268: 16263: 16262: 16261: 16256: 16246: 16241: 16236: 16235: 16234: 16224: 16219: 16214: 16213: 16212: 16202: 16197: 16196: 16195: 16190: 16185: 16180: 16169: 16167: 16161: 16160: 16158: 16157: 16152: 16147: 16142: 16137: 16132: 16127: 16122: 16117: 16112: 16107: 16102: 16097: 16092: 16087: 16082: 16077: 16072: 16067: 16062: 16057: 16052: 16047: 16042: 16037: 16032: 16027: 16022: 16017: 16016: 16015: 16010: 16005: 15995: 15990: 15985: 15980: 15975: 15970: 15965: 15960: 15955: 15950: 15945: 15940: 15935: 15930: 15925: 15920: 15915: 15910: 15909: 15908: 15903: 15898: 15890: 15885: 15880: 15875: 15874: 15873: 15863: 15862: 15861: 15856: 15851: 15850: 15849: 15844: 15834: 15833: 15832: 15817: 15812: 15807: 15802: 15797: 15796: 15795: 15785: 15780: 15775: 15770: 15765: 15760: 15755: 15750: 15745: 15740: 15735: 15730: 15725: 15720: 15714: 15712: 15704: 15703: 15701: 15700: 15695: 15690: 15685: 15680: 15675: 15670: 15665: 15660: 15655: 15650: 15645: 15640: 15638:Groundskeeping 15635: 15634: 15633: 15631:computer-aided 15623: 15618: 15613: 15608: 15603: 15598: 15593: 15588: 15583: 15577: 15575: 15569: 15568: 15557: 15556: 15549: 15542: 15534: 15525: 15524: 15522: 15510: 15498: 15486: 15474: 15471: 15470: 15466: 15461: 15456: 15451: 15446: 15445: 15444: 15442: 15438: 15437: 15435: 15434: 15429: 15424: 15419: 15414: 15409: 15404: 15399: 15394: 15388: 15386: 15382: 15381: 15379: 15378: 15373: 15372: 15371: 15361: 15356: 15351: 15346: 15340: 15338: 15330: 15329: 15327: 15326: 15321: 15316: 15311: 15306: 15301: 15296: 15291: 15290: 15289: 15279: 15274: 15269: 15268: 15267: 15257: 15255:Insect farming 15252: 15247: 15246: 15245: 15240: 15230: 15225: 15220: 15215: 15210: 15205: 15199: 15197: 15191: 15190: 15188: 15187: 15186: 15181: 15176: 15171: 15163: 15162: 15161: 15156: 15151: 15143: 15142: 15141: 15136: 15134:Ancient Greece 15131: 15123: 15122: 15121: 15116: 15111: 15103: 15101: 15095: 15094: 15090: 15089: 15084: 15079: 15074: 15069: 15068: 15067: 15062: 15052: 15047: 15042: 15037: 15032: 15027: 15026: 15025: 15020: 15015: 15005: 15000: 14995: 14990: 14985: 14980: 14975: 14970: 14965: 14960: 14955: 14950: 14945: 14944: 14943: 14938: 14928: 14923: 14918: 14913: 14908: 14902: 14901: 14900: 14898: 14892: 14891: 14888: 14886: 14884: 14883: 14878: 14873: 14868: 14863: 14857: 14855: 14851: 14850: 14848: 14847: 14842: 14837: 14831: 14828: 14827: 14820: 14819: 14812: 14805: 14797: 14791: 14790: 14779: 14768: 14759: 14754: 14747: 14746:External links 14744: 14545: 14544: 14532: 14526: 14513: 14507: 14486: 14483: 14480: 14479: 14446: 14421: 14402: 14372: 14355:European Union 14342: 14305: 14290:Europe. 2014. 14271: 14240: 14204: 14189: 14165: 14144:(4): 801–814. 14122: 14096: 14083: 14076: 14058: 14051: 14033: 14001: 13968: 13927: 13887: 13852: 13833: 13827:. p. 43. 13809: 13798:on 27 May 2013 13774: 13737: 13707: 13677: 13641: 13608: 13585: 13532: 13484: 13451: 13419: 13399: 13350: 13342:10.17226/25259 13336:. p. 97. 13315: 13292: 13284:10.17226/25259 13266: 13196: 13177:(9): 757–781. 13161: 13150:on 6 July 2013 13134: 13097: 13070: 13013:(9): 724–732. 12988: 12958: 12925: 12885: 12859: 12824: 12811:978-0802135919 12810: 12785: 12759: 12753:978-1558130692 12752: 12726: 12711: 12695: 12664: 12653:on 10 May 2013 12634: 12604: 12571: 12553:978-9286143199 12552: 12544:10.2867/509830 12524: 12483: 12410: 12389:(3): 559–568. 12373: 12336: 12289: 12283: 12254: 12221: 12195: 12165: 12135: 12103: 12071: 12046:(2): 113–136. 12023: 12008:. UNEP. 2011. 11994: 11967: 11939: 11912: 11886: 11871: 11841: 11816:(4): 899–906. 11794: 11771: 11739: 11708: 11695:Shiva, Vandana 11686: 11659: 11633: 11606:(4): 501–522. 11586: 11558: 11549: 11518: 11485: 11478: 11452: 11379:Stadler, L. J. 11370: 11340: 11318: 11281: 11221: 11199: 11166: 11159: 11127: 11120: 11092: 11029: 10970: 10940: 10906: 10887: 10853: 10824:(2): 278–299. 10804: 10763: 10728: 10699: 10672: 10638: 10605: 10586: 10540: 10528: 10516: 10504: 10492: 10480: 10477:978-0135051955 10457: 10425: 10382: 10359: 10305: 10273: 10266: 10245: 10226: 10206: 10180: 10147: 10122: 10106: 10080: 10050: 10015:(3): 302–304. 9997: 9967: 9937: 9907: 9877: 9808: 9746: 9713: 9673: 9643: 9592: 9573: 9547: 9517: 9470:(2): 404–441. 9450: 9427:(6): 525–535. 9407: 9392: 9373:10.2870/785454 9354: 9323: 9308: 9280: 9250: 9215: 9204:on 22 May 2014 9185: 9152: 9122: 9107:. Rome. 2022. 9092: 9061:(2): 139–191. 9041: 9002:(2): 160–164. 8982: 8943:(2): 535–586. 8923: 8906:The World Bank 8893: 8867: 8848: 8821: 8794: 8754: 8735: 8699: 8673: 8644: 8625: 8560: 8527: 8497: 8490: 8464: 8438: 8427:on 5 June 2013 8411: 8379: 8355: 8329: 8326:on 3 May 2007. 8311: 8293: 8245: 8230: 8200: 8173: 8124: 8102: 8068: 8041: 8008: 7981: 7946: 7927: 7903: 7884: 7861: 7846: 7827: 7770: 7729: 7698: 7687: 7667: 7660: 7638: 7619: 7599: 7592: 7574: 7567: 7541: 7514: 7495: 7475: 7462: 7443: 7423: 7410:10.1086/204032 7388: 7381: 7361: 7342: 7322: 7297:10.1086/659998 7271: 7252: 7228: 7209: 7195:. p. 92. 7181: 7120: 7077: 7038: 6976: 6943: 6924: 6901: 6888: 6868: 6809: 6750: 6731: 6711: 6695: 6675: 6663: 6651: 6639: 6604: 6583: 6566: 6545: 6524: 6475: 6469:978-0226429144 6468: 6446: 6405: 6388:British Museum 6375: 6345: 6281: 6266: 6237: 6224: 6204: 6163: 6150: 6089: 6059: 6040: 6020: 5961: 5906: 5847: 5840: 5822: 5771: 5741: 5674: 5641: 5571: 5520: 5471: 5408: 5389: 5369: 5326: 5297: 5262: 5195: 5162: 5155: 5129: 5110: 5079: 5049: 5019: 4989: 4931: 4904: 4888:United Nations 4872: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4826:Remote sensing 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4791:Ecoagriculture 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4722: 4717:Main article: 4714: 4711: 4658: 4657: 4654: 4650: 4649: 4646: 4642: 4641: 4638: 4634: 4633: 4630: 4626: 4625: 4622: 4618: 4617: 4614: 4610: 4609: 4606: 4602: 4601: 4598: 4578:Main article: 4575: 4572: 4524:bioremediation 4472:Main article: 4469: 4466: 4434:value addition 4402:tenant farmers 4374:Main article: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4338:conserve water 4319: 4316: 4292:petrochemicals 4258: 4255: 4203:Main article: 4180: 4179:Sustainability 4177: 4144:climate change 4128:Main article: 4125: 4122: 4086:Main article: 4083: 4080: 4070:water scarcity 4056:eutrophication 4012:Eutrophication 3943: 3940: 3907: 3899: 3887: 3883: 3854: 3851: 3820:climate change 3785: 3782: 3777:Main article: 3774: 3771: 3692:Main article: 3689: 3686: 3652:utility models 3592:. His work on 3571:Plant breeding 3569:Main article: 3566: 3565:Plant breeding 3563: 3561: 3558: 3526:carbon dioxide 3510:Climate change 3491:Main article: 3488: 3485: 3458: 3455: 3364: 3327: 3324: 3188: 3185: 3181: 3180: 3171: 3170: 3167: 3163: 3162: 3159: 3155: 3154: 3151: 3147: 3146: 3143: 3139: 3138: 3135: 3131: 3130: 3127: 3123: 3122: 3119: 3115: 3114: 3111: 3107: 3106: 3103: 3099: 3098: 3095: 3091: 3090: 3082: 3078: 3077: 3068: 3067: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3044: 3038: 3037: 3034: 3030: 3029: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3016: 3012: 3011: 3008: 3004: 3003: 3000: 2996: 2995: 2992: 2982: 2981: 2978: 2974: 2973: 2970: 2966: 2965: 2957: 2933:Natural fibers 2829:slash and burn 2817:Slash and burn 2809: 2806: 2803: 2802: 2799: 2798: 2791: 2789: 2774: 2773: 2766: 2764: 2749: 2748: 2741: 2739: 2724: 2723: 2716: 2714: 2699: 2698: 2691: 2689: 2674: 2673: 2670: 2660: 2659: 2647: 2646: 2643: 2642: 2626: 2625: 2618: 2616: 2601: 2600: 2593: 2591: 2576: 2575: 2568: 2566: 2551: 2550: 2543: 2541: 2526: 2525: 2518: 2516: 2501: 2500: 2493: 2491: 2476: 2475: 2468: 2466: 2451: 2450: 2443: 2441: 2426: 2425: 2418: 2416: 2401: 2400: 2393: 2391: 2376: 2375: 2368: 2366: 2351: 2350: 2343: 2341: 2326: 2325: 2318: 2316: 2301: 2300: 2293: 2291: 2276: 2275: 2268: 2266: 2251: 2250: 2243: 2241: 2226: 2225: 2218: 2216: 2201: 2200: 2193: 2191: 2176: 2175: 2168: 2166: 2162:European Union 2147: 2146: 2139: 2137: 2122: 2121: 2114: 2112: 2097: 2096: 2093: 2083: 2082: 2047:Main article: 2044: 2041: 1968:Main article: 1965: 1962: 1936: 1933: 1893: 1890: 1809:European Union 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1691: 1690: 1677: 1674: 1672:of the 1930s. 1662:farm subsidies 1589:sweet potatoes 1567:Roman Catholic 1524: 1521: 1481:. A system of 1267:relied on the 1228: 1225: 1191:was bred into 1185:In Mesoamerica 1137:Pig production 1081:Main article: 1078: 1075: 1070:Main article: 1057: 1051: 1037: 1030: 1027: 1007:arable farming 968:Middle English 942: 939: 925:climate change 885:animal welfare 853:plant breeding 717: 716: 714: 713: 706: 699: 691: 688: 687: 674: 673: 667: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 620: 619: 618: 617: 614: 613: 610: 609: 605: 604: 599: 594: 589: 583: 582: 579: 578: 575: 574: 570: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 548: 547: 542: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 506: 505: 500: 495: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 424: 423: 418: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 382: 381: 378: 377: 374: 373: 369: 368: 363: 358: 353: 347: 346: 341: 340: 337: 336: 332: 331: 326: 321: 316: 314:Slash-and-burn 311: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 268: 267: 262: 257: 247: 242: 241: 240: 235: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 199: 198: 193: 188: 183: 173: 167: 166: 161: 160: 157: 156: 150: 149: 148: 147: 142: 137: 132: 124: 123: 122: 117: 112: 104: 103: 102: 97: 95:Ancient Greece 92: 84: 83: 82: 77: 72: 63: 62: 61: 60: 55: 54: 51: 50: 42: 41: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16726: 16715: 16714:Food industry 16712: 16710: 16707: 16705: 16702: 16701: 16699: 16689: 16684: 16679: 16677: 16667: 16665: 16655: 16653: 16643: 16642: 16639: 16626: 16625: 16616: 16614: 16613: 16604: 16602: 16601: 16592: 16590: 16589: 16584: 16578: 16577: 16574: 16568: 16565: 16563: 16560: 16558: 16555: 16553: 16550: 16548: 16545: 16543: 16540: 16538: 16537:Garden centre 16535: 16533: 16530: 16526: 16523: 16521: 16518: 16517: 16516: 16515:Floral design 16513: 16511: 16508: 16506: 16503: 16502: 16500: 16496: 16488: 16485: 16484: 16483: 16480: 16478: 16475: 16473: 16470: 16468: 16465: 16463: 16460: 16458: 16455: 16453: 16450: 16448: 16445: 16443: 16440: 16439: 16437: 16433: 16427: 16424: 16422: 16419: 16417: 16414: 16412: 16409: 16408: 16406: 16404: 16400: 16394: 16391: 16389: 16386: 16382: 16381:reforestation 16379: 16377: 16374: 16372: 16369: 16367: 16364: 16363: 16361: 16359: 16356: 16354: 16351: 16349: 16346: 16344: 16341: 16337: 16334: 16332: 16329: 16327: 16324: 16322: 16319: 16317: 16314: 16312: 16309: 16308: 16307: 16304: 16302: 16299: 16297: 16294: 16292: 16291:Intercropping 16289: 16287: 16284: 16282: 16279: 16277: 16274: 16272: 16269: 16267: 16264: 16260: 16257: 16255: 16252: 16251: 16250: 16247: 16245: 16242: 16240: 16237: 16233: 16232:most valuable 16230: 16229: 16228: 16225: 16223: 16220: 16218: 16215: 16211: 16208: 16207: 16206: 16203: 16201: 16200:Arboriculture 16198: 16194: 16191: 16189: 16186: 16184: 16181: 16179: 16176: 16175: 16174: 16171: 16170: 16168: 16166: 16162: 16156: 16153: 16151: 16148: 16146: 16143: 16141: 16138: 16136: 16133: 16131: 16128: 16126: 16123: 16121: 16118: 16116: 16113: 16111: 16108: 16106: 16103: 16101: 16098: 16096: 16093: 16091: 16088: 16086: 16083: 16081: 16078: 16076: 16073: 16071: 16068: 16066: 16063: 16061: 16058: 16056: 16053: 16051: 16048: 16046: 16043: 16041: 16038: 16036: 16033: 16031: 16028: 16026: 16023: 16021: 16018: 16014: 16011: 16009: 16006: 16004: 16001: 16000: 15999: 15996: 15994: 15991: 15989: 15986: 15984: 15981: 15979: 15976: 15974: 15971: 15969: 15966: 15964: 15961: 15959: 15956: 15954: 15951: 15949: 15946: 15944: 15941: 15939: 15936: 15934: 15931: 15929: 15926: 15924: 15921: 15919: 15916: 15914: 15911: 15907: 15904: 15902: 15899: 15897: 15894: 15893: 15891: 15889: 15886: 15884: 15881: 15879: 15876: 15872: 15869: 15868: 15867: 15864: 15860: 15857: 15855: 15852: 15848: 15845: 15843: 15840: 15839: 15838: 15835: 15831: 15828: 15827: 15826: 15823: 15822: 15821: 15818: 15816: 15813: 15811: 15808: 15806: 15803: 15801: 15798: 15794: 15793:Garden square 15791: 15790: 15789: 15786: 15784: 15781: 15779: 15776: 15774: 15771: 15769: 15766: 15764: 15761: 15759: 15756: 15754: 15751: 15749: 15746: 15744: 15741: 15739: 15736: 15734: 15731: 15729: 15726: 15724: 15723:Ancient Egypt 15721: 15719: 15716: 15715: 15713: 15711: 15705: 15699: 15696: 15694: 15691: 15689: 15686: 15684: 15681: 15679: 15676: 15674: 15671: 15669: 15666: 15664: 15661: 15659: 15656: 15654: 15651: 15649: 15646: 15644: 15641: 15639: 15636: 15632: 15629: 15628: 15627: 15626:Garden design 15624: 15622: 15619: 15617: 15614: 15612: 15609: 15607: 15604: 15602: 15599: 15597: 15594: 15592: 15589: 15587: 15584: 15582: 15579: 15578: 15576: 15574: 15570: 15566: 15562: 15555: 15550: 15548: 15543: 15541: 15536: 15535: 15532: 15521: 15520: 15511: 15509: 15508: 15499: 15497: 15496: 15491: 15487: 15485: 15484: 15475: 15472: 15465: 15462: 15460: 15457: 15455: 15452: 15450: 15447: 15443: 15439: 15433: 15430: 15428: 15425: 15423: 15422:Meat industry 15420: 15418: 15415: 15413: 15410: 15408: 15407:Biotechnology 15405: 15403: 15400: 15398: 15395: 15393: 15390: 15389: 15387: 15383: 15377: 15374: 15370: 15367: 15366: 15365: 15362: 15360: 15357: 15355: 15352: 15350: 15347: 15345: 15342: 15341: 15339: 15337: 15334:Environmental 15331: 15325: 15322: 15320: 15317: 15315: 15314:Sheep farming 15312: 15310: 15307: 15305: 15302: 15300: 15297: 15295: 15292: 15288: 15285: 15284: 15283: 15280: 15278: 15275: 15273: 15270: 15266: 15263: 15262: 15261: 15258: 15256: 15253: 15251: 15248: 15244: 15241: 15239: 15236: 15235: 15234: 15231: 15229: 15226: 15224: 15221: 15219: 15218:Dairy farming 15216: 15214: 15211: 15209: 15206: 15204: 15201: 15200: 15198: 15196: 15195:Farming Types 15192: 15185: 15182: 15180: 15177: 15175: 15172: 15170: 15167: 15166: 15164: 15160: 15157: 15155: 15152: 15150: 15147: 15146: 15144: 15140: 15137: 15135: 15132: 15130: 15129:Ancient Egypt 15127: 15126: 15124: 15120: 15117: 15115: 15112: 15110: 15107: 15106: 15104: 15102: 15100: 15096: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15080: 15078: 15075: 15073: 15070: 15066: 15063: 15061: 15058: 15057: 15056: 15053: 15051: 15048: 15046: 15043: 15041: 15040:Paludiculture 15038: 15036: 15033: 15031: 15028: 15024: 15021: 15019: 15016: 15014: 15011: 15010: 15009: 15006: 15004: 15001: 14999: 14996: 14994: 14991: 14989: 14986: 14984: 14981: 14979: 14976: 14974: 14971: 14969: 14966: 14964: 14961: 14959: 14956: 14954: 14951: 14949: 14946: 14942: 14941:Biotechnology 14939: 14937: 14934: 14933: 14932: 14929: 14927: 14924: 14922: 14919: 14917: 14914: 14912: 14909: 14907: 14904: 14903: 14899: 14897: 14893: 14882: 14879: 14877: 14874: 14872: 14869: 14867: 14864: 14862: 14861:Agriculturist 14859: 14858: 14856: 14852: 14846: 14843: 14841: 14838: 14836: 14833: 14832: 14829: 14825: 14818: 14813: 14811: 14806: 14804: 14799: 14798: 14795: 14789: 14788: 14783: 14780: 14778: 14777: 14772: 14769: 14767: 14763: 14760: 14758: 14755: 14753: 14750: 14749: 14743: 14741: 14740: 14735: 14731: 14726: 14721: 14719: 14718: 14713: 14709: 14704: 14699: 14697: 14696: 14691: 14687: 14682: 14677: 14675: 14674: 14669: 14665: 14660: 14655: 14653: 14652: 14647: 14643: 14638: 14633: 14631: 14630: 14625: 14621: 14616: 14611: 14610:, FAO. 14609: 14608: 14603: 14599: 14594: 14589: 14587: 14586: 14581: 14577: 14572: 14567: 14565: 14564: 14559: 14555: 14550: 14541: 14537: 14533: 14529: 14523: 14519: 14514: 14510: 14504: 14500: 14499:Prentice Hall 14496: 14495: 14489: 14488: 14485:Cited sources 14467: 14463: 14462: 14457: 14450: 14442: 14438: 14437: 14432: 14425: 14409: 14405: 14399: 14395: 14391: 14387: 14386: 14379: 14377: 14360: 14356: 14352: 14346: 14327: 14323: 14316: 14309: 14293: 14289: 14285: 14281: 14275: 14259: 14255: 14251: 14244: 14225: 14221: 14214: 14208: 14201: 14200: 14193: 14186: 14182: 14178: 14175: 14169: 14160: 14155: 14151: 14147: 14143: 14139: 14138: 14133: 14126: 14110: 14106: 14100: 14093: 14087: 14079: 14073: 14069: 14062: 14054: 14048: 14044: 14037: 14018: 14011: 14005: 13989: 13985: 13984: 13979: 13972: 13953: 13949: 13945: 13938: 13931: 13912: 13908: 13901: 13894: 13892: 13882: 13877: 13873: 13869: 13868: 13863: 13856: 13840: 13836: 13830: 13826: 13822: 13821: 13813: 13797: 13793: 13789: 13785: 13778: 13759: 13756:. p. 4. 13755: 13748: 13741: 13725: 13721: 13717: 13711: 13695: 13691: 13687: 13681: 13665: 13661: 13657: 13650: 13648: 13646: 13626: 13619: 13612: 13604: 13600: 13596: 13589: 13581: 13577: 13572: 13567: 13562: 13557: 13553: 13549: 13548: 13543: 13536: 13517: 13513: 13509: 13502: 13495: 13493: 13491: 13489: 13469: 13462: 13455: 13439: 13435: 13434: 13429: 13423: 13415: 13411: 13410: 13403: 13395: 13389: 13373: 13369: 13365: 13361: 13357: 13353: 13347: 13343: 13339: 13335: 13331: 13330: 13325: 13319: 13311: 13307: 13303: 13299: 13295: 13289: 13285: 13281: 13277: 13270: 13262: 13258: 13253: 13248: 13244: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13226: 13222: 13218: 13214: 13213: 13208: 13200: 13192: 13188: 13184: 13180: 13176: 13172: 13165: 13149: 13145: 13138: 13119: 13115: 13114:The Scientist 13108: 13101: 13085: 13082:. IWMI/UNEP. 13081: 13074: 13058: 13054: 13050: 13046: 13042: 13038: 13034: 13029: 13024: 13020: 13016: 13012: 13008: 13004: 12997: 12995: 12993: 12976: 12972: 12968: 12962: 12951: 12947: 12943: 12936: 12929: 12917: 12913: 12909: 12905: 12904: 12896: 12889: 12881: 12877: 12873: 12872: 12863: 12855: 12851: 12847: 12843: 12839: 12835: 12828: 12817: 12813: 12807: 12803: 12796: 12789: 12773: 12769: 12763: 12755: 12749: 12745: 12740: 12739: 12730: 12724: 12718: 12716: 12708: 12704: 12699: 12683: 12679: 12675: 12668: 12652: 12648: 12644: 12638: 12622: 12618: 12614: 12608: 12592: 12588: 12587: 12582: 12575: 12559: 12555: 12549: 12545: 12541: 12537: 12536: 12528: 12509: 12505: 12501: 12494: 12487: 12468: 12464: 12460: 12456: 12452: 12448: 12444: 12440: 12436: 12432: 12428: 12421: 12414: 12405: 12400: 12396: 12392: 12388: 12384: 12377: 12358: 12354: 12347: 12340: 12332: 12328: 12324: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12306: 12302: 12301: 12293: 12286: 12280: 12275: 12270: 12266: 12258: 12239: 12232: 12225: 12209: 12205: 12199: 12183: 12179: 12175: 12169: 12153: 12149: 12145: 12139: 12123: 12119: 12115: 12114: 12107: 12096: 12092: 12085: 12078: 12076: 12067: 12062: 12057: 12053: 12049: 12045: 12041: 12037: 12030: 12028: 12011: 12007: 12001: 11999: 11982: 11978: 11974: 11970: 11964: 11960: 11956: 11952: 11951: 11943: 11927: 11923: 11916: 11900: 11896: 11890: 11882: 11875: 11859: 11855: 11851: 11845: 11837: 11833: 11829: 11824: 11819: 11815: 11811: 11810: 11805: 11798: 11790: 11786: 11782: 11775: 11756: 11749: 11743: 11727: 11723: 11719: 11712: 11704: 11700: 11696: 11690: 11674: 11670: 11663: 11647: 11643: 11637: 11629: 11625: 11621: 11617: 11613: 11609: 11605: 11601: 11597: 11590: 11575: 11571: 11565: 11563: 11553: 11537: 11533: 11529: 11522: 11511: 11507: 11503: 11496: 11489: 11481: 11475: 11471: 11466: 11465: 11456: 11437: 11433: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11405: 11401: 11397: 11393: 11392: 11384: 11380: 11374: 11358: 11354: 11350: 11344: 11336: 11332: 11331: 11322: 11306: 11302: 11298: 11292: 11290: 11288: 11286: 11277: 11271: 11255: 11251: 11250: 11242: 11238: 11235: 11231: 11225: 11217: 11213: 11212: 11203: 11187: 11183: 11182: 11177: 11170: 11162: 11156: 11151: 11146: 11142: 11136: 11134: 11132: 11123: 11117: 11112: 11107: 11104:. Rome: FAO. 11103: 11096: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11074: 11070: 11066: 11062: 11057: 11052: 11048: 11044: 11040: 11033: 11024: 11019: 11015: 11011: 11006: 11001: 10997: 10993: 10989: 10985: 10981: 10974: 10958: 10954: 10950: 10944: 10928: 10924: 10923: 10915: 10913: 10911: 10894: 10890: 10884: 10880: 10876: 10872: 10871: 10864: 10862: 10860: 10858: 10849: 10845: 10841: 10837: 10832: 10827: 10823: 10819: 10815: 10808: 10800: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10782: 10778: 10774: 10767: 10759: 10755: 10751: 10747: 10743: 10739: 10732: 10724: 10720: 10716: 10712: 10711: 10703: 10687: 10683: 10679: 10675: 10669: 10665: 10661: 10657: 10656: 10649: 10647: 10645: 10643: 10633: 10628: 10624: 10620: 10616: 10609: 10593: 10589: 10583: 10579: 10575: 10571: 10570: 10563: 10561: 10559: 10557: 10555: 10553: 10551: 10549: 10547: 10545: 10538: 10532: 10526: 10520: 10514: 10508: 10502: 10496: 10490: 10484: 10478: 10474: 10470: 10464: 10462: 10442: 10435: 10429: 10421: 10417: 10413: 10409: 10405: 10401: 10397: 10393: 10386: 10378: 10374: 10370: 10363: 10355: 10351: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10327: 10323: 10319: 10312: 10310: 10293: 10289: 10282: 10280: 10278: 10269: 10263: 10259: 10255: 10249: 10233: 10229: 10223: 10219: 10218: 10210: 10194: 10191:. FAO. 2009. 10190: 10184: 10168: 10164: 10158: 10156: 10154: 10152: 10145: 10139: 10137: 10135: 10133: 10131: 10129: 10127: 10119: 10113: 10111: 10094: 10090: 10084: 10068: 10064: 10060: 10054: 10046: 10042: 10038: 10034: 10030: 10026: 10022: 10018: 10014: 10010: 10009: 10001: 9985: 9981: 9977: 9971: 9955: 9951: 9947: 9941: 9925: 9921: 9917: 9911: 9895: 9891: 9887: 9881: 9873: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9855: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9837: 9833: 9829: 9825: 9824: 9819: 9812: 9796: 9792: 9788: 9784: 9780: 9776: 9772: 9768: 9764: 9760: 9753: 9751: 9734: 9730: 9726: 9720: 9718: 9701: 9696: 9691: 9687: 9683: 9677: 9661: 9657: 9653: 9647: 9631: 9627: 9623: 9619: 9615: 9611: 9610: 9603: 9601: 9599: 9597: 9580: 9576: 9570: 9566: 9565: 9558: 9556: 9554: 9552: 9535: 9531: 9527: 9521: 9505: 9501: 9497: 9493: 9489: 9485: 9481: 9477: 9473: 9469: 9465: 9461: 9454: 9438: 9434: 9430: 9426: 9422: 9418: 9411: 9403: 9399: 9395: 9393:9789290845560 9389: 9384: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9365: 9358: 9342: 9338: 9334: 9327: 9319: 9312: 9296: 9292: 9291: 9284: 9268: 9264: 9260: 9254: 9238: 9234: 9230: 9224: 9222: 9220: 9203: 9199: 9195: 9189: 9178: 9174: 9170: 9163: 9156: 9140: 9136: 9132: 9126: 9110: 9106: 9102: 9096: 9080: 9076: 9072: 9068: 9064: 9060: 9056: 9052: 9045: 9029: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9013: 9009: 9005: 9001: 8997: 8993: 8986: 8970: 8966: 8962: 8958: 8954: 8950: 8946: 8942: 8938: 8934: 8927: 8911: 8907: 8903: 8897: 8882:on 5 May 2013 8881: 8877: 8871: 8855: 8851: 8845: 8841: 8837: 8833: 8832: 8825: 8809: 8805: 8801: 8797: 8791: 8787: 8783: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8770: 8763: 8761: 8759: 8742: 8738: 8732: 8728: 8724: 8720: 8716: 8715: 8708: 8706: 8704: 8687: 8683: 8677: 8661: 8657: 8651: 8649: 8641: 8637: 8634: 8629: 8621: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8603: 8599: 8595: 8591: 8587: 8583: 8579: 8575: 8571: 8564: 8548: 8544: 8543: 8538: 8531: 8515: 8511: 8507: 8501: 8493: 8487: 8483: 8479: 8475: 8468: 8452: 8448: 8442: 8426: 8422: 8415: 8399: 8395: 8394: 8389: 8383: 8376: 8372: 8368: 8365: 8359: 8343: 8339: 8333: 8325: 8321: 8315: 8307: 8303: 8297: 8289: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8263: 8259: 8256:. Editorial. 8255: 8249: 8241: 8234: 8218: 8214: 8210: 8204: 8193: 8186: 8185: 8177: 8169: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8151: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8128: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8106: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8075: 8073: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8045: 8026: 8019: 8012: 7996: 7992: 7985: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7957: 7950: 7934: 7930: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7915: 7907: 7891: 7887: 7881: 7877: 7876: 7871: 7870:Gammage, Bill 7865: 7857: 7850: 7842: 7838: 7831: 7823: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7774: 7765: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7740: 7733: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7702: 7694: 7690: 7684: 7680: 7679: 7671: 7663: 7657: 7652: 7651: 7642: 7626: 7622: 7616: 7612: 7611: 7603: 7595: 7589: 7585: 7578: 7570: 7564: 7560: 7555: 7554: 7545: 7529: 7525: 7518: 7502: 7498: 7492: 7488: 7487: 7479: 7472: 7466: 7450: 7446: 7440: 7436: 7435: 7427: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7392: 7384: 7378: 7374: 7373: 7365: 7349: 7345: 7339: 7335: 7334: 7326: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7275: 7259: 7255: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7240: 7232: 7216: 7212: 7206: 7202: 7201:10.17226/1398 7198: 7194: 7193: 7185: 7177: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7136: 7131: 7124: 7116: 7110: 7101: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7087:Soil Horizons 7081: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7042: 7034: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6980: 6964: 6960: 6959: 6954: 6947: 6931: 6927: 6921: 6917: 6916: 6908: 6906: 6898: 6897:Roman Farming 6892: 6886: 6885:3-11-014693-2 6882: 6878: 6872: 6864: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6813: 6805: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6754: 6738: 6734: 6728: 6724: 6723: 6715: 6708: 6704: 6703:Wang Zhongshu 6699: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6679: 6672: 6667: 6660: 6655: 6648: 6643: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6620:(1–2): 3–12. 6619: 6615: 6608: 6601: 6600:0-631-20546-2 6597: 6593: 6587: 6580: 6576: 6570: 6563: 6562:1-85728-538-7 6559: 6555: 6549: 6542: 6541:0-7914-2919-9 6538: 6534: 6528: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6486: 6479: 6471: 6465: 6460: 6459: 6450: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6416: 6409: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6379: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6349: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6285: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6244: 6242: 6234: 6228: 6222: 6221:9781857285383 6218: 6214: 6208: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6167: 6160: 6154: 6146: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6105: 6100: 6093: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6063: 6047: 6043: 6037: 6033: 6032: 6024: 6016: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5965: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5916:Dobney, Keith 5910: 5902: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5851: 5843: 5837: 5833: 5826: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5775: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5745: 5737: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5678: 5662: 5658: 5657: 5652: 5645: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5575: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5524: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5475: 5467: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5415: 5413: 5396: 5392: 5386: 5382: 5381: 5373: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5330: 5314: 5310: 5304: 5302: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5276:Six, Diana L. 5273: 5266: 5258: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5215:(42): 10725. 5214: 5210: 5206: 5199: 5182: 5177: 5173: 5166: 5158: 5152: 5148: 5143: 5142: 5133: 5117: 5113: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5090: 5083: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5053: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5023: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4993: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4954: 4949: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4884: 4877: 4873: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4806:Food security 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4723: 4720: 4710: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4691: 4687: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4664: 4655: 4652: 4651: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4639: 4636: 4635: 4631: 4628: 4627: 4623: 4620: 4619: 4615: 4612: 4611: 4607: 4605:Beef and veal 4604: 4603: 4599: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4581: 4571: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4527: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4495: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4475: 4465: 4463: 4457: 4454: 4450: 4445: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4406:sharecropping 4403: 4394: 4390: 4387: 4386:protectionist 4382: 4377: 4362: 4360: 4355: 4354:microplastics 4349: 4347: 4341: 4339: 4335: 4329: 4328:plasticulture 4325: 4315: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4300: 4295: 4293: 4289: 4284: 4275: 4271: 4270:cotton picker 4267: 4263: 4254: 4250: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4225: 4221: 4216: 4213: 4206: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4176: 4173: 4167: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4156:nitrous oxide 4153: 4149: 4145: 4136: 4131: 4121: 4119: 4115: 4109: 4107: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4079: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4060: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4018:resulting in 4017: 4013: 4009: 4007: 4003: 4002:acidification 3999: 3995: 3991: 3984:for the year. 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3954: 3949: 3939: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3916:deforestation 3913: 3905: 3897: 3893: 3892:nitrous oxide 3881: 3877: 3868: 3864: 3859: 3850: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3835: 3833: 3827: 3823: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3780: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3765: 3759: 3757: 3752: 3750: 3746: 3745:food labeling 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3722: 3718: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3695: 3685: 3683: 3678: 3672: 3670: 3665: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3640: 3636: 3633: 3632:hybridization 3629: 3620: 3616: 3614: 3609: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3590:Gregor Mendel 3582: 3577: 3572: 3557: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3546:Ocean warming 3542: 3537: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3465: 3454: 3451: 3447: 3445: 3440: 3438: 3433: 3429: 3422: 3417: 3413: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3368: 3362: 3358: 3352: 3348: 3347:Crop rotation 3344: 3336: 3332: 3323: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3301: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3275: 3271: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3253: 3247: 3245: 3241: 3240:water buffalo 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3198: 3194: 3179: 3178: 3172: 3168: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3157: 3156: 3152: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3133: 3132: 3128: 3125: 3124: 3120: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3101: 3100: 3096: 3093: 3092: 3085: 3076: 3075: 3069: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3059: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3039: 3035: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3014: 3013: 3009: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2998: 2997: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2984: 2983: 2979: 2976: 2975: 2971: 2968: 2967: 2960: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2896: 2892: 2891:intercropping 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2856:Intercropping 2853: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2818: 2814: 2790: 2788: 2775: 2765: 2763: 2750: 2740: 2738: 2737:United States 2725: 2715: 2713: 2700: 2690: 2688: 2675: 2667: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2641: 2638: 2634: 2627: 2617: 2615: 2602: 2592: 2590: 2577: 2567: 2565: 2552: 2542: 2540: 2527: 2517: 2515: 2502: 2492: 2490: 2477: 2467: 2465: 2452: 2442: 2440: 2427: 2417: 2415: 2402: 2392: 2390: 2377: 2367: 2365: 2352: 2342: 2340: 2327: 2317: 2315: 2302: 2292: 2290: 2277: 2267: 2265: 2252: 2242: 2240: 2227: 2217: 2215: 2202: 2192: 2190: 2189:United States 2177: 2167: 2164: 2163: 2148: 2138: 2136: 2123: 2113: 2111: 2098: 2090: 2085: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2068: 2061: 2056: 2050: 2040: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1987: 1983: 1980: 1976: 1971: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1943: 1932: 1928: 1921: 1916: 1912: 1904: 1899: 1889: 1887: 1886:food security 1883: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1857: 1848: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1837:food security 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1776: 1768: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1746: 1741: 1737: 1735: 1726: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1703: 1700:wheat with a 1699: 1695: 1686: 1682: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1619:mechanization 1616: 1612: 1608: 1607:crop rotation 1604: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1541: 1529: 1520: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1492: 1491:winter squash 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1435: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1421:North America 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1362: 1358: 1357:ancient Egypt 1354: 1350: 1345: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1330: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1316:heavy ploughs 1313: 1309: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1227:Civilizations 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1084: 1073: 1064: 1049:in the 1930s. 1048: 1044: 1035: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 986: 980: 974: 969: 965: 957: 953: 948: 938: 936: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 897:deforestation 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 857:agrochemicals 854: 850: 845: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 802:raw materials 799: 795: 791: 786: 784: 780: 776: 775:rural society 772: 767: 762: 760: 756: 751: 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